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Calculator

This document discusses the history and development of calculators. It begins with early manual calculation methods like counting on fingers and using abacuses. Early mechanical calculators were invented, like the Pascaline and Arithmometer. Charles Babbage designed early computers like the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. The first electronic calculator was the Busicom 141-PF, which used the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Further developments led to affordable portable electronic calculators from Casio and others. Graphing calculators like the Casio FX-7000G revolutionized education. Icons like the Braun calculator and Casio fx-991EX demonstrated calculator design principles.

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arush.agrawal
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29 views18 pages

Calculator

This document discusses the history and development of calculators. It begins with early manual calculation methods like counting on fingers and using abacuses. Early mechanical calculators were invented, like the Pascaline and Arithmometer. Charles Babbage designed early computers like the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. The first electronic calculator was the Busicom 141-PF, which used the Intel 4004 microprocessor. Further developments led to affordable portable electronic calculators from Casio and others. Graphing calculators like the Casio FX-7000G revolutionized education. Icons like the Braun calculator and Casio fx-991EX demonstrated calculator design principles.

Uploaded by

arush.agrawal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CALCULATORS

CALCULATION BEFORE CALCULATORS

Counting on Counting on Counting through


Figures Slates Stones
WHAT IS CALCULATION AND WHY IS IT
REQUIRED ?
Calculation is a mathematical process that transforms one or more inputs
into one or more outputs or results to nd an accurate value.

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WHAT ARE CALCULATORS ?
A device to preform arithmetic operations on numbers.
EARLY MANUAL CALCULATORS

Abacus Napier’s bone


• First manual calculating device • Made by John Napier
used by roman and greeks • Simpli ed complex
• Calculations like addition and multiplication.
subtraction.
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MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Pascaline calculators
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1649
• Could do addition and subtraction
• Around 50 pieces in total were manufactured
• It was a gift to mathematics ,philosophy and theology

• Due to lack of technology and skilled men it was tough to


manufacture it at that time

• It was very expensive for that period of time. So it became


a thing for elite class only.
MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Arithmometer
• Invented by Charles Xavier Thomas in1820
• First commercially successful mechanical.
• Shift from human calculators to calculating machines
• A lot of companies started making its clones in 1883’s , due
to which it was available in cheaper rates and more people
were able to use it
• Scienti c ,military and other government institutes also
accepted this calculator
• After this the term calculator was replaced by arithmometer
in some calculators till 1940’s
• It lead to a idea to create a micro process for faster results
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MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Difference engine 1 and 2
• Invented by Charles
Babbage in 1882 • Invented by Charles
• Lead the foundation Babbage in 1882 but
for modern computers. was manufactured
after his death
• Error free
mathematical tables • Had ability to print
for scienti c and results of calculations
engineering elds automatically.
• Used for solving • Increased
polynomial equation. programmability
• Lacked to perform
general purpose
calculation
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AUTOMATIC CALCULATORS
Analytical engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage in1842
• First design for general purpose computer.
• Took punched cards as a form of input
• It inspired modern programming practices
• Had storage that would hold both data and input. Thus
inspired electronic memory.
• Challenged traditional computation .
• Left a lasting legacy.
ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
Busicom 141-PF
• Invented by Busicom corporation in1970
• First commercial calculator with microprocessor
• 4004 intel microprocessor was developed for the calculator
• This bought technological and industrial advancements.
• The chip also provided storage . That become base for
future storage device
• The chip could also be programmed for ping pong games
and gps etc.
• Provided scope for inventions and innovations to engineers
ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
Casio fx-58
• Invented by casino in1973
• Energy suf cient
• More convenient for users due to small batteries
• Sustainable technology
• Better display because of contrast ratio
• Cells were costly but had a long life term.
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INTRODUCTION OF CALCULATORS IN
EDUCATION AND IN OTHER PROFESSIONS
DESKTOP CALCULATORS
Casio FX 7000G
• Invented in1985
• First graphing calculator
• To solve the problem with electric power line transmission
• Impacted education in middle and high schools.
• Eased visualisation and increased the level of thinking and
questioning.
• Impacted on casio’s reputation
• Widen the range of tasks a calculator can perform.
• Programmability helped users to customise the device
according to their needs.
DESKTOP CALCULATORS
Casio fx-991EX
• Invented in early 2000’s
• Facilitates the learning process
• Cost ef cient
• Extended battery life
• Natural display
• Qr code technology
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ICONIC CALCULATOR

Designed by Dieter Rams in 1978


ICONIC CALCULATOR

Inspired by the Braun calculator


ICONIC CALCULATOR

Invented by casino in 1987


THANK YOU

Hemali Samridhi Arush

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