Segment 3.

Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders are disorders characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbances in feeling or mood.
These are major disturbances in one's condition or emotion, such as depression and mania. It is otherwise
known as affective disorder (DSM-IV-TR, 2000).
What are the symptoms of a mood disorder?
Depression symptoms include:
a. Sadness b. Difficulty sleeping

c. Fatigue d. Hopelessness

e. Despair f. Sense of inferiority

g. Dejection h. Exaggerated guilt

i. Changes in appetite j. Feelings of incompetence k. Loss of interest

Types of Mood Disorder

1. Bipolar Disorder - In bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression there are swings in mood
from elation (extreme happiness) to depression (extreme sadness) with no discernable external cause.
Two Phases of Bipolar
a. Manic Phase - During the manic phase of this disorder, the patient may show excessive, unwarranted
excitement or silliness, carrying jokes too far. They may also show poor judgment and recklessness and
may be argumentative. Manic may speak rapidly, have unrealistic ideas, and jump from subject to subject.
They may not be able to sleep or sit still for very long.
b. Depressive Episode - The other side of the bipolar coin is the depressive episode. Bipolar depressed
patients often sleep more than usual and are lethargic. During bipolar depressive episodes, a patient may
also show irritability and withdrawal.
Accordingly (Wade, 2004), the depressed person speaks slowly and monotonously while the manic
person speaks rapidly, dramatically, often with many jokes and puns. The depressed person has low self-
esteem while the manic person has inflated self-esteem.
2. Depressive Disorder- Depressive disorder is when the person experiences extended, unexplainable
periods of sadness.
Three Types of Depressive Disorder
a. Major Depressive Disorder - A person suffering from major depressive disorder is in a depressed
mood for most of the day, nearly every day or has lost interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities,
for a period of at least two weeks (see other symptoms on Segment 3, Chapter II).
b. Single Episode - Single episode depression is like major depression only it strikes in one dramatic
episode.
c. Recurrent - Recurrent depression is an extended pattern of depressed episodes. Depressed episodes
can include any of the features of major depressive disorder (Santrock, 2003).
Segment 4. Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavior patterns that are thoroughly integrated
into the individual's personality and that are troublesome to others or whose pleasure sources are either
harmful o legal (Livesly, 2001)
Types of Personality Disorder: Cluster A, B & C
According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) reference used to clinically
define mental illnesses, there are ten different personality disorders categorized into three main groupings
or clusters.
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
1. Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) - Those with SPD may be perceived b others as somber, aloof
and often are referred to as "loners."
Manifestations:
a. Social isolation and a lack of desire for close personal relationships.

b. Prefers to be alone and seem withdrawn and emotionally detached.

c. Seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other people.

2. Paranoid Personality Disorder (PPD) - Although they are prone to unjustified angry or aggressive
outbursts when they perceive others as disloyal or deceitful those with PPD more often come across as
emotionally "cold" or excessive serious.
Manifestations:
a. They feel constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.

b. They believe that others are against them and constantly look for evidence to support their suspicions.

c. They are hostile toward others and react angrily to perceived insults.

3. Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) - This disorder is characterized both by a need for isolation
as well as odd, outlandish, or paranoid beliefs. Some researches suggest this disorder is less severe than
schizophrenia.
Manifestations:
a. They engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior.

b. They may ramble or use words and phrases in unusual ways.

c. They may believe they have magical control over others.

d. They feel very uncomfortable with close personal relationships and tend to be suspicion of others.

Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behaviors

1. Antisocial Personality Disorder (APB) - APD is characterized by lack of empathy or conscience, a
difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors. Antisocial behavior in people less than 18
years old is called conduct disorder.
Manifestations:
a. Act in a way that disregards the feelings and rights of other people.

b. Anti-social personalities often break the law.

c. Use or exploit other people for their own gain..

d. They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into physical fights.

e. They may mistreat their spouse, neglect or abuse their children and exploit their employees. f. They
may even kill other people.

g. People with this disorder are also sometimes called sociopaths or psychopaths.
People with this disorder are at high risk for premature and violent death, injury, imprisonment,
loss of employment, bankruptcy, alcoholism, drug dependence, and failed personal relationships.
2. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) - This mental illness interferes with an individual's ability to
regulate emotion. Borderlines are highly sensitive to rejection, and fear of abandonment may result in
frantic efforts to avoid being left alone, such as suicide threats and attempts.
Manifestations:
a. They have intense emotional instability, particularly in relationship with other.

b. They make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment by others.

c. They may experience minor problems as major crises.

d. They express their anger, frustration, and dismay through suicidal gestures, self-mutilation, and other
self-destructive acts. e. They tend to have an unstable self-image or sense of self.

Borderline personalities are at high risk for developing depression alcoholism, drug dependence,
and bulimia; dissociate disorder, and post- traumatic stress disorder. Furthermore, 10 percent of people
with this disorder commit suicide by the age of 30.
3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD) - NPD is characterized primarily by grandiosity, need for
admiration, and lack of empathy. Narcissistic tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant of others'
perspectives, insensitive to others needs and indifferent to the effect of their own egocentric behavior.
Manifestations:
a. They a grandiose sense of self-importance.

b. They seek excessive admiration from others and fantasize about unlimited success or power.

c. They believe they are special, unique, or superior to others. However, they often have very fragile self-
esteem.

4. Histrionic Personality Disorder (HPD) - Individuals with this personality disorder exhibit a pervasive
pattern of excessive emotionality and attempt to get attention in unusual ways, such as bizarre appearance
or speech.
Manifestations:
a. They strive to be the center of attention.

b. They act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that draw attention.

c. They may also talk in dramatic or theatrical style and display exaggerated emotional reactions.

Cluster C: Anxious, Fearful Behaviors

1. Avoidant Personality Disorder (APD) - Those with avoidant personalities are often hypersensitive to
rejection and unwilling to take social risks. Avoidant displays a high level of social discomfort, timidity,
fear of criticism, avoidance of activities that involve interpersonal contact.
Manifestations:
a. They possess intense, anxious shyness.

b. They are reluctant to interact with others unless they feel certain of being liked.

c. They fear being criticized and rejected.

d. They often view themselves as socially inept and inferior to others.

2. Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD) People with dependent disorder typically exhibits a pattern
of needy and submissive behavior, and rely on others to make decisions for them.
Manifestations:
a. They have severe and disabling emotional dependency on others.

b. They have difficulty in making decisions without a great deal of advice and reassurance from others.

c. They urgently seek out another relationship when a close relationship ends.
d. They feel uncomfortable by themselves.

3.Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) - Individuals with OCPD, also called

Anankastic Personality Disorder, are so focused on order and perfection that their lack of flexibility
interferes with productivity and efficiency. They can also be workaholics, preferring the control of
working alone, as they are afraid that work completed by others will not be done correctly.