MULTITESTER1 Indico (etchable) 4 Range ewitch 6 Pouity conversion itch 1 Posie CH) emia sive (2) termina 9 Poave terminal for 1.28 AC/DC 1 Posie teriaal fr 12A ACIDC 1 Common eae tema fr ACADCA 14 Ree ol nog iniator PREFACE THE TIMES of rapidly progressing electronic industry gorously eins for the development of « high perform=ncn measuring instrument for research and experimental pur. poses, Availabilty of an instrument doing high accuracy measurement incurring minimum loss of current 10 the Greuit being checked, is one, In answer to this intense requisition, SANWA nov offers a supersensitive multester 460-ED which will take rank in performance with an clectronie volumeter. Besides the elevated sensitivity, the 460-ED is provided with wide range of measurement to mect the needs of extensive measurement in laboratories. The current ranges of L2A and 12A provided for both DC and AC will fl the requirement of comprchensive performing capacity expected of a mulitester.TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Features and Benefits 1.2. Specifications 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS. 2.1 Zero Adjustment 2.2 Replacement of Batteries 2.3 Accuracy and Range Selection 2.4 Function of the Protection Circuit 3 OPERATION 3.1 Measuring DC Voltage: BLA Polarity Switch 3.1.2. Disturbance of Nonlinear Element 2 Measuring DC Current 3.3 Measuring AC Voltage 3.3.1 Volume Level 3.8.2 AF Output Voluze: 3.4 Measuring AC Current 3.5 Measuring Resistance 3.8.1 Terminal Polarity 3.8.2 Current Consumption 4 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 4.1. Schematic Diagram 4.2 Arrangement of Parts AD List of Parts « 10 a a1 ir oo 14 16 17 oa 15 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Features and Benefits. Negligible Current Loss. In voltage measurement, the loss of curzent the circuit being checked sulfers due tothe parallel effect of tha moter conneoted ie only 104 at fll seal. It is 1/5 ~ 1/20 of usual testers, and the instrument always affords correct reading, Double Protection of the Indicator. Absorbing rcchanieal shock and vibration, the moving element of the indicator is supported by springlonded jewel bearings. Electrically, the silicon diode placed across the indicator ciscuit safeguards the moving coil from. fetting burt on account of inadvertent overcurrent and sharp pulse voltage. Polaity Conversion Switch. A turn of the switch mescurcs positive and nagative DC voltages, This measurement it indisponsable for aligning FM and other eletronie cites Current Ranges-1.2A and 124. ‘The unique equaliz. ing transformer developed by SANWA. has simplified the circuit design and advanced the performing ability of the instrament. Detachable Indicator. A single bolt loosened allows the indicator to be detached from the body together with the teale dial. Ie facilitates the replacement of the indicator when damaged reducing time for repair,In DC measurement, the reading is affected by the HE current present mixed. Ths interference is removed by a specific circuit provided. 1.2 Specifications. Measurement Ranges Available. DEV: (+03 2 12 A0 120 300 C1ooka/V) 12k (16.610/V) 30k (w/HV probe) DCA: (£)12n 0.3m 3m 30m 200m 12 12 (200mV) ACV: 312 30 120 300. 1.2k (SkO/V) ACA: 12 12 (200mV) Q: Range = X1 x10 x10 x 10k Midseale 402 4002 —4kO 4000 Maximum Sk 50k 500k 50Ma BB: —20~ 463, Allowance +£2% fed for DCV. 23% fed for ACV (596 for 3) £2% fad for DCA. £296 of wee lenges for 1% (GOFle~ 1002) for SOV AC & below Batteries 1.5 (UM-2)x1 & 8V (006P) x1 Size & Weight, 184x134%88mm & abt. 1.3kg Froqueney error 2 OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 2.1 Zero Adjustment. This is to adjust the pointer (2) t0 2er0 of the seale left by taming the corrector serew (3) lneated just below the scale dial. The pointer should be looked at from right over instead of at an angle so that ie may exactly fll on its image in the mirror. 2 Replacement of Batteries. If itis impossible on the x1 range to place the poin. ter at 2070 of the top @ scale by shorting together the + and —COM jieks and turning the O@ ADJ knob (5) full clockwise, the internal 1.5V cell as wom out needing replacement. If it is for the x10 range, the 9V battery must be replaced, Exhausted batteries should be immediately replaced, or the electrolyte might leak ‘to corrode the internal compo rents and degrade the electrical performance of the instrument. When it is laid away unused, the batteries hhad better be taken out. To replace the battery, the indicator block is first re moved from the body by unscrewing the bolt on the bck. The batteries are mounted lengthways in the rear case held down by a terminal spring plate, Give it a slight tum, and the batteries ean be removed. When the indicator is put back in place, serew down the bolt tightly. Do it mindfully because this is a procedure characteristic to this instrument,2.8 Accuracy and Range Selection. Allowance for each measurement is given in the speci fications, but the lost erroneous reading is obtained by using a proper range. For yoliage and current meas urements, use a range which will allow the pointer 10 fall within the right hand half of the scale to read or resistance, accurate reading is obtained around in the middle of the © scale 2.4 Function of the Protection it. In Fig. 1 below the dotted line shows how an. over voltage applied to the indiostor is suppressed by the zener effect of the silicon diode Absence of the silicon protection will allow a high voltage inadver tently applied to a curtent or resistance range to hit the moving coil directly ax shown by the true line. 100V input will instantly give rise to 50V in the col izeuit 10 burn it out along with a shunt, which the silicon diode puts down to about OSV. Formerly a selenium rectifier was used to effect this protection Today a silicon diode is used instead, Hepa ota Fe t =r Such @ safety device might be dispensed with for an ‘experienced engineer, but it is not seldom that 2 tester is unguardedly impresed with a voltage oF ‘current beyond its expecity. On the other hand, sharp Duildingup voluges are often encountered while adjusting television and electronic circuits which may Girectly hit the moving coil of the indicator across lintel capacitive insulation. The presence of a scan diode would surely make slghter the damage that such @ high sensitivity indicator may suffer. The protection device saves time and labour as well as money for repai When 2 circuit resistor is burt on account of an acc- ental overloed, it ean readily be replaced to restore the instrument to normal performance. Fig. 2 and the table below will help locate the resistor subject to bum neoding replacement. The resistor to be replaced should be of £196 precisionTable. Tower megs | Restor cS oa DE | 07a | RD wom po | oa | me aA DS Ru ‘axi0 a Refer Tin of Pare 3. OPERATION 3.1, Measuring DC Voltage-V, kV. ‘The seven ranges provided cover practically all needs of DC volage measurement. The overall input impedance of 100k0/V is the highest that ean ever be expected of w mullite. Ie allows leew uf eur rent neglected for DC voltage measurement, Just see Fig. In this circuit, the true voliage value at point P is 10V. A lossless tester of a voltmeter of infinite Impedance would read this value, The 450-ED wil read it 9.5V with 59 erzor. What will it be if measured by a pocketsize tester or by a so-called high-grade tester of 20k /V? Seo the tuble below showing what big errors they read. +181 atenased by [Reding | Boor ED om 10K 1a rope | 257 | = —tlr BAO ee —| wor | av | w See Ccamsazice | exter ater | 82V -w-‘The performance ability of a 100K/V instrument is most eloquently demonstrated in the voltage measure ment of @ high impedance load, The 460-ED efficent ly checks « voltage amplifying citesit, DC ampli switching cirewit, oscilaing circuit, AVC and AGC voltages of a trusisior and clectronie equipinent. volaye of which the circuit current ie less than 100;e can be measured without disturbing the cirewit oo LLL. Polarity Switch, ‘The polarity conversion switeh of the 460-ED saves the trouble of reversing the test lead connections when the pointer deflects to the opposite direction acrois zero. It is also used 10 etermine the polarity of a DC volte when a transistor, television or FM circuit is checked 1.2 Disturbance of NonJinear Element. Fig. 4(A) fon next page is the circuit of a tester for DC measure. ant where a doubleelement rectifier is one, ane the circuit resitance RA is common with AC voltage ‘measurement. This circuit will profuce practically no certor of indication so far as usual audio circuit is concerned, but for a circuit where HE cuzzent above LOOK is present mixed, much of the current flows into the tester through the floating capacity’ of the switch, and the impedance on bath sides of RA is reversed owing to the aymmetrial property of a diode. In consequence, the mean value current which should aot be read on the meter remains indicated causing a big error because of the DC voltage which should not acwally be read on the meter. Tt may occur for any range, and even the 1.2eV range will read big figures. By shorting RA by way of the selector switch as shown in (B), the 460-ED obtains correct DC voltage reading. (a Usa rei er Fig. 5 (A) and (B) ilstrate how the test leads are connected for DC voltage measurement. For the (B) connection of an HV probe, the range switch should bbe positioned at DC-1.2 & HY, and reading is noted fon the black scale just below the mirror marked DCV~A. (a) DC volage Pe 8 3.2, Measuring DC Current-A, mA, A. ‘The 460-ED has seven DC current ranges from 1228, through I2A, By viriue of the high sensitivity of the indicator, the instrement functions oa its #A range 3s a bridge circuit galvanometer for checking. semicondue.tor equipment. The mA and A ranges are generally used to measure circuit current, charging and dischar ging current of batteries, maintenance and inspection of DC power appliances and power transistor circwits ‘Taking into account the reading erzor due to change fof temperature, the terminal voltage drop is set at ‘300m and error is kept down within 0.1% /*C. Up to 200mA, the + and —COM jacks are used. For 1.2A and 12A, because of the insufficient capacity of the range switch, separate jacks are used leading the current direct to the shunis. For these measure ‘ments, the range switch is placed at the 3008A position. Far the test lead connections, see Fig. 6 below. Use the figures along the black arc just below the ‘mirror marked DCV-A in common with DC voltage Fe 6 3.3 Measuring AC Voltage-V, kV. AC voltage is measured up to 1.2KV in six ranges the lowest range BV. The solid-state rectifier is durable and eliminates chance of reading error due 10 deterioration, Furthermore, the good frequency characteristic covers in fall the audio frequency zone s0 that the instrument may be used as a frequency As a rule, the + and —COM jacks are used for AC voltage measurement, For 12V and upwards, the red scale third from the op i used reading the blac figures above the are in common with DC voluge ‘measurement. For SV alone, use the separate scale marked AC 3V ONLY reading the red figures beneat 3.1, Volume Level Volume level in dB is measured just in the same way ss AC voltage messurement reading the dB scale on the bottom instead. Ht directly reads up to -+11dB for the 3V range. For other ranges, the quantities given in the ADD dB table on the right hand comer of the scale dal are added to the value obtsined on the 4B scale (dB is established at voltage when ImW is diss. pated across a 6009 line, which is approximately 0.775V. ‘The dB scale of the 450-ED is graduated based on this reference, and the output voltage of a 6008 line is denoted in decibel on the scale. For one and the same impedance, voltage comparison dB is equal to power comparison dB. For a cireuit of which the Jad impedance i other than 6009, the dB value obtained on the meter is nothing but the value of an |AC voltage expressed in decibel corresponding to theage mange used. Such a value cannot be taken as {corset ouipat level ACV reading 220 logso ACY sending 88820 oes OT75V ‘The dB scale of the instrument is available to measure grin or loss in dB of compare frequency responses egacdlice of the circuit iempadance. In th the alvolute value obisined is ot an essential factor ‘of comparison, but the variation of the dB value is Jn output voltage messuroment, the impedance of the circuit being checked has much to do with reading For 2 6000 line, however, it can be neglected because the impodance of the totser is by far the bigger than the line impedance, though it is desirable to be ‘within 1/5 of the impedance of the tester. ‘The imput impedance of the AC voltage range used to measure JB is obtained by multiplying the fall sale reading of the range by the overall input impedance of the AC wolage range. For example, the input impedance of the 12V range of the 460-ED is: 12(V) % 5 (kf) = 60 0k0/V, ‘The true dB of a circuit of which the line impedance is other than €000 is obtained by adding to the reading for 2 6002 line the quantities given in the following table: a | no wa | won | 40.8 won | 40 3.3.2. AF Oupet Volioge. ‘This measurement is available to check only the AC portion of the voltage of a circuit where AC and DC foltages are present mixed as at the plate of on audio amplifier tube, In this measurement, the OUTPUY + Jack (10) i wed instead of the +} jek. Across these terminals is placed a O.1eF capacitor which blocks the DC portion end AC voltage alone is read on the meter. Another use of reading output voltage is to confirm if there is horizontal sigaal at the grid of the horivont:! amplifying tube of @ television, Use the 20Y rane Similarly, for the synchronous detaching an synch. rows amplifying ciovits, the plate and the grid of the synchronous amplifying tube and the grid of the synchronous detaching tube are checked by tems to define the presence of input signal. Use the 12 range to check them. In any casa, DC elemeat is blacked by the 0.1pF capacitor and the presence of the signal js confirmed by the AC voltage read on the moter3.4 Measuring AC Current-A, ‘The 460-ED uses the shusts for L2A and 12A DC in common for L2A and 12A AC. This is the most nataworthy feature of the instrument. ‘The limited space using a moving-oll type indicator necessitates. the instrument t0 adopt a specific excuit design to. make the scale. characteristic wniform for roading L2A and 12A DC and AC with better temperature and frequency characteristics than a usual movingdron type AC famieter. ‘These 2 ranges, in plice of a movingiron type instrument, check not only electrical bome eppl ances, but also the equipment using AC as power. For measurement, the range switch i rotated 9 the. ACA position, Test lead connections are same for L2A and 12A DC. (Fig. 6) Use the red scale second from the bottom marked ACA. 3.5 Measuring Resistance-2, ki, MQ, (Of all ranges of a tester, the resistance range is most frequently used. Besides measuring resistance, the four cohm ranges check line continuity, short creait, DC resietanoe of a transformer, ete. Before taking a measurement, the pointer postion should be confirmed to be on 2210 of the top 0 scale. (Gee 2.2) Every time the range switch is moved 10 another ohm range, the pointer needs adjustment. — For the X1 range,the top © scale is read direty. For the X10 range and upwards, readings on the scale are ‘multiphed by the multiple of each range. ‘The XT range may be used 19 measure resistance below 1008 and to test continuity, ‘The X10 range will measure 109 level, the X100 range K@ level, and the %10k range high resistance above 100k up to SOMO. 5.1 ‘Terminal Polarity for Resistance Measurement ‘As the schematic diagram shows, the ~COM jc fumishes positive volage and the + jack fumishes negative voltage. Ie must be noted when checking polarized resistance units like semiconductors and the leakage of eleetealytic expacitors 5.2 Current Drsin of the Internal Batteries. Taking RX as the resistance being measured and RM the midseale reading for each range, the current the sv. X 10k range consumes wil be EN, and for the 100 range and below, —2SV—. Maximum * FRM current consumption of each resistance range will be as follows: anes |Current dnd xa | Avera aA xo GA x30 ave ale 2a ~8-‘This table should be referred to when testing the continuity and resistance of a unit whose current oF voltage capacity is limited Specifications subject to change without previous aoe 4 SUPPLEMENTARY DATA, ‘Schematic Diagram 414.3 List of Parts — Deveripiren RS Tesiier GG fm) for milo atin | RE_| [EDno2 Resse (540, fin), seen BDRM "Recor Ma. Him) ©3V | oRoE) Revsr AAA, fm. 3 E mobiie [Ra fepes4| Rein Ca fm, shone DROS | Resor OHO, fim), 15V DC maligher | RB_| RNS Re ML lm, bm UK | Recaoe eM fim) 99 1 ons" (80, ny share 1 [| Reser om, fm 1397 DC ml EDROT| Resor (O40. fin wer EROS! Revisor GAMO, fl) 300 0 xeos — Br [22 sa I 5 | Sevan dn ae | p210) Resor Goin fim) .28 DC # [aw [31015 | ateer none 102A) iM [pais | Restor (00, im, mA DC shew [Rn | fepsvri Rass slasor sesh wor Ble ! [rox or (90, fl), —20mA.DC shunt Tra 001. | Free pt HK ED ope) ol [pms Resistor (0,720, wis, Sta DE abust | RIS poor "| Dey et man 0.250, wie) 1.28 AC & DC shunt | R16 eon | Dey el ov, GRP) i [ents Resor (0020, wie) 128 AC & DC she | 103 | 012 Resse (4MED ge kay TEORIG/ Resistor QS0kQ, im), aA DC st — ont erin jek (pn pe), eed [oni Resor 6. fm, OC LAY saat [ors Knob for 00 asier [EDR Reni CHL.AED opp flmy_ 3V_AC mise] KOIa_|_Kaob fr muge sector ich FEDRI9|” Resor ERO, fim) 12V AG paliher [mio | or 7 r | EDn0| Restor G00 fie) 30V_AC muler rea | feo | capac cane) al [Dna | Resistor (ODL, sm), LAV AC malo [2 [coin | Capcier ccerami) © [oxz2! Revsrr conn, fn), 200V_AC mui rs Wi ~ a EDR —Hesor (4500, fim), 1.26V AC muhipber | RES {too | Tet tie | [seas Reer (3 apex, fin), AG serie ROU [oir eer meme Be 7 (CResiter O40, fli) for recier cei oor | atesr monet oer - - [eps Resor COMM, sm) for eiir et frmas_ | Teaver - - [zon [Reino (ako opr, fi) for ACA clin | Ra ~ ~ [EDR Ror C.50. fr). ohm xt ebus a EDR | Revisor (40D chm x0 shane rienemereael — a