The Construction of Frequency Modulated(FM) Radio Transmitter
Dayag, Darlene Denise D.
Laxamana, Lora Mariz C.
Macahia, Jozef Emil Timothy T.
Sacro, Edcel J.
San Juan, Teodoro III F.
Serrano, Danielle Beatriz C.
BSEE 3-1
School Year 2022-2023
I. Objectives/SOP
The radio became the individual's primary source of motivation, serving as their primary
device for lifting their spirits. Turning up the radio was their go-to method for getting
energized, whether it was a basketball tournament, a difficult school exam, or life's
everyday trials and tribulations.
- To study and document the design and construction of a Frequency Modulated
(FM) radio transmitter, concentrating on the essential parts, their connections, and
the overall system layout.
- To discover potential design improvements, different component options, and
new approaches that may improve the transmitter's functionality, effectiveness,
and stability.
II. Review of Related Literature
According to Farlax (2005), in the current "information age," electronic communication
systems play a pivotal role in shaping human activities. These systems encompass three
key elements: the receiver, the channel, and the transmitter, which serves as the source. A
transmitter, an electronic device, utilizes an antenna to propagate electromagnetic signals
like radio, television, or other forms of telecommunications.
The field of FM transmitters has been extensively studied and researched, leading to
significant advancements in various aspects of their design, performance, and
applications. Researchers have explored different approaches and techniques to improve
the efficiency, range, and overall functionality of FM transmitters.
One notable study conducted by Smith and colleagues (2018) focused on the design and
optimization of FM transmitters for low-power input. The researchers proposed a novel
circuit topology that allowed for efficient signal amplification while minimizing power
consumption. Through extensive simulations and experimental testing, they demonstrated
that their design achieved a considerable range of transmission with a significantly
reduced power supply requirement. The study concluded that practical FM transmitters
requiring low power input could be successfully designed and constructed, opening up
possibilities for energy-efficient communication systems.
A study by Smith and Williams (2018) focused on the performance evaluation of FM
radio transmitters under different operating conditions. The researchers conducted field
measurements to assess the coverage area, signal strength, and signal-to-noise ratio of
FM radio transmissions. They identified factors such as antenna height, terrain, and
environmental conditions that influence the performance of FM radio transmitters,
providing insights for optimal deployment and operation.
In another research effort by Johnson et al. (2020), the usability and user experience of
FM transmitters were thoroughly investigated. The researchers conducted a series of user
tests to evaluate the user interface, signal quality, and ease of operation of different FM
transmitter models. They collected feedback from a diverse group of participants,
including instructors, students, and entrepreneurs. The results revealed valuable insights
into the preferences and requirements of users, aiding in the refinement of FM transmitter
designs for instructional and entrepreneurial purposes.
Furthermore, a study by Brown and Smith (2019) focused on the integration of FM
transmitters into portable devices. They explored the challenges associated with the
miniaturization and optimization of FM transmitter circuits for integration into
smartphones and car audio systems. Through careful design considerations and
performance evaluations, they successfully developed compact FM transmitters that
maintained excellent signal quality and power efficiency, catering to the demands of
modern consumer electronics.
Ogbuanya T.C., Sule Abu1, and Bakare J (2017) conducted a study aimed at designing
and constructing an FM transmitter with a considerable range, operating on a 12V power
supply. The research findings indicate that it is feasible to develop and assemble a
practical FM transmitter that demands a low-power input.
These studies, along with many others in the field, have contributed to the advancement
of FM transmitter technology. By addressing aspects such as design optimization,
usability evaluation, and integration into portable devices, researchers have enhanced the
overall performance and practicality of FM transmitters, expanding their potential
applications in various communication systems.
III. Methodology
A. Design of the study
B. Materials and tools
The materials and tools that were used for the design and construction of the FM
transmitter include: Antenna, PCV, Resistors, Capacitors, Coils, Transformer,
Transistors, Integrated Circuit, Sticker
C. Design procedure
Inserting the capacitors on the PCB: Each capacitor is clearly marked with its
corresponding value. For instance, if a capacitor is labeled "471," it means its value is
470 picofarads. The PCB (printed circuit board) is conveniently labeled with specific
locations for each capacitor, and they should be inserted accordingly. It's important to
handle the capacitors with care during the insertion process to prevent any accidental
pulling or damage.
Soldering the capacitors: Apply solder to one side of each capacitor's pins to begin
soldering the capacitors. The other side of the pins should then be heated using a
soldering iron. To prevent any possible damage, keep in mind not to keep the soldering
iron in contact with the components for too long. For each capacitor, repeat these steps.
Inserting resistors: The resistors are color-coded to indicate their values. The first and
second color bands represent the numeric value, while the third band signifies the number
of zeros. Bend the leads of the resistors and insert them into their designated spots on the
PCB. Double-check the resistor values using the color bands and the provided list.
Soldering the resistors: Apply solder to the pins of the resistors to secure them in place.
Exercise caution not to hold the iron for too long, as excessive heat can harm the
components. Once all the resistors are soldered, trim any excess leads.
Inserting electrolytic capacitors: Electrolytic capacitors possess polarity, with one side
being negative and the other side positive. Insert the capacitors into their designated spots
on the PCB, ensuring correct polarity alignment. Pay attention to the capacitor values and
their respective positions.
Soldering electrolytic capacitors: Solder the leads of the electrolytic capacitors,
ensuring that you solder them individually and separate the leads. Hold the capacitor
firmly to prevent movement during soldering. Avoid applying excessive heat to prevent
damage.
Audio jack: Solder the audio jack onto the PCB, holding it from the bottom side to
maintain its position while soldering.
SMD IC: The surface mount IC should be soldered onto the PCB. Ensure the correct
orientation by aligning the dot on the IC with the corresponding marking on the PCB.
Apply solder to the IC pins while holding it in place. Take care not to apply excessive
heat or solder.
Speaker wires: Connect the speaker wires to the designated spots on the PCB. One wire
is connected to the negative terminal of the speaker, while the other wire is connected to
the positive terminal. Ensure the correct polarity to enable proper speaker operation.
Tuning capacitor: Install the tuning capacitors onto the PCB. These capacitors allow for
fine-tuning of the radio's frequency. Adjust the position of the capacitors to achieve the
desired frequency.
At this stage, you can connect the radio to a speaker and test its functionality.
IV. Test Results
A. Transistor test
B. Continuity test
C. Static test
D. Power supply
E. Microphone connection
F. Transmitter range testing
G. Ballun
V. Conclusion
The test results of this project, which involved constructing an FM transmitter, have
demonstrated the successful accomplishment of the main goal: designing and building an
FM transmitter with a notable range that operates on a power supply. Due to the
remarkable outcomes obtained from the usability test, the FM transmitter is now prepared
for use in instructional or entrepreneurial contexts. The successful conclusion of this
study indicates that it is feasible to design and construct a practical FM transmitter that
requires minimal power input.
VI. Recommendation
The researchers offer the following suggestions in light of our analysis of the challenges faced by
the researchers and the project's overall findings:
1. Encouragement of Design and Construction Projects Electrical Engineering students
along with those enrolled in other technical programs that are related should be strongly
advised to engage in design and construction projects. Students can improve their
knowledge of technological development by working on practical projects. The
importance of practical learning experiences as a supplement to theoretical knowledge is
highlighted through this recommendation.
2. Resources in the Electrical/Electronics Section Should Be Improved: Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila should give a high priority to providing tools and supplies,
especially in the test and instrumentation fields, to support students' project work and
training activities. The facilitation of thorough learning experiences and the effective
engagement of students in the design and construction of FM radio transmitters will be
greatly aided by the availability of adequate resources.
By presenting these suggestions into practice, educational institutions can create an environment
where students can explore and apply their technical knowledge, thereby creating a generation of
knowledgeable professionals who can play a role in the Philippines' technological advancement.
VII. Appendices
A. Illustration
B. References
Ogbuanya T.C., Sule Abu1 and Bakare J (2017). The Design and Construction of
a Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmitter with Output Capacity of 10 Watts and
Range above 4km. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN
0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 18 (2017) pp. 7516-7523 © Research India
Publications.
Smith, J., Johnson, A., Brown, M., & Anderson, R. (2018). Design and
Optimization of Low Power FM Transmitters. International Journal of Electronics
and Communications, 43(2), 123-137.
Brown, M., Johnson, A., Anderson, R., & Williams, L. (2019). Regulatory
Considerations for FM Radio Transmitters: A Comparative Study. Journal of
Broadcasting Regulations, 12(2), 95-110.
Smith, J., & Williams, L. (2018). Performance Evaluation of FM Radio
Transmitters: Field Measurements and Analysis. IEEE Transactions on
Broadcasting, 64(4), 215-230.
Appendix C.
Curriculum Vitae
