Ancient India 1. Indus civilization was discovered in 1921 AD by Dayaram Sahni. 2. The Harappan civilization has also been named after a place called Harappa, where this culture was first discovered. 3. Periodization of Harappan culture has been done between 2600 and 1900 BC. 4. The geographical expansion of Harappan culture was large. It stretches from Manda in Kashmir in the north to Bhagatrao at the mouth of the Tapti River in the south and from Sutkagendor in Balochistan in the west to Alamgirpur in westem Uttar Pradesh in the east. 5. Most areas of Harappan civilization in India have been found in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana and Punjab. 6. The Harappan civilization was an urban civilization where the planned drainage system was also developed. 7. The city is divided into two parts - the upper and lower parts. The upper part is degraded in which state buildings, food store houses and bathrooms etc. are built and in the lower part the general settlement was situated. 8. There is evidence of a ploughed field to Kalibangan, while the soil plough from Banawali (Haryana) has been found. 9.Fire Altarsarediscovered from Lothal and Kalibangan. 10. Some remains of canals have been found in Harappan site called Shortughai in Afghanistan 11. The remains of the reservoir have been found from Dholavira. Mohenjodaro, which means ‘mound of the dead in the Sindhi language, was first discovered by Rakhaldas Banerjee in 1922. 12. Lothal, the main site of the Harappan civilization, is located in Kathiawar, Gujarat. It was discovered by Dr. SR Rao. It was situated on the banks of the Bhogwa River. 13. Lothal was a major port city and seals of Persia and evidence of double burial have been found here. 14. The markings of Harappa have the highest number of monogamous animals. 15. Workshop for making beads has been received at Chanhudaro and Lothal. Vedic period 1. The socio-cultural and economic system of Aryans is known as Vedic culture. Information about Aryans is mainly found from the Vedas - Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda.2. The Vedic period is divided into two parts, the Rig Vedic period (1500 - 1000 BC) and the later Vedic period (1000 - 600 BC). 3.The wide area of residence of the Aryans was called '‘Saptasaindhav' region. There were seven major rivers flowing in this region. These rivers were Indus, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab, Jhelum, Beas and Saraswati. 4. The administrative unit of the Aryans was divided into the following five sections in ascending order - Kul, Gram, Vish, Jan, Rashtra(Janpada). 5. Sabha, Samiti and Vidatha were the people's representatives. Political, social, religious and economic questions were considered in these institutions. 6. Indra was the most important deity of the Rigvedic Aryans who is called Purandara (Destroyer of forts). Varuna, Surya, Mitra, Agni, etc. were the other major deities. 7.Gayatri Mantra is mentioned in Rigveda. In the Purushsukta which is the 10th Mandal of the Rigveda, mention is made of the origin of Chaturvarna - Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. 8. The main occupation of the Aryans was agriculture and animal husbandry. 9.The Aryans started living a permanent life in the later Vedic period. During this time the Aryans mainly spread to the Ganges-Yamuna Doab. 10. The Aryans made agricultural work the mainstay of life instead of animal'husbandry. 11. Iron is the main feature of this period and the painted gray-pottery. 12.In the later Vedic period, the post of king began to be hereditary. The rulers increased their power through Rajasuya, Vajpayee and Ashwamedha Yajna 13. The institution called Gotra emerged in the later Vedic period. Bingen Ps 1. The founder of Jainism was Rishabhdev. EES /HZVEeo Jnme 2: According to Jain tradition, there were a total of 24 eo ae Tirthankars in Jainism tee = porte 23rd Tirthankar of Jainism was Parshvanath. 4, Mahavir Swami was the main promoter of Jainism and ges \the 24th Tirthankara. Mahavir renounced his house at the age of thirty and after 12 years of hard penance, he attained eqmaiae—tais enlightenment in the Srambhik village on the banks of the © tiver Rijupalika, after which he was called ‘Jin’, Nigrantha, “~~ Athat and Kevalin. 5. Before Mahavir, Parshvanath gave four Jain principles, These are truth, non- violence, renunciation and non-stealing. Mahavira added the fifth principle 'Brahmacharya’ (Celibacy) to it. 6. After Mahavira's death, the Jain Sangh was divided into two parts - Digambara (supporter of Bhadrabahu) and Shvetambara (supporter of Sthulabhadra). 7. Jainism believes in rebirth and karmism. 8. According to Jainism, it is necessary to have three elements for salvation. These are - right philosophy, right knowledge, right action or right behavior 9. God is not recognized in JainismBuddhism Lumbini. 2. Gautama Buddha was married at the age of 16 to Yashodhara. His son's name was Rahul. (S77 s'Helefthome at the age of 29 shortly after the birth of the son. Alar Kalam was the first Guru of Buddha 4. Siddhartha attained enlightenment on the day of Vaishakh Purnima at a place called Uruvela on the banks of Niranjana River (Gaya), after which he was called Buddha. 5.Buddha described the following asexual path to attain Nirvana (Moksha) (i) Right vision i) Right resolution (iil) Right Speech (iv) Righteousness (v) Right livelihood (vi) Right exercise (vii) Right memory Right meditation 6. The most important of Buddhist texts is Tripitaka. > Suttapitaka - It mentions the principles of Buddhism. > Vinayapitaka - It explains the rules of Buddhist association. > Abhidhammapitaka - It highlights Buddhist philosophy. 7. After Mahaparinirvana of Mahatma Buddha, Buddhism got divided into many sects. Prominent among them are Hinayana and Mahayana. 8. Hinayana was a sect believer in the philosophy and principles of Mahatma Buddha, while the Mahayana sect believed in the life and principles of the Bodhisattvas along with the Buddha. 9. Later, there was also the entry of Tantric ideology into Buddhism, under whose influence the ‘Vajrayana’ sect came into existence. Mahajanapada pe iod (Paw) 1. Mahatma Buddha was born 563 BC In Kapilvastu place near ‘The 16 Mahajanapadss 4. Sixth century BC in early Indian history 16 eld With heirCapils Mahajanapadas emerged. The discussion of the 16 Mahajanapadas is found for the first time in the Buddhist text Anguttar Nikaya. 2. Most of the Mahajanapadas were ruled by a king but a group of people ruled in states known as Gana and Sangha, each person of this group was called a king. Lord Mahavira and Lord Buddha were related to these = ganas. 3. Sixth to fourth centuryBC_Magadhabecame the most powerful Mahajanapada. 4. The ruling dynasty that ruled Magadha were the Haryak dynasty. After this Shishunaga and Nanda Dynasty ruled. Maurya dynasty started rule by ending Nandas. Maurya Empire +) 1.322 BC Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya Empire. 2. Chandragupta Maurya was a follower of Jainism. 3. Chandragupta in 305 BC In treaty with the | Greek ruler Seleucus. According to the terms of the treaty, Seleucus gave four provinces of Kabul, Kandhar, Herat and Makran to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. | 3. Seleucus appointed his ambassador || Megasthenesin the court of Chandragupta. 4.Megasthenes composed the book Indica ©| while living in Patalipatra. Bindusara | ,succeeded Chandragupta. ~~" ff5. Two rebellions took place in Taxila in the reign of Bindusara, the first was suppressed by Ashoka and the second rebellion was suppressed by Susim. Ashok 1. Bindusara’s successor was Ashoka who lived in 272 BC. became the ruler of Magadha. 2. Ashoka was the governor of Ujjayini and Taxila before becoming the ruler. 3.In 261 BC Ashoka attacked Kalinga. He was moved by widespread violence in the Kalinga war and instead of Yudh Vijaya, he adopted the policy of Dhamma Vijaya. 4. Ashoka became a follower of Buddhism and started spreading it. 5. Ashoka sent his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka to propagate Buddhism, 6. Ashoka associated ‘Dhamma’ with morality. For its publicity, he engraved inscriptions. He got its inspiration from Iranian ruler Darius |. 7. Ashoka's inscriptions are inscribed in Brahmi, Greek, Aramaic and Kharosthi script, while all the pillars are in Prakrit language. 8. James Prinsep succeeded in reading Ashoka's inscriptions in 1837 AD. 9.Dhamma is mentioned in the Bhabru inscription of Ashoka. 10. Ashoka built the Dharma Rajika Stupa at Sanchi, Samath, Taxila. He built Sudama, Karnachopar and Vishwa-hut in Barabari hills for livelihood ascetics. Post-mauryan period1. In the post-Mauryan period, several distinct rulers ruled various regions of India, among whom Pushyamitra Sunga, Kharavela, GautamiputraShatkarni and Kanishka were prominent. 2. Art and culture developed immensely in post-Mauryan period. The Gandhar, Mathura and Amravati styles of sculpture came into existence. 3. Mauryan general Pushyamitra Sung killed the last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha in 184 BC. And established the Sunga dynasty. 4, Manusmriti, Vishnusmrii and Yajnavaikya Smriti texts were composed during the reign of the Sunga dynasty. At the same time Patanjali wrote the commentary ‘Mahabhashyam’ on ‘Ashtadhyayi’ 5. The last ruler of the Shung dynasty was Devabhuti, who was killed by his commander Vasudeva who established the Kanva dynasty. 6. The last ruler of the Karma dynasty, Susarma, was defeated by the Satavahana ruler ‘Simuk. Indo-Greek ruler 4. Demetrius, ruler of Bacteria, conquered india in 190 BC. Invaded and occupied large tracts of Afghanistan, Punjab, Sindh and made Shakal its capital. 2 It was called Indo-greek State. Among the Indo-Greek rulers, the name of Menander is chief, who took initiation of Buddhism from Nagasena, which is compiled in the MilindapanhoEpic. 3.In India, gold coins were first issued by the 'Indo-Greek' rulers. Sakas41. Sakas followed the Greeks. The Shakas had five branches and each branch had its capital in different parts of India and Afghanistan. 2. The most powerful ruler of Sakas was Rudraman | (130-150 AD), who ruled over large parts of Gujarat. 3. He got the half-century Sudarshan lake (built by the Mauryas) of Kathiawar repaired. Kushan 1. The founder of the Kushana dynasty was Kujulakadphises and its successor was VimaKadphises. 2.Vima kadphises expanded the Kushan Empire and established authority over large area of North India. 3.The most famous ruler of this dynasty was Kanishka. 4.The Kushans had a capital Purushpura or Peshawar and the other capital was Mathura. 5. Kanishka implemented a Samvat in 78 AD ie. the year of his coronation, called Saka Samvat, which is still used by the Government of India. Gupta Empire1. The founder of the Gupta dynasty is believed to be Shrigupta (240 - 280 AD). 2. The Gupta era was founded by Chandragupta i in 319-320 AD. 3. After Chandragupta I, his son Samudragupta became the ruler. He called himself LichhaviDauhitra. 4.Samudragupta defeated 9 rulers of Aryavarta and 12 rulers of dakshinvarta. Due to these victories, it is called Napoleon of India. 5. Ramgupta became the ruler after Samudragupta, but he was a weak ruler. 6. After that Chandragupta-I! became the ruler. 7. Chandragupta Il (380 - 112 AD) greatly expanded the Gupta empire both by marital relations and war victory. 8. During the reign of Chandragupta Il, his first capital was Pataliputra and the second capital was Ujjayini. 9. Chinese Buddhist traveler Fa-hein came to India during the reign of Chandragupta Il. 10. 9 gems were in the court of Chandragupta II - Kalidasa, Dhanavantari, Kshanpaka, Amarsingh, Shanku, Baital Bhatt, Ghatakarpara, Varahamihir and Varruchi. 11. Chandragupta II was succeeded by Kumaragupta |. Nalanda University was founded by Kumaragupta I (412-154 AD). 13. Skandagupta (451-167 AD) was the last great ruler of the Gupta dynasty. Gupta administration 1. The largest territorial unit of the Gupta empire was ‘Desh’, whose ruler was called Gopta. ‘Bhukti was another regional unit, whose rulers were called Uparikas. After bukhti, there was an administrative unit called the Vishay, whose chief was callled the Vishaypati. 2. The Chief Officer of Police Department was called 'Dandapashika’. 3.Kalidas, Harishen, Veerasen, Visakhadatta etc. were famous scholars of this, era. Among the Buddhist scholars, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignagan and Dharmapala were prominent.4, Puranas were composed in the present form in the Gupta period. Vishnu Sharma composed Panchatantra in this era. 5. The smallest unit of governance was the village. The administration of the village was governed by the Gram Sabha. The head of the Gram Sabha was called Gramik and the other members were called Ghatar. 6. The small unit of gram groups was called Peth. 7. The Sandhi-Vigrahaka was the chief officer of the army. Science 4. During the Gupta period, mathematics, physics, chemistry, metallurgy, astrology and medical science progressed a lot. 2. Decimal and Zero were discovered during the Gupta period itself. 3. Aryabhata was an eminent mathematician and astronomer of this era. Aryabhatiyam jg his famous work, in which arithmetic, algebra and geometry are discussed. 4, Aryabhata, in the treatise called Surya Siddhanta, proved that the Earth revolves around the Sun. 5,Brahmagupta's 'Brahmasiddhanta' is a famous book in astronomy. 6. Sushruta and Dhanvantari were the eminent Vaidyas of this era. _ 7 Navanitakam is the famous medical book of this era. Post-Gupta period igiter the fall of the Gupta dynasty, several new dynasties emerged, among them Maitraka, Maukhari, Pushyabhuti, the later Guptas and Gauras. Pushyabhuti was the most prominent among these dynasties. Pushyabhuti Dynasty 4. The founder of the Pushyabhuti dynasty was Pushyabhuti. 2. His capital was Thaneshwar. 3. After the death of Rajyavardhana, Harshavardhana became the ruler of Thaneshwar at the age of 16 in 606 AD. 4,He assumed the title of ‘Parambhattaraka’. Harsha is also known as Shiladitya. 5, Information about the rule of Harshavardhana is found in the composition of Banabhatta from Harshacharita.6. There was a war between Harsha and Pulakeshin-Il on the banks of river Narmada in which Harsha was defeated. The description of this war is found in the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshin-Il. 7. Chinese traveler Hein-Tsang came to India during the reign of Harshavardhana. 8. Harsha himself was a great lover of literature. He composed three Sanskrit drama texts named Priyadarshika, Ratnavali and Nagananda Major Dynasties of South Indi A, Pallava Dynasty 1. The founder of the Pallava dynasty was ‘Singhvishnu (575-600 AD). 2.The capital was Kanchi. 3. The famous writer Bharavi who composed Kiratarjuniyam lived in the court of Singhvishnu. 4.Narasimhavarman | took the title of Vatapikonda. Hein-Tsang visited Kanchi under his reign. 5. Narsinghavarman I built the Kailashnath ‘Temple at Kanchi and the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram. 6. The author Dandi of Dashkumarcharit lived in the court of Narsinghavarman-Ii. Chalukya Dynasty (Vatapi) 1.Jai Singh established the Chalukya-dynasty of Vatapi whose capital was Vatapi. 2. The principal rulers of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi were,- Pulakeshin |, Kirtivarman, Pulakeshin Il, Vikramaditya, Vinayaditya and Vijayaditya. 3.The most powerful king among them was Pulakeshin I. The Pallava ruler Narasimha Varman | defeated Pulakeshin II in about 642 AD and captured his capital Vatapi. Chalukya Dynasty (Kalyani) 1. Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani was founded by Tailap Il. 2. The most powerful ruler of this dynasty was Vikramaditya-VI 3. Vilhan and Vigyaneshwar lived in the court of Vikramaditya -VI. Vigyaneshwar composed Mitakshara. Vilhan composed Vikramankadevacharit.see a ‘The Kannauj Triangle circa 750 - 900 CE 5 Rashtrakutes Rashtrakuta 1. The founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty was Dantidurga (752 AD). Its capital was Manyakhet. 2. The principal rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty were: Krishna |, Dhruva, Govind Il, Amoghavarsha, Krishna 1, Indra Ill and Krishna Il. 3. Dhruva was the first ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, who participated in a tripartite struggle to take over Kannauj and defeated PratiharaKingVatsaraja and Pala King Dharmapala. 4,Cave temples in Ellora and Elephanta were built during the time of Rashtrakutas. Pal Dynasty 1. The founder of the Pala dynasty was Gopala. 2. Gopala was a follower of Buddhism. 3. H established Odantpuri University. 4. The greatest ruler of Pala dynasty was Dharmapala who founded Vikramashila University. 5. The tripartite struggle for Kannayj took place between the Pala dynasty, the GurjaraPratihara dynasty and the Rashtrakuta dynasty. Dharmapala was the first toparticipate on behalf of the Pala dynasty. Sena dynasty 1. Sena dynasty in Bengal was founded by Samanta Sen. 2. The capital of the Sena dynasty was Nadia (Lakhnauti). 3.The principal rulers of the Sena dynasty were Vijay Sen, Ballalasen and Laxman Sen.4.Sen ruler Ballalasena had written a treatise called Danasagar and Abhinavasagar. 5. In Lakshamsen'scourt there lived Jayadeva, the author of Geetgovinda. 6.Sena Dynasty was the first dynasty, which got its inscription engraved in Hindi. GurjaraPratihara Dynasty 1.Nagabhatta | was the founder of the GurjaraPratihara dynasty of Malwa. 2. Mihirbhoja was the most powerful and powerful ruler of Pratihara dynasty. 3. The capital of Mihirbhoj was kannauj 4. The famous poet Rajasekhar lived in the court of Pratihara ruler Mahenderpal. Rajashekhar wrote poetry poetry. Chola 1. Vilayalaya (850 AD) revived Chola power in the ninth century. 2. Its capital was Tanjore. 3.Aditya Chola defeated Pallava ruler Aparajita and took over Tondamandala and ‘assumed the title of 'Maduraikonda’ 4. Later, He attacked Sri Lanka and established the north-eastem part of Sri "Lanka. 5, Raja | invaded Sri Lanka. After defeating the king there, created a new province "Mummidcholamandalam' and made Polannaruva its capital. 6. Rajendra I assumed the title of Gangaikond Chola after defeating the Pala ruler Mahipal of Bengal and built a huge pond named Cholagangam near the new capital Gangaikondacholapuram. 7.Rajendra | captured Java, Sumatra, Male by defeating Shailendra ruler. 8.The Chola rulers built the superior naval army. 9. The entire Chola empire was divided into 6 provinces. The province was called Mandalam. Mandatam was divided into kohm, kohm intonadu and nadu into many Kurrams. 10. Local self-government was the main feature of Chola administration. Kashmir Dynasty 1. Various ruling dynasties ruled Kashmir sequentially - Karkota dynasty, Utpala dynasty, Lohara dynasty. 2. Durlabhavardhana founded the Karkota dynasty (Hindu dynasty) in Kashmir in 627 AD. 3.Hein-Tsang traveled to Kashmir during the reign of Durlabhavardhana. 4. The most powerful king of the Karkota dynasty was Lalitaditya Maktapeed. 5. The Martand Temple of Kashmir was built by Lalitaditya.6. Utkala dynasty ruled after the Kakota dynasty. Avantivarman founded the Utpala asty. 7. Queen Didha of Utpal dynasty was an important ruler. 8. The founder of the Lohar dynasty was Sangramraja. 9. Harsha, a ruler of the Lohar dynasty, was a scholarly writer. The famous poet Kalhan lived in its court. Chauhan Dynasty 1. The founder of the Chauhan dynasty was Vasudev. Their initial capital was Ahichatra, 2. Ajayraj Il founded the city of Ajmer and made it the capital. 3. The most powerful ruler of the Chauhan dynasty was Amoraja's son Vigrahaja IV Visaladeva, who composed a Sanskrit play called Harikeli.4. Prithaviraja III was the last ruler of this dynasty. Chandbardai was the royalty of Prithviraj Ill, whose creation is Prithvirajraso. 5. The first war of Tarrain took place in 1191 in which Prithviraj I!I became victorious and Muhammad Ghori was defeated. The Second Battle of Tarrain took place in 1192, in which the victory of Ghori and the defeat of Prithviraj II. Parmara Dynasty 1.Parmara dynasty was founded in the Sth century by Upendra Krishnaraja. Its capital was Dhara Nagri (Ujjain). 2. The most powerful ruler of the Parmara dynasty was King Bhoja. 3. Wrote several texts on medicine, mathematics and grammar. BhojkritYatikalapataru mentions various scientific instruments and their uses along with Vastu Shastra. He assumed the title of Kaviraja. Chandela Dynasty * 1.Nannuka founded the Chandela dynasty in Bundelkhand in 831 AD. Its initial capital was Kalinjar (Mahoba). 2. The ancient name of Bundelkhand is Jejakabhukti. 3.Raja Dhang shifted his capital from Kalinjar to Khajuraho. 4, Kandaria Mahadev Temple was built by Dhang. -5. The most powerful king of Chandela dynasty was Yashovarman. 6. Yashovarman attacked Kannauj and defeated Pratihara king Devpal and obtained from him a statue of Vishnu, which he installed in the Vishnu temple of Khajuraho. 7. Chandela ruler Vidyadhar was the only Indian ruler who successfully resisted the ambitions of Mahmud Ghaznavi. 8. Two generals named Alha-Udal lived in the court of Paramardidev, who lost their lives fighting valiantly with Prithviraj Chauhan.