MAG

HISTORY
 Dynasty of Mahajanapad Period
16 Mahajanapada Period Haryanka Dynasty @ Magadha
( 600 BC -325 BC) Bimbisara (546 BC - 494 BC)
- Married Kosaladevi ( Sister of Prasenajit),
Chellana ( Vaishali princess)
- Both Buddhism & Jainism
Ajata satru ( 494 -462 BC)
- Fight against Kosala & Vaishali
- Fortified Pataligrama ( Pataliputra)
- 1st Buddhist Council @ Rajgriha
Udayin => Founded new capital Patliputra

Saisunga Dynasty @ Magadha

Saisunga => Kalasoka/ Kakavarman
- 2nd Buddhist Council

Nandas Dynasty @ Magadha

Maha Padma Nanda
DhanaNanda ( Last)
- Alexander Invasion
- Opressive Tax => Chandragupta Maurya +
Kautilya
- Conquest of Kalinga ( Hathigumpha Inscription)

Persian/Iran Invasion Capture

Cyrus (558 - 530 BC) Gandhara Region

Major Mahajanapadas
Darius 1 (522 - 486BC) Indus, Punjab & Sindh
Vatsa
- Capital: Kaushambi ( Allahabad) Xerxes (465-456 BC) Indian forces against
- Famous Ruler: Udayan Alexander Invasion
- Later Annexed to Avanti
Greek/Alexander Invasion of India ( 327 -325 BC)
Avanti
- Capital: Ujjain (MP) Causes
- Famous Ruler: Pradyota ( Marry Udayan Daughterj - Conquered Persia => Persian Indo की बारी
- Patronised Buddhism - Wealth of India
- Later Taken Over by Magadha
March
Kosala - 327 BC =>Crossed Hindkush Mt. & Fight with Tribes
- Capital: Ayodhya ( UP) - 326 BC Feb=> Crossed Indus=> Welcome by Ambhi Ruler
- Famous Ruler: Prasenajit ( Marry Daughter of of Taxila => Crosses Jhelum( Hydaspes) to Fight with
Bimisara) Porus (Despite big Army Loses) Battle of Hydaspes (But
- Later part of Magadha Alexander impressed & reinstate him)
- 326 BC Oct => Reach Beas River => Soldier refuse to fight
Magadha against local tribe => decided to return
- Capital: Rajgriha ( Bihar) - 323 BC @ Babylon/ IRAQ Died because of Illness
- Famous Ruler: Bimbisara, Ajaysatru
- Most Powerful, Strategic Location
 Indus Valley Civilisation
Site Features

Harappa @ Pak on Ravi River - Mother Goddess

- Red sandstone Male Torso
Mohanjodaro @ Pak on Indus River - Great Bath
- Bronze Bull
- Dancing Girl of Bronze => Tribhanga,
Naked
- Pashupati Seal ( elephant, Tiger,
Rhino, Buffalo, 2 Antelope)
- Bearded Priest
Mehrgarh ( Pre IVC) @ Pak - pottery ( Red & Black )
- Copper tools
Ropar @ Punjab on Sutlej River - Copper Axe

Balathal & Kalibangan @ Rajasthan - Toy Carts

- Bronze Bull
- Bangle Factory
Dholavira @ Gujarat - Giant Water Reservoirs

Balakot & Nageshwar - Shell Objects

Lothal @ Gujarat - Manchester of IVC

- Dockyard
Surkotada @ Gujarat - Remains of Horse Bones

Banawali @ Haryana Saraswati River - Toy Plough

- Radial Streets
Rakhigarhi @ Haryana - Largest Site of IVC

Alamgirpur @ Meerut Yamuna

Elements Features BASIC

Fabric - Cotton & Wool => Spun by Rich & Poor - No horses
- No Iron Used
Ornaments & - Gemstones, Metals, Quartz, Steatite => By Both Men - No Temples => Nature Worship
Beads & Women

Pottery - Black Background & Red to Paint => Storage,

Decoration & Straining Liquor

Seal - Steatite use , Square Shape

- Animal Figure ( ❌ Cow) & Pictographic script
- Use for Trade, Education & Burial
Bronze - Lost wax Technique => Figure Made of Wax => Wax
Figure figure coat with Clay => Wax melt out & Liquid metal
poured inside => clay coat remove

Terracotta - Fire Baked Clay => Pinching Method

House - Burnt Bricks used

 Vedic
Dimension Early Vedic / Rig Vedic Later Vedic Period

T: Time Early Iron Age 1500-1000 BC 1000-600 BC

R: Region Indus Region, Aryans Came from Central Asia Ganges Plain Region

R: Religion 5 Nature Forces: earth, fire, wind, rain, • Bhrama( the Creator), Vishnu( the Protector),
Indra(thunder), No temple and No Idol Mahesh( the Destroyer) - Trinity
Worship, Usha Women Goddess • Priesthood became a profession and
dominant one which became a cause in rise
of Buddhism/ Jainism

Literature • Rigveda Only: Hymns in Praise of Gods • Yajurveda: Yaga Rules

• Upanishads: Philosophical text Deal with • Samveda: Mantra, Song & Music
Soul, Origin and Mystery of World • Atharveda: Procedure of Daily Life, Political,
Ayurveda, Defence, Magic Formulas
• Ramayana & Mahabharata
F: Features • Political: • Political:
• Kul( family) < Gram( Villages)< • Jana => janapada
Visu( Group of Villages) • Tax collector, Treasury officer
• jana-Rajan, Grama-gramini, Visu • King has Ultimate Power
-Visapati • Asvamedha( horse sacrifice)
• King has limited Power and assist by • Rajasuya( Consecration Ceremony)
Purohit( Priest) • Vajpeya( Chariot Race)
• Sabha and samiti • No Relevance of Sabha & Samiti
• Social: • Social:
• 2 Varna Arya & Das with no • 4 Varna( Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas
boundaries & Shudras) System with Boundaries
• Patriarchal (Grahpati) • Patriarchy Dominates than Before
• Monogamy in general, Polygamy in • Women Lost their Political Rights and
Noble class Right to Read Veda
• Women equal Opportunities in • Child Marriage, Satti
spiritual, intellectual & assemblies • Economy:
• Apala Women Poet • Bhagga System 1/6th of Produce
• No child Marriage and No Satti • Iron work and Export
• No social Division, No Cow meat • Metal, Leather
• Economy: • Extensive Agriculture Rice and Wheat
• No Taxation with plough of Iron
• Cattle Rearing • Diverse Pottery than IVC
• Carpentry( Iron Age) • Trade by Merchants by using gold and
• Spinning, Gold Smith Silver coins Satamana and Krishnala
• Trade by Barter system or Gold Coins( • Grey Ware Painting
Nishka)
 Mauryan
Elements Features

Pillars - Chunar Sandstone, Monolithic

- 4 Parts => Shaft, Capital , Abacus , Animal figure
- Use =>. Symbol of state, battle Victory and propagate sermons as well
- National Emblem =>Sarnath Pillar => 1st Sermon by Budha /
Dhammachakraparivartan => Satyamnev Jayate from Mundaka
Upanishad

Stupas - Sanchi & Bahruth Stupa

Architectur - Barbar & Nagarjuna Caves @ Bihar by Ashoka

e - Carved Elephant @ Dhauli ( Orissa)
- Bull capital @ Rampurva ( Bihar)
Literature - Ashoka Rock edicts
- Dhamma
Sculpture - Torana & Medhi for Stupa Decoration
- Yaksha & Yakshini for all 3 Religion @ Bharhut(MP), Didarganj ( Patna)
Pottery - Northern Black Polished Ware ( NBPW)

Post Mauryan
Elements Features

Caves - Udaigiri & Khandagiri @Odisha ( Kalinga King Kharavela) => Jain Caves => Hathigumpha &
RaniGumpha Inscription
- Buddhist Cave @ Guntapalle, AP
Sculpture
Basis Gandhara Mathura Amaravati

Region North West frontier Mathura Krishna valley

Patronage Kushana Kushana Satvahana

External influence Greek Roman Indigenous Indigenous

Ingredient Bluish Grey Red sandstone White marble

Sandstone

Religious Buddhism Only All Three Buddhism Only

Features of - spiritual state, - delighted mood, - less emphasis on

Buddha Yogi position, Padmasana individual
few ornaments position features
- Jataka tales

Important Mudras of Budha

Bhumi Sparsh Mudra ( Blue / Akshobya) - moment of Attaining Enlightenment

Dhyan Mudra - Samadhi / Yogi => final Meditation @

Bodhi Tree

Abhay Mudra - After enlightenment

Dharma chakra Mudra - 1st Sermon @ Sarnath

Anjali / Namaste 🙏 - For Bodhisatwa

Varada Mudra - 5 Perfection

 Rock cut architecture

Barbar Hills & Nagarjuni ( Oldest )

( Ajivika & Budhism- Ashoka)
- Lomas Rishi
- Sudama

Bhimbetka ( UNESCO)
( Stone Age)
MP

Bagh
( Buddhsit- Gupta)
Udaigiri
( Hindu- Gupta)
Rock cut Elephant
Ajanta, ( Ashoka- Dhauli)
Kanheri Ellora( Buddhist, All- Gupta, Udaigiri & Khandagiri
( Buddhist- Mumbai) Rashtrakutas)
- Avalokiteshwara / ( Jain- Khavela of Kalinga)
Padampani
- Ranigumpha
- HathiGumpha
Pandu Leni
( Buddhist- Nasik) Undavalli
(HB)
Karla, Bhaja & Bedsa Badami
( Buddhist- Pune) ( H B J-
Chaalukya)
Elephanta Caves
( Hindu + Buddhist-
Rashtrakuta) Varah Vishnu ( Boar) =>
- Trimurti/ Maheshmurti Mahabalipuram
( Hindu ) Udaigiri MP ( Gupta)
Shiva
Jogeshwari Caves Ajanta ( MH) & Bagh(MP):
Buddhist Fresco Paintings
( Hindu + Buddhist- Mum)
Sittanvasal
( H & J) Ajanta=> Mahaparinibhana
Image
Eladipattam Ellora => Ravan Shaking Mt.
( Jainism) Kailash, Kailash Leni

UNESCO: Elephanta,
Bhimbetka, Mahabalipuram ,
Ajanta & Ellora
 Gupta
Elements Features

Caves - Ajanta @ MH => Buddhism, Fresco Paintings, Jataka Tales, Mahaparinirvana

- Ellora @ MH => All 3 Religion, made Later than Ajanta, Ravan ki Khai, Kailash Temple
( Ravana Shaking Mt. Kailash)
- Bagh Cave @ MP => Buddhist Cave
- Junagarh Cave @ Guj => Buddhist, Upar Kot ( High Citadel)
- Nasik Caves @ MH => Buddhist, Pandav Leni, water management
- Mandapeshwar Caves @ Mumbai => Hinduism
- Bagh - Udaya giri Caves @ Vidisha, MP => Chandragupta 2 , Varaha/Boar Vishnu
Avataar, Narsimha, Narayana

Stupa Dhamek Stupa @ Sarnath

Sculpture - Cream Coloured Sandstone Used

- Coins => Gold Coins
- Sultan ganj Buddha
Temple 1st Stage => Square Shape, Flat Roof, Low Platform, small Pillars
2nd Stage => Higher Platform, 2 Storied, outer boundary, Garbhagriha
3rd Stage => Shikhara, Panchyatan Style introduced
4th Stage => Main Shrine become more rectangular
5th Stage => Circular Temples

Medieval: Indo - Islamic/Saracenic

Features

Architectural - Arcuade Style replaced Trabeat => Domes, Minars, Arches, Mortar & Lime Plaster
- No Human & Animal Figure => Leave Stem Vegetation Design called Arabesque Method.
- Calligraphy
- Material: Red Sandstone, White Marble
- Symmetrical => CharBagh
- Jali Work => Light
- Water Fountain & Pools
- Pietra Dura Design
- Absorbed Local Cultures
- Types: Forts, Minar, Tomb, Sarais ( Trader, Pilgrims Accomodation), common People
(Dargah, Masjid, Garden, Mosque)

Paintings - Miniature Painting with Foreshortening Technique

- Glorify the Rulers & Court related Painting ( No religious Painting allowed in Islam)
- Akbar=> Tasvir Khana ( Artist were hired on salary), Tutinama
- Jahangir => Portrait Painting & Private workshop ( 🦓 Zebra)
- Shahjahan => Sketch Painting, Use of Charcoal
- Aurangzeb => Mughal Court Painter Migrating to Rajasthan

Other - Mandu @ Indore => Ghauri

Akbar - Agra Fort
Dynasty => For Pleasure =>
- Fatehpur Sikri
Jahaz Mahal
- Gol Gumbad @ Bijapur, Jahangi - Shalimar Bagh @ Kashmir
Karnataka => Md. Adil Shah r - Itmad-ud-daulah
Slave/ - Qutub Minar -
Shah Taj Mahal
Ilbari - Arhai-din-ka-Jhopra -
Jahan Jama Masjid
Dynasty - Red Fort @ Delhi
Khilji - Alai Darwaza - City of Shahjanabad
Dynasty - Siri Fort - Shalimar Bagh @ Lahore
- Peacock Throne
Tughlaq - City of Tughlakabad,
Jahaanpanah & Ferozabad Azam - Bibi ka Makbara @ Aurangabad
Shah MH
Lodi Introduction of double domes
Dynasty - Lodi Garden & City of Agra
Mauryan Empire (320 BC - 200 BC) Post Mauryan Native Successors
Sources Sunga Dynasty 200 BC -73 BC
- Kautilya Arthashastra - @Vidisha, MP
- Megasthenes “Indica” ( Greek) - by Pushya Mitra Sunga => Agnimitra (Kalidas Hero in
- Ashoka Edicts ( 14 Major) Malvikagnimitra)
- Vasu Mitra=> Vajra Mitra => Baghbhadra => Dev Bhuti
Chandragupta Maurya - Hinduism Rise => Bhagvat Gita & Brahmanism
- dethrone Dhananand ( Last Nanda) => Occupy Patliputra
- Defeat Selecus Nikator ( Alexander General of Greek) Kanva Dynasty 73 BC - 28 BC
- Jain Patronage - by Vasudeva ( Murdered Devbhuti - his Minister)
Bindusara (Son) Satvahana Dynasty 60BC-225AD
- Ajivikas Patron - @ Deccan & Central India
- Found by Simuka => Gautmiputra Satkarni( Famous)
Ashoka - Practice of donating land to Brahmans and monks
- Kalinga War 261BC ( Rock edict 13 )
- Dhamma Policy ( not a Religion) Cheti/ Chedi Dynasty @ Kalinga
- Buddhism Patronage - Kharavela ( 3rd ruler)
- Jainism Patronised
Later Mauryas
- 2 division => west(Kunal) & east(Dashrath) - Hathigumpha, Udaigiri Hills

Brihadratha (last)
- Assassinated by his commander-in-chief Pushyamitra Post Mauryan foreign Successors
Sunga => Sunga Dynasty Indo Greek(Bacterian Greek) 200BC
- @ North western India
Features
- Territory => Subcontinent ( Except TN, Kerala, Burma, - Milinda/ Menander Famous Rulers
- 1st To issue Gold coins
NE)
- Centralised Administration - Introduce Hellenic i.e greek features in art at Gandhar
- Dhamma Mahamatras => Spread Dhamma school
- Pali Language - Embraced Buddhism
- Amatyas = IAS Officers Sakas 100 BC - 300 AD
- Huge Army ( Navy, Cavalry) - Sakas/Scythians ( Eurasian) replaced indo Greeks
- State Controlled Economy - @western India
- Tolls/ Water Tax - Rudra daman (famous ruler)
- Less Rigid Varna System - In 58 BC Vikramaditya ( Ujjain King) fought against
- Women High Position & Freedom Saka

Prathians (Iran) => Replaced Saka

Kushana (Yuchi Tribe of Central Asia) 1 AD - 300AD

- Replaced Prathians
- Founded by Kadphies
- Kanishka (2nd Ashoka) => 78 AD Saka Era Strated
( Used by GoI) => Mahayan Buddhism@ 4th Council,
Kashmir => Asvagosha (scholar in Royal Court &
Author of Buddhacharita)
Gupta period 320 A.D. - 540 A.D.

- @ Magadha
- Golden Age of Ancient India
ChandraGupta -1
- Married Kumardevi of Lichchhavis of Mithilas
- Mahrajadhiraja Title
Samudragupta
- Allabhad Pillar Inscription by Harisena Poet
- Indian Napoleon
- Asvamedha Sacrifice Tripartite Struggle b/w Rajput for Kannauj,UP
- Dominion over Java, Sumatra and Malaya island
Palas (750- 1150 AD) East
Chandragupta- 2 / Vikramaditya - Capital: Muddagiri/Munger (Bihar)
- After killing brother Ramgupta => Married widow - Founder: Gopala => Dharampala
Dhruvadevi - Founded Vikramshila University
- Issues Silver coins in memory of victory over
Gurjar Pratihar (730- 1036 AD) North
Sakas - Mir Bhoja ( Famous Ruler) / Aadivarah Title
- Mehrauli Iron Pillars Inscription
- Navratnas => Kalidas, Amar Singh, Dhanavantri, Rashtrakut (752- 973 AD) south
Varahmihira, Araruchi, Ghatkarna, Kshaprank, - Capital: Malkhand( Gulbarg, Karnataka)
Velabhatt, Shanku - Founder: DantiDurga => Govinda 3,
Amoghvarsha ( wrote Kavirajmarga )
KumarGupta - Kailash Rock temple @ Ellora built by Krishna 1
- Worship Kartikeya
- Found Nalanda University
Prithviraj Chauhan (1178 - 92 AD)
SkandGupta
- last great ruler - Ruled over Delhi & Agra
- Invaded by Huns ( Central Asia) - 1st Battle of Tarain 1191: MD Ghori (Turki)
Defeat
Features - 2nd Battle of Tarain 1192: MD Ghori Win =>
- decentralised administration & self-governing establishment of Muslim rule over North India
tribes.
- Forced Labour Vishti
- Varna & Untouchability Rise Chola Empire 850-1279 AD
- Women Position Decline & Sati Appears - capital: Tanjore
- Largest number of gold and silver coins issued - Founder: Vijayalaya ( Feudal of Pallavas) =>
- Decline of Buddhism and rise of Brahamanism Rajaraja, Rajendra 1
- Sanskrit language and Nagari script - Conquered Burma, Andaman
- Aryabhatta ( Astronomy) - Local Self Government
- Vagbhat (Medicine) - Mandalam( Province), Nadu (Dist), Kurram
- Panchatantra Stories (Vishnusarma) ( villages group)

Other South Indian Kingdom

Harshvardhan 600 AD - 650 AD - Western/ Later Chalukyas (973-1200) @
Kalyani,KA [ Tailap]
Features - Kakatiyas ( 1110- 1326) @Warangal,AP
- Harshcharita by Bana bhatta [ Prolarja]
- Hiuen Tsang Visited Nalanda & his Rule - Yadavas (1187-1312) @ Devagiri, MH [Bhillam 5]
- Drama by Harsha Ratnavali, Nagananda, - Hoyasalas (1173-1342) @ Dwarsamudra, KA
Priyadarsika [Vittigadev]
- All Religious Conference @Allahbad in every 5yrs
- Administration like Gupta
- Varna become Rigid, Women condition down etc.
- Nalanda university flourished (Mahayan)
- Archive of Harsha Period called Nilopitu
Life
- Founder Pushyabhuti => Prabhakar Vardhan
@Thaneswar Capital => Rajyavardhan => Harsha
- Harsha new Capital @Kanauj => Defeat by
Pulakesin 2 (Chalukya) => Defeat Dhruvsena
(Valabhi)
- Mahayan Buddhism
Muslim invasion before Delhi Sultanate Mughal period 1526-40 & 1555- 1857

712 AD : MD Bin Qasim Conquered Sindh Babur ( Decendent of Timur)

998-1030 AD: 1st Turk MD Ghaznavi => loot Somnath - 1526: 1st Battle of Panipat with Ibrahim Lodhi
temple - 1527: Battle of Khanwa with Rana Sanga of Mewar
1175- 1206 AD: 2nd Turk MD Ghori Invasion => muslim rule - 1528: Battle of Chanderi with Medini Rai
in India - 1529: Battle of Ghaghra with MD Lodhi ( uncle of
Ibrahim)

Humayun
Delhi Sultanate 1206 -1526 AD SK Tu SL - 1539: Battle of Chausa with Sher Shah Suri
- 1540: Battle of Kannauj/Bilgram with Sher Shah Suri
Slave Dynasty 1206-90 - Escaped to Iran after 2 Defeat for 12 years & return
- Qutubuddin Aibak => slave of Ghori, later made when sher shah suri Die
governor and after death of Ghori founded slave Dynasty,
Started Qutub Minar, Adhai din ka Jhopra Sher Shah Suri ( Afghan) 1540-45
- Shamsuddin Iltutmish => Slave of Aibak, Real Founder, - Son of Hasan Khan ( Jagirdar of Sasaram)
- GT Road from Calcutta to Peshawar
Delhi Capital, Completed Qutub Minar, Chahalgani/
- Issue Rupia
Chalisa Noble
- Razia Sultan => first and only Muslim lady rule over India - Excellent Administration
- Ghiya sudin Balban => broke chalisa power, Zil-i-Ilahi - 1/3 Land Tax
- Build Purana Qila in Delhi
(Shadow of God), Sijda & Paibos( kiss feet of Monarch)
- Kaiqubad => Killed by Khilji Islam Shah( 1545-54)
MD Adil Shah ( 1554-55)
Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320
- Jalaluddin Khilji Akbar
- Alauddin Khilji=> separated religion from politics, - 1556: 2nd Battle of Panipat with Hemu ( Hindu
General of MD Adil Shah) & Bairam Khan ( Akbar
prohibited use of wine, Alai Darwaza (entrance Qutub
regent)
Minar), Amir Khusrau (court Poet)
- Mubarak Khan - 1576: Battle of Haldighati b/w Rana Pratap of Mewar
- Khusrau Khan => killed by Ghazi Malik & Mughal Army Led by Man Singh
- Din-i-Ilahi: New Religion = Synthesis of many => Only
Tughlaq Dynasty 1320 - 1414 AD Birbal Followed it
- Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq=> Ghazi Malik - Mansabdari System / Rank, Ibadat Khana
- MD Bin Tughlaq=> Taxation of Doab ( Ganga-Yamuna), - Abolition of Piligrimage Tax & Jaziya ( Tax on Non
Capital Transfer to Daulatabad(Devagiri)-MH, Token Muslims)
Bronze Currency, - Navratnas=> Birbal, Abul Fazal, Faizi, Todarmal,
- Feroz Shah Tughlaq => True Muslim, Women prohibited Bhagwandas, Man Singh, Tansen, Abdur Rahim
for outside worship, Jizya (Seperate Tax), Water Tax Khanekhana & Mulla Do Pyaja.
- Timur Invasion 1400 AD ( From Mongolia) => Conquered
Jahangir
Delhi & return to Central Asia, leave Nominee Khizr Khan
- Married Nurjahan, Jodhabai
Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1450 AD - 1608: Captain William Hawkins EIC come
- Khizr Khan - His Son Khusrau revolted against him.
- Mubarak Shah
- MD Shah Shahjahan
- Alam Shah - Mother => Jodhabai. Wife => Mumtaj Mahal
- 1631: Defeated the Portuguese
Lodhi Dynasty 1451 - 1526 AD - Imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb
- Bah lol Lodhi=> Afghan Sardar
- Sikandar Lodhi=> Shifted capital from Delhi to Agra, Aurangzeb
- Title “Alamgir”, Zinda Pir
Destroy Jwalamukhi Temple @Nagar Kot, Poet by Name
- 1675: Captured Guru Teg Bahadur ( 9th Sikh Guru) =>
‘Gulrukhi’
- Ibrahim Lodhi=> Absolute Power => noble revolt => Guru Gobind ( Son of GTB) organised Khalsa ( Warrior)
- Shivaji Maratha Rise
Daulat khan Lodhi ( Gov of Punjab) Invited Babur to
- Jaziya re Introduced
overthrow him.
Later Mughals: Bahadur Shah 1 => Jahandar Shah =>
FarrukhSiyar => MD Shah => Ahmed Shah => Alamgir 2
=> Shah Alam 2 => Akbar 2 => Bahadur Shah 2
 Literature ( Ancient India)
Book Author / Misc Mahabharat Ved Vyas

- Herodotus (Father of History) Ramayan Valmiki

Historica
Aryankas 🌳 Forest Books
Geography Ptolemy, India & Roman Trade

Geographica Strabo - Ramcharitamans Tulsidas

- Vinaya Patrika
Periplus of Unknown=> Roman Trade in Red Sea / - Kavitavali
Erytheran Sea Persian Gulf & Indian Ocean
Ashtadhyayi by Panini
Early History of India A Smith ( 1systemtic Ancient History)
( Grammar ( 8 पाठ))
Natural history Pliny
Mahabhashya Patanjali (also
History of British James Mill ( Perodise Indian History in (Sanskrit gramer) mahananda)
India Communal line : Ancient = Hindu, Med =
Muslims, Modern = British Panini Patal vijay,jamvanti vijay

Charles Wilkins Bhagavadgita in English Arthashastra Chanakya

(Aristocracy)
Naturalis Historia
- Pliny (Italian) Rajat rangini Kalhana
- 1 Century ( Jai Singh ) Ancient History of
- Trade b/w India & Italy Kashmir ( 8 Tarangas)

Zain-ul-Abidin ( Ruler of
Manusmriti - Manu (Social System, Originator of Law) Kashmir commissioned)
- Translated by William Jones ( Also
translated Sakuntala, Gita Govind)

Amar kosh 9 Ratna - Amar Singh

( Gupta Time) - Sanskrit dictionary
Kamasutra Vatsyayana ( वात्सल्य योन)
( Gupta Time)

मुद्राक्षा Vishakhadatta = मुद्रा की शाखा Nagananda Harshavardhan

( Gupta Time) (Chandra Gupta overthrow Nanda)
Others: Ratnavali,
Devi- Vishakhadatta (story of Gupta King Priyadarshika
Chandraguptam Ramagupta who decides to surrender his
queen Dhruvadevi to a Shaka invader)

Dash (10) Kumar Dandin / Dandi (Adventure of 10 Princes)

Charitam Also Kavyadarsha, Avantisundarikatha

Surdas Sur Sagar, Sur Saravali, सािहत्य Lahiri

vikramorvashi Kalidas
(Chandragupta 2) (Vedic love story of King Pururavas and an
Apsarā named Urvashi , known for her
beauty.)

Ritusambhra Kalidas (6 Indian seasons relate with Shukraneetisar - Shukra => Monarchy
(Chandragupta 2) Shrinagar ) Neetisar somdev Suri =>
Abhigyan Kalidas ( Dushyant & Shakuntala => Son Neetivakyamrita Machinery
Shakuntalam Bharat) Brahspatya Brihaspati
(Chandragupta 2) Arthshastra
Kumarsambhavam Kalidas - शंभु Gujarat Chronicle - Prabhandh Kosh
(Chandragupta 2) (Shiva & Parvati Love Story, 3rd Eye of Shiva) (Rajshekhra)
- Hammir Mad Mardan
Meghadut Kalidas ( Yaksha message to his wife through (Jai Singh)
(Chandragupta 2) clouds) - Tajpal Prashasti
Raghuvansha (CG 2) Kalidas ( Ramayan Story) ( Vastupal)
- Prabandh
Malavikaagnimitra Kalidas ( story of the love of Agnimitra, the Chintamani( Meruttung)
(Chandragupta 2) Shunga @ Vidisha)
Karpura-manjari Rajasekhara Svpna Bhasa (Vatsa king Udayana and
Gurjar pratihara (play to please his wife, Vasavadattam Vasavadatta) - Mahajanpada Period
( Mahendrapala) Avantisundari) सपने का आभास
Also PratimaNatak
Also = Balramayana,
Balabharata,
Vidhashalabhanjika,
Bhuvankosh, Harvilas, Kavya
Mimansha

Kavirajmarg Amoghvarsha ( Rashtrakut)

Ramavataram - Kambana => Kamba Ramayana

Brihat Samhita Varahamihira (Chola) - Also Kuttana & Pugalendi Tamil
( Gupta Time) ( encyclopedic text in Sanskrit) scholar

Milinda-panha Milind/ Meander ( Greek) & Nagasena

Debate in Pali Buddhist Text

Prabandha Merutungacharya ( संस्कृत literature)

Chintamani
Geeta Govind Jayadeva
(Court Lakshman sen of Bengal)

Kirat-arjun-iyam Bharavi - Combat b/w Arjun &

(Mahabharat) Shiva

Naishadhiya-charita Sri Harsha - Story of Nala &

(Mahabharat) Damayanti , Also Kundamala

Sisupalavadha & Magha - Sisupal insulted Panchtantra Vishnu Sharma => persian Abu Fazl
Bhattikavya Krishna (Anvare Suheli)
(Mahabharat)
Indian animal fables
Kaumudi mahotsava Vajika (Chandragupta 1
accession to throne)

Nitisar Kamandaka ( Arthshastra like in

Gupta era)
Kadambari Banabhatta ( also HarshCharita,
Parvati-parinay)

Love Story of Mattavilasa Mahendra varman = > संस्कृत

Chandraprida(Moon) , Prahasana
Kadambari (Gandharva (Pallava Ruler)
Princess)!

Mrichchha- Sudraka (सुद्र मछी खाता है)

Katikam = little clay cart ( Charudatta love
vasantasena)
Mayur Shatak and Mayur ( Harshvardhan)
Surya shatak

Mahavibhasha Vasumitra
Shstra
Bhavbhuti
Madhyamika Karika Nagarjuna
& prajnaparimita ( also Malati माधव, Mahavircharita)
Karika
Vikram ankadev Bilhana ( also Karn-sundari, Janaki Kumar dasa
Charita ( 11th Shantishataka,Chaurapanchashik ) Haranama Sinhalese translation of Ramayana
Century)
fell in love with the daughter of king Kumar-apala- - Jayasimha
Modanabhirama, princess charita
Yaminipurnatilaka
Indica Megasthenes => Ambassador of
Selectus Nikator
Gaudvaho Vakapati raj => Yashovarman
(Kannauj)

Buddhagosha - Visudhamagga
- Atthakathayen
- Sumangalvasini
- Padmachudamani
Saundarananda Ashvaghosha ( Also -
(sanskrit) - Buddhacharita,
- Sutra-lankar Prasannaraghav Jaidev
- Sari-putra prakarna a
- Vajra suchi
- Sradhotpada Parijatharana Umapatidhar
- Gandi-स्रोत-गाथा) Ballal Charita Anand Bhatt ( Sena of Bengal)

Achytarajabhyd Rajanath (Vijaynagar)

conversion of Nanda, ( Buddha Half aya
Brother) Hammir Kavya Jaychandra (Chauhan)

Prihviraj Vijay Jayanak

Si-yu-Ki Hiuen Tsang
Dashrupaka Dhananjay
Katantra सवर्-वमार् = Sanskrit
Grammar Lalitvigraharaj Somdev

Dayabhaga Jimutavahana Rambhamanjari Jaichand

Navasahasa Padmagupta Parimal =>

Ramabhyudaya Yashoverman
nka Charita Parmar (Malwa)
Paumachariu: Swayambhudev
Bhoj Ballal ( Bhoj = Parmar)
Prabandha Udaisundarikath Shoddhal
a
Ramcharita Sandhyakar Nandin
(Pala dynasty) Kshemendra - Chandkaushik:Naishadhananda
- Narmmala
Kumarpala Hemchandra (chalukya)
Charita
- Samayamatrak
- Vrihatkathamanjari
- Ramayana Manjari
Mitakshara Vigyaneshwara - Kalavilasa
theory of "inheritance by birth” - Suvrittatilaka
W. Chalukyas
Someshwar - Rasmala
Natyashastr Bharat Muni - Kirti Kaumudi
North India Classical Music Bible
Ragamala Pundarik Vitala
Chaturdandiprakas Venkatamakhin
hika Ras Kaumudi Shree Kanth

Trishashtilakshan Jinasena Raga-vibodha Somnatha

Mahapuran

Setubandha / Parvarsena2
Ravanaho
 Tarikh i Fakhruddin
Books Author mubarakshahi

Kitab Ul Hind / Al Biruni ( Md Ghazani Court) Kitab ul Rihla / Ibn Batuta ( Morocco
Tehqik e Hind - Kitab-fi-Tahqiq (Science) Safarnama से safar करके aya)
- Qanun-e-Masudi ( Astronomy)
- Jawahar-fil-Jawahir (Minerology) - Mazma ul Dara Shikoha (दारा
Bahrain
Tarik e Yamini Utbi ( Md Ghazani Court) िसं ह तेल लेने Bahrain गये
है )
Shah Nama Firdausi ( Md Ghazni court) - Shah Buland Iqbal
Chachanama Sindh Chronicle by Ali Bin Hamid Kufi ( Md Bin Title by Shahjahan
(Persian) / Qasim) - Also translated
Fatehnama-i-sindh Bhagwad Gita &
upanishad ( Sirr-i-
Tarikh i sindh Qazi Ismail ( Md Bin Qasim) Akbar ) into Persian
(Arabic)
Nushka/Tarik-i Bhim Sen
- Khazain-ul-Futuh Amir Khusro (Tuti e Hindi / 🦜 of India) born @ Dilkusha Kayestha(भीम सेन का
( ख़ज़ाने की Foto) Patiyali, Etah ( court of Balban, Khilji) Dil Khush)
- Laila Majnu - Originator of Qawali
- Nuh Sipihr - Tabla Introduced Char (4) Chaman Chandrabahan
- Ashiqa Brahman
- nuh के िसरिफरे आिशक़ ने तािरक पर Sabak
- Tarik-i-Alai Padmavat & Malik Md. Jayasi
- Tarik-i- Delhi BaraMahasa
- Sabak-e- Hindi
- Miftah-ul-futuh Qamas Firozabadi
- Multa-ul-Anwar
- Ayina-i-Sikandari Taj-ul-Maathir Hasan Nizami
- Hasht Bihisht
Chach Nama Abu Bakr
- Shirin Khusrau
- Khamsah Lubab-ul-Alab Bhukhari
Tughlug Nama Amir Khusro Futuh us salatin Isami
Tuzuk-i-Baburi/ Babar ( BA JA => Autobio & Foreign Tomb) Chand Baradi पृथ्वीराज Raso
Baburnama
Tutu Nama Zia Nakshabi (1st
Humayun Nama Gulbadan Begum Translate Sanskrit to
Akbar Nama & Ain e Abul Fazl (also referred to discovery of America) Persian)
Akbari Sastra Dipika Parthasarthi Misra
Abu Faizi & Abdul Translation of Mahabharat into Persian name
Nagachandra Pampa Ramayan
Qadir Badauni “RAZMNAMA”

Abdul Qadir Badauni Ramayan into Persian Alhakhanda Jagnayak

Tuzuk-i- Jhangiri Jhangir ( autobiography) Hammir Raso Sarangdhara

Iqbal Nama Jhangiri Muit- mad Khan (iqbal मूत पीकर mad हो) Amuktamalyada Krishnadeva Raya

Shahjahannama Inayat Khan => गया आगरा Prasana Raghava Jayadeva

Padshah Nama Abdul Hamid Lahori ( लाहोर के बादशाह) Hamir-Mada- Jai Singh Suri
Mardana
Alamgir Nama Md. Qasim
Pradyumnabhyada Ravi Verman
Tabqat-i-Naisiri Minhaj-us-Siraj ( के iPhone में nai Siri) ya

Parvati Parinay Vaman Bhatta Bana

Tabaqat-i-Akbari Nizamuddin Ahmad
- Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi Ziyauddin Barani Ganga Das Pratap Gangadhara Vilas
- Fatwa-e-
Lalit Madhava Rupagoswami
Jhandaari

Futuhat-I-Firozshahi Pratap Rudra Vidya Nath

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (
पनी Foto खुद ली)
Kalyan
Taj ul Maasir Hasan un Nizami (हसन
ली Nizam पड़ने ताज महल Alhakhanda Jagnayak
आया)
Sangam Age 300 BC - 300 AD
- Chera => Kerela ( Capital @ Vanjii)
- Chola => b/w AP & TN ( Capital @ Uraiyaur)
- Pandyas => TN ( Capital @ Madurai)
Sangam ( Assembly of Poets)
- 3 Sangam
- Text => Tolkappiyam (2nd), Ettutogai( 3rd) , Pattu-
Pattu( 3rd), Patinekilakanakku( 3rd - Muppal/ Kural by
Thiruvalluvar “Bible of Tamil”)

Kalabhara Rule 300 AD - 550 AD

- Take Over Tamil Region & Decline of Sangam Age

- Later Pallavas from North & Pandyas from South

Pallava @Kanchi 550 AD - 900 AD Chalukyas @Vatapi 550 AD - 750 AD

- Tondaimandalam , Capital @ - Founder: Pulakesin 1

Kanchipuram - Pulakesin 2 ( Aihole Inscription)
ion) =>
- Mahendarvarman 1 fought Kadabas & Harshvardhana
dhana
- Narsimhavarman 1/ Mamalla => - Vesara Style
Vatapi annexed of Chalukyas &
Called vatapikonda Rashtrakut 755 AD - 975 AD
- Narsimhavarman 2 / Rajsimha
- Later Chola King Aditya 1 defeated - Founder: Dantidurga => Annex Chalukyas,
them Defeat Gujara
- Krishna 1=> Kailash Temple @ Ellora
- Govinda 3, Amoghvarsha ( Kavirajmarg)

Imperial Chola @Tanjore 815 AD - 1050 AD

- Founder Vijayalaya capture Tanjore, His Son Aditya End Pallava Rule, Later Chola Defeat Pandyas
but Lost by Rashtrakutas => After 30 yrs regained
- Rajaraja 1 => Sri Lanka Invasion, Defeat Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, Maldives
- Rajendra 1 => Expedition of North India, City Gangaikonda Cholapuram (TN),
- Cholaganman => large irrigation Tank

Vijaynagar 1336 AD - 1672 AD Bahami Kingdom 1347 AD - 1526 AD

- Ibn Batuta ( Morocco) Travelled - Founder Alauddin Brahman / Hasan Gangu,

- Feudatories of Kakatiyas Capital @ Gulbarg (Karnatak)
- In south of Bahami Kingdom - Tajuddin Feroz Shah
- Raichur Doab ( Krishna & Tungbhadra) - Ahmad Shah Wali => Transfer capital to Bidar
Dispute with Bahami (Karnataka)
- 4 Dynasty: Sangama => Saluva => - MD Shah 3 & his Minister MD Galwan
Tuluva => Aravidu
- HariHara & Bukka ( Founder of Deccan Sultanate 1526 AD
Sangama)
- Krishna Deva Raya ( Founder Tuluva) - Provincial governor declared their
=> Called Andhra Bhoja, Ashtadiggaj independence after Md Shah
( 8 Scholars- Tenali Rama) , Battle of - 5 Kingdom Emerged
Diwani, His Work ( Jambavati - Ahmadnagar ( MH)
Kalyanam, ushapari) - Bijapur /Vijayapura ( Karnataka)
- Berar ( MH)
- Golconda ( Hyd, Telangana)
- Bidar ( Karnataka)
 Interest diverted to Brazil &
Bombay gifted to Kings Charles 2
PD & ED gaye Finland as Dowry

Kerala
Netherland Settlement for Indonesia @
Bidara
Denmark Missionary > Trade
3rd CW / Wandiwash =>
Settlement for Commercial
purpose only no Fortifications
Wars Content

Carnatic Wars 1st 1740-48 Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle ( Austria war)

( Anglo French)
2nd 1749-54 Indian kings became clients

3rd 1758-63 @ Wandiwash TN 1761: Treaty of Peace of Paris

1757 Battle of Plassey ( Siraj Ud Daulat) - Mir Jafar Betray

1759 Battle of Bidara/ Chinsurah (Bengal) ( English Defeated Dutch / Netherland) => Settlement for
Dutch in Indonesia & Britain in India

1761 3rd Battle of Panipat ( Maratha & Afghan)

1764 Battle of Buxar ( Mir Kasim)

1765 Treaty of Allahabad ( Nawab of Bengal Mir Qasim, Nawab of Awadh Shujah ud Daulah ,
Mughal Shah Alam 2 - Robert Clive => Diwani Rights)

Anglo Mysore
1st 1767-69 Hasting & Haider Ali Treaty of Madras
Wars
2nd 1780-84 Hasting & Haider, Tipu Treaty of Mangalore (American war of Ind)

3rd 1790 Lord Cornwallis & Tipu Treaty of Seringapatanam

4th 1799 Lord Wellesley & Tipu Tipu Sultan Died & Subsidiary alliance

Anglo Maratha War 1st 1775-82 Warren Hasting Treaty of Surat =>ToPurandar =>ToSalbai

2nd 1803-05 Lord Wellesley Treaty of Bassien

3rd 1817-19 Lord Hasting Peshwa Lost Treaty of Poona, Gwalior

1806 Vellore Mutiny

Anglo Nepalese 1816 Treaty of Sagauli

Anglo Afgan Wars

1st 1838-42 Lord Auckland Annex of Sindh(Ellenborough)

2nd 1878-80 Lord Lytton 1879 ToGandamak

Anglo Sikh War

1809 Treaty of Amritsar Ranjit Singh & British

1st 1845-46 Lord Hardinge I ToLahore- Kashmir => Gulab Singh

2nd 1848-49 Lord Dalhousie annexation of Punjab

Anglo Burmese War 1st 1824-26 (Amherst) ToYandabo 2nd 1852 (Dalhousie) 3rd 1885-86 (Dufferin)

Anglo Tibetan 1904 Treaty of Lhasa => GoI Occupy Chumbi Valley for 75 Years
 Event Causes, Features, Aftermath
1905: Bengal partition ( WB- - Reason by Britishers: Bengal was Big to administer & it will help to develop Assam
Bh- O, Bangladesh- Assam) - Real Reason to Divide & Rule: on the Basis of Religion
( Lord Curzon) - Consequences: Extremist Rise, Swadeshi Movement, ML formation
1906: Muslim league @ - After Bengal Partition ( note: muslims were favour in partition of Bengal & Congress
Dhaka Opposedl)
- “ Swaraj” congress 1st time
1907: Surat Split - Moderate want Rashbehari Ghosh as P & Extremist want Tilak or Lala Lajpat Rai
1908: Barrah Dacoity - @ Dacca by Pulin Behari Das
1911: Partition Annulled - Due to Rise of Extremism ( Muslims were Unhappy)
[ Lord Hardinge] - Capital Shifted to Delhi
- Delhi Durbar King George V
1913: Ghadr Party - American Indian Sikh Mainly (support to Revolutionary activities, Lala Hardayal
- WW1 Take Advantage => Supply Arms India => But Failed coz British Know their Plan =>
defence of India act 1915 => Suppression of Movement
1914: Komgatamaru - Singapore ship carrying Sikh denying entry to Canada => Return Back to Calcutta ( Reason:
Incident British stop it Coz Sikh were Ghadar Movement link)
1916: - HRL - Bal Gangadhar Tilak @ Belgaum, Annie Besant @ Madras => Arrest of Both => Decline of
- Lucknow Pact Movement => Besant Release => August Declaration ( 1917)
[ Chelmsford] - Aim: self-rule through political education and discussion, public meetings etc.
- Lucknow Pact: Extremist + Moderates + Muslim League
1917: August Declaration Control of Indian government would be transfer gradually to Indian people
1915: Gandhiji Arival
1917: Champaran, Bihar ( 1st CD) - Indigo Planters issue ( Tinkathiya = 3/20
[ Chelmsford ]
( Rajendra Prasad, J.B Kriplani) Part of Land )
RajKumar Shukla request Gandhi - Gandhiji agreed on 25% Money
1918: Ahmedabad Mill strike ( 1st - Plague Bonus, Demand 50% Raise but
Fast) Gandhiji agreed on 35%
( Anusuya Sarabhai)
1918: Kheda Satyagra @ Guj ( 1st NC) - Drought => Crop Failure=> But Govt
( Sardar Patel) Demand tax => Gandhi Said No to Tax =>
Govt मान गयी
1919: Rowlatt Act ( 1st Mass Strike) - Jail for 2 Years without Trial
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Jinnah, M3 resign from council post
- Tagore gave up Knighthood

1920-22 NCM & Khilafat NCM ( end with Chauri chora in 1922)
Mov. Cause: Jalllianwalah Massacre , Nagpur Session, ML also Supported
Method: Boycott of Titles, Government Jobs, Swadeshi Product use, Avoid Tax
Points: Tilak Swaraj Fund Created
Withdrawal: Gandhiji felt people didn’t understand the method of non-violence.
Consequence: MD Ali Jinnah, Besant, Pal left congress because they Believe in Const.
Means

Khilafat Movement
Cause: Turkey Defeat in WW1 => Muslim Support to Caliph
Khilafat Committee (1919): Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad
Points: Gandhiji 1st P of All India Khilafat Confrence
1923: Swaraj Party - Gandhiji arrested => Transition Period => Swarajist & Non Changer in Congress => Swaraj
( CR Das Died & CDM => Party by CR Das & M. Nehru & No Changer SVP, R. Prasad, Rajagopalachari, M Ansari
End of Swarajist ) - Swarajist want Nationalist Council entry & No Changer want NCM & Boycott
[ Reading] - Gandhiji Support Swarajist
1925: Kakori Train Robbery - Near Lucknow, Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaullah khan [ HRA ]
1927: Simon Commission - To review Dyarchy of 1919 Act
[ Irwin] - boycott coz all 7 members are English
- Recommendations : abolished 1919 Dyarchy, Provincial Autonomy, separate communal
electorate retain, Federation b/w Princely States & other Establish => 3 RTC to discussed
these Recommendation => White Paper on Const Reform 1933 => GoI 1935
 Event Causes, Features, Aftermath

1928: All Party Convention - Nehru Report ( 1st Attempts to Draft Constitution) => Motilal Nehru, S Bose
[ Irwin] - Cause: Lord Birkenhead’s challenge.
- Recommendations: Dominion Status ( Aus/ Canada), ❌ Separate Muslims electorate,
✅ Joint Electorate, 19 Fundamental Rights( Universal Adult Franchise)
- Consequences: JLN & SC Bose Rejected due to Dominion Status & Setup
Independence for India league

1928: Bardoli Satyagrah - Gujarat by Sardar Patel [ Flood => Crop Failure => Tax increase)
1929: Poorna Swaraj - Resolution passed in Lahore session( JLN) after government no response on dominion
[ Irwin] status mention in Nehru report

1929: Khudai Khidmatgars - In Red Shirt by Gaffar Khan (servants of gods), non violent freedom struggle of Pashtuns
Movement ( Pathan) of NWFP (x AFG)

1930: 1st RTC [ IRWIN ] @ ❌ , ML ✅ , Ambedkar represents Depressed Class✅

- INC❌ ✅ , Princely States✅
✅ , Hindu
London
✅
Mahasabha✅

1930-31 CDM Phase 1 Cause: Irwin no response Gandhiji 11 Demand after 1 year ultimatum , INC Lahore Session
start from Sabarmati=> 1929 => “Poorna Swaraj” Resolution Pass & 1st RTC Boycotted
Dandi Salt March & End by Gandhiji Demand: Abolished Salt tax, prohibit intoxicants, impose duty on foreign Cloth,
Irwin Pact Release All Political Prisoners, Arms licenses for self protection, change ration b/w rupee &
Rajagopalachari => on Sterling’s
Tanjore to break Salt Law

1931: Gandhiji Irwin Pact - Sign Before 2nd RTC in London

[ Irwin] - Irwin Declined 2 demand : Bhagat Singh & Other की फाँसी की सजा को उमर कैद कर दो and
police की enquiry
- Gandhiji: Agreed to Suspend CDB & Participate in 2nd RTC
1931: 2nd RTC [ Willingdon ] - INC represent by Gandhiji, M3, ML, BR Ambedkar, Sarojini Naidu
@ London - Communal Award: Minority Representation seperate electorate => Gandhiji against it
- Government Refuse Indian Demand & Talks Failed

1931- 34 CDM 2nd Phase - Cause: Failure of RTC talks

[ Willingdon ] - Congress banned, Gandhiji Arrested in 1932
- 1934- Gandhiji withdraw coz masses was not prepared
1932: 3rd RTC - INC & Gandhiji ❌ , Britain Labour Party ❌ only 46Delegates

1932: Communal Award - British PM Ramsay MacDonald => Separate electorate for Depressed class, Muslim &
[ Willingdon ] minority
- Ambedkarr✅ ( Uplift), Gandhiji ❌ ( coz Divide & Rule => No unity) Congress❓
❓

1932 : Poona Pact ( Gandhiji - ✅ joint electorate with reservation of Depressed class b/w BRA & M3 on behalf of
Fast unto Death after
Communal Award in Gandhiji ( ❌ Separate electorate with increase reservations in both provincial and state
Yerwada Jail Pune) legislature)

1935: GOI Provincial Autonomy & all India federation => Provincial Election (1936) in 11 Provinces
[ Willingdon ] ( NWFP, Beng, Pb, Sindh, United Province ( UP), Bh, Or, Madras, Assam, Bombay, Central
Province => Congress 8/11 ( loose Pb & Sindh) ML ( Loose All)

1939: Congress Working - Britain Declare WW2

Committee( CWC) @ - Congress Divided on Question Joining the WW2: Gandhi ji supported to Join
Wardha (Linlithgow) - India Offer but 2 Conditions: Constituent Assembly post war & Responsible Government
@ Centre => Linlithgow Decline Offer

1939: FWD Bloc by SCB - Congress Minister Resign coz of Decline offer
(Linlithgow) - FWD Bloc coz Congress resolution for taking not WW2 as opportunity
1940: Pakistan Resolution - Separate homeland for Muslims ( No Pakistan Mention by the way)
Lahore Session ML
 EVENT Causes, Features, Aftermath

1940: August offer( Rejected - Hitler Success in Belgium, Holland => India Cooperation in War => Dominion Status,
by Congress) Expansion of Viceroy executive council & Right to frame Const after War, weight to
(Linlithgow) Minority => Congress Rejected coz of veto power to ML in every decision, ML
Accepted coz Veto + Pakistan Demand will be Accepted in future

1940: Individual Satyagraha - After August offer => Radical want CDM => but Gandhi Launch individual Satyagraha for
by Gandhiji “Right to speech” ( ❌ Not Independence)
- Vinoba Bhave( 1st) ,JLN ( 2nd) & Brahma Dutt (3rd) as Satyagrahi => All Go to Jail =>
“Delhi Chalo Movement”

1942: Cripps Mission ( Failed - Japan attack Rangoon & Pressure from allies=> British offer Support in WW2 & create of
coz no timeline was given & Constitution Making Body after WW2 ✅ => Opposed by ALL INC, ML, RSS etc
Dominion Status)
(Linlithgow)
- No Full Independence ❌ but Dominion Status ( Full Self Government)
- Congress Representative: JLN & Maulana Azad
1942 - 44 QIM ( After Cripps - Do Or Die ( Violent Movement) , ML & Hindu Mahasabha Against it
Mission Failure) - Gandhiji ask princely states to accept the sovereignty of their people, ❌ Resign, ❌
(Linlithgow)
soldiers not leave their Post, Parallel Govt by Chittu Pandey

1943: INA SCB @ Singapore - 1942 Ras Behari Gosh @Tokyo => India Independence League with a Capt. Mohan
(Linlithgow) Singh => INA setup @ Singapore
- 1943: SCB Dilli Chalo by Azad Hind Fauj => Reached Imphal but WW2 Japan Lost
( 1945) => INA Surrender & SCB Air Crash => INA Trials @ Red Fort in 1945

1944: Rajagopalachari - resolve constitutional deadlock b/w Gandhiji & Jinnah => Congress & ML cooperation for
Formula independence => Demand of Pakistan indirectly accepted ( Gandhi Accept)
(Wavell) - Commission setup to demarcate Muslim Majority area => Voting of All => Then Decide
Partition
- Savarkar Condemn the Plan
- Only if Full transfer of power by British

1945: Desai - Liaquat Pact - Draft Proposal for Interim Government @ Centre
( ❌ Settlement) - ML = Congress equal Representation nominated in Central Legislature
- 20% Reserved seats for Minority
1945: Wavell plan ( Shimla - equal number of Hindu and Muslims members in the executive council
confrence) ( ❌ Failure) - Dominion Status
- Viceroy Executive council all Indian Member except commander in chief
- ML Rejected coz they Want all member nominated by them
- Congress rejected because it was Dividing Hindu Muslims

1946: RIN Mutiny - INA Trials + Nationalism की हवा + RIN Soldiers Strike @ Bombay due to Unequal Pay &
mistreatment by superior

1946: Cabinet Mission - rejection of demand for a full fledge Pakistan ( coz it include Non Muslim 38% Also) it
( Wavell) recommended undivided India => but Autonomy to Muslim States
- Proposed 3 Section of British Provinces ( A: Madras, Bombay, UP-Bihar,Orissa, MP. B:
Punjab, Sindh & NWFP. C: Bengal & Assam) & Common Centre for Defence & Foreign
affairs
- Constituent Assembly formation by PP Single Transferable Vote from Provincial
Assembly

1946: Interim Government - VP of Viceroy Executive Council: JLN ( External Affairs)

- Home Affairs: SVP
( Task to Assist Transition to - Agriculture & Food: Rajendra Prasad
Independence with Partition) - Education: C. Rajagopalachari
(Wavell) - Finance: Liaquat Ali Khan ( ML)
- Labour: Jagjeevan Ram

1947: MountBatten Plan / - Division of British India into IND-PAK

Balkan Plan - Division of Bengal & Punjab
- Lapse of Paramountcy => Princely States Choice
- ( Gandhi Reject but Congress Accept coz of Bloodshed, Violence & Need of quick
Transfer of Power)
 British Administration
Acts ( 20 Provision Acts Provision ( 1st Secretary- 2nd Viceroy)
Years Gap) (Company Rule after Buxar 1764)
ICA - - Nominated Indian in Leg. Council with no real
Dual - Company had Authority but no 1861 powers ( ❌ Ex)
System responsibility & Rulers has - 5th Member Jurist added to viceroy Council
1765-72 responsibility but no Authority.
Clive - Corruption => Pvt Trade => Oppression ICA - Communal electorates ( For Muslims
on farmer. -1909 : Separate electorate only Muslim can Vote)
Morley - 1st Time Indian allowed in Viceroy Executive
Regulating - Abolished Dual System Minto Council ( Satyendra Prasad Sinha 1st)
Act 1773 - Court of Directs( CoD) => To report Reforms - Can Discuss budget & Ask questions
Hastings British Government - Increase representation ( 16-60)
- Gov => Gov Gen + 4 member council
- SC @ Bengal ICA-1919 - Dyarchy: division of subject to provinces in
: two categories
Pitts India - Dual Government =>Board of Control ( Montagu - Central Government & Provincial Government
Act 1784 BoD) => Military & Administrative e & their Different Budgets
Hastings Function , CoD => Commercial Chelmsfo - Bicameral Legislature ( RS + LS) @ Centre
Function rd Only for Provincial only LS by Direct Election
Reforms - 3 Indian members in Viceroy Executive
Charter Act - extended Monopoly of company for 20
1793 Years council
- Veto Powers of Gov Gen over council - Communal Representation extended to Sikh,
- 5 Lakh Pound to Britain from India Christian etc
- High Commissioner of India in London
Charter Act - abolished monopoly with two - Secretary of State paid by British exchequer
1813 exception trade with China and Tea - Provincial Govt: 2 List=> Reserved( Gov -
Trade ( Napoleon fear) Law order), Transferred( Minister - HRD)
- Allow Christian missionaries to enter - Central Govt: 2 List for centre & Provinces
India
- Rs 1 Lakh for education GoI 1935 - Dyarchy abolished <=> Provincial Autonomy
Derive power from crown = Subject Divide 3
Charter Act - Exception also abolished List
1833 - Gov Gen of Bengal => Gov Gen of - Bicameral Leg for 6 Provinces
India ( Powers of all India) - Separates electorate retain for communal
- Law member added to council representation & Depressed Class, Women
& Labour
Charter Act - Open Civil Services competition => - RBI Established
1853 Satyendra Nath Bose 1st - Public Service Commission
- Local Representation introduced - Viceroy veto to bill
- - Federal court
1858 Act for Better GoI
- - All India federation @ centre
Queen No Annexation
- - Instrument of Instructions => Later DPSP in
Victoria Viceroy
- Indian Constitution
Proclamati Secretary of State + 15 Council
- - Note: No Adult Suffrage
on Company Rule end & Under British
Crown ( Dual Govt End)

Queen
Land Revenue
British Parliament
Permanent settlement / Zamindari System ( 1793):
- 20% Secretary of State + 15 Council
- Lord Cornwallis @ Bengal, Bihar & Orissa ( BBO)
- Zamindar => Revenue Collector => Owner of land Viceroy / Gov Gen + Exec Council
- Drawback: Land put on Sale => Transfer Land : Absentee
Landlordism LS + RS

Ryotwari System ( 1820): 50% Governor of State

- Thomas Munro and Alexander read @ Madras, Bombay & State LA ( Leg Council)
Assam ( MBA)
- Peasant( Ryots) => Direct Settlement => Owner of Land &
issued patta => Land was surveyed & Asses Before Tax
- Drawback: Too High Revenue, Had to Pay even Crop Failure
Mahalwari System ( 1822): 30%
- Holt & RM Bird @ Punjab, UP and central India ( PUM)
- Village group => Mahal => Individual Collect revenue
- Drawback: Too High Revenue
 Police Services Civil Services
- Note: British did not created All India Police Services
NOTE- ICS was headed by SoS (NOT GG)
Personality Content
- Analysis : European Supremacy, Exam in London in
English + Greek & Latin Subject + Age Reduced to 19 +
Warren - Restored fauzdar in 1774 + asked Key Position to European only
Hasting zamindars to assist them ( Mughal Time) Cornwallis: father of ICS => Raising salary + strict
1774 - 1775- Fauzdar thanas rules against private trade + debarring taking
Presents, bribes + Promotion through seniority
Lord Wellesley: Fort William College in 1800 (later
Cornwallis, - Modernising thanas @ district under CoD disapproved>> East India
1791 Darogas and SP @ Head of district College in England)
- Goyendas – Spies to assist SP Macaulay Committee 1854- idea of permanent CS
Mayo, 1808 based on merit
1814 - Darogas was abolished on order of CoD Indian Civil Services Act 1861- opened certain
(except Bengal) covenanted posts for Indians>> thus
Indians entered in covenanted post for first time in
William - Abolished office of SP 1863
Bentick o Collector= head of police services 1863- Satyandra Nath Tagore: 1st Indian to qualify
o Commissioner in each division= as SP ICS
1828-35
Lytton- Statutory Civil Services: 1/6th of
Sir Charles - Sindh Model of Policing- based on Model covenanted posts to filled from high families
Napier of Royal Irish Constabulary thr nomination by local govt subjected to approval of
IG at top level, SP at district level SoS and Viceroy
(responsible to both DM and IG) Aitchison committee- 1886 (By Dufferin)
Replicated all over India- Punjab in • Drop distinguition of ‘covenanted’ and ‘non-
1849, Bombay in 1853 and Madras in covenanted’
1859 • classify services as ICS, PCS, SCS (Subordinate
CS)
Police Led to Indian Police Act, 1861:
Commissio System of Police constabulary
• raise age to 23
n, 1860 Montford reform- Recomm: simultenous exam,
IG- head in province + depty IG head in
1/3rd recruit from India
range +SP- head of district Lee commission 1924 :
• SoS shall continue to recruit ICS
Judicial Services • Transfer recruitment for transferred field to
provincial govt
+Ve => Rule of Law, Codified Law, Answerable
Employee
• 50:50 parity in 15 years
• Establish Public Service Commission as in GoI
-Ve => Expensive & Complicated, Delay, European Act, 1919
Judge unable to understand indian
Warren Hasting-
• Civil: District Diwani Adalat (under collector) +
Sardar DA
Military Services
• Criminal: Dist. Faujdari Adalat (under collector) +
Sadar Nizamat A @ Murshidabad (Muslim law Before - 2 Units: Queen Army & Company Troops
was administered in fauzdari adalats ) 1857 ( European + Indians)
• 1773 SC @ Calcutta After - Systematic Reorganisation Because =>
1857 Prevent Another Revolt, Prevent territory from
Cornwallis- Circuit courts (replaced DFA)+ SNA Russian & Germany, Use Indian units for
shifted to Calcutta>> put under GG + expansion in Asia & Africa
gradation of civil services + DDA designated as Zila Domination of European Branch 1:2 in Bengal,
Court and placed under District judge 2:5 in Madras & Bombay
Cornwallis Code : European Monopoly on Strategic Location
• Seperation of Revenue and Justice Highest Rank for Indian was Subedar till 1914
administration => Sandhurst Committee 1926 : 50% Indian
• European Subjects brought under jurisdiction Cadre for 1952
• Govt official- answerable to civil courts Divide & Rule: Martial Race => good soldiers
from particular community
• Principle of sovergnity of law
Discrimination : Awadh Soldier Participated in
William Bentick- abolished circuit courts>> given
revolt so declared non Martial while Sikh,
to collector
Gurkha & Pathan Dominated
• Official language: SC- English suitor- Persian Regiment Name Based on Caste & Religion
or Vernacular language Isolate Soldiers from Normal Life, No press
Law commission (Macaulay)- 1833: reached them
• CPC (1859), IPC (1860), CrPC (1861)
 Commissions Local Administration
Committee/ Provision Charter Act, - Estd Municipal administration in 3
Commission presidency towns of Madras, Calcutta,
1793
Woods Dispatch - Magna Carta of English Edu Bombay
1854 - School: Vernacular, High: Eng Municipal - Whole British India
Campbell 1866 - by Viceroy John Lawrence to Act, 1850
investigate in Famine in Lord Mayo’s 1. Provincial govt responsible for dev of
Odisha Resolution, LSG
- 1st Famine Commission after 1870 2. decentralization of Local finances and
Richard Strachey
functions
1878 1876-78 Famine
3. financial decentralization between centre
Eden 1879 - Military Reforms and provinces

Durand ( 1893) - Pakistan & Afghanistan border Lord Ripon 1. Majority of members in LB (if possible,
Resolution then Elected)
Lyall 1897 - 2nd Famine Comm => 1882 2. Chairman- Non-official
Irrigation Facility 3. Financial decentralization from provinces
to LB
Sedition (1919) - Rowlatt Act 4. Executive sanction required in certain
cases
Saddler C ( 1917) - Reforms in Education Policy
- Education (1882-83) Royal 1. entrust more powers and finances to LB
Hunter
- Jallianwala Bagh massacre Commission (powers like judicial jurisdiction over
commission
on petty issues)
(1919) => found Dyer Guilty =>
Decentralizati 2. Importance of to be estd in every tehsil
But no Action
3. Stop grant-in-aids from provincial govt,
on 1908
Muddiman - working of Diarchy in Montford instead remove restrictions on taxation
committee 1924 reforms (1919) powers of LB
4. municip might take responsibility of
Buttler Com. - Relation between Indian Primary education
( 1927) states and paramount power
GoI act, 1919
- LSG- ‘Transferred’ subject>> thus
Hurtog ( 1929) - growth of british India responsibility of popular ministries
education and subjects
Simon 1. increase provincial control over LBs for
Whitley (1929) - Labour Conditions Commission sake of efficiency
Linlithgow 1932 - Royal Commission on Agri. 2. commented on detreated condition of
local taxation powers and finances.
Sergeant Plan - In 40 yrs Same Level of
(1944) Education as in England GoI act, 1935
- provincial autonomy>>>thus more
flexibility to dev LBs
Radcliffe - Delimits Boundaries b/w India- - finances>>under popular ministries>>thus
Pakistan more funds

School of Thought in
Labour Legislation Britain about India
1. Conservatives- Indian Civilizn is different>>respected
it>>>as FEW changes as possible>> if at all introduce,
then slowly and cautiously E.g.- Warren hasting,
Edmund Burke, Munro, Metcalfe, Elphinstone
2. Paternalistic Imperialists- Sharply critical>>>justified
economic and political enslavement
3. Radicals- Applied advanced humanistic and rational
thought to Indian situation, India had capacity to
improve>>Britain must help, Introduce modern western
edu, supported by RRR.
4. Ruling class (which was mostly imperialist and
exploitataive): But introduce modernization upto a
limit>>>so that Indian can be ruled in Perpetuity and
safely
 Press Regulations Newspaper
The Bengal Gazatte (aka Calcutta general Advisor )
Censorship of 1. Reason- Danger of French
Press Act, 1799 invasion => Wartime
1780 : James Augustus Hickey => 1st NP in Asia
restrictions The India Gazette 1780 : Bernard Messink and Peter
Lord Wellesley 2. Later relaxed by Lord Hasting
Reed
Licensing 1. Licensing for NP, Magzine,
Regulations, 1823 Pamphlets The Bengal Journal 1785 : Thomas Jones and William
2. RRR’s Mirat-ul-Akbar stopped
Duane
John Adams public.

Metcalfe or Press 1. Repealed above ordinance, Calcutta Chronicle 1786 : Daniel Stuart and Joseph
Act, 1835 / 2. Give precise a/c of premises of
Liberator of Press publication cooper
3. Cease function by declaration
4. Rapid Growth in Press Madras Courier 1785 : Richard Johnson

Licensing Act, 1857 1. licensing restriction Bombay Herald 1789 (Bombay Gazette in 1791) : James
2. Right to stop publication Maclean
Lord Canning reserved with govt
India Herald 1796: Humphrey
Registration Act, 1. Every book/ NP Name of
1867 publisher and place
2. book- summit copy with local Calcutta Chronicle 1811: James Silk Buckingham
John Lawrence govt within 1 month
The Hindu and Swadesamitran : G. Subramaniya Aiyar
Vernacular Press 1. onset of 2nd Afghan War
Act, 1878 (aka The 2. modelled on Irish Press Act The Bengalee: Surendranath Banerjee
Gagging act) 3. Reapled By Rippon in 1882
To prevent 4. DM>>Bond with Voice of India: Dadabhai Naoroji
Seditious writings publisher>>not to spread
in ‘vernacular disaffection with govt + deposit Amrita Bazar Patrika: Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal
languages’ EXCEPT security + forfeiture of press Ghosh
in south eqiup
5. DM’s action>>final + No appeal Indian Mirror :N. N. Sen
Lord Lytton - Surendranath Banerjee- 1st to
be imprisoned Hindustan and Advocate : G. P. Verma
6. No Indian allowed to carry
arms without license The Tribune : Sardar Dyal Singh Majithia
7. Exemptions by submitting
proof SatyaPrakash :Karsandas Mulji
8. Gosh Brother converted to
English from Bengalee Amrit InduPrakash :Vishnu Parshuram Pandit & Gopal Hari
Bazaar Patrika Deshmukh
Newspaper During Swadeshi Movement to
Gyan Prakash + Indu Prakash + Lohahitwadi :Gopal
(Incitement to control extremist => Power to DM
Offence) Act, 1908 to confiscate press property who Hari Deshmukh
publish seditious content
Lord Minto II Darpan + Digdarshan :Balashatri Jambekar

Indian Press Act, 1. Similar to VPA (but Dm>> ) Sudharak :Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
1910 2. Local govt- demand security
from NP
Deenbandhu :NM Lokhande, Phule, Bhalekar
Lord Minto II 3. Fortfeit/ deregister NP

Press Committee, Repealed 1908 and 1910 acts Pukhtoon : Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
1921
The Crescent : Guzulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
Tej Pratap Sapru

Indian Powers to Provincial govt to Bande Mataram, : Sir Aurobindo

Press(Emergency Suppress CDM
powers ) act, 1931
Lord Irwin or
Willlingdon
 Education
Calcutta Madrasah, Study of Muslim law Scheme for 1. village edu thr vernaculars
1781 Warren Hasting Vernacular
education 1843 2. aim- train personnel for Revenue
Sanskrit College, Study of Hindu laws & phil
and PWD
1791 @Benares Jonathan Duncan James Thomson

Fort William Training of civil servants Minutes of Favor for vernacular education
College, 1800 Lord Wellesley Dalhousie, 1853

Wood’s Despatch Magna carta of English Edu in

Charter Act, 1813 1 lakh rupee for promoting
1854 - Charles India
Lord Minto I knowledge of modern sciences
Wood 1. Mass edu
2. Hierarchy in system:
Calcutta Hindu RRR, David Hare, Radhakant Dalhousie o Vernacular primary
college @calcutta Deb, Edward east school @village,
1817 now Presidency uni, Kolkata o Anglo-vernacular college@
District,
Committee on 1. Orientalist- H.T. Princep: o Universities @Presidency
Public Instruction Promotion of Indigenous towns
1823 knowledge 3. English- higher studies,
vernacular- school
Adam 2. Anglicists- Thomas Macaulay- 4. Female and vocational edu
western edu (further divided on 5. Secular edu
medium of instruction) Angli- 6. Grant-in-aid to encourage pvt
dominance from William enterprises
Bentick era

1857 uni @Cal, bom, mad

- Angli: Supported downward
filtration Hunter Commission 1. Primary edu- vernacular
2. Transfer control of primary edu-
William Adam’s Examined flexible education 1882
district and municip boards
Report, 1834 system- No class, no syallbus>> 3. Two division in secondary edu-
Lord William advocated regulation Lord Ripon Literary and Vocational
Bentick 4. Inadquete facility for females
Lord Macaulay’s 1. western edu in English ONLY
Minutes, 1835 Central Hindu Annie besent, Arthur Richardson,
2. limited govt resources to be College @ Benares Prabhu Narayan Singh
Lord William devoted to teaching of 1898
Bentick western sciences and Later became nucleus of BHU by
literature Madan mohan Malviya in 1916

3. Neglect mass education and

educate only few Indians to Raleigh As uni>>factories producing
make them English in Commission 1902 revolutionist>> commission
Taste,Opinion, Morals and Lord Curzon Solely for recommending measures
Intellect in universities only

English Education 1. Based on Macaulay’s Indian Universities 1. No. and period for fellowship
Act, 1835 Minutes- thus neglected act, 1904 reduced
mass education 2. Govt>>veto over Uni’s regulation
and can amend it 3. Stricter
affiliation of pvt Colleges
2. stopped promotion of 4. 5 lakh/annum for 5 yrs>>to
orientalist insti like Calcutta improve higher edu
madarsa and Benaras
Sanskrit college S.C. Mukherjee Dawn society in 1902 against
Indian Uni Comm to cultivate
Downward educating only small section of
Filtration Theory- upper classes to make them patriotic and national impulse
English in opinions, Morals and
Intellect and act as interpreter
between govt and Masses
Govt resolution 1. university in each province
1913 2. Provinces to take steps to
Lord Hardinge II provide free elementary edu
(thus refused to take
responsibility)
3. policy to removal of illiteracy

Saddler University To study and report problems of

Commission CALCUTA university
1917-19 (but its recomm extended from
Lord Chelmsford school level to university)

1. Improve in secondary
edu>>precondn for impro in uni
2. School course- , enter uni after
Intermediate level + for sec and
inter edu + less rigidity in
framing university regulation
3. Focus- Female edu, scientific
and tech edu, teacher training
4. uni- to function as centralized
and unitary autonomous body

1919- Montford education>>provincial subject

reform (thus stopped grants)

Hartog Commission 1. focus on primary, but no hasty

expansion or compulsion
1929
2. Only Deserving Students >>high
and intermediatary,
Lord Irwin avg>>>Vocational after VIII
3. Improve uni stds, restrict
admissions

Wardha scheme for Main principle behind scheme-

basic education- education thr activity
Zakir Hussain
Committee, 1937 1. inclusion of basic handicraft
National in syllabus
Conference on 2. First 7 yrs of schooling- free
Education in 1937 and compulsory + vernacular
by INC
3. Class II to VII- Hindi after
VIII- English But could not
dev due to- 1. WW II 2.
Resignation of congress
ministries

Sergeant Plan 1944 1. Pre Primary edu for 3-6 yr age;

Lord Wavell Free& compul elementary edu
for 6-11;
High school for 11-17 for
selected;
university of 3 yrs after high
school
2. ABOLITION of intermediatary
level(thus opposed saddler
commission)
3. Technical, commercial and art
edu
4. Remove adult illiteracy in 20 yrs
(objective- edu level as in
England in 40 yrs
5. Edu for Physically and Mentally
Handicapped
6. proposed estd of University
Grants Commission (UGC)
 Congress Sessions

Year of Session @ Place Importance & Personality

1885 @ Bombay [ Lord Dufferin ] - 1st Session ( WC Banerjee) attend by

72 Delegates

1886 @ Calcutta - Dadabhai Naoroji

1887 @ Madras - Syed Badruddin Tyabji ( Appeal Muslim

to Join INC)

1888 @ Allahabad - George Yule

1905 @ Benaras [ Bengal Partition] - Gopal Krishna Gokhale ( Swadeshi

[ Lord Curzon] Movement Started )

1906 @ Calcutta - Dadabhai Naoroji ( Swaraj Mentioned

1st Time)

1907 @ Surat [ Congress Split] - Rash Behari Gosh

1909 @ Lahore - Madan Mohan Malviya ( Separate

electorate based on Religion )

1916 @ Lucknow [ Congress Merger] - AC Majumdar ( Lucknow Pact b/w ML

& INC )

1917 @ Calcutta - Annie Besant

1919 @ Amritsar [ Jallianwala Bagh] - Motilal Nehru ( Approved Khilafat

Movement)

1920 Special @ Calcutta [ NCM] - Lala Lajpat Rai ( NCM Approved)

1920 @ Nagpur - Viraraghavachari (Jinnah left INC)

1922 @ Gaya - CR Das ( Broke Away From INC & form

Swaraj Party)

1924 @ Belgaum - Gandhiji

1925 @ Kanpur - Sarojini Naidu

1929 @ Lahore [ CD, Poorna Swaraj] - JLN ( 26th Jan as Independence Day)

1931 @ Karachi [ Gandhi Irwin] - SVP ( FR Resolution by JLN, National

Economic Program, Gandhi for 2nt RTC)

1938 @ Haripura - SCB

1939 @ Tripuri [ FWD Bloc by SCB] - Rajendra Prasad

1946 @ Meerut [ Independence] - J.B Kripalani ( Not JLN, Rajendra

Prasad [ Preside Constituent Assembly !
Drafting Committee BR Ambedkar]
 Before Congress Political Association
Association Founder Purpose & demand

1836: Bangabasha Prakasika Dwarka Nath Tagore @ Enrich Bengali Language

Sabha Calcutta

1838: Zamindari Association/ Dwarkanath Tagore, BC Mitra, To Protect interest of Landlords

Landholders Society Radhakant Deb @ Calcutta

1843: Bengali British India Society George Thomson @Calcutta Spread info of Condition of People

1851: British India Association Debendranath Tagore, Merger of Zamindari Ass + Bengal
Radhakant Deb @ Calcutta British India Society

1866: East India Association DBN @ London Influence Englishmen

1872: Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose @ London

1875: Indian League Sisir Kumar Ghosh @ Calcutta Nationalism & Political Education

1876: Indian Association of Surendranath Banarjee and Opposition of British Indian

Calcutta/ Indian National Asso, Anand Mohan Bose Association

1870: Poona Sarvajanik Sabha MG Ranade , GV Joshi Bridge b/w People & Government

1884: Madras Mahajan Sabha Shubhramania Iyer Demanded fundamental rights

Veeraghav chariar

1885: Bombay presidency B. Tayabji, Ferozeshah Mehta Encourage Indian for Western
Association education

Women Organisations
Org Personality associated Features

Bethune School J.E.D Bethune @ Calcutta , Oldest Women College in Asia, Ishwar
( 1849 ) Chandra Vidyasagar in Managing Committee

Bharat Mahila Sarla Devi Chaudhrani Great circle of India woman

Parishad 1904

Indian woman DK Karve India first woman University => Later Lady Hardinge
University 1916 medical College @ Delhi

Woman India Annie Besant, Mergeet Cousin, Sarojini Daughters of India, 1st All Asia Women Conference
Association 1917 Naidu

Arya Mahila Samaj Pandita Ramabai Saraswathi Representation to English education commission

All India women’s Margeet Cousins - 1st P => Maharani Chimnabai Gaekwad
conference 1927 - 4th P => Sarojini Naidu
- Aim => education reforms
 Labour Organisations
Org Personality associated Features

Bharat Sharamjeevi Sasipada Banerjee Also started Workingmen’s club

(NewsPaper)

• Bombay Hands N. M. Lokhande 1. Father of Trade Union movement in India

Mill Association 2. helped to gain rights: Sunday, Half hr recess in
(1st Indian afternoon, salaries 15th of every month
workers asso), 3. Rao Bahadur by British
1880
• Mumbai Kamgar
Sangh
• Deenbandhu

Madras Labour V. Kalyanasundaram Mudaliar + B.P 1st registered organized Trade Union
Union, 1918 Wadia

AITUC Lala lajpat rai + joseph Baptista + diwan 1931- AITUC divided in 3 factions:
chaman lal + N.M. Joshi 1. AITUC- communist dominated
2. AITUF- corpotist (N.M. Joshi)
AITUC- 1st president= Lala Lajpat rai 3. Red TUC – S.V. Deshpande and B. T. Randive
(Also Prez of INC for that yr)
1934- RTUC + AITUC
Gaya session, 1922 of INC: welcomed 1940- AITUF>>dissolved in AITUC (on V.V. Giri
formation of AITUC+ formed committee Proposal)
to assist 1941- Indian Federation of Labour(IFL)
formed via split in AITUC by MN Roy issue of
supporting Britain in war) (later merged Hind MS)

Ahmadabad Textile Anusuya Sarabhai India’s oldest union of textile workers

labour association
(Mazdoor Mahajan
sangh) 1920

Labour Kisan Party of Singaravelu Chettiar Dissolved in WPP

Hindustan 1923

Workers and Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar 1. originally estd as Labour Swaraj Party in 1925,
Peasants Party (WPP) Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad, later amalgamation of provincial parties like
1928 Shamsuddin Hussain Labour swaraj party, Congress Labour party of
(aka Labour Swaraj Bombay, Kranti kisan Party of Punjab, LKP of
Party, Kranti Kisan Hindustan gave Name WPP
Party) 2. estd within INC
3. Aim- to radicalize INC and make it ‘party of
people’ + complete independence and ultimate
aim of socialism
4. Communist influence
5. dissolved after arrest of main leaders in Meerut
Conspiracy case

Indian National Trade Gulzalilal Nanda, Sardar Patel 1. Formed 3 months before independence
Union Con (INTUC) 2. by amalgamation of Ahmadabad textile Labour
Asso + Hind Mazdoor Sevak Sangh

Hind Mazdoor Sabha, Ashok Mehta, R. S. Juikar, T. S.

1948 Ramanujam, Basawon Singh, G. G.
Mehta
 Social Religious Organisations
Organisation Personality associated Features

Young Bengal Henry Vivian Derozio - Free Thinking : French Rev

Movement ( 1820-30)

Brahmo Samaj ( 1828) Raja Ram Mohan Roy @ Bengal - Against Sati, Purdah, Untouchability, Caste system
( earlier Atmiya Sabha) - Opposed Idol worship, avatar, caste
- under Keshab Chandra Sen Promoted women
education => Radical Change =>Brahmo Samaj of
India
- Adi Brahmo Sabha by Debendranath Tagore
- Sadharan Brahmo by Anand Mohan Bose in 1878
Dharma Sabha ( 1830) Radhakant Deb @ Bengal - Orthodox Hinduism, opposed sati Abolition but
favoured western education for girls

Tattvabodhini Sabha Debendranath Tagore @ Bengal

1839

Rahnumai DBN, SS Bengali, KR Cama, Naoroji 1. Reform movm in parsis (Zorostrianism)

Mazdayasnan Sabha Furdonjo 2. promote Modern Education
1851 3. Newspaper- Rast Goftar- Dadabhai naoroji
4. Organised Zorostrian conferences – 1st in 1890

Radha Swami Tulsi Ram aka Shiv Dayal Saheb @ Agra - No faith in Temple
Movement ( 1861) - One God, Simple Life
Veda Samaj 1864 V Rajagopalachari, Subbarayan Cheetty 1. estd under influence of Keshab Chandra Sen
@ Madras 2. Practiced rituals only agreeable to pure Theism
3. Discarded Casteism, superstitions + supported widow
remarriage

Deoband School MD. Qasim, Rashid Ahmed , Hussain - Pure Islamic Teaching , Jihad Against Foreigners
( Darul Uloom) 1866 Ahmed

Prathana Samaj Atmaram Pandurang @ Bombay - Women Education & Right

( 1867) Later MG Ranade + RG Bhandarkar

Arya Samaj ( 1875) Dayananda Saraswati @ Bombay - back 2 Vedas

- Inter Caste Marriages, Social Services
- Dharma, Vedas
- Shuddhi Movement to reconvert back to hindu

Theosophical Society ( - MS Olcott, HP Blavatsky, Annie - @ NYC USA => shifted to Adyar
1875) Besant ( Not Established) - Inspired from Vedanta, Karma, Upanishad, Yoga,
Samkhya
- Aim universal brotherhood
Indian Social / Nat. MG Ranade, Raghunath Rao - Social Reforms organ of INC same time & venue when
Conference (1887) INC sessions

Deccan education Vishnu Chiplunkar, Tilak, Ganesh Agarkar, - established Ferguson College in 1885
Society 1884 Gokhale, Karve @ Pune

Ramakrishna Ramakrishna Paramhamsa / Vivekananda - Message of Vedanta

Movement1897 @ Calcutta

Bharat Dharma Madan Mohan Malaviya + Gokhale @ - Prevent Orthodox Hindu Religion = Sanatana Dharm
mahamandal ( 1902) Varanasi Sabha + Dharm Mandli
- Opposed Arya Samaj
Servants of India society Gopal Gokhale & MG Ranade @ - Mobilise selfless workers => country services Famine
1905 Bombay & Tribal
- Publication Hitavada 1911
Sarvodaya Samaj Vinoba Bhave - to work among Refugees

Puna Seva Sadan 1909 Mrs Ramabai Ranade

Social-service league 1911 NM Joshi @ Bombay - training programme for volunteers- relief works
Akali / Gurudwara Reform - Non Violence => against corruption of Udasi Mahants
Mov 1920 => Sikh Gurudwara Act 1922
 Caste Based Movements
Caste Based Personalality Features

Satyasodhak Samaj Jyotirao Phule @ MH ( Low Caste &

1873 Women Education)

Aravi puram Shri Narayan Guru @ Kerala

Movement 1888

Shri Narayan Dharma Sri Narayana Guru, Dr. Pappu &

Paripalna Yogam Kumaran Asan @ Kerala
SNDP Move 1902

Vokkaliga Sangha Gowda @Karnataka - Anti Brahmin Movements

1905

The depressed class VR Shinde @Bombay

mission society 1906

Bahujan Samaj 1910 Mukundrao Patil @Satara,MH

Justice party CN Mudaliar, TM Nair, & P Tyagaraja - Anti Brahman

Movement 1915 Chetti @ TN - Opposed Gandhiji
Self Respect EVR Naikar or Periyar @ TN - South India
Movement 1920 - UNESCO Called Periyar “Socrates - Against Brahminical Domination
of South Asia” - Kudi Arasu Journal 1910 by Periyar
Depressed classes BR Ambedkar @ Bombay
welfare Institute
( Bahiskrit Hitkarni
Sabha) 1924

Harijan Sevak Sangh Gandhiji @Pune

1932

Vaikom Satyagraha Travancore @ Kerala ( Lower Caste - support by Gandhi & Periyar
1924 & Temple Entry allowed) - Shiva Temple @ Vaikom
Movement 1934 TK Madhavan ( Vaikom Satyagrah) - Subramaniam Tirumambu, Krishna Pillai, AK
Gopalan => maharaja open Temple in 1936
- Anti Untouchability
 REVOLUTIONARY
Movement Members Action • CPI- 1920 in Tashkent after 2nd congress of
communist international By M.N. Roy, Evelyn Roy
HRA 1924 Bismil, Kakori Train Robbery 1925 (wife), Abani Mukherji, Ahmed hasan, Mhmd
@Punjab Ashfaqulla Shafiq shiddiqui 1925 Indian Communist
Khan conference>>> Formalised CPI
• Peshwar Conspiracy Case 1921-27: against
Punjab Bhagat Move away from the
“Trained perons” sent by Commintern in British
Naujawan Singh revolutionism, started belief in
India
Bharat political struggle
Sabha 1926 • Kanpur Conspiracy Case 1924: M.N. Roy, S.A.
Dange, Shaukat Usmani, Nalini Gupta,
HSRA 1928 Azad, - Saunder ( 👮 ) Assassination Singaravelu Chettiar, >>>case is responsible for
@ Punjab Bhagat, intro of Communism to Indian public
who lathi charge Lala Lajpat Rai
Rajguru
- Bombing in Assembly • Meerut conspiracy case, 1929-33: 25
communist: S.A. Dange, P.C. Joshi, Shaukat
Yugantar & JM - Assassination of Police Comm. usmani, etc – for organizing Railway Strike
Anushilan @ Sengupta of Bengal
Bengal & SCB
• Lahore conspiracy case, 1929-31: Bhagat +
Raguru+ Sukhdev>> Saunders Murder
Chittagong Surya Sen, - Armoury Raid 1930, Shot Dead
Grp @ Kalpana DM
Bengal Dutt

CIVIL REBELLION
Area Rebellion Leaders Reasons & Features

North - Kuka Movement( 1841 - - Bhagwan Jawahar Mal & - Abolish Caste & Restoration of Sikh
India 1971): @ Punjab Baba Ram Singh (Namdhari) Rule

- Wahabi Movement 1830-61 Syed Ahmed of Rai bareilly - Islamic revivalist =>against western
@ NWFP, Punjab, Bengal (inspired by Abdul Wahab of influence => purify Islam
arabia and Shah Waliullah of - Jihad Against Sikh , then EIC
Delhi)

East - सन्यासी / फ़क़ीर Rebellion - Manjum Shah, Chirag Ali, - Famines 1770 , Restriction Pilgrimage
India ( 1763-1800): religious Musa Shah, Bhawani Pathak, - Anand Math by Bankim Chandra
Monks @ Bengal Dev Chaudhrani Chatterjee

- Paika Rebellion ( 1817): @ - Bakshi Jagbandhu Bidyadhar - Paika was warriors and act as police
Odisa => British Took Their Land
- Ahom Revolt (1828): @ - Gomadhar Konwar - British not withdraw from Assam after
Assam 1st Burmese war
- Moamarias 1769-99 @ - Krishnanarayan - Against ahom king
Assam - low caste peasants following teachings
of Aniruddhadeva

West - Kutch Rebellion ( 1816-32): - Rao Bharamal Gujarat - British & Feudal ( Raja Bhramak 2)
India - Waghera 1818-20 - Okha Mandal Baroda - Exactions of Gaekwad of Baroda
South - Poligars Revolt ( 1795): @ - Chinnamalai, Pandiyar & - Nawab gives Poligar territory to EIC =>
India Tamil Nadu Veerapandiy Zamindari introduced
- Poligars are feudal Territorial
Administrator in Nayaka & Vijaynagara
- Diwan Velu Thampi Revolt ( - Velu Thampi - EIC Imposed Subsidiary Alliance =>
1808- 1809) : Travancore Thampi Arms Against British =>
( Kerala) Kundara Proclamation
 Peasants Movement
Causes Significance:

Increase in Tax, Eviction, Oppression by Zamindars Moneylenders, - abolition of zamindari after independence
Commercial Agriculture, Famine, Drought, Crop Failure, Burden on Agri - Eroding the power of landed glass
Land, Socio Reforms, Expensive & Biased Legal Support - Based on the ideology of nationalism
- All present moment are uniform in nature

Time Name Personality Features

Before Narkelberia Movement Titu Mir - Against Hindu lords who impose bearded tax on Farizis.
1857 (1782) @Bengal

Pagal Panthis Movement ( Karam Shah & Tipu - hike in rent => Against Zamindars
1825): Bengal,

Moplah/ Moppila Uprising - Against hike in revenue

(1831) @ Kerala

After Strike of Bengal Indigo Vishnu Biswas, - forced indigo cultivation & poor output => Indigo Comm.
1857 cultivators (1860) Digambar Biswas - Neel Darpan- Dinabandhu Mitra, H.C. Mukherjee- The
Hindu Patriot
- Khurki System => Farmer lend money by British Planter
in collateral of Land => compel to grow Indigo

Phulaguri Dhawa 1861 @ - Banning Opium Cultivation + Tax on Betel Leaves

Guwahati Assam

Pabna Revolt ( 1873-76) @ Ishwar Chandra Roy, - Excessive Rents =>Bengal Tenancy Act 1885
Bengal Shambhu Pal, Mollah - Supported by Bankim Chatterjee, RC Dutt, S. Banarjee
Deccan Riots ( 1875) @ - Fall in cotton price ( American Civil war) & Tax increased +
Pune, Ahmednagar, Satara Introduction of Ryotwari

Gandhi Champaaran ( 1917) @ Gandhiji & Rajendra - Indigo price low coz of competition from Synthetic Dye
Era Bihar Prasad

Kheda Satyagraha ( 1918) SVP & Gandhi - Crop failure & High Tax => 1st NCM
@ Gujarat

Kisan Sabha Movement After 1857 => Awadh - UP Kisan Sabha ( 1918): @ Lucknow by Gauri Shankar
Taluqdar got their land Mishra , M3, Indra Narayan Diwedi
=> oppression on - Awadh Kisan Sabha 1920 by Baba Ramchandra
Peasants - Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha 1929 Sahajanand
Saraswati
- AIKS 1936 @ INC Lucknow Sessions : Sahajanand
Saraswati CPI (President), Ram Manohar Lohia, Acharya
Narendra Dev, Indulal Yagnik

Eka ( Unity) Movement Madari Pasi ( Ahir + - High Rent + Opression by Thekedar ( Tax Collectors)
(1921): @ Sitapur ( UP) Pasi Caste Unity)

Mappila Revolt/ Moplah / Variankunnath Haji, Ali - Muslims Peasant against British & Hindu Landlords
Malabar (1921): @ Kerala Musliyar, Sithi Koya ( Merge with Khilafat )
Thangal

Bardoli Satyagrah (1928): Sardar Patel, (!Gandhi) - Flood & famine => Tax Increase by 30% Bombay
@ Gujarat - Gandhi Supported by “Young India”
- title of ‘Sardar’ by women
Near Tebhaga Movement in Bengal Provincial - Tenants Demand of 1/3 Share to Sharecroppers
Indepe (1946) @Bengal Kisan Sabha + ( Bargadars) & 2/3 for themselves instead of 1/2 =>
ndenc Rajbanshis (low caste) Bargadari Act by Muslim League in That Province
e + Muslims - Communist led Movement
- Nari Vahini by Woman
- nij kamare dhan tolo Slogan
Telangana Movement - peasant revolt against the feudal lords + Vethi (forced
( 1946-51) labour) + Opressions by Nizams
 Tribals Movement
Causes

Forest Rights, influx of Non Tribals, Reserved forest for railway & shipping timber, Exploitation by police &
Forest Department, Christian Missionary interference, Autonomy of Region, Political Freedom

Name Personality Features

Chuar Uprising ( 1766-72): Bengal Durjan Singh, Raja - Famine, excessive Land Revenue
Jagannath - Aka revolt of Jungal mahal
Pahariyas’s Rebellion ( 1778): - due to invasion of British
Rajmahals hills, Jharkhand - Result => Dam-i-koh areas (Area marked by
british for santhals to cultivate in Rajmahal )

Bhil Revolts: (1819) of Western Sewa Ram - Famine & Economic Distress
Ghats - Govind Guru helps Bhils of South Raj (1913)
NE India: Ahom( 1828), Gomdhar Kunwar ( Ahom) - Outside Influences
Khasi( 1830), Singphos ( 1830) Tirath Singh (Khasi)
Nirang Phidu (Singhpos)

Kol Mutiny ( 1831): Chottanagpur Buddho Bhagat - Transfer of lands to outsider Hindu, Sikh etc

Khond Uprising 1837-56@ Odisha Chakra Bisnoi - Taxes, Zamindars entry

Koya/ Rampa Revolts @ AP Khonda Sara, Toma Sora, - Oppression by Police & Moneylenders
Sitaram Raju ( Rampa) - Daniel of Forest Rights
Santhal Rebellion ( 1855): Sidhu and Kanhu, Chand - Against Zamindar
Rajmahal Hills - Jharkhand and Bhairav - Santhal Paragana was created after rebellion
+ Santhal paragana tenancy act was passed

Ramosi Uprising ( 1822): Chittur Singh- 1822 - Unemployment after Maratha decline
Maharashtra, Satara Umaji Naik- 1825
- Vasudev Phadke Ramoshi (Ramoshis +
Bhils+ kols etc)

Ho & Munda Uprising ( 1820-37): Birsa Munda, - Ho revolt Against Occupation of Singhbum
@Bihar - JK Region Raja of Parahat in JK
- Munda Against Revenue Policy join HO
- Ulgulan By Munda in 1860-1920
Oraons ( Tana Bhagat) 1914 Jana Bhagat - Religious Region
@Bihar - Satyagraha Before Gandhiji

Sepoys Mutinies before 1857

Causes

Discrimination in Payment & Promotions, Mistreatment, Refusal for Foreign Allowance Bhatta, Religious
Restriction, Oppressions of their Civil Populations ( Peasants in Uniform => Sepoys)

Mutiny Content

1764 Bengal

1806 Vellore @ TN Replacement of Turban by Leather

Cockade

1824 47th Native Infantry

1825 Grenadier Company @ Assam

1833 Mutiny of Sholapur @MH

 Social Reformers
Raja Ram - father of Modern India’s Dayanan - Arya Samaj 1875 (HQ:
Mohan Renaissance da Lahore)
Roy - Monotheism, Vedanta, Veda Saraswat - Book Satyarth Prakash
& Upanishads, No Idol i - Dayanand Anglo vedic
1772 - Worship 1824-83 school DAV
1833 - Raja Title by Akbar 2 - Attack Hindu orthodoxy
- Atmiya Sabha & Brahmo - Criticise later hindu
Samaj scriptures such as Puranas
- Bangabhasha Prakasika and karma Doctrine, hindu
- Hindu College 1817@ beliefs like maya and
Calcutta Moksha
- Vedanta College 1825 - Classless and casteless
- abolition of sati and widow society
remarriage. - infallibility of vedas
- Newspaper: Mirat-ul-Akbar,
Samvat Kaumudi NM Joshi 1. AITUC, 1921
2. AITUF, 1931
Debendra - Father of Rabindranath 1879 - 3. Social Service League,1911
nath Tagore 1955
Tagore - Tattvabodhini Sabha 1839 - Pioneer of Modern Indian
- Adi Brahmo Samaj ( After Social Work
1817 Split) - Follower of Gopal Krishna
-1905 - Study India past with Gokhale
rational outlook

Ishwar - Book: Bahubivah Anand - Sadharan Brahmo Samaj

Chandra ( Polygamy evil) Mohan ( Also Umesh Datt,
Vidyasag - Efforts for Widow remarriage Bose Shitabchandra Deb)
ar act - one god + No scripture is
- Principle @ Sanskrit College 1847 - infalliable
1820-91 - Bethune school @ Calcutta 1906 - Newspaper - Tattva
( women education) Kaumudi, Indian
- Shome Prakash Newspaper Messenger, Sanjibari
Keshab - Brahmo samaj of India 1866
- Indian Reforms Association Shree - social reform movement in
Chandra
Narayan Kerala
Sen @ 1870 -
- Guru SNDP Movement
expressed acceptance of -
Swamy Avirupamm Movement
1838 -84 the British rule -
- Against Casteism
Tabernacle of New -
1856 - Vaikom Satyagraha
Dispensation (Nabo Bidhan)
1928
=> Christian + Hindu
- British India Society@ 1855
- Brahmo Samaj @ 1857
- inspired by Christian Behramji - Seva Sadan
Malabari - Age of consent act
teachings => मतभेद with -
(B.M.Mal Indian spectator (NP)
Tagore => form Bharat abari) - Child mage and widow
Brahmo Samaj remaage
NM - Labour Movement 1853 - - translated Max mullers
Lokhande - Father of Trade Union 1912 Hibbert lectures
Movement
- Attacked hindu priest for
1848 - 97 - established the Bombay misinterpretation of Veda
Hands Mill Association and upanishada
(BMHA) 1884 Sir Syed - against INC
- Mumbai Kamgar Sangh Ahmed - Muslim Modernisation +
- Deenbandhu (Editor) Khan Western Education
Jyoti Rao - Books Tritiya Ratna (1855); - Translation society 1864
Phule Powada: Chatrapati 1817 -98 (Later The Scientific
Shivajiraje Bhosle Yancha Society)
1827 -90 (1869); Gulamgiri (1873),
- Aligarh Muslim University
Shetkarayacha Aasud (1881)
- Tahdhib-ul-Akhlaq –
- Satyashodak Samaj Magzine
- Mahatma Title by Krishnaji
 CR Das - Swaraj Party ( 1923) => Give
Annie - Newspaper: Commonweal, “Deshban Idea Constituent assembly
Besant New India dhu” to frame Constitution of
( 1847 - - HRL (1916) India
1933) - Theosophical Society ( 1870 - -
Member 1925 )
- Indian Women association @
Madras (1917)
- Assist in BHU
- Young Men's Indian Gauri UP Kisan Sabha @ 1918
Association 1914 Shankar founded by Indra Narayani
Dwivedi & Also M3
Usha - QIM: Running Secret
Mehta underground Congress Guru - Kuka Movement in Punjab @
Radio Ram 1872
Singh - founded the Namdhari sect
Jamanlal - Satyagrah Ashram @
Bajaj Wardha
- Indian Industrialist =>
founded Bajaj Group in 1920
Aruna - QIM: Woman Organiser
Asaf Ali Underground
- QIM: hoisting the Indian JLN - opposition of Nehru Report
National flag at the Gowalia => Independence for India
Tank maidan, Bombay League ( want Complete
Independence aka Poorna
Aurobind - Anushilan Samiti (1906) Swaraj )
o Ghosh - Bande Mataram weekly -
- Works: Life Divine, The Human
( 1872- Cycle (1949), The Ideal of Bhikaji - Parsi born & Mother of the
Human Unity (1949), On the Cama Indian Revolution
1950)
Veda (1956), Collected Poems - Pvt secretary to DBN
and Plays (1942), Essays on the - Bande Mataram in Paris
(1861 -
Gita (1922), The Synthesis of
1936) - Took part in international
Yoga (1948), Savitri: A Legend
and a Symbol (1950) socialist conference in
- 1st Principal of Bengal Germany in 1907 and
National college 1906 unfurled the ‘Flag of Indian
- “New lamps for old” Articles Independence’
Criticised Moderates
JM - Assam Tea Plantation Strike
Lala - National school @ Lahore Sengupta - President of the Swaraj
Lajpat - Book: Autobiographical (दे शिप्रय) Party
Rai Writings, The Pupil - Represent INC @ RTC
( Punjab - Servants of People Society 1885 -
Kesari / in 1921 1933
Lion of - PNB Bank Funded
Punjab) - Simon Commission Lathi
Charge
- JP - Congress Socialist party in
1865 - President of AITUC
1928 - Arya Samaj Follower Narayan 1934 with Acharya Narendra
Dev, Yogendra Shukla
Bal - Lokmanya 1902 -79 - Marxist & Gandhian
Gangadh - Home rule League 1916 - JP Movement
ar Tilak - Kesari & Mahratta
Newspaper Lala - Ghadar Party (1913) @ San
(1856 - - Deccan Education Society Hardayal Francisco
1920) (1884) - Associated with bhikaji
- Ganesh Chaturthi & Shivaji 1884 - cama, Savarkar, shyami
Jayanti in MH Region 1939 krishnavarma
- inspiration- Mazzini, marx
Bipin - Extremist => Father Of
Chandra Revolutionary Thoughts
pal - Newspaper: Bande
Mataram with Aurobindo Madan - Hindu Mahasabha ( 1906)
1858 gosh Mohan - UP Kisan Sabha
-1932 - popularised the concept of Malviya - Founded BHU in 1916
swadeshi and swaraj - Karamyogi Title
1861 - - Popularise Satyadev Jayate
1946 - Publication: Abhudaya &
Maryada
Justice - Judge Bombay HC
MG - Poona Sarvajanik Sabha
Maulana - AL Hilal Journal
Ranade ( 1870), Vaktruttvottejak -
Abul 1st Education Minister
1842 - Sabha, Prarthana Samaj -
- Scholar + Social Reformer Kalam Opposed Partition
1901 -
- Maharashtra Girls Education aazad Supported NCM & Join
Congress
Society - Azad’s ideal was a fusion of
- Indupprakash Marathi
the Eastern and Western
Paper
concepts of man
Pulin - Barrah Decoity 1908
Behari (eastern Bengal) => At
Das Zamindars BR - Party: All India SC Fed.,
- Revolutionary Ambedka The Independent Labour
1877 - - Dhaka Anushilan Samiti r Party
1949 - Depressed Class
Movement ( Mahars) ,
Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha
- Attend All 3 RTC
PC Joshi - Communist Party of India
Gandhiji - Book: Hind Swaraj, young
India, Indian Opinion @ SA
1907 -
- All India anti-untouchability
1980
league/harijansevak Sangh
- Harijan Weekly
- Ahmedabad Textile Labour
Ass.

Surya - Chittagong Armoury Raid

Sen with Kalpana Dutt

Jatin Das - Lahore conspiracy Case =>

RC Dutt - Economic Drain with DBN 63-day hunger strike with
=> thesis on de- Bhagat Singh & Other
1848 - industrialization of India
1909 under the British Rule Dinaband - NeelDarpan ( Indigo
- Book : Economic History of hu Mitra Cultivation)
India
- Indian Civil Servant Maulana - Zamindar: Muslim
- translation of the Rig Veda in Zafar Ali Newspaper
Bengali & Ramayan Khan
Mahabharata in English Dada - East India Association @
MD Ali - Comrade: Weekly Bhai London (1866), London
Jinnah Newspaper Naroji India Society in 1865
- Joined ML in 1913 ( Grand - Drain Theory ( Book :
1876 - Old Man) poverty and Un British rule
1948 in India ) not accepted by
1825 - Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
1917 - Bombay Association

Gopal - editor of Sudharak,

Krishna Secretary of Sarvjanik
Bankimc - देवी चौधरानी Gokhale Sabha Journal
handra - Anand Math Novel ( Sanyasi - Servant of India Society@
Moderate
Chatterje Rebellion) Pune 1905
e - Novel: Durgesh Nandani - Newspaper The Hitavada
1866
- Refused Knighthood &
1838 -94
secretary position

Rabindrn - Amar sonar Bangla (1905:

Natu / - 1897 Assassinated British aath Swadeshi Movement) =>
Chapekar plague commissioner WC Tagore Nat Anthem of Bangladesh
Brothers Rand @ Pune - Ekla Chalo re, Gitanjali
(1861 - ( Nobel)
1941) - Knighthood in 1915 by
King George
Shyamaji - The Indian Socialist Journal
Krishnave @ London
rma - Indian Home Rule Society
(IHRS) @ London
1857 - - India House @ London
1930

Subhash - Fwd Bloc (1939)

Chandra - Azad Hind Fauj
Bose - Free Indian Legion in Berlin
( Army)
1897 - - Dilli Chalo @ Singapore in
1945 1943
- Tum mujhe khoon do....
- Book: The India Struggle

Surendra - Book: A nation in making

Nath - Newspaper: The Bengalee
Banerjee - Indian National Association
राष्ट्रगुरु & 1876 => later merge with
Indian Congress
Burke
- First Indian journalist to be
1848 - imprisoned (The Bangalee-
1925 criticized judge)
- Indian National Liberal
Federation ( 1919)
- Cleared ICS Exam
VD - Abhinav Bharat Society /
Savarkar Young India Society (1904)
for revolutionary
1883 - - Involved in Hindu
1966 Mahasabha formation
- Book The History of the
War of Indian Independenc

Sardar - Sarabandi ( No Tax)

Vallabh Campaign @ Gujarat in
Bhai 1922
Patel - Sardar Title by Bardoli
Satyagraha Women
1875 - - formation of the Indian Civil
1950 Service in free India
- Iron Man / Bismarck
MN Roy - Vanguard Communist
Journal
1887 - - Father of Indian
1954 Communism
- Founder Communist Party
of India (Tashkent
group)1920
- Jugantar & Socialist Worker
party of Mexico

Pandita - Keshub Chandra Sen gave

Ramabai her a copy of the Vedas.
1858 - - Arya Mahila Samaj @ Pune
1922 - education to women and to
discourage and fight
against the practice of child
marriage.
- Shradha Sadan & Mukti
Mission