EMBEDDED SYSTEMS DESIGN LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION AND ENGINEERING
 INDEX
S.No Content Page No:
Preface
Acknowledgement
General Instructions
Safety Precautions
Institute Vision and Mission
Department Vision,Mission, Programme Educational Objectives and Specific
Outcomes
Programme Outcomes
Course Structure, Objectives &Outcomes
Experiments Learning Outcomes
1 Write a program to blink an LED using Keil and Proteus software

2 Write a program to blink an LED continuously with a delay using

Keil and Proteus software

3 Write a generate a square wave at pin p1.0 of 8051 using timer

4 Write a program to Generate a Stepper motor using Keil and

Proteus software
 5 Write a program showing LCD displays using Keil and Proteus
software

6 Write a program for DC motor using Keil and Proteus software

7 Write a program Switch ON the LED by pressing the key ‘1’

on the keypad

8 Write a program to take parallel input from port p1 convert it into

serial and send it via p0.0
.
9 Write a program for Traffic Light signal

10 Write a program to simultaneously transmit and receive data

PREFACE

This book “Embedded Systems Design” lab manual is intended to teach the design and analysis
of basics of Embedded Systems and their implementation in designing in Embedded Systems .
Readers of this book need only be familiar with the basics of keil and peoteus software. The
“Embedded systems ” became an inevitable part in todays world Therefore, for proper
development of “Embedded Systems” skills among the students this practical manual has been
prepared. The manual contains the exercise programs and their solution for easy & quick
understanding of the students. We hope that this practical lab manual will be helpful for students
of Electronics & Communication Engineering for understanding the subject from the point of
view of applied aspects. There is always scope for improvement in the manual. We would
appreciate to receive valuable suggestions from readers and users for future use.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It was really a good experience, working with Embedded Sytems lab. First we would like to
thank Mr.K.Naga Bhushan, Assoc.Professor, HOD of Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of technology & Management for
his concern and giving the technical support in preparing the document.
We are deeply indebted and gratefully acknowledge the constant support and valuable patronage
of Dr.R.Kotaiah, Director, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of technology & Management for
giving us this wonderful opportunity for preparing the Embedded Systems laboratory manual.
We express our hearty thanks to Dr.K.Venkateswara Reddy, Principal, Marri Laxman Reddy
Institute of technology & Management, for timely corrections and scholarly guidance.
At last, but not the least I would like to thanks the entire ECE Department faculties those who
had inspired and helped us to achieve our goal.
 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

1. Students are instructed to come to Embedded Systems laboratory on time. Late comers are not
entertained in the lab.

2. Students should be punctual to the lab. If not, the conducted experiments will not be repeated.

3. Students are expected to come prepared at home with the experiments which are going to be
performed.

4. Students are instructed to display their identity cards before entering into the lab.

5. Students are instructed not to bring mobile phones to the lab.

6. Any damage/loss of system parts like keyboard, mouse during the lab session, it is student’s
responsibility and penalty or fine will be collected from the student.

7. Students should update the records and lab observation books session wise. Before leaving the
lab the student should get his lab observation book signed by the faculty.

8. Students should submit the lab records by the next lab to the concerned faculty members in the
staffroom for their correction and return.

9. Students should not move around the lab during the lab session.
10. If any emergency arises, the student should take the permission from faculty member
concerned in written format.

11. The faculty members may suspend any student from the lab session on disciplinary grounds.

12. Never copy the output from other students. Write down your own outputs.

INSTITUTION VISION AND MISSION

VISION
To be as an ideal academic institution by graduating talented engineers to be ethically strong,
competent with qualityresearch and technologies

MISSION
To fulfill the promised vision through the following strategic characteristics and aspirations:

 Utilize rigorous educational experiences to produce talented engineers

 Create an atmosphere that facilitates the success of students
 Programs that integrate global awareness, communication skills and Leadership qualities
 Education and Research partnership with institutions and industries to prepare the
students for interdisciplinary research
DEPARTMENT VISION, MISSION , PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL
OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

DEPARTMENT VISION:

Imparting quality technical education through research, innovation and team work for a
lasting technology development in the area of Electronics and Communication
Engineering.

MISSION:

To develop a strong centre of excellence for education and research with excellent
infrastructure and well qualified faculties to instill in them a passion for knowledge.

To achieve the Mission the department will

1. Establish a unique learning environment to enable the students to face the challenges of the
Electronics and Communication Engineering field.
2. Promote the establishment of centre of excellence in niche technology areas to nurture the spirit
of innovation and creativity among faculty and students.
3. Provide ethical and value based education by promoting activities addressing the societal needs.
4. Enable students to develop skills to solve complex technological problems of current times and
also provide a framework for promoting collaborative and multidisciplinary activities.

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES

 1. PEO 1: have successful careers in Industry.
2. PEO 2: show excellence in higher studies/ Research.
3. PEO 3: Show good competency towards Entrepreneurship.

COURSE OUTCOMES

CO1: The student will learn the internal organization of popular 8086/8051
microprocessors/microcontrollers.

CO2: The student will learn hardware and software interaction and integration.
CO3: The students will learn the design of microprocessors microcontrollers-based
systems.
CO4 : write and execute simple embedded c language programs.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES

a An ability to apply knowledge of Science, Mathematics, Engineering & Computing

fundamentals for the solutions of Complex Engineering problems
b An ability to identify, formulates, research literature and analyze complex engineering
problems using first principles of mathematics and engineering sciences.
c An ability to design solutions to complex process or program to meet desired needs.
d Ability to use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of experiments
to provide valid conclusions.
e An ability to use appropriate techniques, skills and tools necessary for computing practice.
f Ability to apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess social issues,
consequences & responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
g Ability to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental,
and societal context with sustainability.
h An understanding of professional, ethical, Social issues and responsibilities.
i An ability to function as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary settings.
j An ability to communicate effectively on complex engineering activities within the engineering
community.
k Ability to demonstrate and understanding of the engineering and management principles as a
member and leader in a team.
l Ability to engage in independent and lifelong learning in the context of technological change.

INTRODUCTION
 The 8051 PIN DIAGRAM
Port 0 bit 0(Address/data 0)
P 1.0 port 1 Bit 0 Port 0 bit 1(Address/data 1)
P1.1 Port 1 Bit 1 Port 0 bit 2(Address/data 2)
P1.2 port 1 bit 2 Port 0 bit 3(Address/data 3)
P1.3 port 1 bit 3 Port 0 bit 4(Address/data 4)
P1.4 Port 1 bit 4 Port 0 bit 5(Address/data 5)
P1.5 Port 1 bit 5
Port 0 bit 6(Address/data 6)
P1.6 port 1 bit 6
Port 0 bit 7(Address/data 7)
P1.7 port 1 bit 7

Port 3 bit 0 (Receive data) EA:-External Enable (EPROM

Port 3 bit 1 (XMIT Data) Programming voltage)
Port 3 bit 2 (Interrupt 0) ALE:-Address latch Enable
Port 3 Bit 3(Interrupt 1) PSEN:-Program store Enable
Port 3 bit 4(Timer 0 Input)
Port 3 bit 5(Timer 1 input) Port 2 bit 7 (Address 15)
Port 3 bit 6(Write Strobe) Port 2 bit 6 (Address 14)
Port 3 Bit 7(Read Strobe) Port 2 bit 5 (Address 13)
Port 2 bit 4 (Address 12)
Crystal Input 2 Port 2 bit 3 (Address 11)
CrystalInput 1 Port 2 bit 2 (Address 10)
Port 2 bit 1 (Address 9)
Port 2 bit 0 (Address 8)
The 8051 Architecture

8051 Specific Features

 The 8051 architecture provides many functions (CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O, interrupt logic,
timer, etc.) in a single package
 8-bit ALU, Accumulator and 8-bit Registers; hence it is an 8-bitmicrocontroller
 8-bit data bus – It can access 8 bits of data in one operation
 16-bit address bus – It can access 216 memory locations – 64 KB (65536 locations) each
of RAM and ROM
 On-chip RAM – 128 bytes (data memory)
 On-chip ROM – 4 Kbyte (program memory)
 Four byte bi-directional input/output port
 UART (serial port)
  Two 16-bit Counter/timers
 Two-level interrupt priority and Power saving mode (on some derivatives)

The 8051 Programming Model

Keil was founded in 1982 by Günter and Reinhard Keil, initially as a German
GbR. In April 1985 the company was converted to Keil Elektronik GmbH to
market add-on products for the development tools provided by many of the silicon
vendors. Keil implemented the first C compiler designed from the ground-up
specifically for the 8051microcontroller.

Keil provides a broad range of development tools like ANSI “C” compiler, macro
assemblers, debuggers and simulators, linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time
operating systems and evaluation boards for Intel 8051, Intel MCS-251, ARM, and
XC16x[1]/C16x[2]/ST10[3] families.

In October 2005, Keil (Keil Elektronik GmbH in Munich, Germany, and Keil
Software, Inc. in Plano, Texas) were acquired by ARM.

The Keil Software development tools listed below are programs you use to
compile your C code, assemble your assembly source files, link and locate object
modules and libraries, create HEX files, and debug your target program. μVision
for Windows™ is an Integrated Development Environment that combines project
management, source code editing, and program debugging in one single, powerful
environment.

The ARM7ANSI Optimizing C Compiler creates re locatable object modules from

your C source code. The ARM Macro Assembler creates re locatable object
modules from your LPC21XX assembly source code. The Linker/Locator
combines re-locatable object modules created by the Compiler and the Assembler
into absolute object modules. The Library Manager combines object modules into
libraries that may be used by the linker. The Object-HEX Converter creates Intel
HEX files from absolute object modules.
The Keil development tools for ARM offer numerous features and advantages
that help you quickly and successfully develop embedded applications. They are
easy to use and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals. The μVision
IDE and Debugger is the central part of the Keil ARM development tools.
µVision offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.

In the μVision Build Mode you maintain the project files and generate the
application. μVision uses either the GNU or ARM ADS/Real View™ development
tools. In the μVision Debug Mode you verify your program either with a powerful
CPU and peripheral simulator that connects the debugger to the target system. The
ULINK allows you also to download your application into Flash ROM of your
target system. The μVision IDE from Keil combines project management, make
facilities, source code editing, program debugging, and complete simulation in one
powerful environment. The μVision development platform is easy-to-use and
helping you quickly create embedded programs that work. The μVision editor and
debugger are integrated in a single application that provides a seamless embedded
project development environment.

The μVision IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the easiest way for
most developers to create embedded applications using the Keil development
tools. To launch µVision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Keil μVision
which version you are using from the Start Menu.
 STEPS FOR EXECUTING THE SOFTWARE PROGRAM

μ VISION COMPILER∧SIMULATOR

STEPS FOR EXECUTING THE SOFTWARE PROGRAM:

STEP 1: Select the Kiel µVision software.

STEP 2: Select “Project” -> “New µVision Project”.

STEP 3: Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

STEP 4: Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

STEP 5: Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
STEP 6: Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

STEP 7: Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.
STEP 8: Type your program in the editing window.

STEP 9: Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option

STEP 10:
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.asm“extension.
 And then click on “Save” option

STEP 11:
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
STEP 12:

 Select to your Project folder

 Select “Files of type” as “Asm source file” if your program is written in assembly level
language or else select “C file” if your program is in C language

STEP 13:
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
STEP 14: Build the target.
 Go to “Project”.
 Select “Build Target” or press”F7” key.
Important: After building the target check for the error(s). If there is any error(s) go back to your
program, correct the error(s). The output window shows the line where error is found. After
correcting the error go back to Step 14 and repeat the processes until there is zero error

STEP 15: Debugging.

 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key.
Select “OK”.

STEP 15: Selecting Output Window.

 Choose appropriate Output window (Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your

program output.
 Type in the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to your
program.

STEP 16: Execution.

 Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time execution.
 For single step execution Press11.
 EXPERIMENT -1

Write a program to blink an LED

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to blink an LED by using Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer, Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0.

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Keil µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
  Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

#include <reg51.h>

void delay()
{

int i,j;

for(i=0; i<=10; i++)

for(j=0; j<=1024; j++);

void main()

while(1)

P1=0xCC;

delay();

P1=0x00;

delay();

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is watchdog timer?

2. What is semaphore?
3. What is mutex?
4. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
5. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
6. Advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline functions?
7. What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
8. Scope of static variables?
9. What is the difference between a ‘thread’ and a ‘process’?
10. Explain the working of Virtual Memory?
11. What is Concurrency? Explain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
12. What is the difference between fifo and the memory?
13. Is it necessary to start the execution of a program from the main() in C?
14. What is an anti aliasing filter? Why is it required?
15. How to implement a fourth order Butterworth LP filter at 1kHz if sampling
frequency is 8 kHz?
16. IS 8085 an embedded system?
17. What is the role of segment register?
18. What type of registers contains an (INTEL) CPU?
19. What is plc system?
20. What is difference between micro processor & micro controller?
21. Can we use semaphore or mutex or spin lock in interrupt context in linux
kernel?
22. DMA deals with which address (physical/virtual addresses)?
23. What is dirac delta function and its Fourier transform and its importance?
24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?
REALTIME APPLICATION:

The LCD display is an electronic device, which is frequently used in many applications for
displaying the information in a text or image format. The LCD is a display that can easily show
characters on its screen. The LCD display have consists 8-data lines and 3-control lines which
are used to interface to the microcontroller.

EXPERIMENT -2

Write a program to blink an LED continuously with a delay

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to blink an LED continuously with a delay by using
Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0.

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.
 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.
 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
  The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

# include <reg51.h>

# include <stdio.h>

sbit LED=P1^1;

void delay(unsigned int t)

unsigned int i,j;

for (i=0; i<t; i++)

for (j=0; j<1024; j++);

void main()

while(1)

LED=1;

delay(100);
 LED=0;

delay(100);

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:
The matrix keypad is an analog switching device, which is used in many embedded applications
to allow the user to perform the necessary tasks. A matrix keypad consists of an arrangement of
switches in matrix format in rows and columns. The rows and columns are connected to the
microcontroller such that the row of switches are connected to one pin and switches in each
column are connected to another pin, then perform the operations.

EXPERIMENT -3
Generate a square wave of 10 hz at pin P1.0 of 8051 using timer

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to generate a square wave of 10 hz at pin P1.0 of 8051
using timerby using Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0.

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
 the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.

 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Program:

#include <reg51.h> // include 8051 register file

sbit pin = P1^0; // decleare a variable type sbit for P1.0

main()

P1 = 0x00; // clear port

TMOD = 0x09; // initialize timer 0 as 16 bit timer

loop:TL0 = 0xAF; // load valur 15535 = 3CAFh so after

TH0 = 0x3C; // 50000 counts timer 0 will be overflow

pin = 1; // send high logic to P1.0

TR0 = 1; // start timer

while(TF0 == 0) {} // wait for first overflow for 50 ms

TL0 = 0xAF; // again reload count

TH0 = 0x3C;

pin = 0; // now send 0 to P1.0

while(TF0 == 0) {} // wait for 50 ms again

goto loop; // continue with the loop

}
Output:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:

A timer can be generalized as a multi-bit counter which increments/decrements itself on

receiving a clock signal and produces an interrupt signal up on roll over. When the counter is
running on the processor’s clock , it is called a “Timer”, which counts a predefined number of
processor clock pulses and generates a programmable delay. When the counter is running on an
external clock source (may be a periodic or aperiodic external signal) it is called a “Counter”
itself and it can be used for counting external events.

EXPERIMENT -4

Generate a Stepper motor

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to design a Stepper Motor by using Keil or Proteus
software.

Software used:Computer, Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0.

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

  Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
  To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.

Program:

#include<reg51.b>

sbit s1=P1^1;

sbit s2=P1^2;

sbit s3=P1^3;

sbit s4=P1^4;

void delay(unsigned int);

unsigned int i;

void main()

s1=s2=s3=s4=0;
while(1);

s1=1;s2=0;s3=0;s4=0;

delay(900);

s1=1;s2=1;s3=0;s4=0;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=1;s3=0;s4=0;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=1;s3=1;s4=0;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=0;s3=1;s4=0;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=0;s3=1;s4=1;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=0;s3=0;s4=1;

delay(900);

s1=1;s2=0;s3=0;s4=1;

delay(900);

s1=1;s2=0;s3=0;s4=1;

delay(900);

s1=0;s2=0;s3=0;s4=0;

delay(900);

delay(900);delay(900);

}
void delay(unsigned int i);

unsigned int p,j;

for(p=0; p<i;p++)

for(j=0;j<21;j++);

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is watchdog timer?

2. What is semaphore?
3. What is mutex?
4. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
5. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
6. Advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline functions?
7. What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
8. Scope of static variables?
9. What is the difference between a ‘thread’ and a ‘process’?
10. Explain the working of Virtual Memory?
11. What is Concurrency? Explain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
12. What is the difference between fifo and the memory?
13. Is it necessary to start the execution of a program from the main() in C?
14. What is an anti aliasing filter? Why is it required?
15. How to implement a fourth order Butterworth LP filter at 1kHz if sampling
frequency is 8 kHz?
16. IS 8085 an embedded system?
17. What is the role of segment register?
18. What type of registers contains an (INTEL) CPU?
19. What is plc system?
20. What is difference between micro processor & micro controller?
21. Can we use semaphore or mutex or spin lock in interrupt context in linux
kernel?
22. DMA deals with which address (physical/virtual addresses)?
23. What is dirac delta function and its Fourier transform and its importance?
24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:

A new algorithm for stepper-motor acceleration allows speed profiles to be parameterized and
calculated in real time. This algorithm can run on a low-end microcontroller using only simple
fixed-point arithmetic operations and no data tables. It develops an accurate approximation for
the timing of a linear ramp with constant acceleration and deceleration.
EXPERIMENT -5

Write a program for LCD displays

Aim: To write an Embedded C program for LCD displays by using Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0.

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
  Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

#include<reg51.h>

void delay_ms(unsigned int k)

{

unsigned int i,j;

for(i=0; i<=k; i++)

for(j=0; j<500; j++);

void LCD_display(char *str)

unsigned int j,k;

unsigned int sd[4]={0x3F,0x0E,0x01,0x80};

for(k=0; sd[k]!=0; k++)

P3=0x02;

P2=sd[k];

delay_ms(1);

P3=0x00;

delay_ms(100);

for(j=0; str[j]!=0; j++)

P3=0X03;

P2=str[j];

delay_ms(1);

P3=0x01;

}
void main()

P2=0x00;

P3=0x00;

while(1)

LCD_display("Embedded Systems");

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is watchdog timer?

2. What is semaphore?
3. What is mutex?
4. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
5. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
6. Advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline functions?
7. What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
8. Scope of static variables?
9. What is the difference between a ‘thread’ and a ‘process’?
10. Explain the working of Virtual Memory?
11. What is Concurrency? Explain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
12. What is the difference between fifo and the memory?
13. Is it necessary to start the execution of a program from the main() in C?
14. What is an anti aliasing filter? Why is it required?
15. How to implement a fourth order Butterworth LP filter at 1kHz if sampling
frequency is 8 kHz?
16. IS 8085 an embedded system?
17. What is the role of segment register?
18. What type of registers contains an (INTEL) CPU?
19. What is plc system?
20. What is difference between micro processor & micro controller?
21. Can we use semaphore or mutex or spin lock in interrupt context in linux
kernel?
22. DMA deals with which address (physical/virtual addresses)?
23. What is dirac delta function and its Fourier transform and its importance?
24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATIONS:

The 7-segment displays is the basic electronic displays, which are used in many systems to
display the numeric information. It consists of eight LEDs which are connected in sequential
manner so as to display digits from 0 to 9, when proper combinations of LEDs are switched on.
They can display only one digit at a time.

EXPERIMENT -6

Write a program for DC motor

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to design a DC Motor using Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file
 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database
 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
  Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

#include<reg52.h>

#include<stdio.h>

void delay(void);

sbit motor_pin_1 = P2^0;

sbit motor_pin_2 = P2^1;

void main()

do

motor_pin_1 = 1;

motor_pin_2 = 0; //Rotates Motor Anit Clockwise

delay();
 motor_pin_1 = 1;

motor_pin_2 = 1; //Stops Motor

delay();

motor_pin_1 = 0;

motor_pin_2 = 1; //Rotates Motor Clockwise

delay();

motor_pin_1 = 0;

motor_pin_2 = 0; //Stops Motor

delay();

}while(1);

void delay()

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<1000;i++)

for(j=0;j<1000;j++)

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is watchdog timer?

2. What is semaphore?
3. What is mutex?
4. Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
5. Why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
6. Advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline functions?
7. What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
8. Scope of static variables?
9. What is the difference between a ‘thread’ and a ‘process’?
10. Explain the working of Virtual Memory?
11. What is Concurrency? Explain with example Deadlock and Starvation.
12. What is the difference between fifo and the memory?
13. Is it necessary to start the execution of a program from the main() in C?
14. What is an anti aliasing filter? Why is it required?
15. How to implement a fourth order Butterworth LP filter at 1kHz if sampling
frequency is 8 kHz?
16. IS 8085 an embedded system?
17. What is the role of segment register?
18. What type of registers contains an (INTEL) CPU?
19. What is plc system?
20. What is difference between micro processor & micro controller?
21. Can we use semaphore or mutex or spin lock in interrupt context in linux
kernel?
22. DMA deals with which address (physical/virtual addresses)?
23. What is dirac delta function and its Fourier transform and its importance?
24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATIONS:

DC Motor plays a crucial role in research, industry and laboratory experiments because of
their simplicity and low cost. The speed of the motor can be controlled by three methods
namely terminal voltage control, armature rheostat control method and flux control method.
Here in this paper terminal voltage control method is employed. A control system is an
interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired
system response. A controlled DC-motor is developed allowing Arduino hardware which
acts as the interface between the computer (LabVIEW) and the outside world. It primarily
functions as a device that digitizes incoming analog signals so that the LabVIEW can
interpret them. The user interface was developed in an Arduino environment. The aim is to
control the speed of the dc motor using the Low Cost data acquisition board i.e. the Arduino
board interfaced with PID Controller in LabVIEW.

EXPERIMENT -7

Write a program Switch ON the LED by pressing the key ‘1’ on the keypad?
Aim: To write an Embedded C program to Switch ON the LED by pressing the key ‘1’ on the
keypadby using Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer, Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0

Procedure:

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file
 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database
 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
  Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

#include<reg51.h>

sbit r1=P2^0;

sbit c1=P3^0;

sbit LED=P0^1;

void main()

r1=0;

if(c1==0)
{

LED=0xff;

}
Output:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATIONS:

The matrix keypad is an analog switching device, which is used in many embedded applications
to allow the user to perform the necessary tasks. A matrix keypad consists of an arrangement of
switches in matrix format in rows and columns. The rows and columns are connected to the
microcontroller such that the row of switches are connected to one pin and switches in each
column are connected to another pin, then perform the operations.
 EXPERIMENT -8

Using Push Button Switch with 8051

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to design a push button switch with 8051by using Keil or
Proteus software.

Software used:Computer, Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file
 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database
 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
  Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program:

#include<reg52.h> /* special function register declarations */

sbit LED_pin = P2^0; //Defining LED PIN

sbit switch_pin = P0^0; //Defining Switch PIN

void Delay(int); //Function prototype declaration

void main (void)

switch_pin = 1; // Making Switch PIN input

LED_pin=1; //LED off initially

while(1) //infinite loop

if(switch_pin == 0 ) //If switch pressed

{
 LED_pin = 0; //LED ON

Delay(2000); //Delay

LED_pin = 1; //LED OFF

void Delay(int k)

int j;

int i;

for(i=0;i<k;i++)

for(j=0;j<100;j++)

Output:
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:

the I/O pin configurations for the TM4C123 microcontrollers. The regular function of a pin is to
perform parallel I/O. Most pins, however, have an alternative function. For example, port pins
PA1 and PA0 can be either regular parallel port pins or an asynchronous serial port called
universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter (UART). The ability to manage time, as an input
measurement and an output parameter, has made a significant impact on the market share growth
of microcontrollers. Joint Test Action Group (JTAG), standardized as the IEEE 1149.1, is a
standard test access port used to program and debug the microcontroller board. Each
microcontroller uses five port pins for the JTAG interface.

EXPERIMENT -9
Write a programming for Traffic light signal

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to design a Traffic light signal by using Keil or Proteus
software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0

Procedure:

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
  Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.

Program:

#include<reg51.h>

sbit ledG1=P0^1;

sbit ledR1=P0^2;

sbit ledY1=P0^3;
sbit ledG2=P0^4;

sbit ledR2=P0^5;

sbit ledY2=P0^6;

sbit ledG3=P2^1;

sbit ledR3=P2^2;

sbit ledY3=P2^3;

sbit ledG4=P2^4;

sbit ledR4=P2^5;

sbit ledY4=P2^6;

void delay(int x)

int i,j;

for(i=0;i<=x;i++)

for(j=0;j<=1024;j++);

void main()

P0=0x00;

P2=0x00;

while(1)

ledG1=1;

ledR1=0;

ledR2=1;

ledR4=1;
ledR3=1;

delay(2000);

ledG1=0;

ledY1=1;

delay(800);

ledY1=0;

ledR1=1;

ledR2=0;

ledG2=1;

delay(2000);

ledG2=0;

ledY2=1;

delay(800);

ledY2=0;

ledR2=1;

ledR3=0;

ledG3=1;

delay(2000);

ledG3=0;

ledY3=1;

delay(800);

ledY3=0;

ledR3=1;

ledR4=0;

ledG4=1;
delay(2000);

ledG4=0;

ledY4=1;

delay(800);

ledY4=0;

ledR4=1;

OUTPUT:
VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:

Nowadays, controlling the traffic becomes major issue because of rapid increase in automobiles
and also because of large time delays between traffic lights. So, in order to rectify this problem,
we will go for density based traffic lights system. This article explains you how to control the
traffic based on density.
 EXPERIMENT -10

Write a program to simultaneously Transmit and Receive data.

Aim: To write an Embedded C program to simultaneously Transmit and Receive data by using
Keil or Proteus software.

Software used:Computer,Keil Version4/5,Proteus 8.0

Procedure:

Keil Software

 Select the Kiel µVision software

 Select “Project” and “New µVision Project”.
 Create new project by entering your “File name” and then “Save” your file

 Choose “Atmel” microcontroller from the database

 Select “AT89C51” µC and click “OK” and then “YES” and “YES”
 Make sure that “STARTUP.A51” file is added to the target.

 Go to “File” and select “New” for text (program) editing window.

 Type your program in the editing window.
 Save your program by going to “File” -> “Save” option
 “Save in” your project folder.
 Give file name with “.C“ extension.
 And then click on “Save” option
 Right click on “Source Group1”
 Select “Add Files to ‘Group Source Group 1’”.
 Select to your Project folder
 Select “Files of type” as “C source file”
 Select your program file.
 And then click on “Add” to add the file to your source group.
 Notice that your file is added to the Source group
 Go to “Debug”.
 Select “Start/ Stop Debug Session” or press”Ctrl+F5” key
 Selecting Output Window.:- Choose appropriate Output window
(Memory/serial/logic analyzer) according to your program output. Type in
 the input parameters (memory address/ port address/ timer) according to
your program.
 Execution:- Go to “Debug”, Select “Run” or press” F5” key for one time
execution. For single step execution Press11.

Proteus Software
 Open Software and select New design in File menu
 An untitled design sheet will be opened, save it according to your wish,it is
better to create a new folder for every layout as it generates other files
supporting your design.
 To Select components, Click on the component mode button.
 Click On Pick from Libraries. It shows the categories of components
available and a search option to enter the part name.
 Select the components from categories or type the part name in Keywords
text box.
 The selected components will appear in the devices list. Select the
component and place it in the design sheet by left-click.

 Place all the required components and route the wires i.e, make
connections.
 Either selection mode above the component mode or component mode
allows to connect through wires. Left click from one terminal to other to
make connection. Double right-click on the connected wire or the
component to remove connection or the component respectively.
 Double click on the component to edit the properties of the components and
click on Ok.
 After connecting the circuit,click on the play button to run the simulation
 Simulation can be stepped, paused or stopped at any time.
Program

#include <reg51.h>

main()

{
 TMOD=0x20; // set timer1 in 16 bit timer mode

SCON=0x40; // initialize serial communication

TL1=0xFD; // load timer 1 to generate baud rate of 96KBps

TH1 = 0xFD;

TR1 = 1; // start timer 1

loop:REN = 1; // enable reception

while(RI==0)

} // wait until data is received

RI=0; // clear receive flag

ACC = SBUF; // get data in to acc

REN = 0; // now disable reception

SBUF = ACC; // start transmission

while(TI==0){} // wait until data transmitted

TI=0; // clear transmission flag

goto loop; // continue this cycle

//main program

//

int main(void)
{

char key; //key char for keeping record of pressed key

int num1=0; //first number

char func=’+’;//function to be performed among two numbers

int num2=0; //second number

cct_init(); //make input and output pins are required

1cdinit(); //intilize lcd

while(1)

//get function

key=get_key();

writecmd(0x01); //clear display

writedata(key); // echo the key pressed to lcd

func=get_func(key); // get int number from char value,it checks for rom input as well

if(func!=’e’); //if correct input then proceed,num1==error means wrong input

key=get_key();

writedata(key); //echo the key press to lcd

num2=get_num(key); //it checks for wrong func

if(num2!=error) //if correct input then proceed,func==’e’ means wrong input

key = get_key();

writedata(key); //echo the key pressed to lcd

if(key==’=’) //if=is pressed then proceed

{
Switch(func) //switch on func

case ‘+’ : disp_num(num1+num2); break;

case ‘-‘ : disp_num(num1-num2); break;

case ‘x’ : disp_num(num1*num2); break;

case ‘/’ : disp_num(num1/num2); break;

else //key other then=near means error wrong input

if(key == ‘c’) //if clear screen is pressed then clear screen and reset

writecmd(0x01); //clear screen

else

disperror(0); //display wrong input error

}
Output:

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What are hard and soft Real time systems?

2. What is a semaphore? What are the different types of semaphore?
3. Write a constant time consuming statement lot finding out If a given
number Is a power of 2?
4. What are recursive functions? Can we make them in line?
5. What is the size of the int, char and float data types?
6. What does malloc do? What will happen if we have a statement like malloc
(sizeof(0));
7. What is meant by a forward reference in C?
8. What is the order of calling for the constructors and destructors in case of
objects of inherited classes?
9. Explain the properties of a Object oriented programming language.
10. What do you mean by interrupt latency?
11. What typecast is applied when we have a signed and an unsigned int in an
expression?
12. How are variables mapped across to the various memories by the C
compiler?
13. What is a memory leak? What is a segmentation fault?
14. What is ISR? Can they be passed any parameter and can they return a
value?
15. a=7; b=8; x=a++-b; printf(“%d”, x ); What does this code give as output?
16. What are little endian and big endian types of storage? How can you
identify which type of allocation a system follows?
17. What is the scope of a function that is declared as static?
18. What is the use of having the const qualifier?
19. Why do we need a infinite loop in embedded systems development? What
are the different ways by which you can code in a infinite loop?
20. What is the difference between embedded systems and the system in
which rtos is running?
21 .What Is The Difference Between Embedded Systems And The System In Which Rtos Is
Running?

22 .What Is Pass By Value And Pass By Reference? How Are Structure Passed As Arguments?

23. What is the use of volatile keyword?

24. Can a variable be both const and volatile?

24. What is the difference between testing and verification of vlsi circuit?
25. While writing interrupt handlers (ISR), which are points needed to be
considered?
26. Explain can microcontroller work independently?
27. Explain What happens when recursion functions are declared inline?
28. Explain Scope of static variables?
29. What is interrupt latency?
30. Explain Operations involving unsigned and signed? Unsigned will be
converted to signed?
31. Explain Order of constructor and destructor call in case of multiple
inheritance?
32. Explain Difference between object oriented and object based languages?
33. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using macro and inline
functions?
34. Explain why cannot arrays be passed by values to functions?
35. Explain what is interrupt latency? How can we reduce it?
36. Explain what are the different qualifiers in C?
37. Explain What are the 5 different types of inheritance relationship?
38. Explain What will this return malloc(sizeof(-10))?
39. Explain Can structures be passed to the functions by value?
40. Explain can we have constant volatile variable?
41. Explain what are the different storage classes in C?
42. Explain what is forward reference w.r.t. pointers in c?
43. How is function itoa() written in C?
44. Explain what is the difference between embedded systems and the system
in which RTOS is running?
45. How to define a structure with bit field members?
46. Explain what is interrupt latency?
47. Explain Scope of static variables?
48. What is pass by value and pass by reference? How are structure passed as
arguments?
49. What is difference between using a macro and a in line function?
50. What is the volatile keyword used for?

REALTIME APPLICATION:

Serial communication is commonly used for transmitting and receiving the signal. The 8051
microcontroller have consist UART serial communication the signals transmitted and received
by the Rx and Tx pins. The UART takes bytes of data and sends the individual bits in a
sequential manner. The registers are a way to collect and store the data in the memory. UART
is a half-duplex protocol. Half-duplex means transferring and receiving the data, but not at the
same time.