Starter

Grammar reference

Present simple and present Quantifiers: a/an, some/any,

continuous much/many, a few, a lot of
• we use the present simple for habits and regular • we use a lot of with plural nouns to talk about a large
activities She uses chopsticks to eat her food. quantity They eat a lot of pasta and rice.
• we use the present continuous for an action that is • we use some in affirmative sentences with
happening at the moment of speaking uncountable and plural countable nouns to talk
I’m checking my email right now. about a medium quantity
The students need to bring some money with them.
Time expressions • we use a few in affirmative sentences with plural

• with the present simple and the present continuous,

countable nouns to talk about a small quantity
They each have a few sweets for the journey.
time expressions (e.g. every day, now) usually go
at the end of the phrase, but they can go at the • we use many in negative sentences with plural
beginning He plays football at the weekend. countable nouns to talk about a small quantity
Today I’m working in the library. He doesn’t have many friends to talk to.
• we use much in negative sentences with
Comparative and superlative uncountable nouns to talk about a small quantity
They don’t have much time to relax.
adjectives
• we use any in negative sentences with uncountable
Adjective Comparative Superlative and plural countable nouns to talk about zero
single big bigger than the biggest quantity Students don’t need to bring any snacks.
syllable old older than the oldest
adjectives large larger than the largest too, too much/many,
two lovely lovelier than the loveliest (not) enough
syllables
ending -y • we use too before an adjective to say that something
is more than we need or want
two or famous more famous the most
more than famous This book is too long, I don’t think I can finish it.
syllables • we use too much before an uncountable noun to say
irregular good better than the best that there is more than we need or want
bad worse than the worst There was too much traffic, so it took a long time to
far further than the furthest get home.

• we use comparative adjectives to compare two • we use too many before a countable noun to say that
things, people or places there is more than we need or want
Mexico City is bigger than Cancun. There are too many dishes on the menu – I can’t
decide what I want to eat.
• we use superlative adjectives to compare three or
• we use adjective + enough to say that something is
more things, people or places
My friend Gina is the loveliest person in the world. sufficient The car was big enough for us all.
• we use not + adjective + enough to say that
was/were something is insufficient
The holiday wasn’t exciting enough for me.
• we use was with I/he/she/it and were with
you/we/ they
Past simple
• we form the negative with was not (wasn’t) or were
• we use the past simple to talk about completed
not (weren’t) actions in the past
He was not (wasn’t) happy about the decision. I lived in London for a year when I was fifteen.
• we put was/were before the subject in questions and They didn’t study French until they were ten years old.
in short answers we use was/wasn’t or were/weren’t
Were your parents at the theatre yesterday? used to
Yes, they were. No, they weren’t.
• we use used to to talk about past habits and states
She didn’t use to enjoy swimming in the sea.
A: Did he use to live in London? B: Yes, he did.

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 Grammar practice Starter

Present simple and Quantifiers: a/an, some/any,

continuous much/many, a few, a lot of
1 Choose the correct words. 4 Find and correct one mistake in each
1 I prefer/am preferring pop music to classical sentence.
music. 1 How much different countries have you been to?
2 We often order/are ordering a takeaway pizza many
on Friday evenings. 2 He didn’t buy me some presents – not one!
3 He uses/is using WhatsApp to send messages to
his friends. 3 I’ve got a few of homework – I can’t go out
4 They don’t like/aren’t liking cats; they prefer tonight.
dogs. 4 Do you have a umbrella I could borrow?
5 She isn’t driving/doesn’t drive to the shops
because she doesn’t have the car today.
6 How many of you exercise/are exercising twice too, too much/many, (not)
or three times a week?
enough
Comparative and superlative 5 Rewrite the sentences so they have the same
adjectives meaning. Use too, (not) enough and the word
in brackets.
2 Complete the sentences with the comparative 1 This town is too small. (big)
or superlative form of the adjectives in This town isn’t big enough.
brackets. 2 These exercises aren’t easy enough. (difficult)
1 I think physics is more interesting than chemistry. 
(interesting)
3 Ted is the right height to be a pilot. (tall)
2 Angie and Mary are people in our

class. (noisy)
4 This pizza is too small for all of us. (big)
3 I’m you at basketball. (bad)

4 Climbing up a mountain is walking
down a mountain. (tiring) 5 We ordered a huge amount of food. (much)
5 They live in house in the village. 
(large)
6 I think skiing is surfing. (easy) Past simple and used to
6 Complete the sentences with the past simple,
was/were used to or didn’t use to form of the verbs in the
3 Complete the dialogue with was, were, wasn’t box.
or weren’t. do not like not post send take
A: It 1 was my parent’s tenth wedding
anniversary yesterday. My mum 2 1 I sent you a text at 11 o’clock last night.
excited; it was just another normal day for her. 2 He read the blog, but he a
There 3 many letters in the post comment.
that morning, but there 4 a card
3 they any good
from my dad. When my mum opened it, there 5
photos yesterday?
two plane tickets to Vancouver in it.
B: 6
 she excited then? 4 We our homework in our
A: Yes, she 7 ! Very excited! notebooks but now we use our laptops.
5 They like eating sushi but now they
love it.

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 1
Starter
Grammar reference

past continuous
Past simple, past continuous
and used to now
past simple
Past simple
Affirmative
I/You lived. past simple past simple now
He/She/It lived.
We/You/They lived. • we use the past simple for finished actions in the past
Last night I had dinner, watched a film and went to bed.
Negative
I/You didn’t (did not) live. • we use the past continuous for an action that was in
He/She/It didn’t (did not) live. progress in the past
We/You/They didn’t (did not) live. We were watching TV at eight o’clock last night.
Questions Short answers • the past simple form of be is was/were and the past
Did I/you live? Yes, I/you did. simple of can is could
No, I/you didn’t. He was ten years old when he did his first photoshoot.
Did he/she/it live? Yes, he/she/it did. They couldn’t remember what the homework was.
No, he/she/it didn’t.
Did we/you/they live? Yes, we/you/they did. • we use used to/didn’t use to to talk about past habits
No, we/you/they didn’t. and states
I didn’t use to drink coffee but now I love it.
Past continuous She used to be shy but now she’s very confident in front
of the camera.
Affirmative
I was living
You were living when and while
He/She/It was living
We/You/They were living when and while
Negative He was cycling away when he saw the bird.
I wasn’t living While he was cycling away, he saw the bird.
You weren’t living
He/She/It wasn’t living • we can use the past simple and past continuous in
We/You/They weren’t living the same sentence; we use the past continuous for
actions in progress in the past and the past simple for
Questions Short answers events which interrupt the action in progress
Was I living? Yes, I was.
Will was doing his homework when Lucy arrived.
No, I wasn’t.
Were you living? Yes, you were. • we use the past simple after when

Was he/she/it living?

No, you weren’t.
Yes, he/she/it was. • we use the past continuous after while
No, he/she/it wasn’t.
Were we/you/they living? Yes, we/you/they were. Subject and object questions
No, we/you/they weren’t.
• question words can be either the subject or the
object of the verb
• if the question word is the subject of the question,
we do not use an auxiliary verb
Who saw you in the library? Tom saw me in the library.
• if the question word is the object of the question,
we use an auxiliary verb (do, does or did)
Who did you see in the library? I saw Tina and Jill.

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 Grammar practice 1

Past simple and past when and while

continuous 4 Complete the sentences with when or while.
1 Choose the correct words. 1 I was surprised when I heard the news.
1 I saw the accident while I walked/was walking 2 They saw a whale they were sailing.
to school this morning. 3 We stayed in the café it was raining.
2 A bus was coming along the road when a cat 4 Jane was running towards me she
ran/was running in front of it. suddenly stopped.
3 The driver saw/was seeing the cat and tried to 5 I felt bored I was listening to the
avoid it. presentation.
4 While the driver tried/was trying to avoid the 6 I was taking a photo of the bird it
cat, he drove into a tree. flew away.
5 Some birds sat/were sitting in the tree and they
suddenly flew away. Subject and object questions
6 The driver couldn’t move/could moving the bus,
so I called the emergency services. 5 Are these questions subject or object
questions? Write subject or object.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form 1 Where did you go on holiday? object
of the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple 2 What did you do at the weekend?
or the past continuous.
3 What happened in the last scene of the film?
1 Someone went into their room while they
were sleeping . (go/sleep)
4 Who ate all the biscuits?
2 While Ali , she her
5 Why did he leave university?
arm. (snowboard/break)
6 Who told you about this new café?
3 when I home?
(you work/get)
6 Match questions 1–6 with answers a–f.
4 We at our desks when the teacher
1 Who married Prince Harry?  e
in. (not sit/come)
2 Who did Prince Harry marry? 
5 Dad a photo of us while we
. (take/windsurf) 3 Who phoned you? 
6 They a picnic when it 4 Who did you phone? 
to rain. (have/start) 5 Who wrote Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone?
3 Complete the text with the correct form of the 6 What did J.K. Rowling write? 
verbs in the box. Use the past simple or the
past continuous. a J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter and the
Philosopher’s Stone.
do go not know sit try watch b He married Meghan Markle.
c I phoned my friend.
1 I was doing my homework at nine o’clock
d She wrote books.
last night. I had to write a blog, but I
2 what to write about. Then, while e Meghan Markle married Prince Harry.
I3 in front of my computer, I heard f My friend phoned me.
a noise outside. I 4 outside and I
saw three men who 5 to open our
garage door. I 6 them for a few
seconds and then I called the police!

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 2
Starter
Grammar reference

Present perfect for, since and How long ...?

• we use the present perfect to talk about experiences • we use How long with present perfect questions to
or actions in the past when we don’t mention (or we ask about the duration of an activity or situation
don’t know) the exact time How long has she been an engineer?
He has bought a lottery ticket.
• we use for with durations of time
Affirmative Negative She’s been an engineer for more than three years.
I/You’ve (have) seen I/You haven’t (have not) • we use since with starting points in time (when the
gone activity commenced)
He/She/It’s (has) seen He/She/It hasn’t (has not) She’s been an engineer since August 2016.
gone
We/You/They’ve seen We/You/They haven’t
(have not) gone
just, yet and already
• we use just with the present perfect to describe
• we form the affirmative of the present perfect with something that happened very recently
have/has + the past participle of the verb I’ve just finished cooking dinner.
My brother has built a robot.
• we use already with the present perfect to describe
• we form the negative of the present perfect with something that happened sooner than expected
haven’t/hasn’t + the past participle of the verb He’s already learnt to drive.
We haven’t collected any money for charity this year.
• we use yet with the present perfect to say or ask
Questions Short answers whether something has happened or not
Have I/you (ever) been …? Yes, I/you have. We haven’t written our essays yet.
No, I/you haven’t. Have you phoned him yet?
Has he/she/it (ever) been Yes, he/she/it has.
…? No, he/she/it hasn’t. Present perfect and past
Have we/you/they (ever) Yes, we/you/they have.
been …? No, we/you/they haven’t. simple
• we form questions with have/has + subject + past
• we use the present perfect to talk about continuing
situations when the time period is not finished
participle
He’s had that laptop for six months.
Where have you been?
• we often use ever with the present perfect to ask
• we also use the present perfect for things that have
happened once or a number of times in a certain
questions about experiences in the past time period
Have you ever built a robot? I’ve had German class twice this week.
• for regular verbs, the past participle is the same as
• we never use the present perfect for something that
the past simple happened at a specific time in the past; we use the
• for past participles of irregular verbs, see the irregular past simple in this case
verb list on p80 We went to the shopping centre last Saturday.
• we use past simple questions to ask for more
information about an experience
When did you go to the Philippines?

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 Grammar practice 2

Present perfect 4 Complete the sentences with for or since.

1 My mum hasn’t worked for ten years.
1 Complete the sentences with the present 2 There’s been a church here more
perfect form of the verbs in brackets. than five centuries.
1 She ’s bought a new bag. (buy) 3 I’ve known her last summer.
2 We a good time today. (have) 4 Henry has wanted to be a singer he
3 The students any voluntary work was young.
this term. (not do) 5 They haven’t seen Rose two weeks.
4 you ever Chinese 6 I’ve had a headache lunchtime.
food? (eat)
5 he ever a car? (drive)
Present perfect with just,
6 They the museum in the city centre.
(not visit) already and yet
7 I this dish before – it’s delicious.
5 Complete the sentences with just, already or
(cook)
yet.
2 Write complete sentences or questions in the 1 I’ve just cleaned the floor so it’s still wet.
present perfect. 2 They’ve eaten all the sandwiches,
1 you / ever / design / a video game / ? but there is some cake left.
Have you ever designed a video game? 3 He’s passed his driving test so he’s
very excited.
2 how long / you / live / in / this house / ?
4 Have you designed the new video app

?
3 she / not try / sushi / before / .
5 We haven’t completed our project .

6 I’ve read this book – we studied it in
4 I / not / catch / a fish / in this river / . English last year.
 7 Tina’s walked in. Do you want to
5 he / get / his driving licence / ? speak to her?

6 we / see / the Tower of London / . Present perfect and past
 simple
7 he / learn / to cook / pasta and pizza / .
 6 Complete the dialogue with the present
perfect or the past simple form of the verbs in
the box.
Present perfect with for, since
and How long …? go (x2) have live see take visit

3 Complete the table with the time expressions A: 1 Have you ever seen any of the
in the box. natural wonders of the world?
B: Yes, I have. I 2 the Great Barrier Reef
2019 a few minutes a long time a year off the Australian coast.
April four o’clock hours last year
A: Really? When 3 you
six months the beginning of the century there?
B: I 4 two years ago when I was
For Since visiting my cousins in Cairns. They 5
2019 there for three years.
A: What was it like?
B: 
It was amazing. It’s the best experience
I6 ever .
I7 some great photos while
I was diving.

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 3
Starter
Grammar reference

Modal verbs: possibility • we use must and have to to show obligation

We must be quiet in the library.
Present Past
Affirmative
• we only use have to in questions about obligation
Do I have to do the exam today?
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/
They can run. They could run. • we use had to to talk about obligation in the past
She had to tidy her bedroom before she went out.
I was able to run.
You were able to run. • we use don’t have to to show that there is no
obligation or that something isn’t necessary
He/She/It was able to run. She doesn’t have to go to work tomorrow.
We/You/They were able to
run.
Modal verbs: prohibition
Negative
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ • we use mustn’t to show prohibition. It does not mean
the same as don’t have to
They can’t run. They couldn’t run.
You mustn’t eat in the classroom.
I wasn’t able to run.
You weren’t able to run.
Gerund and infinitive
He/She/It wasn’t able to run.
We/You/They weren’t able
• some verbs are followed by the gerund, some by the
infinitive and some verbs can be followed by both
to run.

• we use can/can’t to talk about the possibility of Verb + gerund Verb + Verb + gerund
something happening in the present or future infinitive or infinitive
We can cook pizza tonight. admit, deny, agree, choose, continue,
I can’t speak Chinese. enjoy, finish, decide, hope, like, prefer,
hate, miss, learn, need, offer, remember, stop,
• we use could or be able to to talk about general practise, plan, promise, try
possibilities in the past recommend, want
I was able to learn songs easily when I was younger. (can’t) stand,
• we use (not) be able to and couldn’t to talk about a suggest
He denied We need to study She continues to
specific situation in the past; we don’t use could to
talk about a specific situation finishing the harder. study French.
I couldn’t eat it – it was too hot. cake. They continued
playing that
horrible music.
Modal verbs: obligation
• we can use the gerund as the subject of a sentence
Present Past Eating too much chocolate can be bad for your health.
Affirmative • we use the gerund after certain prepositions
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ She is very good at playing the piano.
They must go. We are interested in studying Chinese history.
I/You have to go. I/You had to go. My dad keeps fit by cycling to work every day.
He/She/It has to go. He/She/It had to go. • we use the infinitive to talk about purpose
We/You/They have to go. We/You/They had to go. Add salt and pepper to improve the flavour.
Negative • we use the infinitive after certain adjectives
I/You don’t (do not) have I/You didn’t (did not) have It’s difficult to concentrate with all that noise next
to go. to go. door.
He/She/It doesn’t (does He/She/It didn’t (did not) It’s good to know that you like your new school.
not) have to go. have to go. I think it’s important to consider all your options before
We/You/They don’t (do We/You/They didn’t (did not) you decide.
not) have to go. have to go.

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 Grammar practice 3

Modal verbs: possibility Modal verbs

1 Complete the sentences with the words and 4 Choose the correct words.
phrases in the box. 1 I’m exhausted. I must/don’t have to go to bed.
can can’t could couldn’t was able were able to 2 We haven’t got much time. We don’t have to/
must hurry.
1 The teacher asked me a question, but I 3 The water isn’t free. You have to/don’t have to
couldn’t answer it. pay for it.
2 The concert was very popular, but luckily we 4 He can bring some food, but he must/
get tickets. doesn’t have to.
3 After improving my diet, I found I 5 We don’t have any plans today, so we
remember information better. were able to/can take it easy this morning.
4 Eating certain fruits, such as mangoes, 6 She was able to/could reserve a table at the
help you relax. restaurant for eight o’clock tonight.
5 You ride your bike today because
the tyre is flat. Gerund and infinitive
6 I to answer all the questions in the
exam so I should get a good mark. 5 Choose the correct words.
1 He admitted to do/doing the wrong exercise for
homework.
Modal verbs: obligation
2 My school considers it important to keep/
2 Read the sentences and choose the correct keeping the streets near school free of traffic.
meaning. 3 I promise to meet/meeting you after school
1 Classes must start at eight o’clock. today.
a obligation b no obligation 4 My dad is improving his Spanish by practising/
to practise with native Spanish speakers.
2 We have to say ‘hello’ when the teacher comes in.
5 Drinking/To drink a minimum of one litre of
a obligation b no obligation
water a day is a good way to keep hydrated.
3 Do you have to wear school uniform?
6 I go cycling with my friends twice a week to try/
a obligation b no obligation trying to keep fit.
4 Students don’t have to eat lunch in school.
a obligation b no obligation 6 Find and correct one mistake in each
5 We must hand in our homework on time. sentence.
a obligation b no obligation 1 The teacher suggested to take the book home for
the weekend.
6 My brother must wear glasses in class.
The teacher suggested taking the book home
a obligation b no obligation
for the weekend.
2 John chose studying maths and physics this term.
Modal verbs: prohibition

3 Write complete sentences with mustn’t. 3 My sister is only interested in get good grades at
1 you / point / it’s rude / at him / because school.
You mustn’t point at him because it’s rude. 
2 forget / Luke / to send / a birthday card / we 4 To study all night long is not a very good idea.
 
3 only three / play / Jack / video games / is / so / he 5 Does the doctor think it’s necessary stopping
eating meat?


4 tell / you / because / wrong / it’s / lies /
6 I went into the shop buying a drink.


5 me / interrupt / it’s very / because / rude / you


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 4
Starter
Grammar reference

• we often use the words after, before, when and by

Past perfect with the past perfect

• we always use the past perfect with the past simple. After I’d done my homework, I watched a film.
We use the past perfect for the action that started
first and the past simple for the action closer to the Relative pronouns
present
People Possession Things Times Places
who whose which when where
that - that - -

• we use relative pronouns to give essential

information about people, things, times and places.
They are used to link two sentences.
There’s the boy. He lives on my street.
There’s the boy who lives on my street.
• we use who for people, which for things, when for
times and where for places
That’s the classroom which doesn’t have a whiteboard.
I’ll never forget the day when my little brother was born.
She’d love to live in a country where it’s always hot.
• we can use that instead of who or which
There’s the boy that lives on my street.
• we use whose to talk about possession
There’s the man whose dog barks a lot.

They had finished dinner when I arrived. Defining relative clauses

• we form the past perfect with subject + had + past • we use defining relative clauses to provide necessary
participle information about someone or something

• to form the negative, we add not after had

This is the restaurant where John works.
• the clause usually comes immediately after the noun
Affirmative Negative it refers to
I/You’d (had) gone. I/You hadn’t (had not) gone. I know a boy who plays in a band.
He/She/It’d (had) gone. He/She/It hadn’t (had not)
gone.
We/You/They’d (had) We/You/They hadn’t (had
gone. not) gone.

• to form questions, we use had + subject + past

participle

Questions Short answers

Had I gone? Yes, I had.
No, I hadn’t.
Had you gone? Yes, you had.
No, you hadn’t.
Had he/she/it gone? Yes, he/she/it had.
No, he/she/it hadn’t.
Had we/you/they gone? Yes, we/you/they had.
No, we/you/they hadn’t.

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 Grammar practice 4

Past perfect Relative pronouns

1 Choose the correct words. 4 Choose the correct word.
1 We ran to the bus stop but by the time we got 1 Veronica Roth is the author who/which/whose
there, Sue had already left/left already. wrote Divergent.
2 The restaurant close/had closed long before we 2 That is the girl whose/that/which brother knows
arrived. your brother.
3 I celebrated after I’d won/win the prize. 3 Portobello Road Market in London is a place that/
4 By the time she was 21, she had already finished/ which/where you can buy all kinds of things.
have finished university. 4 That’s the teacher which/whose/who gave Joe and
5 The play had just started/hadn’t just start when Tim detention.
we entered the theatre. 5 A graphic novel is a book who/which/what
6 Had they designed/Did they designed any contains more pictures than text.
apps before they made this one? 6 Spike Lee and Chris Nolan are two directors that/
7 We hadn’t done/didn’t done any research before whose/which I really admire.
the class began. 7 It was last week that/when/which I bought this
dress, wasn’t it?
2 Complete the sentences with the phrases in
the box. Defining relative clauses
had already seen had he starred
had invented had just started
5 Use a relative pronoun to join the two
sentences.
had looked hadn’t done hadn’t found
1 I’ve got three cousins. They live in the south of
1 Before I bought this phone I had looked at a lot France.
of different models. I’ve got three cousins who live in the south of
2 It to rain when we set off on our France.
walk. 2 We visited the Natural History Museum. We saw a
3 I the film, but I didn’t mind dinosaur exhibition.
watching it again. 
4 After they a new water filter process, 3 We went to a great new restaurant. It had a lot of
they won an award. seafood.
5 She an empty seat on the train 
before it set off. 4 James Dashner is the author. He wrote the Maze
6 in any other films before he got this Runner series of books.
role? 
7 We our experiment so we couldn’t 5 Camila Cabello is a singer. Her single ‘Havana’ was a
write up the results in class. great hit.

3 Complete the sentences with the past perfect
form of the verbs in brackets. 6 I was working in my bedroom. I heard the news.
1 When I got home, my brother had eaten all my 
sweets. (eat)
6 Complete the sentences with a relative
2 She didn’t buy the book because she
pronoun.
the film. (see)
1 Paige Brown is a young inventor
3 My mum got angry because I her
comes from America.
where we were going. (not tell)
2 Paige invented a device can clean
4 Before he went to Beijing, he
water.
Chinese food. (not try)
3 Paige built a laboratory at home she
5 I didn’t play in the match because I
developed her first invention.
my tennis racket at home. (leave)
4 Her invention is useful for farmers
6 They tickets so they couldn’t go to
crops can benefit.
the concert. (not buy)
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Starter
Grammar reference

The passive: present The passive: questions and

Affirmative Negative answers
I’m (am) paid. I’m not (am not) paid. Present passive
You’re (are) paid. You aren’t (are not) paid. Am I paid? Yes, I am.
He/She/It’s (is) paid. He/She/It isn’t (is not) paid. No, I’m not.
We/You/They’re (are) We/You/They aren’t (are not) Are you paid? Yes, you are.
paid. paid. No, you aren’t.

• the present simple passive is formed with the present

Is he/she/it paid? Yes, he/she/it is.
No, he/she/it isn’t.
simple of be + the past participle of the verb
Are we/you/they paid? Yes, we/you/they are.
English is spoken all over the world. No, we/you/they aren’t.
• for past participles of irregular verbs, see the irregular
verb list on p80 Past passive
• we use by in passive sentences if we want to talk Was I invited? Yes, I was.
about who or what does the action No, I wasn’t.
This song is sung by Taylor Swift. Were you invited? Yes, you were.
No, you weren’t.
The passive: past Was he/she/it invited? Yes, he/she/it was.
No, he/she/it wasn’t.
Affirmative Negative Were we/you/they invited? Yes, we/you/they were.
I was invited. I wasn’t (was not) invited. No, we/you/they weren’t.
You were invited. You weren’t (were not)
invited.
• passive questions are formed with (question word) +
the present/past simple of be + subject + the past
He/She/It was invited. He/She/It wasn’t (was not) participle of the verb
invited. When was the Eiffel Tower built?
We/You/They were We/You/They weren’t (were
invited. not) invited. • we put prepositions and other words at the end of
the question
• the past simple passive is formed with the past Who was the photo taken by?
simple of be + the past participle of the verb What is the statue made of?
The film was directed by Spike Lee.

Active and passive

• active sentences start with the subject; the subject is
the person or thing that does the action
Ed Sheeran wrote the song.
• we use the passive when the action of the sentence
is important, not the person who did it
active: They make chopsticks from wood.
passive: Chopsticks are made from wood.
• we also use the passive when we do not know who
does the action
active: Somebody designed the app in 2019.
passive: The app was designed in 2019.
• we use the passive in writing more than in speaking
• we often use the passive in writing to describe a
process
Then the app was released.

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 Grammar practice 5

The passive: present 4 Correct the mistakes.

1 This photo took on our holiday in Indonesia last
1 Complete the sentences with the present summer.
passive of the verbs in brackets. This photo was taken on our holiday in Indonesia
1 This stadium is used for concerts. (use) last summer.
2 CDs in many shops these days. 2 Leonardo da Vinci was painted this picture in around
(not sell) 1506.
3 Millions of selfies every day. (take) 
4 Over two hundred photos on my 3 This designer is produced wonderful clothes for
phone. (store) teenagers.
5 Mandarin Chinese in this film. 
(not speak)
4 These sculptures made for a special outdoor
6 Graffiti art on this wall in the city exhibition last summer.
centre. (allow)

7 These paintings in the Fine Art
gallery. (display) 5 The potter is used special materials to make this kind
of pottery.

The passive: past 6 In this room we have artwork that painted by Monet,
2 Choose the correct words. Picasso and Dali.
1 The film Toy Story 4 by Josh Cooley. 
a was directed b were directed
2 The competition last week. The passive: questions and
a was held b were held answers
3 A lot of fan letters to the actor.
5 Complete the present passive questions with the
a were send b were sent
correct form of the verbs in the box.
4 We to the award ceremony.
a weren’t invited b were invite close display make own speak use
5 The email account by Grace.
1 What products are made of plastic?
a was create b wasn’t created
2 the drawings in this
6 The animals by the noisy visitors room?
yesterday.
3 Spanish in this country?
a weren’t disturbed b aren’t disturbed
4 these paper bags by
many customers?
Active and passive 5 What time the park gates
?
3 Choose the correct words.
6 this field by the school?
The film Avengers: Endgame 1 was released/
is released in 2019. It quickly 2 became/ 6 Write past passive questions.
was become one of the most profitable films ever.
1 who / this essay / write / by
It 3 made/was made over $1billion in the first
weekend. The film 4 was directed/directed by Joe Who was this essay written by?
and Anthony Russo. Several famous actors 5 appear/ 2 this picture / paint / by Frida Kahlo
is appeared in the film including Robert Downey Jr, 
Chris Evans and Scarlett Johansson. The plot 3 when / this statue / make
6 is based/based on the need to destroy Thanos
and return order to the universe. Superheroes like 
Thor, Iron Man and Hulk 7 are required/required 4 this app / design / by the new student
to work together to save the day. 
5 where / the show / hold

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 6
Starter
Grammar reference

Future tenses: will Is he/she/it going to Yes, he/she/it is.

speak? No, he/she/it isn’t.
Affirmative Are we/you/they going Yes, we/you/they are.
I/You’ll (will) win. to speak? No, we/you/they aren’t.
He/She/It’ll (will) win.
We/You/They’ll (will) win.
• we use be + (not) + going to + infinitive without to
to talk about future intentions
Negative They aren’t going to see their friends.
I/You won’t (will not) lose.
He/She/It won’t (will not) lose.
• we also use be going to when there is evidence in the
present that something is likely to happen
We/You/They won’t (will not) lose. It looks like it’s going to rain later.

Questions Short answers Future tenses: might

Will I/you win? Yes, I/you will.
No, I/you won’t.
• we use might/might not + the infinitive without to
to talk about future possibility
Will he/she/it win? Yes, he/she/it will. I think I might go swimming tomorrow. I’m not sure.
No, he/she/it won’t.
Will we/you/they win? Yes, we/you/they will. Present tenses with future
No, we/you/they won’t.
meaning
• we use will/won’t + the infinitive without to to make
• we use the present simple to talk about events that
predictions for the future
are part of a timetable or schedule in the future
I think that TV series will become very popular.
Our train leaves at eight o’clock.
• we can use definitely when we are certain about
• we use the present continuous to talk about fixed
something in the future and probably when we think
plans and arrangements in the future
something is likely; they are used after affirmative
auxiliaries and before negative auxiliaries I’m meeting my friends in the park later.
That athlete will probably win the next race. • See p82 for how to form the present simple and
That actor definitely won’t win any awards. present continuous

• we also use will/won’t + the infinitive without to for

Future continuous
spontaneous decisions
I’m very tired – I think I’ll go to bed. Affirmative
I/You’ll (will) be finishing soon.
Future tenses: be going to He/She/It’ll (will) be finishing soon.
We/You/They’ll (will) be finishing soon.
Affirmative
I’m (am) going to run. Negative
You’re (are) going to run. I/You won’t (will not) be finishing soon.
He/She/It’s (is) going to run. He/She/It won’t (will not) be finishing soon.
We/You/They’re (are) going to run.
We/You/They won’t (will not) be finishing soon.
Negative
I’m not (am not) going to leave. Questions Short answers
You aren’t (are not) going to leave. Will I/you be finishing Yes, I/you will.
He/She/It isn’t (is not) going to leave. soon? No, I/you won’t.
We/You/They aren’t (are not) going to leave.
Will he/she/it be finishing Yes, he/she/it will.
soon? No, he/she/it won’t.
Questions Short answers Will we/you/they be Yes, we/you/they will.
Am I going to speak? Yes, you are. finishing soon? No, we/you/they won’t.
No, you aren’t.
Are you going to Yes, I am. • we form the future continuous with action verbs
speak? No, I’m not.
using will + (not) + be + gerund
• we use the future continuous for activities in progress
in the future with a time reference

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 Grammar practice 6

Future tenses Future continuous

1 Write predictions and questions with will or 4 Complete the sentences with the future
won’t. Be careful with word order. continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
1 more people / travel / by bicycle / probably / . 1 Will you be going to the cinema sometime this
More people will probably travel by bicycle. weekend? (go)
2 my brother / not be / an artist / definitely / . 2 I business at college when I’m 20.
(study)

3 They in Canada next year. (not
3 schoolchildren / not use / books / probably / .
live)

4 you your cousins in
4 more people / use / electric cars / definitely / . Florida over the summer? (visit)
 5 He his driving test this time
5 you / leave / school / this year / ? tomorrow. (take)
 6 She in the café during the exams.
6 where / you / go / on holiday / this summer / ? (not work)

5 Choose the correct answer.
2 Complete the sentences with the correct form 1 What will you be doing after/before this class?
of be going to and the verbs in brackets. 2 Where will you be living when/this time you’re
1 They ’re going to build a new cinema. (build) 20?
2 I any more video games. (not buy) 3 We will be starting the summer holidays at/on
3 My sister a party for her birthday. this time tomorrow.
(have) 4 I will be working/will work at nine o’clock in the
4 Matt science at university. morning.
(not study) 5 Will you be travelling/Will be travelling you
5 Today, we a camel to the pyramids. alone next month?
(ride) 6 They won’t be taking/won’t taking part in the
6 you the transport project this month.
museum this weekend? (visit) 7 They will be swimming in the sea next/last
Sunday.
Present tenses with future
Future tenses
meaning
6 Find and correct the mistakes.
3 Complete the sentences with the phrases in
1 I will be see him in three weeks’ time.
the box.
I will be seeing him in three weeks’ time.
are meeting are we meeting
2 We won’t be go to see the new film this weekend.
does his plane arrive is starting

Is your father giving leaves opens
3 They meet at six o’clock outside the restaurant.
1 Is your father giving you a lift to the party tonight? 
2 We Lynn and Amira at the cinema 4 People will to use less plastic in ten years’ time.
at 4:00 this afternoon. 
3 The train at 11:50 so we still have 5 I’ll to pay in cash.
time.

4 Hurry up! The film in ten minutes.
6 This time next week he’ll be sit on a beach in
5 The shop at 10:00 so we don’t need Vietnam.
to leave early.

6 What time at the sports centre on
7 The next train leaving at 8:30 pm.
Sunday?

7 When on Friday?
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 7
Starter
Grammar reference

First conditional Third conditional

Action/situation Result Action/situation Result
If I don’t see you, I’ll call you. If I had received the I would have gone to the
Result Action/situation invitation, party.
We won’t get wet if we take an umbrella. Result Action/situation
She would have passed if she had studied harder.
• we use the first conditional to talk about the results the exam
of possible situations
• to form first conditional sentences, we use if +
• we use the third conditional to talk about events in
the past that did not happen
subject + present simple (for the situation), subject
+ will/won’t + infinitive without to (for the result) If you had called, I would have answered the phone.
(You did not call so I did not answer the phone.)
• if the situation comes first, we need a comma
• to form third conditional sentences, we use if +
If I have time, I’ll go to the supermarket.
subject + past perfect (for the situation), subject +
• we don’t put a comma if the result comes first would/wouldn’t have + past participle (for the result)
She’ll get cold if she doesn’t wear a coat. She wouldn’t have eaten that cake if she had known
it contained nuts.
Second conditional • in third conditional sentences both would and had
can be contracted to ’d
Action/situation Result They’d have gone with you if you’d asked them.
If I bought her a dog, she would be very excited.
Result Action/situation should/shouldn’t have
She would eat some cake if you made one.
• we use should/shouldn’t have + past participle to
• we use the second conditional to talk about events in express regret about something someone has or
hasn’t done
the present and future that are unlikely to happen
• to form second conditional sentences, we use if + I feel sick. I shouldn’t have eaten that chocolate cake.
He’s very upset. You should have invited him to the
subject + past simple (for the action), subject +
would/wouldn’t + infinitive without to (for the result) party.

• when the action comes first, we use a comma

Indefinite pronouns
If I won the lottery, I’d buy a big house.
• we don’t use a comma if the result comes first People Places Things
Grandma would be lonely if I didn’t visit her. everyone/everybody everywhere everything

• we form questions with (question word) + would + someone/somebody somewhere something

subject + infinitive without to + if + subject + past anyone/anybody anywhere anything
simple no one/nobody nowhere nothing
What would you do if you lost a lot of money?
• we use indefinite pronouns to refer to one or more
• we can use if I were instead of if I was in second unspecified people, places or things
conditional sentences Nobody knew the answer to the teacher’s question.
If I were you, I would study hard for the exam. I’ve looked everywhere for my phone but I can’t find it.
• in both first and second conditional sentences we I went shopping yesterday but I didn’t buy anything.
can use unless instead of if, and it gives the meaning
if … not • indefinite pronouns are always in the singular and
take a singular verb
We’ll miss the bus if we don’t hurry.
Does anyone know what the new teacher is called?
We’ll miss the bus unless we hurry.

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 Grammar practice 7

First conditional 5 he / not buy / a new phone / unless / he need /

one / .
1 Choose the correct words. 
1 I am/ ’ll be surprised if you enjoy/’ll enjoy that 6 If you didn’t agree with someone’s opinion
film. online / what / you do / ?
2 If Joan comes/will come, there aren’t/won’t be 
enough chairs.
3 If they read/’ll read more, they increase/ First and second conditional
’ll increase their vocabulary.
4 We have/’ll have a picnic if it doesn’t rain/ 4 Complete the first and second conditional
won’t rain. sentences with the correct form of the verbs
5 If I go/’ll go to London, I buy/’ll buy you a in brackets.
present. 1 If I wanted (want) to improve my French, I
6 He won’t take/take any photos unless you would practise more.
give/’ll give him the camera. 2 If I (be) you, I would spend less time
surfing the Internet.
Second conditional 3 Unless you charge your phone, the battery
(run) out.
2 Complete the sentences with the phrases in 4 They (not get) such low grades if
the box. they followed the instructions.
5 If she (not come) to class today,
’d be ’d know didn’t know had saw
she’ll miss the exam.
would complain wouldn’t have
6 We won’t post this photo online unless you
(give) us permission.
1 I ’d be extremely rich, if I won the lottery.
2 If we a dog, we would take it for a
walk every day. Third conditional
3 If I where to go, I’d ask for directions. 5 Choose the correct answer.
4 My parents if they didn’t like their 1 If we had known about the bad weather, we
hotel room. wouldn’t have planned/didn’t plan a barbecue.
5 If we checked the route on Google maps, we 2 If I hadn’t spent/didn’t spend so much time on
where to go. the internet, I would have gone to bed earlier.
6 They so many friends if they didn’t 3 We won’t climb/wouldn’t have climbed the
go to school. mountain if it had rained the night before.
7 My sister would laugh if she this 4 If he had checked/would check his messages,
photo. he would have known about the test.
5 What would you have done if you saw/had seen
3 Write second conditional sentences and
someone cheating in the exam?
questions.
6 If I had listened more during class, I didn’t get/
1 where / you study / if you chose a university
wouldn’t have got such bad marks.
abroad / ?
7 Nina reacted/would have reacted to his post if I
Where would you study if you chose a university
hadn’t told her to ignore it.
abroad?
2 you win / a plane ticket / where would you go / ?

3 I wouldn’t eat in this restaurant / unless /
I have to / .

4 Where would we eat / we can choose / any
restaurant / ?


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 8
Starter
Grammar reference

Reported speech Reported offers, requests,

• we use reported speech to report what someone suggestions and commands
said
• direct speech is usually turned into reported speech
Offers
offer + (not) + infinitive
by changing the verb tense
‘I’ll give you a lift to the station,’ he said.
‘I’m talking to the teacher.’  He said that he was He offered to give me a lift to the station.
talking to the teacher.
Requests
Direct speech Reported speech ask/tell + object + (not) to + infinitive
‘Please give us your opinion,’ she said.
present simple past simple
She asked them to give her their opinion.
‘I love chocolate cake.’ She said that she loved
chocolate cake. Suggestions
present continuous past continuous Suggest + to/that
‘We’re shopping in the They said that they were ‘You should visit this museum,’ he said.
mall. shopping in the mall. He suggested that we visit that museum.
past simple past perfect Commands
‘I ordered it yesterday.’ He said that he had ask/tell + object + (not) to + infinitive
ordered it yesterday. ‘Take a warm coat with you,’ she said.
present perfect past perfect She told me to take a warm coat.
‘She hasn’t studied French He said that she hadn’t
before.’ studied French before. • we still need to change personal pronouns and
future with will would
possessive adjectives in reported offers, requests,
‘I’ll see you on Friday’ She said that she would suggestions and commands
see me on Friday.
can could Modals of deduction
‘We can go tomorrow.’ They said that they could
go the next day. • we use must, can’t and might to make deductions
about the present
• when we use reported speech we change subject
• we use must when we are sure that something is true
and object pronouns
It must be four o’clock. We’ve been here for over an hour.
‘I’ll send you an email,’ said Tariq.
Tariq said that he would send me an email. • we use can’t when we are sure that something isn’t
true
• we change possessive adjectives That can’t be Jared’s sister – his sister has got brown
‘This is my laptop,’ said Tina. hair.
Tina said that it was her laptop.
• we use might when we are not sure if something is
• we change time expressions true or not
‘I’ll collect it tomorrow,’ said Lena. Have a look in your bag, Your phone might be in there.
Lena said that she would collect it the following day. • we can use modals of deductions in the past; we use
modal + have + past participle
Direct speech Reported speech He must have gone home. I can’t find him anywhere.
today that day It can’t have been my dad’s car that you saw. His car is
tonight that night at the garage.
tomorrow the following/next day
last week the week before
next week the following week
yesterday the day before
now then

• we also change adverbs of place

Mum and Dad said, ‘We have some here in the kitchen.’
They said that they had some there in the kitchen.

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 Grammar practice 8

Reported speech Reported offers, requests,

1 Choose the correct words. suggestions and commands
1 He said that we are/were going to study algebra. 4 Read the sentences and write offer, request,
2 The judge said that he will/would go to prison suggestion or command next to each one.
for his crime. 1 ‘Don’t eat any more cake or you’ll be sick!’ said
3 I said that I won’t know/didn’t know the answer. Mum. command
4 You told me that you could/can go to the 2 ‘Let me help you carry that bag.’
meeting. 3 ‘You should do a little more exercise,’ the doctor
5 She said that this product removed/remove dirt said.
quickly. 4 ‘Please advise us if you need any help,’ they said.
6 We told my parents that we won’t/wouldn’t get
back late. 5 ‘Bring an umbrella because it’s raining,’ she said.

2 Complete the reported speech with the

6 ‘We’ll open the door for you,’ they said.
phrases in the box.
he could donate he hadn’t donated 7 ‘You should all study the reference section
she would see us I was meeting tonight,’ the teacher said.
they were going to she hadn’t seen me
5 Choose the correct words.
1 ‘I didn’t donate any money to charity last year,’ he 1 He asked/offered me to present my findings to
said. the team.
He said that he hadn’t donated any money to 2 She asked/offered me to give this to you.
charity the previous year.
3 The teacher suggested/told them to finish their
2 ‘We’re going to learn about the French Revolution.’ homework.
The teacher said that learn about
4 He suggested/offered that we meet for a coffee
the French Revolution.
after class.
3 ‘I haven’t seen you since last year.’
5 Mum offered/told to take me to school.
She said that since the year before.
6 We told/suggested them not to bring any food
4 ‘I can donate £10 if that helps.’
into the library.
He said that £10 if that helped.
7 I offered/asked you to keep today free to do
5 ‘I’ll see you later at the party.’
project research.
She said that later at the party.
6 ‘You’re meeting them at the zoo.’ 6 Read the sentences. Then write a reported
She said that them at the zoo. offer, request, suggestion or command for
each one.
3 Complete the reported speech.
1 ‘Please can you buy some milk on the way home?’
1 ‘We’re offering customers a special discount
Mum asked me to buy some milk on
today,’ said the shop owner.
the way home.
The shop owner said that they were offering
2 ‘Text me tonight.’
customers a special discount that day . Yusuf told .
2 ‘You can buy this book online,’ said the teacher. 3 ‘How about ordering a pizza?’
The teacher said that . Steve suggested that .
3 ‘I haven’t been here before,’ he said. 4 ‘We’ll help you with the website.’
He said that . Bill and Tom offered .
4 ‘We’ll try out the new café next week,’ they said. 5 ‘Send me a copy of your passport.’
They said that . Dad told .
5 ‘The shop isn’t very easy to find,’ she said. 6 ‘Let’s go to the charity event tomorrow.’
She said that . Nisha suggested that .
6 ‘We did a survey last year,’ they said. 7 ‘Could you put the rubbish out, please?’
They said that . Auntie Sarah asked .

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