gue el eee UNITY Bea pee ese —INTRopUCIION poe a ma? Compuley Aychikecluve: . = ee ® * Compuly architecture explains | + tompuler_oyganization xp a na. rR aoe ees —howa__tompuler works. ° fa cate! tehueib | + 4 provides structural ©. co} | __ behavro: ep tt (ay ie __| and us ctabiy’ | 2 between Park of ths compu tty we | wa 3! deals with high level de: ign © 4t deals with low level desjan. (design) s : =) ; a } 2 * Hardy x i + Tosk or softy are based pexformance Performance =) # (performance) ee me dt is of fies E ord in * St is of second ordi @ heinrchy In _hvaychy = = 2 o a e 2 2. s iNAND fo NOT — } ft a ‘ 1 ( i a } xt > : . : = pete ' Yo : = ie er | . NAND to NOR : c 8 [ ese : -| y»—T 2 sore 2 c8 design OR Gate vsing minimum no of NAND Gal - (A +08). (8 +AB) Hine + B+AB Re eee hein oe A.tpe)’ + 6 (AB) A-(n’ve') +eta'ta') = ABifla NAND to ExNoR male _| A “Ty AetAR ae ihs fies paee esse | B CECE CCC eae UC CCC Cte A8. 4mplement all the gatas using NOR to NO —=> NOR to AND * ZL 1 + mAtB = A.B =AB 5 s eis B NoR to OR A rE EN = > ee, NoR 4 AND ZN 5 A g eeiee aX AB 2 Yy BA-pe)’ + gB(AB)’ ACA'BY) + B(A'+R) AB’ +A'B KAYABL. MMABS —(A’t8). (A467) ABN ADA AB t Ata’ p/e'+AB Ag+ AB’ +ABt Ae! ABt A'B ‘AB. AB ARBAB c.A' + 8)(pa) a'e tae’ &| > SUNCTIONAL UNIT of DilalTAL AYSTEM Frgeam [npr path units - Memo: TOL one] ‘OTP Oulput | cu fy oy eK [Memory oye The mostl «Memory ol YOY -—— nizah oi Sus * Compuky PYchi ten distnbu f cleals with the pecificabion of t Inatruchon set *_soeopa Inpuk Units: ipl units ave a by the “compuley to_vead th data commenty_useel 1 Memovy “is_v. 4 ae nd des de ord, mouse, miki eke. oe the data for ead and soni opevahon’ Theye aye two Calgon es of of mnumo ty * — Primary Memow + 9 4 > ROM, om d Metnow 2-9 9 Hard - disks—AND,OR,NOT operoHons ane pevformed. = Contvol Unit: Condy! Unit is a compo nent of the computers that Se-orvdinalea the_opevation_of the processor p__dt Het the. Hey __ mimo. Hesponse of the_progyam bho pS iIP and oP __ how ov Cleat ¢ e of gt ore used din > the -opevation Oo p° Output Unit: ulput unit is ysed fo the vesulks i > i » > Buses and Bus Architecture ed | Thee ave deer porie bagea ee > — contro) bu Cbidivechonal ) } ad » — Address bu I System bus ® — pata bus Cbidivechion of). J ® Bus Archikectux, Block Diggvan : _ 2 cpu Memo [uP op eee ee ee> contre! Gus: ’ fit tns ypu biclivechioncJ) which carmes cont)! | ov_to jhev__componink : Uy eer ae ‘ Fes unidissPorad wesc adh: ae address from ffl oi prolessoy to othty component je mu yf ov IP off devi . { => = Data Bus: 4 | __T connect Cpu (Processor) fo main memory RAN) and olher { ; components of compuky suskm data hus is Kked + ee Jtis tio ~ sy path wt Communicabing Buc. { ete bus the no of Lines) wives me either 816,32 64 ; depertding on the bus “size controlled eolurch ely wie some ‘ inshuch c) EXPANSION BUS ‘ joconnect the CPu (processes) with Pcl, 1sA Guophics , EISA,.MCAL Vesa ‘ chit chy: ji se anasto . 4 « %_ISA! Industyy Atandard Archittchure e > year 198Y « >» Yovented by Ivy « > rand i Vt confrquraho ? used in cnc mbthine and bor tock . q > _98 pin connsctos ‘ 150: Extended Industry A4andard fnchi lecture ‘ i i d tk deep 316 ov 3) bits asa sxkcion an Aperd tgher_aa ommpascd lo Toh. 2 is [p>NH ' brown in colox/ jwo uvels q_ escent Jb DMA controiley > Divect Memory Access y whun CPU Ov IN thy obs ene. of CPU PMA works ai thunDMA works q » __ ee : oe = = cep md Mea: Mitvo channel Archikeehne (MCA) 21987 by VM. : Enea iba) iguana > Speed “is IgMHte” faces oe __ > lbov 3a bis 2% launched pPsf2 pe. = 34 X_VESA'= Video &lctronic Atandard Associahion( VESA) _ > in 1990's > 32 bit buses = 9 4s an oxtension of 1SA_byown in colovy ond 10 two line twives.) Per: Peripheral Component [nkyconnect (PCI) . used for multipud devias jis _overcome dhe probe? by ISA - 32 bits buses g pevfovmana is high orm t a 2 ho Mbp ; Axabitrahion:— me given time is calud Bus Maske - : _ me : = : 7 wd X Bus Arbiter: 4 decides who could become the current bus maser. ule & ly Pe BCSCECECCECEC EEE we e =a —— mo Bus Arbitvabion: dt is _a process by which next device become — the ontyolle x. by honsferin’” ten, ¢___— pees see2 There_ove tno types of hus mbitration ss _t) Unbvatiud 8 ® Centvolind Gus Avbitvahen > Gam bur» wfpendk Data % Daisy -Chain Methoct. Masks Maske Hash a [oeviee | deviee a9 Ww bagis 4 [2 2D — pany a Bus Gyant a Cpu conto Hey = L | _signoh © le grant signal is propogaled cevially through all Marke fe roe i . troll thy neared ont. 0 aeeli nes “Masky whith yu quives i Hate tho Aing usher bus - Advantage * => It Is~ sim: a > _Acaliability = Less _n0- oY control lines 2 Ty user Can add move olevices along the charin upto ouvicin may. value. d 2323Busitrovghput} [Bus width] x {clock eperd) SP bos width = 1e bis » clock cperd « quer Bus Iroughpur = IGbIK x gMH2= 128MbI¢ ene oy is move dur fo sexi granting bia assigned fo a divice cipena Hh tu ifn of atl me? Sf onl dir fois then Hu antive gysten will stop | Moskeyd Masher 2 Masley N Di | pz [el da | Module access Te —TT ar ‘ ee Controller 1 00. of addvess lins 2° bw mask. 2AM dhe Bus mask use the same lint for Bus vequest © Contwller genevate binayy addvéss {ov ihe masters for tq 2" bus mastery nerds n address lina for the : conmchsn + _ a Beek us comic =3', he, 8 bus masters nutds 2 Y= address lins for the Connechion ‘i beg «In response to A bus Tequst the controller pole the bus Nena asty by sending a Sequence of bus master address. Yue on nwa aes laces cee i ° when ¥ Yee eq ushing master xecognize ifs address, its achvates | bw busy tint ano Ylokes contro! ‘on ihe bus. —_—_——.Advantages « > Aimpu ond costliex than Daisy Chain matho d « } > sponte device fail thin HG sntive cystem will not shop. working ot 2 This Odevice does not favour for any pavteulats f at Disadvantage: bi propogahiwl clay is less aes | > addiWa bur moby is difficulF a4 tha no of linus in the cy Gut Increases. X_INDEPENDANT REdvEsT ov Fixed Prowhy Mithod. Mastey! MasteG — Maskrn, ees : ~ Bus-ovantt T 6us Requatt ibis Bus Gvant 2 Bur Requisite z Contyolley. Bus Granth Gus Riquiaty 2 All the pus master haw theiy individual Gus requtat and Bus tna Linus masky has pou not a “tneY contraller aa of neocon ol drroclu logic for pnonhu- iy Advanta os P => Past rebbonse : : a sa EGad aspindant no of a duvias conn ck. ? Hard wave Soo st is hi‘ P 7 _NO. of control tines “aque ic move, there jose tonne connch'on probum J ars Sta. pen IST B TION » PDK TRIBUTED BUS ARBITRATION Se ea ree mee ee mee Interface ; Civeuit of Devin A | | | » To veousst the Bus A device i bo Asserts the stayt aybitrahm signal. > Place iH 4 bik id no- on arbiration Naa »? The paticyn thak appears on Ihe arbitrahion line Ok of ally bits > that plowd in axbitrabyon line. peer ‘devia A id is 5 = 010] > lW- divia @ id isG6 > oo OR Olle The pattern shows In _avbityvahm hint i's OMI. 7 = _ - - ahr ) wend \R> instruction register ) opty daha» implicit tyangter Gegister Fevers y) ple vy Wanatey ( bus to vey ir © Avbityahon Process = 4each_clivicr compayes tht pabttrn that appeays en iw arbitration = In arbitvahion pros if “ik dlukecls diffevene i dransmit 0 09 aybitration line “fox thak £ all loweyposihion of bits > devi A Comp aves wi th fd 5 wsithin apatitin 0101 fo oll). 2 at dakcs He’ differen ead ak bit 0 ipositien as a teault Ht dvanarit 0/00 STR paren TOE appease Gp the | 2" Ronis stex_§ Memory Tronsfex SRgyistew TTronsfey : 2 vetevs_to the xutspili ty 2 hovd wave Se vcut thet con Heve srepve onk the tvansfey Cag. data from nt Ry corning content of yequcter k #60 oi Cares & eh =) _Implicrt ae transfer ye * i Coser! bus <— ki = Ea gisky tranaty Ry Bus d i * HAR Memo Addvess Pageeter) > Address f the _olata “that is{rom wheve data hurto be ead and %loved calud NAR. PemebCr | > Fogram County 's also _a_cakgory of reget thok holda ne Ingtvuchon addyexy J UVlowe L< > Instruction Ri sichey ORD, Is _used for_hold_ the i being 2aecuty ls le B truchon which — que t PL tagictea Chrocessov so By ae eee me fi, ke ave the Pu segister. Se bi oe ae ete Eee eee tw? Sewal jn sen'al ovt Nate senal in pavalul ove ie Se forall tn Povallel out WW Paralld jn senal out ey t UCU _Theve ave two types of ‘register dvangky U2_CondiHisn a Ragislev Tronape [e Fp TR tock « Pey | « A ~ ~ — — [Ri] E [et eee) Y2) Simultaneous Ragister Transfer - i _ le RA La Clock Pi RoR; Ry ERe eds a COCCthT tttRe — : =: ete — > BUS system FoR 4 REmIsTER—eheler- ~—— 2 Tedenplerna fa jstera for saugi key we nud 4 individual __ Negisdey of 4 bits, ae : : os me > 4h and eve fe having 4 bits fiom _o-3 are We need 4 Lmullfundes Ohi ingut me for 4 inpuls theve arn ene lint y 40 selick + hese inpubs 4 no ives ovat. inpuks Cased: when select line So= 0, S20 ie regicter A select the oulpuh Mion"Ay mass) A= Aa as “A: Ao i] | wp (se 2: when select tint opus Soe A) ,S1= 0 that means iste é Select the output ABd Bx, Bd Bay) B= Bs Bo ad. tase3t when select Irv inpuls So= Oy St] that muons vegishy ( sect the out pul C= Ca Cr Cy Co Casey: Kelrct I’nt snpuk So=l, Si =] that means vegi'ster dD seuck thr output. D= Ds Do Di Do u D Tristate Buffer H = U)_€ =0-: Y= High Imbedanee = Ipint YEA = ee Ale] ¥ ‘ t if ° i High tmp: Control Input kot! | o fo fitha nee | | “4 | a o three owpwl possiby High Impedanu, 04. i 4 Gg tee ele eeWorking fy \ easel: Gohan decode input $o=0 4X SiF0, dhol of the deco doy ic Ca that means (A= 1 Ff If contol signal Ca is. high of first buffty gale then input is veflckd at Ghe oulpub Y= a. Cose2tWhin dttodur IP So £0, Si= 1) than Ol? oF Hy clicodun isa sthab ‘ means (B= 1; if contvol signal C8 Ic high of fist buffer gouk Hun WP Is vetuckd at dre off, ¥=@. WG ‘ cated: whan drtodw# 1/0 so= 18) =O; thin O/P of the cucodinis Ce, « hak menns (E=12 if contol gnal te is high of tinct * t buffy gal tun UP ts vefuct Jot the ole O y.%- | * ce E {s+ 7 St fee [ce [te [ca OE Ob oO [#0 fox a [x fe Py 1 0 0 o]) fe | \ 9 [o fot El] ) 2 ‘ 1 0{°}o ——T becode | | : « Tet Tob Povellul rer Stade AY ter: | TP O/P : 7 : | S | S$ my ‘ | o {6 a « | of) 8 < f p}o ¢ « Lt | D c « « e e(eve when dicod1P S0=1, S121, thon ofP of 1 divodin is (D, @ that means Cr= 1; Lp tf control siqnal Cp wig of first | buffer = qa than UP is veflcked at 4M off , y= D. fern =e a pee NEMO ORY TRANSFER a: ae pee? Memo: navy Tanah simply mean to adiansfer frona_a_specifi'c locabion et iSor. there ave tio Ways of transfering the 10 ar iitiertiecciiee eee a ere Sa CCPU veqistty) 2 i Mein. d cao ~ = ws = ras © A memory j aa by“ umm There _ave 1wWo opevahin of umow tvanater i f > Memo’ Ruad Obevahin gd om uly ni bp erahm, eine: : Sar ona fist “search for Q locahion in the memo +t 4 “value local at Hit locabion tof ove aoe apes AR— 37) Be RA : Sie | fe Mees Read opevahon :- Ry MCART Set Here, frst inalvuchion dx pichs Frans fev of 0 valut 377 +0 ae . aegis PR. this is basicany add + thar is shoved 10 an Tn, a <r — — is ___Alddvess ster CAR). And second instyuchin transfer the L valu xtor¥d od addyess 377 from the memowy to Regis Hy RI. Naemoyy ! g OU Y . mc lone Opevahio : ae \ ee data from the vegistey OL transfer it to a mmow locahon: ea 4 a wy Opevahm— >? — WssY MAR] <— R t ( Ri <—— 68 Ce 6R <—377 eyeee MEARIS Ry See Memo by > eae ORMANIZATION { CPU ORGANIZATION i] _—» A-cingle accumulatoy based ce organization 2 Atak organizahion . _—3 General Wea gistev Ovganizahion a a ale ae ee eeGENERAL REGISTER ORHAN IN = ve Ka Ry + Ro Ry Rs & & a = _ = a. 28 3: 8 decodey Seinch View / med selec! = = to" 0 | ° 0 Q 0 lo [olofo \Theve_ave 7 CP eral register ov nization and input —— omi os ot ai li rae oul of vegisters J conruckecf to the NUx A no hah ee 1 fox) ld_io Anthemal'e oe ae the aul vuult of mitvo opevahon 4 ied in _& A pecifie aeaictey [ ae id 4 considyt an txamb’ of molt opevoHon . Rs < RatR) _; + ts valu of vegicks Ri gots in Mux A= ° Thy value of yegistey R2 goes in xB. of uk gt Moxa Gh Mux perform an operahion oO sev ahisn = addihon) ° The esu)t of ALU is foved In sigs ea. 9. hak is_tontvol word! > dt is Oo combin abi of _selrchion A, selrchin RB, seluchion ) and opevation that “use opcode. format of control word i seigghen A seughion B sepetion D operahion ——$$ \ | @| 2 | Trple 1 Csetect lint tobl) . 7 — feinavy code | Seuch’on Kop A " seluch'on D « 00 a O10 ‘ ol) P 4 eae_Tobu2* (operational cock 6010 A [ito OF Boeri 0100 Decvement O10! { @and 6 ole Aoy 8 o1ll A ExoR & [Ooo compumntA shifF Right A a ee ee gee peer ean64 words fo fuse > ) 2 ie to- az wn'k operation aioe end pant fears went “poration eee B10 Nise DLIFO PUSH , PoP GU duhon ov Dsplo "4 gan dunt ¢ frre ‘ pusH: spe~se+!] € : 4 MESPIMDR ‘ | 643100 0000 0 ; S2 Ort tt 3 7 7 ; H y is eee eae | eae pseu ane canta 6 [2 w ea ee al ° End: DR Wota sty | 4 pit tate Lops : _Adack is o storage devi in which data ctuved by the pana 4 | Lot In firs Dut | [LIFO). ap of an “lnman = Tw mene 4 an opevahon ah, peuhon of ao sliment 'p o element in =f gy ishe¥ oo polnky t the 4 tack Whose t curyenty oo top of tho Alack oy data (sf) cont&ins Bin dy Nno- value saul ty the addvex of word Gal iN aero tach is call Push alo is talud Po operon. 4 word regish xy eee aOIC ° A three _tHms aye plaud inthe sack A,B,C. 2 ln thal orden C i's ae eee present on fop.of the stack 40 the 2 value of sp = 3 us 2 e z m@ Pus :- i d _ au » gZ7 000011 Pome ico cee Epa ested. @ 270000 disor 2 1300000} 4090000 a0 2000000 aaa pif SP=0_, PULL=@1_. Hence eMPTY=6 = 2 hou. dack 1s tohalty full = pop:- m4 sp-0 , EMPTY =1_. PULL=0. a) hows stack is not full. > ADDRESSING) MODES: - Seana ry AV rae rf inkerpyehin wa oe = i eld { the _jnstruchon bef the = mods 4 t yoss 10 0: (ne J aaa ™™ oprvond Vis actv veferenud. es mee | There ave hwo | of addressing mocta* as ma \) To give progyam vevctatity ty Cine user by prow'ding such — wd foPiihes’ Clike _ pointers 1 ra mory Loop Chonto! wa indexing tr dof ond pogrom velocahmn wa 2) fo wd tne no of pis in thy ad clves ing fielda of these wa instchons ___—__— _— > —_— =—————— eee : Lo}eley: - *_Immdiak Addvessi da: 4dtechue Addverc U= Address field. EA = AF : schon opevand = Addvess fielel. Oper dr ADD 5 — operand » tette cH rifles = A. Instruchin. ADD A operand . Gopto he ¥ Incliveck Addvessing Mache. ADD CA) ay & opevone, lute brackily Wbvedenk pander whch Oproate Mrdroreg jndivecty , fefeach’va Addvess = (A) ° Abt chign Addvess ab__ EEE px es Addvessing Modus: - oa fi . Add R d oo ‘e wv b operand . 7 - > Epic Addves = g zn pee Fi ; = eee ea ee * Register Indivect Adelvescs Moos: ADD {Saran : oped Pere ffectioe Addvess =() foie oe optocle ita Namo » > > > J J > » » , . X Displacement Addyes sing Mocle :~ E ffech ue Add =(R) = Opevond] * Relahive Addvescing Mocks EA = i A4 PCy. Pes pregramconie. stndix Addressing Mode: EA= AIR, = . J J » = ‘= = ;