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Modals Volition and Cognition

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Paula Bernich
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89 views1 page

Modals Volition and Cognition

Uploaded by

Paula Bernich
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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THE MODALS AND COGNITION AND VOLITION NOTION EXPONENT EXAMPLES Selt-imposed obligation MUST | must see Grannie today Inner compulsion MUST Hf you'must behave like a savage Ct: absence of obligation: at least make sure the neighbours NEEDN'T aren't watching Obligation (imposed by the MUST you must be back by 10 o’clock. speaker) Prohibition MUSTN'T. You mustn't come tomorrow. Very strong advice MUST You mustn't miss “Ghendi": must. Advice, desirability SHOULD You should see a doctor Advice, desirability OUGHT TO ‘You ought to start reading for Ww your exams. Extemal obligation HAVE TO You have to be here at 8. > Extemal compulsion HAD BETTER: You'd better be here at 8, ot else... ome ‘Suggestion for future action CAN Lucy, you can bring a cake. Ke insistence WILL He ‘wilt go swiming in dangerous — . | waters. wend | Insistance WOULD You’ would tell her and ruin everething. Relusal, determination ‘WILL He asked me tor it but | won't give. oO it to him, S| Retusal, determination WOULD Hold her but she wouldn't iisten. Spontaneous reaction WILL A; I'm cold B: I'll get you some cotte. Permission: general MAY Residents may use the car park Cf: NIGHT: Polite permission without a ticket, Permission: general CAN You can smoke in this room “You have permission” COULD Could | come tomorow? Permission: by the speaker You may smoke in this room. “You are allowed by me” May | smoke? Request WILL, Who will give me a cigarette? “Are you willing...2” Will you please close that door? Offer of service SHALL Shail | call a taxi? Logical necessity HAVE TO There has to be a reason for his “Thal is necessary the absurd behaviour. case” Inference, deduction MUST He must be at home. Wl (Knowledge arrived al by CANT He can't be at home. reasoning rather than by dirsot > experience) == | inference, predictability wie By now he will be aeting dinner - Knowledge of habit WOULD Every Sunday would go for a walk — Recurrent behaviour WILL He will sit for hours without DZ | saving aword. Supopsition SHOULD It he left al 9 he should be there at 10. 5 Likelihood OUGHT TO This ought to please yo oO Prediction WILL You'll freeze without a jacket © | fers witt When you come I'l show you the city. Possibility (factual) MAY Careful! The gun may be loaded. Possibility (theoretical) CAN Even expert drivers can make mistakes Possibility (remote, tentative) MIGHT Our team might still win the race. Possibility (remote,tentative) COULD There could be trouble tomorrow.

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