The Extent of Implementation of Anti-Smoking Ordinance in Sorsogon City

A [-] Research

Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department

of Sorsogon National High School – Accountancy

Business and Management Strand

Sorsogon City

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Applied Track Subject

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

by

EJ DESTACAMENTO

MARSTONE JOHN NADRES

JHUN FRIDIRICK VIDAR

GWYNETH VILCHEZ

MARCH 2024
Rationale

Smoking remains a significant global public health concern, and the

implementation of effective anti-smoking ordinances is crucial in reducing smoking

prevalence and protecting individuals from the harmful effects of smoking. According to

Solas et.al (2011), their study revealed that children, especially teenage girls, are at risk

for developing new smoking behaviors. They also found that smoking cigarettes can

shorten life expectancy by 10 years. On the contrary, some smokers claim that smoking

helps them stay alert, calm, and focused. However, researchers argue that the calming

effects of tobacco may simply be a result of relieving nicotine withdrawal symptoms

(New Book of Knowledge, 2006).

The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes the importance of

implementing comprehensive tobacco control measures, including smoke-free policies, to

protect public health. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)

provides guidelines for implementing effective anti-smoking measures globally (World

Health Organization, 2021). It cites their determination “to give priority to their right to

protect public health” and the “concern of the international community about the

devastating worldwide health, social, economic and environmental consequences of

tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke”. It acknowledges the scientific

evidence demonstrating the harm caused by tobacco, the risks associated with advertising

and promotion, as well as illicit trade. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of

cooperative efforts to address these issues.

Numerous studies conducted internationally have highlighted the positive impact

of anti-smoking ordinances on public health. A study published in the journal Nature

evaluated the association between tobacco control measures and smoking prevalence in

175 countries. The study found that stronger tobacco control policies were associated

with lower smoking rates, emphasizing the importance of implementing comprehensive

measures to protect public health globally (Luisa S Flor et al. 2021).

The impact of smoking restrictions imposed by the government of Malaysia on

both individuals and small businesses (Jennifer E. Adaletey, 2020). Specifically,

examines the characteristics of smokers, whether they are individuals or part of a group,

among residents and students of the Cyberjaya campus of Limkokwing University. The

study utilizes a self-administered questionnaire and convenience sampling to gather data.

The findings reveal that non-smokers are more receptive to smoke-free policies and are

more likely to implement personal restrictions in their homes and cars compared to daily

smokers. Additionally, non-daily smokers show greater receptiveness to smoke-free

policies and are more likely to enforce personal restrictions. These findings support and

expand upon previous research, highlighting that non-smokers generally hold more

positive attitudes towards smoke-free policies and that smokers who enforce such

policies at home are more likely to be light or intermittent users rather than daily

smokers.

In the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) has been actively promoting

tobacco control measures to address the health risks associated with smoking. The

implementation of the Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003 (Republic Act No. 9211) and the

enforcement of smoke-free policies in public places are among the key initiatives

undertaken by the government (Department of Health, Republic of the Philippines, 2003).

In enclosed public places, private workplaces, and other areas where smoking can expose
non-smokers to tobacco smoke, there should be designated smoking and non-smoking

areas. The owner or operator of these places must establish these areas, which may

include a separate space with proper ventilation for smoking. However, the smoking area

should not be located in the same room as the non-smoking area. All designated smoking

areas must have visible signs that say “SMOKING AREA” and include a warning about

the health effects of tobacco smoke. Non-smoking areas should also have visible signs

that say “NON-SMOKING AREA” or “NO SMOKING.”

Assessing the awareness and perception of the public regarding the

implementation of the Anti-Smoking Ordinance (Mojares et al. (2014). The researchers

collected data from 204 respondents and analyzed variables such as gender, age,

educational attainment, occupation, and frequency of smoking. The results showed that

the majority of respondents were male, college graduates or undergraduates, and

employed in the private sector. Overall, the respondents were aware of the

implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance due to clear information dissemination, the

presence of authorities enforcing the ordinance, and the use of signage. However, they

were less aware of the specific boundaries covered by the ordinance, the regular

monitoring of compliance, and the adequacy of personnel implementing the ordinance.

The researchers recommended that the local government should maintain strict

implementation of the ordinance, clarify the boundaries covered by it, and ensure

sufficient personnel for effective enforcement

The CO no. 22, Series of 2018 or this ordinance shall be known as the

“SORSOGON CITY SMOKE-FREE ORDINANCE OF 2018” is an ordinance regulating

the use, sale, distribution and advertisement of cigarettes and other tobacco products in
Sorsogon, imposing penalties for violation. The purpose of this ordinance is to safeguard

public health, reduce cigarette consumption, reducing potential exposure to cigarettes or

tobacco marketing, and advertising, restrict its accessibility, and provide support and

conductive environment for tobacco users to quit. This ordinance shall apply to all

persons, whether natural or juridical, whether resident or not, and in all places found

within the territorial jurisdiction of Sorsogon City.

The study examines the implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance within the

boundaries of Sorsogon City, located in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. The research

may employ both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data. In Qualitative

methods may include interviews, and observations to understand the perception and

experiences of the respondents. Meanwhile in Quantitative methods may involve survey

questionnaires, to measure the level of compliance and enforcement of the anti-smoking

ordinance. The study may identify and analyze various factors that influence the

implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance in Sorsogon City. These factors may

include public awareness, enforcement mechanisms, penalties, public support, and

availability of smoking cessation resources.

Nevertheless, there are some constraints within the limitations of this study. The

conclusions drawn from the research will pertain exclusively to the Bicol Region and

may not be applicable to different regions. Moreover, the investigation will solely

concentrate on ordinance within the Bicol Region, disregarding other regions which may

limit the extent of implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance in the Philippines.

Review of Related Literature

Compliance with the Anti-Smoking Ordinance

The study conducted by Mojares et al. (2014) at the Lyceum of the Philippines

University focused on evaluating the awareness and implementation of Anti-Smoking

Ordinance No. 1S. 2012. With a sample of 204 respondents, the researchers identified

predominant respondent profiles, including gender, age, education, occupation, and

smoking frequency. While participants generally acknowledged awareness of the

ordinance's implementation, the study revealed a lack of specificity in their understanding

of boundaries, regular monitoring, and personnel adequacy. The findings emphasized the

need for refining public awareness through measures such as specifying ordinance

boundaries and ensuring an adequate number of personnel, providing valuable insights

for ongoing policy improvements and public health initiatives. The study is relevant to

your research as it provides valuable insights into the implementation and awareness of

anti-smoking ordinances, which could help inform your research and provide potential

recommendations for policy improvements and public health initiatives.

The study conducted by Deluna and Maneja (2015) explored the effects of anti-

smoking campaigns and sin tax on cigarette smokers in Davao City. The study found that

demographic factors such as occupational status, location, and education level had a

significant impact on cigarette consumption in response to sin tax, while factors such as

gender, age, marital status, family, income, and prices were insignificant. Media
campaigns were perceived as ineffective for changing behavior, but respondents reported

reducing consumption due to ordinances. The study offers valuable insights for anti-

smoking initiatives in Sorsogon City, highlighting the importance of evaluating both

implementation and awareness and utilizing logit regression modeling to assess

responsiveness to sin tax.

Another study conducted by Rosete (2019) evaluated the "CLEAN Strategy" in

Limasawa, Philippines, revealing decreased smoking prevalence, increased cessation

clinic enrollment, and reduced tobacco-related mortality and morbidity. The study

suggests this community-based approach effectively addresses the tobacco epidemic in

rural, low-resource areas through comprehensive smoke-free ordinances and

interventions promoting healthier outcomes. It emphasizes evaluating anti-smoking

ordinances like Sorsogon City's, proposing the "CLEAN Strategy" to promote smoke-free

policies and cessation support, analyzing real-world impacts, and recommending

evidence-based strategies to enhance ordinance effectiveness in creating a beneficial

smoke-free environment.

The study conducted in Hanoi, Vietnam by Dang et al. (2018) found that despite

high awareness of tobacco control regulations prohibiting smoking in restaurants, there

was low perceived compliance. Customers rarely saw no-smoking signs, frequently

witnessed direct tobacco marketing, were exposed to secondhand smoke, and were not

often reminded by staff not to smoke. The authors recommended the need to improve

monitoring and enforcement of smoke-free laws, implement 100% smoke-free

environments following best practices, and conduct educational campaigns to increase

awareness among restaurant owners and customers.

 Another study by Basnet et al. (2022) evaluated the compliance of smoke-free

legislation across 725 public places in Biratnagar Metropolitan City, Nepal. Results

showed that compliance with smoke-free laws was highest in government office

buildings and lowest in eateries, entertainment, and shopping venues. The study also

found that active smoking was associated with lack of legally-compliant 'no smoking'

signage, and that odds of active smoking were higher in high public turnover venues such

as eateries and entertainment venues. The authors concluded that while overall

compliance was satisfactory, more efforts are needed to improve compliance in high

public turnover venues and to meet legal standards for 'no smoking' signage.

Barriers and Challenges in Enforcing Anti-Smoking Ordinances

The study conducted by Radwan et al. (2012) aimed to evaluate the knowledge,

attitudes, and barriers that staff members faced in implementing national smoke-free

policies at a major hospital in Cairo, Egypt. The results showed that more than 90% of

the participants were aware of the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. Moreover,

physicians and nurses had more favorable attitudes towards smoking bans compared to

other staff members. However, the study identified several key barriers that hindered the

effective enforcement of the 2007 tobacco control laws, which prohibited smoking in

hospitals. These barriers included the lack of penalties, cessation programs, and high

smoking prevalence among doctors. Despite the presence of laws, smoke-free policies

were poorly implemented in the hospital. The authors concluded that interventions are

necessary to provide cessation support, educate all health workers on the dangers of

secondhand smoke, and strengthen enforcement measures to create a comprehensive

smoke-free environment, thus protecting public health.

 The study by Satterlund et al. (2011) analyzed 96 final evaluation reports to

identify the primary barriers faced by local tobacco control organizations in California

when adopting and implementing outdoor smoke-free policies. The authors found three

main areas of barriers: politically polarizing, organizational, and local political

orientation. They suggested potential strategies to overcome these challenges, including

having a policy champion, utilizing youth volunteers, using local data persuasively,

educating the community, working strategically within the local political landscape, and

demonstrating constituent support to policymakers. The study emphasized the need for an

organized action plan in adopting local tobacco policy and highlighted the complex

challenges faced at the local level when enacting tobacco control policies.

In the study of tobacco control in the Asia-Pacific region by Mackay et al. (2024),

the objective is to discuss the tobacco control landscape in the Asia-Pacific region,

highlighting the wins, challenges, and targets moving forward. The authors' major

findings emphasize the tobacco industry's historical focus on Asia due to the large

population and high male smoking rates, as well as the pioneering role of several Asian

jurisdictions in implementing tobacco control measures. Mackay et al. also underscore

the need to accelerate progress in reducing smoking prevalence, tackling new products,

holding companies accountable, and protecting policies from industry interference. This

research provides a broader regional context for tobacco control efforts, which can inform

the assessment of challenges and strategies for effective implementation of smoking

regulations at the local level.

A study conducted by Robertson et al. (2018) aimed to investigate how civil

society organizations (CSOs) perceived the implementation of Uganda's comprehensive

national smoke-free law in 2016, with a focus on hospitality venues like bars, pubs, and

restaurants. The study found that there was a widespread lack of awareness among the

public, business owners, and even enforcement agencies, regarding the smoke-free law.

This resulted in minimal enforcement due to factors such as lack of capacity, low

knowledge, and potential bribery. The research also highlighted that the tobacco

industry's interference and dissemination of false information about the law's impact on

businesses were major challenges that undermined compliance. This study's findings can

help our present study by shedding light on common challenges and barriers in

implementing anti-smoking regulations, such as lack of awareness, insufficient

enforcement, and interference from the tobacco industry, which could be potential issues

in the effective rollout of the ordinance in Sorsogon City.

The study conducted by Tanigaki and Poudyal (2019) aimed to analyze the

challenges and opportunities for greater tobacco control in Japan. The study found that

despite Japan's ratification of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, the

country's tobacco control measures have been inadequate and ineffective due to various

factors. These factors include pro-tobacco legislators, inadequate regulation of the

tobacco industry by the Ministry of Finance, and industry interference in policymaking.

The study also highlights the need for stronger implementation of WHO-FCTC policies,

such as increasing tobacco prices, better protection from secondhand smoke exposure,

and separating the tobacco industry from the policymaking process. This research is

significant in understanding the common issues that hinder the implementation of anti-

smoking regulations, such as insufficient enforcement, industry interference, and lack of

comprehensive measures.
Effectiveness of No Smoking Information Campaigns, Signage, and Resources.

In the study by Platter and Pokorny (2017), the objective was to evaluate whether

smoke-free signage posted in public parks altered the smoking behavior of park patrons.

The major findings highlighted that smoking decreased at 7 out of 10 amenities after the

implementation of smoke-free signage, and the overall decrease was statistically

significant. Additionally, there was a visual trend indicating that as neighborhood median

income increased, there was a greater decrease in cigarette butts observed. This research

relates to the effectiveness of no smoking information campaigns, signage, and resources

by providing evidence on the potential impact of smoke-free signage in public spaces,

even in areas without a supporting local ordinance, which could inform strategies for

promoting compliance with the anti-smoking ordinance in Sorsogon City.

In the study by Sims et al. (2013), the objective was to assess the effect of

government-funded televised campaigns for tobacco control shown in England during the

2000s on adult smoking behaviors. The major findings highlighted that increased

exposure to tobacco control television advertisements was associated with increased

recall, reduced cigarette consumption, and decreased smoking prevalence. This research

relates to the effectiveness of no smoking information campaigns, signage, and resources

by providing evidence on the potential impact of mass media campaigns, particularly

those with negative emotional content, on influencing smoking behaviors and recall,

which could inform strategies for promoting compliance through public awareness efforts

as part of the implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance in Sorsogon City.

In the study of Alechnowicz and Chapman (2004), the objective was to highlight

revelations from internal tobacco industry documents about the conduct of the industry in
the Philippines since the 1960s, covering areas such as political corruption, health,

employment of consultants, resisting pack labeling, and marketing and advertising. The

major findings reveal that the Philippines has long suffered from political corruption,

where the tobacco industry was able to limit the effectiveness of proposed anti-tobacco

legislation, negotiate favorable cigarette pack labeling, and capitalize on marketing

freedoms, targeting women, children, youth, and the poor. This study's findings on the

tobacco industry's exploitative tactics and the Philippines' slow progress in tobacco

control are relevant to evaluating the extent of implementation of the anti-smoking

ordinance in Sorsogon City, as it sheds light on the potential challenges and strategies

employed by the tobacco industry to undermine tobacco control efforts.

In the study conducted by Caixeta et al. (2013), the objective was to evaluate

whether the awareness of anti-cigarette smoking messages on four mass media platforms

(television, radio, billboards, and newspapers/magazines) had a significant association

with a smoker's intention to quit. The study's key findings suggest that in nine out of 17

countries, the intention to quit smoking was significantly associated with the awareness

of anti-smoking messages in a single media channel, while in 14 countries, the intention

to quit smoking was significantly associated with the awareness of messages in multiple

channels. This indicates that anti-smoking information presented in various mass media

channels can encourage smokers to consider quitting and might be more effective when

presented across multiple channels. The study's findings on the effectiveness of anti-

smoking mass media campaigns in influencing smokers' intention to quit are relevant to a

current study.
 According to a study conducted by Levy et al. (2018), the anticipated reductions

in smoking prevalence and smoking-attributable deaths averted as a result of mass media

campaigns (MMCs) were estimated in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The

study's objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of MMCs independently and in the

presence of other anti-smoking policies. The study found that MMCs can substantially

reduce smoking prevalence and avert smoking-related deaths, especially in low- and

middle-income countries where the tobacco epidemic is in an earlier stage. These

findings are relevant to present as they provide evidence on the effectiveness of mass

media campaigns in reducing smoking, which could be a valuable component of anti-

smoking policies and ordinances.

The reviewed studies and literatures provide a clear picture of the obstacles and

possibilities in making Sorsogon City smoke-free. These findings give us valuable

insights into how well people comply with anti-smoking regulations, the challenges

encountered in enforcing them, and the effectiveness of spreading the message against

smoking. By utilizing these insights, Sorsogon City can enhance its anti-smoking

campaigns, ensure the adherence to regulations, and create a healthier environment for

all.

General Statement of the Study

The city of Sorsogon passed an anti-smoking ordinance in 2018 to protect public

health by prohibiting smoking in various public spaces. However, there are concerns that

compliance and enforcement of the ordinance have been inconsistent and ineffective

since implementation began. This study aims to evaluate how well the anti-smoking

ordinance has been executed, complied with, and enforced in Sorsogon City six years
after it was enacted. Assessment of the current implementation status is needed to identify

gaps, challenges, and solutions to improve the rollout and impact of the anti- smoking

ordinance on public health.

Research objectives

1. To assess the level of awareness and knowledge among residents and business owners

regarding the provisions and regulations outlined in the anti-smoking ordinance in

Sorsogon City.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of enforcement strategies employed by local authorities

in ensuring compliance with the anti-smoking ordinance in various public spaces and

establishments within Sorsogon City.

3. To identify the challenges and barriers faced by local authorities and stakeholders in

the implementation and monitoring of the anti-smoking ordinance in Sorsogon City.

4. To explore the perceptions and attitudes of residents and business owners towards the

anti-smoking ordinance, and their perceived benefits or drawbacks of its implementation

in Sorsogon City.

5. To identify the challenges and obstacles faced in implementing the anti-smoking

ordinance within the city.

Potential Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Significance of the Study

 Theories about smoking and quitting are important in guiding the development of

effective smoking cessation interventions (Greenhalgh et. al, 2016), and the present study

can help refine and improve these theories by providing empirical evidence that supports

or challenges their underlying assumptions. For example, the study may reveal that the

implementation of a smoking ban in public places has a positive impact on reducing

smoking behavior and promoting smoking cessation, which would support the behavioral

and social cognitive theories. In addition, the study may show that the availability of

cessation resources and support influences the perceived behavioral control and attitudes

of smokers towards quitting, which would support the theory of planned behavior.

Ultimately, research studies can contribute to the development of more effective smoking

cessation interventions by providing new insights and evidence that can guide the

refinement and improvement of existing theories.

Significance of The Study

The purpose of this study was to determine the primary objective of this study is

to assess the current extent of implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance in Sorsogon

City. This involves examining the enforcement mechanisms in place, such as monitoring,

penalties, and public awareness campaigns.

Specially, the result of this study will benefit the following groups and individual.

Residents- The study can raise awareness among residents about the importance of

adhering to the anti-smoking ordinance and the potential consequences of non-

compliance, fostering a sense of responsibility toward public health.

Community- The study can facilitate a shift in social norms and cultural attitudes towards

smoking, encouraging a smoke-free lifestyle and promoting a healthier community

overall.

Local Government Unit - The study can help the LGU prioritize resource allocation for

anti-smoking initiatives, such as public awareness campaigns, enforcement personnel,

and infrastructure to support the ordinance's implementation.

Field of ABM Students- This study can be a helpful resource for the ABM profession in

the future as they investigate related subjects, aiding in the development of new concepts

and ideas.

Future Researchers- This study will serve as an additional source of information or a

guide as they undertake their own research.

Notes

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