TSP 520

set 1
benevolent - kindly

preoccupied - worried (about)

refrain - to not do something, to stop from doing something

unflinching - honest, not hiding anything

acceptable - welcome, pleasing, adequate

accommodate - to make room for or provide with something needed

accomplishment - completion, achievement

acquired - gained through effort or experience

advantageous - giving an advantage; favorable

aggressive - combatative, has a forceful energy or initiative

anticipating - to give advance thought, discussion, or treatment to; expecting

appropriate - suitable or compatible; fitting

approximate - nearly correct but not precise

challenged - presented with difficulties

characteristic - a distinguishing trait, quality, or property

common - belonging to or shared by two or more individuals or things or by all

members of a group

comparable to - similar; like

compose - to form by putting together, to create or produce, to calm oneself

concealed - kept out of sight or hidden

conceptualize - to form a concept of, to have a general idea of something

concerning - relating to; causing worry

confident - full of conviction; certain

confined to - limited to a particular location or circumstance; held captive

consistent with - marked by agreement; compatible

controversial - relating to the expression of opposition views; under dispute

created - produced through imaginative skill; made

critical - inclined to criticize severely and unfavorably; indispensable, vital

deciding - resolving or settling a decision; indicating a choice with certainty

decisive - producing a definite result; indicates certainty

defends - argues in favor of a position

delegate - person appointed to represent a larger group; representative

demands - requirements

denied - rejected or prevented from obtaining something desired

derived from - to gain something from a specific source

deviates - to leave the expected path or plan

disconcerting - unnerving, making one feel anxious or insecure

discourage - to cause someone to lose confidence or enthusiasm

disengage - to release a connection; to stop paying attention

dispute - an argument or disagreement

diverge - to split from; to separate into differing paths

doubts - lacking certainty or conviction; expressing a lack of certainty

dynamic - capable of great changes; filled with energy or enthusiasm

encourage - to help or stimulate a desired result; to give support or confidence

to someone

enhance - to make better; to add something positive

enthusiasm for - to have great joy or excitement when doing an activity

establishes - starts or sets up an organization or a system

evolving - gradually changing into something new

experiment with - to try out just to see what happens

explains - provides a reason for a result

extensive - covering or affecting a large area or amount of something

foster - to provide a safe space for growth or improvement

set 2
fruitless - failing to achieve a desired result; resulting in nothing

fulfills - achieves a desired result; completes

handmade from - produced without large machinery; made by an individual

working alone

haphazard - lacking organization or planning

healthy - positive or in a larger than expected quantity

hibernation - a time of dormancy when growth is slowed

hinder - to deter or restrict

imitated - copied or followed as a model

important - crucial; requiring attention

impractical - not sensible or realistic

improve on - to make better in quality

improvise - to act without prior planning or preparation

independent of - unconnected to anything else; separate

indicated by - having a sign that communicates something

inspecting - examining carefully

inspirational - providing enthusiastic belief

interpret - to explain the meaning of; construe

intersect - to meet and cross at a point

intriguing - engaging the interest; fascinating

involuntarily - done without choice; compulsory; reflex

lacking - to be deficient or missing

mandatory - required by law or rule; obligatory

mastery - possession of great skill or technique; command of a subject

misrepresent - to give false or misleading representation, usually with the intent

to deceive

neglect - to leave undone or unattended, especially through carelessness;

disregard

observant - paying strict attention; keen or perceptive

obtained from - to gain or obtain, usually by planned effort

operative - producing an appropriate effect; efficacious

ordinary - of common quality, rank or ability; routine or usual

originates - begins or initiates

overcome - to get the better of; surmount; to gain superiority

overreacts - to respond with too strong an emotion or with unnecessary or

excessive action

overshadowed - to exceed in importance; outweigh

perceive - to become aware of through the senses

persistent - existing for a longer than usual amount of time; continuing to exist
despite interference or treatment

personal - relating to a particular person; private

prediction - forecast

prevail - to gain ascendancy through strength or superiority; triumph

preventable - an event that can be stopped before it happens

proclaim - to declare publicly or proudly in either speech or writing

produced - to offer to view or notice; to make or manufacture

provoke - to call forth a feeling or action; to incite anger

quarrel - a ground of dispute or complaint; a verbal conflict between

antagonists

question - ask; object or dispute

receive - to come into possession of; acquire; to permit to enter; greet

recognizable - able to be recognized or identified from previous encounters or

knowledge

reflect - to prevent the passage of and change direction (mirror); to make

manifest or apparent (show); to consider

regret - to mourn the loss or death of; to be sorry for

reinforce - to strengthen by additional assistance, material, or support; to make

more pronounced

relate - to give an account of (tell); to have a relationship or connection; to

understand or have sympathy for

set 3
remember - to bring to mind or think of again

representative - standing or acting for another, especially through delegated

authority

repressed - characterized by restraint

require - to impose a compulsion or command; to have a compelling need for

responsiveness - the act of giving a response or answering; sensitivity

restored - put back into a former or original state, renewed

retaliate - to get revenge

satisfactory - giving satisfaction; adequate

satisfying - enjoyable, gratifying

scholarly - characteristic of a learned person, academic

secretive - disposed to secrecy; not open in speech, activity, or purposes

select - chosen from a group by fitness or preference; of special value

skeptical - an attitude of doubt

standard - regularly and widely available and used; having a recognized and
permanent value

strenuous - vigorously active; energetic

struggle - to make strenuous or violent efforts in the face of difficulties or

opposition

surpass - to become better, greater, or stronger than something else; exceed;

overstep

surprise at - a feeling caused by something unexpected or unusual

undeniable - plainly true; uncontestable

underestimate - to place too low a value on

unimportant - minor or trivial

universal - including or covering all without exception; present or occurring

everywhere

unknown - something or someone that is not understood; not well-known

unoriginal - lacking in creativity

unpredictable - not able to be known or declared in advance

variable - able or apt to changes; fickle, inconstant

widespread - widely diffused or prevalent

withdraw - remove; pull away attention

worried - concerned about a possibly negative outcome

buttress - a protruding structure that gives support to a wall or building

engulfs - to surround completely or swallow

infrequent - happening rarely; sporadic

interchangeable - describing when 2 things can be switched or exchanged

equally

interjected - interrupted; to jump into a conversation by commenting

elusive - difficult to catch or understand

inexplicable - cannot be explained

disparate - having fundamental differences but being able to be compared

dormant - Temporarily inactive or inoperative

foretell - to predict

impenetrable - impossible to enter or impossible to understand

annotate - to make notes or written comments

beneficial - producing good results; helpful

deceptive - tending to cause someone to believe something false; misleading

premeditated - planned in advanced

reciprocate - to give and take mutually; to make a return for something

rudimentary - primitive; fundamental; imperfectly developed

fabricate - to invent or concoct, often with deceitful intent

innocuous - harmless; inoffensive

abrupt - sudden and unexpected

disorienting - causing someone to lose their sense of direction

diverse - showing a great deal of variety; very different

set 4
imminent - about to happen; soon

inadequate - lacking the quality or quantity required; insufficient for a purpose

acknowledge - recognize

implement - to put something into effect; to use

evaluate - to judge the merits or something; form an idea of the amount,

number, or value of; assess

substantial - not imaginary or illusory; well-to-do; firmly constructed; of

considerable importance

indecipherable - cannot be understood; cryptic

ornamental - decorative

pragmatic - practical (occurred twice!)

renunciation - rejection

imperceptible - too small to be perceived by the senses; tiny, subtle

synchronization - adjusting events to occur together

unobtrusive - not attracting attention; Not conspicuous or attracting attention

tenuous - only a slight or weak connection

exemplified - be a typical example of

intricate - ornate; complicated or detailed

ambivalence - having mixed feelings about something

circumvent - go around something, avoid

eclipse - take over or go ahead of; to outshine someone else; to obscure or
black from sight

peripheral - auxiliary, supplementary, on the side

succumb - to fail to resist something negative or harmful; to give up

obscure - rarely seen or hardly known about; keep from being seen; conceal

renounce - declare one's rejection of; to stop consuming

absorbed - highly focused on an activity or object

accelerator - something that increases the speed of something such as a

particle or a vehicle

aerial - from the sky

arthropod - term that covers the large group of animals without spines and with
segmented bodies including insects, spiders, lobsters, crabs

civilian - a person who is not in the military; to refer to people who are not part
of a group that does a specialized job.

conventional - describing standard or typical beliefs, ideas, actions

convey - to spread meaning from one person to another

counterintuitive - conflicting with logic or typical understanding

set 5
cultivation - intentionally planting, growing and harvesting plants

delve - to explore extensively

designation - the naming of something

ditty - a simple song

domesticated - altered to make unsuitable to exist in the wild (plants and

animals) or to be suitable for agriculture

drafting - writing the initial form of a document

Elizabethan - happening during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England
(1558-1603)

equanimity - calmness of mind or temper

esteemed - highly regarded; admired

etched - carved into the surface of something like stone or wood

fanciful - related to fantasy or unrealistic in thought

hast - old fashioned or poetic "have"

imposing - intimidating; largely impressive in appearance

inauguration - a formal ceremony that officially gives a job to someone such as

a President

inherent - naturally part of something else; unseparable

arthropod - Existing in or reflecting the intersection of multiple groups

iridescent - shiny with a variety of shifting, reflected colors

mandates - requires

manifesto - a public declaration of intent or aims

melancholy - sadness; depression

mirth - happiness; laughing amusement

mitigation - the lessening of severity of an action

mutation - a genetic alteration of change

nanotubes - a microscopically tiny tube

paleobiologist - a scientist who studies dead lifeforms by studying fossilized

remains

payload - the equipment or materials that are generating the income for a
voyage

portraiture - the act of painting the image of a person, particularly the face

predation - the act of capturing and eating other animals

predecessor - the person or thing who came before the current one

preponderance - the majority or being greater in number, quality or importance

presupposes - an unspoken assumption; a requirement that is needed as a

precondition

ratified - related to a law being officially accepted or voted on my a governing

body

receptor - a part that receives information

recount - to tell a story

relentless - determined to achieve a goal or result without ever stopping

reprise - a repeated passage or part of music or speech

repulsed - rejected, pushed away

respectively - each one; referring to things separately

revitalization - the act of bringing something back to life or back to usefulness

Rosetta Stone - refers literally to a stone tablet that contained text in 3

languages and allowed archeologists to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics; used
metaphorically as anything that provides a key to understanding a language or
words

rotunda - a round room capped with dome that often serves as an entry hall to
a large building

set 6
sampler - a small example or test version of a larger project that is used as
practice or proof of concept

subsequent - next; following

terrain - land

vegetated - filled with plants

veteran - a former soldier or person in the military

vigor - health or energy

vulgar - acting in a low class manner; unrefined; using offensive language

refute - to reject or deny an idea; prove that someone is wrong

replenishes - to revive or refill with something needed

beneficiary - someone who receives a benefit

committed - dedicated or remained loyal

comprises - is composed of

distraction - something that shifts attention away

illustrated - described in detail or drawn images of

prescribed - recommended; ordered

proponent - supporter

tolerate - to accept or endure something unpleasant or painful

concede - to agree or accept, to admit something is true after first denying it to

be true

indifference - not caring; lack of interest

mimic - to imitate or copy

inventive - having the ability to create or design new things or to think originally

restrained - characterized by reserve or moderation; unemotional or

dispassionate

conjecture - an idea that that lacks proof or support

invertebrates - animals without spines (insects, spiders, worms, octopi)

methodology - a particular procedure, especially for research or an experiment

diversification - the process of varying to produce many slightly different

versions

tenure - time holding office or a job/position, give someone a permanent post

waive - to eliminate or ignore a rule or requirement; refrain from applying or
enforcing

complementary - describing when 2 or more things are combined in a way that

enhances or improves everything

supplement - addition

recant - to say that a belief or statement is no longer true

synthesize - to combine parts to create a whole

impartial - unbiased; not taking sides, neutral

resilient - able to withstand or recover quickly from difficult conditions

underscore - to emphasize or highlight

validate - to demonstrate the truth or value of something

offhand - without giving much thought; nonchalant or casual

repudiate - refuse to accept or be associated with

replicable - able to be copied exactly

advocacy - the act of supporting a cause or proposal

alleviate - relieve, lessen

anon - soon, after some time

bystander - one who is present but not taking part in a situation or event

corollary - a further conclusion inferred from a proved conclusion with little or

no additional proof; something that naturally follows

dulcet - used to describe a sound that is sweet or soothing (like a lullaby)

emigrate - to leave a country in order to settle in a new country (emigrate from

X and immigrate to Y)

ensure - to make certain something happens

exalt - to hold someone or something in high regard; to raise to a higher level

foreground - the space nearest to the viewer (opposite of background)

forge - to create a relationship or a new set of conditions; to make metal object
by heating and shaping it

set 7
fortify - to strengthen

grapple - to struggle with; to engage in wrestling or fighting

guild - an association of people who all have the same occupation

intuitive - readily learned or understood

likewise - in a like manner; similarly

monarch - a person who rules over a kingdom or empire

moreover - in addition to what has been said: besides

portal - door; entrance

prosocial - relating to behavior that is positive, helpful, and intended to

promote social acceptance and friendship

ricochet - a glancing rebound, a bounce or series of bounces

subsist - to have existence (be); to hold true or logically conceivable

subsistence - a real being; existence; an essential characteristic or quality of

something

supposition - something that is supposed, hypothesis

tranquilly - free from disturbance or agitation

ungainly - lacking in smoothness or dexterity (clumsy); hard to handle

(unwieldy)

wayward - following one's own capricious, wanton, or depraved inclinations

(ungovernable); following no clear principle (unpredictable)

germinate - begin to grow (and in a seed); come into existence (as in an idea)

aggravate - to make worse, more serious, or more severe

legitimacy - the state of being an actual example of something specific; not
false

profusion - great quantity; extravagance

rebut - to contradict or refute

verisimilitude - the appearance of being true or real

adhere to - to act in a way that is expected or required

paucity - smallness of number; dearth

fluctuate - to increase and decrease in number or value over time

aesthetic - concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty

approbation - an act of approving; praise

arduous - difficult or strenuous

circulation - the extent of dissemination, such as the average number of copies

of a publication sold or items borrowed from a library

commemorate - to call to remembrance; to serve as a memorial of

concentration - the amount of component in a given area or volume

craggy - rough or rugged

discourse - verbal interchange of ideas; conversation

dislodge - to force out of a secure or settled position

disparity - a noticeable and usually significant difference

dynasty - a powerful group or family (often royalty) that maintains its position
for a considerable time

epistolary - written in the form of a series of letters

featured - displayed, advertised, or presented as a special attraction

fixed - not subject to change or fluxuation

genre - a category or artistic, musical, or literary composition

genus (s) / genera (pl) - a class or group marked by common characteristics

homogenize - to blend diverse elements into a mixture that is the same

throughout

improvisation - the act of mating or inventing something out of what is

conveniently on hand

inception - the act of beginning; commencement

intersperse - to place something at intervals among other things

metabolize - the processes by which living organisms direct energy for all their
vital processes

mitigate - to make less severe or painful; alleviate

set 8
modest - limited or small in size, amount, or scope (in the context of science);
unpretentious (in the context of literature)

multifaceted - made of up many different aspects

pedagogy - the art science or profession of teaching

pedestrian - relating to or designed for walking; commonplace, unimaginative

protagonist - the principal character in a literary work

revenue - the gross income (before expenses) returned from an investment or

business activity

ridicule - to make fun of; mockery

sanctity - holiness, inviolability

scope - extent of treatment, activity, or influence; range of operation

secrete - to release some material either functionally specialized (such as

saliva) or isolated for excretion (such as urine)

stylized - to represent a design according to a style or stylistic pattern rather

the according to nature or tradition

suitor - one who courts a woman or seeks to marry her

symbolism - the art of using symbols or expressing the invisible or intangible by
means of visible or sensuous representations

toxin - a poisonous substance that is a product of the metabolic activities of a

living organism

undulate - having a wavy surface or moving in a wave-like fashion

uniform - consistent in conduct or opinion; not varying

vague - not clearly expressed; indefinite

argue - give reasons or cite evidence in support of an idea

authenticity - the quality of being authentic; genuine or original

benign - not harmful

binary - something having two parts

coincide - occur at or during the same time

collaborate - to work jointly on an activity, especially to produce or create

something

commissioned - Produced for a specific order, especially for a work of art

contemporary - living or occurring at the same time

credited - publicly acknowledged as a participant in the production of

something

discernible - able to been seen or measured, perceptible

fluctuations - an irregular rising and falling, variations

interminable - having no end, or seeming that way

juvenile - immature, undeveloped, young

laced - A substance added to another to add a quality such as flavor, scent, or

tone

nondescript - not easily described, lacking distinctive qualities

parasitic - depending on another for existence without being useful in return

participatory - providing the opportunity for individuals to participate

situate - to place in a specific location

study - a careful examination or analysis of a phenomenon, development, or

question; scientific research or experiment

thrive - to grow vigorously, flourish

unanimity - agreement by all people involved

recant - to make an open confession of error, to take back a previous statement

moderation - avoidance of extremes

novel - new, and not resembling something formerly known

hypothesize - to make an assumption in order to test whether it is correct

indigenous - relating to the earliest known inhabitants of a place, especially if

the place has a new, dominant group

posit - to propose as an explanation

speculate - to take to be true on the basis of insufficient evidence;

hypothesize, theorize

ambient - relating to the immediate surroundings of something

apparatus - the technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular

activity or purpose

set 9
assert - state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully

assertion - the action of stating something or exercising authority confidently

and forcefully

bargaining - negotiating the terms and conditions of a transaction

characterization - a description of the distinctive nature or features of someone

or something
chronicles - a factual written account of important or historical events in the
order of their occurrence

cognitive - relating to the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and

understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

collaboration - the action of working with someone to produce or create

something

commercialization - the process of managing or running something principally

for financial gain

conferred - granted or bestowed

consolidate - combine (a number of things) into a single more effective or

coherent whole

conspicuously - in a clearly visible way

consumption - the using up of a resource

conversion - the process of changing or causing something to change from one

form to another

corrugation - a wrinkle; fold; furrow; ridge

crucial - of great importance

delegate - entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person

dexterity - skill in performing tasks, especially with the hands

disparities - great differences

divergent - moving or extending in different directions from a common point

enclosure - an area that is sealed off with an artificial or natural barrier

evoke - bring or recall to the conscious mind

evolved - develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form

inarguable - not open to disagreement

inefficient - not achieving maximum productivity; wasting or failing to make the

best use of time or resources
innate - natural

leisurely - unhurried or relaxed

literacy - the ability to read and write

luxuriant - rich and profuse in growth; lush

methodology - a system of methods used in a particular area of study or

activity

migration - movement from one part of something to another

pilgrimage - journey

polarized - divide or cause to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets
of opinions or beliefs

preserved - keep safe from harm

prevalence - the fact or condition of being prevalent; commonness

projection - the process of displacing one's feelings onto a different person,

animal, or object

quota - a fixed share of something that a person or group is entitled to receive

or is bound to contribute

renowned - known or talked about by many people; famous

respondent - a person who replies to something, especially one supplying

information for a survey or questionnaire or responding to an advertisement

robust - strong and healthy; vigorous

stable - not likely to give way or overturn; firmly fixed

stimuli - a thing that rouses activity or energy in someone or something

syntax - the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed

sentences in a language

volition - the faculty or power of using one's will

invalidate - make (an argument, statement, or theory) unsound or erroneous

prestigious - inspiring respect and admiration; having high status

opaque - not able to be seen through; not transparent; hard to understand

catastrophic - extremely unfortunate or unsuccessful

localized - restrict (something) to a particular place

predatory - seeking to exploit or oppress others

predetermined - established or decided in advance

nuanced - characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression

mystifying - utterly bewildering or perplexing; confusing

latent - lying dormant or hidden until circumstances are suitable for

development or manifestation

set 10
abundance - a very large quantity of something; profusion

irrelevant - not connected with or relevant to something

adequate - enough; sufficient; satisfactory

administer - to dispense or apply

advocate - to recommend or support

constitute - to be part of something

converse - to discuss

credence - belief or acceptance

cultivate - to methodically acquire or develop

depict - to show or represent; portray

derive - to gain something from a specific source

descend - to move or fall downwards

disposition - the inherent qualities of a person; tendency in personality

distaste - dislike or aversion

dubbed - given a name

influence - to have an effect on

instrumental - key to; serving as a means to an objective

invigorating - energizing

observe - to notice or make a remark regarding something

rejuvenating - giving new energy or vigor to

remnant - a remaining quantity of something

resolved - determined to do something

seldom - rarely

stately - dignified, grand

surreal - having bizarre qualities

thwart - prevent something from being accomplished

unsustainable - not able to be maintained at current rate or level

conform - comply with rules, standards, or expectations

unintended - not planned or meant

prominent - important; well recognized; easy to see

contrived - deliberately brought about; having an unnatural or false appearance

presume - to logically suppose something is the case based on evidence

surmise - to suppose something is true

acquisition - an asset or object bought or obtained, typically for a library or

museum

attribute (v) - regard something as being caused by

bureaucratic - run by officials rather elected representatives

conflicted - having or showing confused and mutually inconsistent feelings

decentralized - decision-making power is distributed

demonstrative - conclusive (evidence); unrestrained in showing feelings

(person)

doth - archaic version of 'do'

edifice - a large, imposing building

exquisite - extremely beautiful and delicate

hierarchical - arranged in order of rank

languish - grow weak; be forced to remain in an unpleasant place or situation

prevalent - widespread

profound - very great or intense

shortcoming - a fault or failure

vigorous (mind) - forceful; energetic; healthy

persist - continue to exist; be prolonged

dignity - worthy of honor or respect

ponder - to think about carefully

set 11
significant - noteworthy; probably caused by something other than mere
chance (when used in the context of science or statistics)

copious - plentiful in number

misconstrue - to interpret something wrongly

pristine - in its original state; unspoiled; pure

acclaimed - enthusiastically praised

aversion - a feeling of repugnance toward something; a desire to avoid
something

brazen - marked by shameless or disrespectful boldness

cognition - mental processes, thinking

emerging - newly formed or prominent

ethicist - a specialist in ethics

free verse - poetry with an irregular rhythm

ominous - foreboding, inauspicious, foreshadowing evil

periodically - at regular intervals of time

phenomenon - an exceptional, unusual, or abnormal person, thing, or

occurrence; a fact or event of scientific interest

plausible - superficially pleasing or persuasive

punctilious - concerned with following the small details in a law or convention

pursuit - to follow in order to overtake, kill, or defeat; to engage in

simulated - made to look genuine, fake

singularity - a separate unit, an unusual or distinctive manner or behavior

sporadic - occurring occasionally or randomly

squandered - spent foolishly, wasted

stanza - a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in

a recurring pattern

superficial - concerned with only the obvious, shallow

theorists - a person who theorizes or speculates

thereafter - after that

vulnerable - open to attack or damage

compelling - forceful, demanding attention, convincing

epitomize - to serve as the typical or ideal example of something

jarring - having a harsh, disagreeable or discordant effect

melodic - having a pleasant arrangement of sounds

transcend - to rise above ordinary limits

porous - full of holes or pores, permeable to fluids

evince - reveal the presence of, indicate

preclude - prevent from happening

gastronomy - selecting, cooking, and eating good food

vindicate - clear of blame or suspicion; show to be right

outsized - unusually large or heavy

overlook - fail to notice something

corroborate - confirm or give support to

palpable - able to be touched; so intense to seem tangible

further - to help progress the development of something

reconcile - make friendly, compatible, or consistent

fallibility - the tendency to make mistakes or be wrong

amenity - a desirable feature of a place or person

mitigate - make less severe, serious, or painful

induce - bring about; persuade or influence someone

elicit - evoke or draw out

scrupulous - diligent, thorough, and attentive to details