15/03/2024

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module, the student are expected
PHA 010 - SAS 10
to:

Poisonous 1. Identify the Examples of plants that are

considered as Poisonous.
Plants 2. Determine the Mechanism on which these plants
cause Toxic Effects.

Poisonous plant Poisonous plant

- as a whole or a part The points which should be borne in mind before
- Amount may be taken or brought terming a plant as poisonous are:
into contact
1. The seeds of certain plants like aristida may pierce the skin
- May cause death immediately or by giving rise to subcutaneous or intramuscular abscesses.
reason of cumulative action of the These seed have bored into the salivary ducts of the cattle and
toxic property caused injury. This action is purely mechanical, so it cannot
- Due to the presence of a known or be termed as poisonous plants.
unknown toxic metabolite or
substance

Poisonous plant Poisonous plant

The points which should be borne in mind before The points which should be borne in mind before
terming a plant as poisonous are: terming a plant as poisonous are:
2. All parts of the plant may not be poisonous. 3. Certain plants are poisonous to one species and the same
quantity may not affect the other species.
Seed of family Rosaceae contain dangerous amount of prussic
acid but the outer fleshy portion of the fruit is eaten. Example; Belladonna is poisonous to most species but
rodents like rabbit can have it in large quantities.

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Poisonous plant Poisonous plant

The points which should be borne in mind The points which should be borne in mind before
before terming a plant as poisonous are: terming a plant as poisonous are:
4. Some plants if eaten affect only a particular
5. Certain plants loose their toxicity on being dried or cooked,
organ of the body. It does not cause serious
body harm but render the organ unable to carry e.g. species of Ranunculaceae is toxic in green state but can be
on their normal functions, used as food when dried.
e.g. Senecio of sunflower family causes hepatic
cirrhosis in man and animals and prevent the liver
from carrying out its normal functioning.

Poisonous plant Poisonous plant

The points which should be borne in mind before The points which should be borne in mind before
terming a plant as poisonous are: terming a plant as poisonous are:
6. Certain plants provide food but under certain conditions 7. Certain plants like khesari (Lathyrus sativus) give rise to
produce varying amount of poisonous substance, pathological conditions when fed in large doses for
prolonged use.
e.g. potato is a vegetable but at time of sprouting produces
dangerous amount of solanine.

1. Vegetable Base
Constitutes of nitrogenous vegetables bases.
a. Amines - from AA, gives poisonous character to certain
mushrooms.

Harmful constituents
b. Purines - active principle of certain tropical plants such as tea,
coffee, guaraila.
c. Alkaloids - form the important group of vegetable base.
Many of these constituents are harmful to animal life, at least under
certain conditions and the plants containing these principles which are Some of the poisonous alkaloids are—aconitine from aconite root,
capable of producing harmful effect are known as poisonous plants. morphine from poppy capsules, emetine from ipecachuanha root,
strychnine from nux vomica seeds, nicotine from tobacco leaves, curarine
from curare, etc.

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2. Glycosides 3. Saponin
cyanogenetic glycosides They are particularly toxic to cold blooded animals, such
a. harmless but give rise to toxic acids as fishes, frogs, insects, etc. Poisonous saponins are
- e.g. amygdalin found in bitter almonds, phaseolunatin known as ‘sapotoxins’.
found in flax, prunasin found in wild cherry, etc.
b. produce harmful components on hydrolysis
- sinigrin in black mustard seeds, sinalbin in white mustard
seed.
c. have direct toxic action
- such as digitoxin in Digitalis, ceberin in cerebra, thevetin in
Thevetia, antiarin in Antiaris.

4. Bitter principles 5. Toxic Proteins

These possess a bitter taste and are found in a number These are also known as toxalbumin and have been
of plants. observed in Leguminosae and in Euphorbiaceae,
Eg aloe bitter, which are found in inspissate juice of several e.g. Abrin from Abrus precatorius, ricinin from Ricinus conmmnis,
species of aloe. crotin from Croton tiglium.

These possess a characteristic nauseous and bitter These toxalbumins are essentially blood poisons and
taste and have purgative action, are characterized by their property of agglutinating and
e.g. Santonin—a lactone found in sonic species of Artemrnmisi, precipitating the RBC’s.
Picrotoxin from Anamirata cocculus.

6. Fixed oils 7. Essential oils

- when heated they decompose giving of acrid - odourous principles
acrolein vapours. - found in combination with glycosides.
- volatile in steam
- These are insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in
- Large doses causes irritation to the GIT with diarrhoea,
alcohol, freely soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene,
vomiting, pain, etc.
etc.
They may cause haemorrhage and abortion, e.g. oils of juniper,
- These generally have laxative property.
savin, rue, parsley and pennyroyal. Some plants containing oils with
The croton oil expressed from the seeds of Croton tiglium produces toxic constituents are Artemnisia, Ruta, Mentha, Petroselinum,
irritation to the skin; the vesicating action of croton oil is due to resin Anemone, ranunculus, Piper, Ferula, etc.
dissolved in it.

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8. Organic acids Poisonous plant

- Organic acids significant in poisonous point of view is oxalic - some plants are fairly harmless to humans and
acid, aprotoplasmic poison occurring in large number of animals under certain conditions, while in certain
plants in form of oxalates.
circumstances, they may prove to be poisonous.
- Formic acid an irritant is also found in some plants especially
- Some species of plants when grown in different
in family utricaceae.
environment produce different amount of active
principles.
- Variability in the poisonous content of the plant
depends on various factors.

Factors that affect 1. Correct identification

2. Stages of growth
poisonous content 3. Condition of Plant
4. Soil and Cultivation
of plant 5. Climatic conditions
6. Toxic part of the plant

1. Correct Identification 2. Stages of Growth

- several varieties of some species should be carefully examined - The stages of growth of plants - most important factor in
in order to determine which contain highest amount of active determining the toxicity
principles,
e.g.
e.g. there are two forms of Artemisia maritima present; sorghum when young and wild or stunted contain fatal quantity of
- in early stages of growth one has deep reddish stem and hydrocyanic acid.
other grayish. Both form brownish stems at maturity but it is The green berries of Solanum nigrum are harmful while the ripe one is
only the form with deep reddish stem at early stages contains edible.
santonin.
The unopened flower heads of Artemisia maritima yield greater amount of
santonin than the opened ones.

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3. Condition of Plant 4. Soil and Cultivation

- Certain plants like potato and grasses which normally provide - Structure of soil, moisture present and temperature
valuable food to man and animal may acquire toxic influence the metabolic activity of a plant.
properties during sprouting; - The difference in soil modifies the production of poison in
- yams and certain aroids are poisonous when fresh, but lose plants,
their toxicity on drying or boiling.
e.g. cinchona and oleander cultivation can enhance the active
principles of the plants.

5. Climatic Conditions 6. Toxic Part of the Plant

- Climatic conditions such as temperature, light, humidity may - Different part of plant varies considerably in the amount of
influence the metabolic properties of the plants. toxic principals contained in them.
- Ephedra contains large amount of active principles in areas of - toxicity of the root, stem, leaves, flowers, fruits vary
low rainfall. Alkaloid contents in these plants are less in rainy considerably even at same stage of growth.
areas than in dry areas. - One part of the plant may be poisonous while other may not
be,
e.g. peach, plum kernels contain dangerous amount of
hydrocyanic acid but outer portions of fruit are edible.

Poisoning with anticholinergic

poisons
- Competitive antagonist with acetylcholine at muscarinic subtype
of acetylcholine receptor located in parasympathetic nervous
system and brain

Examples of Crude drug/ Plant

name
Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings

Poisonous plants
Atropa belladona Whole plant is toxic Atropine, Intoxication results
Scopolamine and in Anticholinergic
other anticholinergic Toxidrome
alkaloids

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Poisoning with Calcium Oxalate

Crystals
- Occurs with chewing, crystalline calcium oxalate needles
bundled in needle-like raphides.
- Release from their intracellular packaging (Idioblasts) in a
projectile fashion.
- These needles penetrate mucous membranes and induce
release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators.

Crude drug/ Plant Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings

Poisoning with cardioactive
name glycosides
Alocasia sp. Leaves, stems and Rhaphides of water Painful burning sensation
tubers insoluble calcium oxalate of the lips and mouth - Are cardioactive steroids which become glycoside when sugar
moieties are attached.
and unverified result from ingestion with
proteinaceous toxin inflammatory reaction,
often with edema and - Inhibit cellular Na+/K+ ATPASE
blistering, hoarseness,
dysphoria and - Indirectly increase intracellular Ca2+ concentration in myocardial
dysphagia.
cells.
- Enhances cardiac inotropy (Contractility) and slows the heart rate.
- Excessive elevation of intracellular calcium also increases
myocardial excitability, predisposing to development of ventricular
dysrhythmia, enhance vagal tone mediated by neurotransmitters
Ach, with bradycardia is a common poisoning

Poisoning by plants with

Crude drug/ Plant
name
Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings
convulsant poisons
Calotropis Sp. The latex has a direct An unidentified vesicant - Human intoxication - Convulsions - is the rhythmic, forceful contraction of the muscles
irritant action on mucous allergen in the latex, from these plants have - Seizures - disorganized discharge of the central nervous system
membranes, particularly calcium oxalate and not been reported
in the eye. cardioactive steroids - Dysrhythmias include that generally, but not always results in a convulsion.
Skin reactions may be resembling digitalis sinus bradycarida, - Causes of seizures :
caused by allergy and all premature ventricular
parts contain contractions, - Antagonism of Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
cardioactive steroid and atrioventricular - Imbalance of Ach homeostasis
calcium oxalate crystals conduction defects or - Excitatory amino acid mimicry
ventricular - Sodium channel alteration or hypoglycemia
- Strychnine and analogues - antagonizes postsynaptic cells,
tachydysrhymias.
Hyperkalemia, if present,
may be an indicator of inhibiting activity of glycine at the spinal cord resulting in
hyperexcitability of the motor neurons, which manifest in a
toxicity.

convulsion.

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Crude drug/ Plant Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings

name

Aethusa cynapium L. Whole plant is poisonous Unsaturated aliphatic - Human intoxication

(Dog parsley, Fool’s alcohols (e.g aethusanol from these plants have
parsley, Lesser hemlock) A) closely related to not been reported
cicutoxin and traces - Dysrhythmias include
coniine) sinus bradycarida,
premature ventricular
contractions,
atrioventricular
conduction defects or
ventricular
tachydysrhymias.
Hyperkalemia, if present,
may be an indicator of
toxicity.

Poisoning by plants with Crude drug/ Plant Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings

cyanogenic compounds
name

Malus sp. (Apple, Seed Amygdalin - Cyanogenic

- Most commonly glycosides Crabapple, Manazana,
Cassava, Pommier)
glycosides must
be hydrolysed in
- Must be metabolized to release cyanide. the GI tract before
cyanide ion is
- Inhibits the final steps of the mitochondrial electron transport chain released.
- Resulting rapidly in cellular energy failure - Abdominal pain,
vomiting, lethargy
and sweating
typically occur
first.
- In severe
poisonings, coma
develops and may
be accompanied
with convulsions
and
cardiovascular
collapse

Poisoning with mitotic inhibitors

Crude drug/ Plant Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings
name

Caranthus roseus Whole plant is poisonous Vinca alkaloids, e.g -Ingestion may cause
(Madagascar periwinkle, Vincristine, clinically initial oropharyngeal pain
Bigleaf periwinkle) similar to colchicine - a followed in several hours
cytotoxic alkaloid by intense GI symptoms.
capable of inhibiting Ambominal pain, severe,
microtubule formation. profuce and persistent
diarrhoea may develop
cause extensive fluid
depletion.
May also subsequently
produce peripheral
neuropathy, bone
marrow suppression and
cardiovascular collapse.

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Poisoning by plants with sodium Crude drug/ Plant Toxic part Toxins Clinical findings

channel activators
name

Ricinus communis L Hard, water- Ricin - Cause mild to

(Castor plant) impermeable coat of the severe GI toxicity.
- Stabilize the open form of the voltage-dependent sodium seed. - Nausea, vomiting,
The toxin is not released abdominal
channel in excitable membranes such as neurons and cardiac unless the seed coats cramping and
are broken and contents diarrhea.
conducting system. are ingested. - Can cause life
- Causes persistent sodium influx and prevents adequate threatening
multisystem organ
repolarization leading to seizures and dysrhythmias. failure in high
- In the heart, excess sodium influx activates calcium exchange
ingestions.

and intracellular hypercalcemia and increases both inotropy

and potential for dysrhythmias.

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10 Medicinal Plants in the Philippines endorsed by DOH
● As part of primary health care and because of the increasing cost of drugs, the use of locally available medicinal plants and herbs in the Philippine backyard
and field have been found to be effective in the treatment of common ailments as attested to by the National Science Development Board.
● The DOH is advocating the use of the following ten herbal plants.

RA 8423 – Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 aka TAMA Act 1997
- act creating the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health care (PITAHC) to accelerate the development of traditional and alternative health
care in the Philippines, providing for a traditional and alternative health care development fund and for other purposes.
10 Medicinal Plants (SANTA LUBBY)
Plant Part Use Precautions/Preparations
- Diuretic in hypertension
- Dissolve kidney stones - Avoid using w/ other diuretic
Sambong
Leaves and flowering tops - Anti urolithiasis - eat 1 banana a day
S.N: Blumea balsamifera
- Anti edema - not for kidney infections
DUKE – diuretic, urolithiasis, kidney, edema
Fresh matured leaves are
Akapulko Anti-fungal for tinea flava (ring worm), Athlete’s
Matured leaves pounded, apply soap to affected
S.N: Cassia alata foot, and scabies
area qd/bid
Niyog-niyogan Fruit (kernel) Anthelmintic Overdose causes hiccups
S.N: Quisqualis indica Leaves Poultice for headache Not for children below 4 yrs old
Diarrhea:
Boil chopped leaves into 2
glasses of H2O, wait for 15 mins,
Pills
divide into 4 parts, drink 1 part
Tsaang-gubat Leaf decoction for gastroenteritis
Leaves every q3h
S.N: Ehretia microphylla Anti-diarrheal
Stomachache:
When gargled it prevents cavities
– Boil chopped leaves in 1 glass
of water for 15 minutes. Cool
and strain
Blood sugar should be monitored
regularly, native variety (small
ones) are recommended
Ampalaya Hypoglycemic (reduce sugar), For Diabetes
Young leaves Preparation:
S.N: Momordica charantia Mellitus (mild non-insulin dependent)
Chop leaves and boil in 15 mins
w/out covering, cool and strain
take 1/3 cup tid pc
It should be the 5 leaved variety
Lagundi Leaves and flowering Used as syrups, tablets and capsules for cough, Preparation:
S.N: Vitex negundo parts colds, fever, and asthma Decoction boil the parts of the
plant for 15 mins
½ cup of leaves are boiled over
Ulasimang bato Lowers uric acid which is for rheumatism and
Leaves low fire w/out pot cover divide
S.N: Peperomia pellucida gout; antigout
into 3 parts for you to drink it tid
- May cause constipation if eaten
too much
Preparation Washing wounds
- wash the leaves w/ running
water then boil for 15 mins. Wait
until decoction cools down into
lukewarm temp before rinsing
the wounds w/ it
Bayabas aka guava Preparation for Diarrhea
Leaves and fruits Anti-diarrheal and antiseptic
S.N: Psidium guajava - take tid/qid
Preparation for gargle &
Toothache
- warm decoction for gargle ,
freshly pounded leaves are used
for toothache
- boil chopped leaves for 15mins
do not cover and heat at low fire.
Cool and strain
- Avoid taking with medicines for
lowering blood sugar
(hypoglycemic), and medicines
for thinning blood
(anticoagulant)
must not exceed 6-8 cooked
cloves a day
Bawang Garlic Antihypertensive, antidyslipidemic , lowering
Leaves, bulbs (cloves) S/E: stomach ulcer if eaten raw
S.N: Allium sativum blood cholesterol levels; antiseptic
Uses & Preparation:
Hypertension – maybe fried,
roasted, soaked in vinegar for 30
mins, blanched in water for 15
minutes, take bid / tid pc
Toothache – pound a small piece
and apply to affected area
Yerba Buena aka Peppermint Analgesic relieving body aches & pain due to rheumatism and gout tx for cough,
Leaves, sap of plant
S.N: Clinopodium douglasii colds, insect bites
Alkaloids
- one of the largest groups of chemicals produced by plant
- they are derived from amino acids
- nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect on humans and animals
- they are secondary metabolites in plants extracted w/ tx of acids
- the most useful and also the most dangerous products of nature
- most alkaloids have a very bitter taste
- occur in RABLES:
ROOT – Reserpine:Rauwolfia
AERIAL - Ephedra
BARK – Quinine:Cinchona (tx for malaria, discovered by Spanih and Portuguese, teas from
cinchona bark were used)
LEAVES- Cocaine:Coca
ENTIRE PLANTS – Vinblastin:Vinca
SEED – Caffeine:Coca

Where did the term alkaloid come from?

- originated from the fact that the alkaloid, morphine, had similar properties to basic salts
derived from the alkali ashes of plants thus, it was called a vegetable alkali or alkaloid
Conine - first alkaloid to have its structure extablished and be synthesized unlike Colchicine which took over a century
Test of Belladona poisoning - Addition of ammonia to the alcoholic solution of scopoletin showing blue florescence
Cinchonism – cinchona alkaloid toxicity
Ergotism – convulsions (Germany), gangrene (France) before the causative agent was known it was called St. Anthony’s Fire
Bechet’s syndrome chronic disease marked by recurring ulcers and leukemia
Malaria - one of the most widespread diseases throughout tropical regions of the world, and it is transmitted through the
bite (blood meal) of the female Anopheles mosquito
Alkaloids
Type Amino Acid Source
Piperidine Lysine
Pyridine Anthranilic Acid
Tropane Ornithine
Quinoline Anthranilic Acid
Isoquinoline Tyrosine/Phenylalanine
Indole Tryptophan
Imidazole Histidine
Steroidal alkaloids Cholesterol
Alkaloidal amines
Purine Bases xanthosine monophosphate (XMP) Xanthine

Types of Alkaloids
Precursor Amino acids
from amino acid and they share a highly reactive substances with
(LOTPTH)
heterocyclic ring with nitrogen biological activity even in low
L – Lysine
ex. cocaine, quinine, dopamine and doses
True Alkaloids L – Ornithine
morphine (CQDM) - bitter and is white solid except
L – Tyrosine/Phenylalanine
may occur in plants (1) in the free Nicotine which is brown liquids
L – Tryptophan
state, (2) as salts and (3) as N-oxides - Form H2O soluble salts
L – Histidine
the N atom derived from an amino L – Tyrosine and L –
Ex. Hordenine, Mescaline,
Protoalkaloids acid is not a part of the heterocyclic Tryptophan
Yohimbine
- forms minority of all lakalods
Derived from precursors and Categorized into TAPS
the basic carbon skeletons of which
post cursors of amino acids Terpenoid
are not derived from amino acids
Pseudoalkaloids e.x coniine, capsaicin, ephedrine, Acetate
but are connected with amino acid
solanidine, caffeine and Phenylalanine derived
pathways
theobromine (C-CES-CT) Steroidal Alkaloids

Categories of Alkaloids (chemical structure)

Atypical Nonheterocyclic, nitrogen is located in aliphatic chains
Typical Heterocyclic alkaloids, contains nitrogen in the ring system
 Extraction of Alkaloids
Method A Powder → Remove moisture w/ alkaline substances → extract w/ oragnic solvents → shake and
allow to separate → alkaloidal salts in the aqueous liquids impurities in the organic liquid
Method B Powder → extract w/ water or aq. Alcohol containing diluted acid → chloroform or other organic
solvent are added and then shaken → precipitated w/ excess alkalis (NaHCO3/NH3) → separate by
filtration or exctration of organic solvents → Volatile liquid alkaloids (nicotne and conine) are
isolated thru distillation → powder material then extracted w/ H2O and the aq extract is made with
alkaline with sodium carbonate or ammoni and the do steam distillation

Test for Alkaloids

Test Reagent Result
Dragendorff’s Test Potassium Bismuth Iodide Orange red
Mayer’s Test Potassium Mercuric Iodide Creamy-White ppt
Hager’s Test Saturated aw. Solution of Picric Acid Bright yellow ppt
Wagner’s Test Dil. Iodine sol’n Reddish-Brown ppt
Tannic Acid Test Gtts of Tannic Acid sol’n Formation of buff colored ppt
Ammonia Reineckate Test Slightly acidified HCl, saturated sol’n of Forms pink flocculent ppt
Ammonia Reinaeckate solution
Valser’s Test Mercuric Iodide White ppt
Marne’s Test Cadmium potassium iodide Turbitidty / amorphous ppt
Sonnencschein teest Phosphomolybdic aid Blue sol’n
Scheibler’s Test Yellow/ white ppt

Piperidine-Pyridine
- pyridine is reduce to piperidine catalyst is Nickel
- aka azebenzene and azine
- Liquid pyridine evaporates into air easily
Amino Acid: Lysine:Piperidine (LyPiper) | Anthranilic Acid:Pyridine
Piperidine Derivatives
Lobeline (Asphyxia and
Lobelia - expectorant (bronchitis), Ointment: counterirritant
narcotic poisoning, relaxant
S.N: Lobelia inflata diaphoretic, antiasthmatic Infusion: in ophthalmia
and dilatory action) has 14
Part: Aerial - discontinue smoking Tincture: local application
other alkaloids
O.N: Herba lobellae, Indian habit for sprains, bruises, or skin
tobacco, Pukeweed, Note: Should not be disease
Asthma Weed employed as emetic Oil of Lobelia: tetanus

Pyridine and Pyrrolidine Derivatives

Leaves of tobacco + leaves
sedative, diuretic,
nicotine, nicotianin, nicotinine, of belladonna = obstinate
expectorant, discutient and
Tobacco nicoteine, nicoteline ulcer, painful tremor,
sialagogue
S.N: Nicotania tobaccum spasmodic affections
- CNS stimulant, cholinergic
Part: Dried leaves External: antiseptic
agent
O.N: Nicotine Nicorette: temporary aid to
Carcinogenic (benzopyrene
the cigarette smoker
and tar)
seeking to give up smoking
Nicotinic Acid
May causes mouth cancer if
Areca Nuts Arecoline – CNS stimulant chewed
S.N.: Areca catechu - Aprodisiac, usefl in rinary Powder: anthelmintic,
Part: Seeds disorders, nervine tonic and taenifuge and vermifuge for
O.N.: Betel nut, Pinang, emmenagogue dogs
Semina areacea Dose: 2 – 4g in dogs
4-8g in sheep

Tropane
- have the 8-azabicyclo octane nucleus
Family: Solanaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Convolvulaceae
Amino Acid: Ornithine
- best known for their toxic properties
- adjunctive therapy in the
Belladonna
Atropine – antimuscarinic treatment of peptic ulcer; Parasympathetic depressant
S.N: Atropa belladonna
(antiAch), antidote for functional digestive EFFECT:
Part: dry leaves, flowering top
disorders, ulcerative colitis;
O.N: Belladonna herb; Belladonna diarrhea, diverticulitis and
leaf; Deadly night shade leaves; pancreatitis
Banewort; Death’s herb, - anticholinergic, narcotic,
Dwale; Poison black cherry; Folia sedative, diuretic mydriatic
belladonnae and used as anodyne

- manufacture of hyoscine
or scopolamine
- parasympatholytic,
Hyoscine (Scopolamine) Ayurveda black datura-
anticholinergic and CNS
more effective and toxic
Datura Herb/Talampunay depressant
Hyoscine-N-butyl-
S.N.: Datura metel - tx for asthma
bromide: antispasmodic
Part: dry leaves, flowering top - Rapjoot Mother smear
Datura m. + Morphine =
Family: Solanaceae their breast to of D.M. juice
obstetric anesthesia
to poison newly born
(twilight sleep)
female infants
S/E: Mydriatic (Dilation of
the eye)
Hyoscyamine,
Hyoscyamus
Scopolamine, Atropine
S.N.: Hyocyamus niger
Part: dry leaves, flowering top Antispasmodic, hypnotic,
O.N: Common Henbane, Hog’s- mild diuretic, Leaves: narcotic medicine
bean, Jupiter’sbean, Symphonica, Parasympatholytic, relieve Same action to belladonna
Cassilata, Cassilago, Deus griping caused by drastic and stramonium but milder
Caballinus purgative, ingredient in effect
aperient pills
Egyptian henbane
S.N.: Hyocyamus muticus Hyoscyamine
Part: dried leaves, flowering tops
Leaves – made into
narcotic, antispasmodic and cigarettes or smoked in pipe
anodyne drug and used to to relieve asthma
Stramonium relieve the spasm of the Tx: parkinsonism, boils,
Hyoscyamine
S.N: Datura stramonium bronchioles in asthma, sores and fish bites
ingredient of Pulvis Flower juice: earache,
stramonii compositus dandruff, hair fall
Ointment cure hemorrhoids
Withania
Tropine, pseudotropine,
S.N: Withania somnifera Sedative
hygrine
Part: roots
Duboisia Chief commercial source of
S.N: Duboisia myoporoides hyoscyamine, scopolamine and atropine Sulphate of Duboisia-
Part: dried leaves scopolamine antidote for pilocarpine, substitute for atropine
O.N: Corkwood, cork tree physostigmine poisoning
Pituri
S.N: Dubosia hopwoodii
Nicotine and nornicotine
Part: leaf
O.N: Australian tobacco
Mandragora
hyoscyamine, Should not be confused
S.N: Mandragora officinarum
scopolamine, and with the resin containing
Part: root
mandragorine American mandrake
O.N: European mandrake
Var. coca = E.coca yields Huanco (Bolivian) coca
Cocaine
Var. spruceanum = E. truxillense yields Truxillo (Peruvian) coca
S.N: Erythroxylum coca
Local anesthetic
Part: dried leaves
Preparation: Semi-synthethos from palnt derived ecognine
O.N: coca, coca leaves, The divine
Brompton’s Cocktail – Cocaine + Morphine/Heroine. w/ highly concetrated alcohol
plant of the incas
(ethanol); for terminal caner patients that has a purpose of relieving pain
 Quinoline
- double carbon ring containing one nitrogen atom
- toxic to plasmodium vivax, onecelled protozoans that cause malaria
- synthesized from Anthranilic Acid
Anti-malarial drug, analgesic,
Cinchona
Alkaloids are formed in the antipyretic, protoplasmic,
S.N: Cinchona succiraba –
parenchymal cells of the stomachic and effervescent
cinchonidine
middle layers of the bark tonic water
Cinchona calisaya – yellow
Constituent: Quinine, Quinidine – cardiac
cinchona -quinine
Quinidine, Cinchonine, depressant
Part: steam and root
Cinchonidine Cinchonidine –
O.N: Peruvian Bark
rheumatism and neuralgia
Cuprea Bark Commercial source of
S.N: Remija purdieana quinidine

Isoquinoline
- more poisonous to domestic livestock than to humans
- common for pediatric poisoning
- noxious in smell and taste discouraged for ingestion thus human toxicity is rare
Note: some domestic species tolerate ingestion of isoquinoline and other alkaloids, and humans can ingest toxic alkaloids
from the milk of poisoned animal and manifest symptoms
Synthesized from amino acid Tyrosine
- tx of drug overdose in
certain poisoning dose: 15 ml
followed w/ 2 glasses of water
Ipecac + Opium = Dover’s
Ipecac powder; diaphoretic
S.N: Cephaelis Cephaeline Emetine/ Methylcephaeline
ipecacuanha Psychotrine = from ipecac or obtained
O.N.: Rio/Brazilian Ipecac Emetine (main synthetically by methylation
S.N: Cephaelis acuminata constituent) – powerful of cephaeline
O.N: Nicaragua/Panama/ stimulant emetic and Emetine HCl = hydrated HCl NOTE: IT SHOULD NOT BE GIVEN
Cartagena Ipecac anti-amoebic of emetine, anti-amoebic FOR:
Part: Rhizome acting in the intestinal wall 1. CONVULSING PATIENTS
and liver 2. CORROSIVE SUBSTANCE
Psychotrine and methyl (ACID/ALKALIS)
ether = selective inhibitors if 3. HYDROCARBONS
HIV
Hydratis
S.N: Hydratis canadensis Hydrastine (astringent)
Part: dried rhizome and Berberine (astringent)
root Canadine (anti-inflammatory)
O.N.: Golden Seal
Blood Roots
S.N: Sanguinaria
canadensis Stimulant expectorant and
Sanguinarine
Part: dried rhizome emetic
O.N: Sanguinarius
(meaning bloody)

Curare Tubocurarine – ✓ Anti-nicotinic

S.N: Strychnos toxifera & quaternary compound ✓ Ganglionic blocker
Strychnos castelnaei that contains ✓ Skeletal muscle relaxant
Part: bark and stem bisbenzylisoquinoline ✓ Anticonvulsant from
O.N: Tubocurarine, South structure strychnine poisoning and of
American arrowhead Tested using rabbits tetanus.
poison, Ourari, Urari, (head-drop crossover ✓ DOSE: 200-400 mcg/kg of
Woorari, Wourara, Woorali test) BW

Opium Has 30 alkaloids but Tested using FeCl3 (red due to

S.N: Papaver somniferum important are: meconic acid)
General use: CNS stimulant,
Part: Poppyseed, dried Noscapine 4-8% Preparation: Ipecac+Opium,
Analgesic, hypnotic, checks
milky exudate from unripe Thebaine 0.5-2% Paregoric/Camphorated
excessive persitalsis
capsule (also the one sa ubos Opium, Laudanum/Opium
O.N: Gum Opium kana nay mga %) tincture
 most important opium
alkaloid
use: narcotic analgesic,
Morphine 4-21%
hypnotic.
AE: nausea, vomiting and
constipation

Aka methyl morphine

Codeine 0.8-2.5% Most widely used as
antitussive

Papaverine 0.5-2.5% Smooth muscle relaxant

Paregoric/
Antiperistalsis
Camphorated Opium
Heroine/ diacetyl
habit forming; more pronounced effects than morphine
morphine
Apomorphine HCl Morphine + HCl; as emetic
Hydromorphone powerful narcotic analgesic, strong respiratory depressant
Diphenoxylate +
Antidiarrheal
Loperamide (Lomotil)
Meperidine + Fentanyl Anesthetic
a free base. It possesses no narcotic properties and is therefore
Niscapine (Narcotine)
sometimes called anarcotine

Indole
- a benzopyrrole; benzene and pyrrole rings are through the 2, 3-positions of
the pyrrole
- commercial importance in perfumes
- Isoindole isomer of indole is not stable
- simplest derivative: N-methylisoindole
✓ Antihypertensive and tranquilizer
(Reserpine)
General Use of Rauwolfia:
hypnotic, sedative and
antihypertensive. It is specific for
Reserpine
insanity, reduces BP and cures pain
due to affections of the bowels.
It is given in labors to increase
uterine contractions and in certain
neuropsychiatric disorders
Rauwolfia Serpentina
S.N: Rauwolfia serpentina ✓ alkaloid that occurs in several
Part: dried root species of Rauwolfia
Rescinnamine
- higher dose may cause mental
depression

✓ an alkaloid from the root of R.

Desperidine canescens, wide range tranquilizer
free from side effects

Similar pharmacologic activities

Ajmaline that of quinidine
- tx for cardiac arrhythmias

• Antineoplastic agent MOA: Bind to receptor sites on

Catharantus
• Antimitotic agent tubulin so no stacking of tubulin
S.N: Catharantus roseus
• Anticancer potential that will happen during metaphase
Part: whole plant (dried)
Astringent and tonic so if no stacking o tubulin no
O.N: Periwinkle plant, Gargle for scurvy and sore throat formation of mitotic spindle to
Vinca • flower are gently purgative but no effect when dried proceed to Anaphase dissolution
already of mitotic spindle will happen
Gently laxative in children overcomes chronic leading to cell lysis/death
constipation in grown persons
Tx in diabetes

cytotoxic, tx for leukemia in

Vincristine
children

Vinblastine antitumor tx for Hodgkin’s

Nux Vomica - obtained by dil. H2SO4

S.N: Srychos nux-vomica - fish poison, vermin killer, CNS
Part: dried ripe seed Stimulant, rat poison
O.N: Semen strychni, Nux - bitter in the mouth, increases
Strychnine
vomica Seed, Poison Nut, appetite
Semen strychnos, Quaker - stimulates peristalsis in chronic
Buttons, Bachelor’s constipation
buttons, Dog buttons, - nervine and sex tonic
Vomit nut, Crow fig - obtained by dil. H2SO4
NOTES: vomiting nut - intensely bitter and standard for
but has no vomiting Brucine determining bitter value of bitter
properties drugs
- slightly less poisonous
St. Ignatius bean
S.N: Strychnos ignatii Commercial source of strychnine and brucine
O.N: Ignati, Ignatia
Physostigmine employed for the tx of glaucoma
S.N.: Physostigma and also antidote for atropine
venenosum toxicity
Part: dried ripe seed - internal for its depressant action;
O.N: Ordeal, Calabar depresses CNS causing muscular
Bean, Eserine weakness
- causes rapid contraction of the
Eserine/
pupil and disturbed vision
Physostigmine
- action on circulation is to slow the
pulse and rise BP
Products:
- Physostigmine salicylate / eserine
salicylate
- Physostigmine sulfate/ eserine
sulfate
Ergot
S.N: Claviceps purpurea
Part: dried sclerotium of a
fungus Lysergic acid Partial synthesis from lysergic acid
O.N.: Rye, Secale diethylamide Potent psychotomimetic
cornutum (LSD-25) Ergot derivative; a hallucinogen
A fungi that is in grains

Ergometrine/ oxytocic, vasoconstrictor and abortifacient and used to assist delivery and
Ergonovine to reduce post-partum hemorrhage
 Ergotamine Analgesics, tx for migraine

Imidazole
- ring system is present in important biological building blocks such as histidine and histamine
- can act as weak base and weak acids

Pilocarpine is antagonistic
to atropine
Pilocarpus
Pilocarpine -the lactone of S/E: stimulates the
S.N: Pilocarpus jaborandi
pilocarpic acid, an acid with muscarinic receptors in the
Part: leaves
a glyoxaline nucleus eye causing miosis
O.N.: Jaborandi, Arruda do
(constriction,
Mato, Arruda brava,
Pilosine vasoconstriction)
Jamguarandi, Juarandi
- management of glaucoma

Steroidal Alkaloids/ Alkaloidal Glycosides/Glycoalkaloids

- formed by the addition of nitrogen on the similar point in the steroidal molecule
- used as medicine or precursor for synthesis of various steroids
- has a tetracyclic ring triterpene aka steroid nucleus or steroidal backbone (has CPP)
Cardiac depressant
Veratrum Antihypertensive
S.N: Veratrum viride Sedative
Part: dried rhizome and root Jervine Insecticide
O.N: green hellebore/ used for the preparation of
American hellebore Veriloid, a mixture of the
hypotensive alkaloids
White Hellebore used for the preparation of
S.N: Veratrum album the protoveratrines
Protoveratrine
Part: dried rhizome and root - hypotensive but not used
O.N: European Hellebore therapeutically

Alkaloidal Amines
- One or more carbon rings with a nitrogen atom on a carbon side chain
Ephedra/Ma huang General USE: decongestant
S.N: Ephedra sinica opens sinuses, increases sweating, dilates bronchioles (antiasthmatic use), diuretic, CNS stimulant,
Part: entire plant or raises blood pressure, alleviates aches and rheumatism, alleviates hay fever/colds
over ground part Ephedrine aka - )- antiallergenic, antispasmodic, stimulant and
erythro-a-[1- vasoconstrictor, potent sympathomimetic,
Pharmaceutical (methylamino)ethyl] adrenergic (beta1 & 2, alpha), excite the
product: benzyl alcohol sympathetic NS causes vasoconstriction and
• Ephedrine sulfate cardiac stimulant (similar effect to epinephrine)
and Ephedrine Pseudoephedrine decongestant, suppress cough
Hydrochloride

Norpseudoephedrine Peripheral vasodilator tx for angina

Colchicum Colchicine (very Tx for gout and rheumatic complaints, for
S.N: Colchicum poisonous) leukemia, Bechet’s syndrome
autumnale Inhibits microtubule synthesis
Part: dried ripe seed Not for pregnant women since very toxic
O.N: autumn crocus
Khat Cathinone – same w/ chewed habitually by many people in
S.N: Catha edulis amphetamine East africa and the arabian countries to
Part: leaves MOA: induction of alleviate the sensations of hunger and fatigue
O.N: Abyssinian Tea catecholamine release
from storage sites
Peyote Mescaline Hallucinogen
S.N: Lophophora Most active peyote constituent
williamsii Cactus family
Part: dried tops
O.N: Mescal buttons

Purine Bases
- contains double carbon ring containing four nitrogen atoms
- Structure is similar to those found in DNA, RNA, and ATP
- Derived from xanthosine monophosphate
- precursors: Iriosine and xanthosine
- derived from adenine and guanine which are the purine base components of the nucleotides adenosine and guanosine.
Caffeine containing drugs
- IUPAC: 1,3,7-triemthylxanthine
- in a white powder or as white, glistening needles matted together in fleecy masses
- increase by the presence of citric acid, benzoates, salicylate, and bromides
USE: CNS stimulant DOSE: 200 mg
Coffee bean Roasted coffee - the bean is roasted until it acquires a dark brown color and develops the
S.N: Coffea arabica characteristic aroma.
Part: ripe seed Caffeol - the oil that causes the aroma of the bean.
Coffea robusta – bitter Decaffeinated coffee 3% caffeine only - prepared by extracting the most of the caffeine
variant from the coffee bean, yet retaining the pleasant characteristic aroma of coffee
Benefit of decaf coffee: lower risk of diabetes, aids heart health, boost brain function
Risk: can still cause caffeine overdose symptoms, decreases calcium absorption, binds to
non-heme-iron decreasing the body’s ability to absorb iron, certain extraction of coffee has
chemical/toxins
Cola nut/Kola the dried cotyledon Cola nitida
Guarana dried paste composed chiefly of the crushed seed of Paullinia cupana
Mat’e or Paraguay Tea Caffeine and tannin Large does = laxative/purgative diaphoretic
Tea Isomeric with theobromine USE: principally used as smooth muscle relaxant for
S.N: Camellia sinensis and was first isolated in 1885 symptomatic relief or prevention of bronchial asthma and
Part: leaves and leaf buds for the treatment of reversible bronchospasm associated
O.N: Thea, Theophylline with chronic bronchitis and emphysema
IUPAC: 1,3-
dimethylxanthine
Theobromine - ingredient in cosmetic ointments and in
IUPAC: 3,7- pharmacy for coating pills and preparing
dimethylxanthine suppositories
S.N: Theobroma cacao - diuretic and smooth muscle relaxant
Part: ripe seed dried - less CNS effect
Lipids neutralize acetic acid combined to hydroxyl groups, when 1 g of a
- fixed oils, fats, waxes sample is acetylated
- esters of long-chain fatty acids and alcohols, or of closely related derivatives difference in number of mg of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify
Ester Value
these 3 is the type of alcohol present the ester contained in 1 g of a sample.
principle is the saponification of the fat or oil by boiling under
reflux with an ethanolic potassium hydroxide solution.
Unsaponifiable
Unsaponifiable matter is then extracted from the soap sol’n by
matter
diethyl ether. The solvent is evaporated and then the residue is
dried and weighed
- One of the most widely used tests for oxidative rancidity
- measure of the concentration of peroxides and hydroperoxides
Peroxide Value
formed in the initial stages of lipid oxidation
-

Fixed Oils
- hydrogenation, sulfated or sulfonated oils
Type Iodine Value Examples
Drying oils (LiFiCo) >120 Linseed oil
Fish oil
Cod Liver oil
Non-drying oils (OA) <100 Olive oil
Almond oil
Semi-drying oils (CotSes) 100-120 Cottonseed oil
Functions of lipids Sesame oil
1. Structural component of biological membranes
2. Energy reserves in the form of triglycerols Oil Saponification Iodine V Acetyl Specific G. Acid
3. Lipids and Lipid derivatives serves as vitamin and hormones Coconut 250–264 7-10 <2
4. Primary Function: food (energy) storage Castor 177-187 150 0.958-0.969
Olive 187–196 79-90 0.914-0.919 0.2-2.8
CLASS OF LIPIDS Soybean 120-141
LIPIDS FIXED OILS FATS WAXES Safflower 188–194 0.9211-0.9215
Long chain fatty Linseed 187–195 ~170
acids + High MW Cod liver 155–173 0.922–0.929 <2
Structure Long chain fatty acids + glycerol
alcohol (cetyl and
stearyl alcohol) Gossypol
Source Vegetables Animals Plant and Animals - Male contraceptive, Destroys seminiferous tubules, Removed with alkali treatment
Appearance @ Solid except for - found in cottonseed cake
Liquid Liquid/Solid
room temp Cod Liver oil
Insoluble in H2O an alcohol
Soluble in petroleum, ether, chloroform,
Solubility benzene Used as water
Except: Castor Oil soluble in alcohol repellant
Distillation Should need to decompose before
capacity distillation
Saponification alcoholic alkali or aqueous alkali alkoholic alkali

Fixed Oils vs Fats

- difference is only in the melting point
- Fixed oils can be solid but mostly they are liquid at room temperature while most animal
fat are solid at room temp but they can also be liquid

Saturated No. of C Source

Acetic Acid 2
Propionic Acid 3
Butyric Acid 4 Butter fat
Caproic Acid 6
Caprylic Acid (Octanoic Acid) 8
Capric Acid 10
Lauric Acid 12 Coconut oil
Myristic Acid 14 Palm oil (for cooking)
Pentadecanoic acid 15
Lecithin
Palmitic Acid 16 Arachis Oil and sesame oil
- an ingredient that is useful in controlling deranged lipid and cholesterol metabolism
Heptadecanoic acid 17
Stearic Acid 18 Arachis Oil
Arachidic Acid 20 Mustard Oil Cetyl alcohol
Behemic Acid 22 - is a mixture of solid alcohol consisting of chiefly of cetyl alcohol or 1-hexadecanol. It is
Lignoceric Acid 24 used as an emulsifying aid and as a stiffening agent in pharmaceutic preparation

Format: #C:#DBΔPlace of DB ω place of Stearyl alcohol

Unsaturated Source - a mixture of solid alcohols consisting chiefly of stearyl alcohol or 1-octadecanol
DB from terminal part
Palmitoleic 16: 1Δ9 ω7
Oleic Acid Safflower oil, corn oil Beeswax adulterant - solid paraffin, ceresin, carnauba wax, or other fats and waxes of
18: 1Δ9 ω9
Elaidic Acid animal or mineral origin
Linoleic Acid Sesame oil,
18: 2Δ9,12 ω6
Sunflower oil Thromboxane - stimulates bronchoconstriction and platelet aggregation
ω-Linolenic Acid 18: 3Δ6,9,12 ω6 Linseed oil
α-Linolenic Acid 18: 3Δ9,12, 15 ω3
Arachidonic Acid 20: 4Δ5,8,11,14 ω6 Arachis Oil Test for fixed Oils - NagHaCot ng SeBo sa Vegetable si Ser Millon para kay Olive
Ecosapentahenoic 20: 5Δ5,8,11,14,17 OIL TEST
Docosahexanoic 20: 6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19 ω3 Cottonseed oil Halphen’s test
Sesame oil Boudouin’s test
USP Tests for Lipids Vegetable oil Serger reaction
number of grams of iodine absorbed, under prescribed conditions, Olive oil Millon’s test
Iodine Value
by 100g of the substance (g of Iodine/100g of subs)
number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free fatty
Acid Value
acids in 1g of the substance (mg of KOH/1g of substance)
number of milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the free acid
Saponification
and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the substance (mg of
Value
KOH/1g of substance)
Hydroxyl Value number of mg of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to
 FIXED OILS
Source (S.N. & C.N.) and Process it
Name Constituent Use/Other Info
is obtained
95% of saturated fatty acids with 8- - concrete oil <23°C
Coconut Oil/Coconut
10 carbon atoms Melt Point - 23°C to 26°C
Butter/Copra S.N. – Cocos nucifera
2% caprylic acid Tx: Cystic fibrosis, enteritis, steatorrhoea
Oil C.N. – Coconut aka Tree of Life
50-80% capric acid S/E: diarrhea, abdominal pain (dietary)
Process: expression or extraction
Thin Vegetable Oil aka 50% lauric acid basis for the preparation of an oral suspension of drugs unstable in
fractionated coconut oil 20% myristic acid aqueous media
Palm oil Elaeis guineensis
45%-55% of fixed oil pale yellow or almost colorless, transparent, viscid liquid
20% globulin, albumin, Use: Laxative, Cathartic (16-60mL) in flexible collodion, mild
Castor oil/castor oil seed/ Seed of Ricinus communis nucleoalbumin, glycoprotein purgative, fungistatic, used as an ointment base, as a plasticizer,
castor bean - Ricinus means tick or bug in latin Ricin – toxic lectin/hemagglutin wetting agent, and as a lubricating agent
Azelaic Acid – anti acne use Main Use: industrial production of coatings
Ricinoleic Acid - laxative has Vitamin F
- pale yellow or light greenish-yellow due to presence of chlorophyll
or carotenes
oleic acid (56–85%)
Use: Pharmaceutic aid, setting retardant for dental cements and in
palmitic (7–20%)
the preparation of soaps, plasters, and liniments, demulcent, an
linoleic (3–20%)
Olive oil/Salad oil/sweet emollient, and a laxative
stearic (1–5%)
oil/Oleum olival/ Oil of Fruit of Olea europea Forms:
arachidic (0.9%)
Europe • Virgin Olive Oil – by gentle pressure w/out heat
palmitoleic (3%), linolenic,
• Cold press tournant – fallen or decomposed olives that are
eicosenoic, gadoleic, and lignoceric
fermented
acids
• Technical – hot pressed mixed w/ hot H2O
• Extra Virgin Olive Oil – most expensive
Tea tree oil/Camelia Oil Used as adulterant for olive oils
OFFICIAL FIXED OILS (CoCoPeSe) – Solvent for IM injections
clear, light yellow, oily liquid that as a faint characteristic odor and
Embryo of Zea mays linoleic (50%), oleic (37%), taste
Corn Oil/Maize oil
Process: Expression palmitic (10%), stearic (3%). Use: Solvent for injections, Solvent for Irradiated Ergosterol, Dietary
Supplement (Lipomul Oral –emulsion), shortening in baking
linoleic (45%), oleic (30%), palmitic pale yellow, oily liquid. It is odorless and has a bland taste
(20%), myristic (3%), stearic and Use: manuf of soaps (lowgrade oil), liniments, substitute of olive oil
Cottonseed oil Gossypium hirsutum
arachidic (1%) and in large doses as lubricant cathartic
Main: gossypol Cottonseed cake – 0.6% of toxic gossypol
- closely resembles olive oil
Peanut Oil/Groundnut oil;
In paper: very thick oil
monkeynut oil/peanut oil/ Arachia hypogaea oleic (50%-65%); linoleic (18%-
Saturated fatty acid
katchung oil/ earth-nut Process: expression 30%); palmitic (8%-10%)
Rich in thiamine
oil/Arachis oil
Use: food oil, pharmaceutic aid
- small, flattened, oval or ovate, smooth and shiny, and whitish,
yellow, or reddish brown
- sweet and oily
45%-55% of fixed oil, 22% proteins Use: demulcent, in dysentery and urinary complaints, as a solvent for
Sesame Oil/Teel oil/Benne Oil Sesamum indicum
(aleurone), and 4% of mucilage injection of steroids, antibiotics
/ Sesamum Seed Process: 3 successive expression
Main: Sesamol and Sesamolin Sesamol – nutritive principle
Sesamolin - contained in the unsaponifaible fraction of the oil, is an
effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides

OTHER FIXED OILS

- drying oil, not for cooking
Use: ingredient in parenteral nutrients, abundant source of
stigmasterol, and good source of lecithin
Products:
• Partially hydrogenated soybean oil - an ingredient in
Soybean oil Glycine soja Lecithin
products which is used as to balance dietary supplements
• Soybean cake - the residue after pressing the seed, has a high
value as a livestock food.
• Soybean meal - detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum by
enzymatic action of the urease in soybean meal
Persic Oil/Apricot kernel oil/
Prunus persica/Prunus armeniaca Oleic Use: vehicle and pharmaceutic necessity
Peach kernel oil
Rich in unsaturated acids – Linoleic
Sunflower Oil Helianthus annuus Alternative to corn oil and safflower oil for culinary purposes
and Oleic
75% linoleic acid,and 18% oleic
Safflower oil Carthamus tinctorius acid. Palmitic, steric, arachidic, oleic Anitlipidemics
and linoleic and linolenic acid
Almond Oil/Sweet almond Prunus amygdalus var dulcis – sweet oleic (77%), Linoleic (17%), Palmitic Use: Laxative
oil/Bitter almond oil Prunus amygdalus var amara – bitter (5%), myristic (1%) Expressed almond oil used as emollient, ingredient in cosmetics
- an iodine addition product of ethyl ester of the fatty acids of poppy
seed oil
Ethiodized oil injection ethyl monoiodostearate and ethyl
Papaver somniferum - decomposes when exposed to air and sunlight, becoming dark
A radiopaque diiodostearate
brown in color
Use: diagnostic aid in hysterosalpingography and lymphography
- Mucilage ( glucose, arabinose, galactose, rhamnose), wax, lecithin,
& cyanogenic glycoside
Use: paint and varnish industry, demulcent and in form of poultices
Linoleic acid, oleic acid, myristic for gouty and rheumatic swellings
Linseed/Flaxseed Oil Linum usitatissimum
acid, stearic, and palmitic mucilaginous infusion is used internally as a
demulcent in colds, coughs, bronchial affections,
inflammation of the urinary tract, gonorrhea, and
diarrhea
50% erucic acid
- causes myocardial lipidosis (fatty degeneration of the heart) and
Rapeseed oil Brassica campestris Oleic, Linoleic, Palmitic
damages the heart muscle in animals
Has Canola oil
yellowish-white solid that has a faint agreeable odor and a band,
chocolate like taste
Theobroma Oil Theobroma cacao Palmitic. Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic Sweetchocolate- is bitter chocolate to which sugar and vanilla or
other flavouring substance have been added.
Cocoa - powder prepared from roasted, cured kernels of the seed
Mustard oil Brassica juncea Arachidic, behenic, erusic,
lignocericm linoleic, linolenic, oleic,
myristic
Rice bran oil Oleic acid, linoleic acid and palmitic Antioxidant, emollient, Substitute for lanolin, Good for hair, and face
acid

FATS
Name Source (S.N. & C.N.) Constituent Use/Other Info
Anhydrous Lanolin/ Wool
Ovis aries (Fam. Bovidae) 0.25% moisture content
fat
cholesterol, isocholesterol, unsaturated
25%-30% moisture
monohydric alcohol
Lanolin / Hydrous wool fat Uses: emollient, as water absorbable ointment base
S/E: allergenic contactant in hypersensitive persons
pale yellow in color; it has fishy odor and taste
Note: should be stored in well-filled airtight containers, protected
Cod Liver Oil Gadus morrhua Vitamin A and D from light, and kept in a cool place
Tx: rickets, tuberculosis
Use: nutritive, source of vitamins
Hypoporion brevirostris fam.
Shark Liver Oil Vitamin A(15,000-30,000 IU) Tx. For xerophthalmia
Carcharhinidae
Lard Sus scrofa fam Suidae Olein, sterin palmitin Ointment base, cooking

PLANT WAXES
Name Source (S.N. & C.N.) Constituent Use/Other Info
Carnauba wax AKA Brazilian consists of alkyl esters of wax acids (80%)
Copernicia prunifera Myricyl cerotate, carnaubic and cerotic acid
Wax Use: Furniture/shoe polish, floor wax, candles, shampoo
Hydrogenation of the oil yields a crystalline wax that has the
Jojoba Oil Simmondsia chinensis
appearance and properties of spermaceti

ANIMAL WAXES
Name Source (S.N. & C.N.) Constituent Use/Other Info
sperm whale - Physeter Use: quality emollient and a desirable ingredient in cold
Spermaceti
macrosephalus creams and other cosmetics

Purified Yellow beeswax - used as a stiffening agent

Beeswax aka White purified and bleached White beeswax - employed

honeycomb of hive bee, Apis
beeswax, yellow beeswax, myricin, which is melissyl palmitate pharmaceutically in ointments and in cold creams, it is obtained
mellifera
cera alba, and cera flava from yellow beeswax
obtained by treating yellow B.W./ potassium permanganate.
Chromic acid, chlorine or charcoal

PROSTAGLANDINS
• C20 lipid metabolites derived from essential, unsaturated fatty acid (arachidonic acid)
• Mediators of platelet aggregation, pain and inflammation
• Dominant in seminal fluid
• Activation of inflammatory response, production of pain and fever
• Certain prostaglandins are involved with the induction of labor and other reproductive processes
Name Source (S.N. & C.N.) Constituent/Structure Use/Other Info
A α,β-unsaturated keto groups
E Plexaura homomalla β-hydroxyketone
F 1,3 diols

Carboprost 1,5- Methyl prostaglandin F2α

- Stimulates contraction of gravid uterus similar to the contractions of

the full term at labor
Use: in terminating second trimester pregnancy
ROA: slow injection through the amniotic sac. 40mg dose.
Side effect: Vomiting, Diarrhea, Elevation of BP
Dinoprost Prostaglandin PGF2α

uterine stimulant approved for termination of second trimester

pregnancy
Dinopostrone Prostaglandin E2 Advantage: lack of vasoconstriction that results to HTN
ROA: inserted in the vagina: 20mg suppository.
Side effects: Vomiting, Pyrexia, Diarrhea, Nausea, Headache and chills

Effect: vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation and stimulates

intestinal and uterine smooth muscle
Alprostadill Prostaglandin E1
Use: Palliative therapy to maintain temporarily neonates with patent
ductus arteriosus and congenital heart defects

Inhibits gastric secretion, produces uterine contractions that endanger

Methyl-1,6-
pregnancy and may cause abortion
Misoprostol hydroxyprostglandin E1 methyl
Use: po for patients that are at high risk for developing ulcers during
ester
NSAID therapy
Marine Pharmacognosy
– sub branch of PCOG
- concerned with naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from marine source

Macroalgae
- tx of iodine deficiency states such as goiter

Seaweeds
- sources of additional vitamins and in the tx of anemia during pregnancy
- dressing materials, ointments and in gynecology

Marine Products
- tx of various intestinal disorders as vermifuges, hypochloesterolaemic and hypoglycemic agent
e.g. Cystoseria barbata, Sargassum confusam and Jania rubens

Durvillaea antractica
- tx scabies in New Zealand

Marine flora and fauna

- source of new molecular entity

ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Constituents Source Description/Use Structure

Tx Herpes Encephalitis
Ara-A aka Adenine S.N: Tectitethya crypta
- semisynthetic antiviral agent
arabinoside aka Vidarabine Part: sponge
- based on arabinosyl nucleoside

S.N: Eudistoma - Β-carboline derivatives w/ 1,3,7- oxathiazepine

olivaceum, ring
Part: sponges and - also found in tunicates
gorgonians 4 groups :
Eudistomins Fam: Polycitoridae - Pyrrolyl substituted
- Pyrrolinyl-substituted
- Unsubstituted
- tetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives
- Antiviral and antineoplastic
Didemins - antiviral and antitumor
S.N: Trididemnum
cyanophorum
Didemin B Antitumor agent in clinical trials
Fam: Didemnidae

S.N: Disidea Strong anti-HIV activity grate promises for tx of

avara AIDS
Aavarol and Avarones Part: sponge

S.N: Lissoclinum Potent against herpes simplex virus

patella
Part: sponge
Fam: Ascidian
Patellazole B

S.N: Laminaria angustata Sulfated polysaccharide compound

Fam: Laminaria - activity against HIV and Herpes simplex viruses
Fucoidan Part: brown algae

S.N: Digenia simplex Anthelminthic (parasitic roundworms, tapeworms

α -kainic Acid Part: Red algae and whip worms)
Tx for ascariasis
 Produced by Takeda Pharmaceuticals (Japanese
pharma company)
S.N: Chondria armata and Anthelminthic
alsidium corallinum - chemically related to kainic acid
Domoic Acid

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
Constituents Source Description/Use Structure

S.N: Cryptotethya crypta Tx: acute myelogenous leukemia and human

Cytosine Arabinoside aka C.N: Caribbean sponge acute leukemia
Cytarabine aka Ara-C Part: Spongothymidine Inhibitor of tumors for: Sarcoma-180, Erlich
Brand Name: Cytorsar carcinoma, L1210 Leukemia in mice

S.N: Bugula neritina Extreme dose level=highly potent antineoplastic

Fam: bryozoal marine Prevents tumor growth
Bryostatin I
organism

ANTISPASMODIC AGENTS
Constituents Source Description/Use Structure
Sesquiterpene derivative
Agelas spp. - first marine natural products containing
Agelasidine A
Okinawa sea sponge guanine and sulfone units
- very good antispasmodic activity

CARDIOVASCULAR AGENTS
Constituents Source Description/Use Structure
- peptide compound
S.N: Eledone moschata
- Potent hypotensive and vasodilatory activity
Eledoisin Part: salivary glands
- 50x more potent than Acetycholine, histamine,
Fam: Cephalopods
bradykinin on provoking hypotension
S.N: Octopus vulgaris,
Octopus macropus, - phenol derivative
Octopamine Eledone moschata - has cardiotonic activity
Part: salivary glands
Fam: Cephalopods

Tetramine S.N: Neptunea antiqua Showed curare(alkaloid) like effect in mammals

S.N: Laminaria angustata

Part: salivary glands - hypotensive activity with similar action to
Laminine Fam: Laminariales (marin choline
red algae and also brown - also has smooth muscle relaxant properties
algae
Resins
- solid or semisolid amorphous products with a complex nature
- Complex mixtures of resin acids, resin alcohols, resinotannols, esters and resins.

Where are Resins formed?

- Schizogenous or schizolysigenous ducts or cavities (they can also be stored here)
- end products of terpenes oxidation
- pathological products exuded through incisions made on plant

How to isolate Resins?

- difficult due to a lot of combinations
- but a technique can be used which is the extraction of the drug w/ alcoholic solvents and the following with subsequent precipitation of
resin by adding conc alcohol extract to a large proportion of water

Balsams
- pathologic product and is formed by injury to the trees

Podophyllotoxin
- semi synthetically converted to a potent anticancer agent etoposide which is mainly used for the treatment of lung and testicular cancer.

Styrax
- term styrax is from the Arabian assitirax, meaning a sweet-smelling exudation

Myroxylon
- is from the Greek myron, meaning ointment, and xylon, meaning wood

Solubility
H2O and petroleum ether Insoluble
Alcohol, solvent ether, benzene or chloroform Soluble

Resin Classifications
- base of chemical nature and association with other groups

Resin Combinations
Type Definition Example Solubility
Resin Acids Resin + carboxylic acid may or may abietic acid and commiphoric acid S: aq. Sol’n of alkalis
not have association w/ phenolic present in colophony and myrrh producing frothy sol’n
compounds
Resin Esters Resin acids + aromatic acids Dragon’s blood and benzoin Treated w/ caustic alkali
(benzoic, cinnamic, salicylic) with allows them to be
converted to free acids
Resin Alcohols aka Resinols Complex alcoholic compounds of Aloeresinotanol - aloe IS: aq alkali sol’n
high MW Peruresinotanol - Peru S: Alcohol & Ether
- gives a tannin reaction with iron siaresinotanol &
salts sumaresinotanol - benzoin
toluresinotanol- balsam of tolu
Resin Phenols aka High MX compounds that occur in Balsam of Peru forms phenoxoids then
Resinotannols free states or as esters (peruresinotannols), Tolu Balsam becomes soluble in aq.
– give positive reaction w/iron salts (toluresinotannols), Benzoin Alkali sol’n
(FeCl3) (siaresinotannols) IS in water but dissolve
in alcohol and ether
Glucoresins Resins + sugars Hydrolyzed by acidic hydrolysis to the glycone and aglycone
Resenes - Chemically inert resin Asafoetida/Asafetida S: benzene, chloroform
- found in free state and in some extend
- never form esters and other petroleum ether
derivatives IS: water
Oleoresins Resin + volatile oil Turpentine, copaiba, ginger, Canada
resin
Gum Resins Resins + gums Ammoniacum Soluble in water
Oleo-gum-resins Resin + V.O. + gums Asafetida, Myrrh
- from the incisions made in bark
and hardens
Balsams Resins + aromatic balsamic acids Benzoin, Tolu Balsam, Peru balsam, Partially soluble in hot
(benzoic acid, cinnamic acid) Styrax water (this w/free acids)
NOTE: Copaiba and Canada are
not balsams

PHARMACEUTIC RESINS
Process Extracted resin
extracting the drug with alcohol and precipitating the resin in water resins of jalap and podophyllum
Separating of oil from oleoresin by distillation rosin from turpentine and copaivic resin from
copaiba
Collecting the natural product that has exuded as oleoresin from the plant through Mastic
natural or artificial punctures and from which the natural oil has partially evaporated
into atmosphere

Resin Acids
-these contains, large proportion of oxyacids, usually combining the properties of carboxylic acids and phenols.
- Their metallic salts known as resinates, are used in the manufacture of cheap soaps and varnishes
Plant Scific & Description Constituents and structure Use
Rosin/Colophony – - only light-colored transparent
solid resin left after rosin are used medicinally
distilling off the Pinus palustris (long leaf 80 to 90% of the anhydrides of abietic acid USE: stiffening agent
volatile oil from the pine) in cerates, plasters, and
oleoresin P. palustris - shinny, sharp and ointments.
angular fragments that VET USE: diuretic
Other Name: Yellow are translucent, amber- OTHER USE: adulterant for
rosin, abietic colored, and often covered other resins, manufacturing of
anhydride, colophony with yellowish dust. varnishes, varnish and paint
resin, amber resin, dryers, printing inks, soap,
resin, coloponium sealing wax, and floor covering.
Copaiba Copaivic acid and oxycopaivic acid
Myrrh Commiphoric acid

Glucoresins
complex mixtures yielding sugars and complex resin acid on hydrolysis

Plant Scific & Description Constituents and structure Use

8-12% Glycosidical resin
Has 2 parts:
Jalap – named from Soluble: 10% Julapin
there it was first Insoluble: Colvolvulin that is esterified with
obtained which is valeric, tiglic, and exogonic acids
Jalapa, Mexico
Cathartic, hydragogue, drastic
Root of Exogonium purga
purgative at 1 g
Other name: Radix
japalae, Jalap root,
Verz cruz, or Mexican
Jalap

Resene
Plant Scific & Description Constituents and structure Use
Asafoetida/Asafetida
Has sulfur causing garlic odor
Ferula asafoetida fam Carminative, expectorant,
Other Name: Devil’s dung; Resin constituent: asaresinotannol,
Apiaceae antispasmodic, and laxative
food of the gods; asafoda; assafoetidin, foetidin
asant; hing
Has 2-8% of podophyllin
Podophyllotoxin - tx for treatment of lung
and testicular cancer
2 Podophyllotoxin: α- and β- peltatin
Drastic purgative,
Dried rhizome and roots antimitotic and caustic
Podophyllum/
of Podophyllum Tx: venereal and other
Mayappale/Mandrake
peltatum warts
Strong GI irritant

Podophyllum More Podophyllotoxin (40%) than Preparation of podophyllum

Indian podophyllum
emodi/hexandrum mandrake resin
Flavorant and expectorant
Dired leaf of Eriodictyon Disguises bitter taste of
Eriodictyon/Yerba Santa
californicum products like those with
quinine
90% of resin that has 2 parts
Exudate from Pistacia Use: dental varnish to seal
Mastic / Mastiche / Mastich Mastichic acid α- resin – soluble in alcohol
lentiscus cavities
Masticin β- resin – insoluble in alcohol
Kava pyrones are more or
dried rhizome and roots less skeletal muscle
Kava-Kava Styrylpyrones
of Piper methysticum relaxant, antipyretic, local
anesthetic
Cannabis
Mexican cannabis (marihuana) Resin is known as Hashish
Tonic, sedative, analgesic,
Indian cannabis Indian cannabis has 15 to 20% of a
dried flowering tops of intoxicant, antispasmodic,
Other name: Indian hemp, resin that contains the major active
Cannabis sativa antianxiety, anticonvulsant,
Indian cannabis, hashish, euphoric principle commonly referred to as
narcotic.
bhang, ganja, charas, Cannabis 𝛥 THC
indica, marihuana, Pot

Oleoresin
Natural: turpentine and copaiba
Pharmaceutic: ginger and capsicum
Plant Scific & Description Constituents and structure Use
Concrete obtained from
Pinus palustris
Turpentine / Gum Turpentine - not related to true gums
/ and mucilages of carbs External as counterirritant
Gum Thus origin
- yellowish, opaque
masses that are lighter
 internally, more glossy,
sticky when warm, and
brittle when cold.
Capsiascin @ 0.02% and 0.5% - extremely
pungent
Dried ripe fruit of
Capsicum frutescens
Uses: irritant, carminative,
rubefacient and also as a
Tabasco capsicum-
Capsicum / Cayenne pepper stimulant and a condiment
Annuum conoides
plant dose: 60 mg
Louisiana long pepper /
resin dose: 15 mg
long capsicum - Annuum
longum.

Ginger owes its characteristic aroma to

about 1%-3% of a volatile oil, the principal
constituents of which are 3 sesquiterpines:
bisaboline, zingiberene, and zingiberol

Main constituent: zingerone flavor; it is used as a

condiment, an aromatic
Dried rhizome of
Ginger, Zingebere stimulant, and a
Zingiber officinale
carminative. Dose is
0.6g

alcoholic extract forms about 30% of

the drug and contains tannic acid and an white pine has expectorant
Dried inner bark of
White pine / White pine bark oleoresin. properties. The usual dose
Pinus strobus
- the bark contains mucilage and a small is 2g.
quantity of coniferin
An oleoresin and contains neither benzoic genitourinary disinfectant.
Copaiba / Balsam copaiba derived from South
nor cinnamic acid. It consists of a volatile It has diuretic, stimulant,
- term “balsam” is erroneously American species of
oil, resin acids, and a small quantity of a expectorant, and laxative
applied Copaifera
bitter principle properties. Dose is 1ml.

Balsams
Plant Scific & Description Constituents and structure Use
Storax / Liquids storax trunk of Liquidambar 50% resin alcohols
stimulant, expectorant,
/ Styrax orientalis α-stroresin and β-stroresin
parasiticide, protectant, and antiseptic
Commerce name: L. styraciflua known in which are partly free and partly in
pharmaceutic aid for benzoin tincture
Levant storax commerce as American storax combination with cinnamic acid
local protectant and rubefacient; it
also is a parasiticide in certain skin
Has cinnamein a V.O. consisting of diseases. Scabicide, ulcer therapy,
Peru Balsam Stem of Myroxylon pereirae
benzoyl cinnamate chocolate flavoring
- It can cause contact dermatitis in
some people
Tolu Balsam stem of Myroxylon balsamum toluresinotannol Expectorant, Stimulant, antiseptic
antiseptic, stimulant, expectorant, and
Benzoin
diuretic properties
Styrax benzoin
Compound Benzoin benzoin, aloe, storax, and tolu topical protectant and is applied as
Tincture balsam required, expectorant when vaporized
Coniferyl benzoate (60-70%) , plus
Antiseptic, culinary, expectorant
smaller amounts of benzoic acid
Siam benzoin Styrax tonkinensis one of the ingredients of the
(10%), the triterpene, siaresinol
preparation known as Friar’s Balsam
(6%), and a trace of vanillin
Expectorant, antiseptic, carminative,
and
diuretic properties.
Sumatra Benzoin Styrax paralleloneurus Siaresinolic acid
- used in cosmetic lotions, perfumery
and in
Coumpound bezoin.