Anritsu Industrial Solutions USA

X‐Ray Inspection Systems 101

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Introduction

Welcome to Anritsu Industrial Solutions X‐Ray 101 Presentation.

We are pleased that you are interested in learning more about x‐ray technology and how the
installation of an x‐ray system can help you protect your brand and ultimately protect the
consumer.

Food safety and quality is always a major component of a food manufacturer’s vision statement.
Producing low quality, tainted products can and will be the demise of a food processor and could
lead to expensive lawsuits and recalls when contaminants are found within a product. Packaging
anomalies can create many consumer complaints and result in the loss of brand integrity and
profitability. There are various technologies available to protect your interests from various
consumer claims and many technologies are complements to each other. A fully managed food
safety plan includes the use of various technologies under the watchful eye of a solid HACCP or
quality control plan managed by the quality control team and ultimately understood and
accepted by the entire organization.

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X‐Ray 101

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 Voltage vs Wavelength

High Voltage
Relationship between tube voltage
and X-ray minimum wavelength
X-ray Strength (Arbitrary Scale)

λ min. (10-10 m) = 12.395/E (kV)

Example: when E = 50 kV
λ min. = 12.395/50 = 0.2479 x10-10 m
(0.02479 nm)

Wavelength depends on the tube

voltage and changes.
High voltage: Short wavelength

Min. Wavelength Low voltage: Long wavelength

λ min Gray level is strong when
wavelength is short
Wavelength (nm)

Bremsstrahlung X-ray Spectrum (Target Core: W) (20)

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 X‐Ray 101

Wave length
10-20 10-10 10-6 10-0 105

γray Infrared Electric wave

Visible Micro wave

X-ray Ultraviolet

Classification of electromagnetic waves

- X-ray is ionized radiation.
-8 -12
- Wave length is 10 - 10 m (100-0.01Å)

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 X‐Ray 101

Does radiation remain in X‐ray irradiated foods?

Sunbathing: Visible and UV light (electromagnetic waves) does not remain in the body.
Microwave oven: Microwave light (electromagnetic waves) does not remain in foods.

On the same principle:

X‐ray light (electromagnetic waves) does not remain in the food.

X‐rays:
X‐rays None remaining

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X‐Ray 101

The natural background radiation the we all experience is about 1.1 mSv

From earth
0.4 mSv

From food
0.35 mSv

From atmosphere
0.35 mSv

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Definition of X‐Ray

TV screen
0.001 mSv/h

Air travel (to US)

0.04 mSv/flight

Smoking (20 pcs/day) Chest X‐ray

0.18 mSv/Year 0.3 mSv/time
Stomach X‐ray
4.1 mSv/time

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 Definition of X‐Ray

Anritsu X‐ray machine Anritsu X‐ray machine

1 µSv/h 1.3 mSv/3 months
(Company Regulation) (Legal Limit)

1µ 10µ 100µ 1m 10m 100m 1

Sv
0.000001 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1

Air travel (to US) Chest X‐ray Kerala

0.04 mSv/flight 0.3 mSv/time 28.1 mSv/Year

TV screen Natural Background Chest X‐ray

0.001 mSv/h 1.1 mSv/Year 0.3 mSv/time
(1 µSv/h)
1 µSv/h = 0.001 mSv/h

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 Definition of X‐Ray
In case of Japan

‐ Actual Anritsu X‐ray leakage: Less than 1 µSv/h = (1.25 mSv/3 months)
‐ It is not necessary to establish a control zone
‐ It is not necessary to appoint operator supervisors in most states and provinces
‐ Anritsu X‐ray machines are designed to be safe per regulations
‐ FDA 21CFR1020.40 Cabinet X‐Ray Regulations
‐ Canadian RED ACT regulations

(Note): 3 months: 13 weeks (52 weeks/year x 3/12 months) @ 2” from the system
1 µSv/h x 16 hours x 6 days x 13 weeks = 1.25 mSv/3 months

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X‐Ray Principles and Theory 101

X‐Rays rays are generated electronically and do not

create any radioactivity. When the power source is
eliminated, the tube does not generate x‐rays.

As indicated, the machine generates a small slice of x‐

rays that is measured by the linear array detector
under the belt and product. Smaller diodes generate
better image resolution and data and therefore allows
for better detection of contaminants and image
analysis. As product passes through this beam, the
detector measures the density of the product at
specific point per the amount of xray blocked by the
product itself. When a contaminant is darker than
the product because it blocks more x‐ray light, it is
highlighted and rejected from the production line.

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X‐Ray Principles and Theory ‐ Basic

X‐Rays The image to the left represents the data of a single

slice of the product as it passes through the beam.
The lower the curve is to the 0% level of the graph,
Block of Cheese
the more dense it is and the fewer x‐rays that we
with a contaminant
and a void area received by the detector.

In simple terms, basic thresholds are established

indicating what is classified as a good grayscale value
versus and a bad grayscale value. The dark spike
below the contaminant detection threshold indicates
a dense contaminant as compared to the product
itself.

Missing items thresholds can also be established.

The following slides improves upon this basic concept

by using various and simultaneous imaging
techniques.

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 X‐Ray Principles and Theory ‐ Complex

When all of the individual slices are placed

back to back, a virtual 3‐D density image is
created on x and y coordinates created by
each .4mm diode across the detector width.
Slices are created and placed together at
rates greater than 2500 times per second.

Proprietary software techniques and then

applied to the imaging data to focus in on
various criteria.

These techniques allow the analysis and detection of various densities, shapes, sizes and grayscales to
pinpoint low density contaminants, small high density contaminants, small wires, large conglomerates and
other anomalies such as missing items, underweight conditions and mis‐packaged products. Additional
techniques are used to look for small wires hidden in products that are particulate or variable in density.

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X‐Ray Systems 101

Market Awareness
Imaging
Inspection Capabilities

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The Growing Demand for Food X‐Ray Systems

1600
1400 Japan
1200 Out side Japan

1000
800
600
400
200
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

X‐Ray technology has been gaining notoriety and acceptance in the global market place as a proven and
reliable tool for food inspection. Many consumer complaints, as indicated on the following slide, are
detected by x‐ray technology.

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Consumer Contaminant Complaints

Refer to Japan consumer Information Center

Contaminant Number Contaminant Number
Insects 938 (24.5%) Vinyl 76 ( 2.0%)
Metal piece (*1) 279 ( 7.3%) Fly 68 ( 1.8%)
Hairs 253 ( 6.6%) Wood chips 56 ( 1.5%)
Needles, wire, hooks 250 ( 6.5%) Blade chips 47 ( 1.2%)
Plastics and rubber 204 ( 5.3%) Staples 37 ( 1.0%)
Glass fragments 149 ( 3.9%) Rat excrement 31 ( 0.8%)
Cockroach 118 ( 3.1%) Other 580 (15.2%)
Stone and sands 116 ( 3.0%) Unclear 537 (14.1%)
Paper, threads and clothes 82 ( 2.1%)

Total: 3821 (100.0%)

Note 1: Metal fragment, bolts, nuts, can fragment, etc.

Hard Dangerous contaminants: about 30%

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X‐Ray Capabilities

Hair,paper,
paper,skin
skin
Difficult X‐Ray Detection Hair,

Material Zone Woodsplinters

Wood splinters

Cartilage
Cartilage

Plastic
Plastic

X‐rayInspection
Inspection Bone
Bone
X‐ray
System
System
Aluminum Glass
Glass
Aluminum
SUSNeedle
SUS Needle Stone
Stone

Steel
Steel Gold
Gold Shot
Shot InInaluminum
aluminumfoil
foilSUS
SUS

Easy Metaldetector
Metal detector Difficult

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X‐Ray Benefits over Metal Detection

• Better detection accuracy on all metals

• Improved accuracy on wire detection
• Ability to detect dense contaminants
• Ability to review total mass of the product

• Ability to easily pinpoint location of the contaminant

• Ability to look for other packaging anomalies
• Ability to inspect through metallic and foil packaging
• Long term flexibility with variable x‐ray power settings
• No effects from the environment
• No effects from ‘product signal’
• No effects from vibration
• No effects from product temperature
• No effects from salt or other reactive contents

(Anritsu’s internal test results used KD7305AW X-ray and KD8013A metal detector)

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 Cabinet X‐Ray System Safety

21CFR1020.40 Design Regulations ‐ summary

FAQs ‐ Cabinet X‐Ray System
Use and Operation

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 Electronically Generated X‐Rays

Cabinet x‐ray systems generate x‐rays electronically via an x‐ray tube.

This tube is a light bulb that is under vacuum and produces low energy x‐rays.
This is not a source generated x‐ray such as an isotope.
This type of x‐ray technology cannot make anything radioactive.
When the tube is OFF, x‐rays are OFF just like a light bulb.

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 CABINET X‐RAY SYSTEMS – FDA 21CFR1020.40 and RED ACT Summary

21CFR1020.40 Cabinet X‐Ray Design Requirements ‐ Highlights

• (c) Requirements‐‐(1) Emission limit. (i) Radiation emitted from the cabinet x‐ray system shall not exceed an exposure of 0.5 milliroentgen in
one hour at any point five centimeters outside the external surface.
• (3) Ports and apertures. (i) The insertion of any part of the human body through any port into the primary beam shall not be possible. (ii) The
insertion of any part of the human body through any aperture shall not be possible.
• (4) Safety interlocks. (i) Each door of a cabinet x‐ray system shall have a minimum of two safety interlocks. One, but not both of the required
interlocks shall be such that door opening results in physical disconnection of the energy supply circuit to the high‐voltage generator, and
such disconnection shall not be dependent upon any moving part other than the door.
– (ii) Each access panel shall have at least one safety interlock.
– (iii) Following interruption of x‐ray generation by the functioning of any safety interlock, use of a control provided in accordance with
paragraph
• (c)(6)(ii) of this section shall be necessary for resumption of x‐ray generation.
– (iv) Failure of any single component of the cabinet x‐ray system shall not cause failure of more than one required safety interlock.
• (5) Ground fault. A ground fault shall not result in the generation of
• x‐rays.
• (6) Controls and indicators for all cabinet x‐ray systems. For all systems to which this section is applicable there shall be provided:
– (i) A key‐actuated control to insure that x‐ray generation is not possible with the key removed.
– (ii) A control or controls to initiate and terminate the generation of x‐rays other than by functioning of a safety interlock or the main
power control.
– (iii) Two independent means which indicate when and only when x‐rays are being generated, unless the x‐ray generation period is
less than one half second, in which case the indicators shall be activated for one half second, and which are discernible from any
point at which initiation of x‐ray generation is possible. Failure of a single component of the cabinet x‐ray system shall not cause
failure of both indicators to perform their intended function. One, but not both, of the indicators required by this subdivision may be
a milliammeter labeled to indicate x‐ray tube
• (8) Warning labels.
– (i) There shall be permanently affixed or inscribed on the cabinet x‐ray system at the location of any controls which can be used to
initiate x‐ray generation, a clearly legible and visible label bearing the statement: Caution: X‐Rays Produced When Energized
– (ii) There shall be permanently affixed or inscribed on the cabinet xray system adjacent to each port a clearly legible and visible label
bearing the statement: caution: Do Not Insert Any Part of the Body When System is Energized—Xray Hazard

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 21CFR1020.40 Safety in Design

X‐ray ON/OFF key Emergency Stop Switch X‐ray irradiation display

Shield curtain (Leakage

prevention curtain)

Monitoring sensor for hand

insertion

X‐ray shield cover

open/close sensor

X‐ray shield cover

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 CABINET X‐RAY FAQs

Q1: What is a cabinet x‐ray system?

A1: A cabinet x‐ray system is an x‐ray system installed in an enclosure. The enclosure is intended to protect people from the x‐rays generated and to
exclude people from the enclosure’s interior. Cabinet x‐ray systems are primarily use dfor security screening and industrial quality control.
Security applications range from screening baggage at an airport to examining whole trucks at the border. Industrial quality control applications
include the x‐ray examination of foods, circuit boards, and tires. Some cabinet x‐ray systems are also medical devices, such as a cabinet x‐ray
system used for analysis of tissue samples in a medical laboratory.

Q2: What are other common names for cabinet x‐ray systems?
A2: Other common names for cabinet x‐ray systems are X‐ray Inspection Systems, X‐ray Screening Systems, X‐ray Security Systems, and Baggage X‐ray
Systems. The words inspection, screening, security, and baggage might also be used interchangeably with or in addition to the description of a
cabinet x‐ray system.

Q3: Which agency has responsibility for assuring that manufacturers produce cabinet x‐ray systems that do not pose a radiation safety hazard?
A3: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for assuring manufacturers produce cabinet x‐ray systems that do not pose a radiation
safety hazard. For most electronic products that emit radiation, safety regulation is divided between FDA and state regulatory agencies. Typically,
FDA regulates the manufacture of the products and the states regulate the use of the products. For further information on FDA regulations that
apply to manufacturers of electronic products that emit radiation (such as a cabinet x‐ray system) see the FDA web site
(http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/comp/eprc.html).

Q4: What other Federal Agencies are involved in radiation safety when the source of the radiation is an x‐ray
product?
A4: The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for issuing general radiation guidance to Federal Agencies. Additionally, basic
information about radiation is available on the EPA web site (http://www.epa.gov/radiation/index.html). The US Occupational Health and Safety
Administration (OSHA) has regulations on worker safety from radiation in the workplace (http://www.osha.gov).

Q5: Is it safe to stand or walk near a cabinet x‐ray system while it is producing x‐rays?
A5: Yes. Manufacturers are required to certify that their products meet the Federal radiation safety performance standard for cabinet x‐ray systems.
Specifically, the standard requires that the radiation emitted from a cabinet x‐ray system not exceed an exposure of 0.5 milliroentgens in one hour
at any point five centimeters from the external surface. Most cabinet x‐ray systems emit less than this limit. In addition, the standard also requires
safety features that include warning lights, warning labels, and interlocks. For comparison, the average person in the United States receives a
dose of about 360 millirem of radiation per year from background radiation. (Note: 1 milliroentgen of exposure to x‐rays will result in
approximately 1 millirem of dose. These terms are defined later in this document.) Background radiation is radiation that is always present in the
environment. Eighty percent of that exposure comes from natural sources: radon gas, the human body, outer space, rocks, and soil. The remaining
20 percent comes from man‐made radiation sources, primarily medical x rays. For additional information on certification and labeling, see Title 21
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 1010. For the details of the cabinet x‐ray performance standard see Title 21 CFR 1020.40. For further
information on recommended limits of radiation exposure, we recommend the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Report 116, Limitation of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation (1993).

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 CABINET X‐RAY FAQs

Q6: Is it safe for pregnant women to stand or walk near a cabinet x‐ray system while it is producing x‐rays?
A6: Yes. The limit on radiation emission established by the performance standard is sufficiently restrictive that
there is no additional hazard for specific populations such as children or pregnant women.

Q7: Are the operators of cabinet x‐ray systems required to wear a “radiation badge”?
A7: Personnel monitoring equipment is not required by Federal regulation for operators of cabinet x‐ray
systems. It is possible that some state regulations or the policies of the operators’ employer require use
of personnel monitoring equipment. Personnel monitoring equipment means devices designed to be
worn or carried by an individual for the purrpose of measuring a radiation dose received (e.g. film
badges, pocket dosimeters, film rings, etc.). For more information, please see the OSHA regulations
found in Title 29 CFR 1910.1096(d) Precautionary procedures and personal monitoring and contact OSHA.
The OSHA regulations are based on the amount of radiation that a worker can receive in a specific area
from all radiation sources. The Federal limit on cabinet x‐ray system emissions ensures the maximum
possible exposure from cabinet x‐ray systems in the workplace will always fall below the minimum
threshold where personnel monitoring might be required.

Q8: Is it safe to eat my lunch if it went through a cabinet x‐ray system?

A8: There are no known adverse effects from eating food that has been irradiated by a cabinet x ray system
used for security screening. The radiation dose typically received by objects scanned by a cabinet x‐ray
system is 1 millirad or less. The average dose rate from background radiation is 360 millirad per year. The
minimum dose used in food irradiation for food preservation or destruction of parasites or pathogens is
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30,000 rad. For further information on the limits on radiation used for food inspection or food irradiation
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see Title 21 CFR 179 and contact FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Nutrition or the United States
Department of Agriculture Food Safety Inspection Service
Operator Safety

1. Never cut or tape UP the shield 2. Never open the shield curtain with
curtain for product flow X‐Rays ON

Caution

3. Never put your hands into 4. Never peep into the shield curtain
the cabinet during operation with x‐rays ON

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 Operator Safety

5. Never remove or modify the X‐ray 6. Do not touch conveyor parts when in
Inspection System Guarding operation – pinch point concerns

Caution

7. When the product jammed inside conveyor, the

system should be stopped before attempting to clear
the production jam.

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Operator Safety Daily Inspection Items for Safety

1. Check the Shield curtain

Injury, dirty, location, loose, etc.,

2. Check the shield cover

and safety cover
External, location, etc.,

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Operator Safety Daily Inspection Items for Safety

3. Check the operation of Emergency Stop Switch

Emergency stop switch, X‐ray irradiation ON/OFF key,
Shield cover sensor, etc.,

4. Clean the Air Filter

Air filter, filter of Air conditioner, etc.,

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 Operator Safety Daily Inspection Items for Safety

5. Clean the inside of the conveyor 6. Check the rollers and conveyor belt
as allowed by model number Belt edge fray, belt worn, belt wander,
belt dirt, roller shake, etc.,

7. Check the detection sensitivity

and reject accuracy
Standard test piece, etc.,

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Radiation Survey may be required by state law or province

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DISCOVER WHAT YOU’VE BEEN MISSING …
…DETECTION PERFECTION

APPLICATIONS

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GENERAL APPLICATIONS
X‐RAY CONVEYOR SOLUTIONS

ANRITSU X‐RAY CAPABILITIES and BENEFITS

• Detection of metal contamination as small as 0.3mm fe, non‐fe and stainless spheres
• Detection of metal wire contamination as small as 0.2mm x 2mm long fe, non‐fe and
stainless
• Detection of 1mm glass, 2mm stone, 1mm bone and other dense contaminants
• Analysis of package weight using x‐ray technology
• Detection of missing items, broken products or mis‐shaped products
• Inspection through metallic packaging without degradation of detection
• Inspection of ‘chubbed’ products while confirming the presence of the clip
• Inspection of products with O2 scavengers while confirming their presence
• Detection of product trapped within the seal of a flow wrapped product
• … and other analyses

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Detecting Poultry Bones in Whole Chicken Filets and Tenders
IP69k Conveyor Application AFTER automatic image processing

Fan Bone
DETECTED

Test Card Contaminants

DETECTED
0.3mm x 2mm long sst wire
¾0.5mm sst sphere
¾1.0mm glass sphere

Wish | Pulley Bone

DETECTED

2nd Fan Bone

DETECTED

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Detecting Poultry Bones in Bulk Trim Meat
IP66 Pipeline X‐Ray Solution – BONE DETECTION SAMPLES

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Anritsu X‐Ray Systems
Features and Benefits

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Anritsu KD7400 Series X‐Ray Technology

Standard Features
20+ Detection and Analysis Algorithms
• Multi-Layer Contaminant Detection Algorithms
• Mass Measurement Technology with +/- 1% to 2% Accuracy
• Missing Item Detection by Density and Area
• Missing Count Detection
• Broken Product Detection
• Missing Meat Chub Clip Detection
• Specific Beef and Pork Bone Detection Algorithms
Auto-Learn Wizard for New Product Setup
0.4mm resolution standard – Industry leading resolution
Polished Stainless Steel Finish
Graphical and Color Coded Product Setting Adjustments
15” High Touch Screen
Tool Free, 30 second, Belt Removal Procedure for cleaning
Direct, Variable Speed Drive System controlled by product number
Ethernet Connection
USB Data Port
RS232 Connection
Password Protection
Meets 21CFR1020.40 and Canadian Red Act Regulations

Optional Features
KD74-H High Sensitivity Models (0.2mm sphere detection)
Poultry Bone Detection Algorithm
IP66 Upgrade Available
IP69k – AMI SANITARY Design Upgrade
Fat/Lean Analysis in a Pipeline
Reject Systems
Printer
Multi-Lane. Multi-Product Technology
Angle | Side View Solutions
Pipeline Solutions
Bulk Flow Solutions IP69k – Sanitary Design

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Anritsu KD7400 series x‐ray technology

DETECTION ACCURACY PROVEN AS NUMBER #1 BY INDEPENDENT SOURCES

Anritsu Industrial Solutions x-ray technology has been designated as #1 by the Danish Meat Research Institute for accuracy,
ease of use and reliability in a multi-vendor extensive test in 2008.

TYPICAL ON-LINE DETECTION RESULTS

Stainless Steel Spheres: 0.6mm or smaller

Ferrous Steel Spheres: 0.6mm or smaller (aluminum not included)
Non-Ferrous Spheres: 0.6mm or smaller
Metal Wire: 0.4mm dia x 2mm long
(0.2mm x 2mm long with new KD-H technology)
Glass Spheres 1.0 to 2.0mm or smaller
Stone 2.0mm or smaller
Mass Measurement +/- 1% to 3% application dependent

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ANRITSU INDUSTRIAL SOLUTIONS

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 Anritsu Support and History

History
• Over 40 years of food inspection experience
• Over 12 years of food x‐ray experience
• Over 5000 dedicated food x‐ray installations Worldwide
– Over 900 food x‐ray systems are delivered annually
• Over 2500 checkweighers delivered annually
• Over 2500 metal detectors delivered annually
• Quick lead times with many orders shipping within 4 to 5 weeks
• Engineered to provide the most reliable design and the most accurate
detection of contaminants and packaging anomalies available in the World
today while maintaining a fair valued competitive price.
• Our X‐Ray Inspection System was awarded the 3rd Best Food's Machinery
and Material Prize by the Japan Food Journal.
• ISO9001 Certified
As part of our best‐partner goals, Anritsu has been awarded ISO9001
Certification of the International Organizations for Standardization (ISO) in
recognition that our management system governing product design,
manufacturing and after‐care services meet world standards.
• ISO14001 Certified
The Anritsu Group has been awarded ISO14001 Certification in recognition
for its management system governing product development, design,
manufacturing and disposal. All meet world environmental standards.

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 Anritsu Industrial Solutions USA
1341 Barclay Blvd., Buffalo Grove, IL 60089
847‐419‐9729 (xray)
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Copyright (C) 2001‐2003, Anritsu Industrial Solutions Co., Ltd.

All right reserved. No parts of this document may be reproduced without the
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The contents of this document may be changed without prior notice.