NCES 2020-009

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Digest of
Education Statistics
2018
54th Edition
 Digest of Education Statistics 2018
54th Edition

December 2019

Thomas D. Snyder
Cristobal de Brey
National Center for Education Statistics

Sally A. Dillow
American Institutes for Research

NCES 2020-009
U . S . D E PA R T M E N T O F E D U C AT I O N
U.S. Department of Education
Betsy DeVos
Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences

Mark Schneider
Director

National Center for Education Statistics

James L. Woodworth
Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and
reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate
to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the
United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of
such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review
and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable,
complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-
quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers,
practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained
herein is in the public domain.

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Suggested Citation
Snyder, T.D., de Brey, C., and Dillow, S.A. (2019). Digest of Education Statistics 2018 (NCES 2020-009).
National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.
Washington, DC.

Content Contact
Thomas D. Snyder
(202) 245-7165
tom.snyder@ed.gov
FOREWORD
The 2018 edition of the Digest of Education Statistics is tables are identified as such in the print version’s compre-
the 54th in a series of publications initiated in 1962. The hensive List of Reference Tables.) In the online version,
Digest has been issued annually except for combined Digest tables are available both in HTML format and as
editions for the years 1977–78, 1983–84, and 1985–86. Its downloadable Excel files. The most current versions of
primary purpose is to provide a compilation of statistical Digest tables are posted to the NCES website on a rolling
information covering the broad field of American education basis before the entire edition of the report has been
from prekindergarten through graduate school. The Digest completed. The “Most Current Digest Tables” page
includes a selection of data from many sources, both provides access to the most recent versions of all tables,
government and private, and draws especially on the results including any tables already completed for an edition
of surveys and activities carried out by the National Center currently in progress.
for Education Statistics (NCES). To qualify for inclusion in In addition to providing updated versions of many statis-
the Digest, material must be nationwide in scope and of tics that have appeared in previous years, this edition incor-
current interest and value. The publication contains infor- porates new material on the following topics:
mation on a variety of subjects in the field of education • Percentage of related children ages 5 to 17 living in
statistics, including the number of schools and colleges, poverty, by locale, region, and state (web-only table
teachers, enrollments, and graduates, in addition to data on 102.45)
educational attainment, finances, federal funds for educa-
• .Percentage distribution of children ages 5 through 17
tion, libraries, and international comparisons. Supplemental
attending kindergarten through grade 12, by locale,
information on population trends, attitudes on education,
highest education level of parents/guardians in house-
education characteristics of the labor force, government
hold, and number of parents in household (web-only
finances, and economic trends provides background for
table 102.90)
evaluating education data. Although the Digest contains
important information on federal education funding, more • .Percentage distribution of adults age 25 and over, by
detailed information on federal activities is available from highest level of educational attainment, age group, and
federal education program offices. locale (web-only table 104.25)
The Digest contains seven chapters: All Levels of • .Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by
Education, Elementary and Secondary Education, Postsec- school locale and state (web-only table 203.72)
ondary Education, Federal Funds for Education and Related • .Number and percentage distribution of private elemen-
Activities, Outcomes of Education, International Compari- tary and secondary students, number of teachers and
sons of Education, and Libraries and Use of Technology. pupil/teacher ratio, and number and average enrollment
Each chapter is divided into a number of topical subsec- size of schools, by religious affiliation of school
tions. Preceding the seven chapters is an Introduction that (web-only table 205.45)
provides a brief overview of current trends in American • .Number and percentage distribution of private elemen-
education, which supplements the tabular materials in tary and secondary schools and students, and private
chapters 1 through 7. The Digest concludes with two schools and enrollment as a percentage of total public
appendixes. The first appendix, Guide to Sources, provides and private schools and enrollment, by locale (web-only
a brief synopsis of the surveys used to generate the Digest table 205.90)
tables; the second, Definitions, is included to help readers • . Percentage and percentage distribution of home-
understand terms used in the Digest. schooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equiv-
The Digest can be accessed from https://nces.ed.gov/ alent of kindergarten through grade 12, by reasons their
programs/digest. Tables from each Digest edition since parents gave for homeschooling, the one reason their
1995 can be viewed by selecting the edition year from a parents identified as most important, and race/ethnicity
drop-down menu. All tables that appear in the print version of child (web-only table 206.15)
of the Digest are also included in the online version. In • .Percentage distribution of principals in public elemen-
addition, the online version of recent editions includes a tary and secondary schools, by school locale and
number of supplemental “web-only” tables. (Web-only selected characteristics (web-only table 212.15)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 iii

iv FOREWORD

• .Staff employed and pupil/staff ratios in public elemen- or programs, and percentage of 9th- to 12th-graders
tary and secondary school systems, by type of assign- enrolled in these courses or programs, by locale
ment and locale (web-only table 213.60) (web-only table 225.72)
• .Number and percentage distribution of public elemen- • .Percentage of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders whose school
tary and secondary charter schools and students, and reported offering selected classes and percentage of
charter schools and enrollment as a percentage of total 8th-graders whose school reported having students who
public schools and enrollment, by locale (web-only take high school math classes, by selected student and
table 216.92) school characteristics (web-only table 225.75)
• .Percentage of students ages 5 through 17 enrolled in • .Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders,
kindergarten through grade 12 who took any school- by number of days absent from school in the last month
related courses online and who took courses from and school locale (web-only table 227.52)
various providers, by selected child, parent, and house- • .Number of active shooter incidents at educational insti-
hold characteristics (table 218.16) tutions and number of casualties, by level of institution
• .Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation (web-only table 228.15)
rate (ACGR), by selected student characteristics and • .Number of active shooter incidents at educational insti-
locale (web-only table 219.47) tutions, number and type of guns used, and number and
• .Number of 16- to 24-year-old high school dropouts characteristics of shooters, by level of institution
(status dropouts) and percentage of dropouts among (web-only table 228.16)
persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout rate), by race/ • .Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by
ethnicity and racial/ethnic subgroup (web-only table number of times they reported being threatened or
219.82) injured with a weapon on school property during the
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress previous 12 months and selected student characteristics
(NAEP) reading scale score, by percentage of students (web-only table 228.42)
in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, grade,
• .Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported that
and school locale (web-only table 221.25)
gangs were present at school during the school year, by
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress
grade, control of school, and urbanicity (web-only table
(NAEP) reading scale score and percentage distribution
230.20a)
of 12th-graders, by whether student uses a computer at
home, whether student has access to the Internet at • .Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being
home, and other selected characteristics (web-only table bullied at school during the school year, by type of
221.36) bullying and selected student and school characteristics
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (web-only table 230.45)
(NAEP) reading scale score of 4th- and 8th-grade • .Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being
public school students, by school locale and state bullied at school during the school year, percentage of
(web-only table 221.72) bullied students reporting various types of power
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress imbalances in favor of someone who bullied them, and
(NAEP) mathematics scale score, by percentage of percentage distribution of bullied students, by whether
students in school eligible for free or reduced-price they thought the bullying would happen again and
lunch, grade, and school locale (web-only table 222.25) selected student and school characteristics (web-only
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress table 230.51)
(NAEP) mathematics scale score of 4th- and 8th-grade • .Percentage of students ages 12–18 reporting that they
public school students, by school locale and state were victimized, that they were in a physical fight, or
(web-only table 222.75) that alcohol or illegal drugs were available or used at
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress school, by school locale, type of victimization, number
(NAEP) science scale score, by percentage of students of times in a fight, and type of drug (web-only table
in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, grade, 230.85)
and school locale (web-only table 223.17) • .Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting
• .Average National Assessment of Educational Progress use and availability of heroin and narcotics other than
(NAEP) science scale score of 4th- and 8th-grade public heroin, by grade and recency of use (web-only table
school students, by school locale and state (web-only 232.65)
table 223.23) • .Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting
• .Among public schools with any of grades 9 to 12 (or use of heroin and narcotics other than heroin during
ungraded equivalent), percentage of schools with past 12 months, by grade and selected student and
students enrolled or classes offered in selected courses family characteristics (web-only table 232.65a)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 FOREWORD v

• .Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders who • .Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE
reported thinking that people are at great risk of staff and FTE faculty in private degree-granting post-
harming themselves if they engage in activities related secondary institutions, by level of institution and state
to use of heroin and narcotics other than heroin, by or jurisdiction (web-only table 314.65)
grade and type of activity (web-only table 232.65b) • .Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time bache-
• .Unadjusted and geographically adjusted current expen- lor’s degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary
diture per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary institutions 6 years after entry, by completion and
and secondary schools, by locale, function, and district enrollment status at first institution attended, sex, race/
poverty level (web-only table 236.85) ethnicity, control of institution, and percentage of appli-
• .Percentage distribution of all 2009 9th-graders and cations accepted (table 326.15)
those who ever attended a postsecondary institution, by • .Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time degree/
socioeconomic status in 2009 and selected post- certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary
secondary outcomes (web-only table 302.44) institutions 3 years after entry, by completion and
• .Percentage distribution of all 2009 9th-graders and enrollment status at first institution attended, sex, race/
those who ever attended a postsecondary institution, by ethnicity, and control of institution (table 326.25)
poverty status in 2009 and 2012 and selected post- • .Number of degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate
secondary outcomes (web-only table 302.45) students entering a postsecondary institution and
• .Percentage distribution of fall 2009 9th-graders, by percentage of students 4, 6, and 8 years after entry, by
high school locale in 2009, high school completion completion and enrollment status at the same institu-
status, postsecondary enrollment and work status or tion, institution level and control, attendance level and
plans, and postsecondary attainment status (web-only status, Pell Grant recipient status, and acceptance rate
table 302.46) (web-only table 326.27)
• .Total fall enrollment in private nonprofit degree- • .Average amount of aid awarded to part-time or part-
granting postsecondary institutions, by state or juris- year postbaccalaureate students receiving financial aid,
diction (table 304.21) by type of aid, level of study, and control and level of
• .Total fall enrollment in private for-profit degree- institution (web-only table 332.42)
granting postsecondary institutions, by state or juris- • .Percentage distribution of persons 25 to 64 years old,
diction (table 304.22) by labor force and employment status and earnings,
• .Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institu- educational attainment, and locale (web-only table
tions, by employment status, sex, control and level of 501.45)
institution, and primary occupation (web-only table
314.35)
• .Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institu- Thomas D. Snyder
tions, by race/ethnicity, sex, employment status, control Supervisor
and level of institution, and primary occupation (web-only Annual Reports and Information Staff
table 314.45)
• .Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE
staff and FTE faculty in public degree-granting post-
secondary institutions, by level of institution and state
or jurisdiction (web-only table 314.55)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

This page intentionally left blank.
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

List of Text Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

List of Reference Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1. All Levels of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Chapter 3. Postsecondary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Chapter 4. Federal Funds for Education and Related Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401

Chapter 5. Outcomes of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Chapter 6. International Comparisons of Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Chapter 7. Libraries and Use of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Appendix A. Guide to Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501

Appendix B. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 vii

viii LIST OF FIGURES

List of Figures
Figure Page
1. The structure of education in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2. Fall enrollment, total expenditures, and expenditures as a percentage of the gross domestic
product (GDP), by level of education: Selected years, 1965–66 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . 15
3. Percentage of persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of educational attainment:
Selected years, 1940 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4. Percentage of persons 25 through 29 years old, by highest level of educational attainment:
Selected years, 1940 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5. Percentage distribution of persons 25 through 29 years old, by highest level of educational
attainment: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Percentage of persons 25 through 29 years old, by selected levels of educational attainment
and race/ethnicity: 2008 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7. Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/teacher ratio, and expenditures in public elementary
and secondary schools: Selected years, 1960–61 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: Fall 2011 to fall
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
9. Total and full-day preprimary enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds: October 1970 through October
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
10. Percentage of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds:
1970–71 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
11. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools:
1970–71 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12. Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions: 1960–61 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
13. Percentage change in total enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state:
Fall 2012 to fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
14. Fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by age of student: 1970 through
2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
15. Ratio of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to total FTE staff and to FTE faculty in degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: 1999, 2009, and 2017 . . . . . . . 215
16. Number of bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of
study: 2006–07, 2011–12, and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
17. Percentage distribution of total revenues of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by source of funds: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
18. Percentage distribution of total revenues of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by source of funds: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
19. Percentage distribution of total revenues of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by source of funds: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
20. Federal on-budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose: Selected years,
1965 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
21. Percentage distribution of federal on-budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
22. Unemployment rates of persons 25 to 34 years old, by highest level of educational attainment:
Selected years, 1990 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 LIST OF FIGURES ix

23. Employment to population ratios of persons 25 to 34 years old, by highest level of educational
attainment: Selected years, 1990 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
24. Percentage distribution of 2016–17 high school dropouts and high school completers not
enrolled in college, by labor force status: October 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
25. Median annual earnings of full-time year-round workers 25 to 35 years old, by highest level of
educational attainment and sex: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
26. Median annual earnings of 25- to 29-year-old bachelor’s degree holders employed full time,
by field of study: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
27. Percentage change in enrollment, by major areas of the world and level of education: 2000 to
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
28. Percentage of the population 25 to 34 years old with an associate’s or higher degree, by
country: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
29. Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage of gross
domestic product (GDP), by country: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461
30. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 living in households with a computer, by parents’ highest
level of educational attainment and type of computer: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
31. Percentage of persons age 25 and over who used the Internet anywhere, at home, and at the
workplace, by highest level of educational attainment: 2011 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

x LIST OF TEXT TABLES

List of Text Tables

Table Page
A. Total elementary and secondary school enrollment, by overall trends: Selected years, 1949–50
through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
B. Number of public school staff, by selected categories: 1969–70, fall 1980, fall 2010, and fall
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
C. Suspension of eligibility for Title IV federal student financial aid due to a drug-related conviction
or failure to report conviction status on aid application form: 2007–08 through 2016–17 . . . . . . 212
D. Federal on-budget funding for education, by category: Selected fiscal years, 1965 through
2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
E. Median annual earnings of full-time year-round workers 25 years old and over, by selected
levels of educational attainment and sex: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

F. Population and enrollment at different levels in major areas of the world: 2000 and 2016 . . . . . 454

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES xi

List of Reference Tables

Chapter 1. All Levels of Education Page
Population
101.10. Estimates of resident population, by age group: 1970 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
101.20. Estimates of resident population, by race/ethnicity and age group: Selected years, 1980
through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
101.30. Number, percentage, and percentage distribution of total resident population and
population under 18 years old, by nativity, race/ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic
subgroups: 2005, 2010, and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
101.40. Estimated total and school-age resident populations, by state: Selected years, 1970
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Characteristics of Households With Children
102.10. Number and percentage distribution of family households, by family structure and
presence of own children under 18: Selected years, 1970 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . 20
102.20. Number and percentage distribution of children under age 18 and under age 6, by living
arrangements, race/ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2017 . . . . . . . . . 21
102.30. Median household income, by state: Selected years, 1990 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
102.40. Poverty rates for all persons and poverty status of related children under age 18, by
region and state: Selected years, 1990 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
102.45. Percentage of related children ages 5 to 17 living in poverty, by locale, region, and state:
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
102.50. Poverty status of all persons, persons in families, and related children under age 18, by
race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1960 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
102.51. Supplemental Poverty Measure estimates for all persons, persons in families, and
related children under age 18, by race/ethnicity: 2009 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
102.60. Number and percentage of related children under age 18 living in poverty, by family
structure, race/ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . Web-Only
102.62. Percentage of children under age 18 living in poverty, by parents’ highest level of
educational attainment, child’s race/ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups:
2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
102.70. Number and percentage of students in prekindergarten through grade 12 living in
poverty, by control of school: 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
102.90. Percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through
grade 12, by locale, highest education level of parents/guardians in household, and
number of parents in household: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Enrollment Rates
103.10. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by sex, race/ethnicity,
and age group: Selected years, 1980 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
103.20. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age group:
Selected years, 1940 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Educational Attainment
104.10. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons
age 25 and over, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected years, 1910 through 2018 . . . . . 30
104.20. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment,
by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected years, 1920 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
104.25. Percentage distribution of persons age 25 and over, by highest level of educational
attainment, age group, and locale: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.30. Number of persons age 18 and over, by highest level of educational attainment, sex,
race/ethnicity, and age: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

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104.40. Percentage of persons 18 to 24 years old and age 25 and over, by educational
attainment, race/ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . Web-Only
104.50. Persons age 25 and over who hold a bachelor’s or higher degree, by sex, race/ethnicity,
age group, and field of bachelor’s degree: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
104.60. Number of persons 25 to 34 years old and percentage with a bachelor’s or higher
degree, by undergraduate field of study, sex, race/ethnicity, and U.S. nativity and
citizenship status: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.70. Number and percentage distribution of children under age 18, by parents’ highest level
of educational attainment, child’s age group and race/ethnicity, and household type:
2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.75. Total number of persons 25 to 64 years old, number with disabilities, and percentage
with disabilities, by highest level of educational attainment and other selected
characteristics: 2010 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.80. Percentage of persons 18 to 24 years old and age 25 and over, by educational
attainment and state: 2000 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
104.85. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons age
25 and over, by race/ethnicity and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
104.88. Number of persons age 25 and over and rates of high school completion and bachelor’s
degree attainment among persons in this age group, by sex and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.90. Percentage distribution of spring 2002 high school sophomores, by highest level of
education completed through 2012 and selected student characteristics: 2012 . . . . . Web-Only
104.91. Number and percentage distribution of spring 2002 high school sophomores, by
highest level of education completed, and socioeconomic status and selected student
characteristics while in high school: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.92. Number and percentage distribution of spring 2002 high school sophomores, by highest
level of education completed, socioeconomic status and educational expectations
while in high school, and college enrollment status 2 years after high school: 2013 . . Web-Only
104.93. Sources of college information for spring 2002 high school sophomores who expected
to attend a postsecondary institution, by highest level of education completed and
socioeconomic status while in high school: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
104.95. Number of persons age 25 and over in metropolitan areas with populations greater
than 1 million and rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment
among persons in this age group, by sex: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools
105.10. Projected number of participants in educational institutions, by level and control of
institution: Fall 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
105.20. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by level and control of institution, enrollment level, and attendance status and sex of
student: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
105.30. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1869–70 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . 44
105.40. Number of teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and faculty in degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by control of institution: Selected years, fall 1970
through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
105.50. Number of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years,
1980–81 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Summary of Finances
106.10. Expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product, by level
of institution: Selected years, 1929–30 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
106.20. Expenditures of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected
years, 1899–1900 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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106.30. Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local
governments, by function: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
106.40. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for
education, by level of education and state: 2014–15 and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
106.50. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments per capita for all functions
and for education, by level of education and state: 2014–15 and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . 53
106.60. Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, national income, personal
income, disposable personal income, median family income, and population:
Selected years, 1929 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
106.70. Gross domestic product price index, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes,
and federal budget composite deflator: Selected years, 1919 through 2018 . . . . . . . . Web-Only

Chapter 2. Elementary and Secondary Education

Historical
201.10. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: Selected
years, 1869–70 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
201.20. Enrollment in grades 9 through 12 in public and private schools compared with
population 14 to 17 years of age: Selected years, 1889–90 through fall 2018 . . . . . . . 67
Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children
202.10. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs, by age of child,
level of program, control of program, and attendance status: Selected years, 1970
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
202.20. Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children enrolled in preprimary programs, by level
of program, attendance status, and selected child and family characteristics: 2017 . . 70
202.25. Percentage of 3- and 4-year-old children enrolled in school, by race/ethnicity and
state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.30. Number of children under 6 years old and not yet enrolled in kindergarten, percentage
participating in center-based programs, average weekly hours in nonparental care,
and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements, by selected child and
family characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
202.30a. Percentage distribution of children who were under 6 years old and not yet in
kindergarten, by main reason household wanted a child care program, primary reason
for difficulty finding child care, and selected child and family characteristics: 2016 . . . Web-Only
202.30b. Percentage distribution of children who were under 6 years old and not yet in
kindergarten, by reported availability of good child care choices, amount of difficulty
finding the type of child care wanted, and selected child and family characteristics:
2012 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.30c. Number of children under 6 years old and not yet in kindergarten whose families paid
for child care, and families’ average out-of-pocket expense, by type of child care
arrangement and selected child and family characteristics: 2001 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.35. Percentage distribution of 4- and 5-year-old children who are not yet in kindergarten,
by type of child care arrangement and selected characteristics: Selected years, 1995
through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.40. Child care arrangements of 3- to 5-year-old children who are not yet in kindergarten, by
age and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1991 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.50. Percentage distribution of children at about 2 and 4 years of age, by type of child care
arrangement and selected child and family characteristics: 2003–04 and 2005–06 . . . Web-Only
202.60. Percentage distribution of quality rating of child care arrangements of children at about
4 years of age, by type of arrangement and selected child and family characteristics:
2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
202.65. Percentage distribution of first-time kindergartners, by primary type of child care
arrangement during the year prior to kindergarten entry and selected child, family, and
school characteristics: 2010–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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202.70. Number and percentage distribution of 3- to 5-year-olds not enrolled in school and
children of any age enrolled in prekindergarten through second grade, by grade level
and selected maternal and household characteristics: Selected years, 2001 through
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Enrollment in Public Schools
203.10. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and grade: Selected
years, fall 1980 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
203.20. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by region, state, and
jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
203.25. Public school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 8, by region, state, and
jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
203.30. Public school enrollment in grades 9 through 12, by region, state, and jurisdiction:
Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
203.40. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level, grade, and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
203.50. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and region: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall
2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
203.60. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and level of education: Fall 1999 through fall
2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
203.70. Percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by
race/ethnicity and state or jurisdiction: Fall 2000 and fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
203.72. Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, by locale and state: Fall 2016 . . . . Web-Only
203.75. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public schools, by family
poverty rate of 5- to 17-year-olds living in the school district, student race/ethnicity,
region, and school locale: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
203.80. Average daily attendance (ADA) in public elementary and secondary schools, by state
or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
203.90. Average daily attendance (ADA) as a percentage of total enrollment, school day length,
and school year length in public schools, by school level and state: 2007–08 and
2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Participation in Public School Services
204.10. Number and percentage of public school students eligible for free or reduced-price
lunch, by state: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
204.20. English language learner (ELL) students enrolled in public elementary and secondary
schools, by state: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
204.27. English language learner (ELL) students enrolled in public elementary and secondary
schools, by home language, grade, and selected student characteristics: Selected
years, 2008–09 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.30. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, by type of disability: Selected years, 1976–77 through 2017–18 . . . . . . 84
204.40. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, by race/ethnicity and age group: 2000–01 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . 85
204.50. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, by age group and sex, race/ethnicity, and type of disability: 2017–18 . . Web-Only
204.50a. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
(IDEA), Part B, by age group and sex, race/ethnicity, and type of disability: 2016–17 . . Web-Only
204.60. Percentage distribution of students 6 to 21 years old served under Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by educational environment and type of
disability: Selected years, fall 1989 through fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.70. Number and percentage of children served under Individuals with Disabilities Education
Act (IDEA), Part B, by age group and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1990–91
through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

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204.75a. Homeless students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, by grade,
primary nighttime residence, and selected student characteristics: 2009–10 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
204.75b. Number and percentage of homeless students enrolled in public elementary and
secondary schools, by school district locale, primary nighttime residence, and
selected student characteristics: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.75c. Number and percentage of homeless students enrolled in public elementary and
secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: 2009–10 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.75d. Number and percentage of homeless students enrolled in public elementary and
secondary schools, by primary nighttime residence, selected student characteristics,
and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.75e. Number and percentage of homeless students enrolled in public elementary and
secondary schools in the 120 largest school districts, by primary nighttime residence
and selected student characteristics: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.80. Number of public school students enrolled in gifted and talented programs, by sex,
race/ethnicity, and state: Selected years, 2004 through 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
204.90. Percentage of public school students enrolled in gifted and talented programs, by sex,
race/ethnicity, and state: Selected years, 2004 through 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Private School Education
205.10. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment and private enrollment as a
percentage of total enrollment in public and private schools, by region and grade
level: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
205.15. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment, percentage distribution of private
school enrollment, and private enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment in public
and private schools, by school orientation and grade: Selected years, fall 1999 through
fall 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
205.20. Enrollment and percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and
secondary schools, by school orientation and grade level: Selected years, fall 1995
through fall 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
205.30. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools,
by school orientation and selected characteristics: Selected years, fall 2005 through fall
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
205.40. Number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students,
teachers, and schools, by orientation of school and selected characteristics: Fall
1999, fall 2009, and fall 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
205.45. Number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students,
number of teachers and pupil/teacher ratio, and number and average enrollment size
of schools, by religious affiliation of school: Fall 1999, fall 2009, and fall 2015 . . . . . . . Web-Only
205.50. Private elementary and secondary enrollment, number of schools, and average tuition, by
school level, orientation, and tuition: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2011–12 . . . . Web-Only
205.60. Private elementary and secondary school full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff and student to
FTE staff ratios, by orientation of school, school level, and type of staff: 2007–08 and
2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
205.70. Enrollment and instructional staff in Catholic elementary and secondary schools, by
level: Selected years, 1919–20 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
205.80. Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school
graduates, by state: Selected years, 2005 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
205.90. Private elementary and secondary schools and enrollment, percentage distribution of
private schools and enrollment, and private schools and enrollment as a percentage
of total public and private schools and enrollment, by locale: 2009–10 and 2015–16 . . Web-Only
Homeschooling and School Choice
206.10. Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade
equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and
household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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206.15. Percentage and percentage distribution of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17

with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through grade 12, by reasons their parents
gave for homeschooling, the one reason their parents identified as most important,
and race/ethnicity of child: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
206.20. Percentage distribution of students ages 5 through 17 attending kindergarten through
12th grade, by school type or participation in homeschooling and selected child,
parent, and household characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
206.30. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by public school
type and charter status, private school orientation, and selected child and household
characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
206.40. Percentage of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12 whose parents reported having
public school choice, considered other schools, reported current school was their
first choice, or moved to their current neighborhood for the public school, by school
type and selected child and household characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
206.50. Percentage of students enrolled in grades 3 through 12 whose parents were satisfied or
dissatisfied with various aspects of their children’s schools, by school type: Selected
years, 2003 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Parent Involvement in Education
207.10. Number of 3- to 5-year-olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten and percentage
participating in home literacy activities with a family member, by type and frequency
of activity and selected child and family characteristics: 2001, 2012, and 2016 . . . . . . 100
207.20. Percentage of kindergartners through fifth-graders whose parents reported doing
education-related activities with their children in the past month, by selected child,
parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
207.30. Number of kindergartners through fifth-graders and percentage whose parents reported
doing education-related activities with their children in the past week, by selected
child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
207.40. Percentage of elementary and secondary school children whose parents were involved
in school activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012,
and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios
208.10. Public elementary and secondary pupil/teacher ratios, by selected school
characteristics: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
208.20. Public and private elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, pupil/teacher ratios,
and new teacher hires: Selected years, fall 1955 through fall 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
208.30. Public elementary and secondary teachers, by level and state or jurisdiction: Selected
years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
208.40. Public elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, and pupil/teacher ratios, by
state or jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Teacher Characteristics, Class Sizes, and Assignments
209.05. Number and percentage of persons completing a teacher preparation program and
receiving an initial teaching credential, by state or jurisdiction: 2012–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
209.27. Number and percentage of teachers who are military veterans, by control of school; sex,
race/ethnicity, and age group of teacher; region; and level of instruction: 2017 . . . . . . Web-Only
209.27a. Number and percentage of teachers who are military veterans, by control of school; sex,
race/ethnicity, and age group of teacher; region; and level of instruction: 2006 . . . . . . Web-Only
209.30. Highest degree earned, years of full-time teaching experience, and average class size
for teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 2011–12 . . . . . . . 110
Teacher Attitudes and Teacher Mobility
210.30. Mobility of public elementary and secondary teachers, by selected teacher and school
characteristics: Selected years, 1987–88 through 2012–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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210.31. Mobility of private elementary and secondary teachers, by selected teacher and school
characteristics: Selected years, 1987–88 through 2008–09 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Teacher Salaries
211.30. Average base salary for full-time public elementary and secondary school teachers with
a bachelor’s degree as their highest degree, by years of teaching experience and
state: Selected years, 1993–94 through 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
211.40. Average base salary for full-time public elementary and secondary school teachers with
a master’s degree as their highest degree, by years of teaching experience and state:
Selected years, 1993–94 through 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
211.50. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary
schools: Selected years, 1959–60 through 2017–­18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
211.60. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary
schools, by state: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
School Principals
212.08. Number and percentage distribution of principals in public and private elementary and
secondary schools, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1993–94 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
212.10. Highest degree, average years of experience, and salaries of principals in public and
private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: Selected
years, 1993–94 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
212.15. Percentage distribution of principals in public elementary and secondary schools, by
school locale and selected characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
212.20. Percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school principals, by
mobility or attrition and selected principal and school characteristics: 2007–08 to
2008–09, 2011–12 to 2012–13, and 2015–16 to 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
212.30. Number and percentage distribution of public school principals, by mobility or attrition
since the previous school year and occupational status: 2008–09, 2012–13, and
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
School Staff
213.10. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by type of
assignment: Selected years, 1949–50 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
213.20. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by type of
assignment and state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
213.30. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by type of
assignment and state or jurisdiction: Fall 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
213.40. Staff, teachers, and teachers as a percentage of staff in public elementary and
secondary school systems, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 2000 through
fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
213.50. Staff, enrollment, and pupil/staff ratios in public elementary and secondary school
systems, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . 117
213.60. Staff employed and pupil/staff ratios in public elementary and secondary school
systems, by type of assignment and locale: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Overview of Schools and School Districts
214.10. Number of public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary
schools: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
214.20. Number and percentage distribution of regular public school districts and students, by
enrollment size of district: Selected years, 1979–80 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
214.30. Number of public elementary and secondary education agencies, by type of agency and
state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
214.40. Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, number of schools, and other
selected characteristics, by locale: Fall 2013 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

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Large School Districts

215.10. Selected statistics on enrollment, teachers, dropouts, and graduates in public school
districts enrolling more than 15,000 students: Selected years, 1990 through 2016 . . . . Web-Only
215.20. Revenues, expenditures, poverty rate, and Title I allocations of public school districts
enrolling more than 15,000 students: 2015–16 and fiscal year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
215.30. Enrollment, poverty, and federal funds for the 120 largest school districts, by enrollment
size in 2016: 2015–16 and fiscal year 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Public Schools
216.10. Public elementary and secondary schools, by level of school: Selected years, 1967–68
through 2016­–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
216.20. Number and enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools, by school level,
type, and charter, magnet, and virtual status: Selected years, 1990–91 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
216.30. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and
schools, by traditional or charter school status and selected characteristics: Selected
years, 2000–01 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
216.40. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary schools and
enrollment, by level, type, and enrollment size of school: 2014–15, 2015–16, and
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
216.43. Number of public elementary and secondary schools reporting enrollment, by
enrollment size of school and state: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
216.44. Enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools reporting enrollment, by
enrollment size of school and state: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
216.45. Average enrollment and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary
schools, by level, type, and enrollment size: Selected years, 1982–83 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
216.50. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school
students, by percentage of minority enrollment in the school and student’s racial/
ethnic group: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
216.55. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school
students, by percentage of student’s racial/ethnic group enrolled in the school and
student’s racial/ethnic group: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . 132
216.60. Number and percentage distribution of public school students, by percentage of
students in school who are eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, school level,
locale, and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
216.70. Public elementary and secondary schools, by level, type, and state or jurisdiction:
1990–91, 2000–01, 2010–11, and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
216.75. Public elementary schools, by grade span, average school enrollment, and state or
jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
216.80. Public secondary schools, by grade span, average school enrollment, and state or
jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
216.90. Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, and charter schools
and enrollment as a percentage of total public schools and total enrollment in public
schools, by state: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
216.90a. Percentage distribution of enrollment in public traditional and charter schools and
percentage of schools, by race/ethnicity, racial/ethnic concentration, and state: Fall
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
216.90b. Percentage distribution of public traditional and charter school enrollment and schools,
by school’s level of free or reduced-price lunch eligibility and state: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . Web-Only
216.90c. Percentage distribution of public traditional and charter schools, by school level, school
size, and state: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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 LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES xix

216.90d. Percentage distribution of public traditional and charter schools, by school locale and
state: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
216.92. Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, percentage
distribution of charter schools and enrollment, and charter schools and enrollment as
a percentage of total public schools and enrollment, by locale: 2010–11 and 2016–17 . . Web-Only
216.95. Number and enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools that have closed,
by school level, type, and charter status: Selected years, 1995–96 through 2016–17 . . Web-Only
School Facilities
217.10. Functional age of public schools’ main instructional buildings and percentage of schools
with permanent and portable (temporary) buildings, by selected school characteristics
and condition of permanent and portable buildings: 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
217.15. Percentage of public schools with plans for major repair, renovation, or replacement of
building systems or features in the next 2 years and percentage distribution of schools
with such plans, by selected school characteristics, type of system or feature, and
main reason for the plans: 2012–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
217.20. Percentage of public schools with enrollment under, at, or over capacity, by selected
school characteristics: 1999 and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Use of Computers and Technology
218.10. Number and internet access of instructional computers and rooms in public schools, by
selected school characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
218.16. Percentage of students ages 5 through 17 enrolled in kindergarten through grade 12
who took any school-related courses online and, among those taking courses online,
percentage who took courses from various providers, by selected child, parent, and
household characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
218.20. Percentage of public school districts with students enrolled in technology-based
distance education courses and number of enrollments in such courses, by
instructional level and district characteristics: 2002–03, 2004–05, and 2009–10 . . . . . Web-Only
218.40. Percentage of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade public school students with their own or a
shared digital device at home, by selected student and school characteristics: 2015 . . . Web-Only
218.45. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-grade public school students, by when
student first used a laptop or desktop computer and selected student and school
characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
218.50. Percentage distribution of 8th-grade public school students, by number of hours they
spend using a laptop or desktop computer for schoolwork on a weekday and selected
student and school characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
218.70. Number and percentage distribution of 5- to 17-year-old students, by home internet
access, poverty status, and locale: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
218.71. Number and percentage distribution of 5- to 17-year-old students, by home internet
access, race/ethnicity, and locale: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
High School Completers and Dropouts
219.10. High school graduates, by sex and control of school; public high school averaged
freshman graduation rate (AFGR); and total graduates as a ratio of 17-year-old
population: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2028–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
219.20. Public high school graduates, by region, state, and jurisdiction: Selected years, 1980–81
through 2028–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
219.30. Public high school graduates, by race/ethnicity: 1998–99 through 2028–29 . . . . . . . . . . 142
219.32. Public high school graduates, by sex, race/ethnicity, and state or jurisdiction: 2012–13 . Web-Only
219.35. Public high school averaged freshman graduation rate (AFGR), by state or jurisdiction:
Selected years, 1990–91 through 2012–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.40. Public high school averaged freshman graduation rate (AFGR), by sex, race/ethnicity,
and state or jurisdiction: 2012–13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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219.46. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by selected student
characteristics and state: 2010–11 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
219.47. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by selected student
characteristics and locale: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.50. Number and percentage of 9th- to 12th-graders who dropped out of public schools
(event dropout rate), by race/ethnicity, grade, and state or jurisdiction: 2009–10 . . . . . Web-Only
219.55. Among 15- to 24-year-olds enrolled in grades 10 through 12, percentage who dropped
out (event dropout rate), by sex and race/ethnicity: 1972 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
219.57. Among 15- to 24-year-olds enrolled in grades 10 through 12, percentage who dropped
out (event dropout rate), and number and percentage distribution of 15- to 24-year-
olds in grades 10 through 12, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2007
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
219.60. Number and percentage of people taking, completing, and passing high school
equivalency tests, by test taken and state or jurisdiction: 2013 and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.62a. Percentage distribution of 2009 ninth-graders, by high school persistence status in 2012
and selected student characteristics: 2009 and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.62b. Percentage distribution of 2009 ninth-graders who were current high school dropouts,
stopouts, and continuous students in 2012, by selected student characteristics: 2009
and 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.62c. Among 2009 ninth-graders who were dropouts in 2012, percentage citing various
reasons for leaving high school, by selected student characteristics: 2012 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.65. High school completion rate of 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high school (status
completion rate), by sex and race/ethnicity: 1972 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
219.67. Number and high school completion rate of 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high
school (status completion rate), by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2007
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
219.69. High school completion rate of 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high school (status
completion rate), by English speaking ability and race/ethnicity: 2003, 2005, and
2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.70. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout
rate), by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1960 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
219.71. Population 16 to 24 years old and number of 16- to 24-year-old high school dropouts
(status dropouts), by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . Web-Only
219.73. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout
rate) and number and percentage distribution of 16- to 24-year-olds, by selected
characteristics: Selected years, 2006 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.75. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout
rate) and percentage distribution of status dropouts, by labor force status and years
of school completed: Selected years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
219.76. Population 16 to 24 years old and number of 16- to 24-year-old high school dropouts
(status dropouts), by labor force status and years of school completed: 1970 through
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.80. Total number 16- to 24-year-old high school dropouts (status dropouts) and percentage
of dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout rate), by selected
characteristics: 2006 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.82. Number of 16- to 24-year-old high school dropouts (status dropouts) and percentage
of dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout rate), by race/ethnicity
and racial/ethnic subgroup: 2013, 2017, and 2013–2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.85a. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout
rate), by race/ethnicity and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.85b. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout
rate), by race/ethnicity and state: 2013–2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
219.90. Number and percentage distribution of 14- through 21-year-old students served under
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, who exited school, by exit
reason, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and type of disability: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . 150

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Skills of Young Children

220.10. Percentage of children demonstrating specific cognitive and motor skills at about
9 months of age, by child’s age and selected characteristics: 2001–02 . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.20. Percentage of children demonstrating specific cognitive skills, motor skills, and secure
emotional attachment to parents at about 2 years of age, by selected characteristics:
2003–04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.30. Children’s reading, language, mathematics, color knowledge, and fine motor skills at
about 4 years of age, by child’s age and selected characteristics: 2005–06 . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.39. Percentage distribution of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by two risk factors
(low parental education and family poverty) and selected child, family, and school
characteristics: 2010–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.40. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ reading scale scores and standard deviations
through spring of fifth grade, by selected child, family, and school characteristics
during the kindergarten year: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016 . . . . . . . 152
220.41. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ mathematics scale scores and standard deviations
through spring of fifth grade, by selected child, family, and school characteristics
during the kindergarten year: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016 . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.42. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ science scale scores and standard deviations
through spring of fifth grade, by selected child, family, and school characteristics
during the kindergarten year: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016 . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.50. Number and percentage distribution of kindergartners, by fall 2010 kindergarten entry
status and selected child, family, and school characteristics: 2010–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.55. Percentage of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by type of peer victimization reported
by child in third grade, frequency with which child reported being victimized in third
grade, and selected child, family, and school characteristics: Spring 2014 . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.56. Percentage of fall 2010 first-time kindergartners, by type of victimization their teacher
reported that they perpetrated against peers in third grade, frequency with which
the teacher reported that they victimized their peers, and selected child, family, and
school characteristics: Spring 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.57. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ scores on various academic, social, and emotional
scales in third grade, by frequency of being victimized by their peers, frequency of
victimizing their peers, and type of victimization: Spring 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.60. Fall 2010 kindergartners’ reading, mathematics, science, and approaches to learning
scale scores and standard deviations, by kindergarten entry status and time of
assessment: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.70. Mean reading scale scores and specific reading skills of fall 1998 first-time
kindergartners, by time of assessment and selected characteristics: Selected years,
fall 1998 through spring 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
220.80. Mean mathematics and science scale scores and specific mathematics skills of fall
1998 first-time kindergartners, by time of assessment and selected characteristics:
Selected years, fall 1998 through spring 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Reading Achievement
221.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score, by
sex, race/ethnicity, and grade: Selected years, 1992 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
221.12. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score
and percentage of students attaining NAEP reading achievement levels, by selected
school and student characteristics and grade: Selected years, 1992 through 2017 . . . Web-Only
221.20. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) reading achievement levels, by grade and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 2003 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
221.25. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score, by
percentage of students in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, grade, and
school locale: 2015 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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221.30. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score and
percentage distribution of students, by age, amount of reading for school and for fun,
and time spent on homework and watching TV/video: Selected years, 1984 through
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.32. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score and
percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public charter,
and private schools, by selected characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.32a. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score and
percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public charter,
and Catholic schools, by selected characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.35. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score and
percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders, by whether student has access to a
computer or tablet and the Internet at home and other selected characteristics: 2017 . . Web-Only
221.36. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score
and percentage distribution of 12th-graders, by whether student uses a computer
at home, whether student has access to the Internet at home, and other selected
characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.40. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of
4th-grade public school students, by state: Selected years, 1992 through 2017 . . . . . 156
221.50. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of
4th-grade public school students, by race/ethnicity, school’s rate of free or reduced-
price lunch eligibility, and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.60. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of
8th-grade public school students, by state: Selected years, 1998 through 2017 . . . . . 157
221.65. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score
of 8th-grade public school students, by race/ethnicity, parents’ highest level of
education, and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.70. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores of
4th- and 8th-graders in public schools and percentage scoring at or above selected
reading achievement levels, by English language learner (ELL) status and state: 2017 . . Web-Only
221.72. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of
4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by school locale and state: 2017 . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.75. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score
and standard deviation, by selected student characteristics, percentile, and grade:
Selected years, 1992 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.80. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale scores
of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students and percentage attaining selected
reading achievement levels, by race/ethnicity and jurisdiction or specific urban district:
Selected years, 2009 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.85. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score, by
age and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1971 through 2012 . . . . . . . Web-Only
221.90. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) reading score levels, by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: Selected years,
1971 through 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Mathematics Achievement
222.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score,
by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade: Selected years, 1990 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
222.12. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
and percentage of students attaining NAEP mathematics achievement levels, by
selected school and student characteristics and grade: Selected years, 1990 through
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.20. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels, by grade and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 2003 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

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222.25. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score,
by percentage of students in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, grade,
and school locale: 2015 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.30. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by selected attitudes toward
mathematics, level of interest in/enjoyment of mathematics, and selected student
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.32. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score and percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public
charter, and private schools, by selected characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.32a. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score and percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders in traditional public, public
charter, and Catholic schools, by selected characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.35. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
and percentage distribution of 12th-graders, by frequency of experiencing various
attitudes in math class and selected student characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.40. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
of high school graduates at grade 12, by highest mathematics course taken in high
school and selected student and school characteristics: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.45. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score and percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders, by whether student
has access to a computer or tablet and the Internet at home and other selected
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.50. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
of 4th-grade public school students, by state: Selected years, 1992 through 2017 . . . 160
222.55. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score of 4th-grade public school students, by race/ethnicity, school’s rate of free or
reduced-price lunch eligibility, and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.60. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
of 8th-grade public school students, by state: Selected years, 1990 through 2017 . . . 161
222.70. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
score of 8th-grade public school students, by race/ethnicity, parents’ highest level of
education, and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.75. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score
of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by school locale and state: 2017 . . . . . Web-Only
222.80. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale
scores of 4th- and 8th-grade public school students and percentage attaining
selected mathematics achievement levels, by race/ethnicity and jurisdiction or specific
urban district: Selected years, 2009 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.85. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score,
by age and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1973 through 2012 . . . . Web-Only
222.90. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP) mathematics score levels, by age, sex, and race/ethnicity: Selected
years, 1978 through 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
222.95. National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics performance of
17-year-olds, by highest mathematics course taken, sex, and race/ethnicity: Selected
years, 1978 through 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Science Achievement
223.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale score,
standard deviation, and percentage of students attaining science achievement levels,
by grade level, selected student and school characteristics, and percentile: 2009,
2011, and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
223.17. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale score, by
percentage of students in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, grade, and
school locale: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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xxiv LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES

223.20. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by race/ethnicity and state: 2009, 2011,
and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
223.23. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale score of
4th- and 8th-grade public school students, by school locale and state: 2015 . . . . . . . Web-Only
223.25. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
8th-graders with various attitudes toward science and percentage reporting these
attitudes, by selected student characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
223.30. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale scores of
12th-graders with various attitudes toward science and percentage reporting these
attitudes, by selected student characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
223.40. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale score and
percentage distribution of 4th- and 8th-graders, by computer use and internet access
at home and other selected characteristics: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Achievement in Other Subjects
224.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) music and visual arts
scale scores of 8th-graders, percentage distribution by frequency of instruction at
their school, and percentage participating in selected musical activities in school, by
selected characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
224.20. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) civics scale score,
standard deviation, and percentage of students attaining civics achievement levels, by
grade level, selected student characteristics, and percentile: 1998, 2006, 2010, and
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.30. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) economics scale score
of 12th-graders, percentage attaining economics achievement levels, and percentage
with different levels of economics coursework, by selected characteristics: 2006 and
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.40. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) geography scale score,
standard deviation, and percentage of students attaining geography achievement
levels, by grade level, selected student characteristics, and percentile: Selected years,
1994 through 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.50. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) U.S. history scale score,
standard deviation, and percentage of students attaining achievement levels, by grade
level, selected student characteristics, and percentile: Selected years, 1994 through
2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.60. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) writing scale score of
8th- and 12th-graders, standard deviation, and percentage of students attaining
writing achievement levels, by selected student and school characteristics and
percentile: 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.70. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) overall and content area scale scores of 8th-graders and
percentage of 8th-graders attaining TEL achievement levels, by selected student
and school characteristics: 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
224.73. Average scale score of 8th-graders on the information and communication technology
(ICT) content area of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)
technology and engineering literacy (TEL) assessment and percentage distribution
of 8th-graders, by computer use and internet access at home and other selected
characteristics: 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.74a. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
frequency of learning about or discussing various technology- and society-related
topics in school and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.74b. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
frequency of having done or of learning about various design- and systems-related
activities or topics in school and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . Web-Only

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224.74c. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and

engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
frequency of having done various design- and systems-related activities outside of
school and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.74d. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
frequency of using a computer or other digital technology to perform various activities
for schoolwork and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
224.74e. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
frequency of using a computer or other digital technology to perform various activities
not related to schoolwork and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . . . Web-Only
224.74f. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and
engineering literacy (TEL) scale score and percentage distribution of 8th-graders, by
level of confidence in ability to perform various technology- and engineering-related
tasks and selected student and school characteristics: 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade
225.10. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various
subject fields, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1982 through 2009 . . . . . . . 165
225.20. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in career/
technical education courses in various occupational fields, by sex and race/ethnicity,
and percentage distribution of students, by units earned: Selected years, 2000
through 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.30. Percentage of public and private high school graduates taking selected mathematics
and science courses in high school, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1982
through 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
225.40. Percentage of public and private high school graduates taking selected mathematics
and science courses in high school, by selected student and school characteristics:
Selected years, 1990 through 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.50. Percentage of public and private high school graduates earning minimum credits in
selected combinations of academic courses, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected
years, 1982 through 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.60. Number and percentage of public high school graduates taking dual credit, Advanced
Placement (AP), and International Baccalaureate (IB) courses in high school and
average credits earned, by selected student and school characteristics: 2000, 2005,
and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.70. Number and percentage of high school graduates who took foreign language courses
in high school and average number of credits earned, by language and number of
credits: 2000, 2005, and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
225.72. Among regular high schools and combined elementary/secondary schools, percentage
of schools with students enrolled or classes offered in selected programs or courses,
and enrollments in these programs or courses as a percentage of students, by locale:
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.75. Percentage of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders whose school reported offering selected
classes and percentage of 8th-graders whose schools reported having students who
take high school math classes, by selected student and school characteristics: 2015
and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
225.80. Percentage distribution of elementary and secondary school children, by average
grades and selected child and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016 . . . . . . . 169
225.90. Number and percentage of elementary and secondary school students retained in
grade, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade level: 1994 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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xxvi LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES

College Admission Tests

226.10. Number, percentage distribution, and SAT mean scores of high school seniors taking
the SAT, by sex, race/ethnicity, first language learned, and highest level of parental
education: 2017 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
226.20. SAT mean scores of college-bound seniors, by sex: 1966–67 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . Web-Only
226.30. Number, percentage distribution, and SAT mean scores of high school seniors taking
the SAT, by high school grade point average, intended college major, and degree-level
goal: 2017 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
226.40. SAT mean scores of high school seniors, standard deviations, and percentage of the
graduating class taking the SAT, by state: 2017 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
226.50. Number and percentage of graduates taking the ACT test; average scores and standard
deviations, by sex and race/ethnicity; and percentage of test takers with selected
composite scores and planned fields of postsecondary study: Selected years, 1995
through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
226.60. Average ACT scores and percentage of graduates taking the ACT, by state: 2014 and
2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Student Activities, Homework, and Attendance
227.10. Percentage of 9th-grade students participating in various school-sponsored and non-
school-sponsored activities, by sex and race/ethnicity: 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
227.20. Percentage of high school seniors who say they engage in various activities, by selected
student and school characteristics: 1992 and 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
227.30. Percentage of high school seniors who participate in various school-sponsored
extracurricular activities, by selected student characteristics: 1992 and 2004 . . . . . . . Web-Only
227.40. Percentage of elementary and secondary school students who do homework, average
time spent doing homework, percentage whose parents check that homework is
done, and percentage whose parents help with homework, by frequency and selected
characteristics: 2007, 2012, and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
227.50. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading and
mathematics scale scores of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders and percentage absent
from school, by selected characteristics and number of days absent in the last
month: 2015 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
227.52. Percentage distribution of 4th-, 8th-, and 12th-graders, by number of days absent from
school in the last month and school locale: 2015 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
School Crime Victims
228.10. School-associated violent deaths of all persons, homicides and suicides of youth ages
5–18 at school, and total homicides and suicides of youth ages 5–18, by type of
violent death: 1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.15. Number of active shooter incidents at educational institutions and number of casualties,
by level of institution: 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.16. Number of active shooter incidents at educational institutions, number and type of guns
used, and number and characteristics of shooters, by level of institution: 2000 through
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.20. Number of nonfatal victimizations against students ages 12–18 and rate of victimization
per 1,000 students, by type of victimization and location: 1992 through 2017 . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.25. Number of nonfatal victimizations against students ages 12–18 and rate of victimization
per 1,000 students, by type of victimization, location, and selected student
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.30. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported criminal victimization at school during
the previous 6 months, by type of victimization and selected student and school
characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

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228.40. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported being threatened or injured with
a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous 12 months, by
selected student characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.42. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by number of times they reported
being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property during the previous
12 months and selected student characteristics: Selected years, 2009 through 2017 . . Web-Only
228.50. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported being threatened
or injured with a weapon on school property at least one time during the previous
12 months, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2003 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
228.80. Percentage of public school teachers who reported that they were threatened with
injury or physically attacked by a student from school during the previous 12 months,
by state: Selected years, 1993–94 through 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
School Crime Incidents
229.10. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting
incidents to police, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of
crime: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
229.20. Rate of crime incidents at school per 1,000 students recorded by public schools and
reported to police by public schools, by school level, percentage of students eligible
for free or reduced-price lunch, and type of crime: Selected years, 2005–06 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
229.30. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school, number of
incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime and selected school
characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
229.40. Percentage of public schools reporting incidents of crime at school to the police,
number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime and selected
school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
229.50. Percentage distribution of public schools, by number of violent incidents of crime at
school recorded and reported to the police and selected school characteristics:
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
229.60. Percentage distribution of public schools, by number of serious violent incidents
of crime at school recorded and reported to the police and selected school
characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
School Environment
230.10. Percentage of public schools reporting selected discipline problems that occurred at
school, by frequency and selected school characteristics: Selected years, 1999–2000
through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
230.20. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported that gangs were present at school
during the school year, by sex, race/ethnicity, and urbanicity: Selected years, 2001
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.20a. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported that gangs were present at school
during the school year, by grade, control of school, and urbanicity: Selected years,
2001 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.30. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being called hate-related words and
seeing hate-related graffiti at school during the school year, by selected student and
school characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.35. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being called hate-related words at
school, by type of hate-related word and selected student and school characteristics:
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.40. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the
school year, by selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 2005
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
230.45. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the
school year, by type of bullying and selected student and school characteristics:
Selected years, 2005 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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230.50. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the
school year and, among bullied students, percentage who reported being bullied in
various locations, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.51. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during
the school year, percentage of bullied students reporting various types of power
imbalances in favor of someone who bullied them, and percentage distribution of
bullied students, by whether they thought the bullying would happen again and
selected student and school characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.52. Among students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school
year, percentage reporting that bullying had varying degrees of negative effect on
various aspects of their life, by aspect of life affected and selected student and school
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.53. Among students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school
year, percentage reporting that bullying was related to specific characteristics, by
type of characteristic related to bullying and other selected student and school
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.55. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported having been electronically bullied
during the previous 12 months, by selected student characteristics: Selected years,
2011 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.60. Among students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school
year, percentage reporting various frequencies of bullying and the notification of an
adult at school, by selected student and school characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.62. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported having been bullied
on school property or electronically bullied during the previous 12 months, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 2009 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.65. Percentage of public schools reporting selected types of cyberbullying problems
occurring at school or away from school at least once a week, by selected school
characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.70. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being afraid of attack or harm, by
location and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1995
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.80. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported avoiding one or more places in school
or avoiding school activities or classes because of fear of attack or harm, by selected
student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.85. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported that they were victimized, that they
were in a physical fight, or that alcohol or illegal drugs were available or used at
school, by school locale, type of victimization, number of times in a fight, and type of
drug: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
230.95. Percentage of public school teachers who agreed that student misbehavior and student
tardiness and class cutting interfered with their teaching and that other teachers and
the principal enforced school rules, by state: 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Fights and Weapons
231.10. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported having been in a physical fight
at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
231.20. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by number of times they reported
having been in a physical fight anywhere or on school property during the previous
12 months and selected student characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
231.30. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported having been in a
physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 2005 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
231.40. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported carrying a weapon at least
1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics:
Selected years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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231.50. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by number of days they reported
carrying a weapon anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and
selected student characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
231.60. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported carrying a weapon at
least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected
years, 2005 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
231.65. Total number of public school students who brought firearms to or possessed firearms
at school and number of students who did this per 100,000 students enrolled, by state
or jurisdiction: 2009–10 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
231.70. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported having access to a loaded gun,
without adult permission, at school or away from school during the school year, by
selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 2007 through 2017 . . . . Web-Only
Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Cigarettes
232.10. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during
the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected
years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
232.20. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by number of days they reported
using alcohol anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and
selected student characteristics: Selected years, 2011 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.30. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported using alcohol at
least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction: Selected
years, 2005 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.40. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported using marijuana at least one
time during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics:
Selected years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
232.50. Percentage distribution of students in grades 9–12, by number of times they reported
using marijuana anywhere or on school property during the previous 30 days and
selected student characteristics: Selected years, 2011 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.60. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported using marijuana
at least one time during the previous 30 days, by location and state or jurisdiction:
Selected years, 2005 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.65. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting use and availability of heroin
and narcotics other than heroin, by grade and recency of use: Selected years, 1995
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.65a. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders reporting use of heroin and narcotics other
than heroin during the past 12 months, by grade and selected student and family
characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.65b. Percentages of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-graders who reported thinking that people are at
great risk of harming themselves if they engage in activities related to use of heroin
and narcotics other than heroin, by grade and type of activity: Selected years, 1995
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.70. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported that illegal drugs were made
available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by selected
student characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.80. Percentage of public school students in grades 9–12 who reported that illegal drugs
were made available to them on school property during the previous 12 months, by
state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2003 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.90. Percentage of 12th-graders reporting use of alcohol and illicit drugs, by recency of use
and substance used: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
232.95. Percentage of 12- to 17-year-olds reporting use of illicit drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes
during the past 30 days and the past year, by substance used, sex, and race/ethnicity:
Selected years, 1985 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

233.10. Number and percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in
response to specific offenses, number and percentage distribution of serious actions
taken, and number of students involved in specific offenses, by type of offense and
type of action: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.12. Percentage of public schools that took a serious disciplinary action in response to
specific offenses, by type of offense and selected school characteristics: 2015–16 . . Web-Only
233.20. Percentage of public school students in grades 6 through 12 who had ever been
suspended or expelled, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1993 through 2012 . Web-Only
233.25. Number and percentage of fall 2009 ninth-graders who were ever suspended or
expelled through spring 2012, by when student was suspended or expelled and
selected student characteristics: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.27. Number of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and
secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/
ethnicity: 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.28. Percentage of students receiving selected disciplinary actions in public elementary and
secondary schools, by type of disciplinary action, disability status, sex, and race/
ethnicity: 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.30. Number of students suspended and expelled from public elementary and secondary
schools, by sex, race/ethnicity, and state: 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.40. Percentage of students suspended and expelled from public elementary and secondary
schools, by sex, race/ethnicity, and state: 2013–14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
233.45. Number of discipline incidents resulting in removal of a student from a regular education
program for at least an entire school day and rate of incidents per 100,000 students,
by discipline reason and state: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.50. Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures: Selected
years, 1999­–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
233.60. Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures, by selected
school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.65. Percentage of public schools with a written plan for procedures to be performed in
selected scenarios and percentage that have drilled students on the use of selected
emergency procedures, by selected school characteristics: Selected years, 2003–04
through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.67a. Percentage of public schools providing training for classroom teachers or aides in
specific safety and discipline topics, by safety and discipline training topic: Selected
years, 2003–04 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.67b. Percentage of public schools providing training for classroom teachers or aides in
specific safety and discipline topics, by safety and discipline training topic and
selected school characteristics: 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.70. Percentage of public schools with security staff present at least once a week, and
percentage with security staff routinely carrying a firearm, by selected school
characteristics: 2005–06 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.70a. Percentage of public schools with security staff present at least once a week, by
full-time or part-time status and selected school characteristics: 2005–06 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.70b. Percentage of public schools with security staff present at school at least once a week,
by type of security staff, school level, and selected school characteristics: 2005–06,
2009–10, and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.72. Among public schools with any sworn law enforcement officers present at school at
least once a week, percentage with officers present at specific times and percentage
with any officers present for all instructional hours every day, by school level, times
present, and selected school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.74a. Among public schools with any sworn law enforcement officers present at school at
least once a week, percentage with any officers who routinely carry or wear specific
items, by school level, type of item, and selected school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . Web-Only

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233.74b. Among public schools with any sworn law enforcement officers present at school at
least once a week, percentage with officers participating in selected activities, by type
of activity, school level, and selected school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.74c. Among public schools with any sworn law enforcement officers present at school at
least once a week, percentage with formalized policies or written documents defining
the roles of officers at school, by school level, specific areas for which officers’ role is
defined, and selected school characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
233.80. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported various security measures at school:
Selected years, 1999 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
State Regulations
234.10. Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and
policies on year-round schools and kindergarten programs, by state: Selected years,
2000 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
234.20. Minimum amount of instructional time per year and policies on textbooks, by state:
Selected years, 2000 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
234.30. Course credit requirements and exit exam requirements for a standard high school
diploma and the use of other high school completion credentials, by state: 2013 . . . . Web-Only
234.40. States that use criterion-referenced tests (CRTs) aligned to state standards, by subject
area and level: 2006–07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
234.50. Required testing for initial certification of elementary and secondary school teachers,
by type of assessment and state: 2015 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Revenues
235.10. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: Selected
years, 1919–20 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
235.20. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds and state or
jurisdiction: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
235.30. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds and state or
jurisdiction: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
235.40. Public elementary and secondary revenues and expenditures, by locale, source of
revenue, and purpose of expenditure: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Expenditures
236.10. Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other
related programs, by purpose: Selected years, 1919–20 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . 190
236.15. Current expenditures and current expenditures per pupil in public elementary and
secondary schools: 1989–90 through 2028–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
236.20. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related
programs, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990­– 91 through 2015–16 . . 192
236.25. Current expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
236.30. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related
programs, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
236.40. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related
programs, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
236.50. Expenditures for instruction in public elementary and secondary schools, by
subfunction and state or jurisdiction: 2014–15 and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
236.55. Total and current expenditures per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools:
Selected years, 1919–20 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
236.60. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990–91 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

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236.65. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary
schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . 201
236.70. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and
secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16 . 203
236.75. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
236.80. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and
secondary schools, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
236.85. Unadjusted and geographically adjusted current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment
in public elementary and secondary schools, by locale, function, and district poverty
level: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
236.90. Students transported at public expense and current expenditures for transportation:
Selected years, 1929–30 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

Chapter 3. Postsecondary Education

Overview and Historical
301.10. Enrollment, staff, and degrees/certificates conferred in degree-granting and non-
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution, sex of
student, type of staff, and level of degree: Fall 2017 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
301.20. Historical summary of faculty, enrollment, degrees conferred, and finances in degree-
granting postsecondary institutions: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2016–17 . . . . . 220
Enrollment Rates
302.10. Recent high school completers and their enrollment in college, by sex and level of
institution: 1960 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
302.20. Percentage of recent high school completers enrolled in college, by race/ethnicity: 1960
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
302.40. Number of high schools with 12th-graders and percentage of high school graduates
attending 4-year colleges, by selected high school characteristics: Selected years,
1998–99 through 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
302.43. Percentage distribution of fall 2009 ninth-graders who had completed high school, by
postsecondary enrollment status in fall 2013, and selected measures of their high
school achievement and selected student characteristics: 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.44. Percentage distribution of all 2009 9th-graders and those who ever attended
a postsecondary institution, by socioeconomic status in 2009 and selected
postsecondary outcomes: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.45. Percentage distribution of all 2009 9th-graders and those who ever attended a
postsecondary institution, by poverty status in 2009 and 2012 and selected
postsecondary outcomes: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.46. Percentage distribution of fall 2009 ninth-graders, by high school locale in 2009, high
school completion status, postsecondary enrollment and work status or plans, and
postsecondary attainment status: 2013 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.50. Estimated rate of 2011–12 high school graduates attending degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by state: 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
302.60. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college, by level of institution and sex and
race/ethnicity of student: 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
302.62. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions and percentage distribution of those enrolled, by sex, race/ethnicity, and
selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.65. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by race/ethnicity and state: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
302.70. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by race/ethnicity and state: 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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Total Fall Enrollment—General

303.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status,
sex of student, and control of institution: Selected years, 1947 through 2028 . . . . . . . . 226
303.20. Total fall enrollment in all postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV programs
and annual percentage change in enrollment, by degree-granting status and control
of institution: 1995 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
303.25. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level
of institution: 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
303.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control
of institution, attendance status, and sex of student: Selected years, 1970 through
2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
303.40. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance
status, sex, and age: Selected years, 1970 through 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
303.45. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of
enrollment, sex, attendance status, and age of student: 2013, 2015, and 2017 . . . . . . 233
303.50. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of
enrollment, control and level of institution, attendance status, and age of student:
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
303.55. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level
of institution, attendance status, and age of student: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
303.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of
enrollment, sex of student, and other selected characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
303.65. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of
enrollment, sex of student, and other selected characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
303.70. Total undergraduate fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
attendance status, sex of student, and control and level of institution: Selected years,
1970 through 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
303.80. Total postbaccalaureate fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by attendance status, sex of student, and control of institution: 1970 through 2028 . . 239
303.90. Fall enrollment and number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control
and religious affiliation of institution: Selected years, 1980 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level
304.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
304.15. Total fall enrollment in public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
304.20. Total fall enrollment in private degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
304.21. Total fall enrollment in private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1980 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
304.22. Total fall enrollment in private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1980 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
304.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance
status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
304.35. Total fall enrollment in public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance
status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
304.40. Total fall enrollment in private degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
304.45. Total fall enrollment in private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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xxxiv LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES

304.50. Total fall enrollment in private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by

attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
304.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level
of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
304.70. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment
and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
304.80. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of
institution, level of enrollment, level of institution, and state or jurisdiction: 2017 . . . . . Web-Only
First-Time Students and Admissions
305.10. Total fall enrollment of first-time degree/certificate-seeking students in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and level and
control of institution: 1960 through 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
305.20. Total fall enrollment of first-time degree/certificate-seeking students in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, control of institution,
and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
305.30. Number and percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with first-year
undergraduates using various selection criteria for admission, by control and level of
institution: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
305.40. Acceptance rates; number of applications, admissions, and enrollees; and enrollees’
SAT and ACT scores for degree-granting postsecondary institutions with first-year
undergraduates, by control and level of institution: 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups
306.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of
enrollment, sex, attendance status, and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of
student: Selected years, 1976 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
306.20. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control
of institution and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student: Selected years,
1976 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
306.30. Fall enrollment of U.S. residents in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/
ethnicity: Selected years, 1976 through 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
306.40. Fall enrollment of males and females and specific racial/ethnic groups in degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution and
percentage of U.S. resident enrollment in the same racial/ethnic group: 2017 . . . . . . . Web-Only
306.50. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and
classification of institution, level of enrollment, and race/ethnicity of student: 2017 . . . 258
306.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of
student and state or jurisdiction: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
306.65. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of
student and state or jurisdiction: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Full-Time-Equivalent Fall Enrollment
307.10. Full-time-equivalent fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control and level of institution: 1967 through 2028 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
307.20. Full-time-equivalent fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2000, 2010, and 2017 . . . . . . . Web-Only
307.30. Full-time-equivalent fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2000, 2010, and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Twelve-Month Enrollment
308.10. Total 12-month enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and
level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
308.20. Total 12-month enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control of
institution and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2004–05 through 2016–17 . . . . . . Web-Only

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Student Residence and Migration

309.10. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . 263
309.20. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in
degree-granting postsecondary institutions who graduated from high school in the
previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
309.30. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in
4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions who graduated from high school in
the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Study Abroad and Foreign Students
310.10. Number of U.S. students studying abroad and percentage distribution, by sex, race/
ethnicity, and other selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000–01 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
310.20. Foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States, by
continent, region, and selected countries of origin: Selected years, 1980–81 through
2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Programs and Courses
311.10. Number and percentage distribution of students enrolled in postsecondary institutions,
by level, disability status, and selected student characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . 268
311.15. Number and percentage of students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by distance education participation, location of student, level of
enrollment, and control and level of institution: Fall 2016 and fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
311.20. Number and percentage of undergraduate students taking night, weekend, or online
classes, by selected characteristics: 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
311.22. Number and percentage of undergraduate students enrolled in distance education or
online classes and degree programs, by selected characteristics: Selected years,
2003–04 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
311.30. Number and percentage of graduate students taking night, weekend, or online classes,
by selected characteristics: 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
311.32. Number and percentage of graduate students enrolled in distance education or online
classes and degree programs, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 2003–04
through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
311.33. Selected statistics for degree-granting postsecondary institutions that primarily offer
online programs, by control of institution and selected characteristics: Fall 2017 and
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
311.40. Percentage of first-year undergraduate students who reported taking remedial
education courses, by selected student and institution characteristics: Selected
years, 2003–04 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
311.50. Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with first-year
undergraduates offering remedial services, by control and level of institution: 1989–90
through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
311.60. Enrollment in postsecondary education, by level of enrollment, level of institution,
student age, and major field of study: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
311.70. Course enrollments in languages other than English compared with total enrollment at
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by enrollment level, institution level, and
language: Selected years, 1965 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
311.80. Number and percentage distribution of course enrollments in languages other than
English at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by language and enrollment
level: Selected years, 2002 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
311.90. Graduate enrollment in research-based programs in engineering, natural and social
sciences, mathematics and computer sciences, and selected health fields in degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by discipline division: Selected years, fall 2007
through fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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xxxvi LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES

Large Institutions and Institutions Serving Specific Groups

312.10. Enrollment of the 120 largest degree-granting college and university campuses, by
selected characteristics and institution: Fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
312.20. Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures of degree-granting postsecondary
institutions enrolling more than 15,000 students in 2017, by selected characteristics
and institution: Selected years, 1990 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
312.30. Enrollment and degrees conferred in degree-granting women’s colleges, by selected
characteristics and institution: Fall 2017 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
312.40. Enrollment and degrees conferred in Hispanic-serving institutions, by institution level
and control, percentage Hispanic, degree level, and other selected characteristics:
Fall 2017 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
312.50. Fall enrollment and degrees conferred in degree-granting tribally controlled
postsecondary institutions, by state and institution: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall
2017, and 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
312.60. Enrollment and degrees conferred in Asian and Pacific Islander-serving institutions, by
selected institution and student characteristics, degree level, and state or jurisdiction:
Fall 2017 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Historically Black Colleges and Universities
313.10. Fall enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree-granting historically
Black colleges and universities, by institution: 2016, 2017, and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . 279
313.20. Fall enrollment in degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by sex of
student and level and control of institution: Selected years, 1976 through 2017 . . . . . 281
313.30. Selected statistics on degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by
control and level of institution: Selected years, 1990 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Staff
314.10. Total and full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff and FTE student/FTE staff ratios in
postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV programs, by degree-granting status,
control of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 1999, fall 2009, and fall 2017 . . . . . . 283
314.20. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex, employment status,
control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Selected years, fall 1991
through fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
314.30. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status, sex,
control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
314.35. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status, sex,
control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
314.40. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex,
employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2017 . . 287
314.45. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex,
employment status, control and level of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2016 . Web-Only
314.50. Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE staff and FTE faculty in public
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
314.55. Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE staff and FTE faculty in public
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
314.60. Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE staff and FTE faculty in private
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
314.65. Ratios of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to FTE staff and FTE faculty in private
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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Faculty and Instructional Staff

315.10. Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status,
sex, control, and level of institution: Selected years, fall 1970 through fall 2017 . . . . . . 290
315.20. Full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex,
and academic rank: Fall 2015, fall 2016, and fall 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
315.30. Percentage distribution of full-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, selected instruction
activities, and number of classes taught for credit: Fall 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
315.40. Percentage distribution of part-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, selected instruction
activities, and number of classes taught for credit: Fall 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
315.50. Full-time and part-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by level and control of institution and selected characteristics: Fall 1992,
fall 1998, and fall 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
315.60. Full-time and part-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, and selected characteristics: Fall 2003 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
315.70. Full-time and part-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by field and faculty characteristics: Fall 1992, fall 1998, and fall 2003 . . . . Web-Only
315.80. Full-time and part-time faculty and instructional staff in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, and program area: Fall 1998 and fall 2003 . . . . . . . Web-Only
Faculty Salaries and Benefits
316.10. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by academic rank, control and level of institution, and sex:
Selected years, 1970–71 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
316.20. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by academic rank, sex, and control and level of institution:
Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
316.30. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction:
2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
316.40. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction:
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
316.50. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in 4-year degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution,
academic rank of faculty, and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
316.60. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in 4-year degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution,
academic rank of faculty, and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
316.70. Average benefit expenditure for full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts
in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by type of benefit and control of
institution: Selected years, 1977–78 through 2010–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
316.80. Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and of
full-time faculty with tenure at these institutions, by control and level of institution and
selected characteristics of faculty: Selected years, 1993–94 through 2017–18 . . . . . . 298
316.81. Percentage of full-time faculty (instruction, research, and public service) with tenure at
degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system, by control, level,
and state: 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Institutions
317.10. Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: Selected
years, 1949–50 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

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317.20. Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution

and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
317.30. Number of non-degree-granting institutions offering postsecondary education, by
control of institution and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2000-01 through
2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
317.40. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions and enrollment in these
institutions, by enrollment size, control, and classification of institution: Fall 2017 . . . . 302
317.50. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions that have closed, by control and
level of institution: 1969–70 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Summary of Degrees Conferred
318.10. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and sex of student:
Selected years, 1869–70 through 2028–29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
318.20. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by
field of study: Selected years, 1970­–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by
sex of student and discipline division: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
318.40. Degrees/certificates conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution
and level of degree/certificate: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
318.45. Number and percentage distribution of science, technology, engineering, and
mathematics (STEM) degrees/certificates conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by race/ethnicity, level of degree/certificate, and sex of student: 2008–09 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
318.50. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution, level of
degree, and field of study: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
318.60. Number of postsecondary institutions conferring degrees, by control of institution, level
of degree, and field of study: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Degrees Conferred—State-Level
319.10. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution, level of
degree, and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
319.20. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and state or
jurisdiction: 2014–15 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
319.30. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study and state
or jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
319.40. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study and state or
jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Certificates Below the Associate’s Degree Level
320.10. Certificates below the associate’s degree level conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by length of curriculum, sex of student, institution level and control, and discipline
division: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
320.20. Certificates below the associate’s degree level conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by race/ethnicity and sex of student: 1998–99 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Associate’s Degrees
321.10. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and
discipline division: 2006–07 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
321.12. Certificates below the associate’s degree level and associate’s degrees conferred by
public 2-year postsecondary institutions, by length of curriculum, sex of student, and
discipline division: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
321.20. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex
of student: Selected years, 1976–77 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

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321.30. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field

of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
321.40. Associate’s degrees conferred to males by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
321.50. Associate’s degrees conferred to females by postsecondary institutions, by race/
ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Bachelor’s Degrees
322.10. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected
years, 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
322.20. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex
of student: Selected years, 1976–77 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
322.30. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field
of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
322.40. Bachelor’s degrees conferred to males by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
322.50. Bachelor’s degrees conferred to females by postsecondary institutions, by race/
ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Master’s Degrees
323.10. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected
years, 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
323.20. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of
student: Selected years, 1976–77 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
323.30. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of
study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
323.40. Master’s degrees conferred to males by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
323.50. Master’s degrees conferred to females by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Doctor’s Degrees
324.10. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected
years, 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
324.20. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of
student: Selected years, 1976–77 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
324.25. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of
study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
324.30. Doctor’s degrees conferred to males by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.35. Doctor’s degrees conferred to females by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity
and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.40. Number of postsecondary institutions conferring doctor’s degrees in dentistry,
medicine, and law, and number of such degrees conferred, by sex of student:
Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
324.50. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected professional fields, by sex
of student, control of institution, and field of study: Selected years, 1985–86 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.55. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected professional fields, by race/
ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.60. Degrees conferred to males by postsecondary institutions in selected professional
fields, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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324.70. Degrees conferred to females by postsecondary institutions in selected professional

fields, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.80. Statistical profile of persons receiving doctor’s degrees, by field of study and selected
characteristics: 2015–16 and 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
324.90. Doctor’s degrees conferred by the 60 institutions conferring the most doctor’s degrees,
by rank order: 2007–08 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Trends in Degrees by Field
325.10. Degrees in agriculture and natural resources conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by level of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.15. Degrees in architecture and related services conferred by postsecondary institutions, by
level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . Web-Only
325.20. Degrees in the biological and biomedical sciences conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1951–52 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.22. Degrees in biology, microbiology, and zoology conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by level of degree: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.25. Degrees in business conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and sex
of student: Selected years, 1955–56 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.30. Degrees in communication, journalism, and related programs and in communications
technologies conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and sex of
student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.35. Degrees in computer and information sciences conferred by postsecondary institutions,
by level of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.40. Degrees in education conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and
sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.45. Degrees in engineering and engineering technologies conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.47. Degrees in chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering conferred by
postsecondary institutions, by level of degree: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.50. Degrees in English language and literature/letters conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.55. Degrees in foreign languages and literatures conferred by postsecondary institutions, by
level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1959–60 through 2016–17 . . . . . . Web-Only
325.57. Degrees in French, German, Italian, and Spanish language and literature conferred
by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree: Selected years, 1949–50 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.59. Degrees in Arabic, Chinese, Korean, and Russian language and literature conferred by
postsecondary institutions, by level of degree: 1969–70 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.60. Degrees in the health professions and related programs conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.65. Degrees in mathematics and statistics conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level
of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.70. Degrees in the physical sciences and science technologies conferred by postsecondary
institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1959–60 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.72. Degrees in chemistry, geology and earth science, and physics conferred by
postsecondary institutions, by level of degree: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.80. Degrees in psychology conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and
sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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325.85. Degrees in public administration and social services conferred by postsecondary

institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.90. Degrees in the social sciences and history conferred by postsecondary institutions, by
level of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.92. Degrees in economics, history, political science and government, and sociology
conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree: Selected years, 1949–50
through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
325.95. Degrees in visual and performing arts conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level
of degree and sex of student: 1970–71 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Completion and Retention Rates
326.10. Graduation rate from first institution attended for first-time, full-time bachelor’s degree-
seeking students at 4-year postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, time to
completion, sex, control of institution, and acceptance rate: Selected cohort entry
years, 1996 through 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
326.15. Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time bachelor’s degree-seeking students at
4-year postsecondary institutions 6 years after entry, by completion and enrollment
status at first institution attended, sex, race/ethnicity, control of institution, and
percentage of applications accepted: Cohort entry years 2006 and 2011 . . . . . . . . . . 345
326.20. Graduation rate from first institution attended within 150 percent of normal time for
first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary
institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, and control of institution: Selected cohort entry
years, 2000 through 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
326.25. Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at
2-year postsecondary institutions 3 years after entry, by completion and enrollment
status at first institution attended, sex, race/ethnicity, and control of institution: Cohort
entry years 2009 and 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
326.27. Number of degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students entering a postsecondary
institution and percentage of students 4, 6, and 8 years after entry, by completion and
enrollment status at the same institution, institution level and control, attendance level
and status, Pell Grant recipient status, and acceptance rate: Cohort entry year 2009 . . Web-Only
326.30. Retention of first-time degree-seeking undergraduates at degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, level and control of institution, and
percentage of applications accepted: Selected years, 2006 to 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
326.40. Percentage distribution of first-time postsecondary students starting at 2- and 4-year
institutions during the 2003–04 academic year, by highest degree attained, enrollment
status, and selected characteristics: Spring 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
326.50. Number and percentage distribution of first-time postsecondary students starting
at 2- and 4-year institutions during the 2011–12 academic year, by attainment and
enrollment status and selected characteristics: Spring 2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Achievement and Admissions Testing
327.10. Average scores and standard deviations on Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
general and subject tests: 1965 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Security and Crime
329.10. On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action at degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by location of incident, control and level of institution, and
type of incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
329.20. On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action per 10,000 full-time-
equivalent (FTE) students at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by whether
institution has residence halls, control and level of institution, and type of incident:
Selected years, 2001 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
329.30. On-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and
control of institution, type of crime, and category of bias motivating the crime: 2010
through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

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Student Charges
330.10. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-
time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of
institution: Selected years, 1963–64 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
330.20. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-
time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of
institution and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17 and 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
330.30. Average undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and board rates for full-time students in
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by percentile of charges and control and
level of institution: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
330.40. Average total cost of attendance for first-time, full-time undergraduate students in
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution, living
arrangement, and component of student costs: Selected years, 2010–11 through
2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
330.41. Average total cost of attendance for first-time, full-time undergraduate students in public
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of institution, living arrangement,
component of student costs, and state: 2014–15 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
330.50. Average graduate tuition and required fees in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by control of institution and percentile of charges: 1989–90 through
2017–18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Financial Aid for Undergraduates
331.10. Percentage of undergraduates receiving financial aid, by type and source of aid and
selected student characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
331.20. Full-time, first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students enrolled in
degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by participation and average amount
awarded in financial aid programs, and control and level of institution: 2000–01
through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
331.30. Average amount of grant and scholarship aid and average net price for first-time, full-
time degree/certificate-seeking students awarded Title IV aid, by control and level of
institution and income level: Selected years, 2009–10 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . 367
331.35. Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving financial aid, and
average annual amount received, by type and source of aid and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
331.37. Percentage of part-time or part-year undergraduates receiving financial aid, and
average annual amount received, by type and source of aid and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
331.40. Average amount of financial aid awarded to full-time, full-year undergraduates, by type
and source of aid and selected student characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
331.45. Average amount of financial aid awarded to part-time or part-year undergraduates, by
type and source of aid and selected student characteristics: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
331.50. Aid status and sources of aid for full-time and part-time undergraduates, by control and
level of institution: 2011–12 and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
331.60. Percentage of full-time, full-year undergraduates receiving financial aid, by type and
source of aid and control and level of institution: Selected years, 1992–93 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
331.70. Average amount of financial aid awarded to full-time, full-year undergraduates, by
type and source of aid and control and level of institution: Selected years, 1992–93
through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
331.80. Percentage of part-time or part-year undergraduates receiving financial aid, by type and
source of aid and control and level of institution: Selected years, 1992–93 through
2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
331.90. Percentage of full-time and part-time undergraduates receiving federal aid, by aid
program and control and level of institution: 2011–12 and 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378

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 LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES xliii

331.95. Percentage of undergraduate degree/certificate completers who ever received loans

and average cumulative amount borrowed, by degree level, selected student
characteristics, and institution control: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . 379
Financial Aid for Postbaccalaureate Students
332.10. Amount borrowed, aid status, and sources of aid for full-time, full-year
postbaccalaureate students, by level of study and control and level of institution:
Selected years, 1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
332.20. Amount borrowed, aid status, and sources of aid for part-time or part-year
postbaccalaureate students, by level of study and control and level of institution:
Selected years, 1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
332.30. Percentage of full-time, full-year postbaccalaureate students receiving financial aid, by
type of aid, level of study, and control and level of institution: Selected years, 1992–93
through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
332.35. Average amount of financial aid awarded to full-time, full-year postbaccalaureate
students, by type of aid, level of study, and control and level of institution: Selected
years, 1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
332.40. Percentage of part-time or part-year postbaccalaureate students receiving financial
aid, by type of aid, level of study, and control and level of institution: Selected years,
1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
332.42. Average amount of financial aid awarded to part-time or part-year postbaccalaureate
students, by type of aid, level of study, and control and level of institution: Selected
years, 1992–93 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
332.45. Percentage of graduate degree completers with student loan debt and average cumulative
amount owed, by level of education funded and graduate degree type, institution
control, and degree program: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . 384
332.50. Number of postsecondary students who entered the student loan repayment phase,
number of students who defaulted within a 3-year period, and 3-year student loan
cohort default rate, by level and control of institution: Fiscal years 2010 through 2015 . . Web-Only
Revenues
333.10. Revenues of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of revenue
and level of institution: Selected years, 2007–08 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
333.20. Revenues of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of revenue
and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
333.25. Revenues of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of revenue
and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
333.30. Appropriations from state and local governments for public degree-granting
postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1990–91 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
333.40. Total revenue of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source
of funds and level of institution: Selected years: 1999–2000 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . 389
333.50. Total revenue of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source
of funds and classification of institution: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
333.55. Total revenue of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source
of funds and level of institution: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . 392
333.60. Total revenue of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source
of funds and classification of institution: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
333.70. Revenue received from the federal government by the 120 degree-granting
postsecondary institutions receiving the largest amounts, by control and rank order:
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
333.80. Voluntary support for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source and
purpose of support: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
333.90. Endowment funds of the 120 degree-granting postsecondary institutions with the
largest endowments, by rank order: Fiscal year 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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Expenditures
334.10. Total expenditures of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by purpose of
expenditure and level of institution: 2009–10 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
334.20. Total expenditures of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level
of institution, purpose of expenditure, and state or jurisdiction: 2013–14 through
2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
334.30. Total expenditures of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
purpose and level of institution: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2016–17 . . . . . . 396
334.40. Total expenditures of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
purpose and classification of institution: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
334.50. Total expenditures of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
purpose and level of institution: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2016–17 . . . . . . 399
334.60. Total expenditures of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
purpose and classification of institution: 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
334.70. Total expenditures of private nonprofit and for-profit degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2016–17 . . . . Web-Only

Chapter 4. Federal Funds for Education and Related Activities

On-Budget and Off-Budget Support
401.10. Federal support and estimated federal tax expenditures for education, by category:
Selected fiscal years, 1965 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
401.20. Federal on-budget funds for education, by agency: Selected fiscal years, 1970 through
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
401.30. Federal on-budget funds for education, by level/educational purpose, agency, and
program: Selected fiscal years, 1970 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
401.60. U.S. Department of Education appropriations for major programs, by state or
jurisdiction: Fiscal year 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
401.70. Appropriations for Title I and selected other programs under the Every Student
Succeeds Act of 2015, by program and state or jurisdiction: Fiscal years 2017 and
2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Federal Obligations for Research and Development
402.10. Federal obligations for research, development, and R&D plant, by category of obligation,
performer, and field of science and engineering: Fiscal years 2010 through 2018 . . . . Web-Only

Chapter 5. Outcomes of Education

Labor Force Status by Educational Attainment
501.10. Labor force participation, employment, and unemployment of persons 25 to 64 years
old, by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and educational attainment: 2015, 2016, and
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
501.20. Labor force participation, employment, and unemployment of persons 16 to 24 years
old who are not enrolled in school, by age group, sex, race/ethnicity, and educational
attainment: 2015, 2016, and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
501.30. Percentage and number of persons 18 to 24 years old who were neither enrolled in
school nor working, by age group, high school completion status, sex, and race/
ethnicity: 2006 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
501.35. Labor force status of persons 25 to 64 years old, by disability status, highest level of
educational attainment, age, sex, and race/ethnicity: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
501.40. Percentage distribution of 25- to 34-year-olds with various levels of educational
attainment, by labor force status, sex, race/ethnicity, and U.S. nativity and citizenship
status: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
501.45. Percentage distribution of persons 25 to 64 years old, by labor force and employment
status and earnings, educational attainment, and locale: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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501.50. Employment to population ratios of persons 16 to 64 years old, by age group and
highest level of educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . 429
501.60. Employment to population ratios of males 16 to 64 years old, by age group and highest
level of educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
501.70. Employment to population ratios of females 16 to 64 years old, by age group and
highest level of educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . Web-Only
501.80. Unemployment rates of persons 16 to 64 years old, by age group and highest level of
educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
501.85. Unemployment rates of males 16 to 64 years old, by age group and highest level of
educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
501.90. Unemployment rates of females 16 to 64 years old, by age group and highest level of
educational attainment: Selected years, 1975 through 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Occupation and Earnings by Educational Attainment
502.10. Occupation of employed persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of educational
attainment and sex: 2017 and 2018 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
502.20. Median annual earnings, number, and percentage of full-time year-round workers age 25
and over, by highest level of educational attainment and sex: 1990 through 2017 . . . . 432
502.30. Median annual earnings of full-time year-round workers 25 to 34 years old and full-time
year-round workers as a percentage of the labor force, by sex, race/ethnicity, and
educational attainment: Selected years, 1995 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
502.40. Annual earnings of persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of educational
attainment and sex: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Employment of Students
503.10. Percentage of high school students age 16 and over who were employed, by age group,
sex, race/ethnicity, family income, nativity, and hours worked per week: Selected
years, 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
503.20. Percentage of college students 16 to 24 years old who were employed, by attendance
status, hours worked per week, and control and level of institution: Selected years,
October 1970 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
503.30. Percentage of college students 16 to 24 years old who were employed, by attendance
status, hours worked per week, and selected characteristics: October 2015 through
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
503.40. Percentage of 16- to 64-year-old undergraduate students who were employed, by
attendance status, hours worked per week, and selected characteristics: 2005, 2010,
and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Labor Force Status of Recent High School Completers and Dropouts
504.10. Labor force status of recent high school completers, by college enrollment status, sex,
and race/ethnicity: October 2015, 2016, and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
504.20. Labor force status of recent high school dropouts, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected
years, October 1980 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
504.30. Among special education students out of high school up to 8 years, percentage
attending and completing postsecondary education, living independently, and
working competitively, by type of disability: 2007 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Labor Market Outcomes for Recent Bachelor’s Degree Completers
505.10. Number, percentage distribution, unemployment rates, and median earnings of 25- to
29-year-old bachelor’s degree holders and percentage of degree holders among all
25- to 29-year-olds, by field of study and science, technology, engineering, or
mathematics (STEM) status of field: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
505.15. Number, percentage distribution, and median annual earnings of 25- to 34-year-olds
with a bachelor’s or higher degree, by sex, race/ethnicity, and selected employment
and occupational characteristics: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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505.20. Unemployment rate of 25- to 34-year-olds with a bachelor’s or higher degree, by

undergraduate field of study, sex, race/ethnicity, and U.S. nativity and citizenship
status: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
505.30. Percentage distribution of employed 25- to 34-year-olds with a bachelor’s degree in
a science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) field, by STEM or non-
STEM occupation, sex, race/ethnicity, and U.S. nativity and citizenship status: 2017 . Web-Only
505.40. Percentage distribution of recipients of bachelor’s degrees in various fields of study
1 year after graduation, by time to completion, enrollment and employment status,
and occupation: 2001 and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
505.50. Percentage, selected employment characteristics, and annual salaries of bachelor’s
degree recipients employed full time 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1991,
2001, and 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Attitude of Young Adults
506.10. Percentage of 1972 high school seniors, 1992 high school seniors, and 2004 high school
seniors who felt that certain life values were “very important,” by sex: Selected years,
1972 through 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Skills of Adults and Continuing Education
507.10. Literacy skills of adults, by type of literacy, proficiency levels, and selected
characteristics: 1992 and 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
507.15. Average literacy and numeracy scale scores and percentage distribution of 25- to
65-year-olds, by proficiency level and selected characteristics: 2012/2014 . . . . . . . . . 446
507.16. Percentage of 25- to 65-year-olds who were not assessed in the problem solving in
technology-rich environments domain and average scale score and percentage
distribution of those who were assessed, by proficiency level and selected
characteristics: 2012/2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
507.20. Participants in state-administered adult basic education, secondary education, and
English as a second language programs, by type of program and state or jurisdiction:
Selected fiscal years, 2000 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
507.30. Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in career-related adult
education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants:
1995, 1999, and 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447
507.40. Participation rate of persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the
previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: Selected years,
1991 through 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
507.50a. Number, percentage, and percentage distribution of persons 16 to 65 years old who
have work credentials or have completed a work experience program, by selected
characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
507.50b. Percentage and percentage distribution of those 16- to 65-year-olds who have work
credentials or have completed a work experience program, by college degree
attainment status and selected characteristics: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
507.50c. Percentage distribution of persons 16 to 65 years old, by labor force and employment
status and earnings, college degree attainment status, and work credential and work
experience program status: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Chapter 6. International Comparisons of Education
Population, Enrollment, and Teachers
601.10. Population, school enrollment, and number of teachers, by major areas of the world and
level of education: Selected years, 1980 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
601.20. Selected population and enrollment statistics for countries with populations of at least
10 million in 2016, by continent and country: Selected years, 1990 through 2016 . . . . Web-Only
601.30. School-age populations as a percentage of total population, by age group and country:
Selected years, 2005 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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601.35. Percentage of 3- and 4-year-olds and 5- to 14-year-olds enrolled in school, by country:

2000 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
601.40. Percentage of 15- to 29-year-olds enrolled in school, by selected levels of education,
age, and country: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
601.50. Pupil/teacher ratios in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by level of
education and country: 2013 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
601.60. Teachers’ statutory teaching and total working time and average class size in public
elementary and secondary schools, by level of education and country: 2016 and 2017 . . Web-Only
Achievement, Instruction, and School Environment
602.10. Average reading literacy scale scores of fourth-graders and percentage distribution, by
international benchmark level and country or other education system: Selected years,
2001 through 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466
602.15. Average online reading literacy scale scores of fourth-graders and percentage
distribution, by international benchmark level and country or other education system:
2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.20. Average fourth-grade scores and annual instructional time in mathematics and science,
by country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468
602.30. Average eighth-grade scores and annual instructional time in mathematics and science,
by country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
602.32a. Average mathematics score and percentage of eighth-graders, by access to the Internet
at home, access to a computer or tablet at home or other place outside of school,
frequency of computer or tablet use for schoolwork outside of school, and country or
other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.32b. Average mathematics score and percentage of eighth-graders, by mathematics
teachers’ reports of student access to computers and frequency of computer use
during mathematics lessons and country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.33a. Average science score and percentage of eighth-graders, by access to the Internet
at home, access to a computer or tablet at home or other place outside of school,
frequency of computer or tablet use for schoolwork outside of school, and country or
other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.33b. Average science score and percentage of eighth-graders, by science teachers’ reports
of student access to computers and frequency of computer use during science
lessons and country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.35. Average advanced mathematics and physics scores of high school seniors who had
taken advanced courses in these subjects, seniors who had taken such courses as
a percentage of their age cohort, and instructional time in such courses, by country:
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
602.40. Average reading literacy, mathematics literacy, and science literacy scores of 15-year-
old students, by sex and country or other education system: 2009, 2012, and 2015 . . 471
602.45. Average reading literacy, mathematics literacy, and science literacy scores of 15-year-
old students, by computer and internet access at home and country or other
education system: 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.50. Average reading literacy scores of 15-year-old students and percentage attaining
reading literacy proficiency levels, by country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . 473
602.60. Average mathematics literacy scores of 15-year-old students and percentage attaining
mathematics literacy proficiency levels, by country or other education system: 2015 . . 475
602.70. Average science literacy scores of 15-year-old students and percentage attaining
science literacy proficiency levels, by country or other education system: 2015 . . . . . 477
602.84. Percentage distribution of fourth- and eighth-graders, by frequency with which they
reported being bullied during the school year and country or other education system:
2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.85. Percentage distribution of fourth- and eighth-graders, by extent to which their teachers
rated the school as safe and orderly and country or other education system: 2015 . . . Web-Only

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602.86. Percentage distribution of fourth- and eighth-graders, by severity of school discipline

problems reported by their principal and country or other education system: 2015 . . . Web-Only
602.90a. Percentage distribution of 15-year-old students, by extent to which their schools
reported that student learning is hindered by student absenteeism or truancy and
country: Selected years, 2000 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.90b. Percentage distribution of 15-year-old students, by extent to which their schools
reported that student learning is hindered by students skipping classes and country:
Selected years, 2000 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.90c. Percentage distribution of 15-year-old students, by extent to which their schools
reported that student learning is hindered by student use of alcohol or illegal drugs
and country: Selected years, 2000 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.90d. Percentage distribution of 15-year-old students, by extent to which their schools
reported that student learning is hindered by students intimidating or bullying other
students and country: Selected years, 2000 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
602.90e. Percentage distribution of 15-year-old students, by extent to which their schools
reported that student learning is hindered by students lacking respect for teachers
and country: Selected years, 2000 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Attainment, Degrees, and Outcomes
603.10. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who completed high school, by age
group and country: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
603.20. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who attained any postsecondary
degree, by age group and country: Selected years, 2000 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . 480
603.30. Percentage of the population 25 to 64 years old who attained a postsecondary degree,
by highest degree attained, age group, and country: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
603.60. Percentage of postsecondary degrees awarded to women, by field of study and
country: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
603.70. Percentage of degrees at the bachelor’s level and above awarded in science and
mathematics, information technologies, and engineering, by field of study, level of
degree, and country: 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
603.90. Employment to population ratios of 25- to 64-year-olds, by sex, highest level of
educational attainment, and country: 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Skills of Adults
604.10. Average literacy and numeracy scale scores of 25- to 65-year-olds, by sex, age group,
highest level of educational attainment, and country or other education system: 2012 . . 484
604.20. Percentage distribution of 25- to 65-year-olds, by literacy proficiency level, numeracy
proficiency level, selected levels of educational attainment, and country or other
education system: 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
604.30. Employment rates and mean monthly earnings of 25- to 65-year-olds, by literacy
proficiency level, numeracy proficiency level, and country or other education system:
2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
604.40. Percentage distribution of 16- to 19-year-olds, by frequency of using computers or
the Internet to perform selected activities in everyday life and country or subnational
region: 2012, 2014, and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
604.50. Percentage of 16- to 19-year-olds who were not assessed in the problem solving in
technology-rich environments domain and percentage distribution of those who
were assessed, by proficiency level, selected U.S. and international respondent
characteristics, and country or subnational region: 2012, 2014, and 2015 . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
Finances
605.10. Gross domestic product per capita and expenditures on education institutions per
full-time-equivalent (FTE) student, by level of education and country: Selected years,
2005 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 LIST OF REFERENCE TABLES xlix

605.20. Government and private expenditures on education institutions as a percentage

of gross domestic product, by level of education and country: Selected years,
2005 through 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

Chapter 7. Libraries and Use of Technology

Libraries
701.10. Selected statistics on public school libraries/media centers, by level of school: Selected
years, 1999–2000 through 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
701.15. Number and percentage of public schools with libraries/media centers and average
number of staff per library/media center, by staff type and employment status and
school level, enrollment size, and locale: 2015–16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
701.20. Selected statistics on public school libraries/media centers, by level and enrollment size
of school: 2011–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
701.30. Selected statistics on public school libraries/media centers, by state: 2011–12 . . . . . . . . Web-Only
701.40. Collections, staff, and operating expenditures of degree-granting postsecondary
institution libraries: Selected years, 1991–92 through 2016–17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
701.50. Collections, staff, operating expenditures, public service hours, and reference services
of the 60 largest college and university libraries: Fiscal year 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
701.60. Number of public libraries, number of books and serial volumes, and per capita usage
of selected library services per year, by state: Fiscal years 2015 and 2016 . . . . . . . . . 497
Computer and Internet Use
702.10. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 living in households with a computer, by type
of computer and selected child and family characteristics: Selected years, 2010
through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
702.15. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who use the Internet from home, by selected child
and family characteristics: Selected years, 2010 through 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
702.20. Percentage of children ages 3 to 18 who use the Internet and, among those who use
the Internet, percentage using it in various locations, by selected child and family
characteristics: 2011 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
702.30. Percentage of persons age 3 and over who use the Internet anywhere and who use the
Internet at selected locations, by selected characteristics: 2011 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . 499
702.35. Percentage of home internet users age 3 and over and ages 3 to 18, by means of
internet access from home and selected characteristics: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
702.40. Percentage of persons age 3 and over and ages 3 to 18 with no internet access at home
and percentage distribution of those with no home access, by main reason for not
having access and selected characteristics: 2010 and 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only
702.60. Number and percentage of households with computer and internet access, by state:
2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Web-Only

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This page intentionally left blank.
READER’S GUIDE
Data Sources Common Measures and Indexes
The data in this edition of the Digest of Education Statis- Various types of statistics derived from universe and
tics were obtained from many different sources—including sample surveys are reported. Many tables report the size of
students and teachers, state education agencies, local ele- a population or a subpopulation, and often the size of a sub-
mentary and secondary schools, and colleges and population is expressed as a percentage of the total
universities—using surveys and compilations of adminis- population.
trative records. Users should be cautious when comparing
In addition, the average (or mean) value of some charac-
data from different sources. Differences in aspects such as
teristic of the population or subpopulation may be reported.
procedures, timing, question phrasing, and interviewer
The average is obtained by summing the values for all
training can affect the comparability of results across data
sources. members of the population and dividing the sum by the size
of the population. An example is the average annual salary
Most of the tables present data from surveys conducted
of full-time instructional faculty at degree-granting postsec-
by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) or
conducted by other agencies and organizations with support ondary institutions. Another measure that is sometimes
from NCES. Some tables also include other data published used is the median. The median is the midpoint value of a
by federal and state agencies, private research organiza- characteristic at or above which 50 percent of the popula-
tions, or professional organizations. Totals reported in the tion is estimated to fall, and at or below which 50 percent of
Digest are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia the population is estimated to fall. An example is the median
unless otherwise noted. Brief descriptions of the surveys annual earnings of young adults who are full-time year-
and other data sources used in this volume can be found in round workers. Some tables also present an average per
Appendix A: Guide to Sources. For each NCES and non- capita, or per person, which represents an average com-
NCES data source, the Guide to Sources also provides puted for every person in a specified group or population. It
information on where to obtain further details about that is derived by dividing the total for an item (such as income
source. or expenditures) by the number of persons in the specified
Data are obtained primarily from two types of surveys: population. An example is the per capita expenditure on
universe surveys and sample surveys. In universe surveys, education in each state.
information is collected from every member of the popula- Many tables report financial data in dollar amounts.
tion. For example, in a survey regarding certain expenditures Unless otherwise noted, all financial data are in current dol-
of public elementary and secondary schools, data would be lars, meaning not adjusted for changes in the purchasing
obtained from each school district in the United States.
power of the dollar over time due to inflation. For example,
When data from an entire population are available, esti-
1996–97 teacher salaries in current dollars are the amounts
mates of the total population or a subpopulation are made
that the teachers earned in 1996–97, without any adjust-
by simply summing the units in the population or subpopu-
lation. As a result, there is no sampling error, and observed ments to account for inflation. Constant dollar adjustments
differences are reported as true. attempt to remove the effects of price changes (inflation)
from statistical series reported in dollars. For example, if
Since universe surveys are often expensive and time
teacher salaries over a 20-year period are adjusted to con-
consuming, many surveys collect data from a sample of the
population of interest (sample surveys). For example, the stant 2017–18 dollars, the salaries for all years are adjusted
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) to the dollar values that presumably would exist if prices in
assesses a representative sample of students rather than the each year were the same as in 2017–18 (in other words, as
entire population of students. When a sample survey is if the dollar had constant purchasing power over the entire
used, statistical uncertainty is introduced, because the data period). Any changes in the constant dollar amounts would
come from only a portion of the entire population. This sta- reflect only changes in real values. Constant dollar amounts
tistical uncertainty must be considered when reporting are computed using price indexes. Price indexes for infla-
estimates and making comparisons. For information about tion adjustments can be found in web-only table 106.70.
how NCES accounts for statistical uncertainty when report- Each table that presents constant dollars includes a note
ing sample survey results, see “Data Analysis and indicating which index was used for the inflation adjust-
Interpretation,” later in this Reader’s Guide. ments; in most cases, the Consumer Price Index was used.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 1

2 READER’S GUIDE

When presenting data for a time series, some tables partial, is often referred to as an imputation, which is often
include both actual and projected data. Actual data are data a substitution of the “average” questionnaire response for
that have already been collected. Projected data can be used the nonresponse. For universe surveys, imputations are
when data for a recent or future year are not yet available. usually made separately within various groups of sample
Projections are estimates that are based on recent trends in members that have similar survey characteristics. For
relevant statistics and patterns associated with correlated sample surveys, total nonresponse is handled through
variables. Unless otherwise noted, all data in this volume nonresponse adjustments to the sample weights. For sample
are actual. surveys, imputation for item nonresponse is usually made
by substituting for a missing item the response to that item
Standard Errors of a respondent having characteristics that are similar to
those of the nonrespondent. For additional general informa-
Using estimates calculated from data based on a sample tion about imputations, see the NCES Statistical Standards
of the population requires consideration of several factors (NCES 2014-097). Appendix A: Guide to Sources includes
before the estimates can be interpreted. When using data some information about specific surveys’ response rates,
from a sample, some margin of error will always be present nonresponse adjustments, and other efforts to reduce non-
in estimations of characteristics of the total population or sampling error. Although the magnitude of nonsampling
subpopulation because the data are available from only a error is frequently unknown, idiosyncrasies that have been
portion of the total population. Consequently, data from identified are noted in the appropriate tables.
samples can provide only an approximation of the true or
actual value. The margin of error of an estimate, or the Data Analysis and Interpretation
range of potential true or actual values, depends on several
When estimates are from a sample, caution is warranted
factors such as the amount of variation in the responses, the
when drawing conclusions about one estimate in compari-
size and representativeness of the sample, and the size of son to another or about whether a time series of estimates is
the subgroup for which the estimate is computed. The mag- increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. Although one
nitude of this margin of error is measured by what estimate may appear to be larger than another, a statistical
statisticians call the standard error of an estimate. test may find that the apparent difference between them is
When data from sample surveys are reported, the stan- not reliably measurable due to the uncertainty around the
dard error is calculated for each estimate. In the tables, the estimates. In this case, the estimates will be described as
standard error for each estimate generally appears in paren- having “no measurable difference,” meaning that the differ-
theses next to the estimate to which it applies. In order to ence between them is not statistically significant.
caution the reader when interpreting findings, estimates Whether differences in means or percentages are statisti-
from sample surveys are flagged with a “!” when the stan- cally significant can be determined using the standard errors
dard error is between 30 and 50 percent of the estimate, and of the estimates. In reports produced by NCES, when
suppressed with a “‡” when the standard error is 50 percent differences are statistically significant, the probability that
of the estimate or greater. The term coefficient of variation the difference occurred by chance is less than 5 percent,
(CV) refers to the ratio of the standard error to the estimate; according to NCES standards.
for example, if an estimate has a CV of 30 percent, this Data presented in the text do not investigate more
means that the standard error is equal to 30 percent of the complex hypotheses, account for interrelationships among
value of the estimate. variables, or support causal inferences. We encourage
readers who are interested in more complex questions and
in-depth analysis to explore other NCES resources,
Nonsampling Errors including publications, online data tools, and public- and
In addition to standard errors, which apply only to restricted-use datasets at https://nces.ed.gov.
sample surveys, all surveys are subject to nonsampling In text that reports estimates based on samples, differ-
errors. Nonsampling errors may arise when individual ences between estimates (including increases and decreases)
respondents or interviewers interpret questions differently; are stated only when they are statistically significant. To
determine whether differences reported are statistically
when respondents must estimate values, or when coders,
significant, two-tailed t tests at the .05 level are typically
keyers, and other processors handle answers differently;
used. The t test formula for determining statistical signifi-
when people who should be included in the universe are cance is adjusted when the samples being compared are
not; or when people fail to respond, either totally or dependent. The t test formula is not adjusted for multiple
partially. Total nonresponse means that people do not comparisons, with the exception of statistical tests
respond to the survey at all, while partial nonresponse (or conducted using the NAEP Data Explorer (https://nces.
item nonresponse) means that people fail to respond to ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). When the variables to
specific survey items. To compensate for nonresponse, be tested are postulated to form a trend, the relationship
adjustments are often made. For universe surveys, an may be tested using linear regression, logistic regression, or
adjustment made for either type of nonresponse, total or ANOVA trend analysis instead of a series of t tests. These

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 READER’S GUIDE 3

alternate methods of analysis test for specific relationships For a description of each racial/ethnic category, please
(e.g., linear, quadratic, or cubic) among variables. For more see the “Racial/ethnic group” entry in Appendix B: Defini-
information on data analysis, please see the NCES Statisti- tions. Some of the category labels are shortened for more
cal Standards, Standard 5-1, available at https://nces. concise presentation in text, tables, and figures. American
ed.gov/statprog/2012/pdf/Chapter5.pdf. Indian or Alaska Native is denoted as American Indian/
A number of considerations influence the ultimate selec- Alaska Native (except when separate estimates are avail-
tion of the data years to include in the tables and to feature able for American Indians alone or Alaska Natives alone);
in the text. To make analyses as timely as possible, the Black or African American is shortened to Black; and His-
latest year of available data is shown. The choice of compar- panic or Latino is shortened to Hispanic. When discussed
ison years is often also based on the need to show the separately from Asian estimates, Native Hawaiian or Other
earliest available survey year, as in the case of NAEP and Pacific Islander is shortened to Pacific Islander.
the international assessment surveys. The text typically Many of the data sources used for this volume are
compares the most current year’s data with those from the federal surveys that collect data using the OMB standards
initial year and then with those from a more recent year. In for racial/ethnic classification described above; however,
the case of surveys with long time frames, such as surveys some sources have not fully adopted the standards, and
measuring enrollment, changes over the course of a decade some tables include historical data collected prior to the
may be noted in the text. Where applicable, the text may adoption of the OMB standards. Asians and Pacific
also note years in which the data begin to diverge from Islanders are combined into a single category for years in
previous trends. In figures and tables, intervening years are which the data were not collected separately for the two
selected in increments in order to show the general trend. groups. The combined category can sometimes mask signif-
icant differences between the two subgroups. For example,
prior to 2011, NAEP collected data that did not allow for
Rounding and Other Considerations separate reporting of estimates for Asians and Pacific
All calculations are based on unrounded estimates. Islanders. The population counts presented in table 101.20,
Therefore, the reader may find that a calculation, such as a based on the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population
difference or a percentage change, cited in the text or a fig- Reports, indicate that 96 percent of all Asian/Pacific
ure may not be identical to the calculation obtained by using Islander 5- to 17-year-olds were Asian in 2010. Thus, the
the rounded values shown in the accompanying tables. combined category for Asians/Pacific Islanders is more
Although values reported in the tables are generally rounded representative of Asians than of Pacific Islanders.
to one decimal place (e.g., 76.5 percent), values reported in Some surveys give respondents the option of selecting
the text are generally rounded to whole numbers (with any more than one race category, an “other” race category, or a
value of 0.50 or above rounded to the next highest whole “Two or more races” or “more than one race” category.
number). Due to rounding, cumulative percentages may Where possible, tables present data on the “Two or more
sometimes equal 99 or 101 percent rather than 100 percent. races” category; however, in some cases this category may
not be separately shown because the information was not
collected or due to other data issues. Some tables include
Race and Ethnicity the “other” category. Any comparisons made between per-
The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is respon- sons of one racial/ethnic group and persons of “all other
sible for the standards that govern the categories used to racial/ethnic groups” include only the racial/ethnic groups
collect and present federal data on race and ethnicity. The shown in the reference table. In some surveys, respondents
OMB revised the guidelines on racial/ethnic categories used are not given the option to select more than one race cate-
by the federal government in October 1997, with a January gory and also are not given an option such as “other” or
2003 deadline for implementation. The revised standards “more than one race.” In these surveys, respondents of
require a minimum of these five categories for data on race: Two or more races must select a single race category. Any
American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African comparisons between data from surveys that give the
American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and option to select more than one race and surveys that do not
White. The standards also require the collection of data on offer such an option should take into account the fact that
the ethnicity categories Hispanic or Latino and Not Hispanic there is a potential for bias if members of one racial group
are more likely than members of the others to identify
or Latino. It is important to note that Hispanic origin is an
themselves as “Two or more races.”1 For postsecondary
ethnicity rather than a race, and therefore persons of Hispanic
data, foreign students are counted separately and are there-
origin may be of any race. Origin can be viewed as the heri-
fore not included in any racial/ethnic category.
tage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the
person or the person’s parents or ancestors before their
arrival in the United States. The race categories White, 1
For discussion of such bias in responses to the 2000 Census, see
Black, Asian, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Parker, J., et al. (2004). Bridging Between Two Standards for Collecting
Information on Race and Ethnicity: An Application to Census 2000 and
and American Indian or Alaska Native exclude persons of Vital Rates. Public Health Reports, 119(2): 192–205. Available at https://
Hispanic origin unless otherwise noted. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1497618/.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

4 READER’S GUIDE

In addition to the major racial/ethnic categories, several As mentioned, caution should be exercised when
tables include Hispanic ancestry subgroups (such as Mexi- comparing data from different sources. Differences in
can, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Dominican, Salvadoran, Other sampling, data collection procedures, coverage of target
Central American, and South American) and Asian ances- population, timing, phrasing of questions, scope of nonre-
try subgroups (such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, sponse, interviewer training, and data processing and
Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese). In addition, selected coding mean that results from different sources may not be
tables include “Two or more races” subgroups (such as strictly comparable. For example, the racial/ethnic catego-
White and Black, White and Asian, and White and Ameri- ries presented to a respondent, and the way in which the
can Indian/Alaska Native). question is asked, can influence the response, especially for
individuals who consider themselves of more than one race
Limitations of the Data or ethnicity. In addition, data on American Indians/Alaska
Natives are often subject to inaccuracies that can result
Due to large standard errors, some differences that from respondents self-identifying their race/ethnicity.
seem substantial are not statistically significant and, there- Research on the collection of race/ethnicity data suggests
fore, are not cited in the text. This situation often applies that the categorization of American Indian and Alaska
to estimates involving American Indians/Alaska Natives Native is the least stable self-identification (for example,
and Pacific Islanders. The relatively small sizes of these the same individual may identify as American Indian when
populations pose many measurement difficulties when responding to one survey but may not do so on a subsequent
conducting statistical analysis. Even in larger surveys, the survey).2
numbers of American Indians/Alaska Natives and Pacific
Islanders included in a sample are often small. Researchers
studying data on these two populations often face small
sample sizes that increase the size of standard errors and
reduce the reliability of results. Readers should keep these 2
See U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (1995). A Test
of Methods for Collecting Racial and Ethnic Information (USDL 95-428).
limitations in mind when comparing estimates presented Washington DC: Author. Available at https://www.bls.gov/news.release/
in the tables. history/ethnic_102795.txt.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

INTRODUCTION
The Introduction provides a brief overview of current and 2018, enrollment in prekindergarten increased
trends in American education, highlighting key data that are 837 percent, while enrollment in other elementary grades
presented in more detail later in this volume. Topics (including kindergarten through grade 8 and ungraded
outlined include the participation of students, teachers, and elementary programs) increased 27 percent. The number of
faculty in U.S. educational institutions; the performance of children enrolled in prekindergarten increased from
U.S. elementary/secondary students overall and in compar- 0.2 million in 1985 to 1.4 million in 2018, and the number
ison to students in other countries; the numbers of high enrolled in other elementary grades increased from
school graduates and postsecondary degrees; and the 26.9 million to 34.0 million. Public secondary school
amounts of expenditures on education at the elementary/ enrollment declined 8 percent from 1985 to 1990 but then
secondary and postsecondary levels. Data on enrollments, increased 33 percent from 1990 to 2007. Over the most
teachers, and faculty are for fall of the given year. recent 10-year period (between 2008 and 2018), public
In fall 2018, about 76.3 million people were enrolled in school enrollment rose 3 percent. Elementary school enroll-
American schools and colleges (table 105.10). About ment increased 3 percent between 2008 and 2018, while
4.7 million people were employed as elementary and secondary school enrollment increased 2 percent.
secondary school teachers or as college faculty, in full-time Since the enrollment rates of 5- and 6-year-olds, 7- to
equivalents (FTE). Other professional, administrative, and 13-year-olds, and 14- to 17-year-olds changed by fewer
support staff at educational institutions totaled 5.6 million than 4 percentage points from 1985 to 2017, overall
FTE employees. All data for 2018 in this Introduction are increases in public school enrollment primarily reflect
projected, except for data on educational attainment. Some increases in the number of children in these age groups
data for other years are projected or estimated as noted. In (tables 101.10 and 103.20). For example, the enrollment
discussions of historical trends, different time periods and rate of 7- to 13-year-olds decreased from 99 to 98 percent
specific years are cited, depending on the timing of important between 1985 and 2017, but the number of 7- to 13-year-
changes as well as the availability of relevant data. olds increased 26 percent. Similarly, increases in public
secondary school enrollment are more reflective of the
Elementary/Secondary Education 13 percent increase in the 14- to 17-year-old population
between 1985 and 2017 than the enrollment rates for these
years, which were not measurably different (about 95 to
Enrollment 96 percent for both years). The enrollment rate of 3- and
4-year-olds increased from 39 percent in 1985 to 54 percent
A pattern of annual increases in total public elementary in 2017, which contributed to the overall enrollment
and secondary school enrollment began in 1985, but enroll- increase. Also, the number of children in this age group
ment remained at 49.3 million between 2006 and 2008, increased from 7.1 million in 1985 to 8.0 million in 2017.
before beginning to increase again (table 105.30). Overall,
The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
public school enrollment rose 29 percent, from 39.4 million projects record levels of total public elementary and
to 50.7 million, between 1985 and 2018. Private school secondary school enrollment from 2018 (50.7 million)
enrollment fluctuated during this period, with the fall 2017 through 2028 (51.4 million) (table 105.30). Public elemen-
enrollment of 5.8 million being 4 percent higher than the tary school enrollment is projected to increase 2 percent
fall 1985 enrollment of 5.6 million. About 10 percent of between 2018 and 2028, while public secondary school
elementary and secondary school students were enrolled in enrollment is expected to be about 1 percent higher in 2028
private schools in 2018, reflecting a decrease from than in 2018. Overall, total public school enrollment is
12 percent in 1985. expected to increase 1 percent between 2018 and 2028.
In public schools between 1985 and 2018, there was a
31 percent increase in elementary enrollment (prekinder- Teachers
garten through grade 8), compared with a 23 percent
increase in secondary enrollment (grades 9 through 12) About 3.7 million full-time-equivalent (FTE) elemen-
(table 105.30). Part of the higher growth in public elemen- tary and secondary school teachers were engaged in
tary school enrollment resulted from the expansion of classroom instruction in fall 2018 (table 105.40), which is
prekindergarten enrollment (table 203.10). Between 1985 about the same as the number of FTE teachers in fall 2008.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 5

6 INTRODUCTION

The 2018 number of FTE teachers includes 3.2 million (239) students were not measurably different from the
public school teachers and 0.5 million private school scores in 2015, but the score for each group was higher than
teachers. in 1992 (224, 192, 197, and 216, respectively). In 2017, the
Public school enrollment was 3 percent higher in 2018 average score for American Indian/Alaska Native
than in 2008, while the number of public school teachers 4th-graders (202) was not measurably different from the
was 1 percent lower (table 208.20). The number of public scores in 2015 and 1994 (1994 was the first year data were
school pupils per teacher increased from 15.3 in 2008 to available for 4th-grade American Indian/Alaska Native
16.0 in 2018. students). For 8th-grade students, the score in 2017 (267)
The average salary for public school teachers in 2017–18 was higher than in 2015 (265) or 1992 (260). At grade 8, the
was $60,483 (table 211.50). In constant (i.e., inflation- 2017 scores for White (275), Black (249), Hispanic (255),
adjusted) dollars, the average teacher salary was 1 percent and Asian/Pacific Islander (282) students were not measur-
lower in 2017–18 than in 1990–91. ably different from the scores in 2015. Consistent with the
findings at grade 4, the scores for White, Black, Hispanic,
Student Performance and Asian/Pacific Islander 8th-grade students were higher
in 2017 than in 1992. In 2017, the score for 8th-grade
National Comparisons American Indian/Alaska Native students (253) was not
measurably different from the scores in 2015 and in 1994
Most of the student performance data in the Digest are (1994 was the first year data were available for 8th-grade
drawn from the National Assessment of Educational Prog- American Indian/Alaska Native students). For 12th-grade
ress (NAEP). The NAEP assessments have been conducted students, the most recent scores available are from 2015.
using three basic designs: the national main NAEP, state The score in 2015 (287) was not measurably different from
NAEP, and long-term trend NAEP. The national main the score in 2013, but it was lower than the score in 1992
NAEP and state NAEP provide current information about (292). At grade 12, the 2015 scores for White (295),
student performance in subjects including reading, mathe- Hispanic (276), and Asian/Pacific Islander (297) students
matics, science, and writing, while long-term trend NAEP were not measurably different from the scores in 2013 and
provides information on performance since the early 1970s in 1992. For Black students, the 2015 score (266) was lower
in reading and mathematics only. Results from long-term than the 1992 score (273), but it was not measurably
trend NAEP are included in the discussion in chapter 2 of different from the 2013 score.
the Digest, while the information in this Introduction
From 1992 through 2017, the average reading scores for
includes only selected results from the national main and
White 4th- and 8th-grade students were higher than those of
state NAEP. Readers should keep in mind that comparisons
their Black and Hispanic peers (table 221.10). Although the
of NAEP scores in the text (like all comparisons of esti-
White-Black and White-Hispanic achievement gaps did not
mates in the Digest) are based on statistical testing of
change measurably from 2015 to 2017 at either grade 4 or 8,
unrounded values.
some of the racial/ethnic achievement gaps have narrowed
The main NAEP reports current information for the
since 1992. At grade 4, the White-Black gap narrowed from
nation and specific geographic regions of the country. The
32 points in 1992 to 26 points in 2017; at grade 8, the
assessment program includes students drawn from both
White-Hispanic gap narrowed from 26 points in 1992 to
public and private schools and reports results for student
19 points in 2017.
achievement at grades 4, 8, and 12. The main NAEP assess-
ments follow the frameworks developed by the National NAEP Mathematics
Assessment Governing Board and use the latest advances in
assessment methodology. The state NAEP is identical in The main NAEP mathematics assessment data for 4th-
content to the national main NAEP, but the state NAEP and 8th-graders are reported on a scale of 0 to 500 (table
reports information only for public school students. 222.10). The average 4th-grade mathematics score in 2017
Chapter 2 presents more information on the NAEP designs (240) was not measurably different from the score in 2015,
and methodology, and additional details appear in but it was higher than the score in 1990 (213). At grade 4,
Appendix A: Guide to Sources. the scores in 2017 for White (248), Black (223), Hispanic
(229), and Asian/Pacific Islander (258) students were not
NAEP Reading
measurably different from the 2015 scores, but the score for
The main NAEP reading assessment data are reported on each group was higher than in 1990 (220, 188, 200, and
a scale of 0 to 500. In 2017, the average reading score for 225, respectively). The 2017 score for 4th-grade American
4th-grade students (222) was not measurably different from Indian/Alaska Native students (227) was not measurably
the 2015 score but was higher than the 1992 score (217) different from the scores in 2015 and in 1996 (1996 was the
(table 221.10). At grade 4, the 2017 scores for White (232), first year data were available for 4th-grade American
Black (206), Hispanic (209), and Asian/Pacific Islander Indian/Alaska Native students). The 8th-grade score in

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 INTRODUCTION 7

2017 (283) was not measurably different from the score in International Comparisons
2015, but it was higher than the score in 1990 (263). At
grade 8, the scores for White (293), Black (260), Hispanic Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
(269), and Asian/Pacific Islander (310) students in 2017 (TIMSS)
were not measurably different from the scores in 2015, but
the score for each group was higher than in 1990 (270, 237, The 2015 Trends in International Mathematics and
Science Study (TIMSS) assessed students’ mathematics and
246, and 275, respectively). In 2017, the score for 8th-grade
science performance at grades 4 and 8. Mathematics perfor-
American Indian/Alaska Native students (267) was not
mance was assessed in 43 countries at grade 4 and in
measurably different from the scores in 2015 and in 2000
34 countries at grade 8. Science performance was assessed
(2000 was the first year data were available for 8th-grade
in 42 countries at grade 4 and in 34 countries at grade 8. In
American Indian/Alaska Native students). Due to changes addition, TIMSS Advanced data were collected by 9 coun-
in the 12th-grade mathematics assessment framework, a tries from students in their final year of secondary school
new trend line started in 2005, with scores reported on a (grade 12 in the United States). At grades 4 and 8, several
scale of 0 to 300. The 12th-grade score in 2015 (152) was subnational entities also participated in TIMSS as separate
lower than the score in 2013 (153) but not measurably education systems (e.g., Hong Kong and Chinese Taipei, the
different from the score in 2005, the first year the revised U.S. state of Florida, England and Northern Ireland within
assessment was administered. the United Kingdom). However, the following paragraphs
From 1990 through 2017, the average mathematics include results only from countries, not from subnational
scores for White students in grades 4 and 8 were higher than entities. At all three grades, TIMSS scores are reported on a
those of their Black and Hispanic peers (table 222.10). scale of 0 to 1,000, with a fixed scale centerpoint of 500.
Although the 4th-grade White-Black and White-Hispanic In 2015, the average mathematics scores of U.S.
achievement gaps did not change measurably from 2015 to 4th-graders (539) and 8th-graders (518) were higher than the
2017, the White-Black achievement gap narrowed from TIMSS centerpoint of 500 (tables 602.20 and 602.30). At
32 points in 1990 to 25 points in 2017. The 4th-grade grade 4, the average U.S. mathematics score was higher than
White-Hispanic gap in 2017 (19 points) was not measur- the average score in 30 of the 42 other countries partici-
ably different from the White-Hispanic gap in 1990. The pating at grade 4, lower than the average score in 6 countries,
8th-grade White-Black gap (32 points) and White-Hispanic and not measurably different from the average score in the
gap (24 points) in 2017 were not measurably different from remaining 6 countries (table 602.20). The 6 countries that
the gaps in 2015 or in 1990. outperformed the United States in 4th-grade mathematics
were Ireland, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Norway, the
NAEP Science
Russian Federation, and Singapore. At grade 8, the average
NAEP has assessed the science abilities of students in U.S. mathematics score was higher than the average score in
grades 4, 8, and 12 in both public and private schools since 21 of the 33 other participating countries, lower than the
1996. As of 2009, however, NAEP science assessments are average score in 5 countries, and not measurably different
based on a new framework, so results from these assess- from the average score in the remaining 7 countries (table
ments cannot be compared to results from earlier science 602.30). The 5 countries that outperformed the United States
assessments. Scores are based on a scale ranging from 0 to in eighth-grade mathematics were Canada, Japan, the
300 (table 223.10). In 2015, the average 4th-grade science Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, and Singapore.
score (154) was higher than the score in 2009 (150). The The average science scores of both U.S. 4th-graders
8th-grade score in 2015 (154) was higher than the scores in (546) and U.S. 8th-graders (530) were higher than the
2009 (150) and in 2011 (152). The 12th-grade score in 2015 TIMSS scale centerpoint of 500 in 2015 (tables 602.20 and
(150) was not measurably different from the score in 2009. 602.30). The average U.S. fourth-grade science score was
In addition, the 5-point gender gap between male and higher than the average score in 30 of the 41 other countries
female 12th-graders in 2015 was not measurably different participating in the science assessment at grade 4, lower than
from the gap in 2009. While the scores for White 4th- and the average score in 5 countries, and not measurably different
8th-grade students remained higher than those of their from the average score in the remaining 6 countries (table
Black and Hispanic peers in 2015, racial/ethnic achieve- 602.20). The 5 countries that outperformed the United States
ment gaps in 2015 were smaller than in 2009. At grade 4, in 4th-grade science were Finland, Japan, the Republic of
the White-Black achievement gap was 36 points in 2009 Korea, the Russian Federation, and Singapore. At grade 8,
and 33 points in 2015, and the White-Hispanic achievement the average U.S. science score was higher than the average
gap was 32 points in 2009 and 27 points in 2015. While the score in 23 of the 33 other participating countries in 2015,
scores for White 12th-grade students remained higher than lower than the average score in 5 countries, and not measur-
those of their Black and Hispanic peers in 2015, these ably different from the average score in the remaining
racial/ethnic achievement gaps were not measurably 5 countries (table 602.30). The 5 countries that outper-
different between 2009 and 2015. formed the United States in 8th-grade science were Japan,

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

8 INTRODUCTION

the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Singapore, average score in 10 OECD countries, and not measurably
and Slovenia. different from the average score in 12 OECD countries. In
The TIMSS Advanced assessment measures the advanced 15 OECD countries, including the United States, males
mathematics and physics achievement of students in their outperformed females in science literacy. In 4 OECD coun-
final year of secondary school who are taking or have taken tries, females outperformed males in science literacy. The
advanced courses (table 602.35). On TIMSS Advanced, the U.S. gender gap in favor of males in science (7 points) was
U.S. average advanced mathematics score (485) and physics not measurably different from the OECD average gap.
score (437) in 2015 were lower than the TIMSS Advanced Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS)
scale centerpoint of 500.
The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) (PIRLS) measures the reading knowledge and skills of
The Program for International Student Assessment 4th-graders over time. PIRLS scores are reported on a
(PISA), coordinated by the Organization for Economic scale from 0 to 1,000, with the scale centerpoint set at 500.
Cooperation and Development (OECD), has measured the On the 2016 PIRLS, U.S. 4th-graders had an average
performance of 15-year-old students in reading, mathe- reading literacy score of 549 (table 602.10). The U.S.
matics, and science literacy every 3 years since 2000. PISA average score in 2016 was 7 points lower than in 2011 but
assesses 15-year-old students’ application of reading, math- 10 points higher than in 2006. In all 4 assessment years, the
ematics, and science literacy to problems within a real-life U.S. average score was higher than the PIRLS scale center-
context. In 2015, PISA assessed students in the 35 OECD point. In 2016, PIRLS assessed 4th-grade reading literacy
countries as well as in a number of other education systems. in 43 countries. The average reading literacy score of
Some subnational entities participated as separate educa- 4th-graders in the United States was higher than the
tion systems, including public school systems in the U.S. average score in 24 of the 42 other participating countries,
states of Massachusetts and North Carolina. Results for the lower than the average score in 7 countries, and not
participating U.S. states are included in the discussion in measurably different from the average score in the
chapter 6, while this Introduction includes only results for remaining 11 countries.
the United States in comparison with other OECD coun-
tries. PISA scores are reported on a scale of 0 to 1,000. On High School Graduates and Dropouts
the 2015 PISA assessment, U.S. 15-year-olds’ average
score in reading literacy was 497, which was not measur- About 3,650,000 high school students are expected to
ably different from the OECD average score of 493 (table graduate during the 2019–20 school year (table 219.10),
602.50). The average reading literacy score in the United including 3,304,000 public school graduates and 347,000
States was lower than the average score in 11 of the 34 other private school graduates. High school graduates include
OECD countries, higher than the average score in 13 OECD only recipients of diplomas, not recipients of equivalency
countries, and not measurably different from the average credentials. The 2019–20 projection of high school gradu-
score in 10 OECD countries. In all countries, females ates is slightly lower than the prior record-high projection
outperformed males in reading literacy (table 602.40). The of 3,684,000 graduates in 2018–19, but it exceeds the baby
U.S. gender gap in reading (20 points) was not measurably boom era’s high point in 1975–76, when 3,142,000 students
different from the OECD average gap but was smaller than earned diplomas. In 2016–17, about 85 percent of public
the gap in 12 other OECD countries. high school students graduated with a regular diploma
In mathematics literacy, U.S. 15-year-olds’ average within 4 years of first starting 9th grade (table 219.46).
score of 470 on the 2015 PISA assessment was lower than This rate is known as the 4-year adjusted cohort graduation
the OECD average score of 490 (table 602.60). The average rate (ACGR).
mathematics literacy score in the United States was lower The status dropout rate has decreased over the past
than the average score in 27 of the 34 other OECD coun- several decades (table 219.70). The status dropout rate is
tries, higher than the average score in 4 OECD countries, the percentage of the civilian noninstitutionalized 16- to
and not measurably different from the average score in 24-year-old population who are not enrolled in school and
3 OECD countries. In 18 OECD countries, including the who have not completed a high school program, regardless
United States, males outperformed females in mathematics of when they left school. (People who left school but went
literacy (table 602.40). The U.S. gender gap in favor of on to receive a GED credential are not treated as dropouts.)
males in mathematics (9 points) was not measurably Between 1990 and 2017, the status dropout rate declined
different from the OECD average gap. from 12.1 to 5.8 percent. During this period, the status
In science literacy, U.S. 15-year-olds’ average score of dropout rate for Black 16- to 24-year-olds declined from
496 was not measurably different from the OECD average 13.2 percent to 5.7 percent, and the rate for Hispanic 16- to
score of 493 (table 602.70). The average science literacy 24-year-olds declined from 32.4 to 9.5 percent. In 2017,
score in the United States was lower than the average score the status dropout rate for White 16- to 24-year-olds
in 12 of the 34 other OECD countries, higher than the (4.6 percent) was lower than the rate for Hispanic 16- to

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 INTRODUCTION 9

24-year-olds, but it was not measurably different from the students increased 28 percent (table 318.10). Female
rate for Black 16- to 24-year-olds. students earned 57 percent of all bachelor’s degrees in
2016–17, which was the same as the percentage in 2006–07.
Postsecondary Education Between 2006–07 and 2016–17, the number of bachelor’s
degrees awarded to White students increased 9 percent,
which was smaller than the increases for Black students
Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions (34 percent), Hispanic students (119 percent), and Asian/
Pacific Islander students (37 percent) (table 322.20). The
College enrollment was 19.8 million in fall 2017, number of bachelor’s degrees awarded to American Indian/
reflecting a 6 percent decrease from the record enrollment Alaska Native students decreased 16 percent during this
of 21.0 million in fall 2010 (table 105.30). College enroll- period. In 2016–17, White students earned 64 percent of all
ment is expected to remain below the 2010 record through bachelor’s degrees (compared with 74 percent in 2006–07),
fall 2028, the last year for which NCES enrollment projec- Black students earned 11 percent (compared with 10 percent
tions have been developed. Between fall 2017 and fall in 2006–07), Hispanic students earned 14 percent
2028, enrollment is expected to increase 3 percent. Despite (compared with 8 percent in 2006–07), and Asian/Pacific
decreases in the size of the traditional college-age popula- Islander students earned 8 percent (compared with 7 percent
tion (18 to 24 years old) during the late 1980s and early in 2006–07). American Indian/AlaskaNative students
1990s, total enrollment increased during this period (tables earned less than 1 percent of all bachelor’s degrees in both
101.10 and 105.30). The traditional college-age population years. In 2016–17, students of Two or more races earned
was 3 percent higher in 2017 than in 2007, and total college 4 percent of all bachelor’s degrees.
enrollment was 8 percent higher in 2017 than in 2007. The
number of full-time students was 7 percent higher in 2017 Undergraduate Prices
than in 2007, while the number of part-time students was
10 percent higher (table 303.10). The number of male For the 2017–18 academic year, average annual prices
students enrolled was 10 percent higher in 2017 than in for undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and board were esti-
2007, while the number of female students enrolled was mated to be $17,797 at public institutions, $46,014 at
7 percent higher. private nonprofit institutions, and $26,261 at private
for-profit institutions (table 330.10). Between 2007–08 and
Faculty 2017–18, prices for undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and
board at public institutions rose 31 percent, and prices at
In fall 2017, degree-granting institutions—defined as private nonprofit institutions rose 23 percent, after adjust-
postsecondary institutions that grant an associate’s or ment for inflation. Prices for total tuition, fees, room, and
higher degree and are eligible for Title IV federal financial board at private for-profit institutions decreased 9 percent
aid programs—employed 1.5 million faculty members, between 2007–08 and 2017–18.
including 0.8 million full-time and 0.7 million part-time
faculty (table 314.30). In addition, degree-granting institu- Educational Attainment
tions employed 0.4 million graduate assistants.
The U.S. Census Bureau collects annual statistics on the
Degrees educational attainment of the population. Between 2008 and
2018, the percentage of the adult population age 25 and over
During the 2018–19 academic year, postsecondary who had completed at least high school rose from 87 percent
degrees conferred were projected to number 985,000 asso- to 90 percent, and the percentage of adults with a bachelor’s
ciate’s degrees, 1,968,000 bachelor’s degrees, 816,000 or higher degree increased from 29 percent to 35 percent
master’s degrees, and 184,000 doctor’s degrees (table (table 104.10). (High school completers include those who
318.10). The doctor’s degree total includes most degrees graduated from high school with a diploma as well as those
that were classified as first-professional prior to 2010–11, who completed high school through equivalency programs.)
such as M.D.’s, D.D.S.’s, and law degrees. Between Among adults age 25 and over who were employed,
2006–07 and 2016–17 (the last year of actual data), the 41 percent had a bachelor’s or higher degree in 2018, and
number of degrees conferred increased at all levels. about half (52 percent) had an associate’s or higher degree
Between 2006–07 and 2016–17, the number of associate’s (table 502.10). The percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds who
degrees increased 38 percent, the number of bachelor’s had completed at least high school increased from 88 percent
degrees increased 28 percent, the number of master’s in 2008 to 93 percent in 2018 (table 104.20). The percentage
degrees increased 32 percent, and the number of doctor’s of 25- to 29-year-olds who had completed a bachelor’s or
degrees increased 25 percent. higher degree increased from 31 percent in 2008 to
Between 2006–07 and 2016–17, the number of bache- 37 percent in 2018. During this same period, the percentage
lor’s degrees awarded to male students increased 29 percent, of 25- to 29-year-olds who had completed a master’s or
while the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded to female higher degree increased from 7 to 9 percent.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

10 INTRODUCTION

Adult Literacy and Numeracy Skills On the PIAAC numeracy scale, 2012 average scores for
adults ages 25 to 65 ranged from 245 in Spain and 246 in
The Program for the International Assessment of Adult Italy to 289 in Japan. U.S. 25- to 65-year-olds had an average
Competencies (PIAAC) assesses the cognitive skills of PIAAC numeracy score of 254, which was lower than the
adults in three areas—literacy, numeracy, and problem OECD average score of 268. Across education systems,
solving in technology-rich environments—that are consid- adults’ average numeracy scores generally increased with
ered key to facilitating the social and economic participation higher levels of educational attainment. In the United States,
of adults in advanced economies. The discussion below for example, 25- to 65-year-olds whose highest level of
focuses on the areas of literacy and numeracy. PIAAC 2012 attainment was high school completion had an average
results are available for adults in 24 education systems, numeracy score of 241, compared with an average score of
including 22 OECD education systems. The education 293 for those who had a bachelor’s or higher degree. The
systems that participated in the 2012 assessment were average numeracy score for U.S. 25- to 65-year-olds who
primarily countries, but also included 3 subnational educa- had completed only high school was lower than the OECD
tion systems: Northern Ireland and England within the average score of 265 for those with the same level of educa-
United Kingdom, and the Flemish community in Belgium. tional attainment. Likewise, the average numeracy score for
PIAAC literacy and numeracy scores are reported on a U.S. 25- to 65-year-olds with a bachelor’s or higher degree
scale of 0 to 500. was lower than the OECD average score of 303 for those
In 2012, average scores on the PIAAC literacy scale for with a bachelor’s or higher degree.
adults ages 25 to 65 ranged from 249 in Italy and 250 in
Spain to 296 in Japan (table 604.10). U.S. 25- to 65-year-
olds had an average PIAAC literacy score of 269, which
Education Expenditures
was not measurably different from the OECD average score U.S. expenditures for public and private education, from
of 271. Across education systems, adults’ average literacy prekindergarten through graduate school (excluding post-
scores generally increased with higher levels of educational secondary schools not awarding associate’s or higher
attainment. In the United States, for example, 25- to degrees), were an estimated $1.4 trillion for 2017–18 (table
65-year-olds whose highest level of attainment was high 106.10). Expenditures of elementary and secondary schools
school completion had an average literacy score of 259, totaled an estimated $789 billion, while those of degree-
compared with an average score of 302 for those who had a granting postsecondary institutions totaled an estimated
bachelor’s or higher degree. The average literacy score for $608 billion. Total expenditures for education were an esti-
U.S. high school completers in the 25- to 65-year-old age mated 7.2 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in
group was lower than the OECD average score of 268 for 2017–18. Education spending as a percentage of GDP
high school completers in this age group, while the literacy peaked at 7.6 percent in 2009–10 but declined between
score for U.S. 25- to 65-year-olds with a bachelor’s or 2009–10 and 2014–15 (7.1 percent).
higher degree was not measurably different from the OECD
average score of 302 for those with a bachelor’s or higher
degree.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

CHAPTER 1
All Levels of Education
This chapter provides a broad overview of education in of a standard 4-year college curriculum and a selection of
the United States. It brings together material from prepri- terminal career and technical education programs. Aca-
mary, elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education, demic courses completed at a 2-year college are usually
as well as from the general population, to present a compos- transferable for credit at a 4-year college or university. A
ite picture of the American education system. Tables fea- career/technical institution offers postsecondary technical
ture data on the total number of people enrolled in school, training programs of varying lengths that lead to a specific
the number of teachers, the number of schools, and the total career.
expenditures for education at all levels. This chapter also An associate’s degree requires at least 2 years of postsec-
includes statistics on education-related topics such as edu- ondary coursework, and a bachelor’s degree typically
cational attainment, family characteristics, and population. requires 4 years of postsecondary coursework. At least
Economic indicators and price indexes have been added to 1 year of coursework beyond a bachelor’s degree is neces-
facilitate analyses. sary for a master’s degree, while a doctor’s degree usually
Many of the statistics in this chapter are derived from the requires a minimum of 3 or 4 years beyond a bachelor’s
statistical activities of the National Center for Education degree.
Statistics (NCES). In addition, substantial contributions Professional schools differ widely in admission require-
have been drawn from the work of other groups, both gov- ments and program length. Medical students, for example,
ernmental and nongovernmental, as shown in the source generally complete a bachelor’s program of premedical
notes of the tables. Information on survey methodologies is studies at a college or university before they can enter the
contained in Appendix A: Guide to Sources and in the pub- 4-year program at a medical school. Law programs typically
lications cited in the table source notes. involve 3 years of coursework beyond a bachelor’s degree.

The U.S. System of Education Enrollment

The U.S. system of education can be described as having Total enrollment in public and private elementary and
three levels of formal education: elementary, secondary, and secondary schools (prekindergarten through grade 12) grew
postsecondary (figure 1). Students may spend 1 to 3 years in rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, reaching a peak year in
preprimary programs (prekindergarten [PK] and kindergar- 1971 (table A, table 105.30, and figure 2). This enrollment
ten [K]), which may be offered either in separate schools or rise reflected what is known as the “baby boom,” a dramatic
in elementary schools that also offer higher grades. (In increase in births following World War II. Between 1971
Digest of Education Statistics tables, prekindergarten and and 1984, total elementary and secondary school enrollment
kindergarten are generally defined as a part of elementary decreased every year, reflecting a decline in the size of the
education.) Following kindergarten, students ordinarily school-age population over that period. After these years of
spend 6 to 8 years in elementary school. The elementary decline, enrollment in elementary and secondary schools
school program is followed by a 4- to 6-year program in started increasing in fall 1985, began hitting new record lev-
secondary school. Students typically complete the entire els in the mid-1990s, and continued to reach new record
program through grade 12 by age 18. Education at the ele- levels every year through 2006. After a period of slightly
mentary and secondary levels is provided in a range of insti- declining or stable enrollment from 2007 to 2012, enroll-
tutional settings—including elementary schools (preprimary ment began increasing again. Enrollments in fall 2013
schools, middle schools, and schools offering broader ranges (55.4 million) through fall 2016 (56.4 million) were higher
of elementary grades); secondary schools (junior high than the fall 2006 record level of 55.3 million. A pattern of
schools, high schools, and senior high schools); and com- annual enrollment increases is projected to continue at least
bined elementary/secondary schools—that vary in structure through fall 2028 (the last year for which NCES has pro-
from locality to locality. jected school enrollment). Total elementary and secondary
High school graduates who decide to continue their edu- enrollment is projected to increase 2 percent between fall
cation may enter a specialized career/technical institution, a 2018 and fall 2028, when enrollment is expected to reach
2-year community or junior college, or a 4-year college or 57.4 million.
university. A 2-year college typically offers the first 2 years

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 11

12 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Table A. Total elementary and secondary school enrollment, by secondary school enrollment is projected to increase
overall trends: Selected years, 1949–50 through fall 2028 3 percent between 2011 and 2018. Public secondary school
Number of students enrollment in 2028 is expected to be about 1 percent higher
Trend and year (in millions)
than in 2018. Total public elementary and secondary
“Baby boom” increases
1949–50 school year .................................................. 28.5 school enrollment is projected to increase in most years
Fall 1959 .................................................................... 40.9 between 2018 to 2028.
Fall 1969 .................................................................... 51.1
Fall 1971 (peak) .......................................................... 51.3 The percentage of students in private elementary and
13 years with annual declines secondary schools declined from 11.0 percent in fall 2005
Fall 1972 (first year of decline) ................................... 50.7
Fall 1984 (final year of decline) ................................... 44.9 to 10.2 percent in fall 2015 (table 105.30). In fall 2018, an
Annual increases from 1985 to 2006 estimated 5.8 million students were enrolled in private
Fall 1985 .................................................................... 45.0 schools at the elementary and secondary levels.
Fall 1996 (new record highs begin) ............................. 51.5
Fall 2006 (final year of record highs) ........................... 55.3 Total enrollment in public and private degree-granting
Slight declines or stable enrollment................................ postsecondary institutions reached 14.5 million in fall
Fall 2007 .................................................................... 55.2
Fall 2010 .................................................................... 54.9 1992 but decreased every year through fall 1995 (table
Fall 2012 .................................................................... 55.1 105.30). Total enrollment increased 47 percent between
Annual increases with new record highs 1995 and 2010 (to 21.0 million) but declined 6 percent
Fall 2013 .................................................................... 55.4
Fall 2014 .................................................................... 55.9 between 2010 and 2017 (to 19.8 million). Total enrollment
Fall 2015 .................................................................... 56.2
Fall 2016 (projected) ................................................... 56.4 is expected to increase 3 percent between fall 2017 and fall
Fall 2017 (projected) ................................................... 56.5 2028, reaching 20.3 million. The percentage of students
Fall 2018 (projected) ................................................... 56.5
Fall 2028 (projected) ................................................... 57.4 who attended private institutions in fall 2017 (26 percent)
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Sta- was the same as the percentage in 2007. In fall 2017, about
tistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1949–50; Statistics
of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1959 through 1972;
5.2 million students attended private institutions, with
Common Core of Data (CCD), 1984 through 2015; Private School Universe 4.1 million in nonprofit institutions and 1.1 million in for-
Survey (PSS), 1997–98 through 2015–16; and National Elementary and Sec-
ondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028. profit institutions (table 303.10).
Enrollment in degree-granting institutions in fall 2017
Between 1985 and 2017, the total public and private was 8 percent higher than in fall 2007 (table 105.30). This
elementary and secondary school enrollment rate for enrollment change was affected by changes in the
5- and 6-year-olds decreased from 96 to 94 percent, and enrollment rate and the population of 20- to 24-year-olds.
the enrollment rate for 7- to 13-year-olds decreased from The percentage of 18- and 19-year-olds enrolled in degree-
99 to 98 percent (table 103.20). In 2017, the enrollment granting postsecondary institutions in 2017 (48 percent)
rate for 14- to 17-year-olds (96 percent) was not measur- was not measurably different from the percentage in 2007
ably different from the rate in 1985. Since these enrollment
(49 percent). The number of 18- and 19-year-olds decreased
rates changed by less than 4 percentage points between
3 percent, from 8.7 million in 2007 to 8.5 million in 2017
1985 and 2017, increases in elementary and secondary
(tables 101.10 and 103.20). In contrast, the number of
school enrollment primarily reflect the larger increases in
20- to 24-year-olds rose by 5 percent during this period,
the number of children in these age groups. Between 1985
from 21.1 to 22.1 million. Also, the enrollment rate of
and 2017, the number of 5- and 6-year-olds increased by
20- to 24-year-olds was higher in 2017 (39 percent) than in
16 percent, the number of 7- to 13-year-olds increased by
2007 (36 percent).
26 percent, and the number of 14- to 17-year-olds increased
by 13 percent (table 101.10). Increases in the enrollment
rate of prekindergarten-age children (ages 3 and 4), from Educational Attainment
39 percent in 1985 to 54 percent in 2017 (table 103.20),
The percentages of people 25 years old and over com-
and in the number of 3- and 4-year-olds, from 7.1 million pleting high school and higher education have been rising.
to 8.0 million (table 101.10), also contributed to overall Between 2008 and 2018, the percentage of people 25 years
increases in prekindergarten through grade 12 enrollment. old and over who had completed at least high school
Public school enrollment at the elementary level increased from 87 to 90 percent, and the percentage who
(prekindergarten through grade 8) rose from 29.9 million had completed a bachelor’s or higher degree increased
in fall 1990 to 34.2 million in fall 2003 (table 105.30). from 29 to 35 percent (table 104.10 and figure 3). In 2018,
Public elementary school enrollment was less than about 10 percent of people 25 years old and over held a
1 percent lower in fall 2004 than in fall 2003 and then master’s degree as their highest degree and 3 percent held
generally increased to a projected total of 35.5 million for a doctor’s or first-professional degree (table 104.30).
fall 2018. Public elementary school enrollment is projected Among 25- to 29-year-olds, the percentage who had
to increase 2 percent between 2018 and 2028. Public school completed at least high school increased from 88 percent in
enrollment at the secondary level (grades 9 through 12) 2008 to 93 percent in 2018 (table 104.20 and figure 4). The
rose from 11.3 million in 1990 to 15.1 million in 2007 but percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds who had completed a
then declined 2 percent to 14.7 million in 2011. Public bachelor’s or higher degree increased from 31 percent in

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 13

2008 to 37 percent in 2018. In 2018, about 7 percent of showed no measurable change for those who were Black,
25- to 29-year-olds held a master’s degree as their highest Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and of
degree and 2 percent held a doctor’s or first-professional Two or more races. During this 10-year period, the per-
degree (table 104.30 and figure 5). Overall, the percentage centages who held a bachelor’s or higher degree increased
of 25- to 29-year-olds who held a master’s or higher degree from 37 to 44 percent among White 25- to 29-year-olds,
rose from 7 percent in 2008 to 9 percent in 2018. from 12 to 21 percent among Hispanic 25- to 29-year-olds,
Between 2008 and 2018, changes in the educational and from 60 to 71 percent among Asian 25- to 29-year-
attainment of 25- to 29-year-olds also occurred by race/ olds. The gap in bachelor’s degree attainment percentages
ethnicity. During this period, the percentages of Hispanic, between White and Black 25- to 29-year-olds in 2018
White, and Black 25- to 29-year-olds who had completed (21 percentage points) was not measurably different from
at least high school increased, but there was no measurable the gap in 2008. Also, the gap between White and Hispanic
change in the percentage of Asian 25- to 29-year-olds 25- to 29-year-olds in 2018 (23 percentage points) was not
(table 104.20 and figure 6). The percentage of Hispanic measurably different from the gap in 2008.
25- to 29-year-olds who had completed at least high school
rose from 68 percent in 2008 to 85 percent in 2018, an Teachers and Faculty
increase of 17 percentage points. During the same period,
the percentage of White 25- to 29-year-olds who had com- A projected 3.7 million elementary and secondary
pleted at least high school rose from 94 to 96 percent. school full-time-equivalent (FTE) teachers were engaged
in classroom instruction in the fall of 2018 (table 105.40),
Since the increase for White 25- to 29-year-olds was
which was less than 1 percent lower than in 2008. The
smaller than the increase for Hispanic 25- to 29-year-olds,
number of FTE public elementary and secondary school
the gap between the high school completion percentages
teachers in 2018 was 3.2 million, and the number of FTE
for these two groups decreased from 25 percentage points
private elementary and secondary school teachers was
in 2008 to 10 percentage points in 2018. Between 2008 and
0.5 million. FTE faculty at degree-granting postsecondary
2018, the percentage of Black 25- to 29-year-olds who had
institutions totaled a projected 1.1 million in 2018, includ-
completed high school increased from 88 to 92 percent.
ing 0.7 million at public institutions and 0.4 million at pri-
The gap between the White and Black high school comple-
vate institutions (table 105.10).
tion percentages in 2018 (4 percentage points) was not
measurably different from the gap in 2008. In 2018, the
percentage of 25- to 29-year-olds who had completed at Expenditures
least high school was higher for those who were Asian Expenditures of educational institutions were an
(97 percent) and White (96 percent) than for those who estimated $1.4 trillion for the 2017–18 school year
were Black (92 percent), American Indian/Alaska Native (table 106.20 and figure 2). Elementary and secondary
(89 percent), and Hispanic (85 percent). schools spent 56 percent of this total ($789 billion), and
The percentage of bachelor’s degree holders also varied degree-granting postsecondary institutions spent the
among 25- to 29-year-olds of different racial/ethnic groups, remaining 44 percent ($608 billion). After adjustment for
with 71 percent of Asian 25- to 29-year-olds holding a inflation, total expenditures of all educational institutions
bachelor’s or higher degree in 2018, which was higher than rose by an estimated 13 percent between 2007–08 and
the percentages for those who were White (44 percent), of 2017–18. Inflation-adjusted expenditures of degree-
Two or more races (27 percent), Black (23 percent), His- granting postsecondary institutions rose by an estimated
panic (21 percent), American Indian/Alaska Native 27 percent. Expenditures of public elementary and
(16 percent), and Pacific Islander (15 percent) (table 104.20 secondary schools were 4 percent higher in 2017–18 than
and figure 6). Between 2008 and 2018, the percentages in 2007–08. In 2017–18, expenditures of educational
who had completed a bachelor’s or higher degree increased institutions were an estimated 7.2 percent of the gross
for Asian, White, and Hispanic 25- to 29-year-olds but domestic product (table 106.10).

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

14 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Figure 1. The structure of education in the United States

Postdoctoral study and research

Ph.D. or
advanced 7
Doctor’s degree study Professional
professional

professional, career/technical)
schools

Postsecondary education
degree (medicine, 6

(college, university,
theology,
Master’s law, etc.) 5
degree
Master’s degree study

4
Bachelor’s
degree
3
Associate’s 4-year
degree or Career/ 2-year undergraduate
2
certificate technical community or programs
institutions junior colleges
1

High 17 12
school

(academic, career/technical)
Senior
diploma high 11

Secondary education
16 4-year
schools
high schools Combined
15 10
junior/
14 senior 9
high
13 Junior schools 8
high
12 schools 7
Middle
11 schools 6

10 5

9 4

8 Typical grade configurations of 3 (or primary) education

elementary (or primary) schools Elementary
7 2

6 1

5 K
Kindergartens
4 PK
Nursery schools
3
Age Grade/year
of college
NOTE: Figure is not intended to show relative number of institutions nor relative size of enrollment for the different levels of education. Figure reflects typical patterns of progression rather
than all possible variations. Adult education programs, while not separately delineated above, may provide instruction at the adult basic, adult secondary, or postsecondary education levels.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Reports Program.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 15

Figure 2. Fall enrollment, total expenditures, and expenditures as a percentage of the gross domestic product (GDP), by
level of education: Selected years, 1965–66 through 2017–18
Enrollment, in millions
80
Total
70
60
50 Elementary and secondary schools
40
30
20
10 Degree-granting postsecondary institutions
0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning

Expenditure, in billions of constant 2017–18 dollars

$1,400
Total
1,200

1,000
Elementary and secondary schools
800

600

400
Degree-granting postsecondary institutions
200

0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning

Expenditure as a percent of GDP

8.0
7.0 Total

6.0
5.0 Elementary and secondary schools
4.0
3.0
2.0 Degree-granting postsecondary institutions
1.0
0.0
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning
NOTE: Elementary and secondary enrollment data for school year 2017 (2017–18) are projected. Elementary and secondary expenditure data for school years 2016 and 2017 (2016–17 and
2017–18) are estimated. Postsecondary expenditure data for school year 2017 (2017–18) are estimated.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, 1965–66 through 1969–70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary
School Systems, 1965 through 1980; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1986–87; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal
Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1981–82 through 2016–17, and “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16; Private School Universe
Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall
Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education” and “Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education” surveys, 1965–66 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99) and “Finance Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY87–99); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Enrollment and Finance components.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts Tables, retrieved March 8, 2019, from https://apps.bea.gov/itable/index.cfm.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

16 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Figure 3. Percentage of persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of educational attainment: Selected years,
1940 through 2018
Percent
100
High school completion or higher1

80

60

40
Bachelor’s or higher degree2

20

Less than high school completion

0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
Year
Includes high school completion through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. For years prior to 1993, includes all persons with 4 or more years of high school.
1

For years prior to 1993, includes all persons with 4 or more years of college.
2

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, U.S. Census of Population: 1960, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam, Education of the American Population (1960 Census
Monograph); Current Population Reports, Series P-20, various years; and Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 1961 through 2018.

Figure 4. Percentage of persons 25 through 29 years old, by highest level of educational attainment: Selected years,
1940 through 2018
Percent
100
High school completion or higher1

80

60

40 Bachelor’s or higher degree2

20 Less than high school completion

0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2018
Year
1
Includes high school completion through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. For years prior to 1993, includes all persons with 4 or more years of high school.
2
For years prior to 1993, includes all persons with 4 or more years of college.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, U.S. Census of Population: 1960, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam, Education of the American Population (1960 Census
Monograph); Current Population Reports, Series P-20, various years; and Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 1961 through 2018.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 17

Figure 5. Percentage distribution of persons 25 through 29 years old, by highest level of educational attainment: 2018
Percent
100 2.0 First-professional or doctor’s degree
7.0 Master’s degree

80
28.0 Bachelor’s degree

60
9.7 Associate’s degree

19.6 Some college, no degree

40

20 26.6 High school completion

7.1 Less than high school completion

0
Highest level of educational attainment
NOTE: High school completion includes equivalency programs, such as a GED program. Graphic display was generated using unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2018.

Figure 6. Percentage of persons 25 through 29 years old, by selected levels of educational attainment and race/ethnicity:
2008 and 2018
Percent 2008 2018
100 95.8 97.5
93.7 95.6 92.0
87.5
85.2
80
70.5
68.3

60.2
60

43.5
40 37.1

22.6 20.7
20.4
20
12.4

0
White Black Hispanic Asian White Black Hispanic Asian
High school completion or higher Bachelor’s or higher degree

Selected levels of educational attainment and race/ethnicity

NOTE: High school completion includes equivalency programs, such as a GED program. Graphic display was generated using unrounded data. Race categories exclude persons of
Hispanic ethnicity.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2008 and 2018.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

18 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Population

Table 101.10. Estimates of resident population, by age group: 1970 through 2018
[In thousands]

Total,
Total, 3 to 34 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 to 13 14 to 17 18 and 19 20 and 21 22 to 24 25 to 29 30 to 34
Year all ages years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old years old
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1970 ........................... 205,052 109,592 6,961 7,703 28,969 15,924 7,510 7,210 9,992 13,736 11,587
1971 ........................... 207,661 111,202 6,805 7,344 28,892 16,328 7,715 7,350 10,809 14,041 11,917
1972 ........................... 209,896 112,807 6,789 7,051 28,628 16,639 7,923 7,593 10,560 15,240 12,383
1973 ........................... 211,909 114,426 6,938 6,888 28,158 16,867 8,114 7,796 10,725 15,786 13,153
1974 ........................... 213,854 116,075 7,117 6,864 27,600 17,035 8,257 8,003 10,972 16,521 13,704

1975 ........................... 215,973 117,435 6,912 7,013 26,905 17,128 8,478 8,196 11,331 17,280 14,191
1976 ........................... 218,035 118,474 6,436 7,195 26,321 17,119 8,659 8,336 11,650 18,274 14,485
1977 ........................... 220,239 119,261 6,190 6,978 25,877 17,045 8,675 8,550 11,949 18,277 15,721
1978 ........................... 222,585 119,833 6,208 6,500 25,594 16,946 8,677 8,730 12,216 18,683 16,280
1979 ........................... 225,055 120,544 6,252 6,256 25,175 16,611 8,751 8,754 12,542 19,178 17,025

1980 ........................... 227,225 121,132 6,366 6,291 24,800 16,143 8,718 8,669 12,716 19,686 17,743
1981 ........................... 229,466 121,999 6,535 6,315 24,396 15,609 8,582 8,759 12,903 20,169 18,731
1982 ........................... 231,664 121,823 6,658 6,407 24,121 15,057 8,480 8,768 12,914 20,704 18,714
1983 ........................... 233,792 122,302 6,877 6,572 23,709 14,740 8,290 8,652 12,981 21,414 19,067
1984 ........................... 235,825 122,254 7,045 6,694 23,367 14,725 7,932 8,567 12,962 21,459 19,503

1985 ........................... 237,924 122,512 7,134 6,916 22,976 14,888 7,637 8,370 12,895 21,671 20,025
1986 ........................... 240,133 122,688 7,187 7,086 22,992 14,824 7,483 8,024 12,720 21,893 20,479
1987 ........................... 242,289 122,672 7,132 7,178 23,325 14,502 7,502 7,742 12,450 21,857 20,984
1988 ........................... 244,499 122,713 7,176 7,238 23,791 14,023 7,701 7,606 12,048 21,739 21,391
1989 ........................... 246,819 122,655 7,315 7,184 24,228 13,536 7,898 7,651 11,607 21,560 21,676

1990 ........................... 249,623 122,787 7,359 7,244 24,785 13,329 7,702 7,886 11,264 21,277 21,939
1991 ........................... 252,981 123,210 7,444 7,393 25,216 13,491 7,208 8,029 11,205 20,923 22,301
1992 ........................... 256,514 123,722 7,614 7,447 25,752 13,775 6,949 7,797 11,391 20,503 22,494
1993 ........................... 259,919 124,371 7,887 7,549 26,212 14,096 6,985 7,333 11,657 20,069 22,584
1994 ........................... 263,126 124,976 8,089 7,725 26,492 14,637 7,047 7,071 11,585 19,740 22,590

1995 ........................... 266,278 125,478 8,107 8,000 26,825 15,013 7,182 7,103 11,197 19,680 22,372
1996 ........................... 269,394 125,924 8,022 8,206 27,168 15,443 7,399 7,161 10,715 19,864 21,945
1997 ........................... 272,647 126,422 7,915 8,232 27,683 15,769 7,569 7,309 10,601 19,899 21,446
1998 ........................... 275,854 126,939 7,841 8,152 28,302 15,829 7,892 7,520 10,647 19,804 20,953
1999 ........................... 279,040 127,446 7,772 8,041 28,763 16,007 8,094 7,683 10,908 19,575 20,603

2000 ........................... 282,162 128,041 7,724 7,972 29,082 16,144 8,199 7,995 11,122 19,280 20,524
2001 ........................... 284,969 128,467 7,630 7,883 29,210 16,280 8,235 8,290 11,467 18,819 20,652
2002 ........................... 287,625 128,955 7,617 7,750 29,251 16,506 8,237 8,342 11,902 18,691 20,658
2003 ........................... 290,108 129,346 7,678 7,661 29,153 16,694 8,325 8,324 12,267 18,772 20,472
2004 ........................... 292,805 129,965 7,885 7,652 28,806 17,054 8,457 8,312 12,534 19,107 20,160

2005 ........................... 295,517 130,280 7,973 7,721 28,527 17,358 8,482 8,392 12,568 19,535 19,724
2006 ........................... 298,380 130,754 7,937 7,942 28,327 17,549 8,567 8,507 12,529 20,110 19,285
2007 ........................... 301,231 131,417 8,002 8,040 28,256 17,597 8,730 8,500 12,578 20,543 19,171
2008 ........................... 304,094 132,269 8,033 8,012 28,426 17,395 9,014 8,555 12,626 20,903 19,305
2009 ........................... 306,772 133,202 8,059 8,088 28,569 17,232 9,146 8,691 12,693 21,078 19,645

20101 .......................... 309,338 134,098 8,189 8,137 28,729 17,066 9,061 8,956 12,746 21,144 20,070
20111 .......................... 311,644 134,900 8,223 8,162 28,754 16,872 8,920 9,193 12,969 21,286 20,521
20121 .......................... 313,993 135,512 8,093 8,228 28,776 16,722 8,787 9,177 13,414 21,394 20,921
20131 .......................... 316,235 136,076 7,983 8,263 28,810 16,653 8,679 9,028 13,791 21,583 21,286
20141 .......................... 318,623 136,629 8,009 8,138 28,815 16,748 8,545 8,895 13,988 21,967 21,524

20151 .......................... 321,040 136,941 7,993 8,033 28,869 16,810 8,468 8,799 13,888 22,426 21,654
20161 .......................... 323,406 137,334 7,969 8,062 28,898 16,779 8,469 8,673 13,711 22,931 21,841
20171 .......................... 325,719 137,678 8,003 8,047 28,909 16,761 8,498 8,595 13,524 23,370 21,972
2018 ........................... 328,033 138,036 8,059 8,023 28,892 16,700 8,602 8,596 13,358 23,619 22,186
1
Revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Reports,
NOTE: Resident population includes civilian population and armed forces personnel Series P-25, Nos. 1000, 1022, 1045, 1057, 1059, 1092, and 1095; 2000 through 2009
residing within the United States; it excludes armed forces personnel residing overseas. Population Estimates, retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/popest/
Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Population estimates as of July 1 of data/national/asrh/2011/index.html; and 2010 through 2018 Population Estimates, retrieved
the indicated reference year. November 8, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/nation-
detail.html. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 19
Population

Table 101.20 Estimates of resident population, by race/ethnicity and age group: Selected years, 1980 through 2018
Number (in thousands) Percentage distribution
American American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
Year and age group Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Total
1980 ............................ 227,225 181,140 26,215 14,869 3,665 (1) 1,336 — 100.0 79.7 11.5 6.5 1.6 (1) 0.6 —
1990 ............................ 249,623 188,725 29,439 22,573 7,092 (1) 1,793 — 100.0 75.6 11.8 9.0 2.8 (1) 0.7 —
1995 ............................ 266,278 194,389 32,500 28,158 9,188 (1) 2,044 — 100.0 73.0 12.2 10.6 3.5 (1) 0.8 —
20002 ........................... 282,162 195,702 34,406 35,662 10,469 370 2,102 3,452 100.0 69.4 12.2 12.6 3.7 0.1 0.7 1.2
20052 ........................... 295,517 196,621 36,147 43,024 12,658 434 2,186 4,447 100.0 66.5 12.2 14.6 4.3 0.1 0.7 1.5
20082 ........................... 304,094 197,184 37,291 47,794 13,956 475 2,237 5,158 100.0 64.8 12.3 15.7 4.6 0.2 0.7 1.7
20102 ........................... 309,338 197,389 38,015 50,753 14,766 500 2,269 5,647 100.0 63.8 12.3 16.4 4.8 0.2 0.7 1.8
20132 ........................... 316,235 197,693 39,144 54,143 16,206 533 2,331 6,185 100.0 62.5 12.4 17.1 5.1 0.2 0.7 2.0
20142 ........................... 318,623 197,803 39,523 55,293 16,738 543 2,351 6,372 100.0 62.1 12.4 17.4 5.3 0.2 0.7 2.0
20152 ........................... 321,040 197,844 39,909 56,505 17,297 555 2,369 6,561 100.0 61.6 12.4 17.6 5.4 0.2 0.7 2.0
20162 ........................... 323,406 197,835 40,285 57,733 17,851 566 2,387 6,749 100.0 61.2 12.5 17.9 5.5 0.2 0.7 2.1
20172 ........................... 325,719 197,803 40,652 58,947 18,399 577 2,403 6,938 100.0 60.7 12.5 18.1 5.6 0.2 0.7 2.1
20182 ........................... 328,033 197,765 41,015 60,163 18,947 588 2,420 7,135 100.0 60.3 12.5 18.3 5.8 0.2 0.7 2.2
Under 5 years old
1980 ............................ 16,451 11,904 2,413 1,677 319 (1) 137 — 100.0 72.4 14.7 10.2 1.9 ( 1) 0.8 —
1990 ............................ 18,856 12,757 2,825 2,497 593 (1) 184 — 100.0 67.7 15.0 13.2 3.1 ( 1) 1.0 —
1995 ............................ 19,627 12,415 3,050 3,245 734 (1) 182 — 100.0 63.3 15.5 16.5 3.7 ( 1) 0.9 —
20002 ........................... 19,178 11,253 2,753 3,748 686 30 171 538 100.0 58.7 14.4 19.5 3.6 0.2 0.9 2.8
20052 ........................... 19,917 10,847 2,706 4,607 839 35 171 712 100.0 54.5 13.6 23.1 4.2 0.2 0.9 3.6
20082 ........................... 20,271 10,557 2,753 5,032 885 38 176 831 100.0 52.1 13.6 24.8 4.4 0.2 0.9 4.1
20102 ........................... 20,189 10,278 2,780 5,128 891 39 176 898 100.0 50.9 13.8 25.4 4.4 0.2 0.9 4.4
20132 ........................... 19,848 9,951 2,735 5,119 910 39 171 922 100.0 50.1 13.8 25.8 4.6 0.2 0.9 4.6
20142 ........................... 19,871 9,930 2,736 5,136 929 39 170 931 100.0 50.0 13.8 25.8 4.7 0.2 0.9 4.7
20152 ........................... 19,916 9,920 2,744 5,151 954 40 169 937 100.0 49.8 13.8 25.9 4.8 0.2 0.8 4.7
20162 ........................... 19,920 9,883 2,745 5,159 980 40 167 946 100.0 49.6 13.8 25.9 4.9 0.2 0.8 4.7
20172 ........................... 19,939 9,853 2,744 5,181 999 41 165 956 100.0 49.4 13.8 26.0 5.0 0.2 0.8 4.8
20182 ........................... 19,951 9,810 2,741 5,215 1,010 41 163 971 100.0 49.2 13.7 26.1 5.1 0.2 0.8 4.9
5 to 17 years old
1980 ............................ 47,232 35,220 6,840 4,005 790 (1) 377 — 100.0 74.6 14.5 8.5 1.7 ( 1) 0.8 —
1990 ............................ 45,359 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1995 ............................ 49,838 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
20002 ........................... 53,198 33,008 7,994 8,700 1,829 85 522 1,059 100.0 62.0 15.0 16.4 3.4 0.2 1.0 2.0
20052 ........................... 53,606 31,379 7,987 10,207 2,047 92 499 1,396 100.0 58.5 14.9 19.0 3.8 0.2 0.9 2.6
20082 ........................... 53,833 30,226 7,813 11,346 2,227 98 483 1,641 100.0 56.1 14.5 21.1 4.1 0.2 0.9 3.0
20102 ........................... 53,932 29,496 7,644 12,057 2,350 101 475 1,809 100.0 54.7 14.2 22.4 4.4 0.2 0.9 3.4
20132 ........................... 53,726 28,587 7,450 12,638 2,502 103 465 1,981 100.0 53.2 13.9 23.5 4.7 0.2 0.9 3.7
20142 ........................... 53,700 28,289 7,432 12,826 2,549 104 463 2,037 100.0 52.7 13.8 23.9 4.7 0.2 0.9 3.8
20152 ........................... 53,713 28,007 7,413 13,030 2,601 105 462 2,094 100.0 52.1 13.8 24.3 4.8 0.2 0.9 3.9
20162 ........................... 53,739 27,745 7,398 13,240 2,647 105 459 2,144 100.0 51.6 13.8 24.6 4.9 0.2 0.9 4.0
20172 ........................... 53,717 27,474 7,383 13,407 2,699 106 457 2,190 100.0 51.1 13.7 25.0 5.0 0.2 0.9 4.1
20182 ........................... 53,616 27,185 7,352 13,533 2,750 107 454 2,234 100.0 50.7 13.7 25.2 5.1 0.2 0.8 4.2
18 to 24 years old
1980 ............................ 30,103 23,278 3,872 2,284 468 (1) 201 — 100.0 77.3 12.9 7.6 1.6 ( 1) 0.7 —
1990 ............................ 26,853 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
1995 ............................ 25,482 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
20002 ........................... 27,315 16,913 3,780 4,786 1,158 50 239 389 100.0 61.9 13.8 17.5 4.2 0.2 0.9 1.4
20052 ........................... 29,442 17,741 4,092 5,406 1,351 57 263 531 100.0 60.3 13.9 18.4 4.6 0.2 0.9 1.8
20082 ........................... 30,194 17,712 4,283 5,813 1,445 62 266 613 100.0 58.7 14.2 19.3 4.8 0.2 0.9 2.0
20102 ........................... 30,763 17,616 4,436 6,183 1,519 66 266 678 100.0 57.3 14.4 20.1 4.9 0.2 0.9 2.2
20132 ........................... 31,498 17,507 4,703 6,523 1,630 65 277 794 100.0 55.6 14.9 20.7 5.2 0.2 0.9 2.5
20142 ........................... 31,428 17,322 4,670 6,610 1,658 64 275 829 100.0 55.1 14.9 21.0 5.3 0.2 0.9 2.6
20152 ........................... 31,155 17,025 4,591 6,663 1,682 62 271 860 100.0 54.6 14.7 21.4 5.4 0.2 0.9 2.8
20162 ........................... 30,853 16,719 4,501 6,713 1,705 61 266 888 100.0 54.2 14.6 21.8 5.5 0.2 0.9 2.9
20172 ........................... 30,616 16,472 4,412 6,764 1,732 60 261 915 100.0 53.8 14.4 22.1 5.7 0.2 0.9 3.0
20182 ........................... 30,556 16,313 4,351 6,859 1,772 60 258 943 100.0 53.4 14.2 22.4 5.8 0.2 0.8 3.1
25 years old and over
1980 ............................ 133,438 110,737 13,091 6,903 2,088 (1) 620 — 100.0 83.0 9.8 5.2 1.6 ( 1) 0.5 —
1990 ............................ 158,555 125,653 16,322 11,447 4,190 (1) 944 — 100.0 79.2 10.3 7.2 2.6 ( 1) 0.6 —
1995 ............................ 171,332 131,839 18,250 14,519 5,628 (1) 1,096 — 100.0 76.9 10.7 8.5 3.3 (1) 0.6 —
20002 ........................... 182,471 134,529 19,879 18,427 6,796 205 1,170 1,465 100.0 73.7 10.9 10.1 3.7 0.1 0.6 0.8
20052 ........................... 192,551 136,655 21,361 22,804 8,421 250 1,253 1,808 100.0 71.0 11.1 11.8 4.4 0.1 0.7 0.9
20082 ........................... 199,795 138,689 22,441 25,603 9,400 277 1,312 2,074 100.0 69.4 11.2 12.8 4.7 0.1 0.7 1.0
20102 ........................... 204,454 140,000 23,155 27,386 10,006 294 1,352 2,262 100.0 68.5 11.3 13.4 4.9 0.1 0.7 1.1
20132 ........................... 211,162 141,648 24,255 29,863 11,164 326 1,418 2,488 100.0 67.1 11.5 14.1 5.3 0.2 0.7 1.2
20142 ........................... 213,623 142,262 24,685 30,722 11,602 337 1,442 2,575 100.0 66.6 11.6 14.4 5.4 0.2 0.7 1.2
20152 ........................... 216,257 142,891 25,160 31,661 12,059 348 1,467 2,670 100.0 66.1 11.6 14.6 5.6 0.2 0.7 1.2
20162 ........................... 218,894 143,488 25,641 32,621 12,519 359 1,494 2,772 100.0 65.6 11.7 14.9 5.7 0.2 0.7 1.3
20172 ........................... 221,447 144,003 26,113 33,595 12,969 370 1,520 2,878 100.0 65.0 11.8 15.2 5.9 0.2 0.7 1.3
20182 ........................... 223,911 144,458 26,570 34,556 13,416 380 1,544 2,987 100.0 64.5 11.9 15.4 6.0 0.2 0.7 1.3

—Not available. because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
1
Included under Asian. Population estimates as of July 1 of the indicated reference year.
2
Data on persons of Two or more races were collected beginning in 2000. Direct SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Reports,
comparability of the data (other than Hispanic) prior to 2000 with the data for 2000 and Series P-25, Nos. 1092 and 1095; 2000 through 2009 Population Estimates, retrieved
later years is limited by the extent to which people reporting more than one race in later August 14, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2011/index.
years had been reported in specific race groups in earlier years. html; and 2010 through 2018 Population Estimates, retrieved November 8, 2018, from
NOTE: Resident population includes civilian population and armed forces personnel https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/nation-detail.html. (This table
residing within the United States; it excludes armed forces personnel residing overseas. was prepared November 2018.)
Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 102.10. Number and percentage distribution of family households, by family structure and presence of own children under 18: Selected years, 1970 through 2018

20
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Characteristics of Households With Children

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Family structure and presence Change, Change,
of own children 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2000 to 2010 2010 to 2018
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number (in thousands) Percent change
All families ............................................... 51,456 (257.3) 59,550 (271.4) 66,090 (307.8) 72,025 (311.6) 78,833 (241.0) 81,716 (267.6) 82,184 (268.0) 82,827 (268.6) 83,088 (268.8) 9.5 (0.58) 5.4 (0.47)
Married-couple families .................................... 44,728 (243.6) 49,112 (252.7) 52,317 (283.3) 55,311 (289.5) 58,410 (218.6) 60,010 (243.1) 60,251 (243.5) 60,804 (244.2) 61,241 (244.8) 5.6 (0.68) 4.8 (0.57)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 19,196 (168.7) 24,151 (187.3) 27,780 (218.1) 30,062 (230.5) 33,835 (176.1) 35,970 (199.4) 36,480 (200.6) 37,153 (202.1) 37,430 (202.7) 12.6 (1.04) 10.6 (0.83)
With own children under 18 .......................... 25,532 (192.0) 24,961 (190.1) 24,537 (206.4) 25,248 (214.1) 24,575 (153.1) 24,040 (167.3) 23,772 (166.5) 23,651 (166.1) 23,812 (166.6) -2.7! (1.02) -3.1 (0.91)
One own child under 18 ............................ 8,163 (112.5) 9,671 (122.0) 9,583 (133.0) 9,402 (136.2) 9,567 (98.5) 9,163 (106.6) 9,131 (106.4) 9,206 (106.8) 9,205 (106.8) ‡ (†) -3.8! (1.49)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 8,045 (111.7) 9,488 (120.9) 9,784 (134.3) 10,274 (142.1) 9,658 (98.9) 9,662 (109.3) 9,581 (108.9) 9,492 (108.4) 9,397 (107.9) -6.0 (1.62) ‡ (†)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 9,325 (119.9) 5,802 (95.3) 5,170 (98.5) 5,572 (105.9) 5,351 (74.3) 5,215 (81.0) 5,061 (79.8) 4,954 (79.0) 5,209 (81.0) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Families with male householder, no spouse
present ....................................................... 1,228 (44.2) 1,733 (52.5) 2,884 (73.9) 4,028 (90.4) 5,580 (75.8) 6,162 (87.9) 6,310 (88.9) 6,452 (89.9) 6,424 (89.7) 38.5 (3.63) 15.1 (2.24)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 887 (37.6) 1,117 (42.2) 1,731 (57.4) 2,242 (67.7) 3,356 (59.0) 3,774 (69.1) 3,838 (69.7) 4,057 (71.6) 3,939 (70.6) 49.7 (5.23) 17.4 (2.95)
With own children under 18 .......................... 341 (23.3) 616 (31.3) 1,153 (46.9) 1,786 (60.5) 2,224 (48.2) 2,388 (55.1) 2,472 (56.1) 2,395 (55.2) 2,484 (56.2) 24.5 (5.01) 11.7 (3.50)
One own child under 18 ............................ 179 (16.9) 374 (24.4) 723 (37.2) 1,131 (48.2) 1,375 (37.9) 1,433 (42.8) 1,487 (43.6) 1,403 (42.3) 1,339 (41.4) 21.6 (6.17) ‡ (†)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 87 (11.8) 165 (16.2) 307 (24.2) 483 (31.6) 576 (24.6) 653 (28.9) 663 (29.2) 690 (29.7) 811 (32.2) 19.3! (9.31) 40.8 (8.21)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 75 (10.9) 77 (11.1) 123 (15.3) 171 (18.8) 273 (16.9) 302 (19.7) 322 (20.3) 302 (19.7) 335 (20.7) 59.6! (20.15) 22.7! (10.75)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Families with female householder, no spouse

present ....................................................... 5,500 (92.8) 8,705 (116.0) 10,890 (141.4) 12,687 (156.9) 14,843 (121.4) 15,544 (137.0) 15,622 (137.3) 15,572 (137.1) 15,423 (136.5) 17.0 (1.73) 3.9! (1.25)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 2,642 (64.7) 3,261 (71.8) 4,290 (89.9) 5,116 (101.6) 6,424 (81.2) 6,993 (93.5) 7,097 (94.2) 7,326 (95.6) 7,267 (95.3) 25.6 (2.96) 13.1 (2.06)
With own children under 18 .......................... 2,858 (67.2) 5,445 (92.3) 6,599 (111.0) 7,571 (122.8) 8,419 (92.6) 8,551 (103.1) 8,525 (102.9) 8,246 (101.3) 8,156 (100.7) 11.2 (2.18) ‡ (†)
One own child under 18 ............................ 1,008 (40.1) 2,398 (61.6) 3,225 (78.1) 3,777 (87.6) 4,207 (66.0) 4,192 (72.8) 4,173 (72.6) 4,119 (72.2) 4,032 (71.4) 11.4 (3.12) ‡ (†)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 810 (35.9) 1,817 (53.7) 2,173 (64.2) 2,458 (70.9) 2,714 (53.2) 2,844 (60.1) 2,794 (59.6) 2,620 (57.7) 2,534 (56.8) 10.4! (3.85) -6.6! (2.78)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 1,040 (40.7) 1,230 (44.2) 1,202 (47.9) 1,336 (52.4) 1,499 (39.6) 1,515 (44.0) 1,557 (44.6) 1,508 (43.9) 1,590 (45.1) 12.2! (5.31) ‡ (†)
Percentage distribution of all families Change in percentage points
All families ............................................... 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) † (†) † (†)
Married-couple families .................................... 86.9 (0.19) 82.5 (0.20) 79.2 (0.22) 76.8 (0.23) 74.1 (0.16) 73.4 (0.18) 73.3 (0.17) 73.4 (0.17) 73.7 (0.17) -2.7 (0.28) ‡ (†)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 37.3 (0.27) 40.6 (0.25) 42.0 (0.27) 41.7 (0.26) 42.9 (0.18) 44.0 (0.20) 44.4 (0.20) 44.9 (0.20) 45.0 (0.20) 1.2 (0.32) 2.1 (0.27)
With own children under 18 .......................... 49.6 (0.28) 41.9 (0.26) 37.1 (0.26) 35.1 (0.26) 31.2 (0.17) 29.4 (0.18) 28.9 (0.18) 28.6 (0.18) 28.7 (0.18) -3.9 (0.31) -2.5 (0.25)
One own child under 18 ............................ 15.9 (0.20) 16.2 (0.19) 14.5 (0.19) 13.1 (0.18) 12.1 (0.12) 11.2 (0.13) 11.1 (0.12) 11.1 (0.12) 11.1 (0.12) -0.9 (0.22) -1.1 (0.17)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 15.6 (0.20) 15.9 (0.19) 14.8 (0.19) 14.3 (0.19) 12.3 (0.12) 11.8 (0.13) 11.7 (0.13) 11.5 (0.13) 11.3 (0.12) -2.0 (0.22) -0.9 (0.17)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 18.1 (0.21) 9.7 (0.15) 7.8 (0.14) 7.7 (0.14) 6.8 (0.09) 6.4 (0.10) 6.2 (0.10) 6.0 (0.09) 6.3 (0.10) -0.9 (0.17) -0.5 (0.13)
Families with male householder, no spouse
present ....................................................... 2.4 (0.09) 2.9 (0.09) 4.4 (0.11) 5.6 (0.12) 7.1 (0.09) 7.5 (0.10) 7.7 (0.11) 7.8 (0.11) 7.7 (0.11) 1.5 (0.15) 0.7 (0.14)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 1.7 (0.07) 1.9 (0.07) 2.6 (0.09) 3.1 (0.09) 4.3 (0.07) 4.6 (0.08) 4.7 (0.08) 4.9 (0.09) 4.7 (0.08) 1.1 (0.12) 0.5 (0.11)
With own children under 18 .......................... 0.7 (0.05) 1.0 (0.05) 1.7 (0.07) 2.5 (0.08) 2.8 (0.06) 2.9 (0.07) 3.0 (0.07) 2.9 (0.07) 3.0 (0.07) 0.3! (0.10) ‡ (†)
One own child under 18 ............................ 0.3 (0.03) 0.6 (0.04) 1.1 (0.06) 1.6 (0.07) 1.7 (0.05) 1.8 (0.05) 1.8 (0.05) 1.7 (0.05) 1.6 (0.05) 0.2! (0.08) ‡ (†)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 0.2 (0.02) 0.3 (0.03) 0.5 (0.04) 0.7 (0.04) 0.7 (0.03) 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 0.8 (0.04) 1.0 (0.04) ‡ (†) 0.2 (0.05)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 0.1 (0.02) 0.1 (0.02) 0.2 (0.02) 0.2 (0.03) 0.3 (0.02) 0.4 (0.02) 0.4 (0.02) 0.4 (0.02) 0.4 (0.02) 0.1! (0.03) ‡ (†)
Families with female householder, no spouse
present ....................................................... 10.7 (0.17) 14.6 (0.18) 16.5 (0.20) 17.6 (0.20) 18.8 (0.14) 19.0 (0.16) 19.0 (0.16) 18.8 (0.15) 18.6 (0.15) 1.2 (0.25) ‡ (†)
Without own children under 18 ..................... 5.1 (0.12) 5.5 (0.12) 6.5 (0.13) 7.1 (0.14) 8.1 (0.10) 8.6 (0.11) 8.6 (0.11) 8.8 (0.11) 8.7 (0.11) 1.0 (0.17) 0.6 (0.15)
With own children under 18 .......................... 5.6 (0.13) 9.1 (0.15) 10.0 (0.16) 10.5 (0.16) 10.7 (0.11) 10.5 (0.12) 10.4 (0.12) 10.0 (0.12) 9.8 (0.12) ‡ (†) -0.9 (0.16)
One own child under 18 ............................ 2.0 (0.08) 4.0 (0.10) 4.9 (0.12) 5.2 (0.12) 5.3 (0.08) 5.1 (0.09) 5.1 (0.09) 5.0 (0.09) 4.9 (0.08) ‡ (†) -0.5 (0.12)
Two own children under 18 ....................... 1.6 (0.07) 3.1 (0.09) 3.3 (0.10) 3.4 (0.10) 3.4 (0.07) 3.5 (0.07) 3.4 (0.07) 3.2 (0.07) 3.0 (0.07) ‡ (†) -0.4 (0.09)
Three or more own children under 18 ........ 2.0 (0.08) 2.1 (0.07) 1.8 (0.07) 1.9 (0.07) 1.9 (0.05) 1.9 (0.05) 1.9 (0.05) 1.8 (0.05) 1.9 (0.05) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, Series P20, Household and Family
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. Characteristics, 1994 and 1995; and Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, America’s
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. Families and Living Arrangements (F table series), 2000 and 2010–2018. 2018 data retrieved May 24, 2019, from https://
NOTE: A family household consists of two or more people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption and are residing www.census.gov/content/census/en/data/tables/2018/demo/families/cps-2018.html. (This table was prepared May 2019.)
together. Own children are never-married sons and daughters, including stepchildren and adopted children, of the householder
or married couple. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 21
Characteristics of Households With Children

Table 102.20. Number and percentage distribution of children under age 18 and under age 6, by living arrangements, race/ethnicity, and
selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of children, by living arrangements

Number Percentage Children living with parent(s) or related to householder1
of children distribution Married-couple Female householder, Male householder,
Age and race/ethnicity (in thousands) of children Total household no spouse present no spouse present All other children2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
All children under age 18
Total ................................. 73,564 (28.8) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 63.7 (0.11) 26.3 (0.10) 7.9 (0.06) 2.1 (0.03)
White ........................................ 37,159 (8.7) 50.5 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 73.7 (0.14) 17.0 (0.11) 7.3 (0.07) 2.0 (0.04)
Black ........................................ 9,870 (30.3) 13.4 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 33.8 (0.38) 55.0 (0.37) 8.7 (0.18) 2.6 (0.08)
Hispanic ................................... 18,528 (9.3) 25.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 57.3 (0.23) 31.3 (0.22) 9.5 (0.13) 1.9 (0.06)
Cuban ................................... 475 (11.1) 0.6 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 60.0 (1.21) 29.7 (1.12) 9.2 (0.66) 1.1 (0.20)
Dominican ............................. 596 (13.4) 0.8 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 44.4 (1.29) 46.9 (1.24) 7.3 (0.63) 1.4 (0.26)
Mexican ................................ 12,418 (31.9) 16.9 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 58.9 (0.31) 29.7 (0.28) 9.6 (0.16) 1.8 (0.07)
Puerto Rican ......................... 1,691 (23.2) 2.3 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 45.0 (0.70) 44.4 (0.77) 8.6 (0.44) 2.0 (0.16)
Spaniard ............................... 197 (9.1) 0.3 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 66.4 (1.77) 22.9 (1.66) 9.1 (1.18) 1.6 (0.43)
Central American3 ................. 1,668 (22.1) 2.3 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 55.3 (0.81) 30.9 (0.74) 11.2 (0.46) 2.6 (0.23)
Costa Rican ....................... 39 (3.7) 0.1 (#) 100.0 (†) 73.4 (3.28) 21.2 (2.95) 4.4! (1.40) 1.0! (0.48)
Guatemalan ....................... 462 (14.1) 0.6 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 57.9 (1.55) 26.1 (1.27) 13.0 (0.99) 2.9 (0.39)
Honduran .......................... 301 (11.8) 0.4 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 50.1 (1.81) 36.3 (1.62) 10.1 (1.08) 3.5 (0.61)
Nicaraguan ........................ 104 (6.4) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 52.8 (2.94) 35.0 (2.66) 11.0 (2.01) 1.1! (0.55)
Panamanian ...................... 49 (4.3) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 54.7 (4.83) 32.9 (4.07) 9.2 (2.36) ‡ (†)
Salvadoran ........................ 700 (16.4) 1.0 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 55.0 (1.24) 31.5 (1.16) 11.2 (0.70) 2.3 (0.31)
South American ..................... 862 (17.1) 1.2 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 68.9 (0.93) 21.4 (0.79) 8.1 (0.52) 1.6 (0.23)
Chilean .............................. 36 (3.2) # (†) 100.0 (†) 71.8 (4.16) 17.2 (3.54) 8.9 (2.43) 2.1! (0.97)
Colombian ......................... 272 (10.1) 0.4 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 67.0 (1.78) 23.8 (1.64) 7.2 (0.74) 2.1 (0.50)
Ecuadorian ........................ 198 (7.8) 0.3 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 61.4 (1.92) 25.7 (1.83) 10.7 (1.38) 2.2 (0.60)
Peruvian ............................ 155 (6.4) 0.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 70.1 (2.24) 19.2 (1.87) 10.1 (1.49) 0.6! (0.24)
Venezuelan ........................ 95 (5.5) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 75.7 (2.50) 18.1 (2.26) 4.9 (1.25) 1.3! (0.47)
Other South American ........ 107 (4.5) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 78.8 (1.75) 14.9 (1.69) 5.5 (1.22) 0.8! (0.30)
Other Hispanic ...................... 620 (13.5) 0.8 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 54.8 (1.06) 29.7 (1.02) 10.9 (0.83) 4.6 (0.36)
Asian ........................................ 3,505 (16.7) 4.8 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 84.3 (0.32) 10.4 (0.25) 3.8 (0.15) 1.5 (0.09)
Chinese4 ............................... 737 (12.5) 1.0 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 80.8 (0.84) 12.2 (0.60) 4.3 (0.35) 2.7 (0.26)
Filipino .................................. 439 (10.8) 0.6 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 78.6 (0.88) 14.9 (0.73) 4.9 (0.49) 1.6 (0.23)
Japanese .............................. 68 (4.5) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 86.7 (1.62) 7.5 (1.30) 2.9 (0.85) 2.8 (0.80)
Korean .................................. 221 (7.6) 0.3 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 87.6 (1.03) 8.5 (0.83) 2.6 (0.53) 1.3 (0.28)
South Asian5 .......................... 1,179 (13.6) 1.6 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 93.3 (0.35) 4.4 (0.25) 1.8 (0.20) 0.6 (0.09)
Asian Indian ....................... 941 (12.1) 1.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 94.4 (0.32) 3.7 (0.25) 1.4 (0.21) 0.5 (0.08)
Bangladeshi ....................... 47 (3.2) 0.1 (#) 100.0 (†) 87.0 (2.68) 7.5 (2.01) 3.9! (1.34) ‡ (†)
Bhutanese ......................... 7 (1.6) # (†) 100.0 (†) 84.5 (6.27) 10.4! (5.13) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Nepalese ........................... 46 (3.6) 0.1 (#) 100.0 (†) 84.3 (2.86) 10.3 (2.44) 4.4 (1.30) ‡ (†)
Pakistani ........................... 132 (7.1) 0.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 91.3 (1.23) 5.7 (0.97) 2.3 (0.61) 0.7! (0.34)
Southeast Asian .................... 652 (11.1) 0.9 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 75.3 (1.06) 16.6 (0.83) 6.4 (0.53) 1.7 (0.19)
Burmese ............................ 62 (4.6) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 88.0 (2.77) 8.7 (2.54) 1.3! (0.59) 2.0! (0.95)
Cambodian ........................ 53 (3.9) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 61.3 (4.08) 28.3 (3.62) 8.2 (1.98) 2.2! (1.05)
Hmong .............................. 106 (6.1) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 71.1 (2.88) 18.3 (2.19) 9.8 (1.93) ‡ (†)
Laotian .............................. 38 (3.2) 0.1 (#) 100.0 (†) 64.1 (4.44) 30.7 (4.51) 5.0 (1.44) ‡ (†)
Thai ................................... 26 (2.4) # (†) 100.0 (†) 65.0 (4.18) 16.2 (2.69) 12.5 (3.10) 6.3 (1.61)
Vietnamese ....................... 354 (8.7) 0.5 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 77.7 (1.30) 14.8 (1.09) 5.8 (0.60) 1.7 (0.20)
Other Southeast Asian6 ...... 14 (1.9) # (†) 100.0 (†) 90.8 (2.86) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Asian ........................... 209 (7.0) 0.3 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 82.2 (1.45) 12.4 (1.19) 4.4 (0.81) 1.1 (0.29)
Pacific Islander ......................... 125 (5.5) 0.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 62.0 (2.74) 24.7 (2.60) 10.6 (1.73) 2.7 (0.58)
American Indian/Alaska Native ... 551 (7.0) 0.7 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 41.2 (1.10) 40.3 (1.10) 15.0 (0.67) 3.5 (0.31)
Some other race7 ...................... 277 (8.8) 0.4 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 62.3 (1.76) 24.3 (1.47) 11.2 (1.28) 2.3 (0.45)
Two or more races .................... 3,549 (28.0) 4.8 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 58.6 (0.42) 32.1 (0.43) 7.3 (0.22) 1.9 (0.11)
White and Black .................... 1,505 (23.7) 2.0 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 43.0 (0.73) 46.8 (0.73) 7.5 (0.38) 2.7 (0.21)
White and Asian .................... 992 (13.2) 1.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 82.8 (0.55) 11.0 (0.47) 5.3 (0.38) 0.9 (0.13)
White and American Indian/
Alaska Native ................... 382 (9.4) 0.5 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 61.7 (1.28) 26.9 (1.14) 9.7 (0.78) 1.7 (0.32)
Other Two or more races ....... 669 (15.4) 0.9 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 56.1 (1.04) 33.4 (1.07) 8.5 (0.60) 2.0 (0.21)
Children under age 6
Total ................................. 23,559 (34.4) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 64.0 (0.16) 26.0 (0.16) 8.3 (0.11) 1.7 (0.04)
White .................................... 11,696 (19.2) 49.6 (0.08) 100.0 (†) 75.8 (0.18) 15.6 (0.15) 7.0 (0.12) 1.7 (0.05)
Black .................................... 3,095 (19.5) 13.1 (0.08) 100.0 (†) 32.5 (0.55) 56.5 (0.53) 9.1 (0.26) 1.9 (0.14)
Hispanic ................................ 6,056 (17.7) 25.7 (0.06) 100.0 (†) 54.9 (0.38) 32.2 (0.41) 11.2 (0.22) 1.7 (0.11)
Cuban ................................ 161 (5.7) 0.7 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 56.0 (2.12) 30.2 (1.87) 13.1 (1.45) 0.7! (0.34)
Dominican ......................... 213 (6.9) 0.9 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 43.1 (2.05) 47.7 (2.04) 7.7 (0.94) 1.5 (0.44)
Mexican ............................ 4,012 (17.1) 17.0 (0.07) 100.0 (†) 56.1 (0.49) 30.9 (0.50) 11.5 (0.28) 1.5 (0.12)
Puerto Rican ...................... 556 (11.5) 2.4 (0.05) 100.0 (†) 43.0 (0.99) 45.9 (0.94) 9.2 (0.74) 1.9 (0.25)
Spaniard ............................ 61 (4.4) 0.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 70.3 (2.75) 21.2 (2.42) 8.4 (1.72) ‡ (†)
Central American3 .............. 573 (11.7) 2.4 (0.05) 100.0 (†) 53.3 (1.04) 30.0 (1.03) 13.8 (0.70) 2.8 (0.43)
Costa Rican .................... 11 (1.7) # (†) 100.0 (†) 85.5 (3.54) 9.5! (3.21) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Guatemalan ................... 163 (6.8) 0.7 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 54.7 (2.16) 25.7 (1.50) 16.3 (1.67) 3.4 (0.69)
Honduran ....................... 107 (6.0) 0.5 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 48.7 (2.57) 34.7 (2.38) 13.7 (1.95) 2.9 (0.77)
Nicaraguan .................... 37 (3.2) 0.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 54.2 (4.64) 34.9 (4.16) 9.8 (2.29) ‡ (†)
Panamanian ................... 13 (1.6) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 48.7 (6.25) 37.4 (6.79) 8.3! (3.03) 5.6! (2.79)
Salvadoran ..................... 236 (8.3) 1.0 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 53.0 (1.75) 30.5 (1.63) 13.9 (1.20) 2.6 (0.68)
South American ................. 288 (9.4) 1.2 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 71.1 (1.40) 19.8 (1.32) 8.2 (0.73) 1.0 (0.25)
Chilean .......................... 15 (2.0) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 83.7 (4.87) 10.0! (3.84) 5.8! (2.70) ‡ (†)
Colombian ...................... 86 (4.5) 0.4 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 68.6 (2.65) 24.1 (2.38) 6.3 (1.18) ‡ (†)
Ecuadorian ..................... 67 (4.3) 0.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 61.1 (2.97) 24.6 (2.93) 13.2 (2.31) ‡ (†)
Peruvian ......................... 52 (3.6) 0.2 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 69.4 (3.51) 21.1 (2.90) 8.5 (2.08) ‡ (†)
Venezuelan .................... 34 (3.1) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 82.0 (3.32) 10.7 (2.55) 6.0! (2.22) ‡ (†)
Other South American .... 33 (2.9) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 83.7 (2.96) 10.1 (2.54) 5.5! (1.77) ‡ (†)
Other Hispanic ................... 193 (6.9) 0.8 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 53.0 (1.75) 30.4 (1.71) 12.2 (1.26) 4.4 (0.57)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

22 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Characteristics of Households With Children

Table 102.20. Number and percentage distribution of children under age 18 and under age 6, by living arrangements, race/ethnicity, and
selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of children, by living arrangements

Number Percentage Children living with parent(s) or related to householder1
of children distribution Married-couple Female householder, Male householder,
Age and race/ethnicity (in thousands) of children Total household no spouse present no spouse present All other children2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Asian ..................................... 1,118 (9.3) 4.7 (0.04) 100.0 (†) 86.7 (0.47) 8.9 (0.45) 3.6 (0.24) 0.8 (0.10)
Chinese4 ............................ 219 (6.0) 0.9 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 84.9 (1.09) 10.4 (0.88) 3.9 (0.58) 0.7 (0.20)
Filipino .............................. 106 (4.2) 0.4 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 76.3 (1.57) 16.9 (1.53) 4.2 (0.67) 2.5 (0.61)
Japanese ........................... 25 (2.4) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 90.4 (3.05) 5.5! (2.68) ‡ (†) 2.2! (0.99)
Korean ............................... 62 (3.6) 0.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 93.1 (1.47) 3.4 (1.00) 3.0! (0.89) ‡ (†)
South Asian5 ...................... 439 (7.8) 1.9 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 94.7 (0.47) 3.6 (0.38) 1.5 (0.21) 0.2! (0.07)
Asian Indian ................... 353 (7.0) 1.5 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 95.8 (0.40) 2.9 (0.37) 1.1 (0.19) 0.1! (0.06)
Bangladeshi ................... 16 (1.9) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 89.3 (3.06) 5.8! (2.52) 3.0! (1.43) ‡ (†)
Bhutanese ...................... ‡ (†) # (†) 100.0 (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Nepalese ........................ 19 (2.3) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 87.0 (3.77) 9.0! (3.07) 4.1! (1.65) ‡ (†)
Pakistani ........................ 45 (4.0) 0.2 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 92.4 (1.62) 5.5 (1.39) 2.0! (0.90) ‡ (†)
Southeast Asian ................. 188 (6.2) 0.8 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 74.2 (1.78) 16.7 (1.44) 7.9 (1.02) 1.3 (0.30)
Burmese ........................ 25 (2.5) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 88.0 (3.87) 9.2! (3.80) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Cambodian .................... 18 (2.1) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 62.8 (6.22) 22.9 (4.56) 13.4! (4.69) ‡ (†)
Hmong ........................... 35 (2.7) 0.1 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 67.2 (4.47) 21.2 (3.41) 11.4 (2.70) ‡ (†)
Laotian ........................... 9 (1.2) # (†) 100.0 (†) 53.1 (6.99) 43.4 (6.82) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Thai ............................... 6 (1.1) # (†) 100.0 (†) 65.1 (7.12) 21.1! (6.78) ‡ (†) 7.6! (3.66)
Vietnamese .................... 91 (4.3) 0.4 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 77.7 (2.27) 13.0 (1.81) 7.7 (1.38) 1.7! (0.53)
Other Southeast Asian6 ... 3 (0.7) # (†) 100.0 (†) 89.0 (6.66) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Asian ........................ 78 (4.0) 0.3 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 83.9 (1.83) 10.8 (1.55) 4.8 (1.18) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander ...................... 38 (2.6) 0.2 (0.01) 100.0 (†) 55.6 (3.63) 29.9 (3.92) 12.2 (2.21) 2.3! (0.95)
American Indian/Alaska
Native .............................. 178 (4.0) 0.8 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 36.5 (1.28) 44.8 (1.45) 15.5 (0.98) 3.1 (0.46)
Some other race7 .................. 95 (4.9) 0.4 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 61.1 (2.50) 25.4 (2.18) 10.7 (1.70) 2.8 (0.79)
Two or more races ................ 1,282 (17.0) 5.4 (0.07) 100.0 (†) 60.2 (0.58) 30.7 (0.61) 7.7 (0.32) 1.4 (0.15)
White and Black ................ 563 (11.4) 2.4 (0.05) 100.0 (†) 43.4 (0.97) 46.1 (1.03) 8.4 (0.60) 2.1 (0.31)
White and Asian ................. 381 (7.1) 1.6 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 85.7 (0.78) 8.8 (0.71) 5.0 (0.49) 0.4 (0.12)
White and American Indian/
Alaska Native .............. 113 (4.4) 0.5 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 61.4 (1.97) 25.6 (1.51) 10.9 (1.31) 2.0 (0.59)
Other Two or more races .. .. 225 (7.5) 1.0 (0.03) 100.0 (†) 58.5 (1.63) 31.7 (1.64) 8.8 (0.83) 1.1 (0.23)

†Not applicable. 2
Includes foster children, children in unrelated subfamilies, children living in group quarters,
#Rounds to zero. and children who were reported as the householder or spouse of the householder.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 3
Includes other Central American subgroups not shown separately.
30 and 50 percent. 4
Includes Taiwanese.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the 5
In addition to the subgroups shown, also includes Sri Lankan.
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. 6
Consists of Indonesian and Malaysian.
1
Includes all children who live either with their parent(s) or with a householder to whom 7
Respondents who wrote in some other race that was not included as an option on the
they are related by birth, marriage, or adoption (except a child who is the spouse of the questionnaire.
householder). Children are classified by their parents’ marital status or, if no parents are NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population residing within the United
present in the household, by the marital status of the householder who is related to the States, including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college
children. Living arrangements with only a “female householder” or “male householder” are housing, or military housing located within the United States) and institutionalized persons
those in which the parent or the householder who is related to the child does not have a (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare facilities). Race categories
spouse living in the household. The householder is the person (or one of the people) who exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
owns or rents (maintains) the housing unit. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey
(ACS), 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 23
Characteristics of Households With Children

Table 102.40 Poverty rates for all persons and poverty status of related children under age 18, by region and state: Selected years, 1990
through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of persons in poverty1 Poverty status of related children2 under age 18

20155 20175
1990, 3
2000, 4
2010, 5
Number in Number in
percent in percent in percent in poverty Percent in poverty Percent in
Region and state 1990 3
2000 4
2010 5
2015 5
2017 5
poverty poverty poverty (in thousands) poverty (in thousands) poverty
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States .... 13.1 12.4 14.9 (0.06) 14.3 (0.06) 13.0 (0.05) 17.9 (0.02) 16.1 (0.01) 21.1 (0.13) 14,652 (109.9) 20.3 (0.15) 12,938 (91.6) 18.0 (0.12)
Region
Northeast ............... 10.6 11.4 12.5 (0.09) 12.5 (0.09) 11.6 (0.09) 14.3 (0.54) 14.3 (0.39) 17.4 (0.20) 2,057 (25.4) 17.7 (0.22) 1,847 (23.6) 16.1 (0.20)
South ...................... 15.7 13.9 14.1 (0.10) 13.5 (0.12) 12.3 (0.10) 20.5 (0.90) 17.6 (0.64) 20.0 (0.24) 2,878 (41.4) 18.8 (0.27) 2,482 (35.9) 16.4 (0.23)
Midwest ................. 12.0 10.2 16.5 (0.08) 15.6 (0.09) 14.3 (0.08) 14.9 (0.58) 12.0 (0.37) 23.8 (0.18) 6,291 (58.7) 22.7 (0.21) 5,691 (52.3) 20.4 (0.18)
West ....................... 12.6 13.0 15.0 (0.09) 14.4 (0.09) 12.6 (0.09) 16.2 (0.79) 16.2 (0.54) 20.6 (0.19) 3,425 (32.6) 19.6 (0.18) 2,919 (34.1) 16.7 (0.19)
Alabama ..................... 18.3 16.1 18.6 (0.39) 18.4 (0.37) 16.3 (0.35) 24.0 (0.14) 21.2 (0.10) 27.6 (0.86) 285 (8.7) 26.2 (0.79) 257 (9.0) 23.9 (0.83)
Alaska ........................ 9.0 9.4 10.6 (0.75) 9.9 (0.95) 11.3 (0.93) 10.9 (0.24) 11.2 (0.16) 13.5 (1.32) 27 (3.7) 14.7 (2.03) 24 (3.8) 13.5 (2.11)
Arizona ....................... 15.7 13.9 17.1 (0.35) 16.9 (0.31) 14.4 (0.27) 21.7 (0.13) 18.8 (0.10) 24.0 (0.74) 381 (10.8) 24.0 (0.67) 323 (9.8) 20.2 (0.60)
Arkansas .................... 19.1 15.8 18.2 (0.41) 18.8 (0.44) 15.7 (0.43) 25.0 (0.17) 21.4 (0.11) 26.6 (1.00) 185 (6.7) 26.9 (0.97) 151 (7.1) 21.8 (1.02)
California .................... 12.5 14.2 15.4 (0.13) 15.0 (0.12) 12.9 (0.14) 17.8 (0.05) 19.0 (0.04) 21.5 (0.28) 1,866 (25.4) 20.9 (0.28) 1,566 (26.7) 17.7 (0.30)
Colorado ..................... 11.7 9.3 12.8 (0.33) 11.3 (0.26) 10.1 (0.25) 15.0 (0.11) 10.8 (0.07) 16.6 (0.71) 177 (7.2) 14.3 (0.58) 146 (6.4) 11.9 (0.52)
Connecticut ................ 6.8 7.9 9.6 (0.30) 9.9 (0.33) 9.1 (0.31) 10.4 (0.13) 10.0 (0.09) 12.3 (0.63) 100 (5.6) 13.4 (0.76) 88 (5.1) 12.0 (0.69)
Delaware .................... 8.7 9.2 11.7 (0.73) 13.1 (0.87) 12.5 (0.74) 11.7 (0.23) 11.9 (0.20) 18.2 (1.59) 42 (4.4) 21.0 (2.19) 34 (3.3) 17.3 (1.64)
District of Columbia .... 16.9 20.2 18.3 (0.87) 15.5 (0.76) 15.5 (0.70) 25.0 (0.49) 31.1 (0.37) 29.3 (2.58) 29 (2.6) 25.4 (2.21) 32 (2.6) 25.8 (2.10)
Florida ........................ 12.7 12.5 16.2 (0.16) 15.3 (0.16) 13.7 (0.18) 18.3 (0.09) 17.2 (0.06) 23.2 (0.40) 917 (17.5) 22.9 (0.43) 820 (17.3) 19.9 (0.42)
Georgia ...................... 14.7 13.0 17.4 (0.27) 16.6 (0.22) 14.7 (0.30) 19.8 (0.12) 16.7 (0.07) 24.4 (0.46) 590 (12.3) 24.0 (0.50) 515 (16.5) 20.9 (0.67)
Hawaii ........................ 8.3 10.7 10.1 (0.50) 10.4 (0.52) 10.2 (0.51) 11.1 (0.21) 13.5 (0.16) 12.5 (1.29) 41 (3.8) 13.4 (1.24) 37 (3.9) 12.6 (1.33)
Idaho .......................... 13.3 11.8 15.0 (0.50) 13.8 (0.63) 12.9 (0.57) 15.8 (0.21) 13.8 (0.13) 17.5 (0.96) 66 (4.9) 15.6 (1.16) 66 (5.3) 15.2 (1.22)
Illinois ......................... 11.9 10.7 13.6 (0.19) 13.4 (0.21) 12.4 (0.20) 16.8 (0.07) 14.0 (0.04) 19.4 (0.41) 560 (14.7) 19.3 (0.50) 482 (13.8) 16.9 (0.48)
Indiana ....................... 10.7 9.5 14.9 (0.28) 14.6 (0.29) 13.1 (0.30) 13.9 (0.09) 11.7 (0.08) 21.7 (0.63) 332 (10.8) 21.6 (0.70) 269 (10.3) 17.6 (0.67)
Iowa ........................... 11.5 9.1 12.3 (0.41) 12.5 (0.47) 9.8 (0.34) 14.0 (0.13) 10.5 (0.08) 16.7 (0.94) 111 (7.5) 15.7 (1.07) 78 (5.5) 10.9 (0.76)
Kansas ....................... 11.5 9.9 12.7 (0.42) 12.6 (0.40) 11.6 (0.36) 13.9 (0.13) 11.5 (0.09) 17.4 (0.94) 123 (6.2) 17.5 (0.85) 99 (5.8) 14.3 (0.83)
Kentucky .................... 19.0 15.8 18.1 (0.32) 17.6 (0.32) 16.8 (0.36) 24.5 (0.14) 20.4 (0.09) 25.4 (0.76) 245 (7.7) 25.0 (0.77) 220 (7.7) 22.3 (0.77)
Louisiana ................... 23.6 19.6 17.9 (0.31) 18.8 (0.43) 19.4 (0.44) 31.2 (0.16) 26.3 (0.10) 26.9 (0.68) 303 (10.3) 27.6 (0.94) 304 (10.1) 27.9 (0.91)
Maine ......................... 10.8 10.9 13.3 (0.58) 12.5 (0.56) 11.1 (0.54) 13.2 (0.18) 13.0 (0.14) 18.3 (1.28) 35 (2.8) 14.3 (1.12) 32 (3.3) 13.0 (1.34)
Maryland .................... 8.3 8.5 9.8 (0.25) 9.8 (0.28) 9.2 (0.26) 10.9 (0.10) 10.3 (0.08) 12.8 (0.51) 173 (8.5) 13.2 (0.64) 156 (8.1) 11.8 (0.62)
Massachusetts ........... 8.9 9.3 11.0 (0.25) 10.9 (0.22) 10.1 (0.24) 12.9 (0.10) 11.6 (0.07) 13.7 (0.55) 194 (7.1) 14.2 (0.52) 180 (7.6) 13.4 (0.57)
Michigan .................... 13.1 10.5 16.2 (0.24) 15.5 (0.28) 13.9 (0.23) 18.2 (0.08) 13.4 (0.05) 22.5 (0.52) 472 (13.3) 22.0 (0.62) 408 (10.7) 19.4 (0.50)
Minnesota .................. 10.2 7.9 11.1 (0.32) 9.7 (0.26) 9.5 (0.25) 12.4 (0.09) 9.2 (0.06) 14.6 (0.72) 153 (7.9) 12.2 (0.62) 146 (6.9) 11.6 (0.54)
Mississippi ................. 25.2 19.9 21.5 (0.51) 21.1 (0.51) 19.1 (0.37) 33.5 (0.18) 26.7 (0.11) 31.7 (1.05) 224 (7.7) 31.2 (1.07) 185 (6.0) 26.4 (0.84)
Missouri ..................... 13.3 11.7 15.1 (0.28) 14.2 (0.28) 12.9 (0.25) 17.4 (0.10) 15.3 (0.07) 20.6 (0.59) 266 (10.5) 19.6 (0.77) 237 (8.1) 17.6 (0.60)
Montana ..................... 16.1 14.6 14.1 (0.70) 14.2 (0.70) 12.3 (0.62) 19.9 (0.27) 18.4 (0.18) 19.8 (1.43) 41 (3.9) 18.5 (1.74) 31 (2.6) 14.2 (1.20)
Nebraska ................... 11.1 9.7 12.7 (0.56) 12.2 (0.43) 10.3 (0.48) 13.5 (0.16) 11.8 (0.11) 18.2 (1.32) 71 (4.2) 15.4 (0.91) 64 (5.0) 13.9 (1.10)
Nevada ....................... 10.2 10.5 14.9 (0.49) 14.7 (0.46) 12.9 (0.44) 12.8 (0.22) 13.5 (0.14) 21.7 (0.97) 136 (7.3) 20.8 (1.11) 123 (6.7) 18.4 (1.00)
New Hampshire ......... 6.4 6.5 8.0 (0.44) 7.7 (0.49) 7.2 (0.43) 7.0 (0.14) 7.3 (0.11) 9.8 (1.09) 26 (3.0) 9.9 (1.16) 25 (3.2) 9.8 (1.27)
New Jersey ................ 7.6 8.5 10.0 (0.22) 10.4 (0.22) 9.5 (0.20) 11.0 (0.08) 10.8 (0.06) 14.0 (0.45) 293 (10.9) 14.9 (0.55) 258 (9.6) 13.3 (0.49)
New Mexico ............... 20.6 18.4 19.9 (0.65) 20.4 (0.66) 19.1 (0.50) 27.5 (0.21) 24.6 (0.15) 29.5 (1.22) 150 (7.0) 30.5 (1.38) 123 (5.8) 25.7 (1.19)
New York .................... 13.0 14.6 14.6 (0.19) 14.8 (0.17) 13.6 (0.16) 18.8 (0.07) 19.6 (0.05) 21.1 (0.36) 879 (17.8) 21.4 (0.43) 776 (14.0) 19.2 (0.35)
North Carolina ............ 13.0 12.3 16.8 (0.24) 16.2 (0.23) 14.4 (0.24) 16.9 (0.09) 15.7 (0.06) 24.1 (0.52) 532 (11.7) 23.7 (0.51) 476 (12.5) 21.1 (0.55)
North Dakota .............. 14.4 11.9 11.8 (0.77) 11.3 (0.57) 9.4 (0.56) 16.9 (0.26) 13.5 (0.15) 14.2 (1.92) 19 (2.2) 11.0 (1.28) 14 (1.8) 8.3 (1.02)
Ohio ........................... 12.5 10.6 15.4 (0.21) 14.5 (0.21) 13.5 (0.20) 17.6 (0.07) 14.0 (0.05) 22.9 (0.48) 552 (13.3) 21.5 (0.51) 495 (13.0) 19.5 (0.51)
Oklahoma .................. 16.7 14.7 16.5 (0.39) 15.7 (0.38) 14.9 (0.44) 21.4 (0.14) 19.1 (0.09) 24.9 (0.98) 207 (8.3) 22.1 (0.88) 192 (8.8) 20.4 (0.94)
Oregon ....................... 12.4 11.6 15.6 (0.34) 14.8 (0.40) 13.0 (0.33) 15.2 (0.13) 14.0 (0.09) 21.0 (0.77) 165 (7.9) 19.7 (0.95) 134 (7.1) 15.7 (0.82)
Pennsylvania .............. 11.1 11.0 12.8 (0.18) 12.5 (0.21) 12.1 (0.21) 15.4 (0.07) 14.3 (0.05) 18.2 (0.44) 480 (13.2) 18.3 (0.49) 438 (13.0) 16.8 (0.49)
Rhode Island .............. 9.6 11.9 14.0 (0.59) 13.1 (0.61) 11.2 (0.60) 13.5 (0.26) 16.5 (0.22) 19.7 (1.49) 38 (3.3) 18.5 (1.56) 34 (3.0) 16.7 (1.48)
South Carolina ........... 15.4 14.1 17.6 (0.33) 16.0 (0.32) 15.0 (0.30) 20.8 (0.16) 18.5 (0.10) 25.5 (0.73) 245 (7.6) 23.1 (0.70) 236 (7.8) 21.9 (0.72)
South Dakota ............. 15.9 13.2 14.4 (0.89) 12.5 (0.69) 11.7 (0.64) 20.1 (0.28) 16.7 (0.19) 18.7 (1.97) 29 (3.2) 14.0 (1.51) 30 (2.6) 14.6 (1.24)
Tennessee .................. 15.7 13.5 17.2 (0.30) 16.4 (0.31) 14.7 (0.29) 20.7 (0.12) 17.6 (0.09) 25.3 (0.67) 351 (10.9) 24.0 (0.74) 309 (8.7) 20.9 (0.59)
Texas .......................... 18.1 15.4 17.3 (0.16) 15.4 (0.17) 14.3 (0.14) 24.0 (0.08) 20.2 (0.05) 25.2 (0.31) 1,591 (25.1) 22.4 (0.35) 1,475 (25.1) 20.3 (0.34)
Utah ........................... 11.4 9.4 13.1 (0.46) 11.2 (0.43) 9.4 (0.40) 12.2 (0.14) 9.7 (0.08) 15.8 (0.87) 115 (6.9) 12.8 (0.77) 95 (6.4) 10.4 (0.71)
Vermont ..................... 9.9 9.4 11.4 (0.76) 9.2 (0.84) 10.7 (0.83) 11.5 (0.23) 10.7 (0.15) 14.8 (2.12) 14 (2.5) 11.7 (2.16) 15 (2.2) 13.6 (2.00)
Virginia ....................... 10.2 9.6 11.0 (0.18) 11.0 (0.22) 10.1 (0.22) 13.0 (0.10) 11.9 (0.07) 15.0 (0.42) 279 (8.7) 15.2 (0.47) 244 (9.0) 13.3 (0.49)
Washington ................ 10.9 10.6 13.2 (0.27) 12.4 (0.25) 11.0 (0.23) 14.0 (0.09) 13.2 (0.08) 17.8 (0.58) 248 (9.8) 15.8 (0.62) 232 (9.3) 14.4 (0.58)
West Virginia .............. 19.7 17.9 17.9 (0.54) 17.3 (0.55) 18.5 (0.53) 25.9 (0.21) 23.9 (0.15) 25.9 (1.37) 93 (5.4) 25.3 (1.44) 86 (4.2) 24.0 (1.13)
Wisconsin .................. 10.7 8.7 12.7 (0.31) 11.3 (0.34) 10.6 (0.30) 14.6 (0.09) 10.8 (0.07) 18.1 (0.76) 191 (10.0) 15.2 (0.79) 160 (8.8) 12.8 (0.69)
Wyoming .................... 11.9 11.4 10.4 (0.80) 9.9 (0.80) 11.5 (0.85) 14.1 (0.30) 13.8 (0.22) 13.4 (1.69) 15 (2.5) 10.9 (1.81) 18 (2.5) 13.5 (1.84)

1
Data exclude institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons or nursing homes) as NOTE: Poverty status is determined by the Census Bureau using a set of money income
well as persons living in most types of noninstitutional group quarters (e.g., college housing thresholds that vary by family size and composition. For additional information about
or military barracks). Data include noninstitutionalized persons living in households as well poverty status, see https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/
as those living in group homes and shelters. poverty-measures.html. Poverty estimates in this table may differ from table 102.50’s
2
Related children in a family include all children in the household who are related to the official national poverty estimates, which are based on a different data source (the Current
householder by birth, marriage, or adoption (except a child who is the spouse of the Population Survey). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
householder). The householder is the person (or one of the people) who owns or rents SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 1990 Summary Tape File 3
(maintains) the housing unit. This table excludes unrelated children and householders who (STF 3), “Median Household Income in 1989” and “Poverty Status in 1989 by Family
are themselves under the age of 18. Type and Age”; Decennial Census, 1990, Minority Economic Profiles, unpublished data;
3
Based on 1989 incomes and family sizes collected in the 1990 census. Decennial Census, 2000, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics; Census
4
Based on 1999 incomes and family sizes collected in the 2000 census. 2000 Summary File 4 (SF 4), “Poverty Status in 1999 of Related Children Under 18 Years
5
Based on income and family size data from the American Community Survey (ACS). ACS by Family Type and Age”; and American Community Survey (ACS), 2010, 2015, and 2017.
respondents were interviewed throughout the given year and reported the income they (This table was prepared October 2018.)
received during the previous 12 months. Data are based on sample surveys of the entire
population residing within the United States.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

24 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Characteristics of Households With Children

Table 102.62. Percentage of children under age 18 living in poverty, by parents’ highest level of educational attainment, child’s race/
ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2010 and 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent in Percent of children in poverty, by highest level of education attained by any parent residing with child1
poverty, all Bachelor’s or higher degree
children under
age 18 who
resided with at Less than high
least one school High school Some college, Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
Year and race/ethnicity parent1 completion completion2 no degree degree Total degree degree degree3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2010
Total ................................. 20.8 (0.13) 53.4 (0.33) 32.3 (0.25) 23.0 (0.22) 12.7 (0.27) 4.3 (0.08) 5.6 (0.12) 2.8 (0.10) 2.1 (0.13)
White ........................................ 12.5 (0.12) 48.8 (0.75) 24.6 (0.31) 17.1 (0.25) 8.8 (0.23) 3.2 (0.08) 4.1 (0.13) 2.1 (0.10) 1.5 (0.14)
Black ........................................ 37.6 (0.39) 72.8 (0.76) 49.0 (0.65) 36.9 (0.72) 23.9 (0.99) 8.0 (0.37) 10.0 (0.51) 4.6 (0.57) 4.7 (1.12)
Hispanic ................................... 31.8 (0.23) 50.6 (0.42) 34.1 (0.44) 24.8 (0.50) 16.4 (0.68) 7.9 (0.33) 9.5 (0.45) 4.9 (0.55) 4.9 (0.73)
Cuban ................................... 18.6 (1.12) 52.3 (5.24) 27.0 (2.56) 21.9 (2.80) 11.4 (2.21) 6.7 (1.07) 9.5 (1.77) 2.2! (0.99) 3.4! (1.52)
Dominican ............................. 33.9 (1.22) 50.9 (3.29) 46.5 (2.73) 32.2 (2.61) 11.1 (2.60) 11.1 (1.91) 14.2 (2.60) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Mexican ................................ 33.8 (0.28) 50.7 (0.49) 34.4 (0.53) 24.9 (0.62) 15.8 (0.90) 8.1 (0.44) 9.1 (0.58) 5.7 (0.91) 5.9 (1.19)
Puerto Rican ......................... 33.3 (0.78) 68.6 (2.06) 38.7 (1.44) 29.0 (1.42) 23.7 (2.50) 7.9 (0.83) 9.9 (1.20) 5.1! (1.58) ‡ (†)
Spaniard ............................... 16.9 (1.58) 44.1 (8.89) 30.9 (4.83) 21.6 (3.34) 17.0! (5.73) 3.4! (1.05) 3.9! (1.28) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Central American4 ................. 26.8 (0.79) 40.0 (1.44) 26.8 (1.63) 19.7 (1.62) 10.0 (1.87) 9.5 (1.33) 11.8 (1.86) 4.4! (1.85) 8.1! (3.51)
Costa Rican ....................... 18.9 (3.67) ‡ (†) 28.7! (9.73) 29.7 (8.13) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Guatemalan ....................... 31.2 (1.67) 50.2 (2.44) 27.4 (3.45) 22.4 (3.74) 11.0! (3.37) 8.3 (1.99) 11.5 (3.40) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Honduran .......................... 33.5 (2.15) 41.0 (3.44) 37.0 (4.44) 25.8 (4.58) 12.4! (5.46) 19.4 (4.59) 24.5 (6.06) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Nicaraguan ........................ 21.6 (2.96) 51.2 (7.70) 29.2 (5.70) 20.1 (5.13) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Panamanian ...................... 15.5 (3.54) ‡ (†) 41.9! (17.94) 15.7! (5.31) ‡ (†) 8.9! (3.92) 18.3! (7.25) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Salvadoran ........................ 23.8 (1.09) 33.6 (2.28) 20.7 (2.13) 15.4 (2.26) 9.9 (2.87) 11.9 (2.65) 11.3 (2.71) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
South American ..................... 17.0 (0.77) 41.7 (3.69) 25.7 (1.99) 18.4 (1.80) 16.5 (2.61) 7.4 (0.82) 9.8 (1.22) 3.6 (0.94) 5.1! (1.58)
Chilean .............................. 10.9 (3.02) ‡ (†) 13.2! (5.94) 23.0! (10.50) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Colombian ......................... 13.8 (1.29) 37.1 (8.57) 24.6 (3.47) 16.3 (2.92) 10.2! (3.53) 6.0 (1.26) 7.5 (1.88) 3.2! (1.45) ‡ (†)
Ecuadorian ........................ 24.2 (2.05) 42.4 (4.95) 29.8 (4.40) 21.9 (4.73) 17.2 (4.90) 9.8 (2.85) 11.5! (4.06) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Peruvian ............................ 17.9 (2.17) 65.0 (11.70) 22.9 (4.15) 17.1 (4.07) 10.5! (4.43) 11.4 (2.43) 13.8 (2.98) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Venezuelan ........................ 17.1 (3.20) ‡ (†) 37.8! (12.96) ‡ (†) 61.0 (11.07) 7.3 (1.84) 8.3! (2.75) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other South American ........ 14.0 (1.89) 33.0 (8.91) 24.5 (6.93) 20.6 (4.29) 10.8! (5.38) 4.5! (1.40) 8.3! (2.85) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Hispanic ...................... 28.2 (1.18) 52.8 (3.10) 34.7 (2.38) 24.9 (2.09) 18.2 (3.39) 7.5 (1.25) 9.2 (1.79) 6.0! (2.32) 3.6! (1.52)
Asian ........................................ 12.0 (0.30) 41.7 (1.71) 24.3 (1.26) 15.2 (0.99) 11.0 (1.09) 5.2 (0.27) 7.0 (0.43) 4.1 (0.37) 2.7 (0.35)
Chinese5 ............................... 9.5 (0.53) 32.0 (2.77) 23.5 (2.60) 12.8 (2.11) 9.5 (2.17) 3.8 (0.39) 6.1 (0.92) 3.1 (0.66) 2.4 (0.56)
Filipino .................................. 5.2 (0.71) 10.6! (4.73) 12.4 (3.03) 9.1 (1.83) 7.6! (2.61) 2.8 (0.59) 2.9 (0.67) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Japanese .............................. 4.5 (1.14) ‡ (†) 26.9! (10.91) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 2.7! (0.91) 3.7! (1.45) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Korean .................................. 12.9 (0.99) ‡ (†) 16.9 (4.85) 18.2 (5.18) 6.0! (2.17) 11.7 (1.16) 14.9 (1.66) 10.7 (1.70) 6.6 (1.86)
South Asian6 .......................... 9.9 (0.63) 50.7 (4.76) 26.9 (3.38) 22.7 (3.92) 17.7 (3.66) 4.9 (0.49) 8.7 (1.16) 3.2 (0.53) 1.6! (0.50)
Asian Indian ....................... 7.6 (0.61) 49.2 (5.88) 25.0 (4.31) 22.9 (4.32) 13.0! (4.52) 3.6 (0.49) 7.4 (1.25) 1.9 (0.42) 0.9! (0.45)
Bangladeshi ...................... 30.0 (4.25) 79.5 (9.81) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 21.3 (4.96) 24.8! (7.93) 23.5! (8.18) ‡ (†)
Bhutanese ......................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Nepalese ........................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Pakistani ........................... 19.2 (2.33) 43.5 (10.91) 33.9 (6.31) ‡ (†) 30.5! (10.37) 11.1 (2.00) 12.2 (3.16) 12.0! (3.80) ‡ (†)
Southeast Asian .................... 21.4 (0.91) 43.0 (2.51) 27.5 (2.04) 16.1 (1.74) 12.1 (2.36) 7.0 (1.07) 8.0 (1.32) 6.0 (1.55) ‡ (†)
Burmese ............................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Cambodian ........................ 27.2 (3.09) 57.0 (6.67) 31.3 (7.65) 19.3! (6.53) ‡ (†) 4.7! (2.22) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Hmong .............................. 39.5 (3.68) 70.2 (6.78) 39.2 (6.62) 16.5! (5.47) 20.6! (8.76) 13.7! (6.32) 19.3! (8.84) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Laotian .............................. 19.0 (3.16) 27.7! (8.40) 26.7 (6.08) 14.4 (4.29) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Thai ................................... 23.2 (6.73) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Vietnamese ....................... 15.9 (1.01) 28.2 (2.48) 22.9 (2.47) 15.7 (2.27) 10.1 (2.52) 5.2 (0.96) 5.9 (1.07) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Southeast Asian7 ...... 22.9 (5.69) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 17.1! (5.22) 15.2! (7.06) 22.8! (8.78) ‡ (†)
Other Asian ........................... 15.9 (1.29) 54.3 (6.45) 23.8 (4.15) 21.1 (4.47) 12.1 (3.55) 5.6 (0.96) 6.1 (1.51) 6.3! (2.46) 3.4! (1.54)
Pacific Islander ......................... 22.4 (2.29) 68.3 (9.33) 23.6 (3.90) 18.7 (3.45) 21.8 (6.17) 11.7! (5.04) 13.5! (6.66) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native8 ... 33.9 (1.16) 65.0 (2.96) 42.0 (2.30) 29.8 (1.88) 20.1 (2.76) 12.6 (2.24) 14.6 (3.03) 6.0! (2.77) 15.2! (5.64)
Amercian Indian .................... 35.4 (1.24) 66.7 (2.92) 44.5 (2.58) 31.1 (2.16) 19.8 (2.96) 12.6 (2.63) 14.5 (3.55) 3.6! (1.81) 22.1! (8.12)
Alaska Native ........................ 25.3 (3.55) 61.6 (12.23) 32.1 (5.12) 15.8! (5.45) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Some other race9 ...................... 19.3 (1.63) 41.5 (6.50) 30.9 (4.30) 22.9 (4.49) 9.0! (4.28) 6.6! (2.05) 13.8! (4.15) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races .................... 21.0 (0.49) 57.8 (2.04) 35.8 (1.38) 27.1 (0.77) 18.0 (1.38) 5.3 (0.39) 7.2 (0.60) 3.4 (0.45) 1.7! (0.52)
2017
Total ................................. 17.6 (0.12) 48.0 (0.39) 30.6 (0.25) 21.4 (0.25) 12.2 (0.28) 3.9 (0.07) 5.2 (0.12) 2.5 (0.10) 2.3 (0.14)
White ........................................ 10.4 (0.11) 45.3 (0.91) 23.9 (0.34) 16.2 (0.30) 8.2 (0.29) 2.7 (0.08) 3.6 (0.12) 1.6 (0.10) 1.7 (0.15)
Black ........................................ 32.2 (0.35) 68.4 (1.16) 46.1 (0.68) 33.5 (0.82) 22.9 (0.98) 7.6 (0.41) 9.2 (0.62) 5.6 (0.55) 5.0 (0.96)
Hispanic ................................... 25.9 (0.25) 44.5 (0.51) 30.2 (0.46) 21.9 (0.52) 14.9 (0.69) 7.2 (0.27) 8.9 (0.34) 4.0 (0.46) 4.9 (0.70)
Cuban ................................... 17.9 (0.98) 47.5 (5.80) 31.5 (2.49) 17.8 (2.39) 16.6 (3.38) 6.5 (1.06) 8.6 (1.66) 3.7! (1.12) ‡ (†)
Dominican ............................. 28.6 (1.10) 47.5 (3.88) 37.1 (2.81) 29.0 (2.71) 20.3 (3.34) 12.5 (1.79) 14.1 (2.24) 9.5! (4.38) 7.1! (3.51)
Mexican ................................ 26.9 (0.34) 44.1 (0.65) 29.5 (0.59) 21.7 (0.67) 12.7 (0.84) 7.2 (0.39) 8.5 (0.50) 4.0 (0.64) 5.9 (1.19)
Puerto Rican ......................... 28.6 (0.84) 58.5 (2.56) 41.7 (1.79) 27.9 (1.54) 24.2 (2.29) 5.1 (0.64) 6.4 (0.92) 3.0! (1.08) 3.1! (1.40)
Spaniard ............................... 11.9 (1.22) 16.4! (5.71) 34.9 (4.80) 19.9 (3.93) 11.3! (4.26) 3.4 (0.92) 5.2! (1.77) 2.1! (0.91) ‡ (†)
Central American3 ................. 26.9 (0.71) 43.5 (1.55) 26.0 (1.61) 19.8 (1.55) 12.4 (2.15) 7.1 (0.83) 9.8 (1.18) 2.9! (1.15) ‡ (†)
Costa Rican ....................... 7.8 (2.12) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 16.3! (6.77) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Guatemalan ....................... 32.8 (1.56) 50.8 (2.64) 25.3 (2.54) 19.3 (3.35) 26.6 (7.56) 6.9! (2.08) 9.0! (2.94) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Honduran .......................... 34.0 (1.90) 50.7 (3.82) 29.9 (3.63) 27.6 (3.80) 11.3! (4.85) 15.6 (3.21) 18.8 (4.26) 10.8! (5.13) ‡ (†)
Nicaraguan ........................ 16.7 (2.18) 39.8! (12.64) 25.8 (5.05) 18.2 (4.58) ‡ (†) 5.0! (1.95) 5.3! (2.30) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Panamanian ...................... 14.4 (3.10) ‡ (†) 46.1 (9.12) 17.4! (5.97) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Salvadoran ........................ 23.8 (1.08) 34.8 (2.32) 24.6 (2.22) 17.7 (2.44) 9.8! (3.50) 5.6 (1.23) 8.5 (1.85) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
South American ..................... 13.4 (0.66) 32.1 (4.49) 20.4 (2.11) 11.9 (1.65) 13.8 (2.20) 8.6 (0.85) 11.3 (1.38) 4.6 (1.01) 5.4! (1.67)
Chilean .............................. 11.8! (3.55) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Colombian ......................... 11.4 (1.12) 26.4! (8.34) 22.8 (4.11) 13.2 (3.02) 13.2 (3.38) 5.6 (1.05) 7.5 (1.84) 2.1! (0.99) 4.7! (2.22)
Ecuadorian ........................ 15.6 (1.66) 30.9 (5.93) 19.2 (3.40) 8.9 (2.63) 19.5! (7.13) 6.1! (2.08) 9.4! (3.10) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Peruvian ............................ 11.0 (1.61) 49.4 (13.01) 19.6 (4.58) 8.1! (3.47) 9.4! (3.06) 6.2 (1.59) 7.5! (2.26) 5.1! (2.45) ‡ (†)
Venezuelan ........................ 23.2 (2.65) ‡ (†) 25.5 (7.59) 18.6! (6.04) 19.4! (7.95) 24.4 (3.73) 31.8 (5.78) 14.1! (5.49) 17.9! (7.99)
Other South American ........ 9.6 (1.74) 39.7 (11.87) 13.7! (5.83) 13.2! (4.80) ‡ (†) 5.3! (2.17) 8.8! (3.82) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Hispanic ...................... 21.7 (1.04) 42.5 (3.28) 27.8 (2.59) 18.5 (1.86) 17.6 (3.62) 7.5 (1.49) 8.9 (2.31) 5.0! (1.79) 7.3! (3.63)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 25
Characteristics of Households With Children

Table 102.62. Percentage of children under age 18 living in poverty, by parents’ highest level of educational attainment, child’s race/
ethnicity, and selected racial/ethnic subgroups: 2010 and 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent in Percent of children in poverty, by highest level of education attained by any parent residing with child1
poverty, all Bachelor’s or higher degree
children under
age 18 who
resided with at Less than high
least one school High school Some college, Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
Year and race/ethnicity parent1 completion completion2 no degree degree Total degree degree degree3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Asian ........................................ 10.1 (0.31) 36.8 (2.20) 21.9 (1.30) 15.5 (1.21) 13.4 (1.45) 4.6 (0.23) 6.3 (0.50) 3.7 (0.30) 2.7 (0.35)
Chinese5 ............................... 11.6 (0.70) 36.4 (3.48) 21.8 (2.63) 13.2 (2.53) 21.7 (3.92) 5.8 (0.52) 7.4 (1.06) 6.0 (0.81) 4.0 (0.68)
Filipino .................................. 4.5 (0.54) ‡ (†) 11.8 (2.69) 7.9 (1.91) 4.0! (1.56) 2.5 (0.48) 2.9 (0.61) 2.3! (0.79) ‡ (†)
Japanese .............................. 3.9 (0.99) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.1! (1.26) 5.2! (2.47) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Korean .................................. 8.7 (0.97) ‡ (†) 29.7 (6.96) 11.9! (5.02) ‡ (†) 7.5 (1.04) 8.5 (1.60) 7.8 (1.66) 5.8! (1.80)
South Asian6 .......................... 7.9 (0.49) 37.0 (4.55) 26.1 (3.35) 23.2 (3.26) 23.4 (3.96) 3.9 (0.40) 8.3 (1.18) 2.4 (0.37) 1.4! (0.46)
Asian Indian ....................... 4.7 (0.40) 20.0 (4.37) 19.0 (4.19) 16.4 (3.27) 25.5 (5.67) 2.6 (0.31) 6.1 (0.97) 1.4 (0.28) 0.9! (0.44)
Bangladeshi ...................... 18.1 (2.87) ‡ (†) 36.0 (8.07) 17.0! (7.44) ‡ (†) 9.4! (3.18) 8.3! (3.90) 12.1! (4.95) ‡ (†)
Bhutanese ......................... 20.8! (8.77) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Nepalese ........................... 25.2 (3.27) 51.0 (8.63) 42.9 (11.78) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.0! (1.73) 8.4! (3.62) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Pakistani ........................... 20.8 (2.48) 43.4 (11.69) 33.3 (7.44) 42.7 (9.42) 32.4! (10.20) 13.8 (2.90) 20.2 (5.80) 12.8 (3.54) ‡ (†)
Southeast Asian .................... 18.0 (0.96) 39.5 (3.24) 22.9 (2.27) 17.5 (2.49) 9.7 (2.09) 6.0 (0.86) 6.0 (1.23) 6.8 (1.71) ‡ (†)
Burmese ............................ 35.9 (3.81) 46.3 (5.17) 27.0! (8.88) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 18.4! (7.55) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Cambodian ........................ 16.6 (3.49) 31.0! (11.04) 19.1 (5.20) 27.4! (10.45) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Hmong .............................. 23.8 (3.17) 58.7 (10.67) 35.4 (7.31) 16.2 (3.87) 8.9! (4.43) 4.1! (1.89) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Laotian .............................. 11.8 (2.97) ‡ (†) 20.7! (7.25) 12.3! (5.63) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Thai ................................... 16.1 (3.99) 45.7 (12.39) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Vietnamese ....................... 14.5 (1.13) 29.4 (3.46) 18.9 (2.97) 17.9 (3.29) 12.8 (3.00) 6.1 (1.13) 6.0 (1.61) 7.3! (2.41) ‡ (†)
Other Southeast Asian7 ...... 8.9! (3.44) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.6! (3.66) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other Asian ........................... 8.3 (0.92) 24.1 (6.50) 19.1 (5.03) 21.3 (4.37) 20.9! (6.81) 2.9 (0.63) 4.1 (0.98) 2.8! (1.10) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander ......................... 26.1 (3.03) 51.4 (10.01) 40.3 (5.91) 20.3 (4.89) 9.4! (4.23) 14.3! (4.88) 20.9! (7.61) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native8 ... 31.1 (1.22) 60.1 (3.71) 44.0 (2.39) 28.6 (1.80) 22.7 (2.80) 8.6 (1.28) 10.6 (1.83) 5.6! (1.69) ‡ (†)
Amercian Indian .................... 32.3 (1.33) 60.6 (3.96) 46.1 (2.81) 30.3 (2.06) 23.9 (3.10) 8.7 (1.43) 10.6 (2.00) 5.8! (1.87) ‡ (†)
Alaska Native ........................ 23.3 (2.68) 44.9 (9.27) 34.2 (4.71) 10.8! (3.64) 31.8! (12.21) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Some other race9 ...................... 16.8 (1.64) 48.5 (6.97) 21.1 (3.46) 16.9 (2.92) 14.8! (5.99) 7.1 (1.50) 8.8 (2.35) 4.9! (2.23) ‡ (†)
Two or more races .................... 17.1 (0.39) 62.0 (2.48) 32.7 (1.17) 25.2 (1.07) 14.9 (1.10) 4.1 (0.26) 5.9 (0.45) 2.5 (0.35) 1.9 (0.41)

—Not available. 8
Includes persons reporting American Indian alone, persons reporting Alaska Native alone,
†Not applicable. and persons from American Indian and/or Alaska Native tribes specified or not specified.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 9
Respondents who wrote in some other race that was not included as an option on the
30 and 50 percent. questionnaire.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the NOTE: Table includes only children under the age of 18 who resided with at least one of their
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. parents (including an adoptive or stepparent). Respondents were interviewed throughout
1
Parents include adoptive and stepparents, but exclude parents not residing in the same the given year and reported the income they received during the previous 12 months. Data
household as their children. are based on sample surveys of the entire population residing within the United States.
2
Includes parents who completed high school through equivalency programs, such as Poverty status is determined by the Census Bureau using a set of money income thresholds
a GED program. that vary by family size and composition. For additional information about poverty status,
3
Includes parents with professional degrees. see https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.
4
Includes other Central American subgroups not shown separately. html. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
5
Includes Taiwanese. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey
6
In addition to the subgroups shown, also includes Sri Lankan. (ACS), 2010 and 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
7
Consists of Indonesian and Malaysian.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 103.10. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group: Selected years, 1980 through 2017

26
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Enrollment Rates
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Total Male Female
Year and age group Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1980
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 49.7 (0.21) 48.8 (0.24) 54.0 (0.69) 49.8 (1.40) 50.9 (0.30) 50.0 (0.34) 56.2 (0.99) 49.9 (2.00) 48.5 (0.30) 47.7 (0.34) 52.1 (0.95) 49.8 (1.98)
3 and 4 years old ................................... 36.7 (0.95) 37.4 (1.12) 38.2 (2.85) 28.5 (5.13) 37.8 (1.34) 39.2 (1.59) 36.4 (3.98) 30.1 (7.03) 35.5 (1.35) 35.5 (1.59) 40.0 (4.08) 26.6 (7.48)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 95.7 (0.40) 95.9 (0.46) 95.5 (1.23) 94.5 (2.79) 95.0 (0.61) 95.4 (0.68) 94.1 (1.97) 94.0 (4.21) 96.4 (0.53) 96.5 (0.62) 97.0 (1.45) 94.9 (3.70)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 99.1 (0.15) 99.1 (0.18) 99.4 (0.36) 98.4 (1.19) 99.0 (0.22) 99.0 (0.26) 99.5 (0.46) 97.7 (2.05) 99.2 (0.20) 99.2 (0.24) 99.3 (0.55) 99.0 (1.29)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 99.4 (0.10) 99.4 (0.12) 99.4 (0.31) 99.7 (0.47) 99.4 (0.14) 99.4 (0.16) 99.4 (0.43) 99.4 (0.86) 99.4 (0.15) 99.3 (0.18) 99.3 (0.46) 99.9 (0.32)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.2 (0.22) 98.7 (0.22) 97.9 (0.73) 94.3 (2.46) 98.7 (0.27) 98.9 (0.28) 98.4 (0.89) 96.7 (2.74) 97.7 (0.36) 98.5 (0.34) 97.3 (1.16) 92.1 (3.91)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 89.0 (0.51) 89.2 (0.57) 90.7 (1.46) 81.8 (4.25) 89.1 (0.71) 89.4 (0.80) 90.7 (2.06) 81.5 (6.15) 88.8 (0.73) 89.0 (0.83) 90.6 (2.06) 82.2 (5.88)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 46.4 (0.80) 47.0 (0.91) 45.8 (2.58) 37.8 (5.16) 47.0 (1.15) 48.5 (1.30) 42.9 (3.76) 36.9 (7.12) 45.8 (1.12) 45.7 (1.27) 48.3 (3.55) 38.8 (7.47)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 31.0 (0.75) 33.0 (0.86) 23.3 (2.23) 19.5 (4.31) 32.6 (1.09) 34.8 (1.24) 22.8 (3.32) 21.4 (6.39) 29.5 (1.02) 31.3 (1.18) 23.7 (3.02) 17.6! (5.80)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 16.3 (0.49) 16.8 (0.56) 13.6 (1.54) 11.7 (2.96) 17.8 (0.73) 18.7 (0.84) 13.4 (2.31) 10.7! (4.11) 14.9 (0.66) 15.0 (0.75) 13.7 (2.07) 12.6! (4.25)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 9.3 (0.31) 9.4 (0.35) 8.8 (1.05) 6.9 (1.88) 9.8 (0.46) 9.8 (0.51) 10.6 (1.71) 6.8! (2.70) 8.8 (0.42) 9.1 (0.48) 7.5 (1.31) 6.9! (2.61)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 6.4 (0.27) 6.4 (0.30) 6.9 (1.01) 5.1! (1.77) 5.9 (0.38) 5.6 (0.40) 7.2 (1.56) 6.2! (2.72) 7.0 (0.39) 7.2 (0.45) 6.6 (1.33) ‡ (†)

1990
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 50.2 (0.23) 49.8 (0.27) 52.2 (0.71) 47.2 (1.06) 50.9 (0.32) 50.4 (0.38) 54.3 (1.02) 46.8 (1.48) 49.5 (0.32) 49.2 (0.38) 50.3 (0.99) 47.7 (1.52)
3 and 4 years old ................................... 44.4 (0.99) 47.2 (1.19) 41.8 (2.97) 30.7 (4.08) 43.9 (1.38) 47.9 (1.66) 38.1 (4.14) 28.0 (5.57) 44.9 (1.41) 46.6 (1.70) 45.5 (4.25) 33.6 (5.95)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 96.5 (0.37) 96.7 (0.43) 96.5 (1.05) 94.9 (1.96) 96.5 (0.51) 96.8 (0.59) 96.2 (1.53) 95.8 (2.48) 96.4 (0.53) 96.7 (0.62) 96.9 (1.43) 93.9 (3.05)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 99.7 (0.09) 99.7 (0.11) 99.8 (0.19) 99.5 (0.52) 99.7 (0.13) 99.7 (0.16) 99.9 (0.24) 99.5 (0.70) 99.6 (0.14) 99.7 (0.15) 99.8 (0.31) 99.4 (0.79)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 99.6 (0.09) 99.7 (0.10) 99.9 (0.15) 99.1 (0.64) 99.6 (0.13) 99.6 (0.14) 99.9 (0.19) 99.0 (0.93) 99.7 (0.12) 99.7 (0.13) 99.8 (0.24) 99.1 (0.87)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 99.0 (0.19) 99.0 (0.23) 99.4 (0.46) 99.0 (0.90) 99.1 (0.25) 99.2 (0.30) 99.7 (0.48) 99.1 (1.10) 98.9 (0.29) 98.9 (0.35) 99.1 (0.79) 98.8 (1.47)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 92.5 (0.52) 93.5 (0.58) 91.7 (1.59) 85.4 (3.22) 92.6 (0.72) 93.4 (0.82) 93.0 (2.09) 85.5 (4.39) 92.4 (0.74) 93.7 (0.81) 90.5 (2.41) 85.3 (4.73)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 57.2 (0.94) 59.1 (1.11) 55.0 (2.83) 44.0 (4.36) 58.2 (1.33) 59.7 (1.56) 60.4 (3.99) 40.7 (6.23) 56.3 (1.32) 58.5 (1.57) 49.8 (3.96) 47.2 (6.08)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 39.7 (0.92) 43.1 (1.10) 28.3 (2.56) 27.2 (3.82) 40.3 (1.32) 44.2 (1.59) 31.0 (3.81) 21.7 (4.94) 39.2 (1.28) 42.0 (1.53) 25.8 (3.45) 33.1 (5.79)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 21.0 (0.63) 21.9 (0.75) 19.7 (2.01) 9.9 (2.05) 22.3 (0.92) 23.7 (1.11) 19.3 (3.03) 11.2 (2.98) 19.9 (0.86) 20.3 (1.02) 20.0 (2.68) 8.4! (2.77)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 9.7 (0.33) 10.4 (0.39) 6.1 (0.87) 6.3 (1.29) 9.2 (0.46) 10.0 (0.55) 4.7 (1.14) 4.6! (1.55) 10.2 (0.47) 10.7 (0.56) 7.3 (1.27) 8.1 (2.05)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 5.8 (0.25) 6.2 (0.30) 4.5 (0.75) 3.6 (0.99) 4.8 (0.33) 5.0 (0.38) 2.3! (0.80) 4.0! (1.45) 6.9 (0.38) 7.4 (0.46) 6.3 (1.19) 3.1! (1.32)

2000
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 55.9 (0.22) 56.0 (0.27) 59.3 (0.59) 51.3 (0.63) 55.8 (0.31) 55.8 (0.38) 59.7 (0.85) 50.5 (0.88) 56.0 (0.31) 56.1 (0.38) 59.0 (0.83) 52.2 (0.89)
3 and 4 years old 1 .................................. 52.1 (0.93) 54.6 (1.19) 59.8 (2.50) 35.9 (2.36) 50.8 (1.30) 54.1 (1.66) 58.0 (3.53) 31.9 (3.23) 53.4 (1.32) 55.2 (1.70) 61.8 (3.55) 40.0 (3.43)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 95.6 (0.38) 95.5 (0.49) 96.7 (0.89) 94.3 (1.13) 95.1 (0.56) 94.5 (0.76) 96.0 (1.38) 95.4 (1.41) 96.1 (0.51) 96.4 (0.63) 97.5 (1.12) 93.1 (1.79)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 98.1 (0.20) 98.4 (0.24) 97.5 (0.61) 97.5 (0.65) 98.0 (0.29) 98.1 (0.36) 98.2 (0.72) 96.6 (1.09) 98.2 (0.28) 98.6 (0.32) 96.7 (1.01) 98.4 (0.74)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 98.3 (0.17) 98.5 (0.19) 98.5 (0.42) 97.4 (0.59) 98.3 (0.23) 98.2 (0.30) 98.8 (0.52) 98.4 (0.65) 98.3 (0.24) 98.8 (0.25) 98.1 (0.66) 96.4 (1.01)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.7 (0.20) 98.9 (0.22) 99.6 (0.30) 96.2 (0.99) 98.7 (0.27) 98.8 (0.33) 99.6 (0.42) 96.9 (1.26) 98.6 (0.29) 99.0 (0.31) 99.6 (0.42) 95.4 (1.54)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 92.8 (0.45) 94.0 (0.50) 91.7 (1.32) 87.0 (1.77) 92.7 (0.63) 94.7 (0.66) 88.9 (2.09) 85.7 (2.60) 92.9 (0.64) 93.3 (0.76) 94.6 (1.54) 88.3 (2.40)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 61.2 (0.84) 63.9 (1.02) 57.2 (2.34) 49.5 (2.47) 58.3 (1.19) 61.2 (1.46) 51.5 (3.45) 48.0 (3.40) 64.2 (1.16) 66.7 (1.42) 62.2 (3.14) 51.1 (3.59)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 44.1 (0.88) 49.2 (1.10) 37.4 (2.38) 26.1 (2.22) 41.0 (1.23) 45.8 (1.54) 31.3 (3.42) 24.2 (3.02) 47.3 (1.26) 52.7 (1.58) 42.3 (3.26) 28.1 (3.26)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 24.6 (0.63) 24.9 (0.78) 24.0 (1.76) 18.2 (1.64) 23.9 (0.88) 25.0 (1.12) 22.0 (2.46) 15.2 (2.08) 25.3 (0.89) 24.8 (1.09) 25.8 (2.51) 21.6 (2.55)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 11.4 (0.37) 11.1 (0.45) 14.5 (1.18) 7.4 (0.88) 10.0 (0.50) 10.5 (0.62) 11.6 (1.63) 5.1 (1.06) 12.7 (0.53) 11.8 (0.65) 16.7 (1.66) 9.5 (1.38)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 6.7 (0.27) 6.1 (0.32) 9.9 (0.97) 5.6 (0.75) 5.6 (0.36) 4.7 (0.41) 8.5 (1.34) 5.7 (1.06) 7.7 (0.41) 7.4 (0.50) 11.2 (1.39) 5.5 (1.05)

2005
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 56.5 (0.20) 57.6 (0.26) 58.5 (0.57) 50.9 (0.53) 55.8 (0.28) 57.1 (0.37) 58.8 (0.82) 48.4 (0.73) 57.2 (0.29) 58.0 (0.37) 58.1 (0.80) 53.7 (0.76)
3 and 4 years old 1 .................................. 53.6 (0.86) 58.5 (1.14) 52.4 (2.39) 43.0 (2.07) 52.8 (1.21) 56.8 (1.61) 54.8 (3.42) 43.0 (2.91) 54.4 (1.23) 60.3 (1.63) 50.1 (3.32) 43.0 (2.96)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 95.4 (0.37) 95.9 (0.47) 95.9 (0.97) 93.8 (1.06) 94.8 (0.54) 95.4 (0.68) 94.8 (1.50) 92.4 (1.62) 96.1 (0.50) 96.3 (0.63) 97.1 (1.18) 95.3 (1.34)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 98.6 (0.17) 99.0 (0.19) 98.7 (0.45) 97.4 (0.58) 98.2 (0.27) 98.9 (0.27) 98.0 (0.81) 96.0 (1.00) 99.0 (0.20) 99.0 (0.27) 99.5 (0.41) 98.8 (0.57)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 98.6 (0.14) 99.0 (0.16) 98.5 (0.40) 97.9 (0.46) 98.4 (0.22) 99.1 (0.21) 97.6 (0.70) 97.2 (0.72) 98.9 (0.18) 98.8 (0.24) 99.5 (0.33) 98.6 (0.54)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.0 (0.22) 98.6 (0.24) 96.1 (0.83) 97.3 (0.70) 97.5 (0.34) 98.4 (0.35) 93.3 (1.52) 97.8 (0.90) 98.4 (0.28) 98.7 (0.33) 98.8 (0.66) 96.7 (1.09)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 95.1 (0.33) 96.1 (0.38) 93.6 (1.05) 92.6 (1.14) 95.1 (0.47) 95.9 (0.55) 93.6 (1.51) 92.5 (1.61) 95.1 (0.47) 96.3 (0.53) 93.6 (1.47) 92.6 (1.60)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 67.6 (0.79) 71.6 (0.95) 62.0 (2.30) 54.3 (2.33) 66.5 (1.11) 69.8 (1.35) 66.9 (3.20) 51.8 (3.22) 68.8 (1.12) 73.5 (1.34) 57.4 (3.27) 57.2 (3.37)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 48.7 (0.80) 54.4 (1.01) 37.9 (2.25) 30.0 (1.96) 45.3 (1.11) 50.5 (1.42) 35.5 (3.12) 25.2 (2.56) 52.3 (1.15) 58.5 (1.43) 40.4 (3.23) 35.3 (2.99)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 27.3 (0.59) 27.8 (0.76) 28.6 (1.75) 19.5 (1.41) 25.2 (0.83) 26.4 (1.07) 24.0 (2.45) 17.5 (1.85) 29.2 (0.85) 29.1 (1.09) 32.5 (2.45) 21.8 (2.17)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 11.9 (0.34) 12.5 (0.45) 11.9 (1.00) 7.8 (0.70) 9.6 (0.43) 10.2 (0.58) 9.1 (1.32) 5.6 (0.82) 14.2 (0.51) 14.7 (0.67) 14.2 (1.47) 10.4 (1.19)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 6.9 (0.27) 6.9 (0.34) 9.8 (0.94) 4.2 (0.54) 5.9 (0.35) 6.5 (0.47) 6.3 (1.15) 2.6 (0.58) 7.9 (0.40) 7.4 (0.50) 12.7 (1.42) 6.1 (0.94)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 103.10. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group: Selected years, 1980 through 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Total Male Female

Year and age group Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic Total White Black Hispanic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2010
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 56.6 (0.17) 56.1 (0.25) 58.7 (0.58) 55.1 (0.35) 55.9 (0.23) 55.5 (0.29) 58.4 (0.78) 52.9 (0.45) 57.4 (0.26) 56.7 (0.36) 58.9 (0.77) 57.4 (0.49)
3 and 4 years old1 .................................. 53.2 (0.89) 56.1 (1.17) 57.2 (2.78) 44.2 (1.84) 53.0 (1.21) 55.9 (1.64) 57.0 (3.79) 43.3 (2.60) 53.4 (1.27) 56.3 (1.53) 57.4 (3.79) 45.0 (2.68)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 94.5 (0.46) 94.2 (0.66) 94.1 (1.12) 94.3 (0.96) 93.7 (0.69) 93.3 (1.04) 93.5 (1.94) 93.4 (1.31) 95.3 (0.54) 95.2 (0.77) 94.7 (1.38) 95.2 (1.20)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 97.7 (0.25) 97.4 (0.37) 96.9 (0.77) 98.5 (0.37) 97.6 (0.36) 97.1 (0.54) 97.3 (0.88) 98.1 (0.60) 98.0 (0.35) 97.7 (0.53) 96.5 (1.23) 98.9 (0.40)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 98.2 (0.21) 98.3 (0.26) 99.2 (0.41) 97.3 (0.54) 97.9 (0.30) 97.7 (0.42) 99.6 (0.37) 96.9 (0.77) 98.6 (0.26) 98.9 (0.24) 98.8 (0.74) 97.7 (0.61)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.1 (0.25) 98.0 (0.37) 98.8 (0.58) 97.9 (0.69) 98.0 (0.37) 98.0 (0.52) 98.4 (0.92) 97.5 (0.98) 98.3 (0.34) 98.1 (0.49) 99.3 (0.46) 98.3 (0.85)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 96.1 (0.33) 96.2 (0.47) 95.7 (0.82) 96.0 (0.83) 94.9 (0.51) 94.7 (0.74) 93.7 (1.41) 96.0 (1.17) 97.3 (0.38) 97.8 (0.47) 97.6 (0.95) 96.0 (1.10)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 69.2 (0.92) 71.0 (1.28) 62.9 (2.42) 66.2 (2.03) 66.9 (1.25) 67.8 (1.63) 62.3 (3.88) 64.9 (3.02) 71.5 (1.38) 74.3 (2.01) 63.4 (3.44) 67.6 (2.78)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 52.4 (1.08) 55.5 (1.28) 51.1 (2.93) 37.0 (2.34) 49.2 (1.31) 52.1 (1.76) 45.7 (4.18) 34.0 (3.08) 56.0 (1.47) 59.2 (1.78) 56.0 (3.84) 40.5 (3.36)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 28.9 (0.79) 29.1 (1.01) 29.8 (2.13) 23.8 (1.57) 27.0 (1.15) 27.8 (1.44) 29.5 (3.12) 18.6 (2.08) 30.8 (1.10) 30.4 (1.46) 30.0 (2.99) 29.2 (2.16)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 14.6 (0.47) 14.6 (0.64) 16.5 (1.34) 11.4 (0.90) 13.5 (0.65) 13.8 (0.84) 13.9 (2.06) 9.6 (1.21) 15.8 (0.66) 15.4 (0.88) 18.8 (1.97) 13.6 (1.44)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 8.3 (0.39) 8.5 (0.50) 11.0 (1.14) 5.7 (0.65) 6.7 (0.44) 7.2 (0.62) 6.6 (1.20) 4.9 (0.87) 9.9 (0.58) 9.8 (0.77) 14.8 (1.80) 6.6 (0.95)
2015
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 55.2 (0.20) 54.4 (0.25) 55.4 (0.63) 55.8 (0.38) 54.9 (0.26) 54.1 (0.36) 55.7 (0.75) 54.4 (0.48) 55.6 (0.28) 54.6 (0.35) 55.0 (0.83) 57.3 (0.54)
3 and 4 years old 1 .................................. 52.7 (1.02) 56.0 (1.26) 53.7 (2.90) 44.1 (2.24) 53.6 (1.40) 57.1 (1.75) 52.4 (3.57) 44.3 (2.88) 51.8 (1.55) 54.8 (1.97) 55.3 (4.34) 44.0 (3.08)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 94.2 (0.46) 94.1 (0.64) 94.7 (1.41) 93.7 (1.00) 93.5 (0.69) 93.2 (0.92) 93.3 (1.93) 93.6 (1.48) 94.9 (0.64) 95.1 (0.92) 96.1 (1.62) 93.9 (1.38)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 97.3 (0.28) 97.5 (0.35) 94.9 (1.16) 97.9 (0.49) 97.5 (0.34) 97.8 (0.42) 95.4 (1.31) 97.5 (0.72) 97.2 (0.41) 97.2 (0.58) 94.4 (1.63) 98.4 (0.59)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 98.0 (0.19) 98.1 (0.25) 98.6 (0.47) 97.1 (0.46) 98.3 (0.23) 98.3 (0.29) 100.0 2 (#) 97.3 (0.67) 97.6 (0.28) 97.9 (0.36) 97.2 (0.94) 96.9 (0.66)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.0 (0.27) 98.3 (0.32) 98.6 (0.68) 96.7 (0.74) 97.9 (0.37) 98.3 (0.42) 99.5 (0.50) 96.0 (1.17) 98.1 (0.38) 98.4 (0.48) 97.6 (1.30) 97.4 (0.96)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 93.7 (0.49) 94.4 (0.61) 95.1 (0.94) 92.6 (1.10) 93.1 (0.71) 93.8 (0.85) 94.1 (1.49) 91.7 (1.66) 94.4 (0.58) 95.0 (0.83) 96.0 (1.24) 93.7 (1.42)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 68.5 (0.86) 70.1 (1.05) 64.1 (2.91) 65.2 (2.20) 65.7 (1.39) 67.2 (1.66) 63.3 (4.43) 59.9 (3.30) 71.4 (1.19) 73.1 (1.60) 64.8 (3.86) 70.1 (2.74)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 53.3 (1.14) 55.5 (1.46) 43.1 (2.92) 48.8 (2.46) 50.2 (1.61) 53.3 (2.20) 38.0 (3.92) 44.4 (3.13) 56.5 (1.52) 57.7 (1.93) 47.9 (4.26) 53.2 (3.54)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 28.8 (0.81) 28.9 (1.02) 27.4 (2.11) 25.2 (1.67) 27.5 (1.07) 26.9 (1.33) 30.5 (3.24) 24.2 (2.51) 30.1 (1.25) 30.9 (1.43) 24.5 (3.07) 26.3 (2.69)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 13.2 (0.50) 13.1 (0.60) 13.7 (1.29) 11.2 (1.03) 11.7 (0.67) 12.3 (0.83) 10.9 (1.69) 9.2 (1.25) 14.6 (0.72) 14.0 (0.89) 16.3 (2.02) 13.2 (1.47)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 6.6 (0.30) 6.5 (0.35) 8.6 (1.05) 4.6 (0.61) 5.5 (0.39) 5.9 (0.48) 4.8 (1.37) 3.3 (0.77) 7.7 (0.44) 7.1 (0.55) 11.9 (1.57) 5.9 (1.02)
2016
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 55.2 (0.21) 54.1 (0.27) 54.8 (0.60) 56.8 (0.40) 54.8 (0.26) 53.8 (0.37) 55.3 (0.86) 55.4 (0.53) 55.6 (0.27) 54.4 (0.35) 54.2 (0.77) 58.3 (0.59)
3 and 4 years old 1 .................................. 53.8 (1.04) 55.5 (1.43) 51.5 (3.47) 49.5 (2.10) 54.1 (1.43) 56.6 (1.96) 49.6 (4.53) 50.7 (2.66) 53.5 (1.51) 54.3 (1.60) 53.5 (4.64) 48.2 (3.61)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 93.3 (0.58) 93.9 (0.68) 93.6 (1.60) 93.0 (1.30) 92.7 (0.84) 94.2 (0.90) 91.8 (2.55) 91.8 (2.04) 93.8 (0.75) 93.5 (1.03) 95.6 (1.78) 94.2 (1.39)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 97.8 (0.29) 98.0 (0.37) 97.9 (0.69) 97.0 (0.87) 97.5 (0.37) 98.0 (0.48) 97.2 (1.15) 96.3 (1.11) 98.1 (0.35) 97.9 (0.49) 98.6 (0.58) 97.6 (0.93)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 98.5 (0.17) 98.5 (0.23) 98.4 (0.43) 98.4 (0.35) 98.3 (0.25) 98.3 (0.37) 98.4 (0.55) 98.1 (0.51) 98.7 (0.20) 98.8 (0.29) 98.4 (0.67) 98.8 (0.38)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.0 (0.27) 98.7 (0.29) 95.6 (1.48) 97.6 (0.62) 98.7 (0.35) 98.8 (0.50) 98.8 (1.15) 98.4 (0.68) 97.3 (0.46) 98.6 (0.36) 92.3 (2.70) 96.8 (1.05)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 93.0 (0.55) 92.2 (0.81) 94.7 (1.27) 93.6 (0.89) 92.7 (0.81) 91.9 (1.19) 95.8 (1.66) 93.4 (1.29) 93.3 (0.70) 92.5 (1.02) 93.6 (1.74) 93.9 (1.32)
18 and 19 years old ............................... 69.5 (1.05) 70.4 (1.32) 66.2 (3.05) 68.4 (2.04) 68.2 (1.36) 69.4 (1.50) 65.8 (3.95) 66.3 (2.94) 70.7 (1.59) 71.6 (1.98) 66.7 (4.37) 70.5 (2.96)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 55.5 (1.12) 57.3 (1.47) 48.6 (3.34) 51.7 (2.25) 51.4 (1.53) 52.8 (2.06) 47.0 (4.27) 46.0 (3.12) 59.7 (1.49) 62.0 (1.83) 50.4 (4.53) 57.5 (3.39)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 28.8 (0.85) 27.7 (1.14) 29.0 (2.14) 26.7 (1.79) 27.6 (1.08) 26.8 (1.40) 26.6 (3.23) 23.4 (2.39) 30.0 (1.15) 28.5 (1.59) 31.3 (3.04) 30.2 (2.43)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 13.2 (0.46) 13.3 (0.57) 12.7 (1.29) 11.3 (0.99) 11.8 (0.57) 11.7 (0.69) 12.6 (1.68) 9.3 (1.37) 14.7 (0.68) 14.9 (0.83) 12.8 (1.82) 13.3 (1.36)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 6.4 (0.31) 6.6 (0.40) 7.6 (1.10) 4.7 (0.65) 5.5 (0.45) 5.5 (0.57) 6.9 (1.59) 3.6 (0.80) 7.2 (0.49) 7.8 (0.60) 8.3 (1.48) 5.9 (1.01)

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

2017
Total, 3 to 34 years old ................. 54.6 (0.19) 53.2 (0.26) 55.0 (0.60) 56.4 (0.40) 54.0 (0.28) 52.8 (0.35) 54.9 (0.79) 55.0 (0.51) 55.2 (0.25) 53.6 (0.34) 55.0 (0.77) 57.8 (0.57)
3 and 4 years old 1 .................................. 53.8 (1.08) 56.0 (1.41) 59.0 (3.08) 47.9 (2.22) 53.4 (1.39) 54.3 (1.82) 62.3 (3.95) 47.1 (2.70) 54.1 (1.48) 57.8 (2.07) 55.3 (4.06) 48.8 (3.11)
5 and 6 years old ................................... 93.5 (0.54) 93.0 (0.78) 91.0 (1.69) 95.0 (1.10) 92.8 (0.71) 92.5 (0.94) 89.4 (2.43) 94.6 (1.45) 94.2 (0.78) 93.5 (1.06) 92.8 (2.19) 95.5 (1.42)
7 to 9 years old ...................................... 97.1 (0.30) 97.0 (0.40) 96.9 (0.75) 97.0 (0.58) 97.1 (0.43) 97.2 (0.52) 96.3 (1.16) 97.5 (0.75) 97.0 (0.38) 96.8 (0.57) 97.5 (1.02) 96.5 (0.85)
10 to 13 years old .................................. 97.8 (0.21) 97.8 (0.29) 98.7 (0.47) 97.3 (0.44) 97.8 (0.28) 97.9 (0.41) 98.7 (0.70) 97.4 (0.59) 97.8 (0.32) 97.6 (0.42) 98.8 (0.64) 97.3 (0.69)
14 and 15 years old ............................... 98.2 (0.25) 98.5 (0.33) 96.3 (1.19) 98.4 (0.55) 98.2 (0.40) 98.6 (0.45) 95.1 (1.91) 98.2 (0.90) 98.3 (0.35) 98.4 (0.46) 97.5 (1.30) 98.6 (0.73)
16 and 17 years old ............................... 92.9 (0.55) 93.3 (0.65) 90.4 (1.54) 92.7 (1.17) 92.3 (0.73) 92.8 (0.88) 87.9 (2.11) 91.7 (1.68) 93.5 (0.68) 93.8 (0.86) 92.9 (2.11) 93.6 (1.46)

Enrollment Rates
18 and 19 years old ............................... 68.2 (1.08) 67.8 (1.42) 67.8 (2.98) 67.2 (2.22) 65.1 (1.40) 65.4 (1.87) 65.3 (4.19) 63.3 (2.91) 71.3 (1.53) 70.3 (1.87) 70.2 (4.04) 71.1 (3.14)
20 and 21 years old ............................... 55.0 (1.13) 58.1 (1.53) 47.8 (2.87) 46.0 (2.57) 50.8 (1.63) 54.6 (2.12) 42.4 (4.23) 40.9 (3.39) 59.2 (1.45) 61.8 (2.02) 53.7 (4.16) 50.7 (3.07)
22 to 24 years old .................................. 28.4 (0.92) 27.2 (1.19) 28.1 (2.59) 25.9 (1.84) 26.8 (1.15) 25.9 (1.46) 24.7 (3.50) 23.0 (2.43) 30.0 (1.26) 28.4 (1.62) 30.9 (3.45) 29.2 (2.71)
25 to 29 years old .................................. 12.1 (0.45) 11.3 (0.57) 13.4 (1.33) 12.3 (0.92) 10.9 (0.64) 10.5 (0.81) 11.8 (2.01) 9.9 (1.28) 13.4 (0.63) 12.1 (0.74) 15.0 (1.87) 14.7 (1.51)
30 to 34 years old .................................. 5.9 (0.31) 5.8 (0.38) 7.7 (0.97) 4.8 (0.65) 5.2 (0.40) 5.0 (0.44) 6.3 (1.39) 5.0 (0.95) 6.5 (0.45) 6.6 (0.54) 8.9 (1.44) 4.6 (0.84)

†Not applicable. parochial, or other private schools. Includes nursery schools, preschools, kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools,
#Rounds to zero. colleges, universities, and professional schools. Attendance may be on either a full-time or part-time basis and during the
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. day or night. Prior to 2010, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather than
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Total includes persons from other racial/ethnic groups

27
1
Beginning in 1994, preprimary enrollment data were collected using new procedures. Data may not be comparable to not shown separately. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
figures for earlier years. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, selected years, 1980
2
Rounds to 100.0. through 2017. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in the
military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or nursing facilities). Includes enrollment in any type of graded public,
 Table 103.20. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age group: Selected years, 1940 through 2017

28
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Enrollment Rates
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
14 to 17 years old 18 and 19 years old 20 to 24 years old
Total, 3 to 34 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 to 13 In secondary In higher 25 to 29 30 to 34
Year years old years old years old years old Total 14 and 15 16 and 17 Total education education Total 20 and 21 22 to 24 years old years old
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1940 ......................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 95.0 (—) 79.3 (—) — (†) — (†) 28.9 (—) — (†) — (†) 6.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1945 ......................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 98.1 (—) 78.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 20.7 (—) — (†) — (†) 3.9 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1947 ......................... — (†) — (†) 73.8 (—) 98.5 (—) 79.3 (—) 91.6 (—) 67.6 (—) 24.3 (—) — (†) — (†) 10.2 (—) — (†) — (†) 3.0 (—) 1.0 (—)
1948 ......................... — (†) — (†) 74.7 (—) 98.1 (—) 81.8 (—) 92.7 (—) 71.2 (—) 26.9 (—) — (†) — (†) 9.7 (—) — (†) — (†) 2.6 (—) 0.9 (—)
1949 ......................... — (†) — (†) 76.2 (—) 98.6 (—) 81.6 (—) 93.5 (—) 69.5 (—) 25.3 (—) — (†) — (†) 9.2 (—) — (†) — (†) 3.8 (—) 1.1 (—)
1950 ......................... — (†) — (†) 74.4 (—) 98.7 (—) 83.7 (—) 94.7 (—) 71.3 (—) 29.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 9.0 (—) — (†) — (†) 3.0 (—) 0.9 (—)
1951 ......................... — (†) — (†) 73.6 (—) 99.1 (—) 85.2 (—) 94.8 (—) 75.1 (—) 26.2 (—) — (†) — (†) 8.6 (—) — (†) — (†) 2.5 (—) 0.7 (—)
1952 ......................... — (†) — (†) 75.2 (—) 98.8 (—) 85.2 (—) 96.2 (—) 73.4 (—) 28.8 (—) — (†) — (†) 9.7 (—) — (†) — (†) 2.6 (—) 1.2 (—)
1953 ......................... — (†) — (†) 78.6 (—) 99.4 (—) 85.9 (—) 96.5 (—) 74.7 (—) 31.2 (—) — (†) — (†) 11.1 (—) — (†) — (†) 2.9 (—) 1.7 (—)
1954 ......................... — (†) — (†) 77.3 (—) 99.4 (—) 87.1 (—) 95.8 (—) 78.0 (—) 32.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 11.2 (—) — (†) — (†) 4.1 (—) 1.5 (—)
1955 ......................... — (†) — (†) 78.1 (—) 99.2 (—) 86.9 (—) 95.9 (—) 77.4 (—) 31.5 (—) — (†) — (†) 11.1 (—) — (†) — (†) 4.2 (—) 1.6 (—)
1956 ......................... — (†) — (†) 77.6 (—) 99.3 (—) 88.2 (—) 96.9 (—) 78.4 (—) 35.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 12.8 (—) — (†) — (†) 5.1 (—) 1.9 (—)
1957 ......................... — (†) — (†) 78.6 (—) 99.5 (—) 89.5 (—) 97.1 (—) 80.5 (—) 34.9 (—) — (†) — (†) 14.0 (—) — (†) — (†) 5.5 (—) 1.8 (—)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1958 ......................... — (†) — (†) 80.4 (—) 99.5 (—) 89.2 (—) 96.9 (—) 80.6 (—) 37.6 (—) — (†) — (†) 13.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 5.7 (—) 2.2 (—)
1959 ......................... — (†) — (†) 80.0 (—) 99.4 (—) 90.2 (—) 97.5 (—) 82.9 (—) 36.8 (—) — (†) — (†) 12.7 (—) 18.8 (—) 8.6 (—) 5.1 (—) 2.2 (—)
(—)
1960 ......................... — (†) — (†) 80.7 (—) 99.5 (—) 90.3 (—) 97.8 (—) 82.6 (—) 38.4 (—) — (†) — (†) 13.1 (—) 19.4 (—) 8.7 (—) 4.9 (—) 2.4 (—)
1961 ......................... — (†) — (†) 81.7 (—) 99.3 (—) 91.4 (—) 97.6 (—) 83.6 (—) 38.0 (—) — (†) — (†) 13.7 (—) 21.5 (—) 8.4 (—) 4.4 (—) 2.0 (—)
1962 ......................... — (†) — (†) 82.2 (—) 99.3 (—) 92.0 (—) 98.0 (—) 84.3 (—) 41.8 (—) — (†) — (†) 15.6 (—) 23.0 (—) 10.3 (—) 5.0 (—) 2.6 (—)
1963 ......................... — (†) — (†) 82.7 (—) 99.3 (—) 92.9 (—) 98.4 (—) 87.1 (—) 40.9 (—) 10.9 (—) 29.8 (—) 17.3 (—) 25.0 (—) 11.4 (—) 4.9 (—) 2.5 (—)
19641 ........................ — (†) 9.5 (—) 83.3 (—) 99.0 (—) 93.1 (—) 98.6 (—) 87.7 (—) 41.6 (—) 11.0 (—) 30.6 (—) 16.8 (—) 26.3 (—) 9.9 (—) 5.2 (—) 2.6 (—)
1965 ......................... 55.5 (—) 10.6 (—) 84.9 (—) 99.4 (—) 93.2 (—) 98.9 (—) 87.4 (—) 46.3 (—) 11.2 (—) 35.0 (—) 19.0 (—) 27.6 (—) 13.2 (—) 6.1 (—) 3.2 (—)
1966 ......................... 56.1 (—) 12.5 (—) 85.8 (—) 99.3 (—) 93.7 (—) 98.6 (—) 88.5 (—) 47.2 (—) 10.8 (—) 36.3 (—) 19.9 (—) 29.9 (—) 13.2 (—) 6.5 (—) 2.7 (—)
1967 ......................... 56.6 (—) 14.2 (—) 87.4 (—) 99.3 (—) 93.7 (—) 98.2 (—) 88.8 (—) 47.6 (—) 11.7 (—) 36.0 (—) 22.0 (—) 33.3 (—) 13.6 (—) 6.6 (—) 4.0 (—)
1968 ......................... 56.7 (—) 15.7 (—) 87.6 (—) 99.1 (—) 94.2 (—) 98.0 (—) 90.2 (—) 50.4 (—) 12.4 (—) 38.0 (—) 21.4 (—) 31.2 (—) 13.8 (—) 7.0 (—) 3.9 (—)
1969 ......................... 57.0 (—) 16.1 (—) 88.4 (—) 99.2 (—) 94.0 (—) 98.1 (—) 89.7 (—) 50.2 (—) 11.2 (—) 39.0 (—) 23.0 (—) 34.1 (—) 15.4 (—) 7.9 (—) 4.8 (—)
1970 ......................... 56.4 (0.22) 20.5 (0.74) 89.5 (0.54) 99.2 (0.08) 94.1 (0.27) 98.1 (0.22) 90.0 (0.50) 47.7 (0.87) 10.5 (0.53) 37.3 (0.84) 21.5 (0.48) 31.9 (0.87) 14.9 (0.53) 7.5 (0.33) 4.2 (0.27)
1971 ......................... 56.2 (0.22) 21.2 (0.76) 91.6 (0.50) 99.1 (0.08) 94.5 (0.26) 98.6 (0.19) 90.2 (0.49) 49.2 (0.85) 11.5 (0.54) 37.7 (0.83) 21.9 (0.47) 32.2 (0.85) 15.4 (0.52) 8.0 (0.33) 4.9 (0.29)
1972 ......................... 54.9 (0.22) 24.4 (0.81) 91.9 (0.51) 99.2 (0.08) 93.3 (0.28) 97.6 (0.24) 88.9 (0.51) 46.3 (0.84) 10.4 (0.51) 35.9 (0.81) 21.6 (0.46) 31.4 (0.81) 14.8 (0.51) 8.6 (0.34) 4.6 (0.28)
1973 ......................... 53.5 (0.22) 24.2 (0.80) 92.5 (0.50) 99.2 (0.08) 92.9 (0.29) 97.5 (0.25) 88.3 (0.52) 42.9 (0.82) 10.0 (0.50) 32.9 (0.78) 20.8 (0.44) 30.1 (0.79) 14.5 (0.50) 8.5 (0.33) 4.5 (0.27)
1974 ......................... 53.6 (0.22) 28.8 (0.85) 94.2 (0.44) 99.3 (0.08) 92.9 (0.29) 97.9 (0.23) 87.9 (0.52) 43.1 (0.81) 9.9 (0.49) 33.2 (0.77) 21.4 (0.45) 30.2 (0.77) 15.1 (0.51) 9.6 (0.34) 5.7 (0.29)
1975 ......................... 53.7 (0.22) 31.5 (0.89) 94.7 (0.42) 99.3 (0.08) 93.6 (0.27) 98.2 (0.21) 89.0 (0.50) 46.9 (0.81) 10.2 (0.49) 36.7 (0.78) 22.4 (0.45) 31.2 (0.77) 16.2 (0.52) 10.1 (0.34) 6.6 (0.31)
1976 ......................... 53.1 (0.21) 31.3 (0.91) 95.5 (0.38) 99.2 (0.09) 93.7 (0.27) 98.2 (0.21) 89.1 (0.50) 46.2 (0.80) 10.2 (0.49) 36.0 (0.77) 23.3 (0.45) 32.0 (0.77) 17.1 (0.52) 10.0 (0.33) 6.0 (0.29)
1977 ......................... 52.5 (0.21) 32.0 (0.94) 95.8 (0.38) 99.4 (0.07) 93.7 (0.28) 98.5 (0.20) 88.9 (0.50) 46.2 (0.80) 10.4 (0.49) 35.7 (0.77) 22.9 (0.44) 31.8 (0.76) 16.5 (0.51) 10.8 (0.34) 6.9 (0.30)
1978 ......................... 51.2 (0.21) 34.2 (0.95) 95.3 (0.42) 99.1 (0.09) 93.7 (0.28) 98.4 (0.20) 89.1 (0.50) 45.4 (0.80) 9.8 (0.48) 35.6 (0.77) 21.8 (0.43) 29.5 (0.74) 16.3 (0.50) 9.4 (0.32) 6.4 (0.28)
1979 ......................... 50.3 (0.21) 35.1 (0.95) 95.8 (0.40) 99.2 (0.09) 93.6 (0.28) 98.1 (0.22) 89.2 (0.50) 45.0 (0.80) 10.3 (0.49) 34.6 (0.76) 21.7 (0.43) 30.2 (0.74) 15.8 (0.49) 9.6 (0.32) 6.4 (0.28)
1980 ......................... 49.7 (0.21) 36.7 (0.95) 95.7 (0.40) 99.3 (0.09) 93.4 (0.29) 98.2 (0.22) 89.0 (0.51) 46.4 (0.80) 10.5 (0.49) 35.9 (0.77) 22.3 (0.43) 31.0 (0.75) 16.3 (0.49) 9.3 (0.31) 6.4 (0.27)
1981 ......................... 48.9 (0.21) 36.0 (0.93) 94.0 (0.46) 99.2 (0.09) 94.1 (0.28) 98.0 (0.24) 90.6 (0.47) 49.0 (0.81) 11.5 (0.51) 37.5 (0.78) 22.5 (0.42) 31.6 (0.74) 16.5 (0.48) 9.0 (0.30) 6.9 (0.27)
1982 ......................... 48.6 (0.22) 36.4 (0.97) 95.0 (0.45) 99.2 (0.10) 94.4 (0.29) 98.5 (0.22) 90.6 (0.51) 47.8 (0.86) 11.3 (0.54) 36.5 (0.83) 23.5 (0.45) 34.0 (0.81) 16.8 (0.51) 9.6 (0.32) 6.3 (0.28)
1983 ......................... 48.4 (0.22) 37.5 (0.96) 95.4 (0.43) 99.2 (0.10) 95.0 (0.28) 98.3 (0.23) 91.7 (0.50) 50.4 (0.87) 12.8 (0.58) 37.6 (0.84) 22.7 (0.45) 32.5 (0.80) 16.6 (0.51) 9.6 (0.32) 6.4 (0.28)
1984 ......................... 47.9 (0.22) 36.3 (0.94) 94.5 (0.46) 99.2 (0.10) 94.7 (0.29) 97.8 (0.26) 91.5 (0.51) 50.1 (0.89) 11.5 (0.57) 38.6 (0.87) 23.7 (0.46) 33.9 (0.82) 17.3 (0.52) 9.1 (0.30) 6.3 (0.27)
1985 ......................... 48.3 (0.22) 38.9 (0.95) 96.1 (0.38) 99.2 (0.09) 94.9 (0.28) 98.1 (0.24) 91.7 (0.50) 51.6 (0.91) 11.2 (0.57) 40.4 (0.89) 24.0 (0.47) 35.3 (0.84) 16.9 (0.52) 9.2 (0.31) 6.1 (0.26)
1986 ......................... 48.2 (0.22) 38.9 (0.95) 95.3 (0.41) 99.2 (0.10) 94.9 (0.28) 97.6 (0.28) 92.3 (0.48) 54.6 (0.91) 13.1 (0.62) 41.5 (0.90) 23.6 (0.47) 33.0 (0.84) 17.9 (0.54) 8.8 (0.30) 6.0 (0.25)
1987 ......................... 48.6 (0.22) 38.3 (0.95) 95.1 (0.42) 99.5 (0.07) 95.0 (0.28) 98.6 (0.22) 91.7 (0.49) 55.6 (0.90) 13.1 (0.61) 42.5 (0.90) 25.5 (0.49) 38.7 (0.89) 17.5 (0.54) 9.0 (0.30) 5.8 (0.25)
1988 ......................... 48.7 (0.24) 38.2 (1.02) 96.0 (0.41) 99.7 (0.07) 95.1 (0.31) 98.9 (0.22) 91.6 (0.55) 55.6 (0.98) 13.9 (0.68) 41.8 (0.97) 26.1 (0.54) 39.1 (0.98) 18.2 (0.60) 8.3 (0.32) 5.9 (0.27)
1989 ......................... 49.0 (0.23) 39.1 (0.97) 95.2 (0.43) 99.3 (0.09) 95.7 (0.28) 98.8 (0.21) 92.7 (0.50) 56.0 (0.92) 14.4 (0.65) 41.6 (0.91) 27.0 (0.53) 38.5 (0.94) 19.9 (0.60) 9.3 (0.32) 5.7 (0.25)
1990 ....................... .. 50.2 (0.23) 44.4 (0.99) 96.5 (0.37) 99.6 (0.06) 95.8 (0.28) 99.0 (0.19) 92.5 (0.52) 57.2 (0.94) 14.5 (0.67) 42.7 (0.94) 28.6 (0.54) 39.7 (0.92) 21.0 (0.63) 9.7 (0.33) 5.8 (0.25)
1991 ......................... 50.7 (0.23) 40.5 (0.96) 95.4 (0.41) 99.6 (0.06) 96.0 (0.27) 98.8 (0.22) 93.3 (0.49) 59.6 (0.96) 15.6 (0.71) 44.0 (0.97) 30.2 (0.55) 42.0 (0.92) 22.2 (0.64) 10.2 (0.34) 6.2 (0.26)
1992 ........................ . 51.4 (0.23) 39.7 (0.95) 95.5 (0.41) 99.4 (0.08) 96.7 (0.25) 99.1 (0.18) 94.1 (0.46) 61.4 (0.96) 17.1 (0.74) 44.3 (0.98) 31.6 (0.56) 44.0 (0.95) 23.7 (0.65) 9.8 (0.34) 6.1 (0.26)
1993 ......................... 51.8 (0.23) 40.4 (0.93) 95.4 (0.41) 99.5 (0.07) 96.5 (0.25) 98.9 (0.20) 94.0 (0.46) 61.6 (0.95) 17.2 (0.74) 44.4 (0.97) 30.8 (0.56) 42.7 (0.97) 23.6 (0.65) 10.2 (0.35) 5.9 (0.25)
1994 ......................... 53.3 (0.23) 47.3 2 (0.94) 96.7 (0.34) 99.4 (0.08) 96.6 (0.24) 98.8 (0.20) 94.4 (0.43) 60.2 (0.94) 16.2 (0.70) 43.9 (0.95) 32.0 (0.55) 44.9 (0.95) 24.0 (0.64) 10.8 (0.36) 6.7 (0.27)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 103.20. Percentage of the population 3 to 34 years old enrolled in school, by age group: Selected years, 1940 through 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

14 to 17 years old 18 and 19 years old 20 to 24 years old

Total, 3 to 34 3 and 4 5 and 6 7 to 13 In secondary In higher 25 to 29 30 to 34
Year years old years old years old years old Total 14 and 15 16 and 17 Total education education Total 20 and 21 22 to 24 years old years old
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1995 ......................... 53.7 (0.21) 48.7 2
(0.87) 96.0 (0.34) 98.9 (0.10) 96.3 (0.23) 98.9 (0.18) 93.6 (0.42) 59.4 (0.86) 16.3 (0.64) 43.1 (0.86) 31.5 (0.52) 44.9 (0.90) 23.2 (0.60) 11.6 (0.34) 5.9 (0.24)
1996 ......................... 54.1 (0.22) 48.3 2 (0.91) 94.0 (0.43) 97.7 (0.15) 95.4 (0.26) 98.0 (0.24) 92.8 (0.45) 61.5 (0.87) 16.7 (0.67) 44.9 (0.89) 32.5 (0.55) 44.4 (0.93) 24.8 (0.65) 11.9 (0.36) 6.1 (0.25)
1997 ......................... 55.6 (0.22) 52.6 2 (0.92) 96.5 (0.33) 99.1 (0.09) 96.6 (0.22) 98.9 (0.18) 94.3 (0.40) 61.5 (0.86) 16.7 (0.66) 44.7 (0.88) 34.3 (0.55) 45.9 (0.91) 26.4 (0.66) 11.8 (0.36) 5.7 (0.25)
1998 ......................... 55.8 (0.22) 52.1 2 (0.92) 95.6 (0.37) 98.9 (0.10) 96.1 (0.24) 98.4 (0.22) 93.9 (0.41) 62.2 (0.84) 15.7 (0.63) 46.4 (0.86) 33.0 (0.54) 44.8 (0.91) 24.9 (0.65) 11.9 (0.36) 6.6 (0.27)
1999 ......................... 56.0 (0.22) 54.2 2 (0.93) 96.0 (0.36) 98.7 (0.11) 95.8 (0.24) 98.2 (0.23) 93.6 (0.42) 60.6 (0.84) 16.5 (0.64) 44.1 (0.85) 32.8 (0.54) 45.3 (0.90) 24.5 (0.64) 11.1 (0.36) 6.2 (0.27)

2000 ......................... 55.9 (0.22) 52.1 2 (0.93) 95.6 (0.38) 98.2 (0.13) 95.7 (0.25) 98.7 (0.20) 92.8 (0.45) 61.2 (0.84) 16.5 (0.64) 44.7 (0.85) 32.5 (0.53) 44.1 (0.88) 24.6 (0.63) 11.4 (0.37) 6.7 (0.27)
2001 ......................... 56.4 (0.20) 52.4 2 (0.88) 95.3 (0.37) 98.3 (0.12) 95.8 (0.23) 98.1 (0.22) 93.4 (0.40) 61.1 (0.79) 17.1 (0.61) 44.0 (0.80) 34.1 (0.50) 46.1 (0.82) 25.5 (0.61) 11.8 (0.36) 6.9 (0.26)
2002 ......................... 56.2 (0.20) 56.3 2 (0.89) 95.5 (0.37) 98.3 (0.12) 96.4 (0.21) 98.4 (0.20) 94.3 (0.37) 63.3 (0.79) 18.0 (0.63) 45.3 (0.82) 34.4 (0.50) 47.8 (0.83) 25.6 (0.59) 12.1 (0.35) 6.6 (0.25)
2003 ......................... 56.2 (0.20) 55.1 2 (0.85) 94.5 (0.40) 98.3 (0.12) 96.2 (0.21) 97.5 (0.25) 94.9 (0.34) 64.5 (0.80) 17.9 (0.64) 46.6 (0.84) 35.6 (0.50) 48.3 (0.83) 27.8 (0.59) 11.8 (0.34) 6.8 (0.26)
2004 ......................... 56.2 (0.20) 54.0 2 (0.85) 95.4 (0.37) 98.4 (0.12) 96.5 (0.21) 98.5 (0.19) 94.5 (0.36) 64.4 (0.80) 16.6 (0.62) 47.8 (0.83) 35.2 (0.49) 48.9 (0.82) 26.3 (0.58) 13.0 (0.35) 6.6 (0.26)

2005 ......................... 56.5 (0.20) 53.6 2 (0.86) 95.4 (0.37) 98.6 (0.11) 96.5 (0.20) 98.0 (0.22) 95.1 (0.33) 67.6 (0.79) 18.3 (0.65) 49.3 (0.84) 36.1 (0.49) 48.7 (0.80) 27.3 (0.59) 11.9 (0.34) 6.9 (0.27)
2006 ......................... 56.0 (0.20) 55.7 2 (0.86) 94.6 (0.39) 98.3 (0.12) 96.4 (0.21) 98.3 (0.21) 94.6 (0.36) 65.5 (0.77) 19.3 (0.64) 46.2 (0.81) 35.0 (0.49) 47.5 (0.81) 26.7 (0.58) 11.7 (0.33) 7.2 (0.27)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2007 ......................... 56.1 (0.20) 54.5 2 (0.86) 94.7 (0.39) 98.4 (0.12) 96.4 (0.21) 98.7 (0.18) 94.3 (0.36) 66.8 (0.75) 17.9 (0.61) 48.9 (0.80) 35.7 (0.49) 48.4 (0.81) 27.3 (0.59) 12.4 (0.33) 7.2 (0.27)
2008 ......................... 56.2 (0.20) 52.8 2 (0.85) 93.8 (0.42) 98.7 (0.11) 96.8 (0.20) 98.6 (0.19) 95.2 (0.34) 66.0 (0.75) 17.4 (0.60) 48.6 (0.79) 36.9 (0.49) 50.1 (0.81) 28.2 (0.59) 13.2 (0.34) 7.3 (0.27)
2009 ......................... 56.5 (0.20) 52.4 2 (0.85) 94.1 (0.40) 98.2 (0.12) 96.3 (0.22) 98.0 (0.23) 94.6 (0.36) 68.9 (0.73) 19.1 (0.62) 49.8 (0.79) 38.7 (0.50) 51.7 (0.81) 30.4 (0.60) 13.5 (0.34) 8.1 (0.28)

2010 ......................... 56.6 (0.17) 53.2 2 (0.89) 94.5 (0.46) 98.0 (0.16) 97.1 (0.21) 98.1 (0.25) 96.1 (0.33) 69.2 (0.92) 18.1 (0.71) 51.2 (1.05) 38.6 (0.71) 52.4 (1.08) 28.9 (0.79) 14.6 (0.47) 8.3 (0.39)
2011 ......................... 56.8 (0.19) 52.4 2 (0.90) 95.1 (0.43) 98.3 (0.14) 97.1 (0.22) 98.6 (0.21) 95.7 (0.38) 71.1 (0.95) 21.0 (0.78) 50.1 (1.08) 39.9 (0.68) 52.7 (1.05) 31.1 (0.82) 14.8 (0.44) 7.7 (0.32)
2012 ......................... 56.6 (0.22) 53.5 2 (1.11) 93.2 (0.49) 98.0 (0.17) 97.0 (0.28) 98.2 (0.31) 95.8 (0.40) 69.0 (0.98) 21.7 (0.77) 47.3 (0.96) 40.2 (0.72) 54.0 (1.04) 30.7 (0.84) 14.0 (0.48) 7.5 (0.33)
2013 ......................... 55.8 (0.18) 54.9 2 (1.00) 93.8 (0.45) 98.1 (0.16) 96.1 (0.28) 98.4 (0.27) 93.7 (0.50) 67.1 (0.97) 20.5 (0.80) 46.6 (1.00) 38.7 (0.76) 52.8 (1.24) 29.7 (0.81) 13.3 (0.44) 6.7 (0.32)
2014 ......................... 55.2 (0.21) 54.5 2 (0.98) 93.4 (0.53) 97.6 (0.19) 95.4 (0.29) 97.8 (0.26) 92.9 (0.51) 68.4 (0.92) 19.6 (0.79) 48.9 (1.09) 38.0 (0.76) 51.4 (1.24) 29.6 (0.80) 13.1 (0.44) 6.4 (0.31)

2015 ......................... 55.2 (0.20) 52.7 2 (1.02) 94.2 (0.46) 97.7 (0.17) 95.9 (0.28) 98.0 (0.27) 93.7 (0.49) 68.5 (0.86) 19.8 (0.79) 48.8 (0.98) 38.5 (0.80) 53.3 (1.14) 28.8 (0.81) 13.2 (0.50) 6.6 (0.30)
2016 ......................... 55.2 (0.21) 53.8 2 (1.04) 93.3 (0.58) 98.2 (0.15) 95.5 (0.30) 98.0 (0.27) 93.0 (0.55) 69.5 (1.05) 19.0 (0.76) 50.5 (1.15) 39.0 (0.78) 55.5 (1.12) 28.8 (0.85) 13.2 (0.46) 6.4 (0.31)
2017 ......................... 54.6 (0.19) 53.8 2 (1.08) 93.5 (0.54) 97.5 (0.20) 95.5 (0.31) 98.2 (0.25) 92.9 (0.55) 68.2 (1.08) 20.2 (0.85) 48.0 (1.21) 38.8 (0.71) 55.0 (1.13) 28.4 (0.92) 12.1 (0.45) 5.9 (0.31)

—Not available. nursing facilities). Includes enrollment in any type of graded public, parochial, or other private schools. Includes nursery
†Not applicable. schools, kindergartens, elementary and secondary schools, colleges, universities, and professional schools. Attendance may
1
It is not possible to compute a 1964 enrollment percentage for the total 3- to 34-year-old population because, although be on either a full-time or part-time basis and during the day or night. Prior to 2010, standard errors were computed using
enrollment percentages are available for each component age group, underlying data on population size are not available generalized variance function methodology rather than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years.
for 3- and 4-year-olds. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970;
2
Beginning in 1994, preprimary enrollment data were collected using new procedures. Data may not be comparable to Current Population Reports, Series P-20, various years; CPS Historical Time Series Tables on School Enrollment, retrieved
figures for earlier years. June 6, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/hhes/school/data/cps/historical/index.html; and Current Population Survey
NOTE: Data for 1940 are for April. Data for all other years are as of October. Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian (CPS), October, 1970 through 2017. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Enrollment Rates
29
30 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Educational Attainment

Table 104.10. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons age 25 and over, by race/ethnicity and
sex: Selected years, 1910 through 2018
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Total, percent Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, high school or bachelor’s of all persons Indian/ Two or
degree attainment, and year age 25 and over White1 Black1 Hispanic Total Asian Pacific Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total
High school completion or higher2
19103 .......................................... 13.5 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19203 .......................................... 16.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19303 .......................................... 19.1 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1940 ........................................... 24.5 (—) 26.1 (—) 7.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 34.3 (—) 36.4 (—) 13.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 41.1 (—) 43.2 (—) 21.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 55.2 (—) 57.4 (—) 36.1 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1975 ........................................... 62.5 (—) 65.8 (—) 42.6 (—) 38.5 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 68.6 (0.20) 71.9 (0.21) 51.4 (0.81) 44.5 (1.18) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1985 ........................................... 73.9 (0.18) 77.5 (0.19) 59.9 (0.74) 47.9 (0.99) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1986 ........................................... 74.7 (0.18) 78.2 (0.19) 62.5 (0.72) 48.5 (0.96) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1987 ........................................... 75.6 (0.17) 79.0 (0.18) 63.6 (0.71) 50.9 (0.94) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1988 ........................................... 76.2 (0.17) 79.8 (0.18) 63.5 (0.70) 51.0 (0.92) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1989 ........................................... 76.9 (0.17) 80.7 (0.18) 64.7 (0.69) 50.9 (0.89) 82.3 (1.17) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 77.6 (0.17) 81.4 (0.17) 66.2 (0.67) 50.8 (0.88) 84.2 (1.09) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1991 ........................................... 78.4 (0.16) 82.4 (0.17) 66.8 (0.66) 51.3 (0.86) 84.2 (1.05) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1992 ........................................... 79.4 (0.16) 83.4 (0.16) 67.7 (0.65) 52.6 (0.85) 83.7 (1.02) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1993 ........................................... 80.2 (0.16) 84.1 (0.16) 70.5 (0.63) 53.1 (0.83) 84.2 (1.00) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1994 ........................................... 80.9 (0.15) 84.9 (0.16) 73.0 (0.61) 53.3 (0.78) 84.8 (0.98) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 81.7 (0.15) 85.9 (0.16) 73.8 (0.61) 53.4 (0.78) 83.8 (1.06) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 81.7 (0.16) 86.0 (0.16) 74.6 (0.53) 53.1 (0.68) 83.5 (0.82) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 82.1 (0.14) 86.3 (0.15) 75.3 (0.52) 54.7 (0.54) 85.2 (0.75) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 82.8 (0.14) 87.1 (0.14) 76.4 (0.50) 55.5 (0.53) 84.9 (0.74) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 83.4 (0.14) 87.7 (0.14) 77.4 (0.49) 56.1 (0.52) 84.7 (0.73) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 84.1 (0.13) 88.4 (0.14) 78.9 (0.48) 57.0 (0.51) 85.7 (0.71) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 84.3 (0.13) 88.7 (0.13) 79.5 (0.47) 56.5 (0.50) 87.8 (0.60) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 84.1 (0.09) 88.7 (0.10) 79.2 (0.34) 57.0 (0.34) 87.7 (0.44) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 84.6 (0.09) 89.4 (0.09) 80.3 (0.33) 57.0 (0.33) 87.8 (0.43) 87.8 (0.44) 88.2 (1.87) 77.2 (1.64) 86.1 (0.97)
2004 ........................................... 85.2 (0.09) 90.0 (0.09) 81.1 (0.32) 58.4 (0.32) 86.9 (0.43) 86.9 (0.44) 88.5 (1.91) 77.8 (1.61) 87.2 (0.91)
2005 ........................................... 85.2 (0.14) 90.1 (0.16) 81.4 (0.44) 58.5 (0.53) 87.8 (0.62) 87.7 (0.62) 90.1 (2.69) 75.6 (2.02) 88.6 (0.83)
2006 ........................................... 85.5 (0.15) 90.5 (0.15) 81.2 (0.43) 59.3 (0.58) 87.5 (0.71) 87.5 (0.71) 85.7 (2.51) 78.5 (2.11) 88.1 (0.90)
2007 ........................................... 85.7 (0.15) 90.6 (0.15) 82.8 (0.39) 60.3 (0.56) 88.0 (0.79) 87.9 (0.81) 88.6 (2.30) 80.3 (2.27) 89.3 (0.87)
2008 ........................................... 86.6 (0.15) 91.5 (0.15) 83.3 (0.40) 62.3 (0.58) 89.0 (0.62) 88.8 (0.64) 94.4 (1.00) 78.4 (2.74) 89.5 (1.12)
2009 ........................................... 86.7 (0.15) 91.6 (0.15) 84.2 (0.44) 61.9 (0.56) 88.4 (0.61) 88.3 (0.63) 90.8 (1.76) 81.5 (1.83) 87.4 (0.96)
2010 ........................................... 87.1 (0.13) 92.1 (0.14) 84.6 (0.41) 62.9 (0.53) 89.1 (0.67) 89.1 (0.68) 90.2 (1.95) 80.8 (1.76) 88.9 (0.90)
2011 ........................................... 87.6 (0.13) 92.4 (0.14) 84.8 (0.41) 64.3 (0.54) 88.8 (0.55) 88.7 (0.57) 90.4 (1.61) 82.3 (1.77) 89.4 (1.00)
2012 ........................................... 87.6 (0.15) 92.5 (0.14) 85.7 (0.40) 65.0 (0.59) 89.1 (0.59) 89.0 (0.61) 91.6 (1.33) 81.8 (1.69) 91.0 (0.89)
2013 ........................................... 88.2 (0.14) 92.9 (0.13) 85.9 (0.42) 66.2 (0.52) 90.2 (0.51) 90.2 (0.53) 89.5 (1.72) 82.2 (1.68) 92.6 (0.75)
2014 ........................................... 88.3 (0.15) 93.1 (0.17) 86.7 (0.45) 66.5 (0.57) 89.5 (0.62) 89.5 (0.64) 88.8 (2.15) 81.0 (2.01) 93.3 (0.88)
2015 ........................................... 88.4 (0.12) 93.3 (0.13) 87.7 (0.37) 66.7 (0.48) 88.9 (0.49) 89.1 (0.51) 85.1 (2.04) 83.8 (1.64) 91.6 (0.87)
2016 ........................................... 89.1 (0.13) 93.8 (0.13) 87.7 (0.34) 68.5 (0.48) 90.7 (0.49) 90.6 (0.51) 93.3 (1.38) 84.7 (1.35) 92.8 (0.83)
2017 ........................................... 89.6 (0.12) 94.1 (0.13) 88.1 (0.37) 70.5 (0.47) 90.9 (0.47) 90.9 (0.49) 89.3 (2.03) 85.3 (1.36) 93.4 (0.71)
2018 ........................................... 89.8 (0.12) 94.3 (0.13) 88.6 (0.33) 71.6 (0.40) 90.6 (0.40) 90.6 (0.41) 90.6 (1.77) 83.6 (1.32) 93.2 (0.61)
Bachelor’s or higher degree4
19103 .......................................... 2.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19203 .......................................... 3.3 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19303 .......................................... 3.9 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1940 ........................................... 4.6 (—) 4.9 (—) 1.3 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 6.2 (—) 6.6 (—) 2.2 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 7.7 (—) 8.1 (—) 3.5 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 11.0 (—) 11.6 (—) 6.1 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1975 ........................................... 13.9 (—) 14.9 (—) 6.4 (—) 6.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 17.0 (0.16) 18.4 (0.18) 7.9 (0.44) 7.6 (0.63) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1985 ........................................... 19.4 (0.16) 20.8 (0.19) 11.1 (0.47) 8.5 (0.55) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1986 ........................................... 19.4 (0.16) 20.9 (0.19) 10.9 (0.47) 8.4 (0.53) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1987 ........................................... 19.9 (0.16) 21.4 (0.19) 10.8 (0.46) 8.6 (0.53) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1988 ........................................... 20.3 (0.16) 21.8 (0.19) 11.2 (0.46) 10.0 (0.55) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1989 ........................................... 21.1 (0.16) 22.8 (0.19) 11.7 (0.46) 9.9 (0.53) 41.5 (1.51) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 21.3 (0.16) 23.1 (0.19) 11.3 (0.45) 9.2 (0.51) 41.7 (1.47) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1991 ........................................... 21.4 (0.16) 23.3 (0.19) 11.5 (0.45) 9.7 (0.51) 40.3 (1.42) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1992 ........................................... 21.4 (0.16) 23.2 (0.19) 11.9 (0.45) 9.3 (0.49) 39.3 (1.35) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1993 ........................................... 21.9 (0.16) 23.8 (0.19) 12.2 (0.45) 9.0 (0.48) 42.1 (1.35) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1994 ........................................... 22.2 (0.16) 24.3 (0.19) 12.9 (0.46) 9.1 (0.45) 41.3 (1.34) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 23.0 (0.16) 25.4 (0.19) 13.3 (0.47) 9.3 (0.45) 38.5 (1.40) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 23.6 (0.17) 25.9 (0.20) 13.8 (0.42) 9.3 (0.40) 42.3 (1.09) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 23.9 (0.16) 26.2 (0.19) 13.3 (0.41) 10.3 (0.33) 42.6 (1.04) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 24.4 (0.16) 26.6 (0.19) 14.8 (0.42) 11.0 (0.33) 42.3 (1.02) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 25.2 (0.16) 27.7 (0.19) 15.5 (0.43) 10.9 (0.33) 42.4 (1.01) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 25.6 (0.16) 28.1 (0.19) 16.6 (0.44) 10.6 (0.32) 44.4 (1.00) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 26.1 (0.16) 28.6 (0.19) 16.1 (0.43) 11.2 (0.32) 48.0 (0.92) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 26.7 (0.11) 29.4 (0.14) 17.2 (0.31) 11.1 (0.21) 47.7 (0.66) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 27.2 (0.11) 30.0 (0.14) 17.4 (0.31) 11.4 (0.21) 48.8 (0.65) 50.0 (0.67) 27.0 (2.56) 12.6 (1.30) 22.0 (1.17)
2004 ........................................... 27.7 (0.11) 30.6 (0.14) 17.7 (0.31) 12.1 (0.21) 48.9 (0.64) 49.7 (0.66) 32.4 (2.81) 14.3 (1.36) 21.8 (1.13)
2005 ........................................... 27.7 (0.23) 30.6 (0.29) 17.6 (0.45) 12.0 (0.31) 49.3 (0.91) 50.4 (0.93) 24.6 (3.67) 14.5 (1.51) 23.2 (1.19)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 31
Educational Attainment

Table 104.10. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons age 25 and over, by race/ethnicity and
sex: Selected years, 1910 through 2018—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Total, percent Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, high school or bachelor’s of all persons Indian/ Two or
degree attainment, and year age 25 and over White1 Black1 Hispanic Total Asian Pacific Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2006 ........................................... 28.0 (0.20) 31.0 (0.25) 18.6 (0.47) 12.4 (0.32) 49.1 (1.04) 50.0 (1.06) 26.9 (3.42) 12.9 (1.60) 23.1 (1.28)
2007 ........................................... 28.7 (0.21) 31.8 (0.27) 18.7 (0.51) 12.7 (0.31) 51.2 (1.02) 52.5 (1.03) 23.8 (3.30) 13.1 (1.24) 23.7 (1.30)
2008 ........................................... 29.4 (0.21) 32.6 (0.26) 19.7 (0.51) 13.3 (0.29) 51.9 (0.95) 52.9 (0.97) 28.4 (2.86) 14.9 (1.52) 24.4 (1.36)
2009 ........................................... 29.5 (0.21) 32.9 (0.26) 19.4 (0.45) 13.2 (0.34) 51.6 (0.91) 52.8 (0.95) 28.3 (2.68) 17.5 (2.08) 25.5 (1.34)
2010 ........................................... 29.9 (0.19) 33.2 (0.24) 20.0 (0.51) 13.9 (0.31) 51.6 (1.04) 52.8 (1.09) 25.6 (2.89) 16.0 (1.77) 25.3 (1.30)
2011 ........................................... 30.4 (0.19) 34.0 (0.24) 20.2 (0.50) 14.1 (0.34) 49.5 (0.92) 50.8 (0.96) 22.1 (2.73) 16.1 (1.73) 27.4 (1.27)
2012 ........................................... 30.9 (0.21) 34.5 (0.27) 21.4 (0.53) 14.5 (0.35) 50.7 (0.92) 51.9 (0.94) 24.5 (2.75) 16.7 (1.82) 27.1 (1.34)
2013 ........................................... 31.7 (0.21) 35.2 (0.26) 22.0 (0.49) 15.1 (0.34) 52.5 (0.92) 53.9 (0.93) 25.6 (2.66) 15.4 (1.72) 30.6 (1.35)
2014 ........................................... 32.0 (0.27) 35.6 (0.35) 22.8 (0.66) 15.2 (0.39) 51.3 (1.00) 52.7 (1.02) 22.3 (3.27) 13.8 (1.43) 31.2 (1.81)
2015 ........................................... 32.5 (0.22) 36.2 (0.28) 22.9 (0.52) 15.5 (0.31) 52.9 (0.84) 54.4 (0.87) 22.8 (2.39) 19.8 (1.32) 30.6 (1.52)
2016 ........................................... 33.4 (0.24) 37.3 (0.31) 23.5 (0.46) 16.4 (0.40) 55.1 (0.87) 56.4 (0.89) 27.5 (2.92) 16.8 (1.39) 30.6 (1.52)
2017 ........................................... 34.2 (0.24) 38.1 (0.31) 24.3 (0.49) 17.2 (0.35) 53.9 (0.84) 55.4 (0.88) 25.1 (2.81) 20.5 (1.92) 32.6 (1.39)
2018 ........................................... 35.0 (0.26) 38.8 (0.34) 25.6 (0.53) 18.3 (0.37) 55.6 (0.81) 57.1 (0.80) 24.1 (2.34) 18.8 (1.72) 32.4 (1.40)
Males
High school completion or higher2
1940 ........................................... 22.7 (—) 24.2 (—) 6.9 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 32.6 (—) 34.6 (—) 12.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 39.5 (—) 41.6 (—) 20.0 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 55.0 (—) 57.2 (—) 35.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 69.2 (0.29) 72.4 (0.31) 51.2 (1.21) 44.9 (1.71) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 77.7 (0.24) 81.6 (0.25) 65.8 (1.01) 50.3 (1.25) 86.0 (1.49) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 81.7 (0.22) 86.0 (0.22) 73.5 (0.91) 52.9 (1.11) 85.8 (1.46) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 81.9 (0.23) 86.1 (0.23) 74.6 (0.80) 53.0 (0.97) 86.2 (1.10) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 82.0 (0.21) 86.3 (0.21) 73.8 (0.79) 54.9 (0.76) 87.5 (1.00) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 82.8 (0.20) 87.1 (0.21) 75.4 (0.77) 55.7 (0.74) 87.9 (0.98) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 83.4 (0.20) 87.7 (0.20) 77.2 (0.74) 56.0 (0.75) 86.9 (1.00) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 84.2 (0.19) 88.5 (0.20) 79.1 (0.72) 56.6 (0.73) 88.4 (0.94) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 84.4 (0.19) 88.6 (0.19) 80.6 (0.69) 55.6 (0.72) 90.6 (0.78) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 83.8 (0.14) 88.5 (0.14) 79.0 (0.51) 56.1 (0.48) 89.8 (0.58) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 84.1 (0.13) 89.0 (0.14) 79.9 (0.50) 56.3 (0.46) 89.8 (0.58) 89.8 (0.59) 89.8 (2.61) 76.5 (2.33) 87.2 (1.36)
2004 ........................................... 84.8 (0.13) 89.9 (0.13) 80.8 (0.49) 57.3 (0.45) 88.8 (0.59) 88.8 (0.60) 88.9 (2.65) 77.1 (2.31) 87.8 (1.29)
2005 ........................................... 84.9 (0.19) 89.9 (0.20) 81.4 (0.60) 57.9 (0.69) 90.4 (0.65) 90.5 (0.66) 88.5 (3.62) 75.6 (2.57) 89.0 (1.19)
2006 ........................................... 85.0 (0.20) 90.2 (0.21) 80.7 (0.63) 58.5 (0.77) 89.5 (0.84) 89.7 (0.86) 85.8 (3.10) 78.1 (2.77) 88.0 (1.36)
2007 ........................................... 85.0 (0.21) 90.2 (0.22) 82.5 (0.55) 58.2 (0.80) 90.0 (0.81) 90.1 (0.82) 88.1 (2.75) 78.3 (3.58) 89.4 (1.28)
2008 ........................................... 85.9 (0.19) 91.1 (0.20) 82.1 (0.61) 60.9 (0.72) 91.0 (0.66) 90.8 (0.69) 95.8 (1.40) 77.3 (3.37) 89.6 (1.21)
2009 ........................................... 86.2 (0.19) 91.4 (0.20) 84.2 (0.60) 60.6 (0.72) 90.8 (0.66) 90.7 (0.68) 92.1 (2.18) 80.0 (2.33) 87.3 (1.26)
2010 ........................................... 86.6 (0.17) 91.8 (0.19) 84.2 (0.57) 61.4 (0.68) 91.4 (0.78) 91.5 (0.79) 89.3 (2.84) 78.9 (2.46) 88.1 (1.36)
2011 ........................................... 87.1 (0.18) 92.0 (0.17) 84.2 (0.55) 63.6 (0.71) 90.6 (0.68) 90.6 (0.69) 91.5 (2.22) 80.6 (2.35) 88.1 (1.40)
2012 ........................................... 87.3 (0.19) 92.2 (0.18) 85.1 (0.56) 64.0 (0.73) 90.6 (0.68) 90.5 (0.70) 93.3 (1.84) 81.8 (2.39) 90.2 (1.45)
2013 ........................................... 87.6 (0.17) 92.7 (0.17) 84.9 (0.62) 64.6 (0.66) 91.6 (0.57) 91.7 (0.57) 89.3 (2.48) 81.0 (2.11) 93.3 (1.03)
2014 ........................................... 87.7 (0.19) 92.5 (0.22) 86.3 (0.58) 65.1 (0.74) 91.8 (0.70) 91.9 (0.72) 90.0 (2.68) 80.2 (2.30) 93.8 (1.08)
2015 ........................................... 88.0 (0.16) 93.0 (0.16) 87.2 (0.48) 65.5 (0.63) 90.9 (0.56) 91.3 (0.58) 84.9 (2.83) 81.9 (2.12) 92.5 (1.23)
2016 ........................................... 88.5 (0.17) 93.4 (0.19) 87.0 (0.51) 67.2 (0.63) 92.3 (0.58) 92.2 (0.60) 94.9 (1.58) 84.1 (2.07) 92.8 (1.15)
2017 ........................................... 89.1 (0.16) 93.7 (0.18) 87.4 (0.53) 69.5 (0.59) 92.5 (0.55) 92.7 (0.55) 89.1 (2.77) 83.0 (1.96) 93.2 (1.15)
2018 ........................................... 89.4 (0.16) 93.9 (0.18) 88.3 (0.48) 70.7 (0.53) 92.8 (0.48) 92.9 (0.49) 92.2 (2.31) 79.3 (1.93) 92.5 (1.02)
Bachelor’s or higher degree4
1940 ........................................... 5.5 (—) 5.9 (—) 1.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 7.3 (—) 7.9 (—) 2.1 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 9.7 (—) 10.3 (—) 3.5 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 14.1 (—) 15.0 (—) 6.8 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 20.9 (0.26) 22.7 (0.29) 7.7 (0.65) 9.2 (0.99) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 24.4 (0.25) 26.7 (0.28) 11.9 (0.69) 9.8 (0.74) 45.9 (2.14) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 26.0 (0.25) 28.9 (0.29) 13.7 (0.71) 10.1 (0.67) 42.3 (2.06) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 26.0 (0.26) 28.8 (0.30) 12.5 (0.61) 10.3 (0.59) 46.9 (1.59) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 26.2 (0.24) 29.0 (0.28) 12.5 (0.60) 10.6 (0.47) 48.0 (1.51) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 26.5 (0.24) 29.3 (0.28) 14.0 (0.62) 11.1 (0.47) 46.0 (1.50) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 27.5 (0.24) 30.6 (0.28) 14.3 (0.62) 10.7 (0.46) 46.3 (1.48) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 27.8 (0.24) 30.8 (0.28) 16.4 (0.65) 10.7 (0.45) 48.1 (1.47) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 28.0 (0.24) 30.9 (0.28) 15.9 (0.64) 11.1 (0.45) 52.9 (1.33) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 28.5 (0.17) 31.7 (0.20) 16.5 (0.47) 11.0 (0.30) 51.5 (0.96) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 28.9 (0.17) 32.3 (0.20) 16.8 (0.47) 11.2 (0.29) 52.8 (0.96) 54.2 (0.98) 25.7 (3.76) 13.1 (1.85) 21.9 (1.69)
2004 ........................................... 29.4 (0.17) 32.9 (0.20) 16.6 (0.46) 11.8 (0.30) 52.9 (0.93) 54.0 (0.95) 31.9 (3.94) 15.6 (1.99) 20.7 (1.60)
2005 ........................................... 28.9 (0.29) 32.4 (0.37) 16.0 (0.64) 11.8 (0.43) 53.0 (1.10) 54.3 (1.13) 25.1 (4.70) 17.0 (2.30) 23.1 (1.67)
2006 ........................................... 29.2 (0.24) 32.8 (0.31) 17.5 (0.63) 11.9 (0.40) 51.9 (1.33) 53.1 (1.35) 26.6 (4.67) 13.7 (2.07) 22.6 (1.75)
2007 ........................................... 29.5 (0.25) 33.2 (0.33) 18.1 (0.62) 11.8 (0.37) 54.2 (1.31) 55.8 (1.32) 19.2 (4.14) 12.7 (1.89) 21.5 (1.81)
2008 ........................................... 30.1 (0.25) 33.8 (0.33) 18.7 (0.67) 12.6 (0.39) 54.9 (1.24) 56.1 (1.24) 27.5 (3.64) 14.6 (2.15) 22.7 (1.62)
2009 ........................................... 30.1 (0.28) 33.9 (0.36) 17.9 (0.57) 12.5 (0.41) 54.8 (1.14) 56.5 (1.17) 23.0 (3.35) 16.1 (2.96) 24.4 (1.92)
2010 ........................................... 30.3 (0.23) 34.2 (0.30) 17.9 (0.59) 12.9 (0.37) 54.6 (1.26) 56.2 (1.30) 18.0 (3.74) 13.5 (2.61) 24.8 (1.86)
2011 ........................................... 30.8 (0.23) 35.0 (0.29) 18.4 (0.64) 13.1 (0.44) 52.4 (1.15) 54.0 (1.21) 19.1 (3.55) 14.1 (1.98) 25.7 (1.91)
2012 ........................................... 31.4 (0.27) 35.5 (0.33) 19.5 (0.62) 13.3 (0.45) 53.0 (1.26) 54.4 (1.29) 24.1 (3.34) 16.1 (2.27) 25.2 (1.85)
2013 ........................................... 32.0 (0.25) 36.0 (0.31) 20.2 (0.64) 13.9 (0.43) 55.1 (1.17) 56.9 (1.20) 23.1 (3.32) 14.0 (2.13) 29.0 (1.78)
2014 ........................................... 31.9 (0.32) 35.9 (0.41) 21.0 (0.88) 14.2 (0.51) 53.7 (1.33) 55.5 (1.34) 16.7 (3.42) 14.8 (2.46) 29.2 (2.56)
2015 ........................................... 32.3 (0.27) 36.3 (0.35) 21.1 (0.63) 14.3 (0.38) 55.6 (1.11) 57.3 (1.16) 24.4 (2.87) 18.1 (2.14) 27.2 (2.14)
2016 ........................................... 33.2 (0.29) 37.2 (0.37) 21.8 (0.62) 15.4 (0.48) 57.7 (1.05) 59.4 (1.10) 22.2 (3.65) 16.5 (1.87) 25.6 (2.06)
2017 ........................................... 33.7 (0.28) 37.8 (0.37) 22.6 (0.61) 15.8 (0.41) 55.7 (1.10) 57.2 (1.14) 26.2 (3.61) 17.7 (1.93) 30.3 (1.87)
2018 ........................................... 34.6 (0.30) 38.9 (0.40) 23.7 (0.73) 16.6 (0.45) 58.5 (1.01) 60.1 (1.02) 23.6 (3.59) 15.4 (1.78) 30.0 (2.05)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

32 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Educational Attainment

Table 104.10. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons age 25 and over, by race/ethnicity and
sex: Selected years, 1910 through 2018—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Total, percent Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, high school or bachelor’s of all persons Indian/ Two or
degree attainment, and year age 25 and over White1 Black1 Hispanic Total Asian Pacific Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Females
High school completion or higher2
1940 ........................................... 26.3 (—) 28.1 (—) 8.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 36.0 (—) 38.2 (—) 14.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 42.5 (—) 44.7 (—) 23.1 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 55.4 (—) 57.7 (—) 36.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 68.1 (0.28) 71.5 (0.30) 51.5 (1.08) 44.2 (1.63) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 77.5 (0.23) 81.3 (0.24) 66.5 (0.90) 51.3 (1.23) 82.5 (1.57) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 81.6 (0.21) 85.8 (0.22) 74.1 (0.81) 53.8 (1.09) 81.9 (1.54) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 81.6 (0.22) 85.9 (0.22) 74.6 (0.71) 53.3 (0.97) 81.0 (1.21) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 82.2 (0.20) 86.3 (0.20) 76.5 (0.68) 54.6 (0.76) 82.9 (1.11) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 82.9 (0.19) 87.1 (0.20) 77.1 (0.67) 55.3 (0.75) 82.3 (1.09) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 83.3 (0.19) 87.6 (0.19) 77.5 (0.66) 56.3 (0.73) 82.8 (1.06) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 84.0 (0.19) 88.4 (0.19) 78.7 (0.64) 57.5 (0.71) 83.4 (1.03) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 84.2 (0.18) 88.8 (0.19) 78.6 (0.64) 57.4 (0.70) 85.2 (0.91) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 84.4 (0.13) 88.9 (0.13) 79.4 (0.45) 57.9 (0.48) 85.7 (0.64) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 85.0 (0.13) 89.7 (0.13) 80.7 (0.44) 57.8 (0.46) 86.1 (0.62) 86.1 (0.64) 86.9 (2.63) 77.9 (2.30) 85.1 (1.38)
2004 ........................................... 85.4 (0.12) 90.1 (0.12) 81.2 (0.43) 59.5 (0.46) 85.3 (0.63) 85.1 (0.64) 88.1 (2.76) 78.6 (2.24) 86.5 (1.29)
2005 ........................................... 85.5 (0.15) 90.3 (0.18) 81.5 (0.53) 59.1 (0.63) 85.4 (0.76) 85.2 (0.78) 91.7 (2.46) 75.6 (2.29) 88.1 (1.12)
2006 ........................................... 85.9 (0.16) 90.8 (0.17) 81.5 (0.51) 60.1 (0.59) 85.6 (0.82) 85.6 (0.81) 85.7 (3.08) 78.9 (2.18) 88.2 (1.11)
2007 ........................................... 86.4 (0.15) 91.0 (0.16) 83.0 (0.49) 62.5 (0.56) 86.1 (0.93) 86.0 (0.97) 89.1 (2.40) 81.9 (1.91) 89.2 (1.22)
2008 ........................................... 87.2 (0.17) 91.8 (0.18) 84.2 (0.49) 63.7 (0.61) 87.2 (0.75) 87.0 (0.78) 93.0 (1.57) 79.2 (2.95) 89.5 (1.53)
2009 ........................................... 87.1 (0.16) 91.9 (0.17) 84.2 (0.48) 63.3 (0.59) 86.4 (0.73) 86.3 (0.75) 89.7 (2.33) 82.7 (1.96) 87.6 (1.16)
2010 ........................................... 87.6 (0.15) 92.3 (0.17) 85.0 (0.46) 64.4 (0.59) 87.2 (0.72) 87.1 (0.75) 90.9 (2.41) 82.5 (1.95) 89.7 (1.13)
2011 ........................................... 88.0 (0.15) 92.8 (0.16) 85.3 (0.50) 65.1 (0.57) 87.1 (0.64) 87.0 (0.66) 89.5 (2.25) 83.8 (2.00) 90.7 (1.22)
2012 ........................................... 88.0 (0.17) 92.7 (0.18) 86.1 (0.46) 66.0 (0.65) 87.9 (0.64) 87.8 (0.66) 90.1 (2.11) 81.8 (1.84) 91.6 (1.13)
2013 ........................................... 88.6 (0.16) 93.2 (0.16) 86.6 (0.46) 67.9 (0.55) 89.0 (0.61) 88.9 (0.63) 89.6 (2.01) 83.1 (2.16) 92.0 (0.95)
2014 ........................................... 88.9 (0.17) 93.7 (0.20) 87.0 (0.55) 67.9 (0.61) 87.4 (0.76) 87.4 (0.77) 87.8 (2.98) 81.6 (2.78) 92.8 (1.28)
2015 ........................................... 88.8 (0.14) 93.5 (0.15) 88.2 (0.43) 67.8 (0.53) 87.1 (0.60) 87.2 (0.62) 85.3 (2.46) 85.6 (2.10) 90.9 (1.14)
2016 ........................................... 89.6 (0.14) 94.3 (0.15) 88.3 (0.39) 69.7 (0.53) 89.3 (0.55) 89.2 (0.56) 91.8 (2.26) 85.2 (1.69) 92.8 (1.07)
2017 ........................................... 90.0 (0.14) 94.5 (0.14) 88.6 (0.43) 71.6 (0.52) 89.4 (0.54) 89.4 (0.56) 89.5 (2.20) 87.2 (1.52) 93.6 (0.92)
2018 ........................................... 90.2 (0.13) 94.7 (0.15) 88.7 (0.41) 72.5 (0.48) 88.6 (0.51) 88.6 (0.52) 89.1 (2.77) 87.4 (1.51) 93.7 (0.86)
Bachelor’s or higher degree4
1940 ........................................... 3.8 (—) 4.0 (—) 1.2 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 5.2 (—) 5.4 (—) 2.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 5.8 (—) 6.0 (—) 3.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 8.2 (—) 8.6 (—) 5.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1980 ........................................... 13.6 (0.20) 14.4 (0.23) 8.1 (0.59) 6.2 (0.79) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 18.4 (0.21) 19.8 (0.25) 10.8 (0.59) 8.7 (0.69) 37.8 (2.01) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 20.2 (0.22) 22.1 (0.26) 13.0 (0.62) 8.4 (0.61) 35.0 (1.90) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1996 ........................................... 21.4 (0.23) 23.2 (0.27) 14.8 (0.58) 8.3 (0.53) 38.0 (1.50) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1997 ........................................... 21.7 (0.21) 23.7 (0.25) 14.0 (0.56) 10.1 (0.46) 37.4 (1.43) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1998 ........................................... 22.4 (0.21) 24.1 (0.25) 15.4 (0.58) 10.9 (0.47) 38.9 (1.39) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1999 ........................................... 23.1 (0.22) 25.0 (0.26) 16.5 (0.59) 11.0 (0.46) 39.0 (1.37) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 23.6 (0.22) 25.5 (0.26) 16.8 (0.59) 10.6 (0.44) 41.0 (1.37) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2001 ........................................... 24.3 (0.22) 26.5 (0.26) 16.3 (0.58) 11.3 (0.45) 43.4 (1.26) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ........................................... 25.1 (0.15) 27.3 (0.19) 17.7 (0.42) 11.2 (0.31) 44.2 (0.91) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2003 ........................................... 25.7 (0.15) 27.9 (0.19) 18.0 (0.43) 11.6 (0.30) 45.3 (0.89) 46.3 (0.92) 28.0 (3.50) 12.2 (1.81) 22.2 (1.61)
2004 ........................................... 26.1 (0.15) 28.4 (0.19) 18.5 (0.43) 12.3 (0.31) 45.2 (0.88) 45.7 (0.90) 32.9 (4.01) 13.1 (1.84) 22.7 (1.59)
2005 ........................................... 26.5 (0.23) 28.9 (0.30) 18.9 (0.51) 12.1 (0.42) 46.0 (1.08) 46.8 (1.10) 24.1 (4.08) 12.2 (2.00) 23.3 (1.43)
2006 ........................................... 26.9 (0.22) 29.3 (0.28) 19.5 (0.55) 12.9 (0.39) 46.6 (1.11) 47.3 (1.15) 27.2 (4.03) 12.3 (1.81) 23.6 (1.70)
2007 ........................................... 28.0 (0.23) 30.6 (0.29) 19.2 (0.59) 13.7 (0.44) 48.6 (1.07) 49.5 (1.10) 27.9 (4.16) 13.4 (1.53) 25.8 (1.58)
2008 ........................................... 28.8 (0.24) 31.5 (0.29) 20.5 (0.58) 14.1 (0.37) 49.3 (0.99) 50.1 (1.02) 29.3 (3.82) 15.1 (1.75) 26.1 (1.92)
2009 ........................................... 29.1 (0.21) 31.9 (0.26) 20.6 (0.56) 14.0 (0.41) 48.8 (0.98) 49.7 (1.02) 32.9 (3.74) 18.8 (1.91) 26.6 (1.67)
2010 ........................................... 29.6 (0.21) 32.4 (0.26) 21.6 (0.63) 14.9 (0.42) 49.1 (1.12) 49.9 (1.19) 32.2 (4.11) 18.2 (1.83) 25.7 (1.59)
2011 ........................................... 30.1 (0.22) 33.1 (0.28) 21.7 (0.60) 15.2 (0.43) 47.0 (1.04) 48.0 (1.07) 24.7 (3.52) 17.9 (2.17) 28.9 (1.70)
2012 ........................................... 30.6 (0.23) 33.5 (0.30) 22.9 (0.61) 15.8 (0.45) 48.6 (0.93) 49.7 (0.94) 24.9 (3.70) 17.2 (2.13) 28.8 (1.88)
2013 ........................................... 31.4 (0.24) 34.4 (0.31) 23.4 (0.61) 16.2 (0.42) 50.2 (0.94) 51.3 (0.96) 28.0 (3.44) 16.6 (2.05) 32.0 (1.89)
2014 ........................................... 32.0 (0.32) 35.3 (0.42) 24.2 (0.75) 16.1 (0.50) 49.3 (1.12) 50.4 (1.15) 27.1 (4.38) 13.1 (1.92) 33.1 (2.08)
2015 ........................................... 32.7 (0.25) 36.1 (0.32) 24.3 (0.60) 16.6 (0.42) 50.4 (0.82) 51.8 (0.85) 21.3 (3.13) 21.3 (1.71) 33.4 (1.96)
2016 ........................................... 33.7 (0.27) 37.3 (0.32) 24.8 (0.54) 17.4 (0.47) 52.9 (0.96) 53.8 (0.97) 32.4 (3.94) 17.0 (1.78) 35.0 (2.17)
2017 ........................................... 34.6 (0.28) 38.3 (0.36) 25.7 (0.59) 18.6 (0.48) 52.3 (0.94) 53.8 (0.97) 24.2 (3.54) 22.9 (2.73) 34.6 (1.87)
2018 ........................................... 35.3 (0.30) 38.8 (0.37) 27.1 (0.63) 20.1 (0.47) 53.1 (0.90) 54.4 (0.88) 24.6 (3.34) 21.7 (2.26) 34.4 (1.84)

—Not available. NOTE: Prior to 2005, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function
†Not applicable. methodology rather than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later
1
Includes persons of Hispanic ethnicity for years prior to 1980. years. For 1960 and prior years, data were collected in April. For later years, data were
2
Data for years prior to 1993 are for persons with 4 or more years of high school. Data for collected in March. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity except where
later years are for high school completers—i.e., those persons who graduated from high otherwise noted.
school with a diploma as well as those who completed high school through equivalency SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, U.S. Census of Population:
programs, such as a GED program. 1960, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam, Education of the American Population (1960
3
Estimates based on Census Bureau reverse projection of 1940 census data on education Census Monograph); Current Population Reports, Series P-20, various years; and Current
by age. Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 1970 through 2018.
4
Data for years prior to 1993 are for persons with 4 or more years of college. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 33
Educational Attainment

Table 104.20. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected
years, 1920 through 2018
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, selected level of Pacific Indian/ Two or
educational attainment, and year Total White1
Black 1
Hispanic Total Asian Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total
High school completion or higher2
19203 .......................................... — (†) 22.0 (—) 6.3 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1940 ........................................... 38.1 (—) 41.2 (—) 12.3 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 52.8 (—) 56.3 (—) 23.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 60.7 (—) 63.7 (—) 38.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 75.4 (—) 77.8 (—) 58.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

1980 ........................................... 85.4 (0.40) 89.2 (0.40) 76.7 (1.64) 58.0 (2.59) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 85.7 (0.38) 90.1 (0.37) 81.7 (1.37) 58.2 (1.94) 91.5 (2.09) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 86.8 (0.39) 92.5 (0.36) 86.7 (1.23) 57.1 (1.80) 90.8 (2.26) — (†) — (†) 81.5 (6.97) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 88.1 (0.37) 94.0 (0.33) 86.8 (1.13) 62.8 (1.22) 93.7 (1.27) — (†) — (†) 79.2 (5.19) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 86.2 (0.42) 92.8 (0.39) 87.0 (1.03) 63.3 (1.32) 95.6 (0.88) 95.5 (0.92) 99.5 (0.54) 80.2 (4.77) 91.4 (1.93)

2006 ........................................... 86.4 (0.36) 93.4 (0.35) 86.3 (1.09) 63.2 (1.17) 96.4 (0.88) 96.6 (0.86) 93.4 (3.70) 79.8 (5.19) 89.3 (2.70)
2007 ........................................... 87.0 (0.36) 93.5 (0.33) 87.7 (1.16) 65.0 (1.06) 96.8 (0.91) 97.5 (0.73) 86.2 (7.36) 84.5 (4.41) 90.5 (2.19)
2008 ........................................... 87.8 (0.36) 93.7 (0.38) 87.5 (1.29) 68.3 (1.16) 95.9 (0.86) 95.8 (0.91) 97.5 (2.09) 86.7 (3.36) 94.2 (1.72)
2009 ........................................... 88.6 (0.36) 94.6 (0.33) 88.9 (0.98) 68.9 (1.16) 95.4 (0.91) 95.8 (0.95) 91.6 (3.46) 81.1 (4.26) 88.5 (2.40)
2010 ........................................... 88.8 (0.32) 94.5 (0.31) 89.6 (0.93) 69.4 (1.22) 93.7 (1.18) 94.0 (1.24) 89.7 (5.05) 89.9 (2.98) 88.5 (2.76)

2011 ........................................... 89.0 (0.34) 94.4 (0.34) 88.1 (0.98) 71.5 (1.12) 95.4 (0.87) 95.3 (0.91) 98.3 (1.23) 84.9 (3.95) 90.7 (2.15)
2012 ........................................... 89.7 (0.38) 94.6 (0.37) 88.5 (0.96) 75.0 (1.16) 96.2 (0.73) 96.1 (0.77) 98.6 (0.83) 84.5 (3.94) 92.8 (2.22)
2013 ........................................... 89.9 (0.35) 94.1 (0.35) 90.3 (0.92) 75.8 (1.10) 95.4 (0.77) 95.4 (0.81) 95.5 (2.71) 84.7 (3.47) 97.4 (1.11)
2014 ........................................... 90.8 (0.39) 95.6 (0.41) 91.9 (0.93) 74.7 (1.31) 96.6 (0.76) 96.6 (0.79) 96.0 (2.19) 83.9 (4.67) 96.0 (2.01)
2015 ........................................... 91.2 (0.31) 95.4 (0.32) 92.5 (0.78) 77.1 (1.02) 95.3 (0.92) 95.8 (0.87) 87.2 (6.60) 86.7 (2.65) 94.9 (1.54)

2016 ........................................... 91.7 (0.34) 95.2 (0.33) 91.1 (0.92) 80.6 (1.01) 96.7 (0.68) 96.8 (0.68) 94.0 (3.90) 84.5 (4.13) 94.8 (1.49)
2017 ........................................... 92.5 (0.32) 95.6 (0.30) 92.3 (0.89) 82.7 (0.92) 96.4 (0.76) 96.8 (0.76) 90.1 (4.96) 84.6 (4.34) 94.8 (2.01)
2018 ........................................... 92.9 (0.32) 95.6 (0.37) 92.0 (0.86) 85.2 (0.89) 97.0 (0.70) 97.5 (0.71) 90.7 (3.86) 89.1 (3.06) 93.3 (1.68)

Associate’s or higher degree

1995 ........................................... 33.0 (0.54) 38.3 (0.67) 22.5 (1.52) 13.0 (1.23) 51.1 (3.91) — (†) — (†) 11.6! (5.75) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 37.7 (0.55) 43.7 (0.70) 26.0 (1.47) 15.4 (0.91) 60.8 (2.55) — (†) — (†) 29.7 (5.84) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 37.3 (0.56) 43.9 (0.77) 26.5 (1.43) 17.3 (0.91) 66.4 (2.14) 68.7 (2.17) 17.8! (6.08) 24.4 (4.13) 36.8 (3.99)

2006 ........................................... 37.6 (0.51) 45.1 (0.75) 25.3 (1.48) 16.1 (0.77) 66.7 (2.27) 68.6 (2.33) 33.5 (8.26) 18.2 (5.17) 31.6 (3.67)
2007 ........................................... 38.6 (0.55) 45.8 (0.77) 27.3 (1.36) 18.1 (0.77) 66.2 (2.08) 68.0 (2.11) 37.1 (8.93) 14.6 (4.27) 35.3 (3.80)
2008 ........................................... 39.7 (0.55) 47.6 (0.72) 27.6 (1.39) 18.7 (0.90) 65.1 (2.21) 66.9 (2.19) 35.3 (7.53) 20.9 (3.60) 33.5 (3.84)
2009 ........................................... 39.3 (0.58) 47.1 (0.83) 27.8 (1.43) 18.4 (0.89) 63.0 (2.21) 66.7 (2.23) 20.9 (5.84) 20.8 (4.05) 35.6 (3.76)
2010 ........................................... 41.1 (0.51) 48.9 (0.69) 29.4 (1.41) 20.5 (0.99) 60.5 (2.33) 63.4 (2.45) 22.0! (7.92) 28.9 (6.19) 36.9 (3.57)

2011 ........................................... 42.1 (0.65) 50.1 (0.85) 29.8 (1.50) 20.6 (0.87) 63.6 (2.36) 64.6 (2.35) 39.7 (9.75) 25.0 (4.52) 42.0 (4.33)
2012 ........................................... 42.8 (0.58) 49.9 (0.80) 31.6 (1.40) 22.7 (1.01) 66.3 (1.96) 68.3 (2.01) 32.4 (6.33) 23.6 (4.32) 47.6 (3.76)
2013 ........................................... 43.2 (0.57) 51.0 (0.79) 29.5 (1.42) 23.1 (0.87) 65.5 (1.93) 67.2 (1.96) 37.3 (7.84) 26.3 (5.70) 44.2 (3.81)
2014 ........................................... 44.1 (0.75) 51.9 (1.01) 32.0 (1.98) 23.4 (1.18) 67.8 (2.35) 70.3 (2.40) ‡ (†) 18.2 (4.23) 40.8 (4.46)
2015 ........................................... 45.7 (0.53) 54.0 (0.78) 31.1 (1.41) 25.7 (1.01) 68.9 (2.09) 71.7 (2.13) 24.9 (6.58) 22.3 (3.65) 38.4 (3.56)

2016 ........................................... 46.1 (0.62) 54.3 (0.82) 31.7 (1.46) 27.0 (1.19) 69.5 (2.07) 71.5 (2.15) 28.6 (8.03) 16.5 (3.47) 41.3 (4.10)
2017 ........................................... 46.1 (0.61) 53.5 (0.83) 32.7 (1.35) 27.7 (1.00) 68.0 (2.11) 69.9 (2.10) 35.8 (8.65) 27.1 (5.97) 45.6 (3.86)
2018 ........................................... 46.7 (0.65) 53.6 (0.89) 32.6 (1.54) 30.5 (1.17) 72.2 (1.90) 75.5 (1.83) 22.6 (5.98) 24.4 (4.14) 41.5 (3.50)

Bachelor’s or higher degree4

19203 .......................................... — (†) 4.5 (—) 1.2 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1940 ........................................... 5.9 (—) 6.4 (—) 1.6 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1950 ........................................... 7.7 (—) 8.2 (—) 2.8 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1960 ........................................... 11.0 (—) 11.8 (—) 5.4 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........................................... 16.4 (—) 17.3 (—) 10.0 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

1980 ........................................... 22.5 (0.47) 25.0 (0.55) 11.6 (1.24) 7.7 (1.39) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 23.2 (0.46) 26.4 (0.55) 13.4 (1.20) 8.1 (1.07) 43.0 (3.71) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 24.7 (0.49) 28.8 (0.62) 15.4 (1.31) 8.9 (1.04) 43.1 (3.87) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 29.1 (0.52) 34.0 (0.67) 17.8 (1.28) 9.7 (0.75) 54.3 (2.60) — (†) — (†) 15.9 (4.68) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 28.8 (0.55) 34.5 (0.78) 17.6 (1.21) 11.2 (0.81) 60.0 (2.20) 62.1 (2.25) 17.0! (6.01) 16.4 (3.56) 28.0 (3.79)

2006 ........................................... 28.4 (0.52) 34.3 (0.78) 18.7 (1.33) 9.5 (0.66) 59.6 (2.39) 61.9 (2.44) 20.7! (6.70) 9.5! (4.26) 23.3 (3.14)
2007 ........................................... 29.6 (0.54) 35.5 (0.75) 19.5 (1.21) 11.6 (0.61) 59.4 (2.24) 61.5 (2.26) 26.5! (8.25) 6.4! (2.99) 26.3 (3.44)
2008 ........................................... 30.8 (0.51) 37.1 (0.70) 20.4 (1.35) 12.4 (0.69) 57.9 (2.26) 60.2 (2.32) 20.2! (6.75) 14.3 (3.17) 26.6 (3.75)
2009 ........................................... 30.6 (0.57) 37.2 (0.85) 18.9 (1.36) 12.2 (0.80) 56.4 (2.25) 60.3 (2.28) 12.5! (4.44) 15.9 (3.73) 29.7 (3.84)
2010 ........................................... 31.7 (0.51) 38.6 (0.72) 19.4 (1.20) 13.5 (0.80) 52.5 (2.32) 55.8 (2.47) 10.0! (4.40) 18.6 (4.80) 29.8 (3.22)

2011 ........................................... 32.2 (0.62) 39.2 (0.88) 20.1 (1.25) 12.8 (0.73) 56.0 (2.50) 57.2 (2.52) 28.8! (9.04) 17.3 (4.45) 32.4 (3.85)
2012 ........................................... 33.5 (0.58) 39.8 (0.78) 23.2 (1.38) 14.8 (0.90) 59.6 (2.17) 61.7 (2.24) 25.5 (6.12) 10.4 (2.87) 32.9 (3.72)
2013 ........................................... 33.6 (0.55) 40.4 (0.77) 20.5 (1.38) 15.7 (0.82) 58.0 (2.16) 60.1 (2.18) 24.7! (7.54) 16.6 (4.89) 29.6 (3.45)
2014 ........................................... 34.0 (0.75) 40.8 (1.05) 22.4 (1.82) 15.1 (0.97) 60.8 (2.44) 63.2 (2.50) ‡ (†) 5.6! (2.24) 32.4 (4.12)
2015 ........................................... 35.6 (0.55) 43.0 (0.83) 21.3 (1.33) 16.4 (0.78) 62.8 (2.25) 66.0 (2.27) 11.4! (4.64) 15.3 (3.21) 29.6 (3.62)

2016 ........................................... 36.1 (0.61) 42.9 (0.87) 22.7 (1.26) 18.7 (1.06) 63.5 (2.11) 65.6 (2.20) 20.4! (6.62) 10.2 (2.57) 28.3 (3.76)
2017 ........................................... 35.7 (0.63) 42.1 (0.88) 22.8 (1.37) 18.5 (0.82) 60.6 (2.22) 62.7 (2.28) 25.3 (7.04) 16.3! (5.22) 32.8 (3.84)
2018 ........................................... 37.0 (0.66) 43.5 (0.96) 22.6 (1.39) 20.7 (1.03) 67.1 (2.10) 70.5 (2.08) 15.1 (4.53) 15.5 (3.30) 26.9 (3.01)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

34 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Educational Attainment

Table 104.20. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected
years, 1920 through 2018—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, selected level of Pacific Indian/ Two or
educational attainment, and year Total White1
Black 1
Hispanic Total Asian Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Master’s or higher degree
1995 ........................................... 4.5 (0.24) 5.3 (0.31) 1.8 (0.48) 1.6 (0.46) 10.9 (2.43) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 5.4 (0.26) 5.8 (0.33) 3.7 (0.63) 2.1 (0.36) 15.5 (1.89) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 6.3 (0.31) 7.5 (0.45) 2.6 (0.44) 2.1 (0.38) 16.9 (1.93) 17.5 (2.01) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.0! (2.49)

2006 ........................................... 6.4 (0.29) 7.5 (0.42) 3.2 (0.58) 1.5 (0.25) 20.1 (2.00) 21.1 (2.10) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.1 (1.83)
2007 ........................................... 6.3 (0.30) 7.6 (0.42) 3.5 (0.59) 1.5 (0.25) 17.5 (1.84) 18.5 (1.93) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 6.2! (2.38)
2008 ........................................... 7.0 (0.28) 8.2 (0.40) 4.4 (0.64) 2.0 (0.28) 19.9 (1.84) 21.0 (1.96) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 6.9! (2.57)
2009 ........................................... 7.4 (0.30) 8.9 (0.45) 4.2 (0.54) 1.9 (0.26) 21.1 (1.98) 22.9 (2.16) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 6.5! (2.02)
2010 ........................................... 6.8 (0.26) 7.7 (0.38) 4.7 (0.60) 2.5 (0.37) 17.9 (1.87) 19.2 (1.99) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.3! (1.63)

2011 ........................................... 6.9 (0.32) 8.1 (0.45) 4.0 (0.52) 2.7 (0.37) 16.7 (1.78) 17.5 (1.85) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 6.1 (1.59)
2012 ........................................... 7.2 (0.35) 8.2 (0.51) 5.1 (0.66) 2.7 (0.36) 17.8 (1.85) 18.9 (1.92) ‡ (†) 2.6! (1.28) 4.1! (1.49)
2013 ........................................... 7.4 (0.31) 8.6 (0.50) 3.3 (0.50) 3.0 (0.37) 20.6 (1.73) 21.8 (1.79) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 4.8! (1.54)
2014 ........................................... 7.6 (0.41) 9.0 (0.58) 3.9 (0.77) 2.9 (0.43) 17.9 (1.84) 18.8 (1.92) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.1! (2.32)
2015 ........................................... 8.7 (0.33) 10.1 (0.51) 5.0 (0.60) 3.2 (0.41) 21.6 (1.85) 22.8 (1.97) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.8 (1.79)

2016 ........................................... 9.2 (0.33) 10.5 (0.52) 5.2 (0.69) 4.1 (0.49) 23.8 (1.95) 24.9 (2.01) ‡ (†) 2.1! (0.85) 5.3! (1.74)
2017 ........................................... 9.2 (0.34) 10.1 (0.55) 5.5 (0.71) 3.9 (0.40) 24.5 (1.76) 25.6 (1.89) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.0! (1.72)
2018 ........................................... 9.0 (0.36) 10.1 (0.62) 4.5 (0.65) 3.4 (0.43) 27.5 (1.87) 29.2 (1.98) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 2.9! (1.44)

Males
High school completion or higher2
1980 ........................................... 85.4 (0.49) 89.1 (0.48) 74.7 (1.97) 57.0 (3.45) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 84.4 (0.56) 88.6 (0.57) 81.4 (2.03) 56.6 (2.69) 95.3 (1.78) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 86.3 (0.56) 92.0 (0.53) 88.4 (1.72) 55.7 (2.51) 90.5 (3.11) — (†) — (†) 83.6 (9.73) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 86.7 (0.55) 92.9 (0.51) 87.6 (1.67) 59.2 (1.76) 92.1 (2.03) — (†) — (†) 68.5 (9.40) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 85.0 (0.58) 91.8 (0.53) 86.6 (1.76) 63.2 (1.72) 96.8 (1.09) 96.7 (1.15) 99.1 (0.94) 73.0 (8.43) 89.1 (3.07)

2006 ........................................... 84.4 (0.54) 92.3 (0.52) 84.2 (2.02) 60.5 (1.64) 97.2 (1.01) 97.2 (1.06) 97.8 (1.60) 75.0 (6.34) 89.2 (3.81)
2007 ........................................... 84.9 (0.50) 92.7 (0.48) 87.4 (1.65) 60.5 (1.59) 95.9 (1.13) 96.3 (1.10) ‡ (†) 76.6 (8.90) 92.9 (2.64)
2008 ........................................... 85.8 (0.54) 92.6 (0.58) 85.7 (1.99) 65.6 (1.55) 95.6 (1.23) 95.4 (1.31) 100.0 (0.00) 90.5 (4.04) 92.7 (2.68)
2009 ........................................... 87.5 (0.51) 94.4 (0.46) 88.8 (1.56) 66.2 (1.54) 96.4 (1.17) 96.2 (1.25) 98.2 (1.81) 77.5 (8.59) 92.0 (3.01)
2010 ........................................... 87.4 (0.44) 94.6 (0.42) 87.9 (1.52) 65.7 (1.52) 93.8 (1.83) 93.5 (1.95) 98.2 (1.35) 93.2 (3.47) 87.9 (4.32)

2011 ........................................... 87.5 (0.49) 93.4 (0.48) 88.0 (1.43) 69.2 (1.62) 94.2 (1.30) 93.9 (1.36) 98.5 (1.46) 84.5 (5.28) 86.2 (4.41)
2012 ........................................... 88.4 (0.51) 93.8 (0.50) 86.2 (1.58) 73.3 (1.57) 96.1 (1.04) 96.0 (1.09) 97.3 (1.74) 82.8 (8.27) 91.0 (3.58)
2013 ........................................... 88.3 (0.52) 93.3 (0.53) 87.8 (1.60) 73.1 (1.64) 94.4 (1.12) 94.3 (1.21) 96.3 (3.04) 89.0 (3.25) 96.8 (1.77)
2014 ........................................... 90.1 (0.53) 95.4 (0.60) 93.5 (1.18) 72.4 (1.76) 96.1 (1.10) 96.1 (1.14) ‡ (†) 83.5 (7.17) 96.9 (2.02)
2015 ........................................... 90.5 (0.45) 95.1 (0.45) 91.8 (1.22) 75.7 (1.41) 95.9 (1.23) 97.1 (0.96) 75.8 (12.49) 83.2 (4.73) 98.0 (1.27)

2016 ........................................... 90.9 (0.46) 94.8 (0.44) 91.7 (1.19) 78.3 (1.34) 96.0 (1.06) 96.2 (1.05) ‡ (†) 84.4 (5.70) 98.1 (1.22)
2017 ........................................... 91.5 (0.48) 94.8 (0.46) 92.0 (1.19) 80.7 (1.31) 97.3 (0.77) 97.7 (0.75) 89.3 (6.87) 76.5 (8.11) 95.9 (2.38)
2018 ........................................... 91.9 (0.44) 95.0 (0.53) 90.7 (1.37) 83.4 (1.22) 97.1 (0.92) 97.6 (0.96) 89.3 (6.35) 82.9 (5.67) 92.8 (2.42)

Associate’s or higher degree

1995 ........................................... 32.1 (0.76) 37.1 (0.94) 23.5 (2.28) 11.6 (1.62) 49.8 (5.30) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 35.3 (0.78) 40.7 (0.98) 24.1 (2.16) 13.0 (1.20) 60.7 (3.68) — (†) — (†) 17.6! (7.71) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 33.4 (0.74) 39.6 (1.05) 22.7 (1.77) 16.1 (1.12) 64.0 (3.16) 66.7 (3.19) 18.5! (7.78) 19.9! (7.06) 31.0 (5.10)

2006 ........................................... 33.8 (0.67) 41.5 (0.97) 21.3 (2.02) 12.8 (1.02) 65.4 (3.32) 67.9 (3.37) 25.6! (9.90) 18.9! (6.54) 28.4 (5.26)
2007 ........................................... 34.1 (0.76) 40.8 (1.01) 26.4 (2.06) 13.8 (0.96) 64.5 (3.04) 66.3 (3.12) ‡ (†) 14.9! (6.39) 30.8 (5.22)
2008 ........................................... 34.7 (0.72) 42.2 (0.98) 24.2 (2.16) 15.2 (1.05) 61.5 (3.23) 62.8 (3.21) 41.3 (11.71) 22.0! (6.95) 29.9 (4.62)
2009 ........................................... 34.5 (0.66) 41.8 (1.04) 21.9 (1.97) 15.9 (1.16) 63.0 (2.86) 66.6 (2.99) 17.4! (8.42) 17.1! (7.26) 31.7 (5.35)
2010 ........................................... 36.1 (0.68) 44.5 (0.98) 22.9 (2.16) 16.0 (1.20) 57.4 (3.12) 61.1 (3.27) ‡ (†) 30.1 (8.14) 31.5 (5.23)

2011 ........................................... 37.0 (0.88) 45.2 (1.17) 25.9 (2.24) 16.1 (1.18) 57.9 (3.40) 58.8 (3.48) 42.9 (12.13) 22.0 (5.29) 38.4 (7.04)
2012 ........................................... 38.2 (0.81) 44.8 (1.11) 25.3 (1.92) 20.6 (1.45) 63.4 (3.00) 65.5 (2.94) 28.8! (10.22) 15.7! (5.97) 46.3 (5.90)
2013 ........................................... 38.5 (0.69) 46.0 (1.03) 24.8 (1.76) 20.0 (1.20) 61.2 (2.74) 62.6 (2.80) 39.3 (11.03) 27.5 (7.59) 42.8 (5.00)
2014 ........................................... 39.4 (0.95) 47.4 (1.35) 28.9 (2.66) 18.2 (1.40) 63.5 (3.37) 66.0 (3.41) ‡ (†) 23.7! (8.06) 33.5 (6.67)
2015 ........................................... 41.3 (0.73) 49.3 (1.15) 24.6 (2.00) 22.7 (1.32) 67.1 (3.01) 69.5 (2.93) 26.0! (9.45) 17.7! (5.36) 37.7 (5.16)

2016 ........................................... 41.8 (0.87) 49.9 (1.19) 28.3 (2.21) 23.4 (1.56) 66.1 (2.83) 68.2 (2.90) ‡ (†) 13.7! (4.53) 27.7 (5.03)
2017 ........................................... 41.3 (0.86) 48.3 (1.22) 29.5 (2.22) 22.0 (1.33) 64.8 (2.85) 66.0 (2.88) 38.6! (11.88) 19.4! (7.61) 41.0 (5.82)
2018 ........................................... 42.0 (0.85) 47.8 (1.22) 29.1 (2.36) 27.3 (1.49) 71.2 (2.69) 74.1 (2.67) 21.2! (8.56) 15.6! (4.70) 34.9 (5.45)

Bachelor’s or higher degree4

1980 ........................................... 24.0 (0.59) 26.8 (0.69) 10.5 (1.39) 8.4 (1.94) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 23.7 (0.65) 26.6 (0.79) 15.1 (1.87) 7.3 (1.41) 47.6 (4.19) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 24.5 (0.70) 28.4 (0.88) 17.4 (2.04) 7.8 (1.35) 42.0 (5.23) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 27.9 (0.73) 32.3 (0.93) 18.4 (1.96) 8.3 (0.98) 55.5 (3.74) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 25.5 (0.68) 30.7 (0.98) 14.2 (1.57) 10.2 (0.99) 58.5 (3.11) 61.0 (3.17) 17.2! (7.62) 14.5! (6.14) 24.5 (4.93)

2006 ........................................... 25.3 (0.67) 31.4 (0.98) 15.2 (1.66) 6.9 (0.70) 58.7 (3.46) 60.9 (3.52) 23.3! (9.77) ‡ (†) 20.8 (4.65)
2007 ........................................... 26.3 (0.72) 31.9 (0.98) 18.9 (1.86) 8.6 (0.71) 58.5 (3.45) 60.4 (3.54) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 23.3 (4.88)
2008 ........................................... 26.8 (0.64) 32.6 (0.89) 19.0 (1.94) 10.0 (0.86) 54.1 (3.41) 55.8 (3.53) 26.1! (9.86) 17.7! (6.67) 25.7 (4.45)
2009 ........................................... 26.6 (0.66) 32.6 (1.04) 14.8 (1.82) 11.0 (1.04) 55.2 (3.07) 59.2 (3.24) ‡ (†) 15.2! (7.21) 24.6 (5.77)
2010 ........................................... 27.8 (0.68) 34.8 (0.96) 15.0 (1.72) 10.8 (1.06) 49.0 (3.12) 52.3 (3.31) ‡ (†) 18.9! (7.12) 24.9 (4.91)

2011 ........................................... 28.4 (0.82) 35.5 (1.16) 17.0 (1.83) 9.6 (0.90) 50.8 (3.42) 52.1 (3.55) 28.1! (11.40) 15.4! (4.80) 34.1 (6.62)
2012 ........................................... 29.8 (0.82) 36.0 (1.06) 19.1 (1.74) 12.5 (1.20) 55.0 (3.15) 56.9 (3.16) 24.3! (9.06) ‡ (†) 30.4 (5.43)
2013 ........................................... 30.2 (0.68) 37.1 (1.00) 17.4 (1.63) 13.1 (1.06) 53.0 (3.03) 55.1 (3.13) 19.0! (9.38) 16.8! (6.40) 29.3 (4.61)
2014 ........................................... 30.9 (0.93) 37.7 (1.36) 20.8 (2.40) 12.4 (1.22) 56.9 (3.55) 59.0 (3.59) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 26.4 (6.13)
2015 ........................................... 32.4 (0.74) 39.5 (1.12) 17.6 (1.83) 14.5 (1.04) 60.9 (3.13) 63.8 (3.12) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 26.7 (5.07)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 35
Educational Attainment

Table 104.20. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected
years, 1920 through 2018—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, selected level of Pacific Indian/ Two or
educational attainment, and year Total White1
Black 1
Hispanic Total Asian Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2016 ........................................... 32.7 (0.80) 39.5 (1.20) 20.4 (1.87) 16.2 (1.31) 59.0 (2.86) 61.4 (2.98) ‡ (†) 7.8! (3.17) 19.7 (4.52)
2017 ........................................... 32.0 (0.81) 37.7 (1.19) 21.7 (1.79) 15.0 (1.13) 57.7 (2.92) 59.2 (3.00) 26.4! (10.58) ‡ (†) 26.1 (5.48)
2018 ........................................... 33.2 (0.85) 38.8 (1.32) 18.7 (1.95) 18.4 (1.34) 66.7 (2.97) 69.6 (2.97) 17.3! (8.00) 8.4! (3.50) 25.1 (4.93)

Master’s or higher degree

1995 ........................................... 4.9 (0.35) 5.6 (0.45) 2.2! (0.80) 2.0! (0.70) 12.6 (3.52) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 4.7 (0.34) 4.9 (0.43) 2.1! (0.72) 1.5 (0.43) 17.2 (2.85) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 5.2 (0.38) 6.2 (0.55) 1.1! (0.43) 1.7 (0.46) 19.7 (3.13) 20.5 (3.30) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

2006 ........................................... 5.1 (0.37) 5.8 (0.51) 1.7! (0.52) 1.1 (0.32) 20.5 (2.68) 21.8 (2.83) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.9! (2.66)
2007 ........................................... 5.0 (0.39) 5.7 (0.50) 3.3 (0.99) 0.6! (0.19) 18.4 (2.89) 19.3 (3.00) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 9.8! (4.28)
2008 ........................................... 5.3 (0.34) 5.9 (0.49) 3.4 (0.90) 1.2 (0.32) 20.9 (2.94) 22.1 (3.07) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.8! (2.85)
2009 ........................................... 6.1 (0.37) 7.4 (0.60) 3.2 (0.73) 1.2 (0.28) 20.4 (2.48) 22.0 (2.69) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.0! (2.38)
2010 ........................................... 5.2 (0.32) 6.3 (0.50) 2.9 (0.69) 1.5 (0.39) 15.0 (2.19) 16.2 (2.36) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

2011 ........................................... 5.1 (0.38) 5.9 (0.49) 1.9 (0.54) 1.8 (0.41) 18.0 (2.58) 19.1 (2.71) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2012 ........................................... 5.6 (0.42) 6.3 (0.59) 2.7 (0.72) 2.4 (0.50) 16.2 (2.46) 17.2 (2.60) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2013 ........................................... 5.7 (0.38) 6.3 (0.53) 1.5! (0.56) 2.1 (0.43) 20.8 (2.49) 22.1 (2.60) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.9! (2.47)
2014 ........................................... 5.9 (0.51) 7.0 (0.72) 2.6! (0.82) 2.2 (0.52) 15.9 (2.56) 16.6 (2.65) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2015 ........................................... 7.0 (0.40) 8.2 (0.62) 2.5 (0.75) 2.3 (0.56) 21.1 (2.65) 22.4 (2.78) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.6! (2.37)

2016 ........................................... 7.2 (0.43) 8.7 (0.68) 3.9 (0.87) 2.1 (0.43) 19.7 (2.73) 20.6 (2.85) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2017 ........................................... 7.8 (0.42) 8.5 (0.64) 3.9 (0.89) 2.8 (0.52) 24.3 (2.52) 25.4 (2.63) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2018 ........................................... 7.3 (0.44) 7.7 (0.70) 2.8 (0.74) 3.1 (0.56) 27.0 (2.81) 28.6 (2.95) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

Females
High school completion or higher2
1980 ........................................... 85.5 (0.48) 89.2 (0.48) 78.3 (1.71) 58.9 (3.38) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 87.0 (0.51) 91.7 (0.49) 82.0 (1.85) 59.9 (2.79) 85.1 (2.82) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 87.4 (0.54) 93.0 (0.50) 85.3 (1.75) 58.7 (2.60) 91.2 (3.28) — (†) — (†) 79.6 (9.88) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 89.4 (0.49) 95.2 (0.43) 86.2 (1.53) 66.4 (1.69) 95.2 (1.55) — (†) — (†) 86.3 (5.68) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 87.4 (0.44) 93.8 (0.47) 87.3 (1.22) 63.4 (1.54) 94.6 (1.36) 94.4 (1.41) ‡ (†) 87.1 (5.12) 94.2 (2.26)

2006 ........................................... 88.5 (0.44) 94.6 (0.41) 88.0 (1.14) 66.6 (1.41) 95.6 (1.44) 96.0 (1.31) ‡ (†) 83.3 (6.55) 89.4 (3.81)
2007 ........................................... 89.1 (0.45) 94.2 (0.44) 87.9 (1.46) 70.7 (1.30) 97.7 (1.05) 98.5 (0.68) 86.0 (8.19) 90.2 (4.49) 87.9 (3.82)
2008 ........................................... 89.9 (0.39) 94.7 (0.44) 89.2 (1.43) 71.9 (1.34) 96.1 (1.12) 96.2 (1.18) 95.2 (4.01) 84.2 (4.68) 95.9 (2.44)
2009 ........................................... 89.8 (0.41) 94.8 (0.44) 89.0 (1.12) 72.5 (1.34) 94.5 (1.20) 95.3 (1.18) 86.2 (5.92) 83.4 (4.81) 84.8 (3.57)
2010 ........................................... 90.2 (0.39) 94.4 (0.42) 91.1 (0.96) 74.1 (1.53) 93.6 (1.25) 94.5 (1.27) 81.2 (9.50) 86.8 (4.80) 89.1 (3.55)

2011 ........................................... 90.7 (0.36) 95.5 (0.42) 88.2 (1.24) 74.3 (1.26) 96.6 (0.89) 96.6 (0.92) ‡ (†) 85.3 (6.02) 94.0 (2.52)
2012 ........................................... 91.1 (0.44) 95.3 (0.46) 90.6 (1.11) 76.9 (1.39) 96.3 (0.98) 96.1 (1.04) 100.0 (0.00) 85.8 (4.53) 94.7 (2.35)
2013 ........................................... 91.5 (0.38) 94.9 (0.43) 92.5 (0.95) 78.8 (1.17) 96.2 (0.96) 96.3 (1.01) 94.8 (2.88) 82.0 (5.40) 98.2 (1.15)
2014 ........................................... 91.5 (0.50) 95.9 (0.54) 90.5 (1.62) 77.4 (1.56) 97.1 (0.96) 97.1 (0.99) ‡ (†) 84.1 (6.05) 95.2 (3.44)
2015 ........................................... 91.8 (0.39) 95.8 (0.41) 93.2 (0.90) 78.6 (1.34) 94.8 (1.18) 94.6 (1.25) 96.7 (1.86) 89.3 (3.52) 91.5 (2.99)

2016 ........................................... 92.5 (0.40) 95.7 (0.41) 90.7 (1.33) 83.2 (1.22) 97.4 (0.76) 97.4 (0.79) ‡ (†) 84.6 (5.34) 91.5 (2.76)
2017 ........................................... 93.4 (0.34) 96.4 (0.39) 92.6 (1.22) 84.8 (1.04) 95.5 (1.10) 95.8 (1.16) 90.7 (4.70) 90.9 (3.70) 94.0 (3.24)
2018 ........................................... 94.0 (0.39) 96.3 (0.44) 93.2 (0.95) 87.2 (1.13) 97.0 (0.91) 97.4 (0.85) 91.8 (6.23) 95.1 (2.18) 93.8 (2.49)

Associate’s or higher degree

1995 ........................................... 34.0 (0.77) 39.5 (0.95) 21.6 (2.03) 14.6 (1.86) 52.6 (5.77) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 40.1 (0.78) 46.6 (1.00) 27.5 (1.99) 17.7 (1.37) 60.8 (3.54) — (†) — (†) 37.7 (8.00) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 41.3 (0.72) 48.2 (0.99) 29.8 (1.81) 18.8 (1.23) 68.5 (2.86) 70.4 (2.90) ‡ (†) 28.7 (6.96) 43.7 (6.04)

2006 ........................................... 41.5 (0.72) 48.8 (1.00) 28.8 (1.91) 20.3 (1.17) 68.0 (2.60) 69.4 (2.65) ‡ (†) 17.6! (6.91) 34.7 (5.09)
2007 ........................................... 43.2 (0.72) 50.8 (1.02) 28.0 (1.61) 23.5 (1.25) 67.7 (2.73) 69.6 (2.88) 42.5 (11.79) 14.5! (5.53) 40.2 (5.87)
2008 ........................................... 44.9 (0.77) 53.0 (1.00) 30.7 (1.79) 23.2 (1.43) 68.5 (2.80) 70.8 (2.82) 29.5! (9.83) 20.2 (4.14) 37.6 (5.73)
2009 ........................................... 44.4 (0.75) 52.5 (1.02) 33.0 (1.79) 21.7 (1.22) 63.0 (3.19) 66.8 (3.13) 23.6! (8.47) 23.3 (5.09) 39.8 (5.19)
2010 ........................................... 46.3 (0.71) 53.5 (0.92) 35.2 (1.77) 26.2 (1.48) 63.3 (2.68) 65.6 (2.80) 31.4! (13.43) 27.7 (8.27) 41.8 (5.08)

2011 ........................................... 47.4 (0.74) 55.2 (1.00) 33.3 (1.92) 26.2 (1.29) 69.1 (2.50) 70.2 (2.48) ‡ (†) 28.7 (7.46) 44.5 (5.08)
2012 ........................................... 47.4 (0.68) 55.0 (0.94) 37.0 (1.80) 25.1 (1.23) 69.1 (2.22) 71.0 (2.29) 36.1 (9.80) 29.2 (6.04) 49.0 (5.15)
2013 ........................................... 47.9 (0.77) 56.1 (0.99) 33.6 (1.99) 26.8 (1.30) 69.2 (2.29) 71.2 (2.33) 35.5 (10.28) 25.6 (7.48) 46.0 (6.22)
2014 ........................................... 48.9 (0.99) 56.5 (1.28) 34.8 (2.77) 29.4 (1.67) 71.5 (3.14) 74.1 (3.18) ‡ (†) 15.7! (5.27) 48.2 (6.06)
2015 ........................................... 50.1 (0.72) 58.7 (0.98) 36.9 (1.78) 29.0 (1.47) 70.7 (2.55) 73.8 (2.61) 24.0! (9.77) 25.8 (4.73) 39.2 (5.20)

2016 ........................................... 50.5 (0.71) 58.7 (0.95) 34.8 (1.73) 31.0 (1.51) 72.6 (2.49) 74.5 (2.56) ‡ (†) 18.9 (4.75) 54.5 (5.59)
2017 ........................................... 51.0 (0.73) 58.8 (1.04) 35.5 (1.69) 33.9 (1.34) 71.2 (2.77) 73.9 (2.71) 34.0! (10.51) 33.1 (7.83) 49.6 (5.82)
2018 ........................................... 51.5 (0.82) 59.6 (1.17) 35.8 (1.86) 34.2 (1.56) 73.1 (2.31) 76.9 (2.21) 23.6! (8.51) 32.8 (6.29) 48.2 (5.45)

Bachelor’s or higher degree4

1980 ........................................... 21.0 (0.56) 23.2 (0.65) 12.4 (1.36) 6.9 (1.74) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1990 ........................................... 22.8 (0.64) 26.2 (0.78) 11.9 (1.56) 9.1 (1.64) 37.4 (3.83) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1995 ........................................... 24.9 (0.70) 29.2 (0.89) 13.7 (1.70) 10.1 (1.59) 44.5 (5.74) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 30.1 (0.73) 35.8 (0.96) 17.4 (1.69) 11.0 (1.12) 53.1 (3.62) — (†) — (†) 19.1! (6.48) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 32.2 (0.75) 38.2 (1.00) 20.5 (1.68) 12.4 (1.07) 61.4 (3.06) 63.1 (3.11) ‡ (†) 18.2! (6.43) 32.1 (5.70)

2006 ........................................... 31.6 (0.70) 37.2 (0.99) 21.7 (1.77) 12.8 (1.05) 60.4 (2.76) 62.8 (2.82) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 25.7 (4.72)
2007 ........................................... 33.0 (0.72) 39.2 (1.03) 20.0 (1.38) 15.4 (1.10) 60.3 (2.83) 62.5 (2.88) 32.1! (11.09) ‡ (†) 29.6 (5.17)
2008 ........................................... 34.9 (0.71) 41.7 (0.98) 21.6 (1.57) 15.5 (1.11) 61.6 (2.67) 64.4 (2.71) ‡ (†) 12.2! (3.69) 27.7 (5.57)
2009 ........................................... 34.8 (0.78) 42.0 (1.12) 22.6 (1.75) 13.8 (1.09) 57.6 (3.00) 61.3 (3.03) 18.2! (6.42) 16.3 (4.42) 35.0 (5.07)
2010 ........................................... 35.7 (0.68) 42.4 (0.96) 23.3 (1.72) 16.8 (1.20) 55.8 (2.93) 58.9 (3.00) ‡ (†) 18.4! (6.68) 34.0 (4.96)
See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

36 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Educational Attainment

Table 104.20. Percentage of persons 25 to 29 years old with selected levels of educational attainment, by race/ethnicity and sex: Selected
years, 1920 through 2018—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Asian/Pacific Islander American

Sex, selected level of Pacific Indian/ Two or
educational attainment, and year Total White1
Black 1
Hispanic Total Asian Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2011 ........................................... 36.1 (0.71) 43.0 (1.03) 22.9 (1.62) 16.8 (1.10) 61.0 (2.74) 62.0 (2.75) ‡ (†) 19.7! (6.64) 31.2 (4.36)
2012 ........................................... 37.2 (0.69) 43.6 (0.97) 26.7 (1.78) 17.4 (1.10) 64.0 (2.38) 66.2 (2.45) 26.8! (9.73) 14.0! (4.55) 35.5 (5.50)
2013 ........................................... 37.0 (0.71) 43.8 (0.95) 23.2 (2.03) 18.6 (1.10) 62.4 (2.51) 64.3 (2.54) 29.7! (10.58) 16.4! (6.57) 30.0 (5.26)
2014 ........................................... 37.2 (1.00) 43.9 (1.36) 23.8 (2.61) 18.3 (1.40) 64.3 (3.23) 66.9 (3.29) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 38.4 (5.96)
2015 ........................................... 38.9 (0.74) 46.6 (1.06) 24.6 (1.72) 18.5 (1.21) 64.5 (2.74) 68.1 (2.73) ‡ (†) 21.8 (4.51) 32.9 (5.20)

2016 ........................................... 39.5 (0.75) 46.3 (1.03) 24.9 (1.55) 21.5 (1.44) 67.7 (2.66) 69.6 (2.72) ‡ (†) 12.2! (4.00) 36.8 (5.55)
2017 ........................................... 39.3 (0.78) 46.5 (1.11) 23.8 (1.79) 22.4 (1.16) 63.5 (2.88) 66.3 (2.85) 24.6! (9.17) 18.7! (6.83) 38.5 (5.84)
2018 ........................................... 40.8 (0.84) 48.4 (1.24) 26.2 (1.81) 23.2 (1.43) 67.4 (2.60) 71.5 (2.55) 13.5! (6.42) 22.5 (5.87) 28.7 (4.34)

Master’s or higher degree

1995 ........................................... 4.1 (0.32) 5.0 (0.42) 1.4! (0.59) 1.2! (0.58) 8.9! (3.29) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2000 ........................................... 6.2 (0.38) 6.7 (0.50) 4.9 (0.96) 2.7 (0.58) 13.9 (2.51) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
2005 ........................................... 7.3 (0.44) 8.8 (0.64) 4.0 (0.70) 2.6 (0.51) 14.4 (2.08) 15.0 (2.15) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 10.0! (4.26)

2006 ........................................... 7.8 (0.42) 9.2 (0.63) 4.5 (0.93) 2.0 (0.41) 19.7 (2.33) 20.4 (2.44) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 8.3! (2.89)
2007 ........................................... 7.6 (0.43) 9.4 (0.63) 3.7 (0.66) 2.6 (0.53) 16.5 (2.39) 17.7 (2.54) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2008 ........................................... 8.7 (0.44) 10.4 (0.64) 5.2 (0.87) 2.9 (0.46) 18.9 (2.30) 19.9 (2.44) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
2009 ........................................... 8.8 (0.45) 10.4 (0.66) 5.1 (0.80) 2.7 (0.43) 21.7 (2.45) 23.7 (2.70) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.9! (2.84)
2010 ........................................... 8.5 (0.39) 9.2 (0.56) 6.2 (0.94) 3.8 (0.56) 20.6 (2.60) 21.8 (2.75) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 10.0! (3.06)

2011 ........................................... 8.8 (0.48) 10.4 (0.72) 5.8 (0.85) 3.8 (0.63) 15.4 (1.98) 15.9 (2.03) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 9.9 (2.61)
2012 ........................................... 8.8 (0.45) 10.0 (0.67) 7.1 (1.00) 3.0 (0.45) 19.3 (2.23) 20.4 (2.31) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 6.3! (2.49)
2013 ........................................... 9.2 (0.44) 10.8 (0.71) 4.8 (0.74) 4.0 (0.59) 20.4 (1.91) 21.6 (2.00) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.3! (1.56)
2014 ........................................... 9.3 (0.56) 11.1 (0.84) 5.0 (1.17) 3.6 (0.63) 19.7 (2.33) 20.8 (2.47) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.5! (3.00)
2015 ........................................... 10.4 (0.51) 12.0 (0.73) 7.2 (0.98) 4.1 (0.60) 22.0 (2.51) 23.2 (2.67) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 10.2! (3.20)

2016 ........................................... 11.2 (0.51) 12.3 (0.74) 6.3 (1.02) 6.3 (0.89) 27.5 (2.51) 28.8 (2.58) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 8.2! (3.17)
2017 ........................................... 10.5 (0.49) 11.8 (0.75) 6.8 (1.06) 5.0 (0.67) 24.8 (2.38) 25.8 (2.54) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.4! (2.45)
2018 ........................................... 10.7 (0.50) 12.6 (0.83) 6.2 (1.02) 3.8 (0.54) 27.9 (2.40) 29.9 (2.56) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

—Not available. NOTE: Prior to 2005, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function
†Not applicable. methodology rather than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between For 1960 and prior years, data were collected in April. For later years, data were collected
30 and 50 percent. in March. Data are based on sample surveys of the noninstitutionalized population, which
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the excludes persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or nursing facilities); data include
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. military personnel who live in households with civilians, but exclude those who live in
1
Includes persons of Hispanic ethnicity for years prior to 1980. military barracks. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity except where
2
Data for years prior to 1993 are for persons with 4 or more years of high school. Data for otherwise noted.
later years are for high school completers—i.e., those persons who graduated from high SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, U.S. Census of Population:
school with a diploma as well as those who completed high school through equivalency 1960, Vol. I, Part 1; J.K. Folger and C.B. Nam, Education of the American Population (1960
programs, such as a GED program. Census Monograph); Current Population Reports, Series P-20, various years; and Current
3
Estimates based on Census Bureau reverse projection of 1940 census data on education Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 1970 through 2018.
by age. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
4
Data for years prior to 1993 are for persons with 4 or more years of college.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 104.30. Number of persons age 18 and over, by highest level of educational attainment, sex, race/ethnicity, and age: 2018
[Numbers in thousands. Standard errors appear in parentheses]

High school Postsecondary education

Elementary school
(kindergarten– 4 years, Some college, Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s First-professional or
Sex, race/ethnicity, and age Total 8th grade) 1 to 3 years no completion Completion1 no degree degree degree degree doctor’s degree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total, 18 and over .................... 249,193 (122.2) 9,111 (165.9) 14,118 (203.2) 3,945 (120.7) 71,368 (477.0) 46,175 (335.8) 24,102 (257.0) 51,406 (422.1) 21,280 (273.2) 7,688 (173.1)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 7,928 (96.0) 122 (26.0) 2,388 (73.3) 703 (37.8) 2,254 (76.3) 2,292 (77.7) 114 (18.6) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
20 to 24 years old ............................. 21,434 (27.7) 260 (33.6) 852 (53.4) 438 (41.2) 6,429 (130.9) 8,442 (139.4) 1,620 (74.5) 3,121 (106.7) 231 (25.0) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 219,830 (56.4) 8,729 (155.7) 10,878 (176.8) 2,805 (102.4) 62,685 (447.6) 35,442 (294.4) 22,369 (237.3) 48,235 (402.3) 21,048 (269.7) 7,641 (172.9)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 23,160 (39.7) 397 (36.4) 929 (53.4) 308 (35.0) 6,162 (130.2) 4,543 (97.9) 2,256 (81.6) 6,478 (132.1) 1,618 (73.0) 467 (44.2)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 21,695 (47.0) 561 (40.7) 934 (52.6) 264 (31.3) 5,297 (118.7) 3,312 (80.0) 2,389 (76.1) 5,893 (116.7) 2,210 (77.0) 834 (49.6)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 21,269 (37.7) 740 (43.4) 1,020 (41.6) 308 (36.6) 5,049 (96.6) 3,295 (78.0) 2,246 (65.8) 5,308 (100.5) 2,494 (74.5) 810 (50.4)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 40,029 (53.9) 1,478 (57.3) 1,887 (65.0) 469 (35.3) 10,416 (142.2) 5,947 (108.9) 4,328 (100.2) 9,383 (144.1) 4,608 (95.3) 1,512 (55.9)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 42,521 (78.1) 1,570 (61.1) 2,083 (77.1) 617 (37.7) 13,022 (179.7) 6,645 (121.3) 4,679 (112.0) 8,817 (161.6) 3,731 (100.9) 1,356 (62.6)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 20,078 (145.5) 801 (42.5) 892 (44.9) 227 (25.5) 6,137 (126.0) 3,399 (92.1) 2,178 (75.2) 3,920 (97.3) 1,788 (71.4) 736 (51.0)
65 years old and over .................... 51,080 (122.6) 3,182 (88.3) 3,132 (88.8) 612 (43.9) 16,601 (177.6) 8,300 (150.3) 4,292 (98.8) 8,436 (156.5) 4,597 (121.9) 1,927 (83.8)
Males, 18 and over .................. 120,705 (107.2) 4,453 (106.3) 7,174 (132.7) 2,133 (80.3) 36,274 (307.6) 22,096 (237.9) 10,489 (161.9) 24,379 (245.8) 9,294 (159.8) 4,415 (115.1)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 4,034 (80.0) 55 (11.2) 1,295 (49.0) 376 (28.1) 1,208 (51.7) 1,010 (53.0) 69 (16.3) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

20 to 24 years old ............................. 10,809 (26.9) 141 (18.8) 416 (35.5) 280 (31.8) 3,741 (98.6) 4,105 (96.6) 733 (50.2) 1,283 (64.8) 76 (14.9) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 105,862 (53.1) 4,256 (100.1) 5,463 (115.2) 1,476 (70.7) 31,325 (284.6) 16,981 (206.8) 9,687 (153.4) 23,080 (242.7) 9,217 (160.4) 4,376 (115.3)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 11,674 (40.3) 232 (24.0) 527 (42.7) 184 (25.7) 3,529 (99.8) 2,298 (81.9) 1,030 (56.0) 3,021 (90.6) 639 (44.3) 212 (26.5)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 10,816 (45.1) 295 (30.3) 553 (40.0) 167 (22.7) 3,001 (88.5) 1,651 (60.8) 1,067 (54.5) 2,813 (82.9) 848 (44.6) 421 (34.0)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 10,567 (37.4) 394 (32.1) 534 (33.7) 190 (32.3) 2,849 (71.2) 1,595 (56.6) 993 (45.7) 2,529 (65.0) 1,094 (46.6) 390 (31.7)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 19,627 (53.9) 754 (40.1) 968 (46.4) 247 (22.8) 5,648 (114.5) 2,982 (72.1) 1,938 (61.3) 4,306 (98.7) 2,014 (66.3) 769 (36.5)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 20,720 (58.7) 862 (40.8) 1,115 (57.8) 316 (25.8) 6,720 (121.2) 3,135 (85.7) 2,006 (78.4) 4,139 (101.3) 1,630 (65.8) 797 (47.2)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 9,399 (132.0) 352 (26.8) 415 (28.9) 117 (18.0) 2,877 (78.4) 1,603 (60.1) 865 (42.9) 1,892 (63.2) 830 (46.3) 447 (36.6)
65 years old and over .................... 23,059 (122.6) 1,367 (55.3) 1,352 (54.5) 255 (25.1) 6,701 (119.3) 3,717 (92.3) 1,787 (66.8) 4,380 (101.6) 2,162 (75.0) 1,339 (62.0)
Females, 18 and over .............. 128,488 (70.3) 4,658 (99.8) 6,944 (129.1) 1,813 (73.8) 35,094 (296.5) 24,079 (201.0) 13,613 (177.2) 27,027 (274.6) 11,987 (175.7) 3,273 (104.0)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 3,894 (67.9) 67 (18.7) 1,093 (51.2) 326 (23.4) 1,046 (49.7) 1,282 (53.9) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
20 to 24 years old ............................. 10,625 (5.3) 119 (22.1) 436 (36.1) 158 (19.6) 2,687 (77.9) 4,337 (91.6) 886 (48.9) 1,838 (74.8) 154 (21.4) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 113,969 (14.6) 4,472 (94.9) 5,415 (109.1) 1,328 (61.7) 31,360 (270.0) 18,461 (176.0) 12,682 (162.3) 25,155 (254.2) 11,831 (173.7) 3,265 (103.4)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 11,486 (9.7) 164 (22.4) 403 (29.0) 124 (19.1) 2,633 (75.2) 2,245 (68.9) 1,226 (57.7) 3,457 (84.1) 979 (51.6) 255 (28.6)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 10,878 (6.5) 266 (25.4) 381 (27.4) 97 (15.2) 2,297 (61.3) 1,661 (55.2) 1,322 (49.0) 3,080 (77.6) 1,362 (56.6) 412 (34.2)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 10,701 (6.1) 346 (24.6) 487 (25.3) 119 (14.8) 2,200 (60.8) 1,700 (50.6) 1,253 (48.3) 2,778 (65.5) 1,400 (52.9) 419 (30.3)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 20,402 (3.8) 724 (35.8) 919 (43.8) 221 (23.6) 4,768 (87.8) 2,966 (73.2) 2,390 (72.8) 5,077 (96.6) 2,594 (67.7) 743 (37.8)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 21,801 (49.8) 708 (37.3) 968 (40.7) 301 (27.4) 6,302 (112.3) 3,510 (85.8) 2,673 (71.0) 4,678 (105.2) 2,102 (75.2) 559 (37.3)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 10,679 (49.5) 449 (28.5) 477 (33.7) 110 (16.5) 3,260 (83.6) 1,797 (61.4) 1,313 (59.5) 2,029 (67.6) 958 (50.7) 288 (31.5)
65 years old and over .................... 28,021 (0.9) 1,815 (55.2) 1,780 (66.2) 357 (31.5) 9,901 (122.5) 4,583 (105.0) 2,505 (71.0) 4,056 (102.8) 2,435 (81.0) 588 (47.1)
White, 18 and over ................... 158,209 (135.5) 2,170 (104.5) 6,645 (147.7) 1,601 (73.6) 44,442 (374.1) 29,281 (270.2) 16,530 (210.7) 36,568 (355.3) 15,350 (240.6) 5,622 (152.4)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 4,211 (72.7) 72 (17.3) 1,321 (53.2) 316 (24.1) 1,175 (54.1) 1,225 (58.1) 65 (15.4) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
20 to 24 years old ............................. 11,578 (36.4) 95 (21.1) 316 (37.2) 167 (25.9) 3,257 (99.2) 4,653 (100.3) 907 (56.6) 2,021 (86.4) 132 (21.4) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 142,420 (109.4) 2,003 (93.4) 5,007 (129.0) 1,118 (61.8) 40,010 (347.3) 23,403 (238.8) 15,558 (198.1) 34,513 (341.5) 15,217 (239.7) 5,590 (152.7)

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

25 to 29 years old ......................... 12,668 (45.6) 112 (24.0) 340 (33.4) 100 (19.6) 3,030 (86.2) 2,290 (78.4) 1,280 (66.9) 4,231 (109.6) 952 (66.8) 333 (40.5)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 12,269 (45.5) 87 (18.7) 311 (27.1) 68 (14.6) 2,737 (90.8) 1,847 (60.4) 1,453 (57.9) 3,825 (95.6) 1,401 (63.2) 540 (43.3)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 12,014 (39.0) 78 (13.9) 302 (25.6) 72 (13.9) 2,551 (66.5) 1,857 (59.4) 1,419 (49.5) 3,578 (80.4) 1,625 (59.9) 533 (40.0)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 23,584 (52.7) 199 (23.9) 641 (39.3) 134 (18.9) 5,648 (106.5) 3,617 (87.2) 2,864 (75.0) 6,401 (115.1) 3,085 (79.7) 994 (45.5)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 28,597 (62.9) 263 (27.6) 1,013 (59.8) 270 (25.1) 8,699 (157.4) 4,576 (109.2) 3,373 (104.0) 6,631 (139.6) 2,797 (88.5) 976 (56.0)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 14,157 (112.0) 149 (19.4) 428 (34.5) 106 (19.7) 4,346 (108.8) 2,481 (82.1) 1,643 (69.4) 2,987 (89.4) 1,429 (61.3) 589 (47.3)
65 years old and over .................... 39,131 (120.0) 1,115 (61.8) 1,972 (73.3) 368 (36.8) 13,000 (172.4) 6,735 (141.7) 3,526 (97.3) 6,861 (146.8) 3,929 (119.8) 1,626 (80.3)

Educational Attainment
Black, 18 and over ................... 29,581 (86.9) 682 (48.3) 2,235 (76.2) 702 (48.2) 9,743 (159.6) 6,543 (143.7) 2,839 (90.9) 4,517 (115.1) 1,816 (68.4) 504 (36.7)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 1,145 (43.8) ‡ (†) 340 (26.0) 95 (15.5) 367 (29.6) 292 (28.7) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
20 to 24 years old ............................. 2,975 (26.1) ‡ (†) 154 (22.5) 70 (20.3) 1,069 (55.1) 1,157 (58.5) 181 (25.9) 305 (29.3) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 25,461 (72.7) 635 (43.1) 1,742 (66.9) 536 (40.7) 8,307 (140.1) 5,094 (120.4) 2,640 (84.3) 4,206 (109.2) 1,800 (67.6) 502 (36.6)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 3,279 (31.4) ‡ (†) 170 (21.8) ‡ (†) 1,097 (57.0) 850 (45.4) 329 (29.1) 592 (43.2) 112 (18.4) ‡ (†)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 2,713 (25.6) ‡ (†) 112 (18.3) ‡ (†) 771 (42.9) 574 (40.7) 319 (27.8) 597 (36.6) 189 (20.9) 69 (14.3)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 2,630 (23.1) ‡ (†) 146 (18.9) ‡ (†) 769 (49.6) 508 (37.2) 288 (26.6) 491 (34.5) 297 (27.5) 53 (12.4)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 4,953 (26.3) ‡ (†) 211 (21.9) 98 (14.8) 1,520 (50.4) 998 (45.4) 531 (37.3) 932 (45.0) 507 (34.1) 106 (16.2)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 4,983 (54.1) 96 (15.7) 341 (29.8) 132 (19.7) 1,786 (55.9) 944 (45.6) 560 (31.9) 740 (43.4) 295 (26.3) 89 (14.9)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 2,307 (59.5) 54 (11.7) 205 (20.8) 50 (10.6) 799 (41.9) 453 (31.0) 256 (24.1) 333 (23.4) 112 (15.7) ‡ (†)
65 years old and over .................... 4,598 (38.5) 327 (24.4) 557 (30.2) 114 (15.2) 1,564 (44.7) 768 (36.1) 358 (25.3) 521 (27.3) 287 (22.9) 103 (13.3)

37
See notes at end of table.
 Table 104.30. Number of persons age 18 and over, by highest level of educational attainment, sex, race/ethnicity, and age: 2018—Continued

38
[Numbers in thousands. Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Educational Attainment
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
High school Postsecondary education
Elementary school
(kindergarten– 4 years, Some college, Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s First-professional or
Sex, race/ethnicity, and age Total 8th grade) 1 to 3 years no completion Completion1 no degree degree degree degree doctor’s degree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Hispanic, 18 and over .............. 40,478 (43.6) 5,404 (107.7) 4,306 (101.4) 1,289 (68.3) 12,590 (173.3) 7,148 (117.6) 3,161 (92.1) 4,765 (107.5) 1,397 (55.9) 417 (32.3)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 1,858 (41.0) ‡ (†) 552 (28.1) 199 (19.1) 547 (33.1) 510 (26.4) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
20 to 24 years old ............................. 4,743 (4.6) 117 (21.3) 309 (28.9) 172 (23.5) 1,632 (61.3) 1,741 (60.5) 410 (30.0) 347 (27.6) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 33,877 (14.6) 5,263 (102.1) 3,445 (88.4) 918 (59.0) 10,412 (144.7) 4,897 (92.6) 2,729 (83.4) 4,414 (100.9) 1,385 (55.9) 414 (32.1)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 4,859 (32.4) 230 (23.3) 368 (31.4) 121 (19.8) 1,586 (61.1) 1,070 (39.8) 478 (34.8) 842 (45.3) 138 (19.0) ‡ (†)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 4,422 (34.3) 424 (34.1) 437 (34.8) 141 (22.1) 1,390 (51.1) 682 (36.3) 412 (32.6) 690 (38.7) 202 (23.2) 44 (9.9)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 4,483 (35.1) 598 (39.4) 514 (32.6) 183 (31.3) 1,337 (54.8) 634 (38.8) 363 (30.0) 605 (36.9) 201 (18.9) 47 (13.0)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 7,716 (49.5) 1,122 (46.4) 888 (44.5) 202 (23.2) 2,544 (67.4) 959 (46.2) 599 (34.6) 948 (44.4) 360 (25.6) 96 (13.6)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 5,873 (61.4) 1,068 (47.7) 586 (35.7) 146 (18.7) 1,767 (57.2) 781 (37.3) 471 (31.5) 706 (37.0) 247 (19.3) 101 (14.8)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 2,201 (47.6) 504 (29.0) 198 (18.1) 53 (9.7) 621 (35.7) 289 (22.4) 167 (17.4) 247 (25.5) 92 (14.6) ‡ (†)
65 years old and over .................... 4,322 (8.4) 1,317 (41.2) 454 (28.1) 72 (12.2) 1,167 (44.6) 482 (29.4) 240 (21.6) 376 (22.5) 146 (15.0) 69 (11.1)
Asian, 18 and over ................... 15,035 (105.8) 731 (48.1) 478 (40.1) 234 (25.3) 2,757 (86.0) 1,857 (69.8) 920 (51.4) 4,578 (93.2) 2,442 (75.5) 1,039 (56.6)
18 and 19 years old .......................... 372 (25.2) ‡ (†) 83 (13.5) ‡ (†) 60 (12.9) 173 (20.8) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

20 to 24 years old ............................. 1,315 (34.7) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 177 (23.9) 587 (36.6) 58 (13.0) 358 (30.8) 68 (12.9) ‡ (†)
25 years old and over ....................... 13,349 (96.1) 707 (45.1) 378 (33.6) 170 (21.8) 2,519 (80.8) 1,097 (51.3) 859 (48.6) 4,215 (91.1) 2,374 (73.3) 1,029 (56.2)
25 to 29 years old ......................... 1,610 (36.0) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 202 (24.6) 152 (18.0) 80 (14.6) 665 (37.3) 406 (32.8) 65 (13.9)
30 to 34 years old ......................... 1,642 (37.1) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 212 (23.6) 109 (14.7) 110 (17.1) 627 (34.2) 377 (30.3) 161 (20.9)
35 to 39 years old ......................... 1,570 (37.2) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 231 (23.6) 159 (19.9) 103 (14.3) 534 (30.3) 327 (25.7) 154 (19.1)
40 to 49 years old ......................... 2,908 (50.8) 91 (14.6) 88 (14.4) ‡ (†) 478 (31.3) 214 (21.3) 221 (23.0) 920 (41.1) 571 (36.5) 299 (28.0)
50 to 59 years old ......................... 2,231 (53.1) 120 (19.6) 85 (14.9) ‡ (†) 513 (31.4) 174 (19.6) 159 (17.0) 616 (39.0) 348 (26.6) 171 (19.8)
60 to 64 years old ......................... 1,070 (37.7) 87 (17.7) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 255 (24.3) 104 (14.4) 74 (13.1) 295 (25.2) 141 (17.8) 64 (11.7)
65 years old and over .................... 2,318 (41.7) 363 (30.2) 101 (16.3) ‡ (†) 629 (35.9) 185 (19.6) 112 (15.6) 558 (32.5) 203 (21.7) 115 (16.4)

†Not applicable. NOTE: Total includes other racial/ethnic groups not shown separately. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
50 percent or greater. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), Annual Social and Economic
1
Includes completion of high school through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. Supplement, 2018. (This table was prepared February 2019.)
 Table 104.50. Persons age 25 and over who hold a bachelor’s or higher degree, by sex, race/ethnicity, age group, and field of bachelor’s degree: 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Sex Race/ethnicity Age

American
Asian/ Indian/ 25 to 29 30 to 49 50 years old
Field of bachelor’s degree Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Pacific Islander Alaska Native years old years old and over

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total population, 25 and over (in thousands) ............. 221,310 (21.0) 106,905 (24.7) 114,406 (21.0) 143,646 (27.3) 25,835 (9.8) 33,490 (8.9) 13,124 (9.2) 1,342 (1.3) 23,029 (10.1) 84,099 (23.7) 114,182 (19.8)
Percent of population with bachelor’s degree ........... 32.0 (0.07) 31.4 (0.08) 32.6 (0.07) 35.8 (0.08) 21.6 (0.12) 16.0 (0.11) 53.2 (0.20) 15.0 (0.36) 34.3 (0.18) 35.9 (0.10) 28.7 (0.06)
Bachelor’s degree holders Number (in thousands)
Total ....................................................................... 70,854 (164.9) 33,521 (87.4) 37,334 (87.7) 51,378 (110.8) 5,572 (31.1) 5,370 (39.3) 6,984 (27.5) 201 (5.5) 7,890 (42.2) 30,169 (84.5) 32,795 (76.3)
Agriculture ...................................................................... 715 (9.7) 468 (7.5) 247 (5.1) 598 (8.7) 24 (2.0) 35 (2.5) 47 (2.8) ‡ (†) 75 (3.5) 274 (6.3) 366 (6.0)
Architecture .................................................................... 507 (8.7) 340 (6.7) 167 (4.7) 339 (6.3) 26 (2.4) 63 (3.2) 68 (2.7) ‡ (†) 54 (3.6) 218 (6.1) 235 (5.8)
Business/management .................................................. 14,355 (50.2) 7,912 (39.1) 6,443 (30.9) 10,231 (38.5) 1,300 (16.1) 1,225 (16.6) 1,313 (13.3) 41 (3.0) 1,381 (17.4) 6,378 (35.8) 6,596 (26.8)
Communications and communications technologies ...... 2,737 (19.5) 1,129 (12.9) 1,608 (15.2) 2,087 (16.8) 244 (6.6) 213 (6.8) 133 (4.1) 6 (0.9) 427 (7.8) 1,424 (15.6) 886 (9.6)
Computer and information sciences ............................... 2,276 (20.1) 1,626 (16.4) 650 (9.4) 1,238 (12.3) 224 (7.0) 165 (5.6) 584 (9.8) 3 (0.6) 318 (8.6) 1,302 (15.0) 656 (9.8)
Criminal justice and fire protection ................................. 1,262 (15.1) 745 (10.1) 517 (10.5) 843 (11.6) 203 (6.4) 144 (5.3) 38 (2.5) 6 (0.9) 209 (6.4) 693 (10.9) 361 (6.4)
Education ....................................................................... 8,973 (39.1) 2,129 (17.6) 6,844 (30.2) 7,255 (31.7) 677 (11.2) 577 (9.8) 325 (7.1) 35 (2.2) 559 (10.0) 2,775 (22.8) 5,639 (27.1)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Engineering and engineering technologies ..................... 6,357 (35.0) 5,359 (30.3) 998 (12.0) 4,076 (26.2) 310 (7.4) 548 (10.7) 1,294 (13.5) 11 (1.2) 705 (10.1) 2,657 (23.7) 2,995 (19.8)
English language and literature ...................................... 2,254 (17.9) 762 (11.2) 1,492 (12.6) 1,807 (15.1) 124 (4.5) 110 (5.1) 162 (4.5) 4 (0.6) 217 (6.2) 920 (11.3) 1,117 (12.6)
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics ................ 736 (10.7) 200 (5.2) 536 (9.9) 535 (9.6) 31 (2.8) 77 (3.5) 75 (2.9) ‡ (†) 75 (2.8) 291 (5.9) 369 (7.5)
Health sciences .............................................................. 5,365 (24.0) 954 (9.8) 4,411 (21.3) 3,792 (18.1) 482 (10.9) 356 (7.3) 622 (9.8) 18 (1.3) 618 (8.2) 2,252 (17.1) 2,496 (16.4)
Liberal arts and humanities ............................................ 982 (12.7) 388 (7.9) 594 (9.3) 710 (10.1) 71 (3.4) 89 (3.6) 85 (3.7) 4 (0.9) 85 (3.6) 432 (7.8) 465 (7.1)
Mathematics/statistics ................................................... 1,071 (12.2) 614 (8.3) 456 (8.1) 782 (10.0) 64 (3.1) 51 (3.1) 152 (4.6) ‡ (†) 107 (3.9) 375 (7.5) 589 (9.3)
Natural sciences (biological, environmental, and
physical) ................................................................... 5,974 (40.0) 3,339 (25.7) 2,635 (23.0) 4,258 (28.0) 361 (9.3) 369 (7.4) 843 (10.2) 16 (1.5) 791 (13.3) 2,552 (25.9) 2,632 (18.0)
Philosophy/religion/theology ........................................... 941 (13.5) 646 (10.1) 295 (6.8) 721 (10.4) 80 (3.8) 59 (3.1) 60 (3.2) 3 (0.6) 82 (3.7) 353 (7.6) 506 (7.7)
Psychology ..................................................................... 3,403 (22.5) 1,024 (12.3) 2,380 (17.9) 2,462 (17.8) 333 (7.0) 312 (7.5) 201 (5.0) 10 (1.3) 482 (8.9) 1,607 (14.6) 1,314 (13.2)
Social sciences and history ............................................ 6,638 (35.1) 3,701 (24.7) 2,937 (21.0) 4,990 (27.3) 485 (9.8) 471 (8.9) 528 (9.2) 16 (1.3) 743 (11.6) 2,767 (22.9) 3,129 (20.5)
Social work and public administration ............................ 1,005 (11.8) 220 (5.7) 785 (10.1) 652 (8.9) 182 (6.4) 97 (4.0) 48 (2.7) 6 (0.9) 115 (4.3) 437 (8.6) 453 (7.4)
Visual and performing arts ............................................. 2,914 (21.0) 1,104 (13.8) 1,810 (16.7) 2,239 (18.1) 154 (6.0) 204 (5.9) 243 (6.5) 7 (1.0) 444 (9.7) 1,324 (16.8) 1,146 (11.6)
Other fields1 ................................................................... 2,389 (18.6) 861 (11.3) 1,528 (13.0) 1,761 (15.2) 196 (6.5) 205 (5.1) 165 (4.9) 9 (1.1) 404 (9.1) 1,139 (14.6) 846 (11.5)
Percentage distribution, by field
Total ....................................................................... 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Agriculture ...................................................................... 1.0 (0.01) 1.4 (0.02) 0.7 (0.01) 1.2 (0.02) 0.4 (0.04) 0.7 (0.05) 0.7 (0.04) 1.0 (0.25) 0.9 (0.04) 0.9 (0.02) 1.1 (0.02)
Architecture .................................................................... 0.7 (0.01) 1.0 (0.02) 0.4 (0.01) 0.7 (0.01) 0.5 (0.04) 1.2 (0.06) 1.0 (0.04) 0.4! (0.14) 0.7 (0.05) 0.7 (0.02) 0.7 (0.02)
Business/management .................................................. 20.3 (0.06) 23.6 (0.10) 17.3 (0.08) 19.9 (0.06) 23.3 (0.26) 22.8 (0.28) 18.8 (0.17) 20.5 (1.30) 17.5 (0.19) 21.1 (0.12) 20.1 (0.07)
Communications and communications technologies ...... 3.9 (0.03) 3.4 (0.04) 4.3 (0.04) 4.1 (0.03) 4.4 (0.12) 4.0 (0.12) 1.9 (0.06) 2.8 (0.45) 5.4 (0.10) 4.7 (0.05) 2.7 (0.03)
Computer and information sciences ............................... 3.2 (0.03) 4.9 (0.05) 1.7 (0.03) 2.4 (0.02) 4.0 (0.12) 3.1 (0.11) 8.4 (0.14) 1.7 (0.30) 4.0 (0.11) 4.3 (0.05) 2.0 (0.03)
Criminal justice and fire protection ................................. 1.8 (0.02) 2.2 (0.03) 1.4 (0.03) 1.6 (0.02) 3.7 (0.11) 2.7 (0.10) 0.5 (0.04) 3.2 (0.42) 2.6 (0.08) 2.3 (0.04) 1.1 (0.02)
Education ....................................................................... 12.7 (0.04) 6.4 (0.05) 18.3 (0.06) 14.1 (0.05) 12.1 (0.20) 10.7 (0.17) 4.6 (0.10) 17.4 (0.97) 7.1 (0.12) 9.2 (0.07) 17.2 (0.06)
Engineering and engineering technologies ..................... 9.0 (0.04) 16.0 (0.08) 2.7 (0.03) 7.9 (0.05) 5.6 (0.13) 10.2 (0.18) 18.5 (0.18) 5.4 (0.60) 8.9 (0.12) 8.8 (0.07) 9.1 (0.05)
English language and literature ...................................... 3.2 (0.02) 2.3 (0.03) 4.0 (0.03) 3.5 (0.03) 2.2 (0.08) 2.0 (0.09) 2.3 (0.06) 1.8 (0.28) 2.8 (0.08) 3.0 (0.04) 3.4 (0.04)

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics ................ 1.0 (0.01) 0.6 (0.02) 1.4 (0.03) 1.0 (0.02) 0.6 (0.05) 1.4 (0.06) 1.1 (0.04) 0.7! (0.22) 1.0 (0.04) 1.0 (0.02) 1.1 (0.02)
Health sciences .............................................................. 7.6 (0.03) 2.8 (0.03) 11.8 (0.06) 7.4 (0.03) 8.7 (0.19) 6.6 (0.13) 8.9 (0.13) 9.2 (0.64) 7.8 (0.10) 7.5 (0.06) 7.6 (0.05)
Liberal arts and humanities ............................................ 1.4 (0.02) 1.2 (0.02) 1.6 (0.02) 1.4 (0.02) 1.3 (0.06) 1.7 (0.07) 1.2 (0.05) 2.1 (0.46) 1.1 (0.05) 1.4 (0.03) 1.4 (0.02)
Mathematics/statistics ................................................... 1.5 (0.02) 1.8 (0.02) 1.2 (0.02) 1.5 (0.02) 1.1 (0.05) 0.9 (0.06) 2.2 (0.07) 0.9! (0.27) 1.4 (0.05) 1.2 (0.02) 1.8 (0.03)
Natural sciences (biological, environmental, and
physical) ................................................................... 8.4 (0.05) 10.0 (0.07) 7.1 (0.06) 8.3 (0.05) 6.5 (0.16) 6.9 (0.13) 12.1 (0.14) 8.0 (0.71) 10.0 (0.15) 8.5 (0.08) 8.0 (0.05)

Educational Attainment
Philosophy/religion/theology ........................................... 1.3 (0.02) 1.9 (0.03) 0.8 (0.02) 1.4 (0.02) 1.4 (0.07) 1.1 (0.06) 0.9 (0.05) 1.4 (0.29) 1.0 (0.05) 1.2 (0.03) 1.5 (0.02)
Psychology ..................................................................... 4.8 (0.03) 3.1 (0.04) 6.4 (0.04) 4.8 (0.03) 6.0 (0.12) 5.8 (0.13) 2.9 (0.07) 4.9 (0.63) 6.1 (0.11) 5.3 (0.05) 4.0 (0.04)
Social sciences and history ............................................ 9.4 (0.04) 11.0 (0.07) 7.9 (0.05) 9.7 (0.05) 8.7 (0.17) 8.8 (0.15) 7.6 (0.13) 8.1 (0.64) 9.4 (0.13) 9.2 (0.07) 9.5 (0.06)
Social work and public administration ............................ 1.4 (0.02) 0.7 (0.02) 2.1 (0.03) 1.3 (0.02) 3.3 (0.11) 1.8 (0.07) 0.7 (0.04) 2.9 (0.43) 1.5 (0.06) 1.4 (0.03) 1.4 (0.02)
Visual and performing arts ............................................. 4.1 (0.03) 3.3 (0.04) 4.8 (0.04) 4.4 (0.04) 2.8 (0.11) 3.8 (0.10) 3.5 (0.09) 3.4 (0.51) 5.6 (0.12) 4.4 (0.05) 3.5 (0.03)
Other fields1 ................................................................... 3.4 (0.02) 2.6 (0.03) 4.1 (0.03) 3.4 (0.03) 3.5 (0.11) 3.8 (0.09) 2.4 (0.07) 4.3 (0.53) 5.1 (0.11) 3.8 (0.05) 2.6 (0.03)

†Not applicable. United States) and institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare facilities).
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. The first bachelor’s degree major reported by respondents was used to classify their field of study, even though they were
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). able to report a second bachelor’s degree major and may possess advanced degrees in other fields. Totals include other
1
Includes area, ethnic, and civilization studies; family and consumer sciences; library sciences; military sciences; multi/ racial/ethnic groups not separately shown. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to
interdisciplinary studies; physical fitness, parks, recreation and leisure; precision production; transportation technologies; totals because of rounding.
and other fields, not separately classified. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), 2017. (This table was

39
NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population age 25 and over residing within the United States, including prepared May 2019.)
both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located within the
 Table 104.80. Percentage of persons 18 to 24 years old and age 25 and over, by educational attainment and state: 2000 and 2017

40
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Educational Attainment
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Percent of population 25 years old and over, by educational attainment
2000 2017
Percent of 18- to 24-year-olds
who were high school completers1 Less than High school Bachelor’s or higher degree Less than High school completion or higher
1
Bachelor’s or higher degree
high school completion1 Bachelor’s Graduate high school High school Bachelor’s Graduate
State 2000 2017 completion or higher Total degree degree completion Total only Total degree degree
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
United States .............. 74.7 (0.02) 87.4 (0.08) 19.6 (0.01) 80.4 (0.01) 24.4 (0.01) 15.5 (0.01) 8.9 (#) 12.0 (0.04) 88.0 (0.04) 27.1 (0.06) 32.0 (0.07) 19.7 (0.05) 12.3 (0.04)
Alabama .............................. 72.2 (0.15) 85.5 (0.71) 24.7 (0.06) 75.3 (0.06) 19.0 (0.05) 12.1 (0.04) 6.9 (0.03) 14.0 (0.26) 86.0 (0.26) 31.0 (0.38) 25.6 (0.26) 15.9 (0.22) 9.7 (0.18)
Alaska ................................. 76.9 (0.40) 83.0 (2.69) 11.7 (0.12) 88.3 (0.12) 24.7 (0.16) 16.1 (0.13) 8.6 (0.10) 8.4 (0.59) 91.6 (0.59) 27.3 (0.85) 29.0 (1.24) 18.7 (1.07) 10.3 (0.71)
Arizona ................................ 69.2 (0.19) 84.2 (0.60) 19.0 (0.06) 81.0 (0.06) 23.5 (0.07) 15.1 (0.06) 8.4 (0.04) 12.9 (0.20) 87.1 (0.20) 24.1 (0.22) 29.2 (0.27) 18.2 (0.22) 10.9 (0.17)
Arkansas ............................. 75.4 (0.19) 87.3 (0.78) 24.7 (0.07) 75.3 (0.07) 16.7 (0.06) 11.0 (0.05) 5.7 (0.04) 13.3 (0.28) 86.7 (0.28) 34.0 (0.42) 23.5 (0.39) 15.1 (0.30) 8.4 (0.22)
California ............................. 70.7 (0.07) 89.5 (0.20) 23.2 (0.03) 76.8 (0.03) 26.6 (0.03) 17.1 (0.02) 9.5 (0.02) 16.6 (0.09) 83.4 (0.09) 20.7 (0.10) 33.7 (0.13) 21.1 (0.11) 12.6 (0.08)
Colorado .............................. 75.1 (0.15) 88.6 (0.59) 13.1 (0.05) 86.9 (0.05) 32.7 (0.06) 21.6 (0.06) 11.1 (0.04) 8.3 (0.21) 91.7 (0.21) 21.4 (0.29) 41.2 (0.30) 25.9 (0.24) 15.3 (0.23)
Connecticut ......................... 78.2 (0.21) 89.6 (0.61) 16.0 (0.06) 84.0 (0.06) 31.4 (0.08) 18.1 (0.07) 13.3 (0.06) 9.5 (0.25) 90.5 (0.25) 27.3 (0.43) 38.4 (0.34) 21.3 (0.28) 17.1 (0.25)
Delaware ............................. 77.6 (0.41) 89.4 (1.38) 17.4 (0.14) 82.6 (0.14) 25.0 (0.16) 15.6 (0.14) 9.4 (0.11) 9.3 (0.60) 90.7 (0.60) 31.8 (0.86) 31.9 (0.80) 18.5 (0.60) 13.4 (0.57)
District of Columbia ............. 79.4 (0.40) 90.1 (1.31) 22.2 (0.18) 77.8 (0.18) 39.1 (0.21) 18.1 (0.17) 21.0 (0.18) 9.4 (0.58) 90.6 (0.58) 17.1 (0.75) 57.2 (0.87) 23.5 (0.80) 33.7 (0.74)
Florida ................................. 71.7 (0.11) 84.9 (0.35) 20.1 (0.04) 79.9 (0.04) 22.3 (0.04) 14.2 (0.03) 8.1 (0.02) 11.6 (0.12) 88.4 (0.12) 28.8 (0.18) 29.6 (0.17) 18.9 (0.14) 10.7 (0.10)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Georgia ................................ 70.0 (0.15) 84.7 (0.46) 21.4 (0.05) 78.6 (0.05) 24.3 (0.05) 16.0 (0.05) 8.3 (0.04) 13.0 (0.17) 87.0 (0.17) 28.0 (0.26) 30.9 (0.22) 19.1 (0.19) 11.9 (0.17)
Hawaii ................................. 85.8 (0.25) 92.4 (1.02) 15.4 (0.10) 84.6 (0.10) 26.2 (0.12) 17.8 (0.10) 8.4 (0.08) 8.3 (0.42) 91.7 (0.42) 28.9 (0.65) 32.8 (0.74) 21.9 (0.59) 10.9 (0.40)
Idaho ................................... 77.3 (0.25) 88.0 (1.00) 15.3 (0.09) 84.7 (0.09) 21.7 (0.10) 14.9 (0.09) 6.8 (0.06) 8.8 (0.37) 91.2 (0.37) 28.5 (0.57) 26.8 (0.56) 18.6 (0.47) 8.2 (0.35)
Illinois .................................. 76.0 (0.09) 87.2 (0.48) 18.6 (0.03) 81.4 (0.03) 26.1 (0.03) 16.6 (0.03) 9.5 (0.02) 11.0 (0.15) 89.0 (0.15) 26.0 (0.22) 34.4 (0.21) 20.9 (0.17) 13.4 (0.15)
Indiana ................................ 76.5 (0.15) 84.9 (0.55) 17.9 (0.05) 82.1 (0.05) 19.4 (0.05) 12.2 (0.04) 7.2 (0.04) 11.2 (0.19) 88.8 (0.19) 33.0 (0.30) 26.9 (0.29) 17.1 (0.22) 9.8 (0.20)
Iowa .................................... 81.4 (0.16) 90.7 (0.67) 13.9 (0.06) 86.1 (0.06) 21.2 (0.07) 14.7 (0.06) 6.5 (0.04) 8.0 (0.27) 92.0 (0.27) 30.2 (0.44) 29.2 (0.47) 19.6 (0.37) 9.5 (0.30)
Kansas ................................ 78.3 (0.18) 88.2 (0.75) 14.0 (0.06) 86.0 (0.06) 25.8 (0.08) 17.1 (0.06) 8.7 (0.05) 9.0 (0.28) 91.0 (0.28) 25.4 (0.43) 33.9 (0.43) 21.2 (0.37) 12.7 (0.32)
Kentucky ............................. 74.9 (0.15) 88.4 (0.66) 25.9 (0.06) 74.1 (0.06) 17.1 (0.05) 10.2 (0.04) 6.9 (0.03) 13.5 (0.24) 86.5 (0.24) 33.5 (0.34) 23.9 (0.32) 14.1 (0.26) 9.8 (0.22)
Louisiana ............................. 72.3 (0.15) 82.1 (0.76) 25.2 (0.06) 74.8 (0.06) 18.7 (0.05) 12.2 (0.04) 6.5 (0.03) 15.0 (0.33) 85.0 (0.33) 33.6 (0.34) 23.9 (0.33) 15.5 (0.25) 8.4 (0.23)
Maine .................................. 78.9 (0.28) 89.5 (1.25) 14.6 (0.08) 85.4 (0.08) 22.9 (0.10) 15.0 (0.09) 7.9 (0.06) 7.3 (0.41) 92.7 (0.41) 30.6 (0.71) 32.9 (0.68) 20.5 (0.50) 12.3 (0.50)
Maryland ............................. 79.6 (0.16) 90.5 (0.43) 16.2 (0.05) 83.8 (0.05) 31.4 (0.07) 18.0 (0.06) 13.4 (0.05) 10.1 (0.21) 89.9 (0.21) 24.2 (0.22) 40.0 (0.31) 21.4 (0.24) 18.6 (0.24)
Massachusetts .................... 82.2 (0.13) 88.8 (0.48) 15.2 (0.05) 84.8 (0.05) 33.2 (0.06) 19.5 (0.05) 13.7 (0.04) 9.2 (0.16) 90.8 (0.16) 24.3 (0.25) 43.6 (0.28) 24.0 (0.25) 19.6 (0.20)
Michigan ............................. 76.5 (0.10) 87.7 (0.38) 16.6 (0.03) 83.4 (0.03) 21.8 (0.04) 13.7 (0.03) 8.1 (0.02) 9.1 (0.15) 90.9 (0.15) 29.0 (0.22) 29.0 (0.23) 17.4 (0.20) 11.6 (0.16)
Minnesota ............................ 79.3 (0.13) 88.2 (0.60) 12.1 (0.04) 87.9 (0.04) 27.4 (0.06) 19.1 (0.05) 8.3 (0.03) 7.0 (0.18) 93.0 (0.18) 24.7 (0.31) 35.7 (0.36) 23.4 (0.31) 12.4 (0.24)
Mississippi ........................... 71.3 (0.18) 85.2 (0.92) 27.1 (0.08) 72.9 (0.08) 16.9 (0.06) 11.1 (0.05) 5.8 (0.04) 15.4 (0.38) 84.6 (0.38) 30.3 (0.44) 21.7 (0.43) 13.4 (0.34) 8.3 (0.26)
Missouri .............................. 76.5 (0.13) 87.3 (0.56) 18.7 (0.05) 81.3 (0.05) 21.6 (0.05) 14.0 (0.04) 7.6 (0.03) 10.4 (0.21) 89.6 (0.21) 30.3 (0.32) 29.0 (0.29) 17.8 (0.24) 11.2 (0.21)
Montana .............................. 78.6 (0.31) 88.5 (1.56) 12.8 (0.10) 87.2 (0.10) 24.4 (0.13) 17.2 (0.11) 7.2 (0.08) 7.4 (0.41) 92.6 (0.41) 27.8 (0.76) 31.4 (0.82) 20.7 (0.70) 10.7 (0.49)
Nebraska ............................. 80.0 (0.21) 88.5 (1.06) 13.4 (0.07) 86.6 (0.07) 23.7 (0.09) 16.4 (0.08) 7.3 (0.06) 8.6 (0.34) 91.4 (0.34) 26.8 (0.52) 31.2 (0.49) 20.7 (0.42) 10.5 (0.34)
Nevada ................................ 66.7 (0.32) 85.4 (0.95) 19.3 (0.10) 80.7 (0.10) 18.2 (0.10) 12.1 (0.08) 6.1 (0.06) 13.2 (0.33) 86.8 (0.33) 28.9 (0.40) 25.2 (0.38) 16.7 (0.30) 8.4 (0.24)
New Hampshire ................... 77.8 (0.29) 91.0 (1.24) 12.6 (0.08) 87.4 (0.08) 28.7 (0.11) 18.7 (0.10) 10.0 (0.07) 6.8 (0.34) 93.2 (0.34) 28.0 (0.60) 37.1 (0.67) 22.6 (0.53) 14.5 (0.47)
New Jersey .......................... 76.3 (0.14) 89.6 (0.42) 17.9 (0.04) 82.1 (0.04) 29.8 (0.05) 18.8 (0.04) 11.0 (0.04) 9.8 (0.16) 90.2 (0.16) 27.3 (0.23) 39.7 (0.24) 24.2 (0.20) 15.5 (0.15)
New Mexico ......................... 70.5 (0.24) 83.9 (1.14) 21.1 (0.09) 78.9 (0.09) 23.5 (0.09) 13.7 (0.07) 9.8 (0.06) 14.1 (0.37) 85.9 (0.37) 26.6 (0.50) 27.3 (0.46) 15.3 (0.36) 12.0 (0.31)
New York ............................. 76.1 (0.09) 88.3 (0.34) 20.9 (0.03) 79.1 (0.03) 27.4 (0.04) 15.6 (0.03) 11.8 (0.03) 13.4 (0.13) 86.6 (0.13) 26.2 (0.14) 36.2 (0.17) 20.3 (0.15) 15.9 (0.12)
North Carolina ...................... 74.2 (0.11) 86.3 (0.44) 21.9 (0.04) 78.1 (0.04) 22.5 (0.04) 15.3 (0.04) 7.2 (0.03) 12.0 (0.16) 88.0 (0.16) 25.8 (0.23) 31.4 (0.22) 20.2 (0.18) 11.2 (0.14)
North Dakota ....................... 84.4 (0.24) 90.1 (1.61) 16.1 (0.10) 83.9 (0.10) 22.0 (0.12) 16.5 (0.10) 5.5 (0.06) 6.9 (0.50) 93.1 (0.50) 26.5 (0.82) 30.6 (0.84) 22.0 (0.77) 8.6 (0.45)
Ohio ..................................... 76.8 (0.09) 87.0 (0.37) 17.0 (0.03) 83.0 (0.03) 21.1 (0.03) 13.7 (0.03) 7.4 (0.02) 9.7 (0.14) 90.3 (0.14) 33.1 (0.22) 28.0 (0.19) 17.4 (0.14) 10.6 (0.13)
Oklahoma ............................ 74.8 (0.16) 84.5 (0.85) 19.4 (0.06) 80.6 (0.06) 20.3 (0.06) 13.5 (0.05) 6.8 (0.04) 11.9 (0.28) 88.1 (0.28) 31.4 (0.42) 25.5 (0.38) 16.8 (0.31) 8.6 (0.26)
Oregon ................................ 74.2 (0.17) 84.9 (0.70) 14.9 (0.05) 85.1 (0.05) 25.1 (0.06) 16.4 (0.06) 8.7 (0.04) 9.1 (0.23) 90.9 (0.23) 23.3 (0.33) 33.7 (0.30) 21.0 (0.24) 12.7 (0.22)
Pennsylvania ....................... 79.8 (0.09) 88.2 (0.41) 18.1 (0.03) 81.9 (0.03) 22.4 (0.03) 14.0 (0.03) 8.4 (0.02) 9.5 (0.12) 90.5 (0.12) 34.7 (0.22) 31.7 (0.19) 19.1 (0.15) 12.5 (0.14)
Rhode Island ........................ 81.3 (0.32) 91.8 (1.09) 22.0 (0.13) 78.0 (0.13) 25.6 (0.14) 15.9 (0.12) 9.7 (0.10) 11.8 (0.50) 88.2 (0.50) 29.2 (0.66) 33.8 (0.63) 20.4 (0.58) 13.4 (0.54)
South Carolina ..................... 74.3 (0.18) 87.6 (0.67) 23.7 (0.07) 76.3 (0.07) 20.4 (0.07) 13.5 (0.06) 6.9 (0.04) 12.4 (0.22) 87.6 (0.22) 29.5 (0.33) 28.0 (0.29) 17.6 (0.24) 10.4 (0.19)
South Dakota ....................... 78.2 (0.33) 86.8 (1.48) 15.4 (0.12) 84.6 (0.12) 21.5 (0.13) 15.5 (0.12) 6.0 (0.08) 8.2 (0.50) 91.8 (0.50) 30.5 (0.94) 27.7 (0.75) 19.0 (0.73) 8.7 (0.48)
Tennessee ........................... 75.1 (0.16) 87.3 (0.59) 24.1 (0.06) 75.9 (0.06) 19.6 (0.06) 12.8 (0.05) 6.8 (0.03) 12.3 (0.21) 87.7 (0.21) 32.3 (0.31) 27.4 (0.28) 17.3 (0.21) 10.1 (0.19)
Texas ................................... 68.6 (0.08) 85.2 (0.32) 24.3 (0.03) 75.7 (0.03) 23.2 (0.03) 15.6 (0.03) 7.6 (0.02) 16.3 (0.11) 83.7 (0.11) 25.1 (0.16) 29.6 (0.14) 19.4 (0.13) 10.3 (0.09)
Utah .................................... 80.3 (0.16) 89.8 (0.63) 12.3 (0.07) 87.7 (0.07) 26.1 (0.09) 17.8 (0.08) 8.3 (0.06) 7.9 (0.29) 92.1 (0.29) 22.0 (0.48) 34.3 (0.47) 22.2 (0.40) 12.0 (0.30)
Vermont ............................... 83.0 (0.28) 86.4 (2.65) 13.6 (0.10) 86.4 (0.10) 29.4 (0.13) 18.3 (0.11) 11.1 (0.09) 7.6 (0.60) 92.4 (0.60) 29.7 (1.03) 37.2 (1.14) 22.6 (0.81) 14.6 (0.82)
Virginia ................................ 79.4 (0.13) 90.8 (0.47) 18.5 (0.05) 81.5 (0.05) 29.5 (0.06) 17.9 (0.05) 11.6 (0.04) 10.4 (0.18) 89.6 (0.18) 24.1 (0.22) 38.8 (0.28) 22.0 (0.24) 16.9 (0.19)
Washington .......................... 75.3 (0.16) 86.0 (0.64) 12.9 (0.05) 87.1 (0.05) 27.7 (0.06) 18.4 (0.05) 9.3 (0.04) 8.7 (0.17) 91.3 (0.17) 22.0 (0.25) 35.6 (0.29) 22.2 (0.23) 13.4 (0.17)
West Virginia ........................ 78.2 (0.22) 88.2 (1.00) 24.8 (0.09) 75.2 (0.09) 14.8 (0.07) 8.9 (0.06) 5.9 (0.05) 13.0 (0.46) 87.0 (0.46) 41.4 (0.50) 20.2 (0.42) 12.0 (0.35) 8.2 (0.26)
Wisconsin ............................ 78.9 (0.13) 88.6 (0.60) 14.9 (0.04) 85.1 (0.04) 22.4 (0.05) 15.2 (0.04) 7.2 (0.03) 7.5 (0.19) 92.5 (0.19) 30.8 (0.33) 30.5 (0.34) 20.0 (0.35) 10.5 (0.20)
Wyoming ............................. 79.0 (0.41) 85.6 (2.73) 12.1 (0.13) 87.9 (0.13) 21.9 (0.16) 14.9 (0.14) 7.0 (0.10) 6.9 (0.48) 93.1 (0.48) 29.5 (1.04) 27.6 (0.88) 17.2 (0.76) 10.3 (0.56)

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, retrieved October 11, 2006, from
1
High school completers include those graduating from high school with a diploma as well as those completing high school https://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_00_SF3_QTP20&prodType=table;
through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. Census Briefs, Educational Attainment: 2000; and 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Public Use Microdata
NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population in the given age range residing within the United States, Sample (PUMS) data. (This table was prepared February 2019.)
including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located
within the United States) and institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare
facilities). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
 Table 104.85. Rates of high school completion and bachelor’s degree attainment among persons age 25 and over, by race/ethnicity and state: 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent with high school completion or higher

1
Percent with bachelor’s or higher degree
Two or Two or
State Total2 White Black Hispanic Asian more races Total2 White Black Hispanic Asian more races

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ................ 88.0 (0.04) 92.9 (0.03) 86.1 (0.11) 68.8 (0.15) 87.0 (0.13) 91.9 (0.21) 32.0 (0.07) 35.8 (0.08) 21.6 (0.12) 16.0 (0.11) 54.1 (0.20) 34.9 (0.37)
Alabama ................................ 86.0 (0.26) 88.4 (0.35) 82.6 (0.60) 60.5 (2.88) 83.6 (2.65) 87.1 (2.42) 25.6 (0.26) 28.8 (0.33) 17.0 (0.52) 15.9 (1.63) 45.8 (3.60) 29.0 (2.75)
Alaska ................................... 91.6 (0.59) 95.1 (0.66) 96.2 (2.03) 89.5 (3.01) 77.6 (4.29) 96.7 (1.17) 29.0 (1.24) 34.4 (1.44) 28.7! (10.43) 21.3 (4.94) 24.1 (3.84) 31.6 (5.04)
Arizona .................................. 87.1 (0.20) 94.6 (0.18) 91.1 (0.82) 68.8 (0.51) 88.7 (1.01) 93.4 (1.16) 29.2 (0.27) 35.6 (0.33) 23.5 (1.69) 12.6 (0.43) 58.7 (1.47) 34.1 (2.33)
Arkansas ............................... 86.7 (0.28) 89.6 (0.29) 83.6 (0.94) 57.0 (2.26) 80.2 (2.73) 88.8 (2.02) 23.5 (0.39) 25.4 (0.44) 15.6 (0.98) 11.3 (1.46) 48.2 (4.35) 21.2 (2.53)
California ............................... 83.4 (0.09) 95.0 (0.09) 89.8 (0.34) 65.1 (0.21) 87.7 (0.21) 93.3 (0.44) 33.7 (0.13) 43.8 (0.18) 25.7 (0.51) 13.1 (0.17) 52.6 (0.29) 41.0 (0.76)
Colorado ................................ 91.7 (0.21) 96.3 (0.14) 92.6 (0.92) 73.3 (0.93) 83.8 (1.64) 93.8 (1.29) 41.2 (0.30) 47.5 (0.36) 28.7 (1.65) 16.1 (0.59) 52.5 (1.71) 43.7 (2.06)
Connecticut ........................... 90.5 (0.25) 94.4 (0.20) 87.6 (0.97) 71.8 (1.31) 89.1 (1.34) 91.3 (2.02) 38.4 (0.34) 43.5 (0.41) 20.1 (1.24) 15.9 (0.86) 64.5 (1.92) 29.5 (3.45)
Delaware ............................... 90.7 (0.60) 93.1 (0.64) 91.6 (1.07) 65.6 (4.18) 92.3 (1.87) 90.7 (3.41) 31.9 (0.80) 34.9 (1.00) 22.9 (1.69) 10.0 (1.82) 69.5 (3.69) 22.9 (6.79)
District of Columbia ............... 90.6 (0.58) 99.2 (0.20) 87.3 (1.05) 67.9 (3.85) 95.5 (1.68) 95.2 (3.92) 57.2 (0.87) 90.5 (0.84) 26.6 (1.59) 43.3 (3.23) 82.1 (3.16) 83.3 (5.35)
Florida ................................... 88.4 (0.12) 92.9 (0.11) 83.7 (0.42) 80.2 (0.33) 87.0 (0.71) 90.8 (0.99) 29.6 (0.17) 33.2 (0.21) 18.8 (0.42) 23.9 (0.32) 52.1 (1.00) 35.7 (1.37)
Georgia .................................. 87.0 (0.17) 90.9 (0.20) 86.1 (0.36) 60.9 (1.12) 87.5 (0.99) 89.8 (1.33) 30.9 (0.22) 35.0 (0.29) 23.1 (0.35) 16.8 (0.66) 55.4 (1.37) 37.2 (2.26)
Hawaii ................................... 91.7 (0.42) 97.1 (0.43) 97.3 (1.44) 87.7 (1.77) 89.4 (0.72) 94.1 (0.81) 32.8 (0.74) 47.4 (1.41) 40.1 (6.49) 20.4 (2.07) 33.5 (1.02) 22.9 (1.32)
Idaho ..................................... 91.2 (0.37) 93.6 (0.31) ‡ (†) 69.8 (2.05) 87.9 (3.60) 94.0 (1.96) 26.8 (0.56) 28.3 (0.62) ‡ (†) 10.9 (1.38) 50.5 (5.70) 31.8 (4.90)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Illinois .................................... 89.0 (0.15) 94.2 (0.11) 87.2 (0.44) 66.2 (0.73) 90.6 (0.60) 91.1 (1.22) 34.4 (0.21) 38.8 (0.27) 21.1 (0.54) 14.1 (0.50) 64.4 (0.86) 41.3 (2.35)
Indiana .................................. 88.8 (0.19) 90.7 (0.20) 86.4 (0.78) 64.4 (1.04) 82.2 (2.42) 91.7 (1.53) 26.9 (0.29) 27.6 (0.33) 20.8 (1.02) 13.7 (1.03) 58.1 (2.50) 27.4 (2.53)
Iowa ...................................... 92.0 (0.27) 94.1 (0.22) 81.5 (2.74) 60.4 (3.02) 77.0 (2.81) 94.0 (1.80) 29.2 (0.47) 30.0 (0.47) 20.0 (2.93) 10.6 (1.44) 41.4 (3.90) 29.0 (5.36)
Kansas .................................. 91.0 (0.28) 94.4 (0.23) 84.4 (1.84) 65.1 (1.65) 89.9 (1.46) 89.1 (2.39) 33.9 (0.43) 36.9 (0.50) 21.9 (1.82) 13.0 (1.17) 46.3 (3.65) 28.2 (3.06)
Kentucky ............................... 86.5 (0.24) 86.7 (0.26) 88.6 (0.81) 76.4 (2.44) 81.4 (2.76) 86.7 (2.26) 23.9 (0.32) 23.9 (0.34) 19.0 (1.39) 21.6 (1.98) 48.8 (3.27) 26.7 (3.02)
Louisiana ............................... 85.0 (0.33) 89.0 (0.31) 79.2 (0.68) 70.4 (1.64) 77.6 (2.61) 90.9 (1.70) 23.9 (0.33) 28.1 (0.39) 15.0 (0.58) 16.0 (1.17) 45.0 (2.77) 28.3 (3.15)
Maine .................................... 92.7 (0.41) 93.0 (0.41) 90.5 (4.84) 91.2 (3.57) 80.2 (4.89) 90.5 (2.74) 32.9 (0.68) 32.6 (0.68) 37.2 (7.06) 44.5 (6.29) 46.0 (5.90) 30.5 (5.90)
Maryland ............................... 89.9 (0.21) 93.6 (0.22) 90.0 (0.42) 64.6 (1.23) 90.5 (0.80) 94.3 (1.06) 40.0 (0.31) 45.5 (0.39) 29.2 (0.57) 22.1 (0.93) 62.8 (1.48) 46.0 (1.80)
Massachusetts ...................... 90.8 (0.16) 94.0 (0.18) 86.5 (0.85) 72.2 (0.94) 86.1 (0.85) 91.3 (1.58) 43.6 (0.28) 46.7 (0.31) 27.7 (1.12) 18.3 (0.69) 63.1 (1.14) 45.3 (2.72)
Michigan ............................... 90.9 (0.15) 92.6 (0.14) 85.9 (0.57) 73.4 (1.20) 90.4 (1.19) 90.5 (1.19) 29.0 (0.23) 30.3 (0.24) 16.8 (0.57) 17.5 (0.98) 64.0 (1.45) 32.7 (2.26)
Minnesota .............................. 93.0 (0.18) 95.7 (0.17) 82.4 (1.70) 65.1 (2.29) 82.2 (1.37) 92.3 (1.61) 35.7 (0.36) 37.1 (0.40) 24.4 (2.10) 17.1 (1.82) 45.1 (1.90) 29.6 (2.89)
Mississippi ............................. 84.6 (0.38) 87.7 (0.45) 80.2 (0.60) 68.7 (2.70) 82.2 (3.68) 86.6 (4.63) 21.7 (0.43) 25.3 (0.57) 15.2 (0.59) 15.5 (2.45) 37.4 (4.47) 38.1 (5.69)
Missouri ................................ 89.6 (0.21) 90.8 (0.21) 84.4 (0.80) 74.2 (2.00) 91.5 (1.17) 91.0 (1.42) 29.0 (0.29) 30.0 (0.32) 17.6 (0.77) 19.4 (1.41) 61.0 (2.18) 33.0 (3.30)
Montana ................................ 92.6 (0.41) 93.6 (0.40) ‡ (†) 73.9 (5.43) 79.3 (12.82) 94.9 (2.52) 31.4 (0.82) 32.9 (0.82) ‡ (†) 20.7 (4.51) 39.4! (12.40) 19.5 (4.18)
Nebraska ............................... 91.4 (0.34) 95.5 (0.27) 84.1 (2.50) 57.6 (2.54) 79.9 (3.73) 89.7 (3.22) 31.2 (0.49) 33.4 (0.55) 14.9 (2.53) 12.1 (1.45) 52.4 (4.12) 29.9 (5.93)
Nevada .................................. 86.8 (0.33) 94.1 (0.32) 88.8 (1.07) 66.3 (1.04) 91.1 (0.93) 96.1 (0.95) 25.2 (0.38) 30.4 (0.60) 18.3 (1.33) 10.4 (0.45) 39.9 (1.54) 26.5 (2.30)
New Hampshire ..................... 93.2 (0.34) 93.7 (0.33) 88.6 (4.39) 86.4 (3.92) 87.2 (2.77) 88.8 (3.92) 37.1 (0.67) 36.8 (0.70) 29.6 (5.14) 26.7 (3.12) 61.0 (4.61) 31.1 (5.70)
New Jersey ............................ 90.2 (0.16) 94.6 (0.15) 88.3 (0.56) 76.0 (0.59) 92.4 (0.41) 93.2 (1.04) 39.7 (0.24) 43.6 (0.34) 25.1 (0.74) 20.2 (0.50) 70.2 (0.71) 39.9 (2.35)
New Mexico ........................... 85.9 (0.37) 94.9 (0.37) 91.7 (2.27) 77.0 (0.83) 91.4 (2.35) 96.4 (1.55) 27.3 (0.46) 40.4 (0.69) 22.2 (4.66) 16.3 (0.80) 61.0 (5.31) 43.3 (5.14)
New York ............................... 86.6 (0.13) 93.4 (0.12) 84.4 (0.36) 69.7 (0.51) 78.2 (0.58) 89.7 (0.87) 36.2 (0.17) 42.8 (0.21) 24.6 (0.44) 18.5 (0.35) 44.9 (0.58) 41.4 (1.37)
North Carolina ........................ 88.0 (0.16) 91.6 (0.17) 86.1 (0.38) 60.5 (1.17) 86.5 (1.04) 89.5 (1.40) 31.4 (0.22) 35.1 (0.26) 21.4 (0.48) 15.4 (0.78) 58.8 (1.63) 33.1 (2.07)
North Dakota ......................... 93.1 (0.50) 94.1 (0.40) 88.5 (5.84) 82.1 (5.87) 83.5 (4.78) 88.2 (5.12) 30.6 (0.84) 31.4 (0.96) 26.4 (7.06) 6.3! (2.37) 74.0 (8.06) 27.5 (8.16)
Ohio ....................................... 90.3 (0.14) 91.5 (0.14) 85.4 (0.51) 77.6 (1.14) 89.4 (1.30) 90.8 (1.18) 28.0 (0.19) 29.0 (0.21) 17.3 (0.65) 18.6 (1.06) 62.7 (1.94) 27.3 (1.75)
Oklahoma .............................. 88.1 (0.28) 90.9 (0.27) 89.6 (0.99) 64.5 (1.81) 79.8 (3.12) 90.1 (0.98) 25.5 (0.38) 28.2 (0.43) 21.0 (1.87) 10.5 (1.06) 38.8 (3.08) 22.8 (1.44)

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Oregon .................................. 90.9 (0.23) 94.0 (0.21) 88.6 (2.30) 68.0 (1.35) 87.0 (1.36) 89.6 (1.41) 33.7 (0.30) 35.4 (0.36) 27.6 (2.63) 16.0 (0.79) 52.7 (2.12) 27.2 (2.21)
Pennsylvania ......................... 90.5 (0.12) 92.4 (0.11) 87.8 (0.51) 74.1 (1.02) 83.1 (0.88) 89.6 (1.48) 31.7 (0.19) 33.1 (0.22) 20.0 (0.73) 16.4 (0.74) 56.8 (1.24) 32.7 (2.11)
Rhode Island .......................... 88.2 (0.50) 90.4 (0.45) 86.0 (2.50) 76.0 (2.10) 85.2 (3.56) 93.4 (2.85) 33.8 (0.63) 36.5 (0.75) 25.6 (2.73) 14.2 (2.04) 57.4 (4.09) 31.5 (4.84)
South Carolina ....................... 87.6 (0.22) 90.9 (0.23) 82.1 (0.54) 68.2 (1.71) 84.7 (1.72) 92.0 (1.81) 28.0 (0.29) 33.3 (0.38) 15.0 (0.50) 15.3 (1.17) 47.4 (3.42) 28.6 (3.85)
South Dakota ......................... 91.8 (0.50) 94.0 (0.39) 94.3 (3.21) 71.6 (6.16) 95.2 (4.75) 94.0 (4.32) 27.7 (0.75) 29.5 (0.85) 17.7! (7.17) 18.5! (5.59) 48.7 (6.84) 20.9! (7.62)
Tennessee ............................. 87.7 (0.21) 88.9 (0.21) 87.3 (0.58) 63.6 (1.73) 89.2 (1.46) 90.2 (1.61) 27.4 (0.28) 28.7 (0.32) 20.4 (0.64) 15.6 (1.36) 58.1 (2.54) 29.2 (2.88)
Texas ..................................... 83.7 (0.11) 94.0 (0.11) 89.9 (0.32) 66.2 (0.27) 88.5 (0.49) 92.9 (0.75) 29.6 (0.14) 38.6 (0.22) 24.7 (0.52) 14.3 (0.22) 59.8 (0.76) 36.8 (1.47)

Educational Attainment
Utah ...................................... 92.1 (0.29) 95.5 (0.19) 86.7 (4.54) 69.9 (1.65) 90.7 (1.47) 92.3 (2.25) 34.3 (0.47) 36.8 (0.55) 31.1 (5.36) 14.8 (1.06) 53.8 (3.15) 35.5 (4.28)
Vermont ................................. 92.4 (0.60) 93.0 (0.59) ‡ (†) 83.2 (4.45) 62.9 (15.40) 95.2 (3.05) 37.2 (1.14) 37.3 (1.16) ‡ (†) 39.7 (8.19) 35.0! (15.03) 39.9 (8.36)
Virginia .................................. 89.6 (0.18) 92.7 (0.16) 85.8 (0.40) 70.9 (1.21) 91.2 (0.63) 92.2 (1.21) 38.8 (0.28) 42.1 (0.28) 24.6 (0.63) 25.3 (1.19) 60.9 (0.97) 42.1 (1.92)
Washington ............................ 91.3 (0.17) 94.9 (0.15) 89.9 (1.27) 66.3 (1.18) 88.3 (0.71) 93.2 (0.82) 35.6 (0.29) 37.0 (0.31) 25.9 (1.62) 16.8 (0.81) 51.7 (1.05) 33.5 (1.42)
West Virginia .......................... 87.0 (0.46) 86.9 (0.48) 91.1 (1.31) 84.3 (4.53) 91.7 (3.81) 86.2 (5.63) 20.2 (0.42) 20.0 (0.44) 18.0 (2.21) 20.2 (5.09) 53.9 (6.32) 28.4 (5.82)
Wisconsin .............................. 92.5 (0.19) 94.7 (0.17) 81.3 (1.46) 69.7 (2.04) 86.3 (1.84) 94.0 (1.60) 30.5 (0.34) 31.8 (0.35) 12.8 (1.05) 15.2 (1.42) 53.4 (2.73) 34.3 (3.46)
Wyoming ............................... 93.1 (0.48) 94.8 (0.46) ‡ (†) 73.6 (3.33) 95.1 (2.97) 96.0 (3.02) 27.6 (0.88) 28.8 (0.94) ‡ (†) 15.5 (2.93) 46.5 (11.41) 26.5! (8.10)

†Not applicable. NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population in the given age range residing within the United States,
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is within the United States) and institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare
50 percent or greater. facilities). Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
1
Includes completion of high school through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Public Use

41
2
Total includes racial/ethnic groups not shown separately. Microdata Sample (PUMS) data. (This table was prepared February 2019.)
42 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools

Table 105.10. Projected number of participants in educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Fall 2018
[In millions]

All levels Elementary and secondary schools Degree-granting postsecondary institutions

(elementary,
secondary, and
degree-granting
Participants postsecondary) Total Public Private Total Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total ......................................................................... 86.7 63.9 57.2 6.7 22.8 16.6 6.3
Enrollment ........................................................................ 76.3 56.5 50.7 5.8 19.8 14.6 5.2
Teachers and faculty ......................................................... 4.7 3.7 3.2 0.5 1.1 0.7 0.4
Other professional, administrative, and support staff ......... 5.6 3.7 3.3 0.4 1.9 1.3 0.7

NOTE: Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
(religiously affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes federal Bureau of Indian Education Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028; Enrollment
schools and Department of Defense schools. Excludes private preprimary enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through 2028; Elementary and
in schools that do not offer kindergarten or above. Degree-granting institutions grant Secondary Teacher Projection Model, 1973 through 2028; and unpublished projections
associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. and estimates. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
Data for teachers and other staff in public and private elementary and secondary schools
and colleges and universities are reported in terms of full-time equivalents. Detail may not
sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 43
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools

Table 105.20. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution,
enrollment level, and attendance status and sex of student: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028
[In thousands]

Level and control of institution, Actual Projected

enrollment level, and attendance
status and sex of student 1990 2000 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All levels ............................... 60,683 68,685 75,886 76,238 1 76,242 76,346 76,476 76,606 76,675 76,856 77,013 77,126 77,206 77,308 77,471 77,693
Elementary and secondary
schools2 .............................. 46,864 53,373 54,867 56,391 1 56,477 56,518 56,572 56,678 56,719 56,865 56,973 57,019 57,029 57,050 57,176 57,387
Public ................................................ 41,217 47,204 49,484 50,615 1 50,695 50,728 50,770 50,857 50,892 51,012 51,098 51,124 51,119 51,123 51,228 51,419
Private ............................................... 5,648 3 6,169 3 5,3823 5,776 4 5,781 5,789 5,802 5,821 5,827 5,853 5,875 5,894 5,910 5,927 5,948 5,969

Prekindergarten to grade 8 ................ 34,388 38,592 38,708 39,779 1 39,773 39,761 39,766 39,700 39,541 39,526 39,591 39,750 39,910 40,116 40,328 40,527
Public5 ........................................... 29,876 33,686 34,625 35,477 1 35,473 35,465 35,457 35,384 35,231 35,189 35,235 35,376 35,519 35,703 35,894 36,073
Private ........................................... 4,512 3 4,906 3 4,0843 4,301 4 4,300 4,297 4,308 4,316 4,310 4,337 4,356 4,374 4,392 4,413 4,434 4,454

Grades 9 to 12 ................................... 12,476 14,781 16,159 16,612 16,703 16,756 16,806 16,978 17,178 17,338 17,383 17,269 17,119 16,934 16,848 16,861
Public5,6 .......................................... 11,341 13,517 14,860 15,138 15,222 15,264 15,313 15,473 15,661 15,823 15,863 15,748 15,601 15,420 15,334 15,346
Private ........................................... 1,136 3 1,264 3 1,2993 1,474 4 1,481 1,492 1,494 1,505 1,517 1,515 1,520 1,521 1,518 1,514 1,514 1,515
Degree-granting post-
secondary institutions ....... 13,819 15,312 21,019 19,847 19,766 7 19,828 19,904 19,928 19,956 19,991 20,040 20,107 20,177 20,258 20,295 20,305
Undergraduate ................................... 11,959 13,155 18,082 16,875 16,760 7 16,813 16,877 16,897 16,920 16,949 16,990 17,047 17,106 17,175 17,206 17,214
Full-time ........................................ 6,976 7,923 11,457 10,430 10,371 7 10,393 10,421 10,418 10,415 10,416 10,428 10,457 10,493 10,531 10,538 10,528
Part-time ........................................ 4,983 5,232 6,625 6,445 6,390 7 6,421 6,456 6,478 6,506 6,533 6,562 6,590 6,613 6,644 6,668 6,686
Male .............................................. 5,380 5,778 7,836 7,417 7,347 7 7,372 7,399 7,407 7,412 7,422 7,440 7,463 7,488 7,520 7,536 7,539
Female ........................................... 6,579 7,377 10,246 9,458 9,413 7 9,441 9,478 9,490 9,508 9,527 9,551 9,584 9,618 9,655 9,670 9,675
2-year ............................................ 5,240 5,948 7,684 6,092 5,942 7 5,965 5,991 6,004 6,019 6,035 6,054 6,077 6,098 6,124 6,140 6,148
4-year ............................................ 6,719 7,207 10,399 10,782 10,818 7 10,849 10,885 10,893 10,902 10,914 10,936 10,970 11,008 11,050 11,066 11,066
Public.............................................. 9,710 10,539 13,703 13,144 13,101 7 13,144 13,195 13,213 13,234 13,259 13,293 13,338 13,385 13,439 13,465 13,474
Private ........................................... 2,250 2,616 4,379 3,731 3,659 7 3,669 3,682 3,684 3,686 3,690 3,697 3,709 3,722 3,736 3,741 3,740
Postbaccalaureate ............................. 1,860 2,157 2,937 2,972 3,005 7 3,015 3,027 3,031 3,036 3,042 3,050 3,060 3,071 3,083 3,089 3,091
Full-time ........................................ 845 1,087 1,630 1,695 1,707 7 1,710 1,715 1,715 1,714 1,714 1,716 1,721 1,727 1,733 1,734 1,733
Part-time ........................................ 1,015 1,070 1,307 1,277 1,299 7 1,305 1,312 1,316 1,322 1,327 1,333 1,339 1,344 1,350 1,355 1,359
Male .............................................. 904 944 1,209 1,222 1,220 7 1,224 1,229 1,231 1,232 1,234 1,237 1,240 1,245 1,250 1,253 1,253
Female ........................................... 955 1,213 1,728 1,751 1,785 7 1,791 1,798 1,800 1,804 1,808 1,813 1,820 1,826 1,833 1,836 1,838

1
Includes imputations for public school prekindergarten enrollment in California. NOTE: Postsecondary data for 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data
2
Includes enrollments in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher
affiliated and nonsectarian). Excludes homeschooled children who were not also enrolled degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to
in public and private schools. Private elementary enrollment includes preprimary students totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
in schools offering kindergarten or higher grades. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Estimated. Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary
4
Projected. Education,” 1990–91 through 2016–17; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1995–96
5
Includes prorated proportion of students classified as ungraded. The total ungraded through 2015–16; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972
counts of students were prorated to the elementary level (prekindergarten to grade 8) and through 2028; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment
the secondary level (grades 9 to 12) based on prior reports. Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
6
In addition to students in grades 9 to 12 and ungraded secondary students, includes a component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through
small number of students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
7
Data are actual.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

44 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools

Table 105.30. Enrollment in elementary, secondary, and degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution:
Selected years, 1869–70 through fall 2028
[In thousands]

Public elementary and Private elementary and Degree-granting

secondary schools secondary schools1 postsecondary institutions2
Elementary Prekinder- Prekinder-
Total and garten garten
enrollment, secondary, through Grades 9 through Grades 9
Year all levels total Total grade 8 through 12 Total grade 8 through 12 Total Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1869–70 ....................... — — 6,872 6,792 80 — — — 52 — —
1879–80 ....................... — — 9,868 9,757 110 — — — 116 — —
1889–90 ....................... 14,491 14,334 12,723 12,520 203 1,611 1,516 95 157 — —
1899–1900 ................... 17,092 16,855 15,503 14,984 519 1,352 1,241 111 238 — —
1909–10 ....................... 19,728 19,372 17,814 16,899 915 1,558 1,441 117 355 — —
1919–20 ....................... 23,876 23,278 21,578 19,378 2,200 1,699 1,486 214 598 — —
1929–30 ....................... 29,430 28,329 25,678 21,279 4,399 2,651 2,310 341 1,101 — —
1939–40 ....................... 29,539 28,045 25,434 18,832 6,601 2,611 2,153 458 1,494 797 698
1949–50 ....................... 31,151 28,492 25,111 19,387 5,725 3,380 2,708 672 2,659 1,355 1,304
Fall 1959 ....................... 44,497 40,857 35,182 26,911 8,271 5,675 4,640 1,035 3,640 2,181 1,459
Fall 1969 ....................... 59,055 51,050 45,550 32,513 13,037 5,500 3 4,200 3 1,300 3 8,005 5,897 2,108
Fall 1985 ....................... 57,226 44,979 39,422 27,034 12,388 5,557 4,195 1,362 12,247 9,479 2,768
Fall 1990 ....................... 60,683 46,864 41,217 29,876 11,341 5,648 3 4,512 3 1,136 3 13,819 10,845 2,974
Fall 1991 ....................... 62,087 47,728 42,047 30,503 11,544 5,681 4,550 1,131 14,359 11,310 3,049
Fall 1992 ....................... 63,181 48,694 42,823 31,086 11,737 5,870 3 4,746 3 1,125 3 14,487 11,385 3,103
Fall 1993 ....................... 63,837 49,532 43,465 31,502 11,963 6,067 4,950 1,118 14,305 11,189 3,116
Fall 1994 ....................... 64,385 50,106 44,111 31,896 12,215 5,994 3 4,856 3 1,138 3 14,279 11,134 3,145
Fall 1995 ....................... 65,020 50,759 44,840 32,338 12,502 5,918 4,756 1,163 14,262 11,092 3,169
Fall 1996 ....................... 65,911 51,544 45,611 32,762 12,849 5,933 3 4,755 3 1,178 3 14,368 11,120 3,247
Fall 1997 ....................... 66,574 52,071 46,127 33,071 13,056 5,944 4,759 1,185 14,502 11,196 3,306
Fall 1998 ....................... 67,033 52,526 46,539 33,344 13,195 5,988 3 4,776 3 1,212 3 14,507 11,138 3,369
Fall 1999 ....................... 67,725 52,875 46,857 33,486 13,371 6,018 4,789 1,229 14,850 11,376 3,474
Fall 2000 ....................... 68,685 53,373 47,204 33,686 13,517 6,169 3 4,906 3 1,264 3 15,312 11,753 3,560
Fall 2001 ....................... 69,920 53,992 47,672 33,936 13,736 6,320 5,023 1,296 15,928 12,233 3,695
Fall 2002 ....................... 71,015 54,403 48,183 34,114 14,069 6,220 3 4,915 3 1,306 3 16,612 12,752 3,860
Fall 2003 ....................... 71,551 54,639 48,540 34,201 14,339 6,099 4,788 1,311 16,911 12,859 4,053
Fall 2004 ....................... 72,154 54,882 48,795 34,178 14,618 6,087 3 4,756 3 1,331 3 17,272 12,980 4,292
Fall 2005 ....................... 72,674 55,187 49,113 34,204 14,909 6,073 4,724 1,349 17,487 13,022 4,466
Fall 2006 ....................... 73,061 55,307 49,316 34,235 15,081 5,991 3 4,631 3 1,360 3 17,754 13,175 4,579
Fall 2007 ....................... 73,459 55,201 49,291 34,204 15,086 5,910 4,546 1,364 18,258 13,501 4,757
Fall 2008 ....................... 74,055 54,973 49,266 34,286 14,980 5,707 3 4,365 3 1,342 3 19,082 13,971 5,111
Fall 2009 ....................... 75,163 54,849 49,361 34,409 14,952 5,488 4,179 1,309 20,314 14,811 5,503
Fall 2010 ....................... 75,886 54,867 49,484 34,625 14,860 5,382 3 4,084 3 1,299 3 21,019 15,142 5,877
Fall 2011 ....................... 75,800 54,790 49,522 34,773 14,749 5,268 3,977 1,291 21,011 15,116 5,894
Fall 2012 ....................... 75,748 55,104 49,771 35,018 14,753 5,333 3 4,031 3 1,302 3 20,644 14,885 5,760
Fall 2013 ....................... 75,817 55,440 50,045 35,251 14,794 5,396 4,084 1,312 20,377 14,747 5,630
Fall 2014 ....................... 76,097 55,888 50,313 35,370 14,943 5,575 3 4,202 3 1,373 3 20,209 14,655 5,554
Fall 2015 ....................... 76,177 4 56,189 4 50,438 4 35,388 4 15,050 5,751 4,304 1,446 19,988 14,573 5,415
Fall 2016 ....................... 76,238 5 56,391 5 50,615 5 35,477 5 15,138 5,776 4,301 6 1,474 6 19,847 14,586 5,261
Fall 20176 ...................... 76,242 56,477 50,695 35,473 15,222 5,781 4,300 1,481 19,766 14,560 5,205
Fall 20186 ...................... 76,346 56,518 50,728 35,465 15,264 5,789 4,297 1,492 19,828 14,608 5,220
Fall 20196 ...................... 76,476 56,572 50,770 35,457 15,313 5,802 4,308 1,494 19,904 14,665 5,239
Fall 20206 ...................... 76,606 56,678 50,857 35,384 15,473 5,821 4,316 1,505 19,928 14,685 5,243
Fall 20216 ...................... 76,675 56,719 50,892 35,231 15,661 5,827 4,310 1,517 19,956 14,708 5,248
Fall 20226 ...................... 76,856 56,865 51,012 35,189 15,823 5,853 4,337 1,515 19,991 14,736 5,255
Fall 20236 ...................... 77,013 56,973 51,098 35,235 15,863 5,875 4,356 1,520 20,040 14,774 5,266
Fall 20246 ...................... 77,126 57,019 51,124 35,376 15,748 5,894 4,374 1,521 20,107 14,824 5,283
Fall 20256 ...................... 77,206 57,029 51,119 35,519 15,601 5,910 4,392 1,518 20,177 14,876 5,301
Fall 20266 ...................... 77,308 57,050 51,123 35,703 15,420 5,927 4,413 1,514 20,258 14,936 5,321
Fall 20276 ...................... 77,471 57,176 51,228 35,894 15,334 5,948 4,434 1,514 20,295 14,965 5,329
Fall 20286 ...................... 77,693 57,387 51,419 36,073 15,346 5,969 4,454 1,515 20,305 14,975 5,330

—Not available. institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial
1
Beginning in fall 1985, data include estimates for an expanded universe of private schools. aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may
Therefore, direct comparisons with earlier years should be avoided. not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Data for 1869–70 through 1949–50 include resident degree-credit students enrolled at any SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual
time during the academic year. Beginning in 1959, data include all resident and extension Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1870 to 1910; Biennial Survey of Education in the
students enrolled at the beginning of the fall term. United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary
3
Estimated. School Systems, 1959 through 1979; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary
4
Includes imputations for public school prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon. Schools, 1959 through 1980; 1985–86 Private School Survey; Common Core of Data
5
Includes imputations for public school prekindergarten enrollment in California. (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1985–86
6
Projected data. Fall 2017 data for degree-granting institutions are actual. through 2016–17; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1991–92 through 2015–16;
NOTE: Data for 1869–70 through 1949–50 reflect enrollment for the entire school year. National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028;
Elementary and secondary enrollment includes students in local public school systems Opening (Fall) Enrollment in Higher Education, 1959; Higher Education General Information
and in most private schools (religiously affiliated and nonsectarian), but generally Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education” surveys, 1969 and
excludes homeschooled children and students in subcollegiate departments of colleges 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey”
and in federal schools. Excludes preprimary students in private schools that do not offer (IPEDS-EF:90–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component;
kindergarten or higher grades. Postsecondary data through 1995 are for institutions of and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This
higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 45
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools

Table 105.40. Number of teachers in elementary and secondary schools, and faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control of institution: Selected years, fall 1970 through fall 2028
[In thousands]

All levels Elementary and secondary teachers1 Degree-granting institutions instructional staff2
Year Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1970 ................................................... 2,766 2,373 393 2,292 2,059 233 474 314 160
1975 ................................................... 3,081 2,641 440 2,453 2,198 255 3 628 443 185
1980 ................................................... 3,171 2,679 492 2,485 2,184 301 686 3,4 495 3,4 191 3,4
1981 ................................................... 3,145 2,636 509 2,440 2,127 313 3 705 509 196
1982 ................................................... 3,168 2,639 529 2,458 2,133 325 3 710 3,4 506 3,4 204 3,4
1983 ................................................... 3,200 2,651 549 2,476 2,139 337 724 512 212
1984 ................................................... 3,225 2,673 552 2,508 2,168 340 3 717 3,4 505 3,4 212 3,4
1985 ................................................... 3,264 2,709 555 2,549 2,206 343 715 3,4 503 3,4 212 3,4
1986 ................................................... 3,314 2,754 560 2,592 2,244 348 3 722 3,4 510 3,4 212 3,4
1987 ................................................... 3,424 2,832 592 2,631 2,279 352 793 553 240
1988 ................................................... 3,472 2,882 590 2,668 2,323 345 804 3 559 3 245 3
1989 ................................................... 3,537 2,934 603 2,713 2,357 356 824 577 247
1990 ................................................... 3,577 2,972 604 2,759 2,398 361 3 817 3 574 3 244 3
1991 ................................................... 3,623 3,013 610 2,797 2,432 365 826 581 245
1992 ................................................... 3,700 3,080 621 2,823 2,459 364 3 877 3 621 3 257 3
1993 ................................................... 3,784 3,154 629 2,868 2,504 364 915 650 265
1994 ................................................... 3,846 3,205 640 2,922 2,552 370 3 923 3 653 3 270 3
1995 ................................................... 3,906 3,255 651 2,974 2,598 376 932 657 275
1996 ................................................... 4,006 3,339 666 3,051 2,667 384 3 954 3 672 3 282 3
1997 ................................................... 4,127 3,441 687 3,138 2,746 391 990 695 295
1998 ................................................... 4,230 3,527 703 3,230 2,830 400 3 999 3 697 3 303 3
1999 ................................................... 4,347 3,624 723 3,319 2,911 408 1,028 713 315
2000 ................................................... 4,432 3,683 750 3,366 2,941 424 3 1,067 3 741 3 325 3
2001 ................................................... 4,554 3,771 783 3,440 3,000 441 1,113 771 342
2002 ................................................... 4,631 3,829 802 3,476 3,034 442 3 1,155 3 794 3 361 3
2003 ................................................... 4,663 3,840 823 3,490 3,049 441 1,174 792 382
2004 ................................................... 4,773 3,909 863 3,536 3,091 445 3 1,237 3 818 3 418 3
2005 ................................................... 4,883 3,984 899 3,593 3,143 450 1,290 841 449
2006 ................................................... 4,944 4,020 924 3,622 3,166 456 3 1,322 3 853 3 468 3
2007 ................................................... 5,028 4,077 951 3,656 3,200 456 1,372 877 495
2008 ................................................... 5,063 4,106 957 3,670 3,222 448 3 1,393 3 884 3 509 3
2009 ................................................... 5,086 4,123 963 3,647 3,210 437 1,439 914 525
2010 ................................................... 5,022 4,044 978 3,512 3,099 413 3 1,510 3 945 3 565 3
2011 ................................................... 5,032 4,057 975 3,508 3,103 405 1,524 954 570
2012 ................................................... 5,049 4,067 981 3,517 3,109 408 3 1,531 3 958 3 573 3
2013 ................................................... 5,101 4,082 1,018 3,555 3,114 441 1,545 969 577
2014 ................................................... 5,146 4,102 1,044 3,594 3,132 461 3 1,552 3 970 3 582 3
2015 ................................................... 5,185 4,122 1,063 3,633 3,151 482 1,552 971 581
2016 ................................................... 5,201 4,144 1,057 3,655 3,169 485 3 1,546 974 572
20175 .................................................. 5,184 4,127 1,058 3,641 3,156 485 1,544 971 572
20186 .................................................. — — — 3,667 3,179 488 — — —
20196 .................................................. — — — 3,691 3,200 491 — — —
20206 .................................................. — — — 3,708 3,214 493 — — —
20216 .................................................. — — — 3,724 3,229 495 — — —
20226 .................................................. — — — 3,750 3,251 499 — — —
20236 .................................................. — — — 3,771 3,269 502 — — —
20246 .................................................. — — — 3,795 3,290 505 — — —
20256 .................................................. — — — 3,820 3,311 509 — — —
20266 .................................................. — — — 3,846 3,333 513 — — —
20276 .................................................. — — — 3,875 3,357 517 — — —
20286 .................................................. — — — 3,906 3,385 522 — — —

—Not available. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised
1
Includes teachers in local public school systems and in most private schools (religiously from previously published figures. Headcounts are used to report data for degree-granting
affiliated and nonsectarian). Teachers are reported in terms of full-time equivalents. institutions faculty.
2
Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree- SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and of Public Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, 1970 and 1975; Common Core of Data
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1980 through
is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year 2016; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16; Elementary and
colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Secondary Teacher Projection Model, 1973 through 2028; Higher Education General
Includes full-time and part-time faculty with the rank of instructor or above in colleges, Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Staff” survey, 1970 and 1975; Integrated Postsecondary
universities, professional schools, and 2-year colleges. Excludes teaching assistants. Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Staff Survey” (IPEDS-S:87–99); IPEDS Winter
3
Estimated. 2001–02 through Winter 2011–12, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; IPEDS
4
Inclusion of institutions is not consistent with surveys for 1987 and later years. Spring 2014 through Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; U.S.
5
Data for elementary and secondary schools are projected; data for degree-granting Equal Opportunity Commission, EEO-6, 1981 and 1983; and unpublished data. (This table
institutions are actual. was prepared April 2019.)
6
Projected.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

46 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Summary of Enrollment, Teachers, and Schools

Table 105.50. Number of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1980–81 through 2016–17
1999–
Level and control of institution 1980–81 1990–91 2000 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
All institutions ..................... — — 131,414 — 139,207 — 138,925 — 136,423 — 139,126 — 139,874 —
Elementary and secondary
schools ............................. 106,746 109,228 125,007 — 132,656 — 132,183 — 129,189 — 131,890 — 132,853 —
Elementary ....................................... 72,659 74,716 86,433 — 88,982 — 88,565 — 86,386 — 89,543 — 88,665 —
Secondary ........................................ 24,856 23,602 24,903 — 27,575 — 27,427 — 27,034 — 26,767 — 26,986 —
Combined ......................................... 5,202 8,847 12,197 — 14,837 — 14,895 — 14,799 — 14,599 — 16,511 —
Other1 ............................................... 4,029 2,063 1,474 — 1,262 — 1,296 — 971 — 981 — 691 —
Public schools ................................... 85,982 84,538 92,012 98,793 98,916 98,706 98,817 98,817 98,328 98,454 98,271 98,176 98,277 98,158
Elementary .................................... 59,326 59,015 64,131 66,458 67,112 67,148 67,140 67,086 66,689 66,708 67,034 67,073 66,758 66,837
Secondary ..................................... 22,619 21,135 22,365 23,920 24,643 24,348 24,651 24,544 24,357 24,294 24,067 24,181 24,040 23,814
Combined ..................................... 1,743 2,325 4,042 5,984 5,899 5,623 5,730 6,137 6,311 6,329 6,189 6,347 6,788 6,783
Other1 ........................................... 2,294 2,063 1,474 2,431 1,262 1,587 1,296 1,050 971 1,123 981 575 691 724
Private schools2 ................................ 20,764 24,690 32,995 — 33,740 — 33,366 — 30,861 — 33,619 — 34,576 —
Elementary .................................... 13,333 15,701 22,302 — 21,870 — 21,425 — 19,697 — 22,509 — 21,907 —
Schools with highest grade of
kindergarten ........................ † † 5,952 — 5,522 — 5,275 — 4,658 — 5,255 — 5,147 —
Secondary ..................................... 2,237 2,467 2,538 — 2,932 — 2,776 — 2,677 — 2,700 — 2,946 —
Combined ..................................... 3,459 6,522 8,155 — 8,938 — 9,165 — 8,488 — 8,410 — 9,723 —
Other1 ........................................... 1,735 (3) (3) — (3) — (3) — ( 3) — ( 3) — ( 3) —
Postsecondary Title IV
institutions ........................ — — 6,407 6,536 6,551 6,632 6,742 7,021 7,234 7,253 7,236 7,151 7,021 6,606
Public ............................................... — — 2,078 2,009 2,004 1,997 1,989 2,015 2,011 1,981 1,980 1,964 1,965 1,958
Private .............................................. — — 4,329 4,527 4,547 4,635 4,753 5,006 5,223 5,272 5,256 5,187 5,056 4,648
Nonprofit ....................................... — — 1,936 1,848 1,815 1,809 1,809 1,812 1,830 1,820 1,834 1,827 1,859 1,823
For-profit ....................................... — — 2,393 2,679 2,732 2,826 2,944 3,194 3,393 3,452 3,422 3,360 3,197 2,825
Title IV non-degree-granting
institutions .................................. — — 2,323 2,222 2,199 2,223 2,247 2,422 2,528 2,527 2,512 2,524 2,438 2,246
Public ............................................ — — 396 321 319 321 317 359 362 358 355 343 345 335
Private .......................................... — — 1,927 1,901 1,880 1,902 1,930 2,063 2,166 2,169 2,157 2,181 2,093 1,911
Nonprofit ................................... — — 255 208 191 180 185 182 177 168 159 155 158 141
For-profit ................................... — — 1,672 1,693 1,689 1,722 1,745 1,881 1,989 2,001 1,998 2,026 1,935 1,770
Title IV degree-granting institutions ... 3,231 3,559 4,084 4,314 4,352 4,409 4,495 4,599 4,706 4,726 4,724 4,627 4,583 4,360
2-year colleges ............................. 1,274 1,418 1,721 1,685 1,677 1,690 1,721 1,729 1,738 1,700 1,685 1,616 1,579 1,528
Public ........................................ 945 972 1,068 1,045 1,032 1,024 1,000 978 967 934 934 920 910 886
Private ....................................... 329 446 653 640 645 666 721 751 771 766 751 696 669 642
Nonprofit ............................... 182 167 150 107 92 92 85 87 100 97 88 88 107 101
For-profit ............................... 147 279 503 533 553 574 636 664 671 669 663 608 562 541
4-year colleges ............................. 1,957 2,141 2,363 2,629 2,675 2,719 2,774 2,870 2,968 3,026 3,039 3,011 3,004 2,832
Public ........................................ 552 595 614 643 653 652 672 678 682 689 691 701 710 737
Private ....................................... 1,405 1,546 1,749 1,986 2,022 2,067 2,102 2,192 2,286 2,337 2,348 2,310 2,294 2,095
Nonprofit ............................... 1,387 1,482 1,531 1,533 1,532 1,537 1,539 1,543 1,553 1,555 1,587 1,584 1,594 1,581
For-profit ............................... 18 64 218 453 490 530 563 649 733 782 761 726 700 514

—Not available. to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and
†Not applicable. excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees.
1
Includes special education, alternative, and other schools not classified by grade span. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Because of changes in survey definitions, figures for “other” schools are not comparable Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
from year to year. 1989-90 through 2016–17; Private Schools in American Education; Statistics of Public
2
Data for 1980–81 and 1990–91 include schools with first or higher grades. Data for later Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, 1980–81; Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS),
years include schools with kindergarten or higher grades. “Private School Data File,” 1990–91; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1995–96
3
Included in the elementary, secondary, and combined categories. through 2015–16; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Institutional
NOTE: Postsecondary data for 1980–81 and 1990–91 are for institutions of higher Characteristics of Colleges and Universities” survey, 1980–81; Integrated Postsecondary
education, while later data are for Title IV degree-granting and non-degree-granting Education Data System (IPEDS), “Institutional Characteristics Survey” (IPEDS-IC:90–99);
institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate and IPEDS Fall 2001 through Fall 2016, Institutional Characteristics component. (This
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 47
Summary of Finances

Table 106.10. Expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product, by level of institution: Selected years,
1929–30 through 2017–18
Expenditures for education in current dollars
All elementary and All degree-granting
Gross domestic All educational institutions secondary schools postsecondary institutions
product (GDP)
(in billions of Amount As a Amount As a Amount As a
Year current dollars) School year (in millions) percent of GDP (in millions) percent of GDP (in millions) percent of GDP
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1929 ....................................... $104.6 1929–30 — — — — $632 0.6
1939 ....................................... 93.4 1939–40 — — — — 758 0.8
1949 ....................................... 272.5 1949–50 $8,494 3.1 $6,249 2.3 2,246 0.8
1959 ....................................... 521.7 1959–60 22,314 4.3 16,713 3.2 5,601 1.1
1961 ....................................... 562.2 1961–62 26,828 4.8 19,673 3.5 7,155 1.3
1963 ....................................... 637.5 1963–64 32,003 5.0 22,825 3.6 9,178 1.4
1965 ....................................... 742.3 1965–66 40,558 5.5 28,048 3.8 12,509 1.7
1967 ....................................... 860.0 1967–68 51,558 6.0 35,077 4.1 16,481 1.9
1969 ....................................... 1,017.6 1969–70 64,227 6.3 43,183 4.2 21,043 2.1
1970 ....................................... 1,073.3 1970–71 71,575 6.7 48,200 4.5 23,375 2.2
1971 ....................................... 1,164.9 1971–72 76,510 6.6 50,950 4.4 25,560 2.2
1972 ....................................... 1,279.1 1972–73 82,908 6.5 54,952 4.3 27,956 2.2
1973 ....................................... 1,425.4 1973–74 91,084 6.4 60,370 4.2 30,714 2.2
1974 ....................................... 1,545.2 1974–75 103,903 6.7 68,846 4.5 35,058 2.3
1975 ....................................... 1,684.9 1975–76 114,004 6.8 75,101 4.5 38,903 2.3
1976 ....................................... 1,873.4 1976–77 121,793 6.5 79,194 4.2 42,600 2.3
1977 ....................................... 2,081.8 1977–78 132,515 6.4 86,544 4.2 45,971 2.2
1978 ....................................... 2,351.6 1978–79 143,733 6.1 93,012 4.0 50,721 2.2
1979 ....................................... 2,627.3 1979–80 160,075 6.1 103,162 3.9 56,914 2.2
1980 ....................................... 2,857.3 1980–81 176,378 6.2 112,325 3.9 64,053 2.2
1981 ....................................... 3,207.0 1981–82 190,825 6.0 120,486 3.8 70,339 2.2
1982 ....................................... 3,343.8 1982–83 204,661 6.1 128,725 3.8 75,936 2.3
1983 ....................................... 3,634.0 1983–84 220,993 6.1 139,000 3.8 81,993 2.3
1984 ....................................... 4,037.6 1984–85 239,351 5.9 149,400 3.7 89,951 2.2
1985 ....................................... 4,339.0 1985–86 259,336 6.0 161,800 3.7 97,536 2.2
1986 ....................................... 4,579.6 1986–87 280,964 6.1 175,200 3.8 105,764 2.3
1987 ....................................... 4,855.2 1987–88 301,786 6.2 187,999 3.9 113,787 2.3
1988 ....................................... 5,236.4 1988–89 333,245 6.4 209,377 4.0 123,867 2.4
1989 ....................................... 5,641.6 1989–90 365,825 6.5 231,170 4.1 134,656 2.4
1990 ....................................... 5,963.1 1990–91 395,318 6.6 249,230 4.2 146,088 2.4
1991 ....................................... 6,158.1 1991–92 417,944 6.8 261,755 4.3 156,189 2.5
1992 ....................................... 6,520.3 1992–93 439,676 6.7 274,435 4.2 165,241 2.5
1993 ....................................... 6,858.6 1993–94 460,756 6.7 287,407 4.2 173,351 2.5
1994 ....................................... 7,287.2 1994–95 485,169 6.7 302,200 4.1 182,969 2.5
1995 ....................................... 7,639.7 1995–96 508,523 6.7 318,046 4.2 190,476 2.5
1996 ....................................... 8,073.1 1996–97 538,854 6.7 338,951 4.2 199,903 1 2.5
1997 ....................................... 8,577.6 1997–98 570,471 6.7 361,615 4.2 208,856 1 2.4
1998 ....................................... 9,062.8 1998–99 603,847 6.7 384,638 4.2 219,209 2.4
1999 ....................................... 9,630.7 1999–2000 649,322 6.7 412,538 4.3 236,784 2.5
2000 ....................................... 10,252.3 2000–01 705,017 6.9 444,811 4.3 260,206 2.5
2001 ....................................... 10,581.8 2001–02 752,780 7.1 472,064 4.5 280,715 2.7
2002 ....................................... 10,936.4 2002–03 795,691 7.3 492,807 4.5 302,884 2.8
2003 ....................................... 11,458.2 2003–04 830,293 7.2 513,542 4.5 316,751 2.8
2004 ....................................... 12,213.7 2004–05 875,988 7.2 540,969 4.4 335,019 2.7
2005 ....................................... 13,036.6 2005–06 925,249 7.1 571,669 4.4 353,580 2.7
2006 ....................................... 13,814.6 2006–07 984,048 7.1 608,495 4.4 375,553 2.7
2007 ....................................... 14,451.9 2007–08 1,054,901 7.3 646,414 4.5 408,487 2.8
2008 ....................................... 14,712.8 2008–09 1,089,683 7.4 658,926 4.5 430,757 2.9
2009 ....................................... 14,448.9 2009–10 1,100,897 7.6 654,418 4.5 446,479 3.1
2010 ....................................... 14,992.1 2010–11 1,124,352 7.5 652,356 4.4 471,997 3.1
2011 ....................................... 15,542.6 2011–12 1,136,876 7.3 648,794 4.2 488,083 3.1
2012 ....................................... 16,197.0 2012–13 1,153,874 7.1 655,013 4.0 498,861 3.1
2013 ....................................... 16,784.9 2013–14 1,192,886 7.1 675,818 4.0 517,067 3.1
2014 ....................................... 17,521.7 2014–15 1,241,626 7.1 706,135 4.0 535,491 3.1
2015 ....................................... 18,219.3 2015–16 1,296,307 7.1 736,841 4.0 559,466 3.1
2016 ....................................... 18,707.2 2016–17 2 1,343,000 7.2 759,000 4.1 584,000 3.1
2017 ....................................... 19,485.4 2017–18 3 1,397,000 7.2 789,000 4.0 608,000 3.1

—Not available. while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant
1
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on enrollment data for associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.
the given year and actual expenditures for prior years. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to
2
Data for elementary and secondary education are estimated; data for degree-granting totals because of rounding.
institutions are actual. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial
3
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on teacher and enrollment Survey of Education in the United States, 1929–30 through 1949–50; Statistics of State
data, and actual expenditures for prior years. School Systems, 1959–60 through 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public
NOTE: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1986–87; Common Core of Data
expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data for private elementary (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16; Higher
and secondary schools are estimated. Expenditures for colleges and universities in Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher
1929–30 and 1939–40 include current-fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Education, 1965–66 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
Public and private degree-granting institutions data for 1949–50 through 1995–96 are (IPEDS), “Finance Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY87–99); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring
for current-fund expenditures. Data for private degree-granting institutions for 1996–97 2018, Finance component. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
and later years are for total expenditures. Data for public degree-granting institutions for National Income and Product Accounts Tables, retrieved March 8, 2019, from https://apps.
1996–97 through 2000–01 are for current expenditures; data for later years are for total bea.gov/itable/index.cfm. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
expenditures. Postsecondary data through 1995–96 are for institutions of higher education,

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

48 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Summary of Finances

Table 106.20. Expenditures of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: Selected years, 1899–1900 through 2017–18
[In thousands]

Current dollars Constant 2017–18 dollars1

Elementary and Degree-
Elementary and secondary schools Degree-granting postsecondary institutions secondary schools granting
postsecondary
School year Total Total Public Private2 Total Public Private Total Total Public institutions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1899–1900 ............ — — $215 — — — — — — — —
1909–10 ................ — — 426 — — — — — — — —
1919–20 ................ — — 1,036 — — — — — — $13,490 —
1929–30 ................ — — 2,317 — $632 $292 $341 — — 33,584 $9,165
1939–40 ................ — — 2,344 — 758 392 367 — — 41,619 13,466
1949–50 ................ $8,494 $6,249 5,838 $411 2,246 1,154 1,092 $88,995 $65,467 61,161 23,528
1959–60 ................ 22,314 16,713 15,613 1,100 5,601 3,131 2,470 188,432 141,136 131,847 47,296
1969–70 ................ 64,227 43,183 40,683 2,500 21,043 13,250 7,794 421,874 283,651 267,230 138,222
1970–71 ................ 71,575 48,200 45,500 2,700 23,375 14,996 8,379 447,064 301,061 284,196 146,004
1971–72 ................ 76,510 50,950 48,050 2,900 25,560 16,484 9,075 461,339 307,220 289,733 154,119
1972–73 ................ 82,908 54,952 51,852 3,100 27,956 18,204 9,752 480,555 318,517 300,549 162,038
1973–74 ................ 91,084 60,370 56,970 3,400 30,714 20,336 10,377 484,725 321,275 303,181 163,450

1974–75 ................ 103,903 68,846 64,846 4,000 35,058 23,490 11,568 497,782 329,828 310,665 167,954
1975–76 ................ 114,004 75,101 70,601 4,500 38,903 26,184 12,719 510,067 336,009 315,876 174,058
1976–77 ................ 121,793 79,194 74,194 5,000 42,600 28,635 13,965 514,893 334,799 313,661 180,095
1977–78 ................ 132,515 86,544 80,844 5,700 45,971 30,725 15,246 524,970 342,853 320,272 182,117
1978–79 ................ 143,733 93,012 86,712 6,300 50,721 33,733 16,988 520,639 336,914 314,094 183,725

1979–80 ................ 160,075 103,162 95,962 7,200 56,914 37,768 19,146 511,623 329,719 306,707 181,904
1980–81 ................ 176,378 112,325 104,125 8,200 64,053 42,280 21,773 505,212 321,740 298,252 183,471
1981–82 ................ 190,825 120,486 111,186 9,300 70,339 46,219 24,120 503,132 317,674 293,154 185,458
1982–83 ................ 204,661 128,725 118,425 10,300 75,936 49,573 26,363 517,388 325,420 299,382 191,968
1983–84 ................ 220,993 139,000 127,500 11,500 81,993 53,087 28,907 538,736 338,853 310,819 199,883

1984–85 ................ 239,351 149,400 137,000 12,400 89,951 58,315 31,637 561,510 350,488 321,398 211,023
1985–86 ................ 259,336 161,800 148,600 13,200 97,536 63,194 34,342 591,341 368,939 338,840 222,402
1986–87 ................ 280,964 175,200 160,900 14,300 105,764 67,654 38,110 626,742 390,816 358,918 235,925
1987–88 ................ 301,786 187,999 172,699 15,300 113,787 72,641 41,145 646,407 402,681 369,910 243,725
1988–89 ................ 333,245 209,377 192,977 16,400 123,867 78,946 44,922 682,278 428,675 395,098 253,603

1989–90 ................ 365,825 231,170 212,770 18,400 134,656 85,771 48,885 714,871 451,736 415,780 263,135
1990–91 ................ 395,318 249,230 229,430 19,800 146,088 92,961 53,127 732,458 461,781 425,095 270,677
1991–92 ................ 417,944 261,755 241,055 20,700 156,189 98,847 57,342 750,338 469,931 432,768 280,408
1992–93 ................ 439,676 274,435 252,935 21,500 165,241 104,570 60,671 765,445 477,772 440,342 287,673
1993–94 ................ 460,757 287,407 265,307 22,100 173,351 109,310 64,041 781,892 487,721 450,218 294,171

1994–95 ................ 485,169 302,200 279,000 23,200 182,969 115,465 67,504 800,376 498,536 460,263 301,841
1995–96 ................ 508,523 318,046 293,646 24,400 190,476 119,525 70,952 816,684 510,781 471,594 305,903
1996–97 ................ 538,854 338,951 313,151 25,800 199,903 2 125,978 73,925 2 841,390 529,253 488,968 312,137 2
1997–98 ................ 570,471 361,615 334,315 27,300 208,856 2 132,846 76,010 2 875,151 554,748 512,868 320,403 2
1998–99 ................ 603,847 384,638 355,838 28,800 219,209 140,539 78,670 910,589 580,026 536,596 330,563

1999–2000 ............ 649,322 412,538 381,838 30,700 236,784 152,325 84,459 951,692 604,644 559,648 347,047
2000–01 ................ 705,017 444,811 410,811 34,000 260,206 170,345 89,861 999,092 630,350 582,168 368,742
2001–02 ................ 752,780 472,064 435,364 36,700 280,715 183,436 97,280 1,048,219 657,333 606,229 390,886
2002–03 ................ 795,691 492,807 454,907 37,900 302,884 197,026 105,858 1,084,146 671,460 619,820 412,686
2003–04 ................ 830,293 513,542 474,242 39,300 316,751 205,069 111,682 1,107,072 684,731 632,331 422,340
2004–05 ................ 875,988 540,969 499,569 41,400 335,019 215,794 119,225 1,133,878 700,230 646,641 433,648
2005–06 ................ 925,249 571,669 528,269 43,400 353,580 226,550 127,030 1,153,706 712,822 658,706 440,884
2006–07 ................ 984,048 608,495 562,195 46,300 375,553 238,829 136,724 1,196,092 739,614 683,337 456,478
2007–08 ................ 1,054,901 646,414 597,314 49,100 408,487 261,046 147,441 1,236,400 757,631 700,083 478,769
2008–09 ................ 1,089,683 658,926 610,326 48,600 430,757 273,019 157,739 1,259,579 761,661 705,484 497,918
2009–10 ................ 1,100,897 654,418 607,018 47,400 446,479 281,390 165,088 1,260,346 749,202 694,936 511,145
2010–11 ................ 1,124,352 652,356 604,356 48,000 471,997 296,863 175,134 1,261,861 732,139 678,269 529,722
2011–12 ................ 1,136,876 648,794 601,994 46,800 488,083 305,538 182,545 1,239,596 707,414 656,385 532,182
2012–13 ................ 1,153,874 655,013 606,813 48,200 498,861 311,421 187,439 1,237,535 702,505 650,810 535,030
2013–14 ................ 1,192,886 675,818 625,018 50,800 517,067 323,893 193,174 1,259,697 713,670 660,024 546,027
2014–15 ................ 1,241,626 706,135 651,135 55,000 535,491 335,630 199,861 1,301,688 740,294 682,633 561,394
2015–16 ................ 1,296,307 736,841 677,541 59,300 559,466 354,776 204,690 1,350,000 767,000 706,000 583,000
2016–17 3 ............... 1,343,000 759,000 699,000 60,000 584,000 372,000 212,000 1,373,000 776,000 715,000 597,000
2017–184 ............... 1,397,000 789,000 726,000 64,000 608,000 389,000 219,000 1,397,000 789,000 726,000 608,000

—Not available. years are for total expenditures. Postsecondary data through 1995–96 are for institutions
1
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial
2
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on enrollment data for aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may
the given year and actual expenditures for prior years. not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Data for elementary and secondary education are estimated; data for degree-granting SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual
institutions are actual. Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1899–1900 and 1909–10; Biennial Survey of
4
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on teacher and enrollment Education in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of State School
data, and actual expenditures for prior years. Systems, 1959–60 and 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and
NOTE: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1986–87; Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Expenditures for public and private Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16; Higher Education General
colleges and universities in 1929–30 and 1939–40 include current-fund expenditures and Information Survey (HEGIS), Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education, 1965–66
additions to plant value. Public and private degree-granting institutions data for 1949–50 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Finance
through 1995–96 are for current-fund expenditures. Data for private degree-granting Survey,” (IPEDS-F:FY87–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Finance component;
institutions for 1996–97 and later years are for total expenditures. Data for public degree- and unpublished tabulations. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
granting institutions for 1996–97 through 2000–01 are for current expenditures; data for later

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 49
Summary of Finances

Table 106.30. Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments, by function: Selected
years, 1970–71 through 2015–16
Function 1970–71 1980–81 1990–91 2000–01 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Amount (in millions of current dollars)
Total direct general expenditures .............. $150,674 $407,449 $908,109 $1,621,757 $2,579,509 $2,588,308 $2,623,305 $2,710,967 $2,839,458 $2,944,651
Education and public libraries .............................. 60,174 147,649 313,744 571,374 872,969 878,952 888,240 916,301 947,318 984,948
Education ......................................................... 59,413 145,784 309,302 563,572 862,271 867,508 877,059 905,213 935,754 972,906
Public libraries ................................................. 761 1,865 4,442 7,802 10,699 11,444 11,181 11,088 11,564 12,042
Social services and income maintenance ............. 30,376 92,555 214,919 396,086 729,846 732,192 765,511 805,538 883,060 922,654
Public welfare .................................................. 18,226 54,121 130,402 257,380 490,645 485,342 515,296 543,511 614,553 637,644
Hospitals and health ......................................... 11,205 36,101 81,110 134,010 233,018 240,895 244,290 256,553 263,420 279,752
Social insurance administration ........................ 945 2,276 3,250 4,359 5,256 5,116 4,901 4,415 4,114 3,905
Veterans’ services ............................................ † 57 157 337 927 838 1,024 1,060 973 1,353
Transportation1 .................................................... 19,819 39,231 75,410 130,422 183,282 188,328 186,324 191,924 198,621 206,827
Public safety ........................................................ 9,416 31,233 79,932 146,544 225,202 225,607 228,400 235,042 241,787 249,805
Police and fire protection .................................. 7,531 21,283 46,568 84,554 138,147 139,306 141,308 145,952 151,011 156,986
Correction ........................................................ 1,885 7,393 27,356 52,370 73,243 72,725 73,040 74,943 77,058 78,017
Protective inspection and regulation ................. † 2,557 6,008 9,620 13,812 13,576 14,052 14,147 13,718 14,802
Environment and housing..................................... 11,832 35,223 76,167 124,203 200,491 196,120 190,321 190,175 193,912 203,197
Natural resources, parks, and recreation .......... 5,191 13,239 28,505 50,082 67,053 66,397 65,472 65,544 68,358 72,807
Housing and community development .............. 2,554 7,086 16,648 27,402 56,284 53,632 50,586 50,244 49,916 50,173
Sewerage and sanitation .................................. 4,087 14,898 31,014 46,718 77,154 76,091 74,263 74,387 75,638 80,217
Governmental administration................................ 6,703 20,001 48,461 85,910 123,851 123,191 123,580 127,676 130,458 135,100
Financial administration ................................... 2,271 7,230 16,995 30,007 39,351 38,689 39,785 40,501 41,920 43,010
General control2 ............................................... 4,432 12,771 31,466 55,903 84,500 84,502 83,796 87,175 88,538 92,090
Interest on general debt ....................................... 5,089 17,131 52,234 73,836 108,478 108,943 108,614 106,940 105,258 104,572
Other direct general expenditures ........................ 7,265 24,426 47,242 93,382 135,388 134,976 132,314 137,371 139,043 137,548
Amount (in millions of constant 2017–18 dollars)3
Total direct general expenditures .............. $941,124 $1,167,084 $1,682,575 $2,298,221 $2,894,984 $2,822,167 $2,813,506 $2,862,804 $2,976,814 $3,066,418
Education and public libraries .............................. 375,852 422,921 581,316 809,705 979,734 958,367 952,641 967,621 993,144 1,025,677
Education ......................................................... 371,099 417,579 573,085 798,648 967,727 945,889 940,650 955,912 981,020 1,013,137
Public libraries ................................................. 4,753 5,342 8,230 11,056 12,007 12,478 11,991 11,709 12,124 12,540
Social services and income maintenance ............. 189,731 265,112 398,209 561,300 819,107 798,347 821,014 850,655 925,778 960,808
Public welfare .................................................. 113,841 155,023 241,613 364,738 550,651 529,194 552,658 573,952 644,281 664,012
Hospitals and health ......................................... 69,987 103,407 150,283 189,908 261,517 262,661 262,002 270,922 276,163 291,320
Social insurance administration ........................ 5,903 6,519 6,022 6,177 5,899 5,578 5,256 4,662 4,313 4,066
Veterans’ services ............................................ † 163 291 477 1,040 914 1,099 1,119 1,020 1,409
Transportation1 .................................................... 123,791 112,372 139,722 184,824 205,697 205,343 199,833 202,673 208,229 215,379
Public safety ........................................................ 58,813 89,463 148,101 207,671 252,744 245,991 244,960 248,206 253,483 260,134
Police and fire protection .................................. 47,039 60,962 86,283 119,823 155,042 151,892 151,554 154,126 158,316 163,477
Correction ........................................................ 11,774 21,176 50,686 74,215 82,201 79,296 78,336 79,141 80,785 81,243
Protective inspection and regulation ................. † 7,324 11,132 13,633 15,501 14,803 15,071 14,940 14,382 15,414
Environment and housing .................................... 73,904 100,892 141,125 176,010 225,011 213,840 204,120 200,826 203,292 211,600
Natural resources, parks, and recreation .......... 32,423 37,921 52,815 70,973 75,254 72,396 70,219 69,215 71,665 75,818
Housing and community development .............. 15,953 20,297 30,846 38,832 63,167 58,478 54,254 53,058 52,330 52,248
Sewerage and sanitation .................................. 25,528 42,673 57,464 66,205 86,590 82,966 79,647 78,553 79,297 83,534
Governmental administration ............................... 41,868 57,290 89,790 121,744 138,998 134,321 132,540 134,827 136,769 140,687
Financial administration ................................... 14,185 20,709 31,489 42,524 44,164 42,185 42,669 42,769 43,948 44,788
General control2 ............................................... 27,683 36,581 58,301 79,221 94,834 92,137 89,871 92,058 92,821 95,898
Interest on general debt ....................................... 31,786 49,070 96,781 104,634 121,745 118,787 116,489 112,930 110,350 108,896
Other direct general expenditures ........................ 45,378 69,965 87,532 132,334 151,946 147,171 141,907 145,065 145,770 143,236
Percentage distribution
Total direct general expenditures .............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Education and public libraries .............................. 39.9 36.2 34.5 35.2 33.8 34.0 33.9 33.8 33.4 33.4
Education ......................................................... 39.4 35.8 34.1 34.8 33.4 33.5 33.4 33.4 33.0 33.0
Public libraries ................................................. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Social services and income maintenance ............. 20.2 22.7 23.7 24.4 28.3 28.3 29.2 29.7 31.1 31.3
Public welfare .................................................. 12.1 13.3 14.4 15.9 19.0 18.8 19.6 20.0 21.6 21.7
Hospitals and health ......................................... 7.4 8.9 8.9 8.3 9.0 9.3 9.3 9.5 9.3 9.5
Social insurance administration ........................ 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1
Veterans’ services ............................................ † # # # # # # # # #
Transportation1 .................................................... 13.2 9.6 8.3 8.0 7.1 7.3 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0
Public safety ........................................................ 6.2 7.7 8.8 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.5 8.5
Police and fire protection .................................. 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.3
Correction ........................................................ 1.3 1.8 3.0 3.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.6
Protective inspection and regulation ................. † 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Environment and housing .................................... 7.9 8.6 8.4 7.7 7.8 7.6 7.3 7.0 6.8 6.9
Natural resources, parks, and recreation .......... 3.4 3.2 3.1 3.1 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.5
Housing and community development .............. 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7
Sewerage and sanitation .................................. 2.7 3.7 3.4 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

50 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Summary of Finances

Table 106.30. Amount and percentage distribution of direct general expenditures of state and local governments, by function: Selected
years, 1970–71 through 2015–16—Continued
Function 1970–71 1980–81 1990–91 2000–01 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Governmental administration ............................... 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.3 4.8 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.6
Financial administration ................................... 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
General control2 ............................................... 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.1
Interest on general debt ....................................... 3.4 4.2 5.8 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.6
Other direct general expenditures ........................ 4.8 6.0 5.2 5.8 5.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.7

†Not applicable.
#Rounds to zero.
1
Includes highways, air transportation (airports), parking facilities, and sea and inland port NOTE: Excludes monies paid by states to the federal government. Some data have been
facilities. For 2000–01 and earlier years, also includes transit subsidies. revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Includes judicial and legal expenditures, expenditures on general public buildings, and SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances.
other governmental administration expenditures. Retrieved October 22, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2016/econ/
3
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor local/public-use-datasets.html. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 106.40. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level of education and state: 2014–15 and 2015–16
[In millions of current dollars. Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Direct general expenditures, 2015–16

For education
Direct general expenditures, 2014–15 Elementary and secondary education Colleges and universities
Total for
Total for elementary and Current Total for colleges Current Other
State Total 1
For education Total 1
education secondary expenditure Capital outlay and universities expenditure Capital outlay education2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States ...... $2,839,458 (1,703.7) $935,754 (374.3) $2,944,651 (1,472.3) $972,906 (389.2) $632,746 (379.6) $574,425 (—) $58,321 (—) $287,813 (115.1) $253,628 (—) $34,186 (—) $52,346 (0)
Alabama ...................... 37,141 (85.4) 13,317 (9.3) 38,203 (84.0) 13,547 (9.5) 7,639 (9.9) 6,992 (—) 647 (—) 4,881 (#) 4,352 (—) 530 (—) 1,027 (0)
Alaska ......................... 14,820 (22.2) 3,660 (16.5) 13,665 (23.2) 3,541 (16.6) 2,365 (16.6) 2,103 (—) 262 (—) 1,093 (#) 731 (—) 361 (—) 83 (0)
Arizona ........................ 45,059 (76.6) 15,364 (#) 48,726 (87.7) 14,465 (#) 7,842 (#) 7,313 (—) 529 (—) 5,910 (#) 5,269 (—) 642 (—) 713 (0)
Arkansas ..................... 23,354 (35.0) 8,189 (#) 24,315 (43.8) 8,418 (#) 5,088 (#) 4,570 (—) 518 (—) 2,711 (#) 2,461 (—) 250 (—) 618 (0)
California ..................... 409,957 (819.9) 115,175 (126.7) 428,900 (900.7) 124,404 (136.8) 78,530 (133.5) 71,743 (—) 6,787 (—) 39,649 (#) 35,853 (—) 3,795 (—) 6,225 (0)

Colorado ...................... 44,709 (174.4) 15,180 (#) 46,981 (192.6) 16,075 (#) 9,410 (#) 8,530 (—) 880 (—) 5,921 (#) 4,992 (—) 928 (—) 743 (0)
Connecticut ................. 37,240 (63.3) 13,052 (50.9) 38,425 (69.2) 13,563 (57.0) 9,441 (56.6) 8,806 (—) 635 (—) 3,367 (#) 2,774 (—) 594 (—) 755 (0)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Delaware ..................... 9,682 (#) 3,614 (#) 10,092 (#) 3,662 (#) 1,950 (#) 1,845 (—) 105 (—) 1,249 (#) 1,125 (—) 124 (—) 464 (0)
District of Columbia ..... 12,388 (#) 2,724 (#) 12,771 (#) 2,766 (#) 2,607 (#) 2,292 (—) 315 (—) 159 (#) 141 (—) 18 (—) — (0)
Florida ......................... 142,486 (270.7) 40,295 (#) 144,861 (304.2) 41,519 (#) 27,363 (2.7) 25,378 (—) 1,985 (—) 10,799 (#) 10,121 (—) 678 (—) 3,358 (0)

Georgia ........................ 67,103 (154.3) 25,665 (#) 68,697 (164.9) 26,726 (#) 18,917 (#) 17,082 (—) 1,835 (—) 5,721 (#) 5,004 (—) 717 (—) 2,088 (0)
Hawaii ......................... 13,579 (#) 3,233 (#) 13,627 (#) 3,386 (#) 2,118 (#) 1,876 (—) 242 (—) 1,110 (#) 987 (—) 123 (—) 158 (0)
Idaho ........................... 10,585 (16.9) 3,186 (#) 11,039 (26.5) 3,363 (#) 2,047 (#) 1,972 (—) 75 (—) 1,107 (#) 1,035 (—) 72 (—) 209 (0)
Illinois .......................... 113,904 (330.3) 37,950 (#) 111,434 (345.4) 37,733 (#) 26,537 (#) 24,522 (—) 2,016 (—) 9,495 (#) 8,864 (—) 631 (—) 1,701 (0)
Indiana ........................ 49,151 (127.8) 16,796 (#) 52,074 (135.4) 17,589 (#) 9,967 (#) 8,981 (—) 987 (—) 6,435 (#) 5,688 (—) 747 (—) 1,187 (0)

Iowa ............................ 30,223 (99.7) 10,833 (#) 30,894 (101.9) 10,996 (#) 6,584 (0.7) 5,695 (—) 890 (—) 3,918 (#) 3,336 (—) 583 (—) 493 (0)
Kansas ........................ 24,500 (83.3) 9,221 (#) 25,200 (93.2) 9,388 (#) 5,648 (#) 4,684 (—) 964 (—) 3,459 (#) 2,921 (—) 538 (—) 281 (0)
Kentucky ..................... 36,916 (44.3) 11,892 (#) 38,879 (46.7) 12,550 (#) 7,126 (#) 6,390 (—) 736 (—) 4,376 (#) 3,852 (—) 524 (—) 1,049 (0)
Louisiana ..................... 40,799 (24.5) 12,686 (#) 41,343 (28.9) 13,043 (#) 7,931 (#) 7,352 (—) 579 (—) 3,524 (#) 3,008 (—) 517 (—) 1,588 (0)
Maine .......................... 11,077 (26.6) 3,361 (16.1) 11,771 (27.1) 3,465 (15.6) 2,425 (15.8) 2,329 (—) 95 (—) 813 (#) 750 (—) 63 (—) 227 (0)

Maryland ..................... 58,041 (29.0) 19,521 (#) 58,618 (29.3) 20,006 (#) 12,842 (#) 11,787 (—) 1,056 (—) 6,364 (#) 5,523 (—) 840 (—) 800 (0)
Massachusetts ............ 71,726 (150.6) 21,941 (105.3) 74,786 (142.1) 22,493 (108.0) 15,461 (108.2) 14,422 (—) 1,039 (—) 5,371 (#) 4,477 (—) 894 (—) 1,661 (0)
Michigan ..................... 79,778 (279.2) 28,932 (#) 82,786 (264.9) 29,997 (#) 16,951 (#) 15,888 (—) 1,063 (—) 11,720 (#) 10,115 (—) 1,605 (—) 1,326 (0)
Minnesota .................... 52,384 (172.9) 16,991 (#) 56,956 (148.1) 18,292 (#) 12,230 (#) 10,520 (—) 1,710 (—) 5,082 (#) 4,666 (—) 417 (—) 979 (0)
Mississippi ................... 25,143 (47.8) 7,822 (#) 26,105 (47.0) 8,322 (#) 4,581 (#) 4,246 (—) 335 (—) 3,172 (#) 2,755 (—) 417 (—) 569 (0)

Missouri ...................... 44,337 (88.7) 14,944 (#) 45,483 (118.3) 15,078 (#) 10,312 (#) 9,422 (—) 890 (—) 3,983 (#) 3,653 (—) 330 (—) 782 (0)
Montana ...................... 8,726 (9.6) 2,810 (#) 8,775 (15.8) 2,894 (#) 1,839 (#) 1,660 (—) 179 (—) 940 (#) 894 (—) 46 (—) 114 (0)
Nebraska ..................... 16,783 (67.1) 6,685 (#) 17,426 (68.0) 7,279 (#) 4,530 (#) 3,888 (—) 642 (—) 2,432 (#) 2,107 (—) 325 (—) 317 (0)

CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education

Nevada ........................ 20,152 (145.1) 5,998 (#) 20,500 (149.6) 6,133 (#) 4,203 (#) 3,978 (—) 224 (—) 1,420 (#) 1,319 (—) 101 (—) 510 (0)
New Hampshire ........... 10,472 (9.4) 3,931 (#) 11,127 (14.5) 4,131 (8.3) 2,924 (8.5) 2,787 (—) 137 (—) 985 (#) 844 (—) 141 (—) 221 (0)

New Jersey .................. 90,306 (162.6) 34,725 (27.8) 92,450 (231.1) 36,108 (43.3) 26,986 (43.2) 25,070 (—) 1,916 (—) 6,987 (#) 5,797 (—) 1,191 (—) 2,135 (0)
New Mexico ................. 20,973 (21.0) 6,739 (#) 20,521 (12.3) 6,647 (#) 3,653 (#) 3,102 (—) 551 (—) 2,586 (#) 2,241 (—) 345 (—) 409 (0)
New York ..................... 257,320 (231.6) 79,664 (87.6) 268,376 (268.4) 82,511 (90.8) 66,106 (#) 61,447 (—) 4,658 (—) 14,287 (88.6) 12,387 (—) 1,900 (—) 2,119 (0)
North Carolina .............. 74,509 (223.5) 24,801 (181.0) 77,209 (231.6) 25,447 (185.8) 13,801 (173.9) 12,878 (—) 923 (—) 9,727 (64.2) 8,975 (—) 752 (—) 1,919 (0)
North Dakota ............... 9,051 (35.3) 2,941 (#) 9,577 (17.2) 3,187 (#) 1,873 (#) 1,461 (—) 412 (—) 1,220 (#) 1,053 (—) 167 (—) 93 (0)

Summary of Finances
Ohio ............................. 100,222 (300.7) 33,532 (100.6) 103,575 (310.7) 34,482 (110.3) 23,163 (111.2) 21,307 (—) 1,856 (—) 9,586 (#) 7,888 (—) 1,698 (—) 1,733 (0)
Oklahoma .................... 28,566 (57.1) 10,147 (#) 29,146 (67.0) 10,629 (#) 5,915 (#) 5,273 (—) 642 (—) 4,053 (#) 3,542 (—) 511 (—) 661 (0)
Oregon ........................ 37,675 (75.3) 11,503 (#) 41,373 (91.0) 12,591 (#) 7,145 (#) 6,459 (—) 686 (—) 4,944 (#) 4,288 (—) 656 (—) 501 (0)
Pennsylvania ............... 114,569 (229.1) 39,517 (4.0) 122,179 (207.7) 41,397 (4.1) 28,232 (2.8) 26,425 (—) 1,807 (—) 10,762 (#) 9,532 (—) 1,230 (—) 2,403 (0)
Rhode Island ................ 10,080 (8.1) 3,275 (#) 10,220 (6.1) 3,409 (#) 2,411 (#) 2,340 (—) 71 (—) 683 (#) 673 (—) 9 (—) 316 (0)

South Carolina ............. 39,092 (62.5) 13,742 (#) 40,888 (65.4) 14,353 (#) 8,756 (#) 7,667 (—) 1,089 (—) 4,179 (#) 3,743 (—) 436 (—) 1,418 (0)
South Dakota ............... 6,567 (9.2) 2,245 (#) 6,991 (19.6) 2,456 (#) 1,431 (#) 1,239 (—) 192 (—) 881 (#) 696 (—) 185 (—) 144 (0)
Tennessee ................... 44,027 (198.1) 14,164 (150.1) 44,974 (206.9) 13,977 (152.4) 9,274 (153.0) 8,763 (—) 512 (—) 3,713 (#) 3,288 (—) 425 (—) 990 (0)
Texas ........................... 205,921 (947.2) 80,073 (16.0) 215,064 (322.6) 83,062 (16.6) 52,800 (15.8) 44,466 (—) 8,334 (—) 27,959 (#) 24,242 (—) 3,717 (—) 2,303 (0)
Utah ............................ 21,903 (76.7) 8,684 (#) 23,285 (144.4) 9,752 (#) 4,817 (#) 4,108 (—) 709 (—) 4,402 (#) 3,784 (—) 618 (—) 533 (0)

51
See notes at end of table.
 Table 106.40. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level of education and state: 2014–15 and 2015–16—Continued

52
[In millions of current dollars. Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Summary of Finances
CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education
Direct general expenditures, 2015–16
For education
Direct general expenditures, 2014–15 Elementary and secondary education Colleges and universities
Total for
Total for elementary and Current Total for colleges Current Other
State Total1
For education Total 1
education secondary expenditure Capital outlay and universities expenditure Capital outlay education2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Vermont ....................... 6,830 (12.3) 2,539 (#) 7,031 (12.7) 2,678 (#) 1,608 (#) 1,566 (—) 43 (—) 872 (#) 782 (—) 90 (—) 198 (0)
Virginia ........................ 68,719 (247.4) 24,999 (127.5) 70,867 (255.1) 25,100 (150.6) 16,302 (150.0) 14,674 (—) 1,628 (—) 7,759 (#) 6,724 (—) 1,036 (—) 1,039 (0)
Washington .................. 66,577 (213.0) 21,674 (36.8) 70,596 (211.8) 23,786 (38.1) 14,875 (37.2) 12,670 (—) 2,204 (—) 7,099 (#) 6,352 (—) 747 (—) 1,813 (0)
West Virginia ................ 15,165 (12.1) 5,267 (#) 15,915 (25.5) 5,359 (#) 3,086 (#) 2,905 (—) 181 (—) 1,754 (#) 1,563 (—) 191 (—) 518 (0)
Wisconsin .................... 50,786 (116.8) 17,679 (1.8) 51,177 (122.8) 18,030 (5.4) 11,084 (5.5) 9,991 (—) 1,093 (—) 6,295 (#) 5,702 (—) 593 (—) 651 (0)
Wyoming ..................... 8,385 (21.0) 2,876 (#) 8,777 (30.7) 3,119 (#) 2,015 (#) 1,561 (—) 454 (—) 898 (#) 759 (—) 139 (—) 206 (0)

—Not available. NOTE: Current expenditure data in this table differ from figures appearing in other tables because of slightly varying definitions
#Rounds to zero. used in the Governmental Finances and Common Core of Data surveys. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1
Includes state and local government expenditures for education and public libraries, social services and income maintenance, Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
transportation, public safety, environment and housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances. Retrieved January 23, 2019, from
direct general expenditures. https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2016/econ/local/public-use-datasets.html. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
2
Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals, private elementary and secondary schools, and private colleges and
universities, as well as miscellaneous education expenditures. Does not include expenditures for public libraries.
 CHAPTER 1: All Levels of Education 53
Summary of Finances

Table 106.50. Direct general expenditures of state and local governments per capita for all functions and for education, by level of
education and state: 2014–15 and 2015–16
[Amounts in current dollars]

Direct general expenditures, 2014–15 Direct general expenditures, 2015–16

For education
Elementary and Colleges and
For education All education secondary education universities Other education2
As a As a As a As a As a
Total percent Total percent percent percent percent
amount Amount of all amount Amount of all Amount of all Amount of all Amount of all
State per capita1 per capita functions per capita1 per capita functions per capita functions per capita functions per capita functions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States .................. $8,853 $2,917 33.0 $9,115 $3,011 33.0 $1,959 21.5 $891 9.8 $162 1.8
Alabama .................................. 7,653 2,744 35.9 7,853 2,785 35.5 1,570 20.0 1,003 12.8 211 2.7
Alaska ..................................... 20,094 4,963 24.7 18,429 4,776 25.9 3,190 17.3 1,474 8.0 112 0.6
Arizona .................................... 6,594 2,248 34.1 7,016 2,083 29.7 1,129 16.1 851 12.1 103 1.5
Arkansas ................................. 7,841 2,749 35.1 8,131 2,815 34.6 1,702 20.9 907 11.2 207 2.5
California ................................. 10,524 2,957 28.1 10,939 3,173 29.0 2,003 18.3 1,011 9.2 159 1.5
Colorado .................................. 8,200 2,784 34.0 8,479 2,901 34.2 1,698 20.0 1,069 12.6 134 1.6
Connecticut ............................. 10,380 3,638 35.0 10,737 3,790 35.3 2,638 24.6 941 8.8 211 2.0
Delaware ................................. 10,285 3,839 37.3 10,632 3,858 36.3 2,054 19.3 1,315 12.4 489 4.6
District of Columbia ................. 18,346 4,035 22.0 18,600 4,028 21.7 3,797 20.4 232 1.2 — —
Florida ..................................... 7,045 1,992 28.3 7,022 2,013 28.7 1,326 18.9 523 7.5 163 2.3
Georgia .................................... 6,591 2,521 38.2 6,667 2,594 38.9 1,836 27.5 555 8.3 203 3.0
Hawaii ..................................... 9,546 2,272 23.8 9,542 2,371 24.8 1,483 15.5 777 8.1 110 1.2
Idaho ....................................... 6,410 1,929 30.1 6,560 1,998 30.5 1,216 18.5 658 10.0 124 1.9
Illinois ...................................... 8,854 2,950 33.3 8,688 2,942 33.9 2,069 23.8 740 8.5 133 1.5
Indiana .................................... 7,438 2,542 34.2 7,850 2,652 33.8 1,503 19.1 970 12.4 179 2.3
Iowa ........................................ 9,682 3,471 35.8 9,865 3,511 35.6 2,102 21.3 1,251 12.7 157 1.6
Kansas .................................... 8,421 3,169 37.6 8,656 3,225 37.3 1,940 22.4 1,188 13.7 96 1.1
Kentucky ................................. 8,341 2,687 32.2 8,760 2,828 32.3 1,606 18.3 986 11.3 236 2.7
Louisiana ................................. 8,746 2,719 31.1 8,837 2,788 31.5 1,695 19.2 753 8.5 339 3.8
Maine ...................................... 8,338 2,530 30.3 8,841 2,603 29.4 1,821 20.6 611 6.9 170 1.9
Maryland ................................. 9,695 3,261 33.6 9,762 3,332 34.1 2,139 21.9 1,060 10.9 133 1.4
Massachusetts ........................ 10,554 3,229 30.6 10,956 3,295 30.1 2,265 20.7 787 7.2 243 2.2
Michigan ................................. 8,032 2,913 36.3 8,319 3,014 36.2 1,703 20.5 1,178 14.2 133 1.6
Minnesota ................................ 9,555 3,099 32.4 10,312 3,312 32.1 2,214 21.5 920 8.9 177 1.7
Mississippi ............................... 8,413 2,617 31.1 8,736 2,785 31.9 1,533 17.5 1,061 12.2 190 2.2
Missouri .................................. 7,302 2,461 33.7 7,472 2,477 33.2 1,694 22.7 654 8.8 129 1.7
Montana .................................. 8,467 2,727 32.2 8,430 2,780 33.0 1,767 21.0 903 10.7 110 1.3
Nebraska ................................. 8,873 3,534 39.8 9,143 3,819 41.8 2,377 26.0 1,276 14.0 166 1.8
Nevada .................................... 7,025 2,091 29.8 7,021 2,100 29.9 1,439 20.5 486 6.9 175 2.5
New Hampshire ....................... 7,836 2,942 37.5 8,289 3,077 37.1 2,178 26.3 734 8.9 165 2.0
New Jersey .............................. 10,180 3,914 38.5 10,417 4,069 39.1 3,041 29.2 787 7.6 241 2.3
New Mexico ............................. 10,034 3,224 32.1 9,806 3,176 32.4 1,746 17.8 1,235 12.6 195 2.0
New York ................................. 13,088 4,052 31.0 13,664 4,201 30.7 3,366 24.6 727 5.3 108 0.8
North Carolina .......................... 7,426 2,472 33.3 7,602 2,505 33.0 1,359 17.9 958 12.6 189 2.5
North Dakota ........................... 12,003 3,901 32.5 12,695 4,224 33.3 2,483 19.6 1,617 12.7 123 1.0
Ohio ......................................... 8,627 2,886 33.5 8,902 2,964 33.3 1,991 22.4 824 9.3 149 1.7
Oklahoma ................................ 7,306 2,595 35.5 7,422 2,707 36.5 1,506 20.3 1,032 13.9 168 2.3
Oregon .................................... 9,379 2,864 30.5 10,112 3,077 30.4 1,746 17.3 1,208 11.9 123 1.2
Pennsylvania ........................... 8,961 3,091 34.5 9,558 3,238 33.9 2,208 23.1 842 8.8 188 2.0
Rhode Island ............................ 9,544 3,101 32.5 9,669 3,225 33.4 2,281 23.6 646 6.7 299 3.1
South Carolina ......................... 7,991 2,809 35.2 8,246 2,895 35.1 1,766 21.4 843 10.2 286 3.5
South Dakota ........................... 7,690 2,629 34.2 8,102 2,846 35.1 1,658 20.5 1,021 12.6 167 2.1
Tennessee ............................... 6,680 2,149 32.2 6,768 2,103 31.1 1,396 20.6 559 8.3 149 2.2
Texas ....................................... 7,492 2,913 38.9 7,698 2,973 38.6 1,890 24.6 1,001 13.0 82 1.1
Utah ........................................ 7,344 2,912 39.6 7,653 3,205 41.9 1,583 20.7 1,447 18.9 175 2.3
Vermont ................................... 10,924 4,062 37.2 11,274 4,295 38.1 2,579 22.9 1,398 12.4 317 2.8
Virginia .................................... 8,217 2,989 36.4 8,426 2,984 35.4 1,938 23.0 923 10.9 124 1.5
Washington .............................. 9,294 3,026 32.6 9,678 3,261 33.7 2,039 21.1 973 10.1 249 2.6
West Virginia ............................ 8,233 2,859 34.7 8,692 2,927 33.7 1,686 19.4 958 11.0 283 3.3
Wisconsin ................................ 8,815 3,068 34.8 8,865 3,123 35.2 1,920 21.7 1,090 12.3 113 1.3
Wyoming ................................. 14,317 4,910 34.3 15,022 5,339 35.5 3,449 23.0 1,537 10.2 353 2.3

—Not available. 2015 and have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to
1
Includes state and local government expenditures for education and public libraries, totals because of rounding.
social services and income maintenance, transportation, public safety, environment and SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Governmental Finances,
housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other direct general retrieved November 27, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2016/
expenditures. econ/local/public-use-datasets.html; and Population Estimates, retrieved April 9,
2
Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals, private elementary and secondary 2019, from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.
schools, and private colleges and universities, as well as miscellaneous education xhtml?pid=PEP_2018_PEPANNRES&src=pt. (This table was prepared April 2019).
expenditures. Does not include expenditures for public libraries.
NOTE: Per capita amounts for 2015–16 are based on population estimates for July 2016.
Per capita amounts for 2014–15 are based on the latest population estimates for July

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

This page intentionally left blank.
CHAPTER 2
Elementary and Secondary Education
This chapter contains a variety of statistics on public and 5 percent or more occurred in 11 other states (Nevada,
private elementary and secondary education. Data are pre- Texas, Oregon, South Dakota, Idaho, South Carolina,
sented for enrollments, teachers and other school staff, Colorado, Nebraska, Delaware, Florida, and Washington).
schools, dropouts, achievement, school violence, and reve- The largest decrease in public school enrollment occurred in
nues and expenditures. These data are derived from surveys, New Hampshire (6 percent); decreases of 3 percent or more
censuses, and administrative data collections conducted by occurred in 3 other states (Maine, Connecticut, and West
the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) and Virginia) (table 203.20).
other public and private organizations. The information Enrollment in private elementary and secondary schools
ranges from counts of students and schools to state gradua- in 2015 (5.8 million) was 5 percent lower than in 2005
tion requirements. Public school enrollment data are for fall (6.1 million), but 9 percent higher than in 2011 (5.3 million)
of the given year. (table 105.30). In 2015, private school students made up
10.2 percent of all elementary and secondary school students.
Enrollments Sixty-four percent of 3- to 5-year-olds were enrolled in
preprimary education (nursery school and kindergarten) in
Public elementary and secondary school enrollment rose
2017, which was not measurably different from the
from 49.5 million in 2011 to 50.6 million in 2016, an
percentage enrolled in 2005 (table 202.10 and figure 9).
increase of 2 percent (table 203.10 and figure 7). Public
However, the percentage of these children enrolled in full-
elementary enrollment increased 2 percent between 2011
day programs increased from 58 percent in 2005 to
and 2016 (from 34.8 million to 35.5 million), while public
65 percent in 2017.
secondary enrollment increased 3 percent (from 14.7 million
to 15.1 million).1 Although public school enrollment In 2016, a higher percentage of 3- to 5-year-old children
increased overall between 2011 and 2016, there were not yet enrolled in kindergarten (49 percent) were cared for
enrollment decreases for some racial/ethnic groups and primarily in center-based programs than had no regular
increases for others (table 203.50). Between 2011 and 2016, nonparental care (27 percent) or were cared for primarily in
the enrollment of Hispanic students increased 13 percent home-based settings by relatives (14 percent) or by
and the enrollment of Asian students increased 10 percent. nonrelatives (8 percent) (table 202.30). An earlier survey in
Also, the enrollment of Pacific Islander students was 2005–06 found that there were differences in the average
3 percent higher in 2016 than in 2011. In contrast, the quality of care 4-year-old children received in these settings.
enrollment of American Indian/Alaska Native students A higher percentage of children in Head Start and other
decreased 7 percent, the enrollment of White students center-based programs (35 percent) received high-quality
decreased 5 percent, and the enrollment of Black students care than those in home-based relative and nonrelative care
decreased 1 percent. The reported number of students of (9 percent), according to the ratings of trained observers
Two or more races increased 45 percent between 2011 and (web-only table 202.60).
2016. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA),
From 2011 to 2016, changes in public elementary and enacted in 1975, mandates that children and youth ages
secondary school enrollment varied from state to state. 3–21 with disabilities be provided a free and appropriate
Thirty-five states and the District of Columbia had higher public school education. The percentage of total public
enrollment in 2016 than in 2011, while 15 states had lower school enrollment that represents children served by
enrollment in 2016 than in 2010 (table 203.20 and figure 8). federally supported special education programs increased
The largest public school enrollment increases occurred in from 8.3 percent to 13.8 percent between 1976–77 and
the District of Columbia (16 percent), North Dakota 2004–05 (table 204.30 and Digest of Education Statistics
(12 percent), and Utah (10 percent), and increases of 2016, table 204.30). Much of this overall increase can be
attributed to a rise in the percentage of students identified
as having specific learning disabilities from 1976–77
1
Public elementary enrollment includes students in prekindergarten (1.8 percent) to 2004–05 (5.7 percent). The overall
through grade 8 as well as elementary ungraded students. Public secondary percentage of students being served in programs for those
enrollment includes students in grades 9 through 12 as well as secondary
ungraded students and students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. with disabilities was slightly lower in 2017–18 (13.7) than in

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 55

56 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

2004–05 (13.8 percent). However, there were different teachers were under age 40, and 57 percent had a master’s
patterns of change in the percentages of students served with or higher degree. A lower percentage of public school prin-
some specific conditions between 2004–05 and 2017–18. cipals than of teachers were female: 54 percent of principals
The percentage of children identified as having other health were female, compared with 77 percent of teachers.
impairments (limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to From 1969–70 to 1980, there was an 8 percent increase
chronic or acute health problems such as a heart condition, in the number of public school teachers, compared with a
tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, nephritis, asthma, sickle cell 48 percent increase in the number of all other public school
anemia, hemophilia, epilepsy, lead poisoning, leukemia, or staff 3 (table B and table 213.10). Consequently, the
diabetes) rose from 1.1 to 2.0 percent of total public school percentage of staff who were teachers declined from
enrollment; the percentage with autism rose from 0.4 to 60 percent in 1969–70 to 52 percent in 1980. From 1980 to
1.4 percent; and the percentage with developmental delay 2016, the number of teachers and the number of all other
rose from 0.7 to 0.9 percent. The percentage of children with staff grew at more similar rates (45 and 67 percent,
specific learning disabilities declined from 5.7 percent to respectively) than they did in the 1970s. As a result, the
4.6 percent of total public school enrollment during this proportion of teachers among total staff was 4 percentage
period. In fall 2017, some 95 percent of 6- to 21-year-old points lower in 2016 than in 1980, in contrast to the decrease
students with disabilities were served in regular schools; of 8 percentage points during the 1970s. The numbers of
3 percent were served in a separate school for students with staff in two categories increased more than 100 percent
disabilities; 1 percent were placed in regular private schools between 1980 and 2016: the number of instructional aides
by their parents; and less than 1 percent each were served in rose 142 percent, and the number of instruction coordinators
one of the following environments: in a separate residential rose 339 percent. Taken together, the percentage of staff
facility, homebound or in a hospital, or in a correctional with direct instructional responsibilities (teachers and
facility (web-only table 204.60). instructional aides) was higher in 2016 (61 percent) than in
1980 (60 percent). In 2016, there were 8 pupils per staff
member (total staff) at public schools, compared with
Teachers and Other School Staff 10 pupils per staff member in 1980 (table 213.10). At
During the 1970s and early 1980s, public school enroll- private schools in 2011–12, the number of pupils per staff
ment decreased while the number of teachers generally member was 6 (web-only table 205.60).
increased. For public schools, the number of pupils per
teacher—that is, the pupil/teacher ratio 2—declined from Table B.. Number of public school staff, by selected categories:
1969–70, fall 1980, fall 2010, and fall 2016
22.3 in 1970 to 17.9 in 1985 (table 208.20 and figure 7). [In thousands]
After enrollment started increasing in 1985, the public
Selected staff category 1969–70 1980 2010 2016
school pupil/teacher ratio continued to decline, reaching Total .................................... 3,361 4,168 6,195 6,485
17.2 in 1989. After a period of relative stability from the Teachers ...................................... 2,016 2,184 3,099 3,169
late 1980s through the mid-1990s, the ratio declined from Instructional aides .......................
Instruction coordinators ...............
57
32
326
21
732
69
787
90
17.3 in 1995 to 15.3 in 2008. After 2008, the public school SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
pupil/teacher ratio increased, reaching 16.0 in 2016. In of State School Systems, 1969–70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary Schools,
1980; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/
comparison, the private school pupil/teacher ratio was 11.9 Secondary Education,” 2010­–11 and 2016–17.
in 2015. The average class size in 2011–12 was 21.2 pupils
for public elementary schools and 26.8 pupils for public In more recent years, the numbers of most types of staff
secondary schools (table 209.30). have increased (table 213.10). Overall, the number of pub-
In 2011–12, some 76 percent of public school teachers lic school staff increased 5 percent between fall 2010 and
were female, 44 percent were under age 40, and 56 percent fall 2016. The number of officials and administrators rose
had a master’s or higher degree (Digest of Education Statis- 9 percent during this period, and the number of principals
tics 2017, table 209.10). Compared with public school and assistant principals rose 11 percent. Also, the number
teachers, a lower percentage of private school teachers had of instruction coordinators rose 30 percent, the number of
a master’s or higher degree (43 percent). instructional aides rose 8 percent, and the number of sup-
Public school principals tend to be older and have more port staff rose 6 percent. The number of teachers rose 2 per-
advanced credentials than public school teachers. In 2015– cent between fall 2010 and fall 2016, and the number of
16, some 19 percent of public school principals were under guidance counselors was 6 percent higher in fall 2016 than
age 40, and 98 percent had a master’s or higher degree in fall 2010. In contrast, the number of librarians decreased
(table 212.08). In comparison, 43 percent of public school by 15 percent during this period.

2
The pupil/teacher ratio is based on all teachers—including teachers of
students with disabilities and other special teachers—and all students
enrolled in the fall of the school year. Unlike the pupil/teacher ratio, 3
“All other public school staff” includes administrative staff, principals,
the average class size excludes students and teachers in classes that are librarians, guidance counselors, secretaries, custodial staff, food service
exclusively for special education students. Class size averages are based workers, school bus drivers, and other professional and nonprofessional
on surveys of teachers reporting on the counts of students in their classes. staff.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 57

Schools School Choice

During most of the last century, the trend of consolidat- Over the past two decades, the range of options that
ing small schools brought declines in the total number of parents have for the education of their children has
public schools in the United States. In 1929–30, there were expanded. Private schools have been a traditional alternative
approximately 248,000 public schools, compared with to public school education, but there are now more options
about 98,000 in 2015–16 (table 214.10). However, the for parents to choose public charter schools, and more
number of public schools has increased in recent decades: parents are also homeschooling their children. Between fall
Between 1988–89 and 2006–07, there was an increase of 1999 and fall 2015, enrollment in elementary and secondary
approximately 15,600 schools. Since 2006–07, the number private schools decreased from 6.0 million to 5.8 million, a
of public schools has remained relatively stable, varying by decline of 0.3 million or 4 percent (table 105.30). Although
fewer than 500 schools from year to year. private school enrollment declined through much of this
While the total number of public schools in the country period, it was higher in fall 2015 (5.8 million) than in fall
has remained relatively stable in recent years, new schools 2011 (5.3 million). From fall 1999 to fall 2015, the
have opened and some schools have closed. In 2016–17, percentage of students who were enrolled in private schools
there were 1,098 school closures (web-only table 216.95). declined from 11.4 percent to 10.2 percent. In contrast,
The schools that closed had enrolled about 189,000 students enrollment in public charter schools increased between fall
in the prior school year (2015–16). Of the schools that 2000 and fall 2016, rising from 0.4 million to 3.0 million,
closed, 738 were regular schools, 66 were special education an increase of 2.6 million students (table 216.20). During
schools, 10 were vocational schools, and 284 were this period, the percentage of public elementary and
alternative schools. Of these closed schools, 181 were secondary school students who were in charter schools
classified as charter schools. The number of schools that increased from 0.7 percent to 6.0 percent. In addition, there
closed in 2016–17 was lower than the number in 2000–01 has been an increase in the number and percentage of 5- to
(1,193); however, the number of annual school closures 17-year-olds who are homeschooled (table 206.10 and web-
fluctuated during this period, ranging from 1,098 to 2,168. only table 206.20). About 1.7 million children were
School closures do not necessarily reflect the number of homeschooled in 2016, compared to 0.9 million in 1999.4
school buildings that have been closed, since a school may Also, the percentage of 5- to 17-year-olds who were
share a building with another school, or one school may homeschooled in 2016 (3.3 percent) was higher than in
have multiple buildings. 1999 (1.7 percent).
Since the early 1970s, public school systems have been Charter schools are the typical form of school choice
shifting away from junior high schools (schools consisting available to parents within the public education sector;
of either grades 7 and 8 or grades 7–9) and moving toward however, there is also some opportunity for school choice
middle schools (a subset of elementary schools beginning among traditional public schools. In 2016, the parents of
with grade 4, 5, or 6 and ending with grade 6, 7, or 8) (table 41 percent of all students in grades 1–12 indicated that
216.10). The number of all public elementary schools public school choice was available to them (web-only table
(schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with 206.40). Also in 2016, some 20 percent of the students in
grade 8 or below) increased 4 percent between 1970–71 and grades 1–12 were enrolled in public schools chosen by their
2006–17 (64,000 and 66,800, respectively). In contrast, the families (table 206.30). Some 71 percent of students
number of middle schools increased by 537 percent (from attended an assigned public school and 9 percent attended a
2,100 in 1970–71 to 13,300 in 2016–17). During the same private school. There were differences by some
period, the number of junior high schools declined by characteristics in the percentages of students who attended
67 percent (from 7,800 in 1970–71 to 2,500 in 2016–17). public schools chosen by their parents and the percentages
Compared over more recent years, the number of all ele- of students who attended private schools in 2016. For
mentary schools was less than 1 percent higher in 2016–17 example, the percentage of students attending chosen public
than in 2006–07, while the subset of middle schools rose by schools was higher for Black students (32 percent) and
4 percent to 13,300. During the same period, the number of Hispanic students (25 percent) than for White students
junior high schools declined by 19 percent to 2,500. The (14 percent). In contrast, the percentage attending private
total number of secondary schools in 2016–17 (23,800) was schools was higher for White students (11 percent) than for
slightly lower than the number in 2006–07 (23,900). Black students (8 percent) and Hispanic students (6 percent).
The average number of students in public elementary
schools increased from 473 in 2006–07 to 483 in 2016–17 4
The number of homeschooled children in 1999 is from Homeschooling
(table 216.45). In contrast, the average enrollment size of in the United States: 1999 (NCES 2001-033), available at https://
nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2001033. While National
public secondary schools was lower in 2016–17 (708) than Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to
in 2006–07 (711). Also, the average size of regular public 2012 were administered via telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2016
secondary schools—which exclude alternative, special edu- used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed
to respondents. Measurable differences in estimates between 1999 and
cation, and vocational education schools—was lower in 2016 could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could
2016–17 (802) than in 2006–07 (818). be due to the mode change from telephone to mail.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

58 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

There were also some differences in the percentage of population who are not enrolled in school and who have not
students in chosen public schools by different levels of completed a high school program, regardless of when they
parental educational attainment. A lower percentage of left school. (People who left school but went on to receive
students whose parents had completed only a bachelor’s a GED credential are not treated as dropouts.) Between
degree (18 percent) were enrolled in chosen schools, 1990 and 2017, the status dropout rate declined from 12.1
compared to students whose parents had not completed to 5.8 percent. During this period, the status dropout rate for
high school (23 percent) or who had only completed high Black 16- to 24-year-olds declined from 13.2 percent to
school (21 percent). In contrast, the percentage of students 5.7 percent and the rate for Hispanic 16- to 24-year-olds
attending private schools was higher for students whose declined from 32.4 to 9.5 percent. In 2017, the status drop-
parents had a bachelor’s degree (13 percent) or graduate out rate for White 16- to 24-year-olds (4.6 percent) was
degree (18 percent) than for students whose parents had less lower than the rate for Hispanic 16- to 24-year-olds, but it
than a high school diploma (5 percent), only a high school was not measurably different from the rate for Black 16- to
diploma (4 percent), or only some college or a vocational 24-year-olds.
degree (6 percent). The percentage of students attending
chosen public schools was higher for students living in cities Achievement
(31 percent) than for students in suburban areas (17 percent),
towns (14 percent), and rural areas (11 percent). Most of the student performance data in the Digest are
Compared with students in assigned public schools, a drawn from the National Assessment of Educational Prog-
higher percentage of students in chosen public schools had ress (NAEP). The NAEP assessments have been conducted
parents who were very satisfied with some elements of their using three basic designs: the national main NAEP, state
children’s education in 2016 (web-only table 206.50). NAEP (which includes the Trial Urban District Assess-
Among students in grades 3 through 12, the percentage of ment), and national long-term trend NAEP. The main
students whose parents were very satisfied with their school NAEP reports current information for the nation and spe-
was higher for students in chosen schools (60 percent) than cific geographic regions of the country. The assessment
for students in assigned schools (54 percent). Similarly, the program includes students drawn from both public and pri-
percentage of students whose parents were very satisfied vate schools and reports results for student achievement at
with their school’s academic standards was higher for stu- grades 4, 8, and 12. The main NAEP assessments follow the
dents in chosen schools (60 percent) than for students in frameworks developed by the National Assessment Gov-
assigned schools (53 percent). Also, higher percentages of erning Board and use the latest advances in assessment
students in chosen schools than in assigned schools had par- methodology. Because the assessment items reflect curric-
ents who were very satisfied with school order and disci- ula associated with specific grade levels, the main NAEP
pline (57 vs. 53 percent) as well as with staff interaction uses samples of students at those grade levels.
with parents (51 vs. 47 percent). There was no measurable Since 1990, NAEP assessments have also been con-
difference in the percentage of students who had parents ducted at the state level. Each participating state receives
who were highly satisfied with the teachers in their school, assessment results that report on the performance of stu-
whether assigned or chosen. dents in that state. In its content, the state assessment is
identical to the assessment conducted nationally. From
High School Graduates and Dropouts 1990 through 2001, the national sample was a subset of the
combined sample of students assessed in each participating
About 3,650,000 high school students are expected to state along with an additional sample from the states that
graduate during the 2019–20 school year (table 219.10), did not participate in the state assessment. For mathematics,
including 3,304,000 public school graduates and 347,000 reading, science, and writing assessments since 2002, a
private school graduates. High school graduates include combined sample of public schools has been selected for
only recipients of diplomas, not recipients of equivalency 4th- and 8th-grade national NAEP and state NAEP (includ-
credentials. The 2019–20 projection of high school gradu- ing the Trial Urban District Assessment).
ates is slightly lower than the prior record high projection of NAEP long-term trend assessments are designed to give
3,684,000 graduates for 2018–19, but it exceeds the baby information on the changes in the basic achievement level
boom era’s high point in 1975–76, when 3,142,000 students of America’s youth since the early 1970s. They are
earned diplomas. In 2016–17, about 85 percent of public administered nationally and report student performance in
high school students graduated with a regular diploma reading and mathematics at ages 9, 13, and 17. Measuring
within 4 years of first starting 9th grade (table 219.46). This long-term trends of student achievement requires the
rate is known as the 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate precise replication of past procedures. For example,
(ACGR). students of specific ages are sampled in order to maintain
The status dropout rate has decreased over the past two consistency with the original sample design. Similarly, the
decades (table 219.70). The status dropout rate is the percent- long-term trend instrument does not evolve based on
age of the civilian noninstitutionalized 16- to 24-year-old changes in curricula or in educational practices. The

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 59

differences in procedures between the main NAEP and the school students nationally, scores were lower in 2017 than
long-term trend NAEP mean that their results cannot be in 2015 in 9 states (table 221.40). The 4th-grade scores in
compared directly. the District of Columbia and the remaining 41 states did
The following paragraphs discuss results for the national not change measurably from 2015 to 2017. The scores for
main NAEP, state NAEP, and long-term trend NAEP. 8th-grade public school students were higher in 2017 than
Readers should keep in mind that comparisons of NAEP in 2015 nationally and in 9 states (table 221.60). However,
scores in the text (like all comparisons of estimates in the 8th-grade students in Montana scored lower in 2017 than
Digest) are based on statistical testing of unrounded values. in 2015, and the scores in the remaining 40 states and the
District of Columbia did not change measurably from 2015
Reading to 2017.
Reported on a scale of 0 to 500, NAEP long-term trend
The main NAEP reading assessment data are reported results in reading are available for 13 assessment years
on a scale of 0 to 500. In 2017, the average reading score going back to the first in 1971. The average reading score
for 4th-grade students (222) was not measurably different for 9-year-olds was higher in 2012 (221) than in assessment
from the 2015 score but was higher than the 1992 score years prior to 2008, increasing 5 points since 2004 and
(217) (table 221.10). At grade 4, the 2017 scores for White 13 points since 1971 (web-only table 221.85). The score for
(232), Black (206), Hispanic (209), and Asian/Pacific 13-year-olds in 2012 (263) was higher than in all previous
Islander (239) students were not measurably different from assessment years except for 1992. The score for 17-year-
the scores in 2015, but the score for each group was higher olds was higher in 2012 (287) than in 2004 (283), but it was
than in 1992 (224, 192, 197, and 216, respectively). In not measurably different from the score in 1971 (285).
2017, the average score for American Indian/Alaska Native White, Black, and Hispanic 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old
4th-graders (202) was not measurably different from the students all had higher average reading scores in 2012 than
scores in 2015 and 1994 (1994 was the first year data were they did in the first assessment year (which was 1975 for
available for 4th-grade American Indian/Alaska Native Hispanic students because separate data for Hispanics
students). For 8th-grade students, the score in 2017 (267) were not collected in 1971). The scores were higher in
was higher than in 2015 (265) or 1992 (260). At grade 8, 2012 than in 2004 for White, Black, and Hispanic students
the 2017 scores for White (275), Black (249), Hispanic at all three ages (web-only table 221.85). Reading results
(255), and Asian/Pacific Islander (282) students were not for 2012 continued to show gaps in scores between White
measurably different from the scores in 2015. Consistent and Black students (ranging from 23 to 26 points,
with the findings at grade 4, the scores for White, Black, depending on age) and between White and Hispanic
Hispanic, and Asian/Pacific Islander 8th-grade students students (about 21 points at all three ages). The White-
were higher in 2017 than in 1992. In 2017, the score for Black and White-Hispanic achievement gaps were smaller
8th-grade American Indian/Alaska Native students (253) in 2012 than in the first assessment year at all three ages.
was not measurably different from the scores in 2015 and For example, the White-Black reading gap for 17-year-
in 1994 (1994 was the first year data were available for olds was 53 points in 1971 compared with 26 points in
8th-grade American Indian/Alaska Native students). For 2012. Similarly, the White-Hispanic gap for 17-year-olds
12th-grade students, the score in 2015 (287) was not narrowed from 41 points in 1975 to 21 points in 2012.
measurably different from the score in 2013, but it was In 2012, female 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old students
lower than the score in 1992 (292). At grade 12, the 2015 continued to have higher average reading scores than male
scores for White (295), Hispanic (276), and Asian/Pacific students at all three ages (web-only table 221.85). The gap
Islander (297) students were not measurably different from between male and female 9-year-olds was 5 points in 2012;
the scores in 2013 and in 1992. For Black students, the this was narrower than the gap in 1971 (13 points). The
2015 score (266) was lower than the 1992 score (273), but 8-point gender gap for 13-year-olds in 2012 was not
it was not measurably different from the 2013 score. measurably different from the gap in 1971. At age 17, the
From 1992 through 2017, the average reading scores for 8-point gap between males and females in 2012 was not
White 4th- and 8th-grade students were higher than those measurably different from the gap in 1971.
of their Black and Hispanic peers (table 221.10). Although
the White-Black and White-Hispanic achievement gaps Mathematics
did not change measurably from 2015 to 2017 at either
grade 4 or 8, some of the racial/ethnic achievement gaps The main NAEP mathematics assessment data for 4th-
have narrowed since 1992. At grade 4, the White-Black and 8th-graders are reported on a scale of 0 to 500 (table
gap narrowed from 32 points in 1992 to 26 points in 2017; 222.10). The average 4th-grade mathematics score in 2017
at grade 8, the White-Hispanic gap narrowed from (240) was not measurably different from the score in 2015,
26 points in 1992 to 19 points in 2017. but it was higher than the score in 1990 (213). At grade 4,
While there was no measurable change from 2015 to the scores in 2017 for White (248), Black (223), Hispanic
2017 in the average reading score for 4th-grade public (229), and Asian/Pacific Islander (258) students were not

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

60 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

measurably different from the 2015 scores, but the score for going back to the first in 1973. In 2012, the average mathe-
each group was higher than in 1990 (220, 188, 200, and matics score for 9-year-olds (244) was higher than in all
225, respectively). The 2017 score for 4th-grade American previous assessment years prior to 2008 (web-only table
Indian/Alaska Native students (227) was not measurably 222.85). The score for 9-year-olds in 2012 was 5 points
different from the scores in 2015 and in 1996 (1996 was the higher than in 2004 and 25 points higher than in 1973. The
first year data were available for 4th-grade American score for 13-year-olds in 2012 (285) was higher than in all
Indian/Alaska Native students). The 8th-grade score in previous assessment years. For 13-year-olds, the score in
2017 (283) was not measurably different from the score in 2012 was 6 points higher than in 2004 and 19 points higher
2015, but it was higher than the score in 1990 (263). At than in 1973. In contrast, the score for 17-year-olds in 2012
grade 8, the scores for White (293), Black (260), Hispanic (306) was not measurably different from the scores in 2004
(269), and Asian/Pacific Islander (310) students in 2017 and in 1973.
were not measurably different from the scores in 2015, but White, Black, and Hispanic 9-, 13-, and 17-year-olds all
the score for each group was higher than in 1990 (270, 237, had higher average mathematics scores in 2012 than in
246, and 275, respectively). In 2017, the score for 8th-grade 1973 (web-only table 222.85). In comparison to 2004,
American Indian/Alaska Native students (267) was not scores were higher in 2012 for White 9- and 13-year-olds;
measurably different from the scores in 2015 and in 2000 Hispanic 13-year-olds; and Black 13-year-olds. Mathemat-
(2000 was the first year data were available for 8th-grade ics results for 2012 continued to show achievement gaps
American Indian/Alaska Native students). Due to changes between White and Hispanic students (ranging from 17 to
in the 12th-grade mathematics assessment framework, a 21 points [based on unrounded scores], depending on age)
new trend line started in 2005, with scores reported on a and between White and Black students (ranging from 25 to
scale of 0 to 300. The 12th-grade score in 2015 (152) was 28 points). For 9-year-olds, the White-Black gap was lower
lower than the score in 2013 (153) but not measurably dif- in 2012 than in 1973. For 13- and 17-year-olds, both the
ferent from the score in 2005, the first year the revised White-Black and the White-Hispanic gaps were lower in
assessment was administered. 2012 than in 1973. For example, among 17-year-olds, the
From 1990 through 2017, the average mathematics White-Black gap was 40 points in 1973 compared to
scores for White students in grades 4 and 8 were higher than 26 points in 2012, and the White-Hispanic gap was
those of their Black and Hispanic peers (table 222.10). 33 points in 1973 compared to 19 points in 2012.
Although the 4th-grade White-Black and White-Hispanic While there was no significant difference between the
achievement gaps did not change measurably from 2015 to average mathematics scores of male and female 9- and
2017, the White-Black achievement gap narrowed from 13-year-olds in 2012, male students did score higher than
32 points in 1990 to 25 points in 2017. The 4th-grade female students at age 17 (web-only table 222.85). At
White-Hispanic gap in 2017 (19 points) was not measur- age 17, the 4-point gender score gap in 2012 was smaller
ably different from the White-Hispanic gap in 1990. The than the gap in 1973 (8 points).
8th-grade White-Black gap (32 points) and White-Hispanic
gap (24 points) in 2017 were not measurably different from Science
the gaps in 2015 or in 1990.
While there was no measurable change from 2015 to NAEP has assessed the science abilities of students in
2017 in the average mathematics score for 4th-grade public grades 4, 8, and 12 in both public and private schools since
school students nationally, the score was higher in 2017 1996. As of 2009, however, NAEP science assessments are
than in 2015 in one state (Florida) (table 222.50). The math- based on a new framework, so results from these assess-
ematics scores for public school 4th-grade students were ments cannot be compared to results from earlier science
lower in 2017 than in 2015 in 10 states. For the remaining assessments. Scores are based on a scale ranging from 0 to
39 states and the District of Columbia, scores in 2017 were 300 (table 223.10). In 2015, the average 4th-grade science
not measurably different from the scores in 2015. At grade score (154) was higher than the score in 2009 (150). The
8, the national average mathematics score for public school 8th-grade score in 2015 (154) was higher than the scores in
students in 2017 was not measurably different from the 2009 (150) and in 2011 (152). The 12th-grade score in 2015
score in 2015 (table 222.60). In one state (Florida), the (150) was not measurably different from the score in 2009.
score for 8th-grade public school students was higher in In addition, the 5-point gender gap between male and
2017 than in 2015. In 3 states—Alaska, Rhode Island, and female 12th-graders in 2015 was not measurably different
Vermont—the score for 8th-grade students in public from the gap in 2009. While the scores for White 4th- and
schools was lower in 2017 than in 2015. The scores in the 8th-grade students remained higher than those of their
remaining 46 states and the District of Columbia showed no Black and Hispanic peers in 2015, racial/ethnic achieve-
measurable difference between 2015 and 2017. ment gaps in 2015 were smaller than in 2009. At grade 4,
NAEP long-term trend mathematics results, reported on the White-Black achievement gap was 36 points in 2009
a scale of 0 to 500, are available for 12 assessment years, and 33 points in 2015, and the White-Hispanic achievement

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 61

gap was 32 points in 2009 and 27 points in 2015. While the reporting a physical attack or fight without a weapon in
scores for White 12th-grade students remained higher than 2015–16 (65 percent) was not measurably different from
those of their Black and Hispanic peers in 2015, these the percentage in 1999–2000; however, the percentage of
racial/ethnic achievement gaps were not measurably differ- schools reporting a physical attack or fight with a weapon
ent between 2009 and 2015. in 2015–16 (3 percent) was lower than the percentage in
1999–2000 (5 percent). Also, the percentage of schools
Skills of Young Children reporting a threat of a physical attack without a weapon in
2015–16 (39 percent) was lower than the percentage in
In addition to student performance data available through 1999–2000 (52 percent). Overall, schools reported
NAEP, the Digest presents data from other surveys to pro- 18 violent incidents per 1,000 students in 2015–16, which
vide additional perspectives on student achievement. Dif- was lower than the 31 violent incidents per 1,000 students
ferences among demographic groups in the acquisition of reported in 1999–2000 (web-only table 229.20).
cognitive skills have been demonstrated at relatively early On the National Crime Victimization Survey, students
ages in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kinder- ages 12 to 18 reported a decrease in victimizations at
garten Class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K:2011). school between 1992 and 2017 (web-only table 228.20).
Children who enrolled in kindergarten for the first time The total victimization rates for students ages 12 to 18
in 2010–11 showed similar patterns of score differences by declined 82 percent, from 181 victimizations per 1,000
race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) (table 220.40 students in 1992 to 33 victimizations per 1,000 students in
and web-only table 220.41). In fall 2010, average mathe- 2017. This pattern of decline in total victimization rates
matics scores were higher for first-time kindergartners from between 1992 and 2017 also held for thefts, violent victim-
high-SES families (43) than for those from low-SES fami- izations, and serious violent victimizations. Thefts at
lies (29). White (39) and Asian (41) first-time kindergart- school declined from a rate of 114 thefts per 1,000 students
ners had higher mathematics scores than their Black (32), to 12 thefts per 1,000 students. The rate of violent victim-
Hispanic (31), and American Indian/Alaska Native (33) ization at school declined overall from 68 victimizations
peers. Similarly, average early reading scores in fall 2010 per 1,000 students in 1992 to 21 victimizations per 1,000 in
were higher for White (56) and Asian (59) first-time kinder- 2017. Serious violent victimizations at school declined
gartners than for their Black (53), Hispanic (51), and Amer- from 8 victimizations per 1,000 students in 1992 to 4 vic-
ican Indian/Alaska Native (50) peers. High-SES children timizations per 1,000 in 2017. The victimization rates for
(61) had higher early reading scores than low-SES children theft declined more rapidly than the victimization rates for
(49). Most of these same patterns were observed among violent crimes. In 1992, the victimization rates for theft
these children during 5th grade in spring 2016. White (125) were higher than the rates for violent crimes, but in 2017
and Asian (128) 5th-graders had higher mathematics scores the victimization rates for theft were lower than the rates
than their Black (109), Hispanic (114), and American for violent crimes.
Indian/Alaska Native (119) peers. Mathematics scores were
higher for 5th-graders from high-SES families (130) than
for those from low-SES families (110). Reading scores were
Revenues and Expenditures
also higher for White (140) and Asian (141) 5th-graders than The federal share of public school revenues in 2015–16
for their Black (130), Hispanic (132), and American Indian/ (8.3 percent) was lower than in 2005–06 (9.1 percent)
Alaska Native (134) peers, and 5th-graders from high-SES (figure 10). In contrast, the state share in 2015–16
families (145) had higher early reading scores than those (47.0 percent) was higher than in 2005–06 (46.5 percent).
from low-SES families (128). Also, the local share in 2015–16 (44.8 percent) was higher
than in 2004–05 (44.4 percent).
School Violence After adjustment for inflation, current expenditures per
student at public schools (based on fall enrollment) rose
In 2015–16, some 69 percent of public schools reported during the 1980s but remained stable during the first part
one or more violent incidents, such as a serious violent of the 1990s (table 236.55 and figure 11). There was an
incident, a physical attack, or a threat of a physical attack increase of 37 percent from 1980–81 to 1990–91, fol-
(table 229.10). This 2015–16 percentage was not lowed by minor fluctuations from 1990–91 to 1994–95.
measurably different from the percentage of schools Current expenditures per student increased 34 percent
reporting violent incidents in 1999–2000. Serious violent from 1994–95 to 2008–09 but declined 5 percent from
incidents is a subcategory of violent incidents that includes 2008–09 to 2012–13. Current expenditures per student
the crimes of rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated increased in 2013–14, 2014–15, and 2015–16, reaching
assault. The percentage of schools reporting a serious $11,841 in unadjusted dollars. The expenditure for public
violent incident in 2015–16 (15 percent) was lower than school student transportation was $943 per student in
the percentage reporting a serious violent incident in 2015–16 (also in unadjusted dollars) (web-only table
1999–2000 (20 percent). The percentage of schools 236.90).

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

62 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Figure 7. Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/teacher ratio, and expenditures in public elementary and secondary schools:
Selected years, 1960–61 through 2016–17
Fall enrollment, in millions
60

50
Total
40

30 Elementary

20
Secondary
10

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
School year beginning
Teachers, in millions Pupil/teacher ratio
3.5 35

3.0 30
Number of teachers
2.5 25

2.0 20

1.5 Pupil/teacher ratio 15

1.0 10

0.5 5

0.0 0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
School year beginning
Current expenditures, in billions
$700

600
In constant 2017–18 dollars
500

400 In current dollars

300

200

100

0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016
School year beginning
NOTE: Expenditure data for school year 2016 (2016–17) are projected.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, 1959–60 through 1969–70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary
Day Schools, 1959–60 through 1980–81; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1980–81; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State
Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1981–82 through 2016–17; “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16; and Public Elementary
and Secondary Education Current Expenditure Projection Model, 1973–74 through 2028–29.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 63

Figure 8. Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: Fall 2011 to fall 2016

WA
NH ME
MT ND
OR MN VT
ID MA
SD WI NY
WY MI
RI
IA PA CT
NV NE NJ
OH
UT IL IN DE
CA CO WV MD
KS MO VA
KY DC
NC
TN
AZ OK
NM AR SC

MS AL GA
TX LA
AK
FL
HI

Percent change

Increase of 5 percent or more (13 states & DC) Decrease of less than 5 percent (14 states)
Increase of less than 5 percent (22 states) Decrease of 5 percent or more (1 state)
NOTE: Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California. Graphic display was generated using unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary
Education,” 2011–12 and 2016–17.

Figure 9. Total and full-day preprimary enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds: October 1970 through October 2017
Enrollment, in millions
9

7
Total preprimary enrollment
6

3 Full-day preprimary enrollment

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
Year
NOTE: Data prior to 1994 may not be comparable to later years.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Preprimary Enrollment, 1970 and 1975; U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current
Population Survey (CPS), October 1976 through October 2017.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

64 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Figure 10. Percentage of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: 1970–71 through 2015–16
Percent of revenue
100

80

60
Local governments1

40
State governments

20
Federal government

0
1970–71 1975–76 1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16
School year
1
Includes intermediate sources below the state level.
NOTE: Beginning in 1988–89, extensive changes were made in the data collection procedures.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through
1986–87; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16.

Figure 11. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools: 1970–71 through
2015–16
Per pupil expenditure
$14,000

12,000

10,000

8,000
In constant 2017–18 dollars

6,000

4,000 In current dollars

2,000

0
1970–71 1975–76 1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16
School year

NOTE: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and enterprise operations. Beginning in 1988–89, extensive changes were made in the data collection
procedures. Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through
1986–87; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 201.10. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2015–16
1869– 1879– 1889– 1899– 1909– 1919– 1929– 1939– 1949– 1959– 1969– 1979– 1989– 1999– 2009– 2012– 2013– 2014– 2015–
Selected characteristic 70 80 90 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 10 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Population, pupils, and instructional staff
Total population (in thousands)1 ................................ 38,558 50,156 62,622 75,995 90,490 104,514 121,878 131,028 149,188 177,830 201,385 225,055 246,819 279,040 306,772 313,993 316,235 318,623 321,040
5- to 17-year-olds (in thousands)1 ......................... 11,683 15,066 18,473 21,573 24,011 27,571 31,414 30,151 30,223 43,881 52,386 48,043 44,947 52,811 53,890 53,725 53,726 53,700 53,713
5- to 17-year-olds as a percent of total
population ...................................................... 30.3 30.0 29.5 28.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 23.0 20.3 24.7 26.0 21.3 18.2 18.9 17.6 17.1 17.0 16.9 16.7
Total enrollment in elementary and secondary
schools (in thousands)2 ....................................... 7,562 3 9,867 12,723 15,503 17,814 21,578 25,678 25,434 25,112 36,087 45,550 41,651 40,543 46,857 49,361 49,771 50,045 50,313 50,438
Prekindergarten through grade 8 (in thousands) .... 7,481 3 9,757 12,520 14,984 16,899 19,378 21,279 18,833 19,387 27,602 32,513 28,034 29,152 33,486 34,409 35,018 35,251 35,370 35,388
Grades 9–12 (in thousands) .................................. 80 3 110 203 519 915 2,200 4,399 6,601 5,725 8,485 13,037 13,616 11,390 13,371 14,952 14,753 14,794 14,943 15,050
Enrollment as a percent of total population ............... 19.6 3 19.7 20.3 20.4 19.7 20.6 21.1 19.4 16.8 20.3 22.6 18.5 16.4 16.8 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.8 15.7
Enrollment as a percent of 5- to 17-year-olds ........... 64.7 3 65.5 68.9 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 84.4 83.1 82.2 87.0 86.7 90.2 88.7 91.6 92.6 93.1 93.7 93.9
Percent of total enrollment in grades 9­–12 ............... 1.1 3 1.1 1.6 3.3 5.1 10.2 17.1 26.0 22.8 23.5 28.6 32.7 28.1 28.5 30.3 29.6 29.6 29.7 29.8
High school graduates (in thousands) ........................ — — 22 62 111 231 592 1,143 1,063 1,627 2,589 2,748 2,320 2,554 3,128 3,169 — — —
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Average daily attendance (in thousands) ................... 4,077 6,144 8,154 10,633 12,827 16,150 21,265 22,042 22,284 32,477 41,934 38,289 37,799 43,807 45,919 46,554 46,830 47,064 47,248
Total number of days attended by pupils enrolled
4
(in millions) ......................................................... 539 801 1,098 1,535 2,011 2,615 3,673 3,858 3,964 5,782 7,501 6,835 — 7,858 8,199 8,354 8,404 8,434 8,461
Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily .................. 59.3 62.3 64.1 68.6 72.1 74.8 82.8 86.7 88.7 90.0 90.4 90.1 4 — 94.3 — — — — 93.0
Average length of school term, in days ...................... 132.2 130.3 134.7 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 175.0 177.9 178.0 178.9 178.5 4 — 179.4 178.6 179.5 179.5 179.2 179.1
Average number of days attended per pupil .............. 78.4 81.1 86.3 99.0 113.0 121.2 143.0 151.7 157.9 160.2 161.7 160.8 4 — 169.2 — — — — 166.5
Total full-time-equivalent (FTE) instructional staff
(in thousands) ..................................................... — — — — — 678 880 912 963 1,457 2,286 2,406 2,986 3,819 4,279 4,158 4,167 4,205 4,250
Supervisors (in thousands) .................................... — — — — — 7 7 5 — — — — — — — — — — —
Principals (in thousands) ....................................... — — — — — 14 31 32 43 64 91 106 126 137 168 169 168 175 182
Teachers, teacher aides, librarians, and guidance
counselors (in thousands)5 ............................... 201 287 364 423 523 657 843 875 920 1,393 2,195 2,300 2,860 3,682 4,111 3,989 3,999 4,030 4,068
Males (in thousands) .. ........................................ 78 123 126 127 110 93 140 195 196 404 4 711 4 782 4 — — — — — — —
Females (in thousands) ...................................... 123 164 238 296 413 585 703 681 724 989 4 1,484 4 1,518 4 — — — — — — —
Percent male ..................................................... 38.7 42.8 34.5 29.9 21.1 14.1 16.6 22.2 21.3 29.0 4 32.4 4 34.0 4 — — — — — — —

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Amounts in current dollars
Total revenues and expenditures
Total revenue receipts (in millions) ............................ — — $143 $220 $433 $970 $2,089 $2,261 $5,437 $14,747 $40,267 $96,881 $208,548 $372,944 $596,391 $603,770 $623,650 $647,679 $678,378
Federal government .............................................. — — — — — 2 7 40 156 652 3,220 9,504 12,701 27,098 75,998 55,861 54,506 55,003 55,981
State governments ................................................ — — — — — 160 354 684 2,166 5,768 16,063 45,349 98,239 184,613 258,864 273,215 288,637 301,530 318,573
Local sources, including intermediate .................... — — — — — 808 1,728 1,536 3,116 8,327 20,985 42,029 97,608 161,233 261,529 274,694 280,507 291,147 303,824
Percentage distribution of revenue receipts
Federal government .............................................. — — — — — 0.3 0.4 1.8 2.9 4.4 8.0 9.8 6.1 7.3 12.7 9.3 8.7 8.5 8.3
State governments ................................................ — — — — — 16.5 16.9 30.3 39.8 39.1 39.9 46.8 47.1 49.5 43.4 45.3 46.3 46.6 47.0
Local sources, including intermediate .................... — — — — — 83.2 82.7 68.0 57.3 56.5 52.1 43.4 46.8 43.2 43.9 45.5 45.0 45.0 44.8

Total expenditures for public schools (in millions) ...... $63 $78 $141 $215 $426 $1,036 $2,317 $2,344 $5,838 $15,613 $40,683 $95,962 $212,770 $381,838 $607,018 $606,813 $625,018 $651,135 $677,541
Current expenditures6 ............................................ — — 114 180 356 861 1,844 1,942 4,687 12,329 7 34,218 7 86,984 7 188,229 7 323,889 7 524,715 7 535,796 7 553,501 7 575,332 7 596,136 7
Capital outlay8 ....................................................... — — 26 35 70 154 371 258 1,014 2,662 4,659 6,506 17,781 43,357 56,715 45,721 46,438 50,610 55,989
Interest on school debt .......................................... — — — — — 18 93 131 101 490 1,171 1,874 3,776 9,135 17,232 17,266 17,152 17,479 17,502
Other current expenditures9 ................................... — — — — — 3 10 13 36 133 636 598 10 2,983 5,457 8,356 8,031 7,926 7,714 7,914
Percentage distribution of total expenditures
Current expenditures6 ............................................ — — 81.3 83.5 83.6 83.1 79.6 82.8 80.3 79.0 7 84.1 7 90.6 7 88.5 7 84.8 7 86.4 7 88.3 7 88.6 7 88.4 7 88.0 7
Capital outlay8 ....................................................... — — 18.7 16.5 16.4 14.8 16.0 11.0 17.4 17.0 11.5 6.8 8.4 11.4 9.3 7.5 7.4 7.8 8.3

Historical
Interest on school debt .......................................... — — — — — 1.8 4.0 5.6 1.7 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.8 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6
Other current expenditures9 ................................... — — — — — 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.6 0.6 10 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2

See notes at end of table.

65
 Table 201.10. Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2015–16—Continued

66
1869– 1879– 1889– 1899– 1909– 1919– 1929– 1939– 1949– 1959– 1969– 1979– 1989– 1999– 2009– 2012– 2013– 2014– 2015–

Historical
CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Selected characteristic 70 80 90 1900 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 2000 10 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Teacher salaries; income and expenditures per
pupil and per capita
Annual salary of classroom teachers11 ...................... $189 $195 $252 $325 $485 $871 $1,420 $1,441 $3,010 $4,995 $8,626 $15,970 $31,367 $41,807 $55,280 $56,173 $56,805 $57,754 $58,479
Personal income per member of labor force1 ............. — — — — — — 1,734 1,333 3,445 5,893 9,913 19,842 37,343 57,416 78,234 90,402 91,262 96,149 100,041
Total school expenditures per capita of total
population .......................................................... 2 2 2 3 5 10 19 18 39 88 202 426 862 1,368 1,979 1,933 1,976 2,044 2,110
National income per capita1 ...................................... — — — — — — 773 629 1,607 2,580 4,455 9,954 19,286 29,710 39,206 44,889 45,835 47,848 49,162
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13 ................. — — 14 17 28 53 87 88 210 375 816 2,272 4,980 7,394 11,427 11,509 11,819 12,224 12,617
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14 ....................... 16 13 17 20 33 64 108 106 260 471 955 2,491 5,547 8,589 13,035 12,859 13,174 13,668 14,170
National income per pupil in ADA13 ............................ — — — — — — 4,430 3,738 10,757 14,127 21,396 58,510 125,931 189,249 261,921 302,762 309,519 323,929 334,049
Current expenditure per day per pupil in ADA6,13,15 ..... — — 0.10 0.12 0.18 0.33 0.50 0.50 1.17 2.11 4.56 12.73 — 41.22 64.00 64.13 65.86 68.22 70.46
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13 .............. 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.40 0.63 0.60 1.46 2.65 5.34 13.95 — 47.90 73.02 71.67 73.43 76.29 79.14
Amounts in constant 2017–18 dollars16
Annual salary of classroom teachers11 ...................... — — — — — $11,340 $20,584 $25,585 $31,536 $42,180 $56,660 $51,042 $61,295 $61,275 $63,287 $60,246 $59,987 $60,548 $60,897
Personal income per member of labor force1 ............. — — — — — — 25,142 23,660 36,088 49,764 65,112 63,419 72,973 84,152 89,565 96,957 96,373 100,800 104,178
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Total school expenditures per capita of total

population .......................................................... — — — — — 129 276 318 410 741 1,327 1,363 1,685 2,006 2,265 2,073 2,087 2,142 2,198
National income per capita1....................................... — — — — — — 11,204 11,166 16,833 21,787 29,264 31,816 37,687 43,546 44,884 48,143 48,402 50,163 51,195
Current expenditure per pupil in ADA6,12,13 ................. — — — — — 694 1,257 1,564 2,204 3,168 5,360 7,261 9,731 10,837 13,082 12,344 12,481 12,816 13,139
Total expenditure per pupil in ADA13,14 ....................... — — — — — 833 1,573 1,877 2,728 3,978 6,273 7,960 10,840 12,589 14,923 13,791 13,912 14,329 14,756
National income per pupil in ADA13 ............................ — — — — — — 64,214 66,374 112,697 119,295 140,537 187,008 246,086 277,377 299,856 324,713 326,855 339,599 347,863
Current expenditure per day per pupil in ADA6,13,15 ..... — — — — — 4.3 7.2 8.9 12.3 17.8 30.0 40.7 — 60.4 73.3 68.8 69.6 71.5 73.4
Total expenditure per day per pupil in ADA13 .............. — — — — — 5.2 9.1 10.7 15.3 22.4 35.1 44.6 — 70.2 83.6 76.9 77.5 80.0 82.4

12
—Not available. Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs.
1 13
Data on population and labor force are from the Census Bureau, and data on personal income and national income are “ADA” means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools.
14
from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total Expenditure figure is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt.
15
population from the decennial census. From 1909–10 to 1959–60, population data are total population, including armed Per-day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term.
16
forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population that excludes armed forces overseas. Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of
2
Data for 1869–70 through 1959–60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment. Total counts of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.
ungraded students were prorated to prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12 based on prior reports. NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959–60, data include Alaska and
3
Data for 1870–71. Hawaii. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
4
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual Report of the United States
5
Prior to 1919–20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions. Commissioner of Education, 1869–70 through 1909–10; Biennial Survey of Education in the United States, 1919–20 through
6
Prior to 1919–20, includes interest on school debt. 1949–50; Statistics of State School Systems, 1959–60 and 1969–70; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School
7
Because of the modification of the scope of “current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools,” data for 1959–60 Systems, 1979–80; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Schools and
and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years. Staffing Survey (SASS), “Public School Questionnaire,” 1999–2000, 2007–08, and 2011–12; and Common Core of Data
8
Beginning in 1969–70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities. (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1989–90 through 2016–17; “National Public
9
Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959–60, also includes community Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16; and “State Dropout and Completion Data File,” 2012–13. U.S.
services, formerly classified with “current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools.” Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, retrieved November 8, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/
10
Excludes community colleges and adult education. demo/popest/nation-detail.html. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, retrieved March 29, 2019,
11
Prior to 1959–60, average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. Data for from https://www.bea.gov/itable/. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, retrieved March 29, 2019, from
1959–60 and later years are estimated by the National Education Association. https://stats.bls.gov/cps/tables.htm#empstat. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 67
Historical

Table 201.20. Enrollment in grades 9 through 12 in public and private schools compared with population 14 to 17 years of age:
Selected years, 1889–90 through fall 2018
[In thousands]
Enrollment, grades 9 to 12 Enrollment
as a
Public schools Private schools
ratio of
Population population
14 to 17 14 to 17
All Secondary Secondary years of years of
Year schools Total 9th grade 10th grade 11th grade 12th grade ungraded1 Total 9th grade 10th grade 11th grade 12th grade ungraded age2 age3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1889–90 ......... 298 203 — — — — — 95 — — — — — 5,355 5.6
1899–1900 ..... 630 519 — — — — — 111 — — — — — 6,152 10.2
1909–10 ......... 1,032 915 — — — — — 117 — — — — — 7,220 14.3
1919–20 ......... 2,414 2,200 917 576 396 312 0 214 — — — — — 7,736 31.2
1929–30 ......... 4,741 4,399 1,627 1,192 880 701 0 341 4 — — — — — 9,341 50.7
1939–40 ......... 7,059 6,601 2,011 1,767 1,486 1,282 55 458 5 — — — — — 9,720 72.6
1949–50 ......... 6,397 5,725 1,761 1,513 1,275 1,134 42 672 — — — — — 8,405 76.1
Fall 1959 ......... 9,306 8,271 — — — — — 1,035 — — — — — 11,155 83.4
Fall 1969 ......... 14,337 13,037 3,568 3,405 3,047 2,732 285 1,300 6 — — — — — 15,549 92.2
Fall 1970 ......... 14,647 13,336 3,654 3,458 3,128 2,775 321 1,311 — — — — — 15,924 92.0
Fall 1971 ......... 15,053 13,753 3,781 3,571 3,200 2,864 337 1,300 6 — — — — — 16,328 92.2
Fall 1972 ......... 15,148 13,848 3,779 3,648 3,248 2,873 299 1,300 6 — — — — — 16,639 91.0
Fall 1973 ......... 15,344 14,044 3,801 3,650 3,323 2,918 352 1,300 6 — — — — — 16,867 91.0
Fall 1974 ......... 15,403 14,103 3,832 3,675 3,302 2,955 339 1,300 6 — — — — — 17,035 90.4

Fall 1975 ......... 15,604 14,304 3,879 3,723 3,354 2,986 362 1,300 6 — — — — — 17,128 91.1
Fall 1976 ......... 15,656 14,314 3,825 3,738 3,373 3,015 363 1,342 — — — — — 17,119 91.5
Fall 1977 ......... 15,546 14,203 3,779 3,686 3,388 3,026 324 1,343 — — — — — 17,045 91.2
Fall 1978 ......... 15,441 14,088 3,726 3,610 3,312 3,023 416 1,353 — — — — — 16,946 91.1
Fall 1979 ......... 14,916 13,616 3,526 3,532 3,241 2,969 348 1,300 6 — — — — — 16,611 89.8
Fall 1980 ......... 14,570 13,231 3,377 3,368 3,195 2,925 366 1,339 — — — — — 16,143 90.3
Fall 1981 ......... 14,164 12,764 3,286 3,218 3,039 2,907 314 1,400 6 — — — — — 15,609 90.7
Fall 1982 ......... 13,805 12,405 3,248 3,137 2,917 2,787 315 1,400 6 — — — — — 15,057 91.7
Fall 1983 ......... 13,671 12,271 3,330 3,103 2,861 2,678 299 1,400 — — — — — 14,740 92.7
Fall 1984 ......... 13,704 12,304 3,440 3,145 2,819 2,599 300 1,400 6 — — — — — 14,725 93.1
Fall 1985 ......... 13,750 12,388 3,439 3,230 2,866 2,550 303 1,362 — — — — — 14,888 92.4
Fall 1986 ......... 13,669 12,333 3,256 3,215 2,954 2,601 308 1,336 6 — — — — — 14,824 92.2
Fall 1987 ......... 13,323 12,076 3,143 3,020 2,936 2,681 296 1,247 — — — — — 14,502 91.9
Fall 1988 ......... 12,893 11,687 3,106 2,895 2,749 2,650 288 1,206 6 — — — — — 14,023 91.9
Fall 1989 ......... 12,524 11,393 3,141 2,868 2,629 2,473 281 1,131 303 284 267 273 5 13,536 92.5
Fall 1990 ......... 12,476 11,341 3,169 2,896 2,612 2,381 284 1,136 6 — — — — — 13,329 93.6
Fall 1991 ......... 12,675 11,544 3,313 2,915 2,645 2,392 278 1,131 309 286 272 260 4 13,491 94.0
Fall 1992 ......... 12,862 11,737 3,352 3,027 2,656 2,431 272 1,125 6 — — — — — 13,775 93.4
Fall 1993 ......... 13,081 11,963 3,487 3,050 2,751 2,424 250 1,118 312 286 266 249 5 14,096 92.8
Fall 1994 ......... 13,354 12,215 3,604 3,131 2,748 2,488 244 1,138 6 — — — — — 14,637 91.2
Fall 1995 ......... 13,665 12,502 3,704 3,237 2,826 2,487 247 1,163 325 304 276 255 2 15,013 91.0
Fall 1996 ......... 14,027 12,849 3,801 3,323 2,930 2,586 208 1,178 6 — — — — — 15,443 90.8
Fall 1997 ......... 14,241 13,056 3,819 3,376 2,972 2,673 216 1,185 326 306 283 266 4 15,769 90.3
Fall 1998 ......... 14,407 13,195 3,856 3,382 3,021 2,722 214 1,212 6 — — — — — 15,829 91.0
Fall 1999 ......... 14,600 13,371 3,935 3,415 3,034 2,782 205 1,229 336 313 295 280 5 16,007 91.2
Fall 2000 .....… 14,781 13,517 3,963 3,491 3,083 2,803 177 1,264 6 — — — — — 16,144 91.6
Fall 2001 ......... 15,032 13,736 4,012 3,528 3,174 2,863 159 1,296 350 333 316 293 3 16,280 92.3
Fall 2002 ......... 15,374 14,069 4,105 3,584 3,229 2,990 161 1,306 6 — — — — — 16,506 93.1
Fall 2003 ......... 15,651 14,339 4,190 3,675 3,277 3,046 150 1,311 351 334 317 304 5 16,694 93.8
Fall 2004 ......... 15,949 14,618 4,281 3,750 3,369 3,094 122 1,331 6 — — — — — 17,054 93.5
Fall 2005 ......... 16,258 14,909 4,287 3,866 3,454 3,180 121 1,349
Fall 2006 ......... 16,441 15,081 4,260 3,882 3,551 3,277 110 1,360 6 — — — — — 17,549 93.7
Fall 2007 ......... 16,451 15,086 4,200 3,863 3,557 3,375 92 1,364 357 347 334 324 2 17,597 93.5
Fall 2008 ......... 16,322 14,980 4,123 3,822 3,548 3,400 87 1,342 6 — — — — — 17,395 93.8
Fall 2009 ......... 16,261 14,952 4,080 3,809 3,541 3,432 90 1,309 333 330 324 319 3 17,232 94.4
Fall 2010 ......... 16,159 14,860 4,008 3,800 3,538 3,472 42 1,299 6 — — — — — 17,066 94.7
Fall 2011 ......... 16,040 14,749 3,957 3,751 3,546 3,452 43 1,291 330 325 318 315 4 16,872 95.1
Fall 2012 ......... 16,055 14,753 3,975 3,730 3,528 3,477 43 1,302 6 — — — — — 16,722 96.0
Fall 2013 ......... 16,106 14,794 3,980 3,761 3,526 3,476 52 1,312 334 331 325 320 3 16,653 96.7
Fall 2014 ......... 16,316 14,943 4,033 3,794 3,568 3,496 52 1,373 6 — — — — — 16,748 97.4
Fall 2015 ......... 16,496 15,050 4,019 3,846 3,598 3,537 49 1,446 368 367 356 349 6 16,810 98.1
Fall 2016 ......... 16,612 15,138 3,986 3,860 3,669 3,571 52 1,474 6 — — — — — 16,779 99.0
Fall 20177 ........ 16,703 15,222 4,019 3,828 3,682 3,642 52 1,481 — — — — — 16,761 99.7
Fall 20187 ........ 16,756 15,264 4,047 3,859 3,652 3,655 52 1,492 — — — — — 16,700 100.3

—Not available. students was estimated based on the secondary proportion of ungraded students in
1
Includes students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. individual high schools. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Data for 1890 through 1950 are from the decennial censuses of population. Later data Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
are Census Bureau estimates as of July 1 preceding the opening of the school year. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Gross enrollment ratio (GER) based on school enrollment of all ages in grades 9 to 12 Annual Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1890 through 1910; Biennial Survey
divided by the 14- to 17-year-old population. The GER allows for comparisons over time of Education in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of State School
but is not intended to provide a precise measure of enrollment for any single year. Because Systems, 1951–52 through 1957–58; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary
some high school students are younger than 14 or older than 17, the GER is likely higher School Systems, 1959 through 1980; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary
than the enrollment rate for the 14- to 17-year-old population. The GER differs from Schools, 1959 through 1980; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of
enrollment rates in other tables, which compare the population in a given age group with Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1981–82 through 2016–17; Schools and Staffing
enrollment of persons in that age group only. Survey, Private School Data File, 1987–88; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90
4
Data are for 1927–28. through 2015–16; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972
5
Data are for 1940–41. through 2028; and unpublished data. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,
6
Estimated. Current Population Reports, Series P–25, Nos. 1000, 1022, 1045, 1057, 1059, 1092, and
7
Projected. 1095; 2000 through 2009 Population Estimates, retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://
NOTE: Includes enrollment in public schools that are a part of state and local school www.census.gov/popest/data/national/asrh/2011/index.html; and 2010 through 2018
systems and also in most private schools, both religiously affiliated and nonsectarian. The Population Estimates, retrieved November 8, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/
enrollment for ungraded public school students was estimated based on the secondary tables/2017/demo/popest/nation-detail.html. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
proportion of ungraded students in prior years. The enrollment of ungraded private school

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 202.10. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs, by age of child, level of program, control of program, and attendance status: Selected years, 1970

68
through 2017

Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Age of child, level and control of program,

and attendance status 1970 1980 1990 19951 20001 20031 20051 20101 20151 20161 20171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
3 to 5 years old2
Total population (in thousands) ............................ 10,949 (131.4) 9,284 (121.0) 11,207 (145.5) 12,518 (153.7) 11,858 (155.3) 12,204 (149.6) 12,134 (149.1) 12,949 (80.4) 11,958 (79.8) 12,032 (113.7) 12,001 (133.4)

Enrollment of 3- to 5-year-olds (in thousands)

Total ................................................................. 4,104 (78.9) 4,878 (75.0) 6,659 (88.8) 7,739 (86.4) 7,592 (86.2) 7,921 (82.6) 7,801 (82.7) 8,246 (107.3) 7,681 (107.3) 7,776 (103.5) 7,716 (117.0)
Level and attendance status
Preschool .................................................. 1,094 (48.9) 1,981 (61.5) 3,379 (83.0) 4,331 (84.6) 4,326 (86.5) 4,859 (84.7) 4,529 (83.4) 4,797 (94.5) 4,475 (96.9) 4,701 (116.0) 4,620 (141.8)
Full-day ................................................. 291 (26.2) 681 (39.1) 1,150 (54.9) 1,951 (64.5) 2,049 (67.9) 2,479 (69.6) 2,275 (67.3) 2,297 (81.4) 2,264 (73.0) 2,544 (91.0) 2,584 (108.0)
Part-day ................................................ 803 (42.5) 1,301 (52.1) 2,229 (72.2) 2,381 (69.8) 2,277 (70.8) 2,380 (68.5) 2,255 (67.1) 2,500 (75.4) 2,211 (81.3) 2,157 (86.7) 2,036 (90.2)
Kindergarten ............................................. 3,010 (72.8) 2,897 (69.6) 3,280 (82.3) 3,408 (79.2) 3,266 (80.3) 3,062 (75.0) 3,272 (76.6) 3,449 (75.9) 3,207 (84.3) 3,075 (92.9) 3,097 (90.2)
Full-day ................................................. 407 (30.9) 870 (43.8) 1,428 (60.3) 1,738 (61.5) 1,959 (66.7) 1,950 (63.4) 2,274 (67.3) 2,516 (69.7) 2,613 (77.3) 2,494 (86.7) 2,438 (83.4)
Part-day ................................................ 2,603 (69.4) 2,026 (62.0) 1,853 (67.2) 1,670 (60.5) 1,307 (56.3) 1,112 (49.8) 998 (47.4) 932 (53.4) 594 (42.3) 581 (44.8) 659 (48.6)
Control
Public ....................................................... 2,830 (71.4) 3,066 (70.6) 3,971 (86.5) 4,750 (86.3) 4,847 (88.3) 5,051 (85.2) 5,213 (85.4) 5,829 (105.5) 5,426 (95.6) 5,586 (98.7) 5,501 (105.4)
Private ...................................................... 1,274 (52.3) 1,812 (59.5) 2,688 (77.2) 2,989 (75.8) 2,745 (75.8) 2,870 (73.4) 2,588 (70.7) 2,417 (77.1) 2,255 (70.5) 2,190 (83.4) 2,216 (100.2)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Attendance status
Full-day .................................................... 698 (39.8) 1,551 (56.0) 2,577 (76.1) 3,689 (81.1) 4,008 (85.0) 4,429 (83.2) 4,548 (83.5) 4,813 (98.5) 4,877 (101.5) 5,038 (105.0) 5,022 (109.8)
Part-day .................................................... 3,406 (75.5) 3,327 (72.0) 4,082 (87.0) 4,051 (83.2) 3,584 (82.5) 3,492 (78.2) 3,253 (76.4) 3,432 (88.5) 2,804 (91.6) 2,738 (87.7) 2,694 (93.9)

Percent of 3- to 5-year-olds enrolled

Total ................................................................. 37.5 (0.72) 52.5 (0.81) 59.4 (0.79) 61.8 (0.69) 64.0 (0.73) 64.9 (0.68) 64.3 (0.68) 63.7 (0.66) 64.2 (0.79) 64.6 (0.81) 64.3 (0.77)
Full-day as a percent of total
enrollment ............................................... 17.0 (0.91) 31.8 (1.04) 38.7 (1.02) 47.7 (0.90) 52.8 (0.95) 55.9 (0.87) 58.3 (0.87) 58.4 (0.92) 63.5 (1.04) 64.8 (1.03) 65.1 (1.08)
Full-day preschool as a percent of
total preschool enrollment ....................... 26.6 (2.08) 34.3 (1.66) 34.0 (1.39) 45.0 (1.20) 47.4 (1.25) 51.0 (1.12) 50.2 (1.16) 47.9 (1.31) 50.6 (1.34) 54.1 (1.45) 55.9 (1.51)
Full-day kindergarten as a percent of
total kindergarten enrollment .................. 13.5 (0.97) 30.0 (1.33) 43.5 (1.48) 51.0 (1.36) 60.0 (1.41) 63.7 (1.36) 69.5 (1.26) 73.0 (1.38) 81.5 (1.21) 81.1 (1.34) 78.7 (1.42)

3 and 4 years old

Total population (in thousands) ............................ 7,135 (106.1) 6,215 (99.0) 7,415 (118.3) 8,294 (125.1) 7,869 (126.5) 8,336 (123.6) 8,179 (122.4) 8,850 (63.8) 7,971 (80.7) 7,971 (156.9) 8,030 (186.2)
Age
3 years old ................................................... 3,516 (74.4) 3,143 (70.4) 3,692 (83.5) 4,148 (88.5) 3,929 (89.4) 4,260 (88.4) 4,151 (87.2) 4,492 (59.4) 3,937 (92.3) 3,978 (71.2) 4,086 (81.1)
4 years old ................................................... 3,620 (75.5) 3,072 (69.6) 3,723 (83.8) 4,145 (88.5) 3,940 (89.5) 4,076 (86.4) 4,028 (85.9) 4,358 (57.7) 4,034 (76.3) 3,993 (137.5) 3,943 (158.3)

Enrollment of 3- and 4-year-olds (in thousands)

Total ................................................................. 1,461 (53.1) 2,280 (59.2) 3,292 (73.1) 4,043 (72.4) 4,097 (73.1) 4,590 (71.1) 4,383 (70.6) 4,706 (84.1) 4,203 (91.5) 4,289 (121.2) 4,319 (148.1)
Age
3 years old ............................................... 454 (31.0) 857 (38.9) 1,205 (48.7) 1,489 (49.1) 1,541 (50.5) 1,806 (50.5) 1,715 (49.7) 1,718 (59.5) 1,512 (70.2) 1,656 (63.8) 1,641 (76.5)
4 years old ............................................... 1,007 (42.0) 1,423 (43.1) 2,087 (51.7) 2,553 (49.8) 2,556 (49.4) 2,785 (46.5) 2,668 (47.0) 2,988 (67.2) 2,691 (72.1) 2,633 (87.9) 2,678 (121.9)
Level and attendance status
Preschool .................................................. 1,003 (45.8) 1,889 (56.5) 3,026 (72.3) 3,720 (72.0) 3,762 (73.1) 4,198 (71.5) 4,024 (70.8) 4,245 (85.3) 3,855 (88.9) 4,034 (110.7) 3,966 (145.2)
Full-day ................................................. 263 (24.8) 649 (37.6) 1,028 (50.8) 1,715 (58.6) 1,763 (61.0) 2,135 (62.4) 1,986 (60.7) 2,018 (70.6) 1,914 (70.3) 2,178 (81.4) 2,223 (106.3)
Part-day ................................................ 741 (40.1) 1,240 (49.1) 1,998 (65.3) 2,006 (62.0) 1,999 (63.7) 2,063 (61.7) 2,038 (61.3) 2,226 (73.0) 1,941 (75.5) 1,856 (80.9) 1,742 (87.8)
Kindergarten ............................................. 458 (32.3) 391 (29.8) 266 (27.3) 322 (28.0) 335 (29.6) 392 (30.3) 359 (29.0) 462 (44.6) 348 (36.5) 254 (32.0) 353 (34.3)
Full-day ................................................. 110 (16.2) 139 (18.2) 135 (19.7) 144 (18.9) 181 (21.9) 245 (24.1) 247 (24.2) 247 (31.4) 253 (32.2) 202 (26.7) 216 (29.5)
Part-day ................................................ 348 (28.3) 252 (24.2) 131 (19.4) 178 (21.0) 154 (20.3) 147 (18.8) 112 (16.5) 214 (28.5) 95 (17.4) ‡ (†) 137 (23.4)
Control
Public ....................................................... 617 (37.0) 838 (42.0) 1,211 (54.4) 1,787 (59.5) 2,042 (64.2) 2,374 (64.5) 2,341 (64.0) 2,795 (82.2) 2,477 (80.6) 2,532 (86.5) 2,630 (111.8)
Private ...................................................... 844 (42.5) 1,441 (51.9) 2,081 (66.1) 2,256 (64.4) 2,055 (64.3) 2,216 (63.2) 2,042 (61.3) 1,911 (64.0) 1,726 (68.7) 1,757 (80.9) 1,689 (86.4)
Attendance status
Full-day .................................................... 373 (29.3) 788 (40.9) 1,163 (53.5) 1,858 (60.4) 1,944 (63.1) 2,380 (64.6) 2,233 (63.1) 2,265 (69.0) 2,167 (75.0) 2,381 (87.8) 2,439 (108.0)
Part-day .................................................... 1,088 (47.3) 1,492 (52.5) 2,129 (66.6) 2,184 (63.8) 2,153 (65.3) 2,211 (63.1) 2,150 (62.4) 2,441 (76.5) 2,036 (75.3) 1,908 (83.3) 1,879 (91.8)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 202.10. Enrollment of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children in preprimary programs, by age of child, level of program, control of program, and attendance status: Selected years, 1970
through 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Age of child, level and control of program,

and attendance status 1970 1980 1990 19951 20001 20031 20051 20101 20151 20161 20171
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Percent of 3- and 4-year-olds enrolled
Total ................................................................. 20.5 (1.65) 36.7 (1.57) 44.4 (1.48) 48.7 (1.25) 52.1 (1.29) 55.1 (1.15) 53.6 (1.18) 53.2 (0.89) 52.7 (1.02) 53.8 (1.04) 53.8 (1.08)
Age
3 years old ............................................... 12.9 (2.45) 27.3 (2.37) 32.6 (2.31) 35.9 (1.98) 39.2 (2.05) 42.4 (1.82) 41.3 (1.86) 38.2 (1.25) 38.4 (1.45) 41.6 (1.49) 40.2 (1.67)
4 years old ............................................... 27.8 (2.20) 46.3 (2.06) 56.1 (1.86) 61.6 (1.53) 64.9 (1.56) 68.3 (1.38) 66.2 (1.43) 68.6 (1.25) 66.7 (1.32) 65.9 (1.50) 67.9 (1.35)
Full-day as a percent of total
enrollment ............................................... 25.5 (1.78) 34.5 (1.55) 35.3 (1.42) 46.0 (1.25) 47.4 (1.29) 51.8 (1.16) 50.9 (1.18) 48.1 (1.26) 51.6 (1.42) 55.5 (1.42) 56.5 (1.57)
Full-day preschool as a percent of
total preschool enrollment ....................... 26.2 (2.16) 34.3 (1.70) 34.0 (1.47) 46.1 (1.30) 46.9 (1.34) 50.9 (1.21) 49.3 (1.23) 47.5 (1.36) 49.6 (1.49) 54.0 (1.49) 56.1 (1.64)
Full-day kindergarten as a percent of
total kindergarten enrollment .................. 24.0 (3.11) 35.6 (3.77) 50.8 (5.24) 44.6 (4.40) 54.0 (4.49) 62.4 (3.83) 68.8 (3.83) 53.6 (4.30) 72.8 (4.53) 79.6 (5.44) 61.2 (5.69)
2
5 years old
Total population (in thousands) ............................ 3,814 (77.5) 3,069 (69.6) 3,792 (84.6) 4,224 (89.3) 3,989 (90.1) 3,867 (84.2) 3,955 (85.1) 4,099 (57.9) 3,987 (73.9) 4,061 (90.5) 3,972 (100.6)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Enrollment of 5-year-olds (in thousands)

Total ................................................................. 2,643 (44.4) 2,598 (31.1) 3,367 (33.2) 3,697 (34.1) 3,495 (34.3) 3,331 (33.7) 3,418 (33.7) 3,540 (56.2) 3,478 (74.8) 3,488 (96.5) 3,398 (90.4)
Level and attendance status
Preschool .................................................. 91 (14.7) 93 (14.8) 352 (30.5) 611 (36.3) 565 (36.3) 661 (36.7) 505 (32.9) 552 (35.8) 620 (46.1) 667 (45.3) 654 (48.1)
Full-day ................................................. 28 (8.3) 32 (8.8) 122 (18.5) 236 (23.7) 286 (26.9) 344 (27.7) 289 (25.6) 279 (29.2) 350 (31.8) 366 (36.8) 361 (32.0)
Part-day ................................................ 62 (12.2) 61 (12.0) 231 (25.2) 375 (29.4) 278 (26.6) 316 (26.7) 216 (22.4) 274 (26.9) 270 (32.1) 301 (31.2) 293 (36.5)
Kindergarten ............................................. 2,552 (45.3) 2,505 (33.4) 3,015 (42.5) 3,086 (45.8) 2,931 (46.0) 2,670 (45.0) 2,913 (43.4) 2,987 (59.8) 2,859 (75.1) 2,821 (93.5) 2,744 (88.2)
Full-day ................................................. 297 (25.8) 731 (36.8) 1,293 (49.9) 1,594 (50.1) 1,778 (51.8) 1,705 (48.4) 2,027 (49.2) 2,269 (60.2) 2,360 (70.9) 2,292 (85.3) 2,222 (77.4)
Part-day ................................................ 2,255 (47.3) 1,774 (42.6) 1,722 (52.4) 1,492 (49.4) 1,152 (47.2) 965 (42.1) 886 (41.1) 718 (43.0) 499 (39.8) 529 (46.5) 522 (42.7)
Control

Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children

Public ....................................................... 2,214 (47.5) 2,228 (38.5) 2,760 (46.8) 2,963 (47.3) 2,806 (47.6) 2,677 (45.0) 2,872 (43.9) 3,034 (57.8) 2,950 (70.7) 3,055 (89.2) 2,871 (90.7)
Private ...................................................... 429 (30.4) 370 (28.1) 607 (38.6) 733 (39.1) 690 (39.4) 654 (36.5) 546 (34.0) 506 (35.0) 529 (37.6) 433 (37.3) 527 (39.7)
Attendance status
Full-day .................................................... 326 (26.9) 763 (37.3) 1,414 (50.9) 1,830 (51.2) 2,065 (52.1) 2,050 (48.6) 2,316 (48.5) 2,548 (60.1) 2,710 (72.4) 2,657 (87.4) 2,583 (78.4)
Part-day..................................................... 2,317 (47.0) 1,835 (42.3) 1,953 (52.6) 1,867 (51.3) 1,431 (50.0) 1,281 (45.8) 1,102 (44.2) 992 (44.6) 768 (51.7) 830 (52.5) 815 (56.2)

Percent of 5-year-olds enrolled

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Total ................................................................. 69.3 (1.16) 84.7 (1.01) 88.8 (0.88) 87.5 (0.81) 87.6 (0.86) 86.1 (0.87) 86.4 (0.85) 86.3 (0.92) 87.2 (0.95) 85.9 (1.05) 85.5 (1.08)
Full-day as a percent of total
enrollment ............................................... 12.3 (1.00) 29.4 (1.39) 42.0 (1.45) 49.5 (1.31) 59.1 (1.37) 61.5 (1.32) 67.7 (1.25) 72.0 (1.20) 77.9 (1.38) 76.2 (1.34) 76.0 (1.42)
Full-day preschool as a percent of
total preschool enrollment ....................... 31.3 (7.58) 34.6 (7.70) 34.5 (4.33) 38.7 (3.13) 50.7 (3.47) 52.1 (3.04) 57.2 (3.45) 50.5 (3.90) 56.5 (3.60) 54.9 (3.82) 55.2 (3.76)
Full-day kindergarten as a percent of
total kindergarten enrollment .................. 11.6 (0.99) 29.2 (1.42) 42.9 (1.54) 51.7 (1.43) 60.7 (1.49) 63.9 (1.46) 69.6 (1.34) 76.0 (1.35) 82.6 (1.30) 81.2 (1.48) 81.0 (1.36)

†Not applicable. NOTE: Preprimary programs include kindergarten and preschool (or nursery school) programs. “Preschool,” which was
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is referred to as “nursery school” in previous versions of this table, is defined as a group or class that is organized to provide
50 percent or greater. educational experiences for children during the year or years preceding kindergarten. Data are based on sample surveys of the
1
Beginning in 1994, preprimary enrollment data were collected using new procedures. Data may not be comparable to civilian noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons
figures for earlier years. or nursing facilities). Prior to 2010, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather
2
Enrollment data for 5-year-olds include only those students in preprimary programs and do not include those enrolled in than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
primary programs. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 1970 through 2017.
(This table was prepared July 2018.)

69
 Table 202.20. Percentage of 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children enrolled in preprimary programs, by level of program, attendance status, and selected child and family characteristics: 2017

70
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Total 3- to Percent of 3- to 5-year-old population enrolled
Percentage distribution
5-year-old Preschool Kindergarten of enrollment
population Total enrollment
Selected child or family characteristic (in thousands) (in thousands) Total Total Full-day Part-day Total Full-day Part-day Full-day Part-day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total ............................................ 12,001 (133.4) 7,716 (117.0) 64.3 (0.77) 38.5 (0.98) 21.5 (0.81) 17.0 (0.70) 25.8 (0.85) 20.3 (0.76) 5.5 (0.41) 65.1 (1.08) 34.9 (1.08)
Sex
Male ................................................ 6,163 (118.1) 3,911 (90.1) 63.5 (1.03) 38.1 (1.24) 21.3 (1.09) 16.8 (0.92) 25.4 (1.20) 19.5 (1.03) 5.8 (0.61) 64.3 (1.62) 35.7 (1.62)
Female ............................................. 5,839 (61.5) 3,806 (69.0) 65.2 (1.01) 38.9 (1.22) 21.8 (1.04) 17.1 (0.94) 26.3 (0.89) 21.1 (0.87) 5.1 (0.47) 65.8 (1.34) 34.2 (1.34)
Age of child
3 and 4 years old ............................. 8,030 (186.2) 4,319 (148.1) 53.8 (1.08) 49.4 (1.11) 27.7 (1.05) 21.7 (0.91) 4.4 (0.43) 2.7 (0.38) 1.7 (0.29) 56.5 (1.57) 43.5 (1.57)
3 years old ................................... 4,086 (81.1) 1,641 (76.5) 40.2 (1.67) 38.6 (1.57) 21.8 (1.39) 16.8 (1.19) 1.6 (0.40) 1.0! (0.35) 0.5! (0.21) 56.8 (2.56) 43.2 (2.56)
4 years old ................................... 3,943 (158.3) 2,678 (121.9) 67.9 (1.35) 60.6 (1.43) 33.8 (1.45) 26.8 (1.33) 7.3 (0.84) 4.4 (0.67) 2.9 (0.54) 56.3 (1.85) 43.7 (1.85)
5 years old ....................................... 3,972 (100.6) 3,398 (90.4) 85.5 (1.08) 16.5 (1.18) 9.1 (0.81) 7.4 (0.89) 69.1 (1.36) 55.9 (1.44) 13.1 (0.98) 76.0 (1.42) 24.0 (1.42)
Race/ethnicity of child
White ............................................... 5,885 (48.5) 3,894 (63.8) 66.2 (1.01) 41.4 (1.56) 21.6 (1.10) 19.8 (1.01) 24.8 (1.65) 19.6 (1.42) 5.1 (0.62) 62.3 (1.51) 37.7 (1.51)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Black ............................................... 1,668 (74.1) 1,068 (65.3) 64.0 (2.43) 42.9 (2.52) 32.1 (2.31) 10.9 (1.73) 21.1 (1.83) 17.9 (1.78) 3.2 (0.81) 78.1 (3.04) 21.9 (3.04)
Hispanic ........................................... 3,151 (49.3) 1,920 (57.8) 60.9 (1.61) 31.3 (1.69) 15.8 (1.46) 15.5 (1.34) 29.6 (1.21) 22.0 (1.21) 7.6 (0.98) 62.1 (2.36) 37.9 (2.36)
Asian ................................................ 598 (35.1) 402 (31.8) 67.2 (3.55) 35.4 (3.63) 18.4 (3.01) 17.0 (2.81) 31.8 (3.10) 24.7 (2.93) 7.1 (1.85) 64.2 (4.23) 35.8 (4.23)
Pacific Islander ................................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ......... 131 (21.4) 72 (15.7) 54.8 (8.09) 34.3 (7.55) 23.1! (8.02) 11.2! (4.06) 20.5 (4.96) 20.2 (4.97) ‡ (†) 79.0 (7.69) 21.0! (7.69)
Two or more races ........................... 529 (35.8) 345 (32.7) 65.3 (3.79) 40.7 (4.14) 25.1 (3.79) 15.6 (3.04) 24.6 (3.45) 20.8 (3.25) 3.8! (1.65) 70.3 (5.06) 29.7 (5.06)
Number of parents or guardians
in household
One parent or guardian .................... 3,427 (119.0) 2,178 (98.3) 63.6 (1.56) 36.4 (1.60) 23.4 (1.51) 13.0 (1.13) 27.2 (1.49) 21.8 (1.35) 5.4 (0.81) 71.0 (1.98) 29.0 (1.98)
Two parents or guardians ................. 8,575 (130.4) 5,538 (116.5) 64.6 (0.94) 39.3 (1.21) 20.8 (0.87) 18.5 (0.92) 25.3 (1.01) 19.7 (0.92) 5.5 (0.48) 62.8 (1.35) 37.2 (1.35)
Mother’s current employment
status1
Employed ......................................... 7,010 (132.9) 4,740 (108.6) 67.6 (0.96) 40.6 (1.19) 24.1 (1.03) 16.5 (0.95) 27.0 (1.00) 21.2 (0.92) 5.8 (0.54) 67.0 (1.37) 33.0 (1.37)
Unemployed ..................................... 324 (37.3) 201 (28.3) 62.2 (5.19) 39.2 (5.28) 30.9 (4.86) 8.4! (3.19) 23.0 (4.46) 19.3 (4.18) 3.6! (1.81) 80.7 (5.57) 19.3 (5.57)
Not in the labor force ........................ 4,109 (117.6) 2,414 (93.9) 58.8 (1.50) 35.5 (1.55) 16.5 (1.15) 19.0 (1.27) 23.3 (1.40) 18.5 (1.26) 4.8 (0.67) 59.6 (2.13) 40.4 (2.13)
No mother in household ................... 559 (49.8) 361 (39.1) 64.6 (4.02) 33.7 (3.94) 21.2 (3.13) 12.5 (3.03) 30.9 (3.64) 23.2 (3.60) 7.7 (2.26) 68.7 (4.91) 31.3 (4.91)
Father’s current employment status1
Employed ......................................... 8,318 (117.1) 5,375 (107.0) 64.6 (0.95) 39.0 (1.19) 20.9 (0.85) 18.1 (0.91) 25.6 (1.07) 20.1 (0.97) 5.5 (0.50) 63.5 (1.35) 36.5 (1.35)
Unemployed ..................................... 215 (35.5) 130 (24.7) 60.5 (6.08) 33.7 (5.53) 16.8 (4.68) 16.9 (4.80) 26.8 (5.38) 18.3 (5.05) 8.5! (4.05) 57.9 (7.99) 42.1 (7.99)
Not in the labor force ........................ 601 (52.2) 394 (44.6) 65.6 (3.99) 41.1 (4.03) 21.2 (3.89) 19.9 (2.83) 24.5 (3.30) 17.7 (2.96) 6.8 (1.88) 59.3 (4.93) 40.7 (4.93)
No father in household ..................... 2,868 (109.6) 1,817 (87.5) 63.4 (1.71) 36.9 (1.77) 23.8 (1.60) 13.1 (1.24) 26.5 (1.55) 21.5 (1.37) 4.9 (0.82) 71.5 (2.10) 28.5 (2.10)

Every parent or guardian

employed1 ..................................... 7,045 (129.5) 4,751 (106.9) 67.4 (0.98) 39.9 (1.10) 24.0 (1.01) 15.9 (0.89) 27.6 (1.01) 21.9 (0.93) 5.7 (0.53) 68.0 (1.31) 32.0 (1.31)
No parent or guardian employed1 ......... 1,295 (73.6) 760 (54.4) 58.7 (2.60) 34.3 (2.61) 21.2 (2.41) 13.1 (1.97) 24.4 (2.32) 20.1 (2.06) 4.3 (1.09) 70.3 (3.39) 29.7 (3.39)
Highest educational attainment of
parents or guardians1
Less than high school ...................... 1,044 (72.2) 546 (53.1) 52.3 (3.08) 25.9 (2.59) 12.9 (2.06) 13.0 (2.09) 26.4 (2.89) 20.9 (2.67) 5.5 (1.47) 64.7 (4.22) 35.3 (4.22)
High school completion2 ................... 2,499 (97.9) 1,481 (72.6) 59.3 (1.96) 33.1 (2.01) 18.9 (1.42) 14.2 (1.48) 26.2 (1.67) 21.2 (1.54) 5.0 (0.78) 67.7 (2.35) 32.3 (2.35)
Some college, no degree .................. 2,012 (89.5) 1,251 (72.1) 62.2 (1.99) 34.1 (2.03) 20.2 (1.84) 13.9 (1.41) 28.1 (1.86) 20.8 (1.67) 7.3 (1.12) 65.8 (2.40) 34.2 (2.40)
Associate’s degree ........................... 1,444 (82.5) 864 (56.2) 59.8 (2.44) 35.6 (2.39) 20.4 (1.90) 15.2 (1.77) 24.3 (2.23) 20.1 (2.00) 4.2 (1.13) 67.7 (3.08) 32.3 (3.08)
Bachelor’s degree ............................ 2,665 (95.7) 1,849 (74.7) 69.4 (1.52) 46.9 (2.17) 26.1 (1.84) 20.8 (1.61) 22.5 (1.99) 17.6 (1.69) 4.9 (0.83) 62.9 (2.26) 37.1 (2.26)
Graduate or professional degree........ 2,337 (92.6) 1,726 (80.6) 73.8 (1.76) 46.0 (2.25) 24.9 (1.74) 21.1 (1.76) 27.8 (1.82) 21.9 (1.80) 5.9 (0.88) 63.4 (2.22) 36.6 (2.22)

†Not applicable. educational experiences for children during the year or years preceding kindergarten. Enrollment data for 5-year-olds
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. include only those students in preprimary programs and do not include those enrolled in primary programs. Race categories
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population,
50 percent or greater. which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or nursing facilities). Detail may not
1
Data pertain only to parents or guardians who live in the household with the child. sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Includes completion of high school through equivalency programs, such as a GED program. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 2017. (This table
NOTE: Preprimary programs include kindergarten and preschool (or nursery school) programs. “Preschool,” which was was prepared July 2018.)
referred to as “nursery school” in previous versions of this table, is defined as a group or class that is organized to provide
 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 71
Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children

Table 202.30. Number of children under 6 years old and not yet enrolled in kindergarten, percentage participating in center-based
programs, average weekly hours in nonparental care, and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements,
by selected child and family characteristics: 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of children, by type of care

Percent Nonparental care, by primary arrangement3

Number of participating Average hours Nonrelative home-based care
children under in center- per week in
Selected child or 6 years old based nonparental Parental Center-based In another In child’s Multiple
1
family characteristic (in thousands) programs care2 care only care Total home home Relative arrangments 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total children under
6 years old ..................... 21,362 (54.2) 35.9 (0.79) 30.6 (0.38) 40.3 (0.94) 29.4 (0.73) 10.0 (0.42) 6.9 (0.37) 3.2 (0.26) 18.5 (0.72) 1.8 (0.21)
Age
Under 1 year old ........................ 4,724 (150.4) 13.2 (1.13) 33.0 (0.60) 52.6 (2.13) 10.7 (0.87) 11.8 (1.08) 8.0 (0.88) 3.7 (0.61) 23.2 (1.90) 1.6 (0.45)
1 to 2 years old ......................... 8,552 (176.3) 24.7 (1.18) 30.8 (0.74) 46.0 (1.34) 21.4 (1.16) 11.4 (0.77) 7.9 (0.66) 3.5 (0.45) 19.9 (1.09) 1.3 (0.28)
3 to 5 years old ......................... 8,087 (91.1) 60.9 (1.49) 29.5 (0.56) 27.1 (1.47) 48.7 (1.44) 7.6 (0.55) 5.1 (0.46) 2.5 (0.34) 14.4 (1.02) 2.3 (0.32)

Race/ethnicity of child and

poverty status of household5
White ........................................ 10,731 (97.5) 38.5 (0.90) 30.5 (0.47) 37.8 (0.95) 31.4 (0.84) 12.4 (0.67) 8.5 (0.51) 3.9 (0.40) 16.4 (0.89) 2.0 (0.31)
Poor ...................................... 1,182 (77.7) 23.4 (2.85) 27.4 (1.99) 59.3 (3.49) 19.7 (2.71) 4.7! (1.61) 2.6! (1.29) 2.1! (1.03) 14.8 (2.35) ‡ (†)
Near-poor .............................. 1,962 (89.7) 25.5 (2.17) 30.5 (1.53) 51.7 (2.53) 17.8 (1.50) 9.0 (1.51) 7.5 (1.30) 1.5! (0.57) 19.8 (2.31) 1.8! (0.80)
Nonpoor ................................ 7,586 (77.6) 44.2 (1.23) 30.7 (0.44) 30.9 (1.30) 36.7 (1.13) 14.5 (0.85) 9.6 (0.65) 4.8 (0.53) 15.8 (0.94) 2.1 (0.30)
Black ........................................ 2,837 (0.0) 40.3 (3.37) 33.5 (1.29) 32.5 (3.38) 31.6 (3.07) 8.8 (1.70) 6.6 (1.62) 2.2! (0.71) 24.9 (2.54) 2.3! (0.75)
Poor ...................................... 1,069 (40.7) 35.4 (4.70) 35.1 (2.83) 40.2 (5.63) 22.9 (4.24) 9.4! (3.29) 6.4! (2.99) ‡ (†) 25.1 (4.36) ‡ (†)
Near-poor .............................. 725 (47.3) 35.2 (8.13) 31.0 (2.42) 33.2 (6.61) 31.2 (8.12) 5.8! (2.79) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 29.3 (6.15) ‡ (†)
Nonpoor ................................ 1,043 (32.9) 48.7 (4.75) 33.7 (1.81) 24.0 (4.32) 40.8 (4.57) 10.2 (2.76) 8.7! (2.67) ‡ (†) 21.6 (3.97) 3.4! (1.61)
Hispanic .................................... 5,418 (1.6) 28.3 (1.60) 28.1 (0.87) 48.5 (2.23) 23.1 (1.54) 7.2 (0.98) 4.9 (0.78) 2.3 (0.55) 19.7 (1.56) 1.5 (0.36)
Poor ...................................... 1,443 (44.1) 21.8 (3.13) 27.8 (2.14) 60.1 (4.04) 17.1 (2.72) 3.9! (1.53) 3.0! (1.35) ‡ (†) 16.7 (2.88) 2.1! (0.84)
Near-poor .............................. 1,800 (91.8) 21.3 (2.63) 26.3 (2.00) 57.8 (4.08) 15.4 (2.12) 4.7 (1.40) 3.4! (1.10) ‡ (†) 20.5 (3.04) 1.6! (0.79)
Nonpoor ................................ 2,175 (80.2) 38.4 (2.71) 29.2 (1.06) 33.2 (3.05) 33.4 (2.68) 11.3 (1.89) 7.4 (1.50) 3.9 (1.11) 21.1 (2.37) 1.0! (0.46)
Asian/Pacific Islander ................ 1,009 (69.7) 36.1 (2.75) 30.0 (1.68) 43.2 (3.66) 30.9 (2.60) 5.7 (1.32) 2.3! (0.77) 3.5! (1.15) 19.6 (3.31) ‡ (†)
Asian ..................................... 995 (69.5) 35.9 (2.70) 30.3 (1.68) 43.1 (3.66) 30.6 (2.53) 5.8 (1.33) 2.3! (0.78) 3.5! (1.17) 19.9 (3.36) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander ...................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races .................... 1,235 (77.7) 37.3 (3.56) 33.6 (1.40) 39.2 (3.62) 33.7 (3.37) 9.0 (1.68) 6.9 (1.59) 2.1! (0.73) 17.7 (2.43) ‡ (†)

Number of parents in the

household6
Two parents .............................. 16,428 (149.4) 35.8 (0.87) 29.3 (0.41) 42.9 (1.02) 30.0 (0.83) 9.8 (0.47) 6.5 (0.39) 3.3 (0.31) 15.5 (0.76) 1.8 (0.24)
One parent ................................ 4,449 (164.2) 36.5 (2.09) 34.2 (0.82) 32.3 (2.12) 27.5 (1.84) 11.5 (1.29) 8.7 (1.18) 2.8 (0.64) 27.1 (1.97) 1.7 (0.40)

Mother in household
Yes ............................................ 20,233 (99.4) 36.1 (0.81) 30.3 (0.36) 40.9 (0.98) 29.7 (0.79) 10.1 (0.45) 6.9 (0.37) 3.2 (0.28) 17.4 (0.74) 1.8 (0.22)
No ............................................. 1,129 (80.9) 32.3 (3.39) 34.0 (1.85) 28.9 (3.90) 23.2 (2.73) 8.8 (2.50) 6.6! (2.23) 2.2! (0.96) 38.1 (4.13) ‡ (†)

Mother’s employment status7

Currently employed ................... 12,154 (179.6) 45.5 (1.11) 33.2 (0.40) 21.1 (1.04) 36.5 (0.97) 15.2 (0.72) 10.9 (0.59) 4.3 (0.43) 24.6 (1.07) 2.6 (0.31)
35 or more hours
per week .......................... 8,884 (159.5) 49.3 (1.31) 35.9 (0.45) 15.9 (1.08) 39.9 (1.14) 17.5 (0.87) 12.8 (0.71) 4.7 (0.52) 24.2 (1.14) 2.6 (0.36)
Less than 35 hours
per week .......................... 3,270 (130.0) 35.2 (2.07) 23.6 (0.85) 35.3 (2.14) 27.2 (1.79) 9.1 (0.99) 5.8 (0.92) 3.2 (0.51) 25.9 (2.02) 2.5 (0.60)
Looking for work ....................... 795 (66.6) 22.2 (3.89) 22.0 (2.50) 59.9 (4.33) 15.4 (3.08) 5.6! (2.39) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 16.9 (3.67) ‡ (†)
Not in labor force ...................... 7,811 (152.6) 22.7 (1.12) 20.6 (0.87) 69.0 (1.51) 20.4 (1.11) 2.3 (0.41) 0.8 (0.20) 1.5 (0.31) 7.9 (0.91) 0.4! (0.15)

Mother’s highest education7

Less than high school ............... 2,716 (88.3) 20.9 (3.66) 27.6 (2.07) 60.4 (4.32) 18.0 (3.61) 5.5 (1.51) 3.9! (1.45) 1.7! (0.72) 15.4 (2.23) ‡ (†)
High school/GED ....................... 4,085 (86.0) 25.3 (1.66) 29.4 (1.10) 51.0 (2.40) 18.5 (1.54) 6.1 (1.08) 4.5 (0.90) 1.6! (0.62) 21.8 (2.23) 2.5 (0.61)
Vocational/technical or some
college ................................. 3,698 (93.1) 33.7 (1.47) 28.8 (0.92) 41.1 (1.52) 27.6 (1.51) 9.2 (1.02) 7.8 (0.97) 1.4! (0.44) 20.9 (1.61) 1.2! (0.42)
Associate’s degree .................... 1,752 (94.1) 33.4 (2.49) 33.3 (1.35) 39.0 (2.81) 26.2 (2.02) 10.8 (1.84) 9.5 (1.53) ‡ (†) 22.1 (2.22) 1.9! (0.64)
Bachelor’s degree ..................... 5,675 (126.7) 45.1 (1.40) 30.3 (0.61) 33.9 (1.52) 38.1 (1.42) 10.9 (0.74) 7.2 (0.69) 3.7 (0.52) 15.4 (1.17) 1.7 (0.35)
Graduate/professional
degree ................................. 2,835 (49.7) 52.5 (1.71) 33.0 (0.76) 20.5 (1.51) 44.5 (1.61) 18.6 (1.45) 9.5 (0.98) 9.2 (1.03) 14.2 (1.37) 2.2 (0.47)

Language spoken most at home

by mother7
English ...................................... 16,847 (167.2) 37.9 (0.78) 30.9 (0.40) 38.0 (0.91) 31.1 (0.72) 11.0 (0.54) 7.7 (0.44) 3.3 (0.28) 18.1 (0.80) 1.8 (0.25)
Non-English .............................. 2,640 (149.9) 26.4 (2.35) 28.0 (1.58) 52.4 (3.52) 22.5 (2.31) 6.7 (1.39) 4.0 (1.12) 2.7! (0.80) 16.6 (2.28) 1.8! (0.62)
English and another language
equally ................................. 1,273 (85.0) 30.5 (2.97) 26.4 (1.57) 50.6 (3.68) 25.3 (2.82) 3.8! (1.43) 1.4! (0.53) ‡ (†) 19.7 (2.43) ‡ (†)

Mother’s age when first became

parent7
Less than 18 ............................. 1,237 (100.9) 26.0 (3.81) 32.2 (1.90) 50.4 (4.78) 20.1 (3.59) 6.5 (1.85) 5.4! (1.66) ‡ (†) 21.6 (3.61) ‡ (†)
18 or 19 .................................... 2,476 (155.5) 25.7 (3.26) 31.7 (1.67) 47.0 (3.96) 21.0 (3.07) 8.4 (1.66) 6.3 (1.47) 2.2! (0.79) 22.2 (2.36) 1.3! (0.55)
20 or older ................................ 16,899 (176.1) 38.3 (0.86) 30.2 (0.39) 38.9 (1.00) 31.7 (0.81) 10.5 (0.50) 7.1 (0.41) 3.4 (0.30) 17.1 (0.81) 1.8 (0.23)

Household income
$20,000 or less ......................... 3,049 (10.3) 30.5 (2.28) 31.3 (1.66) 52.3 (2.48) 22.5 (2.07) 5.7 (1.41) 3.8! (1.22) 1.9! (0.74) 17.4 (1.95) 2.2! (0.66)
$20,001 to $50,000 .................. 5,706 (53.6) 26.7 (1.87) 30.0 (0.85) 50.2 (2.03) 21.3 (1.88) 6.5 (0.75) 5.2 (0.67) 1.3 (0.34) 20.8 (1.48) 1.3 (0.31)
$50,001 to $75,000 .................. 3,821 (0.0) 27.7 (1.60) 29.1 (0.87) 43.9 (2.18) 21.6 (1.41) 11.6 (1.28) 9.5 (1.20) 2.1 (0.59) 21.0 (1.67) 1.9 (0.57)
$75,001 to $100,000 ................ 2,882 (0.0) 38.4 (2.39) 29.9 (0.96) 34.2 (2.16) 31.9 (2.14) 10.4 (1.28) 8.8 (1.23) 1.6 (0.39) 21.8 (2.21) 1.7 (0.42)
Over $100,000 .......................... 5,904 (4.6) 51.5 (1.58) 31.7 (0.46) 25.3 (1.46) 44.6 (1.52) 14.5 (0.87) 7.4 (0.60) 7.1 (0.76) 13.8 (1.09) 1.9 (0.33)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

72 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Enrollment Status and Child Care Arrangements of Young Children

Table 202.30. Number of children under 6 years old and not yet enrolled in kindergarten, percentage participating in center-based
programs, average weekly hours in nonparental care, and percentage in various types of primary care arrangements,
by selected child and family characteristics: 2016—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of children, by type of care

Percent Nonparental care, by primary arrangement3

Number of participating Average hours Nonrelative home-based care
children under in center- per week in
Selected child or 6 years old based nonparental Parental Center-based In another In child’s Multiple
1
family characteristic (in thousands) programs care2 care only care Total home home Relative arrangments 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Poverty status of household5
Poor .......................................... 4,203 (92.6) 26.8 (1.98) 30.9 (1.27) 54.4 (2.53) 20.3 (1.81) 5.4 (1.10) 3.7 (0.96) 1.7! (0.58) 18.1 (1.93) 1.7 (0.49)
Near-poor .................................. 4,997 (156.1) 25.2 (1.82) 29.1 (0.91) 51.3 (2.16) 19.2 (1.74) 6.4 (0.76) 5.0 (0.65) 1.4 (0.38) 21.6 (1.67) 1.4 (0.42)
Nonpoor .................................... 12,162 (109.4) 43.4 (0.98) 30.9 (0.40) 30.9 (1.11) 36.7 (0.93) 13.1 (0.64) 8.7 (0.53) 4.4 (0.42) 17.4 (0.86) 1.9 (0.25)

Household size
2 or 3 persons ........................... 5,109 (114.0) 41.1 (1.33) 33.7 (0.75) 32.3 (1.36) 34.5 (1.31) 12.2 (0.93) 8.5 (0.87) 3.7 (0.50) 18.6 (1.38) 2.2 (0.40)
4 persons .................................. 7,574 (116.9) 40.8 (1.42) 30.1 (0.55) 37.1 (1.49) 33.6 (1.27) 11.0 (0.92) 7.9 (0.78) 3.0 (0.50) 16.6 (1.00) 1.8 (0.39)
5 persons .................................. 4,610 (164.4) 33.3 (1.77) 28.7 (0.89) 44.1 (2.03) 27.0 (1.62) 8.5 (0.93) 5.1 (0.78) 3.4 (0.59) 19.2 (1.60) 1.3 (0.34)
6 or more persons ..................... 4,069 (166.3) 23.1 (1.64) 28.6 (1.11) 52.0 (2.60) 17.7 (1.53) 7.3 (1.06) 4.9 (0.97) 2.4 (0.63) 21.3 (2.05) 1.6 (0.44)

Locale
City ........................................... 7,246 (180.0) 36.4 (1.35) 30.8 (0.66) 40.2 (1.80) 29.6 (1.24) 9.7 (0.73) 5.9 (0.65) 3.8 (0.54) 18.8 (1.34) 1.7 (0.35)
Suburban .................................. 8,733 (203.4) 37.7 (1.30) 29.3 (0.61) 38.4 (1.39) 31.8 (1.18) 9.3 (0.69) 6.2 (0.61) 3.2 (0.42) 18.9 (1.09) 1.5 (0.25)
Town ......................................... 1,931 (96.0) 31.2 (2.44) 30.3 (1.24) 44.2 (2.87) 24.3 (2.47) 10.5 (1.63) 7.7 (1.38) 2.8! (1.05) 19.0 (2.47) ‡ (†)
Rural ......................................... 3,452 (141.6) 32.8 (2.02) 33.5 (1.19) 43.2 (2.22) 25.6 (1.81) 12.2 (1.23) 10.1 (1.01) 2.0 (0.49) 16.7 (1.94) 2.3 (0.63)

†Not applicable. nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a
30 and 50 percent. family’s size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2015,
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $24,257.
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather
1
Center-based arrangements include day care centers, Head Start programs, preschools, than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is
prekindergartens, and other early childhood programs. an approximation.
2 6
Mean hours per week per child, among preschool children enrolled in any type of Excludes children living apart from their parents.
7
nonparental care arrangement. For children with more than one arrangement, the hours Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present.
of each weekly arrangement were summed to calculate the total amount of time in child NOTE: For the 2016 administration of the National Household Education Surveys Program
care per week. (NHES), initial contact with all respondents was by mail, and the majority of respondents
3
A child’s primary arrangement is the regular nonparental care arrangement or early received paper-and-pencil questionnaires. However, as an experiment with web use, a
childhood education program in which the child spent the most time per week. small sample of NHES:2016 respondents received mailed invitations to complete the
4
Children who spent an equal number of hours per week in multiple nonparental care survey online. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum
arrangements. to totals because of rounding.
5
Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early
threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family Childhood Program Participation Survey of the National Household Education Surveys
incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and Program (ECPP-NHES:2016). (This table was prepared December 2017.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 73
Enrollment in Public Schools

Table 203.10. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and grade: Selected years, fall 1980 through fall 2028
[In thousands]

Elementary Secondary
Pre-
All kinder- Kinder- 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Un- 9th 10th 11th 12th Un-
Year grades Total garten garten grade grade grade grade grade grade grade grade graded Total grade grade grade grade graded1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1980 ................... 40,877 27,647 96 2,593 2,894 2,800 2,893 3,107 3,130 3,038 3,085 3,086 924 13,231 3,377 3,368 3,195 2,925 366
1985 ................... 39,422 27,034 151 3,041 3,239 2,941 2,895 2,771 2,776 2,789 2,938 2,982 511 12,388 3,439 3,230 2,866 2,550 303
1990 ................... 41,217 29,876 303 3,306 3,499 3,327 3,297 3,248 3,197 3,110 3,067 2,979 541 11,341 3,169 2,896 2,612 2,381 284
1991 ................... 42,047 30,503 375 3,311 3,556 3,360 3,334 3,315 3,268 3,239 3,181 3,020 542 11,544 3,313 2,915 2,645 2,392 278
1992 ................... 42,823 31,086 505 3,313 3,542 3,431 3,361 3,342 3,325 3,303 3,299 3,129 536 11,737 3,352 3,027 2,656 2,431 272
1993 ................... 43,465 31,502 545 3,377 3,529 3,429 3,437 3,361 3,350 3,356 3,355 3,249 513 11,963 3,487 3,050 2,751 2,424 250
1994 ................... 44,111 31,896 603 3,444 3,593 3,440 3,439 3,426 3,372 3,381 3,404 3,302 492 12,215 3,604 3,131 2,748 2,488 244
1995 ................... 44,840 32,338 637 3,536 3,671 3,507 3,445 3,431 3,438 3,395 3,422 3,356 500 12,502 3,704 3,237 2,826 2,487 247
1996 ................... 45,611 32,762 670 3,532 3,770 3,600 3,524 3,454 3,453 3,494 3,464 3,403 399 12,849 3,801 3,323 2,930 2,586 208
1997 ................... 46,127 33,071 695 3,503 3,755 3,689 3,597 3,507 3,458 3,492 3,520 3,415 440 13,056 3,819 3,376 2,972 2,673 216
1998 ................... 46,539 33,344 729 3,443 3,727 3,681 3,696 3,592 3,520 3,497 3,530 3,480 449 13,195 3,856 3,382 3,021 2,722 214
1999 ................... 46,857 33,486 751 3,397 3,684 3,656 3,691 3,686 3,604 3,564 3,541 3,497 415 13,371 3,935 3,415 3,034 2,782 205
2000 ................... 47,204 33,686 776 3,382 3,636 3,634 3,676 3,711 3,707 3,663 3,629 3,538 334 13,517 3,963 3,491 3,083 2,803 177
2001 ................... 47,672 33,936 865 3,379 3,614 3,593 3,653 3,695 3,727 3,769 3,720 3,616 304 13,736 4,012 3,528 3,174 2,863 159
2002 ................... 48,183 34,114 915 3,434 3,594 3,565 3,623 3,669 3,711 3,788 3,821 3,709 285 14,069 4,105 3,584 3,229 2,990 161
2003 ................... 48,540 34,201 950 3,503 3,613 3,544 3,611 3,619 3,685 3,772 3,841 3,809 255 14,339 4,190 3,675 3,277 3,046 150
2004 ................... 48,795 34,178 990 3,544 3,663 3,560 3,580 3,612 3,635 3,735 3,818 3,825 215 14,618 4,281 3,750 3,369 3,094 122
2005 ................... 49,113 34,204 1,036 3,619 3,691 3,606 3,586 3,578 3,633 3,670 3,777 3,802 205 14,909 4,287 3,866 3,454 3,180 121
2006 ................... 49,316 34,235 1,084 3,631 3,751 3,641 3,627 3,586 3,602 3,660 3,716 3,766 170 15,081 4,260 3,882 3,551 3,277 110
2007 ................... 49,291 34,204 1,081 3,609 3,750 3,704 3,659 3,624 3,600 3,628 3,700 3,709 139 15,086 4,200 3,863 3,557 3,375 92
2008 ................... 49,266 34,286 1,180 3,640 3,708 3,699 3,708 3,647 3,629 3,614 3,653 3,692 117 14,980 4,123 3,822 3,548 3,400 87
2009 ................... 49,361 34,409 1,223 3,678 3,729 3,665 3,707 3,701 3,652 3,644 3,641 3,651 119 14,952 4,080 3,809 3,541 3,432 90
2010 ................... 49,484 34,625 1,279 3,682 3,754 3,701 3,686 3,711 3,718 3,682 3,676 3,659 77 14,860 4,008 3,800 3,538 3,472 42
2011 ................... 49,522 34,773 1,291 3,746 3,773 3,713 3,703 3,672 3,699 3,724 3,696 3,679 77 14,749 3,957 3,751 3,546 3,452 43
2012 ................... 49,771 35,018 1,307 3,831 3,824 3,729 3,719 3,690 3,673 3,723 3,746 3,699 76 14,753 3,975 3,730 3,528 3,477 43
2013 ................... 50,045 35,251 1,328 3,834 3,885 3,791 3,738 3,708 3,697 3,684 3,748 3,753 85 14,794 3,980 3,761 3,526 3,476 52
2014 ................... 50,313 35,370 1,369 3,772 3,863 3,857 3,806 3,719 3,719 3,710 3,710 3,757 87 14,943 4,033 3,794 3,568 3,496 52
2015 2 .................. 50,438 35,388 1,402 3,713 3,768 3,842 3,869 3,793 3,733 3,731 3,732 3,719 87 15,050 4,019 3,846 3,598 3,537 49
20163 .................. 50,615 35,477 1,426 3,699 3,694 3,761 3,874 3,858 3,814 3,754 3,761 3,749 88 15,138 3,986 3,860 3,669 3,571 52
Projected
2017 ................... 50,695 35,473 1,415 3,670 3,709 3,686 3,784 3,864 3,870 3,831 3,782 3,775 88 15,222 4,019 3,828 3,682 3,642 52
2018 ................... 50,728 35,465 1,417 3,678 3,680 3,700 3,709 3,774 3,876 3,888 3,859 3,796 88 15,264 4,047 3,859 3,652 3,655 52
2019 ................... 50,770 35,457 1,425 3,697 3,684 3,672 3,724 3,699 3,786 3,893 3,916 3,874 88 15,313 4,069 3,886 3,681 3,625 51
2020 ................... 50,857 35,384 1,430 3,712 3,704 3,676 3,695 3,714 3,710 3,803 3,922 3,931 88 15,473 4,153 3,907 3,707 3,654 51
2021 ................... 50,892 35,231 1,426 3,700 3,718 3,696 3,699 3,685 3,725 3,727 3,831 3,937 87 15,661 4,214 3,988 3,728 3,680 52
2022 ................... 51,012 35,189 1,457 3,782 3,706 3,710 3,719 3,689 3,696 3,742 3,755 3,846 87 15,823 4,220 4,047 3,804 3,700 52
2023 ................... 51,098 35,235 1,465 3,802 3,788 3,698 3,733 3,709 3,700 3,713 3,770 3,769 88 15,863 4,122 4,052 3,860 3,776 52
2024 ................... 51,124 35,376 1,473 3,821 3,809 3,780 3,721 3,723 3,720 3,717 3,740 3,784 88 15,748 4,040 3,958 3,866 3,832 52
2025 ................... 51,119 35,519 1,479 3,837 3,828 3,800 3,804 3,712 3,735 3,737 3,745 3,754 88 15,601 4,056 3,879 3,776 3,837 52
2026 ................... 51,123 35,703 1,484 3,851 3,844 3,819 3,824 3,794 3,723 3,752 3,765 3,759 89 15,420 4,025 3,895 3,701 3,748 51
2027 ................... 51,228 35,894 1,488 3,862 3,858 3,836 3,843 3,814 3,805 3,740 3,779 3,779 89 15,334 4,029 3,865 3,716 3,674 51
2028 ................... 51,419 36,073 1,492 3,871 3,869 3,850 3,860 3,833 3,826 3,823 3,767 3,794 90 15,346 4,051 3,869 3,687 3,688 51

1
Includes students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. counts of students were prorated to the elementary and secondary levels based on prior
2
The prekindergarten, elementary total, and “all grades” counts include imputations for reports. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
3
The prekindergarten, elementary total, and “all grades” counts include imputations for of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1980–81; Common Core of Data
prekindergarten enrollment in California. (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1985–86
NOTE: Due to changes in reporting and imputation practices, prekindergarten enrollment for through 2016–17; and National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model,
years prior to 1992 represent an undercount compared to later years. The total ungraded 1972 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 203.20. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by region, state, and jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028

74
Percent Percent

Enrollment in Public Schools

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
change change
Actual total enrollment in total Projected total enrollment in total
enroll- enroll-
ment, ment,
Region, state, and 2011 to 2016 to
jurisdiction Fall 1990 Fall 2000 Fall 2006 Fall 2007 Fall 2008 Fall 2009 Fall 2010 Fall 2011 Fall 2012 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Fall 20151 Fall 20162 2016 Fall 2017 Fall 2018 Fall 2019 Fall 2020 Fall 2021 Fall 2028 2028
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
United States ..... 41,216,683 47,203,539 49,315,842 49,290,559 49,265,572 49,360,982 49,484,181 49,521,669 49,771,118 50,044,522 50,312,581 50,438,043 50,615,189 2.2 50,695,200 50,728,400 50,770,000 50,857,100 50,891,900 51,418,700 1.6

Region
Northeast .................. 7,281,763 8,222,127 8,257,889 8,122,022 8,052,985 8,092,029 8,071,335 7,953,981 7,959,128 7,961,243 7,979,856 7,933,762 7,959,304 0.1 7,928,200 7,896,100 7,870,000 7,852,100 7,823,000 7,663,700 -3.7
Midwest ................... 9,943,761 10,729,987 10,819,248 10,770,210 10,742,973 10,672,171 10,609,604 10,573,792 10,559,230 10,572,920 10,560,539 10,555,579 10,538,947 -0.3 10,514,400 10,485,600 10,457,400 10,443,900 10,417,300 10,316,100 -2.1
South ........................ 14,807,016 17,007,261 18,293,633 18,422,773 18,490,770 18,651,889 18,805,000 18,955,932 19,128,376 19,298,714 19,506,193 19,641,472 19,749,816 4.2 19,845,300 19,914,100 19,987,400 20,080,900 20,166,800 20,815,500 5.4
West ......................... 9,184,143 11,244,164 11,945,072 11,975,554 11,978,844 11,944,893 11,998,242 12,037,964 12,124,384 12,211,645 12,265,993 12,307,230 12,367,122 2.7 12,407,400 12,432,600 12,455,300 12,480,200 12,484,700 12,623,400 2.1

State
Alabama ................... 721,806 739,992 743,632 742,919 745,668 748,889 755,552 744,621 744,637 746,204 744,164 743,789 744,930 # 739,400 734,200 732,200 732,300 732,700 740,900 -0.5
Alaska ...................... 113,903 133,356 132,608 131,029 130,662 131,661 132,104 131,167 131,489 130,944 131,176 132,477 132,737 1.2 133,700 134,300 135,100 136,200 137,400 144,400 8.8
Arizona ..................... 639,853 877,696 1,068,249 1,087,447 1,087,817 1,077,831 1,071,751 1,080,319 1,089,384 1,102,445 1,111,695 1,109,040 1,123,137 4.0 1,127,400 1,131,700 1,135,000 1,140,200 1,143,300 1,172,900 4.4
Arkansas .................. 436,286 449,959 476,409 479,016 478,965 480,559 482,114 483,114 486,157 489,979 490,917 492,132 493,447 2.1 493,700 494,000 494,600 495,200 496,400 510,700 3.5
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

California .................. 4,950,474 6,140,814 6,406,750 6,343,471 6,322,528 6,263,438 6,289,578 6,287,834 6,299,451 6,312,623 6,312,161 6,305,347 6,309,138 0.3 6,307,600 6,293,000 6,277,900 6,261,100 6,232,500 6,137,800 -2.7

Colorado ................... 574,213 724,508 794,026 801,867 818,443 832,368 843,316 854,265 863,561 876,999 889,006 899,112 905,019 5.9 909,900 913,500 916,600 919,500 920,600 948,400 4.8
Connecticut .............. 469,123 562,179 575,100 570,626 567,198 563,968 560,546 554,437 550,954 546,200 542,678 537,933 535,118 -3.5 528,100 521,400 514,600 508,800 501,700 471,100 -12.0
Delaware .................. 99,658 114,676 122,254 122,574 125,430 126,801 129,403 128,946 129,026 131,687 134,042 134,847 136,264 5.7 137,400 138,300 139,100 139,800 140,300 141,000 3.5
District of Columbia .. 80,694 68,925 72,850 78,422 68,681 69,433 71,284 73,911 76,140 78,153 80,958 84,024 85,850 16.2 86,400 89,100 91,900 94,500 97,000 105,300 22.6
Florida ...................... 1,861,592 2,434,821 2,671,513 2,666,811 2,631,020 2,634,522 2,643,347 2,668,156 2,692,162 2,720,744 2,756,944 2,792,234 2,816,791 5.6 2,842,300 2,863,200 2,883,600 2,911,400 2,938,000 3,119,600 10.8

Georgia ..................... 1,151,687 1,444,937 1,629,157 1,649,589 1,655,792 1,667,685 1,677,067 1,685,016 1,703,332 1,723,909 1,744,437 1,757,237 1,764,346 4.7 1,769,500 1,772,800 1,776,000 1,781,000 1,785,900 1,814,200 2.8
Hawaii ...................... 171,708 184,360 180,728 179,897 179,478 180,196 179,601 182,706 184,760 186,825 182,384 181,995 181,550 -0.6 181,600 180,700 180,300 179,600 178,700 171,800 -5.4
Idaho ........................ 220,840 245,117 267,380 272,119 275,051 276,299 275,859 279,873 284,834 296,476 290,885 292,277 297,200 6.2 299,700 302,500 304,900 307,600 309,800 324,300 9.1
Illinois ....................... 1,821,407 2,048,792 2,118,276 2,112,805 2,119,707 2,104,175 2,091,654 2,083,097 2,072,880 2,066,990 2,050,239 2,041,779 2,026,718 -2.7 2,023,500 2,015,100 2,006,500 2,001,000 1,988,300 1,894,300 -6.5
Indiana ..................... 954,525 989,267 1,045,940 1,046,764 1,046,147 1,046,661 1,047,232 1,040,765 1,041,369 1,047,385 1,046,269 1,046,757 1,049,547 0.8 1,048,000 1,046,500 1,042,900 1,042,400 1,042,900 1,057,300 0.7

Iowa ......................... 483,652 495,080 483,122 485,115 487,559 491,842 495,775 495,870 499,825 502,964 505,311 508,014 509,831 2.8 511,700 514,000 516,700 519,500 521,500 535,400 5.0
Kansas ..................... 437,034 470,610 469,506 468,295 471,060 474,489 483,701 486,108 489,043 496,440 497,275 495,884 494,347 1.7 494,100 493,500 493,000 492,600 491,800 490,600 -0.8
Kentucky .................. 636,401 665,850 683,152 666,225 670,030 680,089 673,128 681,987 685,167 677,389 688,640 686,598 684,017 0.3 682,400 680,000 678,100 677,200 676,200 682,200 -0.3
Louisiana .................. 784,757 743,089 675,851 681,038 684,873 690,915 696,558 703,390 710,903 711,491 716,800 718,711 716,293 1.8 715,900 713,100 711,200 711,300 711,700 718,400 0.3
Maine ....................... 215,149 207,037 193,986 196,245 192,935 189,225 189,077 188,969 185,739 183,995 182,470 181,613 180,512 -4.5 179,100 177,900 176,700 175,900 175,100 171,600 -5.0

Maryland .................. 715,176 852,920 851,640 845,700 843,861 848,412 852,211 854,086 859,638 866,169 874,514 879,601 886,221 3.8 893,500 898,900 904,700 909,000 911,900 914,100 3.1
Massachusetts ......... 834,314 975,150 968,661 962,958 958,910 957,053 955,563 953,369 954,773 955,739 955,844 964,026 964,514 1.2 963,300 961,000 958,200 955,500 952,000 939,400 -2.6
Michigan .................. 1,584,431 1,720,626 1,722,656 1,692,739 1,659,921 1,649,082 1,587,067 1,573,537 1,555,370 1,548,841 1,537,922 1,536,231 1,528,666 -2.9 1,511,400 1,493,500 1,478,300 1,465,100 1,451,500 1,400,700 -8.4
Minnesota ................ 756,374 854,340 840,565 837,578 836,048 837,053 838,037 839,738 845,404 850,973 857,235 864,384 875,021 4.2 885,000 891,100 896,300 902,900 907,100 924,000 5.6
Mississippi ............... 502,417 497,871 495,026 494,122 491,962 492,481 490,526 490,619 493,650 492,586 490,917 487,200 483,150 -1.5 478,600 473,400 469,000 465,400 462,400 441,600 -8.6

Missouri ................... 816,558 912,744 920,353 917,188 917,871 917,982 918,710 916,584 917,900 918,288 917,785 919,234 915,040 -0.2 914,300 912,600 911,300 911,300 910,700 915,100 #
Montana ................... 152,974 154,875 144,418 142,823 141,899 141,807 141,693 142,349 142,908 144,129 144,532 145,319 146,375 2.8 147,400 149,000 150,400 151,700 152,900 160,600 9.7
Nebraska .................. 274,081 286,199 287,580 291,244 292,590 295,368 298,500 301,296 303,505 307,677 312,635 316,014 319,194 5.9 323,300 326,100 328,800 331,100 332,700 344,900 8.1
Nevada ..................... 201,316 340,706 424,766 429,362 433,371 428,947 437,149 439,634 445,707 451,831 459,189 467,527 473,744 7.8 479,300 485,400 490,900 496,000 501,000 527,800 11.4
New Hampshire ........ 172,785 208,461 203,572 200,772 197,934 197,140 194,711 191,900 188,974 186,310 184,670 182,425 180,888 -5.7 178,600 176,300 174,200 172,000 170,000 161,000 -11.0

New Jersey .............. 1,089,646 1,313,405 1,388,850 1,382,348 1,381,420 1,396,029 1,402,548 1,356,431 1,372,203 1,370,295 1,400,579 1,408,845 1,410,421 4.0 1,405,600 1,400,900 1,397,100 1,394,100 1,388,200 1,356,200 -3.8
New Mexico .............. 301,881 320,306 328,220 329,040 330,245 334,419 338,122 337,225 338,220 339,244 340,365 335,694 336,263 -0.3 334,900 332,500 330,100 327,200 324,500 306,100 -9.0
New York .................. 2,598,337 2,882,188 2,809,649 2,765,435 2,740,592 2,766,052 2,734,955 2,704,718 2,710,703 2,732,770 2,741,185 2,711,626 2,729,776 0.9 2,723,500 2,715,500 2,710,400 2,708,900 2,703,300 2,649,700 -2.9
North Carolina .......... 1,086,871 1,293,638 1,444,481 1,489,492 1,488,645 1,483,397 1,490,605 1,507,864 1,518,465 1,530,857 1,548,895 1,544,934 1,550,062 2.8 1,554,200 1,554,500 1,555,100 1,559,300 1,563,300 1,612,600 4.0
North Dakota ............ 117,825 109,201 96,670 95,059 94,728 95,073 96,323 97,646 101,111 103,947 106,586 108,644 109,706 12.4 108,700 110,700 112,600 114,600 116,400 127,400 16.1
Ohio .......................... 1,771,089 1,835,049 1,836,722 1,827,184 1,817,163 1,764,297 1,754,191 1,740,030 1,729,916 1,724,111 1,724,810 1,716,585 1,710,143 -1.7 1,695,900 1,686,500 1,676,400 1,669,000 1,661,500 1,637,400 -4.3
Oklahoma ................. 579,087 623,110 639,391 642,065 645,108 654,802 659,911 666,120 673,483 681,848 688,511 692,878 693,903 4.2 697,000 698,400 700,100 702,100 703,400 721,600 4.0
Oregon ..................... 472,394 546,231 562,574 565,586 575,393 582,839 570,720 568,208 587,564 593,000 601,318 608,825 606,277 6.7 609,800 613,600 617,600 622,600 626,500 650,600 7.3
Pennsylvania ............ 1,667,834 1,814,311 1,871,060 1,801,971 1,775,029 1,785,993 1,793,284 1,771,395 1,763,677 1,755,236 1,743,160 1,717,414 1,727,497 -2.5 1,721,000 1,715,200 1,712,300 1,712,000 1,709,400 1,698,600 -1.7
Rhode Island ............. 138,813 157,347 151,612 147,629 145,342 145,118 143,793 142,854 142,481 142,008 141,959 142,014 142,150 -0.5 142,200 142,100 141,300 140,400 139,500 135,700 -4.5

See notes at end of table.

 Table 203.20. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by region, state, and jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 1990 through fall 2028—Continued
Percent Percent
change change
Actual total enrollment in total Projected total enrollment in total
enroll- enroll-
ment, ment,
Region, state, and 2011 to 2016 to
jurisdiction Fall 1990 Fall 2000 Fall 2006 Fall 2007 Fall 2008 Fall 2009 Fall 2010 Fall 2011 Fall 2012 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Fall 20151 Fall 20162 2016 Fall 2017 Fall 2018 Fall 2019 Fall 2020 Fall 2021 Fall 2028 2028
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
South Carolina .......... 622,112 677,411 708,021 712,317 718,113 723,143 725,838 727,186 735,998 745,657 756,523 763,533 771,250 6.1 776,700 781,600 786,900 792,700 798,300 822,000 6.6
South Dakota ............ 129,164 128,603 121,158 121,606 126,429 123,713 126,128 128,016 130,471 130,890 133,040 134,253 136,302 6.5 137,600 139,100 140,800 142,400 143,900 151,000 10.8
Tennessee ................ 824,595 909,161 978,368 964,259 971,950 972,549 987,422 999,693 993,496 993,556 995,475 1,001,235 1,001,562 0.2 1,002,200 1,001,300 1,002,000 1,004,700 1,007,600 1,044,400 4.3
Texas ........................ 3,382,887 4,059,619 4,599,509 4,674,832 4,752,148 4,850,210 4,935,715 5,000,470 5,077,659 5,153,702 5,233,765 5,301,477 5,360,849 7.2 5,414,700 5,462,600 5,506,400 5,549,800 5,587,800 5,861,300 9.3
Utah ......................... 446,652 481,485 523,386 576,244 559,778 571,586 585,552 598,832 613,279 625,461 635,577 647,870 659,801 10.2 667,400 674,600 681,600 688,000 693,000 732,400 11.0

Vermont .................... 95,762 102,049 95,399 94,038 93,625 91,451 96,858 89,908 89,624 88,690 87,311 87,866 88,428 -1.6 86,700 85,900 85,100 84,500 83,800 80,400 -9.0
Virginia ..................... 998,601 1,144,915 1,220,440 1,230,857 1,235,795 1,245,340 1,251,440 1,257,883 1,265,419 1,273,825 1,280,381 1,283,590 1,287,026 2.3 1,290,400 1,291,200 1,292,100 1,293,600 1,295,100 1,316,200 2.3
Washington .............. 839,709 1,004,770 1,026,774 1,030,247 1,037,018 1,035,347 1,043,788 1,045,453 1,051,694 1,058,936 1,073,638 1,087,030 1,101,711 5.4 1,115,200 1,128,400 1,141,700 1,157,300 1,171,600 1,253,600 13.8
West Virginia ............. 322,389 286,367 281,939 282,535 282,729 282,662 282,879 282,870 283,044 280,958 280,310 277,452 273,855 -3.2 271,000 267,500 264,500 261,500 258,900 249,500 -8.9
Wisconsin ................. 797,621 879,476 876,700 874,633 873,750 872,436 872,286 871,105 872,436 874,414 871,432 867,800 864,432 -0.8 860,700 856,900 853,700 851,800 848,900 837,900 -3.1
Wyoming .................. 98,226 89,940 85,193 86,422 87,161 88,155 89,009 90,099 91,533 92,732 94,067 94,717 94,170 4.5 93,700 93,500 93,300 93,200 92,900 92,800 -1.4
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ........... — 46,938 — — 40,927 41,351 41,962 — — — — — 45,399 — — — — — — — —
DoDEA3 ..................... — 107,755 87,522 84,795 84,781 — — — — — — 74,970 — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .. 12,463 15,702 16,400 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam ................... 26,391 32,473 — — — — 31,618 31,243 31,186 33,414 31,144 30,821 30,758 -1.6 — — — — — — —
Northern Marianas .. 6,449 10,004 11,695 11,299 10,913 10,961 11,105 11,011 10,646 10,638 — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ............ 644,734 612,725 544,138 526,565 503,635 493,393 473,735 452,740 434,609 423,934 410,950 379,818 365,181 -19.3 — — — — — — —
U.S. Virgin Islands ... 21,750 19,459 16,284 15,903 15,768 15,493 15,495 15,711 15,192 14,953 14,241 13,805 13,194 -16.0 — — — — — — —

—Not available. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State
1
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon. Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1990–91 through 2016–17; and State Public Elementary and
2
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California. Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1980 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
3
DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and overseas schools.

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Enrollment in Public Schools
75
 Table 203.40. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level, grade, and state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016

76
Elementary Secondary

Enrollment in Public Schools

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Total, all Prekinder- Kinder- Elementary Secondary
State or jurisdiction grades Total garten garten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 ungraded Total Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12 ungraded1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
United States .. 50,615,189 35,477,332 1,425,654 3,699,159 3,693,847 3,760,772 3,874,023 3,858,436 3,813,738 3,753,910 3,761,002 3,748,905 87,886 15,137,857 3,986,172 3,859,678 3,669,059 3,571,441 51,507
Alabama ................... 744,930 522,292 14,755 55,474 56,577 57,608 58,554 57,945 55,798 55,256 55,270 55,055 0 222,638 58,792 57,037 54,489 52,320 0
Alaska ...................... 132,737 94,164 3,246 10,274 10,431 10,523 10,474 10,320 10,116 9,750 9,620 9,410 0 38,573 9,615 9,569 9,649 9,740 0
Arizona ..................... 1,123,137 783,905 9,704 79,760 82,115 85,620 88,897 89,184 88,101 87,055 86,762 86,312 395 339,232 85,960 85,327 80,948 86,960 37
Arkansas .................. 493,447 350,297 16,181 36,917 37,251 37,759 38,586 38,598 35,930 36,055 36,515 36,351 154 143,150 38,327 36,829 35,048 32,881 65
California .................. 6,309,138 4,367,509 80,903 2
535,379 456,002 445,553 465,165 471,141 487,493 475,809 473,574 472,340 4,150 1,941,629 487,548 486,085 481,521 484,169 2,306
Colorado ................... 905,019 639,519 32,452 64,011 65,380 67,480 69,225 69,376 68,757 67,638 67,541 67,659 0 265,500 68,476 66,463 64,317 66,244 0
Connecticut .............. 535,118 368,843 18,536 36,621 36,877 37,815 38,651 39,859 39,417 39,820 40,119 41,128 0 166,275 43,024 41,741 40,679 40,831 0
Delaware .................. 136,264 95,760 1,761 9,894 10,199 10,653 10,854 10,612 10,683 10,482 10,323 10,299 0 40,504 11,584 10,488 9,431 9,001 0
District of Columbia .. 85,850 66,798 12,544 7,574 7,138 6,825 6,590 6,295 5,596 5,024 4,655 4,557 0 19,052 6,501 4,607 4,144 3,800 0
Florida ...................... 2,816,791 1,969,010 60,332 201,060 205,870 213,263 232,380 212,595 217,601 209,332 208,241 208,336 0 847,781 218,689 220,866 210,345 197,881 0
Georgia ..................... 1,764,346 1,245,574 47,430 127,056 129,819 134,827 138,526 137,963 135,225 132,118 131,833 130,777 0 518,772 149,914 136,137 121,183 111,538 0
Hawaii ...................... 181,550 131,141 1,648 14,652 15,036 12,009 15,701 15,459 15,027 14,416 13,867 13,091 235 50,409 14,397 12,810 12,435 10,574 193
Idaho ........................ 297,200 208,561 2,536 21,085 22,102 22,724 23,592 23,765 23,209 23,563 23,167 22,818 0 88,639 23,108 22,689 21,695 21,084 63
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Illinois ....................... 2,026,718 1,408,702 85,018 134,735 140,517 144,613 150,449 151,903 149,356 149,824 151,688 150,595 4 618,016 160,014 158,488 151,057 148,457 0
Indiana ..................... 1,049,547 725,811 18,882 76,874 77,100 77,930 82,108 78,034 78,511 77,690 79,373 78,029 1,280 323,736 82,040 83,417 80,776 77,503 0

Iowa ......................... 509,831 362,666 29,307 38,178 36,000 36,578 37,862 37,830 37,284 36,738 36,351 36,538 0 147,165 37,155 36,921 36,522 36,567 0
Kansas ..................... 494,347 351,447 19,302 35,750 36,675 36,794 37,498 37,692 36,894 36,066 36,120 35,948 2,708 142,900 37,185 35,989 34,923 33,784 1,019
Kentucky .................. 684,017 485,275 26,902 48,888 50,987 51,602 52,291 52,487 51,290 50,186 50,148 50,098 396 198,742 53,529 51,678 48,704 44,668 163
Louisiana .................. 716,293 516,206 27,974 53,103 55,067 56,039 56,546 56,267 53,558 53,103 52,937 51,612 0 200,087 58,085 51,852 47,718 42,432 0
Maine ....................... 180,512 124,938 5,437 12,650 12,661 13,102 13,249 13,561 13,424 13,630 13,724 13,500 0 55,574 13,823 14,045 13,838 13,868 0

Maryland .................. 886,221 630,440 30,945 64,472 66,290 68,059 69,776 69,182 67,087 65,026 65,081 64,522 0 255,781 71,465 65,022 60,991 58,303 0
Massachusetts ......... 964,514 669,178 29,633 66,249 68,327 70,079 72,167 72,481 71,399 71,121 72,454 72,576 2,692 295,336 77,287 74,452 72,595 71,002 0
Michigan .................. 1,528,666 1,047,414 48,416 115,715 104,619 105,309 107,885 111,742 111,760 110,994 114,603 113,678 2,693 481,252 123,873 124,056 116,442 115,605 1,276
Minnesota ................. 875,021 607,084 18,960 63,295 63,819 65,247 66,846 67,087 65,921 65,048 66,005 64,856 0 267,937 65,465 66,679 65,578 70,215 0
Mississippi ................ 483,150 345,125 5,361 36,652 37,449 38,922 39,728 39,282 35,963 35,947 36,223 35,049 4,549 138,025 36,763 35,340 32,994 29,717 3,211
Missouri ................... 915,040 647,307 31,808 66,052 67,198 68,602 70,499 70,736 69,159 68,141 67,834 67,278 0 267,733 69,279 68,496 66,214 63,744 0
Montana ................... 146,375 104,337 1,066 11,678 11,149 11,546 11,990 11,687 11,764 11,186 11,227 11,044 0 42,038 11,336 10,802 10,081 9,819 0
Nebraska .................. 319,194 226,051 16,467 22,283 23,400 24,019 24,026 22,378 23,525 23,168 23,607 23,178 0 93,143 23,348 23,276 22,922 23,597 0
Nevada ..................... 473,744 333,991 5,426 34,626 35,868 36,178 37,853 38,160 36,922 36,417 35,778 35,895 868 139,753 36,053 35,895 34,835 32,940 30
New Hampshire ........ 180,888 123,602 3,965 11,430 12,460 12,907 13,325 13,644 13,747 13,771 14,186 14,167 0 57,286 15,316 14,473 13,989 13,502 6
New Jersey ............... 1,410,421 990,740 62,149 91,197 95,812 98,025 100,139 101,704 99,427 98,545 100,625 100,200 42,917 419,681 103,145 101,373 99,872 98,490 16,801
New Mexico .............. 336,263 236,407 7,430 24,301 24,703 26,112 26,528 26,358 25,692 25,409 24,973 24,901 0 99,856 29,185 26,105 23,143 21,423 0
New York .................. 2,729,776 1,886,863 65,600 194,163 199,955 202,245 202,909 203,159 200,174 197,035 197,909 200,060 23,654 842,913 217,639 211,140 196,645 193,375 24,114
North Carolina ........... 1,550,062 1,080,196 18,782 114,414 117,638 120,924 122,483 122,411 119,305 116,637 109,554 118,048 0 469,866 130,064 123,258 112,763 102,028 1,753
North Dakota ............ 109,706 79,249 2,665 8,843 8,723 8,847 8,761 8,678 8,458 8,132 8,204 7,938 0 30,457 8,015 7,793 7,273 7,376 0
Ohio .......................... 1,710,143 1,190,358 36,148 122,516 124,598 127,317 132,576 129,706 128,995 126,726 130,737 131,039 0 519,785 142,344 136,286 119,688 121,467 0
Oklahoma ................. 693,903 504,388 41,249 52,194 53,916 53,165 53,818 52,289 50,213 47,729 49,389 49,235 1,191 189,515 51,259 48,995 46,119 42,672 470
Oregon ..................... 606,277 425,768 27,330 3 41,796 43,117 44,379 45,985 46,094 45,125 43,818 44,174 43,950 0 180,509 44,230 44,893 43,927 47,459 0
Pennsylvania ............ 1,727,497 1,183,671 7,859 122,763 125,819 128,865 132,987 133,723 132,238 131,299 134,541 133,577 0 543,826 139,907 138,338 133,335 132,246 0
Rhode Island ............. 142,150 98,871 2,498 10,059 10,231 10,490 10,891 11,055 10,933 10,788 11,087 10,839 0 43,279 11,826 11,199 10,210 10,044 0
South Carolina .......... 771,250 547,928 25,613 55,424 57,152 60,004 60,403 60,797 58,277 57,346 56,736 56,176 0 223,322 64,797 57,792 52,476 48,257 0
South Dakota ............ 136,302 98,712 3,290 11,643 10,518 10,635 10,840 10,866 10,574 10,503 10,115 9,728 0 37,590 10,326 9,584 8,972 8,708 0
Tennessee ................ 1,001,562 708,027 27,987 74,667 74,356 74,699 77,792 78,472 77,105 74,948 74,290 73,711 0 293,535 76,802 75,428 72,453 68,852 0
Texas ........................ 5,360,849 3,835,671 248,116 372,019 395,816 408,841 412,782 411,117 400,196 398,196 396,167 392,421 0 1,525,178 432,402 395,697 364,110 332,969 0
Utah ......................... 659,801 471,213 15,280 48,264 49,951 51,045 52,473 52,802 51,404 50,232 50,264 49,498 0 188,588 48,596 47,912 46,803 45,277 0
Vermont .................... 88,428 62,855 8,498 5,822 5,832 5,766 6,231 6,194 6,034 6,201 6,160 6,117 0 25,573 6,561 6,517 6,308 6,187 0
Virginia ..................... 1,287,026 897,696 33,281 90,800 94,000 96,570 99,022 99,258 97,165 95,956 96,410 95,234 0 389,330 104,051 99,936 94,843 90,500 0
Washington ............... 1,101,711 762,362 13,933 81,102 82,224 84,872 86,566 86,114 83,639 81,483 81,390 81,039 0 339,349 81,927 83,512 83,265 90,645 0
West Virginia ............. 273,855 194,413 14,949 19,869 19,570 19,840 20,178 20,324 19,608 19,936 20,208 19,931 0 79,442 22,065 20,289 18,933 18,155 0
Wisconsin ................. 864,432 601,751 55,436 57,332 58,225 60,524 61,750 62,408 61,207 61,265 62,172 61,432 0 262,681 65,868 65,170 65,340 66,303 0
Wyoming .................. 94,170 67,246 664 7,584 7,308 7,422 7,616 7,642 7,452 7,352 7,071 7,135 0 26,924 7,212 6,932 6,518 6,262 0

See notes at end of table.

 Table 203.40. Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level, grade, and state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016—Continued
Elementary Secondary
Total, all Prekinder- Kinder- Elementary Secondary
State or jurisdiction grades Total garten garten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 ungraded Total Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 11 Grade 12 ungraded1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Bureau of Indian
Education ........... 45,399 34,132 — 4,330 3,942 3,823 3,944 3,762 3,736 3,705 3,508 3,382 — 11,267 3,335 2,936 2,575 2,421 —
DoDEA ...................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
AmericanSamoa .... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam .................... 30,758 20,621 585 1,976 2,174 2,244 2,377 2,355 2,268 2,187 2,273 2,182 — 10,137 3,135 2,892 2,454 1,656 —
Northern
Marianas ......... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ........... 365,181 251,197 2,876 23,599 26,777 26,477 26,294 26,859 26,916 27,649 27,953 27,279 8,518 113,984 27,576 28,466 27,507 25,830 4,605
U.S. Virgin Islands .. 13,194 9,037 — 886 956 1,051 1,061 1,030 1,048 1,022 1,030 953 — 4,157 1,401 973 911 872 —

—Not available. NOTE: DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. The total ungraded counts of students were prorated to the
1
Includes students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. elementary and secondary levels based on prior state reports of the percentage of elementary and of secondary ungraded
2
Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics based on reports for prior years. students.
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

3
Based on later data submissions not included in the published data file. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State
Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 2016–17. (This table was prepared September 2018.)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Enrollment in Public Schools
77
78 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Enrollment in Public Schools

Table 203.50. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and
region: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2028
Enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution
American American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
Region and year Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
United States
1995 ............... 44,840 29,044 7,551 6,072 1,668 1 — 505 — 100.0 64.8 16.8 13.5 3.7 1 — 1.1 —
2000 ............... 47,204 28,878 8,100 7,726 1,950 1 — 550 — 100.0 61.2 17.2 16.4 4.1 1 — 1.2 —
2001 ............... 47,672 28,735 8,177 8,169 2,028 1 — 564 — 100.0 60.3 17.2 17.1 4.3 1 — 1.2 —
2002 ............... 48,183 28,618 8,299 8,594 2,088 1 — 583 — 100.0 59.4 17.2 17.8 4.3 1 — 1.2 —
2003 ............... 48,540 28,442 8,349 9,011 2,145 1 — 593 — 100.0 58.6 17.2 18.6 4.4 1 — 1.2 —
2004 ............... 48,795 28,318 8,386 9,317 2,183 1 — 591 — 100.0 58.0 17.2 19.1 4.5 1 — 1.2 —
2005 ............... 49,113 28,005 8,445 9,787 2,279 1 — 598 — 100.0 57.0 17.2 19.9 4.6 1 — 1.2 —
2006 ............... 49,316 27,801 8,422 10,166 2,332 1 — 595 — 100.0 56.4 17.1 20.6 4.7 1 — 1.2 —
2007 ............... 49,291 27,454 8,392 10,454 2,396 1 — 594 — 100.0 55.7 17.0 21.2 4.9 1 — 1.2 —
2008 ............... 49,266 27,057 8,358 10,563 2,405 46 589 247 2 100.0 54.9 17.0 21.4 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.5 2
2009 ............... 49,361 26,702 8,245 10,991 2,435 49 601 338 2 100.0 54.1 16.7 22.3 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.7 2
2010 ............... 49,484 25,933 7,917 11,439 2,296 171 566 1,164 100.0 52.4 16.0 23.1 4.6 0.3 1.1 2.4
2011 ............... 49,522 25,602 7,827 11,759 2,334 179 547 1,272 100.0 51.7 15.8 23.7 4.7 0.4 1.1 2.6
2012 ............... 49,771 25,386 7,803 12,104 2,372 180 534 1,393 100.0 51.0 15.7 24.3 4.8 0.4 1.1 2.8
2013 ............... 50,045 25,160 7,805 12,452 2,417 176 523 1,511 100.0 50.3 15.6 24.9 4.8 0.4 1.0 3.0
2014 ............... 50,313 24,923 7,807 12,805 2,470 176 519 1,612 100.0 49.5 15.5 25.4 4.9 0.3 1.0 3.2
20153 .............. 50,438 24,644 7,784 13,080 2,521 177 510 1,723 100.0 48.9 15.4 25.9 5.0 0.4 1.0 3.4
20164 .............. 50,615 24,413 7,765 13,329 2,571 184 511 1,842 100.0 48.2 15.3 26.3 5.1 0.4 1.0 3.6
20175 .............. 50,695 24,149 7,734 13,561 2,616 183 507 1,946 100.0 47.6 15.3 26.7 5.2 0.4 1.0 3.8
20185 .............. 50,728 23,888 7,698 13,752 2,660 184 504 2,043 100.0 47.1 15.2 27.1 5.2 0.4 1.0 4.0
20195 .............. 50,770 23,659 7,672 13,921 2,696 184 501 2,136 100.0 46.6 15.1 27.4 5.3 0.4 1.0 4.2
20205 .............. 50,857 23,462 7,663 14,084 2,738 185 498 2,227 100.0 46.1 15.1 27.7 5.4 0.4 1.0 4.4
20215 .............. 50,892 23,277 7,654 14,207 2,764 185 494 2,311 100.0 45.7 15.0 27.9 5.4 0.4 1.0 4.5
20225 .............. 51,012 23,163 7,707 14,263 2,812 182 490 2,394 100.0 45.4 15.1 28.0 5.5 0.4 1.0 4.7
20235 .............. 51,098 23,051 7,741 14,298 2,858 180 487 2,483 100.0 45.1 15.1 28.0 5.6 0.4 1.0 4.9
20245 .............. 51,124 22,940 7,760 14,296 2,908 179 483 2,557 100.0 44.9 15.2 28.0 5.7 0.3 0.9 5.0
20255 .............. 51,119 22,828 7,775 14,279 2,959 178 480 2,621 100.0 44.7 15.2 27.9 5.8 0.3 0.9 5.1
20265 .............. 51,123 22,734 7,787 14,261 3,010 177 477 2,677 100.0 44.5 15.2 27.9 5.9 0.3 0.9 5.2
20275 .............. 51,228 22,684 7,811 14,277 3,069 177 475 2,734 100.0 44.3 15.2 27.9 6.0 0.3 0.9 5.3
20285 .............. 51,419 22,662 7,857 14,334 3,126 177 474 2,788 100.0 44.1 15.3 27.9 6.1 0.3 0.9 5.4
Northeast
1995 ............... 7,894 5,497 1,202 878 295 1 — 21 — 100.0 69.6 15.2 11.1 3.7 1
— 0.3 —
2000 ............... 8,222 5,545 1,270 1,023 361 1 — 24 — 100.0 67.4 15.4 12.4 4.4 1
— 0.3 —
2005 ............... 8,240 5,317 1,282 1,189 425 1 — 27 — 100.0 64.5 15.6 14.4 5.2 1
— 0.3 —
2010 ............... 8,071 4,876 1,208 1,364 494 6 27 96 100.0 60.4 15.0 16.9 6.1 0.1 0.3 1.2
2013 ............... 7,961 4,593 1,158 1,492 526 6 28 158 100.0 57.7 14.5 18.7 6.6 0.1 0.3 2.0
2014 ............... 7,980 4,507 1,155 1,566 538 7 28 179 100.0 56.5 14.5 19.6 6.7 0.1 0.4 2.2
20153 .............. 7,934 4,409 1,136 1,610 547 7 29 197 100.0 55.6 14.3 20.3 6.9 0.1 0.4 2.5
20164 .............. 7,959 4,345 1,132 1,668 558 13 30 214 100.0 54.6 14.2 21.0 7.0 0.2 0.4 2.7
Midwest
1995 ............... 10,512 8,335 1,450 438 197 1 — 92 — 100.0 79.3 13.8 4.2 1.9 1
— 0.9 —
2000 ............... 10,730 8,208 1,581 610 239 1 — 92 — 100.0 76.5 14.7 5.7 2.2 1
— 0.9 —
2005 ............... 10,819 7,950 1,654 836 283 1 — 96 — 100.0 73.5 15.3 7.7 2.6 1
— 0.9 —
2010 ............... 10,610 7,327 1,505 1,077 303 9 94 294 100.0 69.1 14.2 10.2 2.9 0.1 0.9 2.8
2013 ............... 10,573 7,111 1,464 1,212 330 11 87 358 100.0 67.3 13.8 11.5 3.1 0.1 0.8 3.4
2014 ............... 10,561 7,037 1,459 1,249 338 11 86 380 100.0 66.6 13.8 11.8 3.2 0.1 0.8 3.6
20153 .............. 10,556 6,968 1,458 1,284 348 12 84 400 100.0 66.0 13.8 12.2 3.3 0.1 0.8 3.8
20164 .............. 10,539 6,893 1,449 1,312 360 12 86 426 100.0 65.4 13.8 12.4 3.4 0.1 0.8 4.0
South
1995 ............... 16,118 9,565 4,236 1,890 280 1 — 148 — 100.0 59.3 26.3 11.7 1.7 1
— 0.9 —
2000 ............... 17,007 9,501 4,516 2,468 352 1 — 170 — 100.0 55.9 26.6 14.5 2.1 1
— 1.0 —
2005 ............... 18,103 9,381 4,738 3,334 456 1 — 194 — 100.0 51.8 26.2 18.4 2.5 1
— 1.1 —
2010 ............... 18,805 8,869 4,545 4,206 533 22 207 424 100.0 47.2 24.2 22.4 2.8 0.1 1.1 2.3
2013 ............... 19,299 8,722 4,561 4,671 588 26 185 546 100.0 45.2 23.6 24.2 3.0 0.1 1.0 2.8
2014 ............... 19,506 8,681 4,577 4,846 613 28 184 579 100.0 44.5 23.5 24.8 3.1 0.1 0.9 3.0
20153 .............. 19,641 8,601 4,583 4,994 637 29 181 615 100.0 43.8 23.3 25.4 3.2 0.1 0.9 3.1
20164 .............. 19,750 8,513 4,571 5,142 665 30 177 652 100.0 43.1 23.1 26.0 3.4 0.2 0.9 3.3
West
1995 ............... 10,316 5,648 662 2,866 896 1 — 244 — 100.0 54.7 6.4 27.8 8.7 1
— 2.4 —
2000 ............... 11,244 5,624 733 3,625 998 1 — 264 — 100.0 50.0 6.5 32.2 8.9 1
— 2.4 —
2005 ............... 11,951 5,356 771 4,428 1,115 1 — 281 — 100.0 44.8 6.5 37.1 9.3 1
— 2.4 —
2010 ............... 11,998 4,861 659 4,792 966 133 237 349 100.0 40.5 5.5 39.9 8.1 1.1 2.0 2.9
2013 ............... 12,212 4,733 623 5,077 973 133 224 449 100.0 38.8 5.1 41.6 8.0 1.1 1.8 3.7
2014 ............... 12,266 4,698 616 5,144 982 130 221 475 100.0 38.3 5.0 41.9 8.0 1.1 1.8 3.9
20153 .............. 12,307 4,665 606 5,192 988 129 216 511 100.0 37.9 4.9 42.2 8.0 1.1 1.8 4.2
20164 .............. 12,367 4,662 612 5,208 989 128 217 550 100.0 37.7 5.0 42.1 8.0 1.0 1.8 4.4

—Not available. NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Enrollment data for students not
1
Includes Pacific Islanders. reported by race/ethnicity were prorated by state and grade to match state totals. Prior to 2008,
2
For this year, data on Pacific Islanders and students of Two or more races were reported by only a data on students of Two or more races were not collected. Some data have been revised from
small number of states. Therefore, the data are not comparable to figures for 2010 and later years. previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core
4
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California. of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 1995–96
5
Projected. through 2016–17; and National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment by Race/Ethnicity Projection
Model, 1972 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 79
Enrollment in Public Schools

Table 203.60. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and
level of education: Fall 1999 through fall 2028
Enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution
Asian/Pacific Islander American Asian/Pacific Islander American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Level of education His- Pacific Alaska more His- Pacific Alaska more
and year Total White Black panic Total Asian Islander Native races Total White Black panic Total Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total
1999 .......................... 46,857 29,035 8,066 7,327 1,887 — — 542 — 100.0 62.0 17.2 15.6 4.0 † † 1.2 †
2000 .......................... 47,204 28,878 8,100 7,726 1,950 — — 550 — 100.0 61.2 17.2 16.4 4.1 † † 1.2 †
2001 .......................... 47,672 28,735 8,177 8,169 2,028 — — 564 — 100.0 60.3 17.2 17.1 4.3 † † 1.2 †
2002 .......................... 48,183 28,618 8,299 8,594 2,088 — — 583 — 100.0 59.4 17.2 17.8 4.3 † † 1.2 †
2003 .......................... 48,540 28,442 8,349 9,011 2,145 — — 593 — 100.0 58.6 17.2 18.6 4.4 † † 1.2 †

2004 .......................... 48,795 28,318 8,386 9,317 2,183 — — 591 — 100.0 58.0 17.2 19.1 4.5 † † 1.2 †
2005 .......................... 49,113 28,005 8,445 9,787 2,279 — — 598 — 100.0 57.0 17.2 19.9 4.6 † † 1.2 †
2006 .......................... 49,316 27,801 8,422 10,166 2,332 — — 595 — 100.0 56.4 17.1 20.6 4.7 † † 1.2 †
2007 .......................... 49,291 27,454 8,392 10,454 2,396 — — 594 — 100.0 55.7 17.0 21.2 4.9 † † 1.2 †
2008 .......................... 49,266 27,057 8,358 10,563 2,451 2,405 46 589 247 1 100.0 54.9 17.0 21.4 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.5 1

2009 .......................... 49,361 26,702 8,245 10,991 2,484 2,435 49 601 338 1 100.0 54.1 16.7 22.3 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.7 1
2010 .......................... 49,484 25,933 7,917 11,439 2,466 2,296 171 566 1,164 100.0 52.4 16.0 23.1 5.0 4.6 0.3 1.1 2.4
2011 .......................... 49,522 25,602 7,827 11,759 2,513 2,334 179 547 1,272 100.0 51.7 15.8 23.7 5.1 4.7 0.4 1.1 2.6
2012 .......................... 49,771 25,386 7,803 12,104 2,552 2,372 180 534 1,393 100.0 51.0 15.7 24.3 5.1 4.8 0.4 1.1 2.8
2013 .......................... 50,045 25,160 7,805 12,452 2,593 2,417 176 523 1,511 100.0 50.3 15.6 24.9 5.2 4.8 0.4 1.0 3.0

2014 .......................... 50,313 24,923 7,807 12,805 2,646 2,470 176 519 1,612 100.0 49.5 15.5 25.4 5.3 4.9 0.3 1.0 3.2
20152 ......................... 50,438 24,644 7,784 13,080 2,697 2,521 177 510 1,723 100.0 48.9 15.4 25.9 5.3 5.0 0.4 1.0 3.4
20163 ......................... 50,615 24,413 7,765 13,329 2,756 2,571 184 511 1,842 100.0 48.2 15.3 26.3 5.4 5.1 0.4 1.0 3.6
20174 ......................... 50,695 24,149 7,734 13,561 2,799 2,616 183 507 1,946 100.0 47.6 15.3 26.7 5.5 5.2 0.4 1.0 3.8
20184 ......................... 50,728 23,888 7,698 13,752 2,844 2,660 184 504 2,043 100.0 47.1 15.2 27.1 5.6 5.2 0.4 1.0 4.0

20194 ......................... 50,770 23,659 7,672 13,921 2,881 2,696 184 501 2,136 100.0 46.6 15.1 27.4 5.7 5.3 0.4 1.0 4.2
20204 ......................... 50,857 23,462 7,663 14,084 2,923 2,738 185 498 2,227 100.0 46.1 15.1 27.7 5.7 5.4 0.4 1.0 4.4
20214 ......................... 50,892 23,277 7,654 14,207 2,949 2,764 185 494 2,311 100.0 45.7 15.0 27.9 5.8 5.4 0.4 1.0 4.5
20224 ......................... 51,012 23,163 7,707 14,263 2,994 2,812 182 490 2,394 100.0 45.4 15.1 28.0 5.9 5.5 0.4 1.0 4.7
20234 ......................... 51,098 23,051 7,741 14,298 3,039 2,858 180 487 2,483 100.0 45.1 15.1 28.0 5.9 5.6 0.4 1.0 4.9

20244 ......................... 51,124 22,940 7,760 14,296 3,087 2,908 179 483 2,557 100.0 44.9 15.2 28.0 6.0 5.7 0.3 0.9 5.0
20254 ......................... 51,119 22,828 7,775 14,279 3,137 2,959 178 480 2,621 100.0 44.7 15.2 27.9 6.1 5.8 0.3 0.9 5.1
20264 ......................... 51,123 22,734 7,787 14,261 3,187 3,010 177 477 2,677 100.0 44.5 15.2 27.9 6.2 5.9 0.3 0.9 5.2
20274 ......................... 51,228 22,684 7,811 14,277 3,246 3,069 177 475 2,734 100.0 44.3 15.2 27.9 6.3 6.0 0.3 0.9 5.3
20284 ......................... 51,419 22,662 7,857 14,334 3,303 3,126 177 474 2,788 100.0 44.1 15.3 27.9 6.4 6.1 0.3 0.9 5.4

Prekindergarten
through grade 8
1999 .......................... 33,486 20,327 5,952 5,512 1,303 — — 391 — 100.0 60.7 17.8 16.5 3.9 † † 1.2 †
2000 .......................... 33,686 20,130 5,981 5,830 1,349 — — 397 — 100.0 59.8 17.8 17.3 4.0 † † 1.2 †
2001 .......................... 33,936 19,960 6,004 6,159 1,409 — — 405 — 100.0 58.8 17.7 18.1 4.2 † † 1.2 †
2002 .......................... 34,114 19,764 6,042 6,446 1,447 — — 415 — 100.0 57.9 17.7 18.9 4.2 † † 1.2 †
2003 .......................... 34,201 19,558 6,015 6,729 1,483 — — 415 — 100.0 57.2 17.6 19.7 4.3 † † 1.2 †

2004 .......................... 34,178 19,368 5,983 6,909 1,504 — — 413 — 100.0 56.7 17.5 20.2 4.4 † † 1.2 †
2005 .......................... 34,204 19,051 5,954 7,216 1,569 — — 412 — 100.0 55.7 17.4 21.1 4.6 † † 1.2 †
2006 .......................... 34,235 18,863 5,882 7,465 1,611 — — 414 — 100.0 55.1 17.2 21.8 4.7 † † 1.2 †
2007 .......................... 34,204 18,679 5,821 7,632 1,660 — — 412 — 100.0 54.6 17.0 22.3 4.9 † † 1.2 †
2008 .......................... 34,286 18,501 5,793 7,689 1,705 1,674 31 410 187 1 100.0 54.0 16.9 22.4 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.5 1

2009 .......................... 34,409 18,316 5,713 7,977 1,730 1,697 33 419 254 1 100.0 53.2 16.6 23.2 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.7 1
2010 .......................... 34,625 17,823 5,495 8,314 1,711 1,589 122 394 887 100.0 51.5 15.9 24.0 4.9 4.6 0.4 1.1 2.6
2011 .......................... 34,773 17,654 5,470 8,558 1,744 1,616 128 384 963 100.0 50.8 15.7 24.6 5.0 4.6 0.4 1.1 2.8
2012 .......................... 35,018 17,535 5,473 8,804 1,773 1,644 129 375 1,057 100.0 50.1 15.6 25.1 5.1 4.7 0.4 1.1 3.0
2013 .......................... 35,251 17,390 5,483 9,054 1,809 1,683 126 367 1,148 100.0 49.3 15.6 25.7 5.1 4.8 0.4 1.0 3.3

2014 .......................... 35,370 17,193 5,471 9,273 1,842 1,718 124 363 1,227 100.0 48.6 15.5 26.2 5.2 4.9 0.4 1.0 3.5
20152 ......................... 35,388 16,972 5,448 9,424 1,878 1,754 124 356 1,311 100.0 48.0 15.4 26.6 5.3 5.0 0.4 1.0 3.7
20163 ......................... 35,477 16,823 5,440 9,544 1,914 1,784 129 358 1,399 100.0 47.4 15.3 26.9 5.4 5.0 0.4 1.0 3.9
20174 ......................... 35,473 16,641 5,434 9,643 1,930 1,802 128 355 1,470 100.0 46.9 15.3 27.2 5.4 5.1 0.4 1.0 4.1
20184 ......................... 35,465 16,468 5,437 9,721 1,957 1,829 128 352 1,530 100.0 46.4 15.3 27.4 5.5 5.2 0.4 1.0 4.3
20194 ......................... 35,457 16,335 5,441 9,771 1,976 1,850 126 350 1,584 100.0 46.1 15.3 27.6 5.6 5.2 0.4 1.0 4.5

20204 ......................... 35,384 16,193 5,428 9,789 2,004 1,878 126 346 1,624 100.0 45.8 15.3 27.7 5.7 5.3 0.4 1.0 4.6
20214 ......................... 35,231 16,056 5,394 9,766 2,021 1,896 126 342 1,651 100.0 45.6 15.3 27.7 5.7 5.4 0.4 1.0 4.7
20224 ......................... 35,189 16,008 5,413 9,692 2,059 1,935 124 339 1,678 100.0 45.5 15.4 27.5 5.9 5.5 0.4 1.0 4.8
20234 ......................... 35,235 15,989 5,431 9,661 2,101 1,978 124 336 1,717 100.0 45.4 15.4 27.4 6.0 5.6 0.4 1.0 4.9
20244 ......................... 35,376 16,007 5,474 9,667 2,141 2,018 123 335 1,751 100.0 45.2 15.5 27.3 6.1 5.7 0.3 0.9 5.0

20254 ......................... 35,519 16,019 5,516 9,669 2,191 2,068 123 334 1,790 100.0 45.1 15.5 27.2 6.2 5.8 0.3 0.9 5.0
20264 ......................... 35,703 16,031 5,561 9,705 2,236 2,113 123 333 1,837 100.0 44.9 15.6 27.2 6.3 5.9 0.3 0.9 5.1
20274 ......................... 35,894 16,037 5,606 9,757 2,273 2,151 122 333 1,888 100.0 44.7 15.6 27.2 6.3 6.0 0.3 0.9 5.3
20284 ......................... 36,073 16,022 5,648 9,813 2,316 2,194 122 333 1,941 100.0 44.4 15.7 27.2 6.4 6.1 0.3 0.9 5.4

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

80 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Enrollment in Public Schools

Table 203.60. Enrollment and percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and
level of education: Fall 1999 through fall 2028—Continued
Enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution
Asian/Pacific Islander American Asian/Pacific Islander American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Level of education His- Pacific Alaska more His- Pacific Alaska more
and year Total White Black panic Total Asian Islander Native races Total White Black panic Total Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Grades 9 through 12
1999 .......................... 13,371 8,708 2,114 1,815 584 — — 151 — 100.0 65.1 15.8 13.6 4.4 † † 1.1 †
2000 .......................... 13,517 8,747 2,119 1,896 601 — — 153 — 100.0 64.7 15.7 14.0 4.4 † † 1.1 †
2001 .......................... 13,736 8,774 2,173 2,011 619 — — 159 — 100.0 63.9 15.8 14.6 4.5 † † 1.2 †
2002 .......................... 14,069 8,854 2,257 2,148 642 — — 168 — 100.0 62.9 16.0 15.3 4.6 † † 1.2 †
2003 .......................... 14,339 8,884 2,334 2,282 663 — — 177 — 100.0 62.0 16.3 15.9 4.6 † † 1.2 †

2004 .......................... 14,618 8,950 2,403 2,408 679 — — 178 — 100.0 61.2 16.4 16.5 4.6 † † 1.2 †
2005 .......................... 14,909 8,954 2,490 2,570 709 — — 186 — 100.0 60.1 16.7 17.2 4.8 † † 1.2 †
2006 .......................... 15,081 8,938 2,540 2,701 720 — — 181 — 100.0 59.3 16.8 17.9 4.8 † † 1.2 †
2007 .......................... 15,086 8,775 2,571 2,821 736 — — 183 — 100.0 58.2 17.0 18.7 4.9 † † 1.2 †
2008 .......................... 14,980 8,556 2,565 2,874 746 731 15 179 59 1 100.0 57.1 17.1 19.2 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.4 1

2009 .......................... 14,952 8,385 2,532 3,014 754 738 16 182 84 1 100.0 56.1 16.9 20.2 5.0 4.9 0.1 1.2 0.6 1
2010 .......................... 14,860 8,109 2,422 3,125 755 707 49 171 277 100.0 54.6 16.3 21.0 5.1 4.8 0.3 1.2 1.9
2011 .......................... 14,749 7,948 2,357 3,202 769 719 50 163 309 100.0 53.9 16.0 21.7 5.2 4.9 0.3 1.1 2.1
2012 .......................... 14,753 7,851 2,330 3,300 779 727 51 158 335 100.0 53.2 15.8 22.4 5.3 4.9 0.3 1.1 2.3
2013 .......................... 14,794 7,770 2,322 3,398 784 733 51 156 363 100.0 52.5 15.7 23.0 5.3 5.0 0.3 1.1 2.5

2014 .......................... 14,943 7,730 2,336 3,532 804 753 52 156 385 100.0 51.7 15.6 23.6 5.4 5.0 0.3 1.0 2.6
2015 .......................... 15,050 7,672 2,336 3,656 819 767 52 154 412 100.0 51.0 15.5 24.3 5.4 5.1 0.3 1.0 2.7
2016 .......................... 15,138 7,590 2,324 3,786 842 787 55 153 443 100.0 50.1 15.4 25.0 5.6 5.2 0.4 1.0 2.9
20174 ......................... 15,222 7,508 2,300 3,917 869 813 56 152 476 100.0 49.3 15.1 25.7 5.7 5.3 0.4 1.0 3.1
20184 ......................... 15,264 7,420 2,261 4,031 887 830 57 151 513 100.0 48.6 14.8 26.4 5.8 5.4 0.4 1.0 3.4
20194 ......................... 15,313 7,324 2,231 4,149 904 846 58 151 552 100.0 47.8 14.6 27.1 5.9 5.5 0.4 1.0 3.6

20204 ......................... 15,473 7,269 2,235 4,294 919 861 59 152 603 100.0 47.0 14.4 27.8 5.9 5.6 0.4 1.0 3.9
20214 ......................... 15,661 7,221 2,259 4,441 928 869 59 152 660 100.0 46.1 14.4 28.4 5.9 5.5 0.4 1.0 4.2
20224 ......................... 15,823 7,156 2,294 4,571 935 876 59 151 716 100.0 45.2 14.5 28.9 5.9 5.5 0.4 1.0 4.5
20234 ......................... 15,863 7,062 2,310 4,637 937 881 57 151 766 100.0 44.5 14.6 29.2 5.9 5.6 0.4 1.0 4.8
20244 ......................... 15,748 6,933 2,286 4,630 946 890 56 148 806 100.0 44.0 14.5 29.4 6.0 5.6 0.4 0.9 5.1

20254 ......................... 15,601 6,809 2,259 4,610 946 891 55 146 830 100.0 43.6 14.5 29.6 6.1 5.7 0.4 0.9 5.3
20264 ......................... 15,420 6,704 2,226 4,556 951 897 54 144 840 100.0 43.5 14.4 29.5 6.2 5.8 0.3 0.9 5.4
20274 ......................... 15,334 6,647 2,206 4,520 973 918 55 142 846 100.0 43.3 14.4 29.5 6.3 6.0 0.4 0.9 5.5
20284 ......................... 15,346 6,640 2,210 4,521 987 932 55 142 847 100.0 43.3 14.4 29.5 6.4 6.1 0.4 0.9 5.5

—Not available. Prior to 2008, data on students of Two or more races were not collected. Total counts
†Not applicable. of ungraded students were prorated to prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9
1
For this year, data on students of Two or more races were reported by only a small number through 12 based on prior reports. Some data have been revised from previously published
of states. Therefore, the data are not comparable to figures for 2010 and later years. figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California and Oregon. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Includes imputations for prekindergarten enrollment in California. Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary
4
Projected. Education,” 1998–99 through 2016–17; and National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Enrollment data for students by Race/Ethnicity Projection Model, 1972 through 2028. (This table was prepared March
not reported by race/ethnicity were prorated by state and grade to match state totals. 2019.)

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 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 81
Enrollment in Public Schools

Table 203.70. Percentage distribution of enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by race/ethnicity and state or
jurisdiction: Fall 2000 and fall 2016
Percentage distribution, fall 2000 Percentage distribution, fall 2016
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska Pacific Alaska more
State or jurisdiction Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States ..................... 100.0 61.2 17.2 16.3 4.1 1.2 100.0 48.2 15.3 26.4 5.1 0.4 1.0 3.6
Alabama...................................... 100.0 60.8 36.5 1.3 0.7 0.7 100.0 54.9 33.0 7.4 1.4 0.1 0.9 2.2
Alaska......................................... 100.0 61.5 4.6 3.4 5.5 25.0 100.0 47.8 3.1 6.7 5.9 2.9 22.9 10.7
Arizona........................................ 100.0 52.8 4.6 33.9 2.1 6.6 100.0 38.8 5.3 45.2 2.8 0.4 4.6 2.9
Arkansas..................................... 100.0 71.7 23.3 3.6 0.9 0.5 100.0 61.3 20.6 12.7 1.6 0.7 0.6 2.4
California..................................... 100.0 36.1 8.5 43.4 11.1 0.9 100.0 23.6 5.6 54.2 11.4 0.5 0.5 4.1

Colorado...................................... 100.0 68.2 5.7 22.0 2.9 1.2 100.0 53.8 4.6 33.5 3.1 0.2 0.7 4.0
Connecticut................................. 100.0 70.1 13.7 13.1 2.8 0.3 100.0 54.8 12.8 24.0 5.1 0.1 0.3 2.9
Delaware..................................... 100.0 60.7 30.8 6.0 2.3 0.3 100.0 45.1 30.3 16.8 3.7 0.1 0.4 3.5
District of Columbia .................... 100.0 4.5 84.6 9.2 1.6 0.1 100.0 10.7 69.7 16.0 1.5 0.1 0.2 1.8
Florida......................................... 100.0 53.3 25.2 19.4 1.9 0.3 100.0 38.7 22.3 32.4 2.7 0.2 0.3 3.4

Georgia........................................ 100.0 54.7 38.2 4.8 2.2 0.2 100.0 40.3 36.8 15.2 3.9 0.1 0.2 3.5
Hawaii......................................... 100.0 20.4 2.3 4.5 72.3 0.4 100.0 12.6 1.8 13.2 29.4 29.5 0.3 13.2
Idaho........................................... 100.0 86.0 0.7 10.7 1.2 1.4 100.0 75.7 1.1 18.0 1.2 0.3 1.2 2.5
Illinois.......................................... 100.0 59.8 21.3 15.4 3.4 0.2 100.0 48.5 17.0 25.7 4.9 0.1 0.4 3.4
Indiana........................................ 100.0 83.6 11.7 3.5 1.0 0.2 100.0 68.6 12.5 11.6 2.3 0.1 0.2 4.8

Iowa............................................ 100.0 90.2 4.0 3.6 1.7 0.5 100.0 76.6 5.9 10.6 2.5 0.2 0.4 3.8
Kansas........................................ 100.0 78.7 8.9 8.9 2.2 1.3 100.0 64.6 6.9 19.5 2.8 0.2 0.9 5.1
Kentucky..................................... 100.0 87.5 10.7 1.0 0.6 0.2 100.0 77.5 10.5 6.4 1.7 0.1 0.1 3.6
Louisiana..................................... 100.0 48.9 47.8 1.4 1.3 0.6 100.0 45.1 44.0 6.3 1.6 0.1 0.7 2.3
Maine.......................................... 100.0 96.5 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.7 100.0 89.7 3.5 2.1 1.5 0.1 0.9 2.3

Maryland..................................... 100.0 53.4 37.1 4.8 4.4 0.4 100.0 38.2 34.1 16.5 6.4 0.1 0.3 4.4
Massachusetts............................ 100.0 76.1 8.5 10.7 4.4 0.3 100.0 61.4 8.9 19.3 6.6 0.1 0.2 3.4
Michigan..................................... 100.0 73.8 19.8 3.5 1.8 1.0 100.0 66.6 18.0 7.7 3.3 0.1 0.6 3.7
Minnesota.................................... 100.0 82.9 6.6 3.4 5.1 2.0 100.0 67.5 10.7 9.0 6.7 0.1 1.7 4.4
Mississippi................................... 100.0 47.3 51.1 0.8 0.7 0.1 100.0 44.4 48.9 3.6 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.8

Missouri...................................... 100.0 79.3 17.4 1.8 1.2 0.3 100.0 71.6 16.1 6.2 2.0 0.3 0.4 3.6
Montana...................................... 100.0 86.2 0.6 1.7 1.0 10.5 100.0 79.0 0.9 4.5 0.8 0.2 11.2 3.4
Nebraska..................................... 100.0 83.0 6.7 7.3 1.5 1.5 100.0 66.9 6.7 18.6 2.7 0.1 1.4 3.6
Nevada........................................ 100.0 56.7 10.2 25.7 5.7 1.7 100.0 33.2 10.8 42.1 5.5 1.4 0.9 6.1
New Hampshire........................... 100.0 95.5 1.1 1.8 1.3 0.2 100.0 86.3 2.0 5.2 3.2 0.1 0.3 3.0

New Jersey.................................. 100.0 60.3 17.9 15.3 6.3 0.2 100.0 44.7 15.8 27.6 9.8 0.2 0.1 1.7
New Mexico................................. 100.0 35.3 2.4 50.2 1.1 11.1 100.0 24.1 1.9 60.8 1.2 0.1 10.2 1.7
New York..................................... 100.0 54.9 20.2 18.5 6.0 0.4 100.0 43.9 17.4 26.5 9.1 0.3 0.7 2.2
North Carolina ............................. 100.0 61.0 31.3 4.4 1.9 1.5 100.0 48.9 25.6 16.9 3.2 0.1 1.3 4.0
North Dakota............................... 100.0 89.4 1.0 1.2 0.8 7.6 100.0 78.1 4.5 4.7 1.5 0.3 8.7 2.2

Ohio............................................. 100.0 80.7 16.3 1.7 1.1 0.1 100.0 70.6 16.5 5.4 2.3 0.1 0.1 5.0
Oklahoma.................................... 100.0 64.9 10.8 6.0 1.4 16.9 100.0 49.4 8.8 16.8 2.0 0.3 13.9 8.8
Oregon........................................ 100.0 80.4 2.9 10.5 4.0 2.1 100.0 63.0 2.4 22.6 4.0 0.7 1.4 5.9
Pennsylvania............................... 100.0 78.2 15.1 4.5 2.0 0.1 100.0 66.6 14.8 11.0 3.8 0.1 0.2 3.6
Rhode Island................................ 100.0 74.3 7.9 14.0 3.3 0.5 100.0 58.7 8.4 24.7 3.2 0.2 0.7 4.0

South Carolina............................. 100.0 54.9 42.1 1.9 1.0 0.2 100.0 51.2 34.0 9.0 1.5 0.1 0.3 3.8
South Dakota............................... 100.0 86.5 1.2 1.2 0.9 10.1 100.0 74.6 3.1 5.5 1.8 0.1 11.2 3.7
Tennessee................................... 100.0 72.4 24.5 1.8 1.1 0.2 100.0 63.5 22.2 9.7 1.9 0.1 0.2 2.5
Texas........................................... 100.0 42.0 14.4 40.6 2.7 0.3 100.0 28.1 12.6 52.4 4.2 0.1 0.4 2.2
Utah............................................ 100.0 85.8 1.0 8.9 2.8 1.6 100.0 74.9 1.4 16.9 1.7 1.6 1.1 2.5

Vermont....................................... 100.0 96.3 1.1 0.6 1.4 0.6 100.0 90.7 2.0 1.9 2.0 0.1 0.2 3.2
Virginia........................................ 100.0 63.6 27.1 4.9 4.1 0.3 100.0 49.7 22.6 15.1 6.8 0.2 0.3 5.3
Washington.................................. 100.0 74.4 5.3 10.2 7.3 2.7 100.0 55.3 4.4 22.8 7.5 1.1 1.3 7.7
West Virginia ............................... 100.0 94.7 4.3 0.4 0.5 0.1 100.0 90.4 4.3 1.6 0.6 # 0.1 2.8
Wisconsin.................................... 100.0 80.7 10.0 4.5 3.3 1.4 100.0 70.4 9.3 11.8 3.9 0.1 1.2 3.5
Wyoming..................................... 100.0 87.9 1.2 6.9 0.9 3.1 100.0 78.1 1.1 14.0 0.8 0.1 3.6 2.3

Bureau of Indian Education ......... 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

DoDEA ........................................ 100.0 56.9 23.1 11.4 7.9 0.8 — — — — — — — —

Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ..................... 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 — — — — — — — —
Guam ...................................... 100.0 1.7 0.3 0.2 97.7 0.1 100.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 22.5 74.5 # 2.0
Northern Marianas .................. 100.0 0.3 # 0.0 99.7 0.0 — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ............................. 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.1 # 99.8 # # 0.1 0.0
U.S. Virgin Islands ................... 100.0 0.8 85.8 13.1 0.2 0.1 100.0 1.6 77.3 20.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
#Rounds to zero. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
NOTE: Percentage distribution based on students for whom race/ethnicity was reported, 2000–01 and 2016–17. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
which may be less than the total number of students in the state. Race categories exclude
persons of Hispanic ethnicity. DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Detail
may not sum to totals because of rounding.

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Table 204.10. Number and percentage of public school students eligible for free or reduced-price lunch, by state: Selected years, 2000–01
through 2016–17
Number of students eligible for Percent of students eligible for
Number of students free/reduced-price lunch free/reduced-price lunch
State 2000–01 2010–11 2015–16 2016–17 2000–01 2010–11 2015–16 2016–17 2000–01 2010–11 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ......... 46,579,068 1 48,941,267 49,753,676 49,944,748 17,839,867 1 23,544,479 25,900,186 1 26,113,604 1 38.3 1 48.1 52.1 1 52.3 1
Alabama ......................... 728,351 730,427 742,919 744,809 335,143 402,386 379,554 384,199 46.0 55.1 51.1 51.6
Alaska ............................ 105,333 132,104 132,466 132,709 32,468 50,701 56,625 60,182 30.8 38.4 42.7 45.3
Arizona ........................... 877,696 2
1,067,210 973,369 993,129 274,277 2
482,044 488,182 566,549 31.2 2 45.2 50.2 57.0
Arkansas ........................ 449,959 482,114 491,485 492,802 205,058 291,608 312,477 313,314 4 45.6 60.5 63.6 63.6 4
California ........................ 6,050,753 6,169,427 6,208,436 6,214,620 2,820,611 3,335,885 3,657,497 3,611,597 46.6 54.1 58.9 58.1

Colorado ......................... 724,349 842,864 899,008 904,798 195,148 336,426 376,162 381,537 26.9 39.9 41.8 42.2
Connecticut .................... 562,179 2 552,919 537,536 529,616 143,030 2 190,554 203,774 188,877 25.4 2 34.5 37.9 35.7
Delaware ........................ 114,676 128,342 133,792 136,217 37,766 61,564 50,459 65,563 5 32.9 48.0 37.7 48.1 5
District of Columbia ........ 68,380 71,263 83,009 84,970 47,839 52,027 63,402 64,900 5 70.0 73.0 76.4 76.4 5
Florida ............................ 2,434,755 2,641,555 2,791,193 2,811,090 1,079,009 1,479,519 1,640,217 1,633,226 44.3 56.0 58.8 58.1

Georgia ........................... 1,444,937 1,676,419 1,756,579 1,763,540 624,511 961,954 1,096,426 1,092,777 43.2 57.4 62.4 62.0
Hawaii ............................ 184,357 179,601 181,991 181,550 80,657 84,106 90,298 86,376 43.8 46.8 49.6 47.6
Idaho .............................. 244,755 275,815 292,233 297,118 85,824 124,104 137,145 136,058 35.1 45.0 46.9 45.8
Illinois ............................. 2,048,792 2 1,973,401 2,018,688 2,009,331 759,973 2 921,471 1,006,936 1,008,830 37.1 2 46.7 49.9 50.2
Indiana ........................... 977,219 1,038,817 1,045,235 1,048,952 285,267 485,728 504,787 502,844 29.2 46.8 48.3 47.9

Iowa ............................... 492,021 484,856 500,102 500,960 131,553 188,486 207,129 204,841 26.7 38.9 41.4 40.9
Kansas ........................... 462,594 479,953 488,568 489,706 154,693 228,852 240,209 235,849 33.4 47.7 49.2 48.2
Kentucky ........................ 626,723 673,128 686,113 683,844 298,334 380,773 407,754 401,614 47.6 56.6 59.4 58.7
Louisiana ........................ 741,162 695,772 683,839 716,248 433,068 460,546 419,284 451,173 58.4 66.2 61.3 63.0
Maine ............................. 198,532 183,477 176,400 175,383 60,162 78,915 81,172 79,819 30.3 43.0 46.0 45.5

Maryland ........................ 852,911 852,202 879,580 886,187 255,872 341,557 395,834 413,580 30.0 40.1 45.0 46.7
Massachusetts ............... 979,590 955,301 953,423 953,693 237,871 326,849 380,636 3 380,744 5 24.3 34.2 39.9 3 39.9 5
Michigan ........................ 1,703,260 1,551,861 1,484,270 1,477,193 504,044 719,800 684,945 675,696 29.6 46.4 46.1 45.7
Minnesota ....................... 854,154 837,930 863,719 874,432 218,867 306,136 329,124 329,341 25.6 36.5 38.1 37.7
Mississippi ...................... 497,421 489,462 487,195 483,148 319,670 345,734 365,109 362,296 64.3 70.6 74.9 75.0

Missouri ......................... 912,247 902,375 917,862 913,838 315,608 406,358 460,004 481,683 34.6 45.0 50.1 52.7
Montana ......................... 154,438 140,497 140,868 146,213 47,415 57,836 65,095 66,649 30.7 41.2 46.2 45.6
Nebraska ........................ 286,138 298,276 316,009 319,147 87,045 127,114 139,569 142,555 30.4 42.6 44.2 44.7
Nevada ........................... 282,621 436,840 455,144 472,790 92,978 219,904 267,801 287,510 32.9 50.3 58.8 60.8
New Hampshire .............. 206,919 194,001 181,307 179,762 31,212 48,904 51,343 49,058 15.1 25.2 28.3 27.3

New Jersey ..................... 1,312,983 1,356,882 1,368,639 1,370,824 357,728 444,735 514,386 519,298 27.2 32.8 37.6 37.9
New Mexico .................... 320,303 335,810 334,061 332,184 174,939 227,077 239,540 237,331 54.6 67.6 71.7 71.4
New York ........................ 2,859,927 2,722,761 2,660,164 2,701,730 1,236,945 1,315,564 1,316,954 1,422,290 43.3 48.3 49.5 52.6
North Carolina ................. 1,194,371 1,487,699 1,544,677 1,549,452 470,316 747,978 885,934 889,189 39.4 50.3 57.4 57.4
North Dakota .................. 109,201 94,273 106,358 107,460 31,840 29,929 31,764 33,248 29.2 31.7 29.9 30.9

Ohio ................................ 1,745,237 1,747,851 1,707,833 1,707,469 494,829 745,121 766,460 757,120 28.4 42.6 44.9 44.3
Oklahoma ....................... 623,110 659,376 682,309 693,747 300,179 398,917 424,665 433,509 48.2 60.5 62.2 62.5
Oregon ........................... 535,617 553,468 549,322 552,350 186,203 280,174 282,506 279,145 34.8 50.6 51.4 50.5
Pennsylvania .................. 1,798,977 1,742,608 1,665,328 1,572,026 510,121 686,641 802,045 747,388 28.4 39.4 48.2 47.5
Rhode Island ................... 157,347 142,575 140,427 140,469 52,209 61,127 65,995 66,895 33.2 42.9 47.0 47.6

South Carolina ................ 677,411 722,203 763,483 770,800 320,254 395,033 458,287 516,520 47.3 54.7 60.0 67.0
South Dakota .................. 128,598 125,883 133,746 135,762 37,857 46,718 55,715 51,430 29.4 37.1 41.7 37.9
Tennessee ...................... 909,161 2 987,078 974,752 997,148 436,298 2 542,953 573,256 586,427 5 48.0 2 55.0 58.8 58.8 5
Texas .............................. 4,059,353 4,916,401 5,300,136 5,360,055 1,823,029 2,471,212 3,123,844 3,159,896 44.9 50.3 58.9 59.0
Utah ............................... 470,265 585,552 647,843 645,030 135,428 223,943 235,644 235,042 28.8 38.2 36.4 36.4

Vermont .......................... 102,049 85,144 84,355 84,325 23,986 31,339 32,354 32,507 23.5 36.8 38.4 38.5
Virginia ........................... 1,067,710 1,250,206 1,271,067 1,273,127 320,233 458,879 523,972 525,022 30.0 36.7 41.2 41.2
Washington ..................... 1,004,770 2 1,043,466 1,086,805 1,101,514 326,295 2 418,065 493,019 480,171 32.5 2 40.1 45.4 43.6
West Virginia ................... 286,285 282,879 277,445 273,845 143,446 145,605 137,177 122,257 50.1 51.5 49.4 44.6
Wisconsin ....................... 859,276 872,164 857,907 863,557 219,276 342,660 342,247 323,368 25.5 39.3 39.9 37.4
Wyoming ........................ 89,895 88,779 94,681 94,079 43,483 32,968 35,473 36,314 48.4 37.1 37.5 38.6
1
U.S. total includes imputation for nonreporting states. assistance programs—such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
2
Imputation for survey nonresponse. State-level imputations for 2000–01 were based (SNAP)—without the need for a household application.
on the reported percentages for 2001–02 applied to the 2000–01 enrollments. NOTE: The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is a federally assisted meal program.
3
Imputation for survey nonresponse. State-level imputations for 2015–16 were based on Table reflects counts of students enrolled in all schools for which both enrollment data
the reported percentages for 2014–15 applied to the 2015–16 enrollments. and free/reduced-price lunch eligibility data were reported. Data for 2016–17 include
4
Imputation for survey nonresponse. State-level imputations for 2016–17 were based students whose NSLP eligibility has been determined through direct certification.
on the reported percentages for 2015–16 applied to the 2016–17 enrollments. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
5
For 2016–17, this state reported only the count of students who were eligible based Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
on direct certification. Direct certification is the process by which children are certified 2000–01, 2010–11, 2015–16, and 2016–17. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
for free meals based on household participation in one or more means-tested federal

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Table 204.20. English language learner (ELL) students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, fall
2000 through fall 2016
Number of ELL students Number of ELL students as a percent of total enrollment
State 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States .... 3,793,764 1 4,471,300 1 4,455,860 1 4,568,197 1 4,670,356 4,794,994 4,858,377 8.1 1 9.2 1 9.0 1 9.2 1 9.3 9.5 9.6
Alabama .................... 7,226 16,550 17,559 17,457 18,651 20,228 20,725 1.0 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8
Alaska ....................... 19,337 20,743 14,963 14,945 15,089 15,203 14,662 14.5 15.4 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.5 11.0
Arizona ...................... 131,933 174,856 76,320 69,636 67,389 67,195 70,546 15.0 18.2 7.3 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.3
Arkansas ................... 11,850 20,709 31,537 35,961 37,799 38,376 41,482 2.6 4.6 6.8 7.3 7.7 7.8 8.4
California ................... 1,479,819 1,571,463 1,474,250 2 1,413,167 1,392,295 1,307,804 1,260,672 24.5 25.2 23.3 2 22.7 22.3 21.0 20.2
Colorado .................... 60,852 99,797 99,804 107,742 104,979 104,289 105,810 8.4 13.3 13.0 12.3 11.8 11.6 11.7
Connecticut ............... 20,499 29,789 30,428 31,301 34,855 35,064 36,573 3.6 5.2 5.3 5.7 6.4 6.5 6.8
Delaware ................... 2,081 5,919 6,858 8,212 8,482 9,704 10,831 1.8 5.1 5.8 6.2 6.3 7.2 7.9
District of Columbia ... 8,594 5,001 5,261 7,331 7,330 6,215 6,574 12.5 6.6 6.9 9.4 9.1 7.4 7.7
Florida ....................... 187,566 221,705 229,758 250,430 252,318 268,189 288,921 7.7 8.7 8.7 9.2 9.2 9.6 10.3
Georgia ...................... 54,444 86,615 81,409 90,563 97,768 112,006 114,427 3.8 5.8 5.2 5.3 5.6 6.4 6.5
Hawaii ....................... 12,718 18,106 19,092 15,949 14,425 13,619 12,658 6.9 9.8 10.4 8.5 7.9 7.5 7.0
Idaho ......................... 18,097 18,184 15,393 13,251 12,755 13,492 16,187 7.4 7.3 6.0 4.5 4.4 4.6 5.4
Illinois ........................ 126,475 172,049 3 174,340 191,209 210,221 194,040 197,496 6.2 8.3 3 8.3 9.3 10.3 9.5 9.8
Indiana ...................... 30,953 56,510 49,573 55,955 57,839 50,717 47,676 3.1 5.6 4.9 5.3 5.5 4.8 4.5
Iowa .......................... 11,253 15,156 21,733 23,137 25,875 27,300 28,659 2.3 3.1 4.5 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.6
Kansas ...................... 14,878 24,671 39,323 45,530 47,209 52,789 54,667 3.2 5.2 8.4 9.4 9.5 10.6 11.1
Kentucky ................... 4,030 10,138 16,351 19,602 20,716 22,067 21,897 0.6 1.5 2.4 2.9 3.0 3.2 3.2
Louisiana ................... 10,293 12,006 11,698 15,037 18,665 23,924 22,843 1.4 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.6 3.3 3.2
Maine ........................ 2,410 3 3,353 4,792 5,201 5,177 5,091 5,295 1.1 3 1.6 2.4 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9
Maryland ................... 24,213 31,416 45,500 56,047 60,705 63,349 69,079 2.8 3.6 5.3 6.5 6.9 7.2 7.8
Massachusetts .......... 49,077 51,618 54,988 70,883 75,531 82,779 86,658 5.0 5.3 5.6 7.4 7.9 8.6 9.0
Michigan ................... 49,279 3 65,419 56,474 72,811 81,678 89,597 94,921 2.9 3 3.7 3.2 4.7 5.3 5.8 6.2
Minnesota .................. 44,360 57,831 48,428 64,377 66,934 71,162 72,128 5.2 6.8 5.8 7.6 7.8 8.2 8.2
Mississippi ................. 2,176 2,859 5,620 6,574 7,773 9,588 13,042 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.7
Missouri .................... 10,238 18,745 21,918 27,355 29,144 29,690 30,950 1.1 2.0 2.4 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.4
Montana .................... 7,713 3 6,711 3,300 3,311 3,299 3,202 3,000 5.0 3 4.5 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.0
Nebraska ................... 11,276 17,449 20,077 15,418 17,528 20,900 22,507 3.9 6.1 7.0 5.0 5.6 6.6 7.1
Nevada ...................... 38,301 3 63,856 83,352 68,053 75,282 78,416 75,430 11.2 3 17.3 20.8 15.1 16.4 16.8 15.9
New Hampshire ......... 2,728 2,876 3 3,965 3,513 3,605 4,116 4,321 1.3 1.4 3 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.4
New Jersey ................ 55,463 3 50,515 52,771 61,151 66,748 68,725 70,941 4.2 3 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.8 4.9 5.0
New Mexico................ 68,679 62,682 52,557 51,095 48,906 52,821 44,899 21.4 19.6 16.1 15.1 14.4 15.7 13.4
New York ................... 230,625 194,123 208,125 184,562 2 187,445 216,378 236,792 8.0 6.7 7.3 6.8 2 6.8 8.0 8.7
North Carolina ............ 44,165 73,634 103,249 94,810 94,093 102,090 92,388 3.4 5.5 7.5 6.3 6.1 6.6 6.0
North Dakota ............. 925 3 2,213 3 2,788 2,749 3,111 3,171 3,198 0.8 3 2.1 3 2.8 2.7 3.0 3.0 2.9
Ohio ........................... 25,658 3 29,804 37,116 43,502 46,766 51,441 56,945 1.4 3 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.3
Oklahoma .................. 38,042 47,381 41,812 48,318 49,102 46,831 46,396 6.1 7.6 6.6 7.1 7.1 6.8 6.7
Oregon ...................... 43,416 64,676 58,946 49,722 49,485 52,786 56,598 7.9 11.7 10.7 8.6 8.5 9.2 9.8
Pennsylvania ............. 42,412 3 42,795 3 47,014 48,404 51,623 52,624 56,454 2.3 3 2.4 3 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.3
Rhode Island .............. 10,245 7,468 7,655 9,319 10,066 10,550 11,057 6.5 4.7 4.9 6.6 7.1 7.4 7.8
South Carolina ........... 5,121 14,388 36,379 40,340 42,480 42,574 44,301 0.8 2.1 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.7
South Dakota ............. 4,270 5,110 4,383 4,254 4,679 4,598 4,678 3.3 4.0 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.4
Tennessee ................. 26,452 3 28,251 3 29,681 34,397 36,398 40,637 43,277 3.0 3 3.1 3 3.2 3.5 3.7 4.1 4.3
Texas ......................... 570,453 711,737 738,663 798,071 814,945 892,082 922,012 14.1 16.7 16.8 15.5 15.6 16.8 17.2
Utah .......................... 38,998 49,973 42,804 34,409 38,543 42,815 41,339 8.2 10.3 8.7 5.5 6.1 6.6 6.3
Vermont ..................... 942 1,775 1,510 1,348 1,439 1,448 1,506 0.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7
Virginia ...................... 36,802 72,420 88,033 94,496 97,871 109,104 100,814 3.2 6.2 7.3 7.4 7.6 8.5 7.8
Washington ................ 70,431 3 75,103 90,282 99,650 107,197 112,763 122,408 7.0 3 7.4 8.9 9.4 10.0 10.4 11.1
West Virginia .............. 920 1,944 1,788 1,879 2,707 2,812 2,546 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.9
Wisconsin .................. 22,542 30,130 43,638 43,007 42,729 45,669 46,342 2.6 3.4 5.0 4.9 4.9 5.3 5.4
Wyoming ................... 2,534 3,077 2,602 2,756 2,707 2,964 2,849 2.8 3.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 3.1 3.0

1
U.S. total includes imputation for nonreporting states. participation. Counts and percentages in this table are aggregated from data collected
2
Data are from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, at the school district level and may differ from those in tables based on data collected at
EDFacts file 046, Data Group 123, extracted October 25, 2017, from the EDFacts Data other levels.
Warehouse (internal U.S. Department of Education source). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Imputation for survey nonresponse. State-level imputations were based on the percentages Core of Data (CCD), “Local Education Agency Universe Survey,” 2000–01 through 2016–17.
reported by the state for other years applied to the enrollment for the given year. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
NOTE: Data for 2014 and earlier years include only those ELL students who participated
in ELL programs. Starting with 2015, data include all ELL students, regardless of program

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

84 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Participation in Public School Services

Table 204.30. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by type of disability:
Selected years, 1976–77 through 2017–18
Type of disability 1976–77 1980–81 1990–91 2000–01 2007–081 2008–091 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–172,3 2017–182,4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of children served (in thousands)
All disabilities ............ 3,694 4,144 4,710 6,296 6,597 6,483 6,481 6,436 6,401 6,429 6,464 6,555 6,677 6,802 6,964
Autism ................................... — — — 93 296 336 378 417 455 498 538 576 617 661 710
Deaf-blindness ...................... — 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Developmental delay ............. — — — 213 357 354 368 382 393 402 410 419 434 446 461
Emotional disturbance ........... 283 347 389 480 442 420 407 390 373 362 354 349 347 348 353
Hearing impairment ............... 88 79 58 77 79 78 79 78 78 77 77 76 75 75 75
Intellectual disability .............. 961 830 534 624 500 478 463 448 435 430 425 423 425 431 436
Multiple disabilities ................ — 68 96 131 138 130 131 130 132 133 132 132 131 132 132
Orthopedic impairment .......... 87 58 49 82 67 70 65 63 61 59 56 52 47 42 41
Other health impairment5 ....... 141 98 55 303 641 659 689 716 743 779 817 862 909 955 1,002
Preschool disabled6 ............... † † 390 † † † † † † † † † † † †
Specific learning disability ..... 796 1,462 2,129 2,860 2,569 2,476 2,431 2,361 2,303 2,277 2,264 2,278 2,298 2,318 2,342
Speech or language
impairment ..................... 1,302 1,168 985 1,388 1,454 1,426 1,416 1,396 1,373 1,356 1,334 1,332 1,337 1,337 1,357
Traumatic brain injury ............ — — — 16 25 26 25 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27
Visual impairment .................. 38 31 23 29 29 29 29 28 28 28 28 28 27 27 27
Percentage distribution of children served
All disabilities ............ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Autism ................................... — — — 1.5 4.5 5.2 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.8 8.3 8.8 9.2 9.7 10.2
Deaf-blindness ...................... — 0.1 # # # # # # # # # # # # #
Developmental delay ............. — — — 3.4 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.6
Emotional disturbance ........... 7.7 8.4 8.3 7.6 6.7 6.5 6.3 6.1 5.8 5.6 5.5 5.3 5.2 5.1 5.1
Hearing impairment ............... 2.4 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
Intellectual disability .............. 26.0 20.0 11.3 9.9 7.6 7.4 7.1 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.4 6.4 6.3 6.3
Multiple disabilities ................ — 1.6 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9
Orthopedic impairment .......... 2.4 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6
Other health impairment5 ....... 3.8 2.4 1.2 4.8 9.7 10.2 10.6 11.1 11.6 12.1 12.6 13.2 13.6 14.0 14.4
Preschool disabled6 ............... † † 8.3 † † † † † † † † † † † †
Specific learning disability ..... 21.5 35.3 45.2 45.4 38.9 38.2 37.5 36.7 36.0 35.4 35.0 34.8 34.4 34.1 33.6
Speech or language
impairment ..................... 35.2 28.2 20.9 22.0 22.0 22.0 21.8 21.7 21.4 21.1 20.6 20.3 20.0 19.7 19.5
Traumatic brain injury ............ — — — 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Visual impairment .................. 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
Number of children served as a percent of total enrollment7
All disabilities ............ 8.3 10.1 11.4 13.3 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.0 12.9 12.9 12.9 13.0 13.2 13.4 13.7
Autism ................................... — — — 0.2 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Deaf-blindness ...................... — # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
Developmental delay ............. — — — 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9
Emotional disturbance ........... 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Hearing impairment ............... 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
Intellectual disability .............. 2.2 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9
Multiple disabilities ................ — 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Orthopedic impairment .......... 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Other health impairment5 ....... 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
Preschool disabled6 ............... † † 0.9 † † † † † † † † † † † †
Specific learning disability ..... 1.8 3.6 5.2 6.1 5.2 5.0 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.6 4.6
Speech or language
impairment ..................... 2.9 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7
Traumatic brain injury ............ — — — # 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Visual impairment .................. 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

7
—Not available. Based on total public school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12. For total
†Not applicable. public school enrollment, see table 203.20.
#Rounds to zero. NOTE: Prior to October 1994, children and youth with disabilities were served under
1
Data do not include Vermont, for which 2007–08 and 2008–09 data were not available. In Chapter 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) as well as under the
2006–07, the total number of 3- to 21-year-olds served in Vermont was 14,010. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B. Data reported in this table for
2
Data in the 2016–17 and 2017–18 columns include 2015–16 data for 3- to 21-year-olds years prior to 1994–95 include children ages 0–21 served under Chapter 1 of ESEA. Data
in Wisconsin because 2016–17 and 2017–18 data were not available for children served are for the 50 states and the District of Columbia only. Increases since 1987–88 are due
in Wisconsin. in part to new legislation enacted in fall 1986, which added a mandate for public school
3
Data in the 2016–17 column include 2015–16 data for 3- to 5-year-olds in Nebraska special education services for 3- to 5-year-old children with disabilities. Detail may not
because 2016–17 data were not available for children in that age group served in Nebraska. sum to totals because of rounding.
4
Data in the 2017–18 column include 2016–17 data for 3- to 5-year-olds in Minnesota and SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Annual
6- to 21-year-olds in Maine and Vermont because 2017–18 data were not available for Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education
children in those age groups served in those states. Act, selected years, 1979 through 2006; and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
5
Other health impairments include having limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to (IDEA) database, retrieved December 21, 2018, from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/
chronic or acute health problems such as a heart condition, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, osepidea/618-data/state-level-data-files/index.html#bcc. National Center for Education
nephritis, asthma, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, epilepsy, lead poisoning, leukemia, or Statistics, Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems, 1977–78 and
diabetes. 1980–81; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/
6
For 1990–91, preschool children are not included in the counts by disability condition but Secondary Education,” 1990–91 through 2017–18; and National Elementary and Secondary
are separately reported. For other years, preschool children are included in the counts Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
by disability condition.

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 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 85
Participation in Public School Services

Table 204.40. Children 3 to 21 years old served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by race/ethnicity and age
group: 2000–01 through 2017–18
American
Indian/ Two or
1
Age group and year Total White Black Hispanic Asian Pacific Islander Alaska Native more races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of children served
3 to 21 years old
2000–01 ................................................... 6,295,709 3,957,589 1,259,348 877,655 121,044 — 80,073 —
2001–02 ................................................... 6,407,417 3,989,528 1,281,803 928,776 123,434 — 83,876 —
2002–03 ................................................... 6,522,977 4,014,340 1,311,270 980,590 130,252 — 86,525 —
2003–04 ................................................... 6,633,902 4,035,880 1,334,666 1,035,463 137,544 — 90,349 —
2004–05 ................................................... 6,718,630 4,044,491 1,355,550 1,081,697 144,339 — 92,553 —
2005–06 ................................................... 6,712,614 4,003,865 1,346,177 1,119,140 149,954 — 93,478 —
2006–07 ................................................... 6,686,386 3,948,853 1,335,870 1,154,217 153,265 — 94,181 —
2007–0822 .................................................. 6,574,368 3,833,922 1,307,462 1,181,130 158,623 — 93,231 —
2008–09 .................................................. 6,461,938 3,725,896 1,273,996 1,200,290 162,630 — 93,672 5,454 3
2009–10 ................................................... 6,461,226 3,659,194 1,262,799 1,252,493 167,144 — 92,646 26,950 3
2010–11 ................................................... 6,435,141 3,518,169 1,214,849 1,310,031 145,896 19,581 91,258 135,357
2011–124 .................................................. 6,401,238 3,436,105 1,196,679 1,352,435 147,697 19,203 88,665 160,458
2012–1344 .................................................. 6,429,331 3,396,135 1,189,148 1,406,540 150,913 20,343 86,884 180,268
2013–144 .................................................. 6,464,096 3,356,261 1,191,817 1,469,282 155,668 19,606 86,307 185,274
2014–154 .................................................. 6,555,291 3,350,084 1,199,743 1,531,923 161,250 20,227 86,226 205,980
2015–164,5,6
.................................................. 6,676,974 3,366,701 1,208,510 1,602,140 167,263 20,408 87,870 224,911
2016–17 ............................................... 6,802,402 3,374,045 1,219,376 1,679,626 174,486 20,525 87,724 247,278
2017–184,5,7,8 ............................................. 6,964,424 3,409,308 1,234,609 1,758,498 184,409 20,807 88,870 268,565
3 to 5 years old
2000–01 ................................................ 592,090 400,650 93,281 78,070 13,203 — 6,886 —
2010–114................................................ 723,793 416,034 102,097 153,033 23,189 2,159 9,141 18,140
2015–164,5,6
............................................... 746,499 400,073 101,724 177,529 27,340 1,811 8,285 29,782
2016–174,5,7 ........................................... 765,820 406,236 102,618 185,344 29,546 1,792 8,322 31,997
2017–18 ........................................... 793,039 416,222 104,229 195,242 32,242 1,964 8,775 34,378
6 to 21 years old
2000–01 ................................................ 5,703,619 3,556,939 1,166,067 799,585 107,841 — 73,187 —
2010–114................................................ 5,711,348 3,102,135 1,112,752 1,156,998 122,707 17,422 82,117 117,217
2015–164,5............................................... 5,930,475 2,966,628 1,106,786 1,424,611 139,923 18,597 79,585 195,129
2016–174,5,8............................................. 6,036,582 2,967,809 1,116,758 1,494,282 144,940 18,733 79,402 215,281
2017–18 ........................................... 6,171,385 2,993,086 1,130,380 1,563,256 152,167 18,843 80,095 234,187
Percentage distribution of children served
3 to 21 years old
2000–01 ................................................... 100.0 62.9 20.0 13.9 1.9 — 1.3 —
2001–02 ................................................... 100.0 62.3 20.0 14.5 1.9 — 1.3 —
2002–03 ................................................... 100.0 61.5 20.1 15.0 2.0 — 1.3 —
2003–04 ................................................... 100.0 60.8 20.1 15.6 2.1 — 1.4 —
2004–05 ................................................... 100.0 60.2 20.2 16.1 2.1 — 1.4 —
2005–06 ................................................... 100.0 59.6 20.1 16.7 2.2 — 1.4 —
2006–07 ................................................... 100.0 59.1 20.0 17.3 2.3 — 1.4 —
2007–0822 .................................................. 100.0 58.3 19.9 18.0 2.4 — 1.4 —3
2008–09 .................................................. 100.0 57.7 19.7 18.6 2.5 — 1.4 0.1 3
2009–10 ................................................... 100.0 56.6 19.5 19.4 2.6 — 1.4 0.4
2010–11 ................................................... 100.0 54.7 18.9 20.4 2.3 0.3 1.4 2.1
2011–12 ................................................... 100.0 53.7 18.7 21.1 2.3 0.3 1.4 2.5
2012–13 ................................................... 100.0 52.8 18.5 21.9 2.3 0.3 1.4 2.8
2013–14 ................................................... 100.0 51.9 18.4 22.7 2.4 0.3 1.3 2.9
2014–15 ................................................... 100.0 51.1 18.3 23.4 2.5 0.3 1.3 3.1
2015–16 ................................................... 100.0 50.4 18.1 24.0 2.5 0.3 1.3 3.4
2016–175,6 ................................................. 100.0 49.6 17.9 24.7 2.6 0.3 1.3 3.6
2017–185,7,8 ............................................... 100.0 49.0 17.7 25.2 2.6 0.3 1.3 3.9
Number of children served as a percent of total enrollment9
3 to 21 years old
2000–01 ................................................... 13.3 13.7 15.5 11.4 6.2 — 14.6 —
2001–02 ................................................... 13.4 13.9 15.7 11.4 6.1 — 14.9 —
2002–03 ................................................... 13.5 14.0 15.8 11.4 6.2 — 14.8 —
2003–04 ................................................... 13.7 14.2 16.0 11.5 6.4 — 15.2 —
2004–05 ................................................... 13.8 14.3 16.1 11.5 6.5 — 15.7 —
2005–06 ................................................... 13.7 14.3 15.9 11.4 6.6 — 15.6 —
2006–07 ................................................... 13.6 14.2 15.9 11.3 6.6 — 15.8 —
2007–0822 .................................................. 13.3 14.0 15.6 11.3 6.6 — 15.7 —
2008–09 .................................................. 13.1 13.8 15.2 11.4 6.6 — 15.9 2.2 33
2009–10 ................................................... 13.1 13.7 15.2 11.5 6.7 — 15.6 8.0
2010–11 ................................................... 13.0 13.6 15.4 11.5 6.4 11.5 16.2 11.7
2011–12 ................................................... 12.9 13.4 15.3 11.5 6.4 10.8 16.2 12.6
2012–13 ................................................... 12.9 13.4 15.2 11.7 6.4 11.3 16.3 13.0
2013–14 ................................................... 12.9 13.4 15.3 11.8 6.5 11.2 16.5 12.3
2014–15 ................................................... 13.0 13.4 15.4 12.0 6.5 11.5 16.6 12.8
2015–16 ................................................... 13.2 13.7 15.5 12.2 6.6 11.6 17.2 13.0
2016–175,6 ................................................. 13.4 13.8 15.7 12.6 6.8 11.1 17.2 13.4
2017–185,7,8 ............................................... 13.7 14.1 16.0 13.0 7.1 10.9 17.5 13.8
7
—Not available. Includes 2016–17 data for 3- to 5-year-olds served in Minnesota because 2017–18 data
1
For years prior to 2010–11, Asian data include Pacific Islanders. were not available.
2 8
Data do not include Vermont, for which 2007–08 and 2008–09 data were not available. Includes 2016–17 data for 6- to 21-year-olds served in Maine and Vermont because 2017–18
3
For 2008–09 and 2009–10, data on children of Two or more races were reported by only a data were not available.
9
small number of states. Therefore, these data are not comparable to figures for later years. Based on total public school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 by race/
4
For 2011–12 and later years, the total column shows the overall counts of children as ethnicity. For total public school enrollment by race/ethnicity, see table 203.60.
reported by the 50 states and the District of Columbia rather than the sum of counts NOTE: Data include only those children served for whom race/ethnicity was reported. Race
reported for individual racial/ethnic groups. (Due to data limitations, summing the data for categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of
the racial/ethnic groups can result in overcounts. For 2016–17, summing these data would rounding.
result in a total overcount of 35 children in the 3- to 5-year-old age group and 623 children SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Individuals
in the 6- to 21-year-old age group. For 2017–18, summing these data would result in a with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) database, retrieved December 21, 2018, from https://
total overcount of 13 children in the 3- to 5-year-old age group and 629 children in the 6- to www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/state-level-data-files/index.html#bcc. National
21-year-old age group.) Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of
5
Includes 2015–16 data for children served in Wisconsin. More recent data were not available Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 2000–01 through 2017–18; and National
for children in any age group served in Wisconsin. Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through 2028. (This table
6
Includes 2015–16 data for 3- to 5-year-olds served in Nebraska because 2016–17 data was prepared December 2018.)
were not available.

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86 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Participation in Public School Services

Table 204.70. Number and percentage of children served under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B, by age group and
state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1990–91 through 2017–18
3- to 21-year-olds served 3- to 5-year-olds served
As a Percent
percent change in
of public number
school served,
enrollment, 2000–01
State or jurisdiction 1990–91 2000–01 2010–11 2015–16 2016–171 2017–182 2017–18 3 to 2017–18 1990–91 2000–01 2010–11 2015–16 2016–171 2017–182
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States ........... 4,710,089 6,295,816 6,434,916 6,676,974 6,802,402 6,964,424 13.7 10.6 389,751 592,087 723,738 746,499 765,820 793,039
Alabama ........................... 94,601 99,828 82,286 84,278 86,922 90,319 12.2 -9.5 7,154 7,554 7,492 7,368 7,726 7,827
Alaska .............................. 14,390 17,691 18,048 18,390 18,711 19,148 14.3 8.2 1,458 1,637 2,104 2,115 2,221 2,430
Arizona ............................. 56,629 96,442 125,816 132,592 135,250 140,702 12.5 45.9 4,330 9,144 14,756 15,328 15,555 16,517
Arkansas .......................... 47,187 62,222 64,881 68,178 70,792 72,835 14.8 17.1 4,626 9,376 13,034 12,981 13,474 13,716
California ......................... 468,420 645,287 672,174 727,718 747,317 767,562 12.2 18.9 39,627 57,651 72,404 78,610 80,903 83,853
Colorado .......................... 56,336 78,715 84,710 95,101 98,031 102,240 11.2 29.9 4,128 8,202 11,797 12,774 13,485 14,293
Connecticut ...................... 63,886 73,886 68,167 75,030 77,519 79,758 15.1 7.9 5,466 7,172 7,933 8,691 9,086 9,120
Delaware .......................... 14,208 16,760 18,608 20,742 21,581 23,196 16.9 38.4 1,493 1,652 2,123 2,030 2,444 2,616
District of Columbia ......... 6,290 10,559 11,947 12,258 12,811 13,399 15.5 26.9 411 374 957 1,471 1,675 1,789
Florida .............................. 234,509 367,335 368,808 372,476 382,870 389,626 13.7 6.1 14,883 30,660 36,027 39,359 40,412 39,862
Georgia ............................ 101,762 171,292 177,544 202,314 209,094 214,267 12.1 25.1 7,098 16,560 15,911 18,201 18,553 18,833
Hawaii .............................. 12,705 23,951 19,716 19,223 19,375 19,276 10.6 -19.5 809 1,919 2,398 2,444 2,491 2,469
Idaho ................................ 21,703 29,174 27,388 29,718 31,238 32,908 11.0 12.8 2,815 3,591 3,596 3,331 3,588 3,733
Illinois .............................. 236,060 297,316 302,830 296,784 294,150 295,066 14.6 -0.8 22,997 28,787 36,488 37,878 37,253 37,137
Indiana ............................. 112,949 156,320 166,073 171,368 173,293 176,104 16.8 12.7 7,243 15,101 18,725 18,049 18,108 18,644
Iowa ................................. 59,787 72,461 68,501 63,822 64,875 65,935 12.9 -9.0 5,421 5,580 7,378 6,226 6,591 6,976
Kansas ............................. 44,785 61,267 66,873 70,762 72,286 73,729 14.9 20.3 3,881 7,728 10,604 11,387 11,437 11,772
Kentucky .......................... 78,853 94,572 102,370 99,283 101,579 104,270 15.3 10.3 10,440 16,372 17,963 17,044 17,626 18,070
Louisiana ......................... 72,825 97,938 82,943 84,221 82,968 84,473 11.8 -13.7 6,703 9,957 10,427 10,430 10,019 9,885
Maine ............................... 27,987 35,633 32,261 32,531 33,125 33,004 4 18.4 -7.4 2,895 3,978 3,824 3,512 3,505 3,384
Maryland .......................... 88,017 112,077 103,490 105,440 106,847 108,491 12.1 -3.2 7,163 10,003 12,875 13,473 13,885 14,300
Massachusetts ................ 149,743 162,216 167,526 168,199 170,119 173,762 18.0 7.1 12,141 14,328 16,662 16,802 17,468 18,022
Michigan .......................... 166,511 221,456 218,957 197,316 197,965 198,751 13.1 -10.3 14,547 19,937 23,183 20,573 21,199 21,624
Minnesota ........................ 79,013 109,880 122,850 128,218 131,865 135,386 5 15.3 23.2 8,646 11,522 15,076 15,843 16,586 16,586 5
Mississippi ....................... 60,872 62,281 64,038 66,799 67,898 69,197 14.5 11.1 5,642 6,944 10,191 8,660 8,419 8,400
Missouri ........................... 101,166 137,381 127,164 126,328 128,623 131,114 14.3 -4.6 4,100 11,307 15,891 17,123 17,687 18,400
Montana ........................... 16,955 19,313 16,761 17,387 18,056 18,803 12.8 -2.6 1,751 1,635 1,656 1,592 1,697 1,660
Nebraska ......................... 32,312 42,793 44,299 47,795 48,700 6 50,415 15.6 17.8 2,512 3,724 5,050 5,557 5,557 6 6,217
Nevada ............................. 18,099 38,160 48,148 55,452 56,791 60,123 12.5 57.6 1,401 3,676 6,947 8,838 8,769 8,984
New Hampshire ............... 19,049 30,077 29,920 28,806 28,935 29,233 16.4 -2.8 1,468 2,387 3,135 3,335 3,547 3,519
New Jersey ...................... 178,870 221,715 232,002 232,401 235,495 238,178 16.9 7.4 14,741 16,361 17,073 18,674 19,237 19,846
New Mexico ..................... 36,000 52,256 46,628 49,667 51,383 52,838 15.8 1.1 2,210 4,970 5,224 4,245 4,354 4,413
New York .......................... 307,366 441,333 454,542 499,551 505,414 522,221 19.2 18.3 26,266 51,665 64,923 67,067 66,317 71,893
North Carolina .................. 122,942 173,067 185,107 198,808 199,512 200,905 12.9 16.1 10,516 17,361 18,433 19,070 19,211 19,899
North Dakota ................... 12,294 13,652 13,170 13,953 14,407 15,153 13.9 11.0 1,164 1,247 1,714 1,972 2,012 2,189
Ohio ................................. 205,440 237,643 259,454 253,896 259,899 266,670 15.7 12.2 12,487 18,664 22,454 21,897 23,181 25,247
Oklahoma ......................... 65,457 85,577 97,250 108,459 109,391 112,080 16.1 31.0 5,163 6,393 8,298 9,023 9,450 9,751
Oregon ............................. 54,422 75,204 81,050 84,517 85,865 87,156 14.3 15.9 2,854 6,926 9,392 10,374 10,852 11,331
Pennsylvania .................... 214,254 242,655 295,080 303,633 311,435 320,817 18.6 32.2 17,982 21,477 31,072 33,022 34,056 36,340
Rhode Island .................... 20,646 30,727 25,332 23,515 23,296 23,748 16.7 -22.7 1,682 2,614 2,945 3,022 3,025 3,168
South Carolina ................. 77,367 105,922 100,289 101,776 103,552 104,698 13.5 -1.2 7,948 11,775 11,083 9,432 9,631 9,568
South Dakota ................... 14,726 16,825 18,026 19,527 20,312 21,190 15.4 25.9 2,105 2,286 2,738 2,627 2,748 2,941
Tennessee ........................ 104,853 125,863 120,263 129,386 128,936 129,319 12.9 2.7 7,487 10,699 13,096 12,905 13,480 13,950
Texas ................................ 344,529 491,642 442,019 463,238 477,526 498,588 9.2 1.4 24,848 36,442 41,494 43,787 46,652 49,681
Utah ................................. 46,606 53,921 70,278 79,932 81,956 84,196 12.6 56.1 3,424 5,785 8,990 10,007 10,516 10,731
Vermont ........................... 12,160 13,623 13,936 13,903 14,370 14,482 4 16.7 6.3 1,097 1,237 1,762 1,774 1,893 2,005
Virginia ............................. 112,072 162,212 162,338 164,757 167,855 172,370 13.4 6.3 9,892 14,444 17,081 16,755 17,510 18,296
Washington ...................... 83,545 118,851 127,978 135,757 139,550 143,498 12.9 20.7 9,558 11,760 14,275 15,361 15,897 16,425
West Virginia .................... 42,428 50,333 45,007 45,297 46,299 46,810 17.3 -7.0 2,923 5,445 5,607 5,004 5,376 5,219
Wisconsin ........................ 85,651 125,358 124,722 120,864 120,864 7 120,864 7 14.0 -3.6 10,934 14,383 16,079 16,089 16,089 7 16,089 7
Wyoming .......................... 10,852 13,154 15,348 15,608 15,499 15,551 16.6 18.2 1,221 1,695 3,398 3,367 3,367 3,419
Bureau of Indian
Education ................... 6,997 8,448 6,801 6,309 6,271 6,285 — -25.6 1,092 338 396 266 240 250
Other jurisdictions ... 38,986 70,670 131,847 128,268 123,710 110,613 — 56.5 3,892 8,168 14,505 16,743 15,206 12,840
American Samoa ............. 363 697 935 666 599 636 — -8.8 48 48 142 50 29 37
Guam ............................... 1,750 2,267 2,003 2,036 2,018 2,015 — -11.1 198 205 165 159 165 167
Northern Marianas ........... 411 569 944 886 927 956 — 68.0 211 53 104 93 92 116
Palau ................................ — 131 — 97 92 74 — -43.5 — 10 — 6 6 3
Puerto Rico ...................... 35,129 65,504 126,560 123,376 118,882 105,827 — 61.6 3,345 7,746 13,952 16,303 14,794 12,391
U.S. Virgin Islands ............ 1,333 1,502 1,405 1,207 1,192 1,105 — -26.4 90 106 142 132 120 126
7
—Not available. Data are for 2015–16 because 2016–17 and 2017–18 data were not available for this state.
1
Includes some data for 2015–16 due to unavailability of 2016–17 data for specific states, NOTE: Prior to October 1994, children and youth with disabilities were served under
as noted below. Chapter 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) as well as under the
2
Includes some data for 2015–16 or 2016–17 due to unavailability of 2017–18 data for Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Part B. Data reported in this table for
specific states, as noted below. 1990–91 include children ages 0–21 served under Chapter 1 of ESEA.
3
Based on total public school enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12. For total SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Annual
public school enrollment, see table 203.40. Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education
4
Data for 6- to 21-year-olds are for 2016–17 instead of 2017–18 because 2017–18 data Act, selected years, 1992 through 2006; and Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
for this age group were not available for this state. (IDEA) database, retrieved December 31, 2018, from https://www2.ed.gov/programs/
5
Data for 3- to 5-year-olds are for 2016–17 instead of 2017–18 because 2017–18 data for osepidea/618-data/state-level-data-files/index.html#bcc. National Center for Education
this age group were not available for this state. Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/
6
Data for 3- to 5-year-olds are for 2015–16 instead of 2016–17 because 2016–17 data for Secondary Education,” 2017–18; and State Public Elementary and Secondary Enrollment
this age group were not available for this state. Projection Model, 1980 through 2028. (This table was prepared December 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 87
Participation in Public School Services

Table 204.75a. Homeless students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, by grade, primary nighttime residence, and
selected student characteristics: 2009–10 through 2016–17
Grade, primary nighttime residence, or selected
student characteristic 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–151 2015–16 2016–172
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Total number of homeless students3 ................................. 910,439 1,047,397 1,128,503 1,216,117 1,285,641 1,260,721 1,301,238 1,351,120
As a percent of total public school enrollment .............................. 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7
Total number, by grade and nighttime residence
Grade
Prekindergarten4 ................................................................... 28,871 32,966 32,866 38,281 47,976 39,381 42,580 43,333
Kindergarten ......................................................................... 82,378 89,589 105,795 115,943 112,343 118,470 109,852 115,653
Grade 1 ................................................................................ 83,675 92,153 104,554 113,226 121,159 116,464 116,517 115,312
Grade 2 ................................................................................ 80,437 88,125 96,845 105,311 113,238 111,189 115,054 114,772
Grade 3 ................................................................................ 77,594 86,253 93,214 99,446 107,574 105,739 110,868 115,200
Grade 4 ................................................................................ 73,942 82,570 88,809 94,303 99,005 98,221 103,859 108,411
Grade 5 ................................................................................ 69,605 79,314 85,224 89,769 93,912 91,647 97,068 102,560
Grade 6 ................................................................................ 65,238 75,867 80,962 86,880 89,965 87,844 90,716 94,806
Grade 7 ................................................................................ 61,009 71,412 76,481 82,159 86,659 83,924 86,480 89,234
Grade 8 ................................................................................ 60,186 69,406 73,528 79,516 83,404 82,122 85,327 88,326
Grade 9 ................................................................................ 66,474 79,897 81,262 90,139 97,129 94,508 95,662 99,880
Grade 10 .............................................................................. 54,510 68,484 69,396 72,673 77,486 76,951 82,040 85,644
Grade 11 .............................................................................. 47,835 59,120 63,078 66,519 69,619 68,729 73,881 78,969
Grade 12 .............................................................................. 54,030 68,532 73,687 79,260 83,671 83,022 88,452 95,723
Ungraded5 ............................................................................ 4,655 3,709 2,802 2,692 2,501 2,510 2,882 3,297
Primary nighttime residence6
Doubled-up or shared housing7 ............................................. 648,233 741,460 849,684 917,122 978,463 957,053 983,782 1,022,425
Hotels or motels ................................................................... 45,727 53,499 62,530 69,179 78,767 82,187 84,978 90,013
Shelters, transitional housing, or awaiting foster care
placement ....................................................................... 172,644 177,028 174,472 173,397 183,653 180,302 185,596 186,141
Unsheltered8 ......................................................................... 38,450 74,044 40,151 39,108 41,738 39,327 43,014 49,864
Number with selected characteristics
Unaccompanied homeless youth9 ............................................. — — — 78,654 88,390 94,800 111,720 118,362
English language learners10 ...................................................... — — — 174,821 190,256 181,764 201,099 216,245
Migrant students11 .................................................................... — — — 16,231 18,588 17,748 16,700 16,170
Students with disabilities12 ....................................................... — — — 190,050 217,048 215,630 232,764 245,130

—Not available. migratory workers and have moved within the preceding 36 months in order to obtain, or
1
The decrease in homeless students in 2014–15 was caused in part by changes to California’s to accompany parents or spouses who moved in order to obtain, temporary or seasonal
data collection systems. For more information, see section 1.9.1.1 of California’s 2014–15 employment in agricultural or fishing work. For more information, see https://www2.ed.gov/
Consolidated State Performance Report, available at https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/ about/inits/ed/edfacts/eden-workbook.html. Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Rhode
account/consolidated/sy14-15part1/ca.pdf. Island, and West Virginia did not operate a migrant education program during the 2012–13,
2
Includes imputed data for Kansas. 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17 school years and therefore had no data to provide
3
The sum of counts by grade. on migrant homeless students.
4 12
Homeless children 3 to 5 years old who are not in kindergarten. Includes only students with disabilities who were served under the Individuals with
5
Includes students reported as being enrolled in grade 13. Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
6
Does not sum to the total number of homeless students because of missing data on primary NOTE: Homeless students are defined as children/youth who lack a fixed, regular, and
nighttime residence. (Counts by primary nighttime residence differ from those shown in the adequate nighttime residence. For more information, see “C118 - Homeless Students
total row by less than 2 percent for 2012–13 and less than 1 percent for all other years.) Enrolled” at https://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/edfacts/sy-16-17-nonxml.html. Data
7
Refers to temporarily sharing the housing of other persons due to loss of housing, economic include all homeless students enrolled at any time during the school year. Data exclude
hardship, or other reasons (such as domestic violence). Puerto Rico and the Bureau of Indian Education. This table is based on state-level data
8
Includes living in cars, parks, campgrounds, temporary trailers—including Federal unless otherwise noted.
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) trailers—or abandoned buildings. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, EDFacts
9
Youth who are not in the physical custody of a parent or guardian. Includes youth living on file 118, Data Group 655, extracted June 5, 2019, from the EDFacts Data Warehouse (internal
their own and youth living with a caregiver who is not their legal guardian. U.S. Department of Education Source); and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal
10
Students who met the definition of limited English proficient students as outlined in the Survey of Public Elementary and Secondary Education,” 2009–10 through 2016–17. (This
EDFacts workbook. For more information, see https://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/edfacts/ table was prepared June 2019.)
eden-workbook.html.
11
Students who met the definition of eligible migrant children as outlined in the EDFacts
workbook. Such students are either migratory workers or the children or spouses of

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

88 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Participation in Public School Services

Table 204.90. Percentage of public school students enrolled in gifted and talented programs, by sex, race/ethnicity, and state: Selected
years, 2004 through 2013–14
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
2013–141
Sex Race/ethnicity
American
Indian/ Two or
2011–12, Pacific Alaska more
State 2004, total 2006, total total1 Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
United States .................. 6.7 (0.05) 6.7 (0.04) 6.4 6.7 6.4 7.0 7.7 4.3 4.9 13.3 4.4 5.2 6.9
Alabama .................................. 4.8 (0.11) 5.5 (0.06) 8.4 8.4 8.0 8.9 11.2 3.9 4.9 17.6 6.9 11.7 5.7
Alaska ..................................... 4.1 (0.19) 4.1 (0.19) 4.7 4.9 4.7 5.2 6.8 3.0 4.3 6.3 2.3 0.9 6.5
Arizona .................................... 5.9 (0.17) 6.3 (0.11) 5.8 4.8 5.0 4.6 6.6 2.3 3.4 9.9 3.3 1.7 5.5
Arkansas ................................. 9.9 (0.65) 9.5 (0.43) 9.8 9.8 8.9 10.9 11.1 8.5 5.5 16.2 2.2 6.2 6.3
California ................................. 8.4 (0.18) 8.3 (0.21) 8.2 7.8 7.6 8.1 9.7 4.5 5.8 15.1 8.1 5.3 9.0

Colorado .................................. 6.7 (0.11) 6.8 (0.11) 6.5 7.7 7.9 7.5 9.6 4.1 4.4 12.8 6.4 4.3 9.0
Connecticut ............................. 3.0 (0.32) 3.8 (0.41) 2.3 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.7 1.1 1.0 4.6 0.5 1.1 2.4
Delaware ................................. 4.6 1 (†) 5.6 1 (†) 2.0 2.3 2.1 2.5 2.9 1.4 1.2 6.1 0.7–2.0 1.8 2.4
District of Columbia ................. — (†) — (†) 0.1 # # # 0.1 # # 0.1–0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0
Florida ..................................... 4.5 (0.06) 4.7 (0.05) 5.4 5.8 5.6 5.9 7.6 2.3 5.3 13.3 4.1 4.3 6.2

Georgia .................................... 8.9 (0.30) 9.3 (0.35) 10.4 12.9 12.1 13.8 16.1 10.4 6.5 26.5 9.0 10.5 12.5
Hawaii ..................................... 5.7 (0.57) 6.2 1 (†) 1.4 3.0 2.4 3.5 4.4 2.1 1.6 4.2 1.7 4.2 2.5
Idaho ....................................... 3.9 (0.23) 4.2 (0.20) 3.0 3.6 3.5 3.7 4.1 2.2 1.4 7.1 2.7 1.9 2.9
Illinois ...................................... 5.4 (0.22) 5.8 (0.24) 3.5 6.8 6.5 7.1 5.7 7.7 6.7 15.4 10.9 6.4 7.1
Indiana .................................... 7.1 (0.49) 7.9 (0.40) 12.6 12.1 11.6 12.6 14.0 4.9 6.5 20.8 8.7 9.5 9.8

Iowa ........................................ 8.5 (0.38) 8.2 (0.26) 9.3 9.4 9.2 9.7 10.5 3.2 4.2 13.9 4.4 4.1 7.9
Kansas .................................... 3.3 (0.11) 3.0 (0.12) 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.5 3.2 0.9 0.9 6.8 1.9 1.6 2.5
Kentucky ................................. 13.0 (0.54) 14.6 (0.50) 12.7 15.8 14.7 17.0 17.3 7.9 7.5 26.8 14.6 10.9 11.7
Louisiana ................................. 3.9 (0.32) 3.4 (0.13) 3.0 4.2 3.7 4.8 5.8 2.3 3.6 14.8 5.2 2.8 4.3
Maine ...................................... 3.0 (0.36) 3.2 (0.19) 4.6 4.9 4.5 5.3 5.0 2.4 2.6 8.0 3.5 3.1 3.7

Maryland ................................. 13.8 1 (†) 16.1 1 (†) 15.8 16.0 14.7 17.4 17.5 11.1 14.0 39.4 10.1 10.2 17.2
Massachusetts ........................ 0.8 (0.13) 0.7 (0.10) 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.3 0.5
Michigan ................................. 3.9 (0.37) 3.4 (0.29) 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.6 3.0 1.6 1.0 0.7
Minnesota ................................ 8.1 (0.37) 8.8 (0.28) 8.0 7.2 7.1 7.4 7.2 6.0 4.7 14.9 4.6 2.5 5.8
Mississippi ............................... 6.0 (0.19) 6.1 (0.20) 6.7 6.7 6.3 7.1 10.2 3.5 5.7 14.7 10.7 3.3 4.8

Missouri .................................. 3.8 (0.12) 3.6 (0.11) 4.0 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.5 2.2 2.7 11.6 2.2 3.0 3.9
Montana .................................. 5.6 (0.28) 5.2 (0.20) 4.2 3.8 3.9 3.7 4.2 2.4 2.0 6.5 3.4 1.7 2.5
Nebraska ................................. 11.4 (0.31) 11.4 (0.24) 11.8 12.0 11.5 12.6 13.5 8.3 6.9 19.9 8.7 5.6 11.7
Nevada .................................... 1.9 (0.01) 1.9 1 (†) 2.0 3.3 3.3 3.3 5.4 0.9 1.7 5.5 2.0 1.8 4.6
New Hampshire ....................... 2.3 (0.55) 2.6 (0.54) 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.3 1.6 0.0 0.7 1.1

New Jersey .............................. 6.9 (0.38) 7.0 (0.35) 6.5 5.9 5.4 6.5 7.1 3.1 2.9 11.9 7.5 2.9 4.6
New Mexico ............................. 10.7 (0.26) 4.0 (0.14) 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.3 8.2 3.3 3.1 13.4 5.7 2.6 5.8
New York ................................. 2.2 (0.18) 2.9 (0.13) 1.5 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.2 0.9 0.6 3.6 1.9 1.1 2.1
North Carolina .......................... 10.9 (0.83) 10.8 (0.42) 10.6 10.0 9.8 10.3 14.4 4.0 4.5 18.7 7.9 5.9 9.8
North Dakota ........................... 3.1 (0.30) 2.8 (0.18) 3.3 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.7 0.7 6.2 3.1 3.1 0.1–0.2

Ohio ......................................... 7.4 (0.40) 7.3 (0.33) 3.7 4.3 4.2 4.3 4.9 1.4 1.9 11.2 1.8 3.5 3.5
Oklahoma ................................ 14.0 (0.45) 13.7 (0.39) 13.9 13.7 13.1 14.3 16.5 7.6 7.7 26.5 8.5 13.3 11.1
Oregon .................................... 7.1 (0.20) 6.9 (0.16) 6.8 6.5 6.7 6.3 7.4 3.1 2.6 16.6 3.0 2.5 7.6
Pennsylvania ........................... 4.8 (0.19) 4.5 (0.17) 3.8 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.4 1.0 1.2 8.8 3.3 2.0 2.7
Rhode Island ............................ 1.8 (0.38) 1.4 (0.21) 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.1–0.2 0.1

South Carolina ......................... 12.7 (0.98) 11.0 (0.57) 12.0 13.4 12.0 14.9 18.7 6.5 7.2 25.6 14.1 8.2 11.7
South Dakota ........................... 2.2 (0.20) 2.7 (0.17) 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.3 0.8 0.7 4.5 3.0 0.4 1.3
Tennessee ............................... 3.3 (0.18) 1.7 (0.10) 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 2.0 0.6 0.7 4.0 1.8 1.3 1.5
Texas ....................................... 8.0 (0.10) 7.6 (0.07) 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.9 10.6 4.0 6.0 18.3 6.6 5.8 8.2
Utah ........................................ 4.6 (0.29) 5.0 (0.05) 3.9 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.9 3.7 3.4 10.7 5.6 2.2 3.4

Vermont ................................... 0.8 (0.17) 0.8 (0.15) 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.1–0.3 0.6 0.9–2.6 0.2–0.6 0.1–0.2
Virginia .................................... 12.1 (0.38) 12.6 (0.32) 11.8 12.1 11.6 12.6 14.6 6.0 7.5 22.6 11.3 8.4 13.4
Washington .............................. 3.8 (0.10) 3.9 (0.13) 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.7 1.3 1.9 6.7 1.3 1.2 3.1
West Virginia ............................ 2.2 (0.19) 2.2 (0.21) 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 1.3 1.1 10.2 5.4 1.9 1.7
Wisconsin ................................ 6.8 (0.47) 6.4 (0.35) 6.0 6.2 6.0 6.4 6.5 5.2 4.7 8.8 3.0 2.1 5.5
Wyoming ................................. 3.2! (1.04) 2.2 (0.35) 3.3 3.6 3.6 3.7 4.2 2.4 1.3 5.6 3.1 0.9 1.8

—Not available.
†Not applicable. NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Percentages based on
#Rounds to zero. counts of between 1 and 3 gifted and talented students are displayed as ranges to
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between protect student privacy.
30 and 50 percent. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection:
1
Data are based on universe counts of schools and school districts; therefore, these figures 2004, 2006, 2011–12, and 2013–14. (This table was prepared June 2018.)
do not have standard errors.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 205.10. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment and private enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment in public and private schools, by region and grade level:
Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2015
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Private enrollment, by region

Total private enrollment Northeast Midwest South West
Percent of total Percent of total
Percent of total enrollment in enrollment in Percent of total Percent of total
Grade level and year In thousands enrollment In thousands Northeast In thousands Midwest In thousands enrollment in South In thousands enrollment in West
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total, all grades
1995 ............................................... 5,918 (31.8) 11.7 (0.06) 1,509 (18.8) 16.0 (0.20) 1,525 (14.2) 12.7 (0.12) 1,744 (12.8) 9.8 (0.07) 1,141 (11.5) 10.0 (0.10)
1997 ............................................... 5,944 (18.5) 11.4 (0.04) 1,496 (8.3) 15.6 (0.09) 1,528 (11.6) 12.5 (0.10) 1,804 (11.3) 9.8 (0.06) 1,116 (5.2) 9.4 (0.04)
1999 ............................................... 6,018 (30.2) 11.4 (0.06) 1,507 (7.9) 15.5 (0.08) 1,520 (10.3) 12.4 (0.09) 1,863 (26.7) 10.0 (0.14) 1,127 (5.4) 9.2 (0.04)
2001 ............................................... 6,320 (40.3) 11.7 (0.08) 1,581 (9.5) 16.1 (0.10) 1,556 (22.9) 12.6 (0.19) 1,975 (21.4) 10.3 (0.11) 1,208 (23.4) 9.6 (0.19)
2003 ............................................... 6,099 (41.2) 11.2 (0.08) 1,513 (25.8) 15.4 (0.27) 1,460 (15.1) 11.9 (0.12) 1,944 (21.0) 9.9 (0.11) 1,182 (19.1) 9.1 (0.15)

2005 ............................................... 6,073 (42.4) 11.0 (0.08) 1,430 (7.7) 14.8 (0.08) 1,434 (21.0) 11.7 (0.17) 1,976 (24.7) 9.8 (0.12) 1,234 (26.3) 9.4 (0.20)
2007 ............................................... 5,910 (28.4) 10.7 (0.05) 1,426 (11.0) 14.9 (0.12) 1,352 (8.3) 11.2 (0.07) 1,965 (21.5) 9.6 (0.11) 1,167 (12.3) 8.9 (0.09)
2009 ............................................... 5,488 (35.9) 10.0 (0.07) 1,310 (15.7) 14.0 (0.17) 1,296 (25.9) 10.8 (0.22) 1,842 (17.6) 9.1 (0.09) 1,041 (8.0) 8.0 (0.06)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2011 ............................................... 5,268 (24.9) 9.7 (0.04) 1,252 (18.0) 13.7 (0.17) 1,263 (17.1) 10.7 (0.13) 1,747 (2.6) 8.5 (0.01) 1,006 (0.4) 7.8 (#)
2013 ............................................... 5,396 (50.3) 9.8 (0.08) 1,201 (9.5) 13.2 (0.09) 1,326 (45.2) 11.2 (0.34) 1,840 (8.3) 8.7 (0.04) 1,028 (18.3) 7.9 (0.13)
2015 ............................................... 5,751 (85.7) 10.3 (0.14) 1,314 (37.3) 14.3 (0.35) 1,408 (54.5) 11.9 (0.40) 1,965 (53.2) 9.1 (0.22) 1,062 (12.5) 8.0 (0.09)

Prekindergarten through grade 8

1995 ............................................... 4,756 (28.4) 12.8 (0.08) 1,174 (16.8) 17.2 (0.25) 1,238 (13.5) 14.3 (0.16) 1,413 (11.9) 10.7 (0.09) 931 (9.2) 11.1 (0.11)
1997 ............................................... 4,759 (17.3) 12.6 (0.05) 1,165 (8.3) 16.8 (0.12) 1,235 (11.0) 14.1 (0.13) 1,449 (10.0) 10.8 (0.07) 909 (4.4) 10.5 (0.05)
1999 ............................................... 4,789 (23.1) 12.5 (0.06) 1,168 (7.5) 16.7 (0.11) 1,222 (8.4) 13.9 (0.10) 1,487 (19.6) 10.9 (0.14) 913 (4.4) 10.4 (0.05)
2001 ............................................... 5,023 (36.1) 12.9 (0.09) 1,216 (9.4) 17.3 (0.14) 1,253 (21.2) 14.3 (0.24) 1,584 (17.8) 11.3 (0.13) 969 (21.2) 10.6 (0.23)
2003 ............................................... 4,788 (30.3) 12.3 (0.08) 1,131 (7.8) 16.4 (0.11) 1,167 (13.6) 13.5 (0.16) 1,547 (18.6) 10.9 (0.13) 944 (18.1) 10.2 (0.20)

2005 ............................................... 4,724 (33.0) 12.1 (0.09) 1,063 (6.6) 15.9 (0.10) 1,142 (19.3) 13.3 (0.23) 1,551 (21.2) 10.7 (0.15) 969 (15.0) 10.5 (0.16)
2007 ............................................... 4,546 (21.9) 11.7 (0.06) 1,047 (6.3) 16.0 (0.10) 1,065 (7.7) 12.6 (0.09) 1,525 (17.7) 10.4 (0.12) 909 (8.1) 9.9 (0.09)
2009 ............................................... 4,179 (33.2) 10.8 (0.09) 938 (12.6) 14.6 (0.20) 1,016 (25.1) 12.1 (0.30) 1,424 (16.2) 9.8 (0.11) 802 (7.2) 8.8 (0.08)
2011 ............................................... 3,977 (18.2) 10.3 (0.04) 898 (12.8) 14.1 (0.17) 967 (12.8) 11.7 (0.14) 1,337 (1.8) 9.0 (0.01) 774 (0.3) 8.6 (#)
2013 ............................................... 4,084 (42.4) 10.5 (0.10) 859 (8.8) 13.5 (0.12) 1,036 (37.9) 12.4 (0.40) 1,403 (7.9) 9.2 (0.05) 786 (15.0) 8.6 (0.15)
2015 ............................................... 4,304 (69.2) 10.9 (0.16) 932 (27.8) 14.6 (0.37) 1,099 (48.9) 13.1 (0.51) 1,471 (38.4) 9.5 (0.23) 802 (12.2) 8.7 (0.12)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Grades 9 through 12
1995 ............................................... 1,163 (4.6) 8.5 (0.03) 335 (2.9) 13.0 (0.11) 287 (0.9) 8.6 (0.03) 331 (2.1) 7.1 (0.04) 209 (2.3) 6.8 (0.08)
1997 ............................................... 1,185 (2.4) 8.3 (0.02) 331 (0.5) 12.5 (0.02) 293 (0.7) 8.5 (0.02) 354 (1.7) 7.2 (0.03) 207 (1.2) 6.4 (0.04)
1999 ............................................... 1,229 (8.3) 8.4 (0.06) 340 (1.1) 12.6 (0.04) 299 (2.5) 8.6 (0.07) 376 (7.6) 7.5 (0.15) 215 (1.8) 6.3 (0.05)
2001 ............................................... 1,296 (6.7) 8.6 (0.04) 365 (0.8) 13.1 (0.03) 302 (2.0) 8.6 (0.06) 390 (4.4) 7.5 (0.08) 239 (4.5) 6.8 (0.13)
2003 ............................................... 1,311 (24.7) 8.4 (0.16) 382 (24.0) 13.1 (0.83) 294 (4.1) 8.2 (0.11) 397 (3.0) 7.4 (0.06) 238 (3.5) 6.4 (0.09)

2005 ............................................... 1,349 (18.1) 8.3 (0.11) 367 (1.7) 12.3 (0.06) 292 (5.0) 7.9 (0.14) 425 (7.2) 7.5 (0.13) 265 (15.7) 6.7 (0.40)
2007 ............................................... 1,364 (12.0) 8.3 (0.07) 379 (8.8) 12.7 (0.30) 287 (1.3) 7.8 (0.04) 440 (5.5) 7.6 (0.10) 257 (5.7) 6.5 (0.14)
2009 ............................................... 1,309 (6.5) 8.0 (0.04) 372 (5.7) 12.6 (0.20) 280 (2.2) 7.7 (0.06) 418 (1.7) 7.3 (0.03) 239 (1.1) 6.1 (0.03)
2011 ............................................... 1,291 (15.4) 8.1 (0.09) 353 (5.2) 12.6 (0.16) 295 (14.4) 8.4 (0.38) 411 (1.8) 7.1 (0.03) 232 (0.1) 5.9 (#)
2013 ............................................... 1,312 (14.9) 8.2 (0.09) 342 (0.8) 12.4 (0.03) 291 (13.1) 8.4 (0.35) 437 (1.3) 7.4 (0.02) 242 (7.0) 6.2 (0.17)
2015 ............................................... 1,446 (23.8) 8.8 (0.13) 382 (10.5) 13.7 (0.32) 309 (10.9) 8.8 (0.28) 494 (18.2) 8.0 (0.27) 261 (1.9) 6.6 (0.04)

Private School Education

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private School Universe Survey (PSS),
NOTE: Includes enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Ungraded 1995–96 through 2015–16; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary
students are prorated into prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12. Detail may not sum to totals because Education,” 1995–96 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared June 2018.)
of rounding.

89
 Table 205.15. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment, percentage distribution of private school enrollment, and private school enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment

90
in public and private schools, by school orientation and grade: Selected years, fall 1999 through fall 2015

Private School Education

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2015
Grade 1999 2005 2011 2013 Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Enrollment
Total, all grades ............................. 6,018,280 (30,179) 6,073,240 (42,446) 5,268,090 (24,908) 5,395,740 (50,342) 5,750,520 (85,729) 2,082,660 (42,791) 2,268,820 (68,162) 1,399,030 (29,132)
Prekindergarten through grade 8 ........ 4,788,990 (23,055) 4,724,310 (33,034) 3,976,960 (18,241) 4,083,860 (42,441) 4,304,470 (69,171) 1,487,620 (42,646) 1,771,440 (47,422) 1,045,410 (27,611)
Prekindergarten .................................. 763,790 (6,261) 926,430 (15,701) 773,240 (2,420) 819,320 (10,185) 846,920 (17,898) 181,190 (7,731) 336,000 (8,563) 329,730 (10,690)
Kindergarten ....................................... 593,690 (4,053) 547,590 (4,887) 449,820 (2,989) 461,730 (5,429) 466,470 (8,411) 148,250 (4,592) 190,540 (4,799) 127,680 (4,513)
1st grade ............................................ 472,110 (2,080) 421,120 (2,826) 348,730 (2,191) 357,860 (4,963) 373,850 (6,901) 141,450 (4,075) 165,900 (5,400) 66,510 (1,789)
2nd grade ........................................... 449,090 (2,248) 405,470 (2,659) 340,230 (2,008) 344,520 (4,887) 368,450 (6,625) 144,700 (4,639) 159,360 (4,671) 64,390 (1,534)
3rd grade ............................................ 436,730 (1,962) 398,120 (2,462) 336,150 (1,850) 338,840 (4,193) 364,290 (6,479) 144,160 (3,822) 156,890 (5,176) 63,240 (1,469)
4th grade ............................................ 425,140 (1,956) 391,530 (2,297) 328,950 (1,921) 337,440 (4,508) 357,820 (6,202) 143,150 (4,268) 152,500 (4,499) 62,180 (1,144)
5th grade ............................................ 407,590 (2,019) 389,720 (2,379) 330,390 (1,832) 337,950 (4,192) 354,710 (5,903) 143,180 (3,731) 148,220 (4,520) 63,310 (1,015)
6th grade ............................................ 403,110 (2,094) 393,220 (2,280) 341,690 (1,766) 344,960 (4,820) 372,750 (7,276) 148,830 (4,623) 154,780 (5,440) 69,140 (980)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

7th grade ............................................ 384,140 (2,140) 390,550 (4,093) 336,770 (1,684) 343,370 (4,317) 367,920 (6,574) 144,190 (3,463) 151,970 (5,354) 71,760 (936)
8th grade ............................................ 369,580 (2,285) 387,720 (4,024) 336,670 (1,951) 343,500 (3,717) 363,840 (7,047) 142,720 (3,446) 147,740 (5,919) 73,370 (1,228)
Elementary ungraded .......................... 84,000 (1,267) 72,830 (1,916) 54,300 (672) 54,380 (1,061) 67,440 (11,164) 5,810 (†) 7,540 (1,184) 54,090 (11,101)
Grades 9 through 12 ............................. 1,229,290 (8,260) 1,348,930 (18,073) 1,291,130 (15,396) 1,311,880 (14,936) 1,446,060 (23,777) 595,050 (2,166) 497,390 (23,622) 353,620 (5,530)
9th grade ............................................ 336,220 (2,131) 356,130 (4,333) 329,600 (3,875) 333,610 (3,612) 367,810 (6,279) 152,790 (606) 130,540 (6,197) 84,470 (1,463)
10th grade .......................................... 313,310 (1,919) 348,190 (5,949) 324,540 (4,161) 330,710 (3,780) 367,250 (6,041) 151,290 (535) 126,220 (5,984) 89,740 (1,451)
11th grade .......................................... 294,650 (2,193) 326,260 (4,456) 318,310 (3,647) 324,680 (3,850) 356,150 (5,906) 146,850 (485) 122,090 (5,881) 87,210 (1,327)
12th grade .......................................... 280,380 (1,958) 315,290 (4,850) 314,500 (3,769) 319,720 (3,787) 348,600 (5,652) 143,830 (544) 116,950 (5,641) 87,820 (1,371)
Secondary ungraded ........................... 4,720 (1,404) 3,070 (†) 4,180 (92) 3,160 (14) 6,240 (†) 290 (†) 1,580 (†) 4,370 (†)
Percentage distribution
Total, all grades ............................. 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Prekindergarten through grade 8 ........ 79.6 (0.06) 77.8 (0.22) 75.5 (0.23) 75.7 (0.22) 74.9 (0.27) 71.4 (0.59) 78.1 (0.51) 74.7 (0.53)
Prekindergarten .................................. 12.7 (0.08) 15.3 (0.21) 14.7 (0.08) 15.2 (0.15) 14.7 (0.22) 8.7 (0.21) 14.8 (0.34) 23.6 (0.42)
Kindergarten ....................................... 9.9 (0.04) 9.0 (0.06) 8.5 (0.04) 8.6 (0.08) 8.1 (0.08) 7.1 (0.08) 8.4 (0.13) 9.1 (0.18)
1st grade ............................................ 7.8 (0.02) 6.9 (0.03) 6.6 (0.02) 6.6 (0.05) 6.5 (0.07) 6.8 (0.07) 7.3 (0.17) 4.8 (0.08)
2nd grade ........................................... 7.5 (0.01) 6.7 (0.03) 6.5 (0.02) 6.4 (0.05) 6.4 (0.06) 6.9 (0.09) 7.0 (0.09) 4.6 (0.07)
3rd grade ............................................ 7.3 (0.02) 6.6 (0.03) 6.4 (0.02) 6.3 (0.04) 6.3 (0.05) 6.9 (0.05) 6.9 (0.08) 4.5 (0.07)
4th grade ............................................ 7.1 (0.01) 6.4 (0.03) 6.2 (0.02) 6.3 (0.04) 6.2 (0.05) 6.9 (0.07) 6.7 (0.06) 4.4 (0.06)
5th grade ............................................ 6.8 (0.01) 6.4 (0.04) 6.3 (0.02) 6.3 (0.04) 6.2 (0.05) 6.9 (0.05) 6.5 (0.08) 4.5 (0.06)
6th grade ............................................ 6.7 (0.02) 6.5 (0.03) 6.5 (0.02) 6.4 (0.05) 6.5 (0.07) 7.1 (0.10) 6.8 (0.10) 4.9 (0.09)
7th grade ............................................ 6.4 (0.02) 6.4 (0.04) 6.4 (0.02) 6.4 (0.05) 6.4 (0.06) 6.9 (0.06) 6.7 (0.10) 5.1 (0.09)
8th grade ............................................ 6.1 (0.02) 6.4 (0.04) 6.4 (0.02) 6.4 (0.04) 6.3 (0.06) 6.9 (0.06) 6.5 (0.11) 5.2 (0.11)
Elementary ungraded .......................... 1.4 (0.02) 1.2 (0.03) 1.0 (0.01) 1.0 (0.02) 1.2 (0.19) 0.3 (0.01) 0.3 (0.05) 3.9 (0.74)
Grades 9 through 12 ............................. 20.4 (0.06) 22.2 (0.22) 24.5 (0.23) 24.3 (0.22) 25.1 (0.27) 28.6 (0.59) 21.9 (0.51) 25.3 (0.53)
9th grade ............................................ 5.6 (0.02) 5.9 (0.05) 6.3 (0.06) 6.2 (0.05) 6.4 (0.07) 7.3 (0.15) 5.8 (0.13) 6.0 (0.13)
10th grade .......................................... 5.2 (0.01) 5.7 (0.08) 6.2 (0.06) 6.1 (0.06) 6.4 (0.07) 7.3 (0.15) 5.6 (0.13) 6.4 (0.14)
11th grade .......................................... 4.9 (0.02) 5.4 (0.06) 6.0 (0.05) 6.0 (0.06) 6.2 (0.07) 7.1 (0.15) 5.4 (0.13) 6.2 (0.13)
12th grade .......................................... 4.7 (0.02) 5.2 (0.07) 6.0 (0.06) 5.9 (0.06) 6.1 (0.07) 6.9 (0.14) 5.2 (0.12) 6.3 (0.13)
Secondary ungraded ........................... 0.1 (0.02) 0.1 (#) 0.1 (#) 0.1 (#) 0.1 (#) # (†) 0.1 (#) 0.3 (#)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 205.15. Private elementary and secondary school enrollment, percentage distribution of private school enrollment, and private enrollment as a percentage of total enrollment in public
and private schools, by school orientation and grade: Selected years, fall 1999 through fall 2015—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2015
Grade 1999 2005 2011 2013 Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Private enrollment as a percent of total enrollment
Total, all grades ............................. 11.4 (0.05) 11.0 (0.07) 9.7 (0.04) 9.8 (0.08) 10.3 (0.14) 4.0 (0.08) 4.3 (0.12) 2.7 (0.06)
Prekindergarten through grade 8 ........ 12.6 (0.05) 12.2 (0.07) 10.3 (0.04) 10.4 (0.10) 10.9 (0.16) 4.1 (0.11) 4.8 (0.12) 2.9 (0.07)
Prekindergarten .................................. 55.4 (0.20) 52.3 (0.42) 40.4 (0.08) 41.5 (0.30) 41.6 (0.51) 13.2 (0.49) 22.0 (0.44) 21.7 (0.55)
Kindergarten ....................................... 14.9 (0.09) 13.2 (0.10) 10.7 (0.06) 10.8 (0.11) 11.2 (0.18) 3.8 (0.11) 4.9 (0.12) 3.3 (0.11)
1st grade ............................................ 11.4 (0.04) 10.2 (0.06) 8.5 (0.08) 8.4 (0.11) 9.0 (0.15) 3.6 (0.10) 4.2 (0.13) 1.7 (0.05)
2nd grade ........................................... 10.9 (0.05) 10.1 (0.06) 8.4 (0.05) 8.3 (0.11) 8.8 (0.14) 3.6 (0.11) 4.0 (0.11) 1.6 (0.04)
3rd grade ............................................ 10.6 (0.04) 10.0 (0.06) 8.3 (0.05) 8.3 (0.09) 8.6 (0.14) 3.6 (0.09) 3.9 (0.12) 1.6 (0.04)
4th grade ............................................ 10.3 (0.04) 9.9 (0.05) 8.2 (0.04) 8.4 (0.10) 8.6 (0.14) 3.6 (0.10) 3.9 (0.11) 1.6 (0.03)
5th grade ............................................ 10.2 (0.05) 9.7 (0.05) 8.2 (0.04) 8.4 (0.10) 8.7 (0.13) 3.7 (0.09) 3.8 (0.11) 1.7 (0.03)
6th grade ............................................ 10.2 (0.05) 9.7 (0.05) 8.4 (0.04) 8.6 (0.11) 9.1 (0.16) 3.8 (0.11) 4.0 (0.13) 1.8 (0.03)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

7th grade ............................................ 9.8 (0.05) 9.4 (0.09) 8.4 (0.04) 8.4 (0.10) 9.0 (0.15) 3.7 (0.09) 3.9 (0.13) 1.9 (0.02)
8th grade ............................................ 9.5 (0.05) 9.3 (0.09) 8.4 (0.04) 8.4 (0.08) 8.9 (0.16) 3.7 (0.09) 3.8 (0.15) 1.9 (0.03)
Elementary ungraded .......................... 16.8 (0.21) 22.8 (0.46) 40.3 (0.30) 38.6 (0.46) 46.9 (4.20) 7.1 (†) 9.0 (1.28) 41.4 (5.06)
Grades 9 through 12.............................. 8.4 (0.05) 8.3 (0.10) 8.1 (0.09) 8.2 (0.09) 8.8 (0.13) 3.8 (0.01) 3.2 (0.15) 2.3 (0.04)
9th grade ............................................ 7.9 (0.05) 7.7 (0.09) 7.7 (0.08) 7.8 (0.08) 8.4 (0.13) 3.7 (0.01) 3.2 (0.14) 2.1 (0.03)
10th grade .......................................... 8.4 (0.05) 8.3 (0.13) 8.0 (0.09) 8.1 (0.09) 8.7 (0.13) 3.8 (0.01) 3.2 (0.15) 2.3 (0.04)
11th grade .......................................... 8.8 (0.06) 8.6 (0.11) 8.3 (0.09) 8.5 (0.09) 9.0 (0.14) 3.9 (0.01) 3.3 (0.15) 2.4 (0.04)
12th grade .......................................... 9.1 (0.06) 9.0 (0.13) 8.4 (0.09) 8.5 (0.09) 9.0 (0.13) 3.9 (0.01) 3.2 (0.15) 2.4 (0.04)
Secondary ungraded ........................... 3.6 (1.03) 3.2 (†) 9.5 (0.19) 6.8 (0.03) 11.7 (†) 0.6 (†) 3.2 (†) 8.5 (†)

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private School Universe Survey (PSS),
#Rounds to zero. 1999–2000 through 2015–16; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
NOTE: Includes enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Ungraded 1999–2000 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared June 2017.)
students are prorated into prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12. Detail may not sum to totals because
of rounding.

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Private School Education
91
 Table 205.20. Enrollment and percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation and grade level: Selected years, fall 1995

92
through fall 2015

Private School Education

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Catholic Other religious

Total private Conservative
Grade level and year enrollment Total Parochial Diocesan Private Total Christian Affiliated1 Unaffiliated1 Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Enrollment
Total, all grades
1995 .................................... 5,918,040 (31,815) 2,660,450 (6,878) 1,458,990 (2,079) 850,560 (5,674) 350,900 (1,176) 2,094,690 (16,956) 786,660 (8,815) 697,280 (4,886) 610,750 (11,831) 1,162,900 (18,443)
1997 .................................... 5,944,320 (18,543) 2,665,630 (5,472) 1,438,860 (5,331) 873,780 (761) 352,990 (1,405) 2,097,190 (13,733) 823,610 (7,342) 646,500 (3,104) 627,080 (11,133) 1,181,510 (12,013)
1999 .................................... 6,018,280 (30,179) 2,660,420 (4,831) 1,397,570 (4,421) 880,650 (†) 382,190 (1,945) 2,193,370 (27,176) 871,060 (4,827) 646,280 (4,894) 676,030 (24,593) 1,164,500 (8,156)
2001 .................................... 6,319,650 (40,272) 2,672,650 (12,460) 1,309,890 (5,626) 979,050 (6,976) 383,710 (3,152) 2,328,160 (17,281) 937,420 (6,070) 663,190 (8,636) 727,550 (13,303) 1,318,840 (27,300)
2003 .................................... 6,099,220 (41,219) 2,520,120 (10,580) 1,183,250 (9,937) 963,140 (4,754) 373,740 (3,996) 2,228,230 (19,674) 889,710 (8,852) 650,530 (5,860) 688,000 (14,805) 1,350,870 (29,197)

2005 .................................... 6,073,240 (42,446) 2,402,800 (9,293) 1,062,950 (6,355) 956,610 (6,325) 383,230 (3,996) 2,303,330 (22,368) 957,360 (9,561) 696,910 (6,677) 649,050 (14,200) 1,367,120 (27,558)
2007 .................................... 5,910,210 (28,363) 2,308,150 (6,083) 945,860 (5,361) 969,940 (1,788) 392,340 (3,432) 2,283,210 (20,628) 883,180 (6,616) 527,040 (3,512) 872,990 (18,217) 1,318,850 (18,235)
2009 .................................... 5,488,490 (35,857) 2,160,220 (3,494) 856,440 (3,088) 909,010 (4,393) 394,770 (1,087) 2,076,220 (32,751) 737,020 (1,891) 516,310 (4,366) 822,890 (31,180) 1,252,050 (8,849)
2011 .................................... 5,268,090 (24,908) 2,087,870 (14,426) 804,410 (3,686) 899,810 (14,320) 383,650 (459) 1,991,950 (21,814) 730,570 (4,721) 565,340 (2,990) 696,040 (20,419) 1,188,270 (5,376)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2013 .................................... 5,395,740 (50,342) 2,055,140 (37,142) 739,850 (18,829) 936,320 (32,000) 378,970 (980) 2,030,930 (30,090) 707,100 (7,544) 565,490 (5,884) 758,350 (28,152) 1,309,670 (14,800)
2015 .................................... 5,750,520 (85,729) 2,082,660 (42,791) 716,120 (24,336) 960,590 (22,533) 405,950 (14,453) 2,268,820 (68,162) 760,790 (53,772) 587,490 (23,414) 920,550 (45,692) 1,399,030 (29,132)

Prekindergarten through
grade 8
1995 .................................... 4,755,540 (28,435) 2,041,990 (5,249) 1,368,340 (2,079) 575,190 (3,528) 98,460 (1,176) 1,752,510 (14,834) 651,050 (7,219) 574,820 (4,581) 526,630 (11,121) 961,040 (17,471)
1997 .................................... 4,759,060 (17,323) 2,046,620 (5,469) 1,352,620 (5,331) 598,380 (761) 95,620 (1,393) 1,744,500 (12,194) 678,660 (5,957) 529,050 (2,504) 536,790 (10,120) 967,940 (11,050)
1999 .................................... 4,788,990 (23,055) 2,033,900 (4,830) 1,317,300 (4,421) 607,860 (†) 108,740 (1,943) 1,818,260 (19,897) 713,020 (3,748) 529,280 (3,866) 575,970 (17,632) 936,820 (7,302)
2001 .................................... 5,023,160 (36,096) 2,032,080 (10,751) 1,226,960 (4,494) 687,540 (6,976) 117,580 (2,978) 1,926,870 (15,459) 765,080 (5,110) 535,850 (7,370) 625,940 (12,240) 1,064,210 (24,703)
2003 .................................... 4,788,070 (30,338) 1,886,530 (11,055) 1,108,320 (9,937) 670,910 (4,754) 107,300 (337) 1,835,930 (16,931) 722,460 (6,517) 519,310 (4,134) 594,160 (13,504) 1,065,620 (15,379)

2005 .................................... 4,724,310 (33,034) 1,779,830 (9,318) 993,390 (6,355) 673,110 (6,286) 113,330 (2,896) 1,865,430 (19,380) 764,920 (8,028) 561,320 (5,730) 539,190 (12,633) 1,079,050 (15,497)
2007 .................................... 4,545,910 (21,853) 1,685,220 (5,288) 878,830 (4,562) 688,260 (1,640) 118,130 (3,104) 1,833,540 (18,364) 698,930 (5,885) 417,610 (3,218) 717,000 (16,573) 1,027,150 (11,379)
2009 .................................... 4,179,060 (33,168) 1,541,830 (3,250) 782,050 (3,085) 642,720 (846) 117,050 (578) 1,665,680 (30,216) 579,190 (1,685) 401,430 (3,952) 685,050 (28,928) 971,550 (8,113)
2011 .................................... 3,976,960 (18,241) 1,481,620 (3,867) 737,090 (3,675) 630,970 (321) 113,560 (459) 1,583,610 (16,558) 568,150 (3,607) 443,780 (2,604) 571,690 (15,197) 911,730 (3,469)
2013 .................................... 4,083,860 (42,441) 1,466,550 (27,646) 680,370 (18,826) 666,260 (20,228) 119,930 (843) 1,615,120 (29,311) 544,610 (5,638) 446,050 (5,316) 624,470 (27,948) 1,002,180 (11,849)
2015 .................................... 4,304,470 (69,171) 1,487,620 (42,646) 662,670 (24,233) 677,540 (22,542) 147,410 (14,387) 1,771,440 (47,422) 576,570 (38,496) 445,620 (15,105) 749,250 (33,313) 1,045,410 (27,611)

Grades 9 through 12
1995 .................................... 1,162,500 (4,625) 618,460 (2,786) 90,650 (†) 275,370 (2,786) 252,440 (†) 342,180 (3,174) 135,610 (2,338) 122,460 (645) 84,120 (1,720) 201,860 (1,495)
1997 .................................... 1,185,260 (2,374) 619,010 (96) 86,240 (†) 275,400 (†) 257,370 (96) 352,690 (2,261) 144,950 (1,660) 117,450 (848) 90,290 (1,221) 213,560 (1,860)
1999 .................................... 1,229,290 (8,260) 626,520 (70) 80,270 (†) 272,790 (†) 273,460 (70) 375,100 (7,920) 158,040 (1,640) 117,000 (1,237) 100,060 (7,461) 227,670 (2,208)
2001 .................................... 1,296,480 (6,669) 640,570 (2,317) 82,930 (2,293) 291,520 (†) 266,130 (338) 401,290 (3,527) 172,340 (2,633) 127,340 (1,625) 101,600 (1,852) 254,620 (4,465)
2003 .................................... 1,311,150 (24,733) 633,590 (3,888) 74,930 (†) 292,230 (†) 266,430 (3,888) 392,310 (4,195) 167,250 (3,144) 131,220 (1,924) 93,840 (2,031) 285,250 (23,952)

2005 .................................... 1,348,930 (18,073) 622,970 (1,538) 69,560 (†) 283,510 (700) 269,900 (1,341) 437,900 (6,541) 192,440 (3,404) 135,590 (1,493) 109,860 (5,190) 288,070 (16,551)
2007 .................................... 1,364,300 (11,958) 622,930 (1,377) 67,030 (1,201) 281,680 (566) 274,210 (364) 449,680 (3,796) 184,260 (1,768) 109,430 (374) 156,000 (3,052) 291,700 (11,156)
2009 .................................... 1,309,430 (6,480) 618,390 (4,409) 74,380 (42) 266,290 (4,311) 277,720 (920) 410,540 (4,285) 157,830 (362) 114,880 (1,074) 137,840 (4,111) 280,500 (1,880)
2011 .................................... 1,291,130 (15,396) 606,250 (14,313) 67,320 (10) 268,840 (14,313) 270,090 (†) 408,330 (5,747) 162,420 (1,349) 121,560 (513) 124,350 (5,792) 276,550 (3,485)
2013 .................................... 1,311,880 (14,936) 588,580 (13,452) 59,480 (358) 270,060 (13,416) 259,040 (905) 415,810 (2,774) 162,490 (1,942) 119,440 (1,862) 133,880 (1,762) 307,490 (6,938)
2015 .................................... 1,446,060 (23,777) 595,050 (2,166) 53,450 (1,662) 283,050 (38) 258,550 (1,388) 497,390 (23,622) 184,220 (15,411) 141,870 (9,045) 171,300 (16,438) 353,620 (5,530)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 205.20. Enrollment and percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation and grade level: Selected years, fall 1995
through fall 2015—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Catholic Other religious

Total private Conservative
Grade level and year enrollment Total Parochial Diocesan Private Total Christian Affiliated1 Unaffiliated1 Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Percentage distribution
Total, all grades
1995 .................................... 100.0 (†) 45.0 (0.19) 24.7 (0.13) 14.4 (0.08) 5.9 (0.03) 35.4 (0.19) 13.3 (0.12) 11.8 (0.08) 10.3 (0.18) 19.7 (0.23)
1997 .................................... 100.0 (†) 44.8 (0.13) 24.2 (0.09) 14.7 (0.05) 5.9 (0.03) 35.3 (0.18) 13.9 (0.12) 10.9 (0.06) 10.5 (0.17) 19.9 (0.17)
1999 .................................... 100.0 (†) 44.2 (0.24) 23.2 (0.14) 14.6 (0.07) 6.4 (0.04) 36.4 (0.28) 14.5 (0.09) 10.7 (0.08) 11.2 (0.36) 19.3 (0.11)
2001 .................................... 100.0 (†) 42.3 (0.25) 20.7 (0.14) 15.5 (0.12) 6.1 (0.04) 36.8 (0.22) 14.8 (0.13) 10.5 (0.13) 11.5 (0.18) 20.9 (0.33)
2003 .................................... 100.0 (†) 41.3 (0.27) 19.4 (0.17) 15.8 (0.14) 6.1 (0.07) 36.5 (0.25) 14.6 (0.13) 10.7 (0.10) 11.3 (0.22) 22.1 (0.36)

2005 .................................... 100.0 (†) 39.6 (0.26) 17.5 (0.13) 15.8 (0.14) 6.3 (0.07) 37.9 (0.25) 15.8 (0.14) 11.5 (0.09) 10.7 (0.20) 22.5 (0.34)
2007 .................................... 100.0 (†) 39.1 (0.20) 16.0 (0.11) 16.4 (0.09) 6.6 (0.06) 38.6 (0.25) 14.9 (0.12) 8.9 (0.06) 14.8 (0.26) 22.3 (0.25)
2009 .................................... 100.0 (†) 39.4 (0.25) 15.6 (0.11) 16.6 (0.13) 7.2 (0.05) 37.8 (0.37) 13.4 (0.09) 9.4 (0.07) 15.0 (0.48) 22.8 (0.16)
2011 .................................... 100.0 (†) 39.6 (0.25) 15.3 (0.09) 17.1 (0.25) 7.3 (0.04) 37.8 (0.28) 13.9 (0.09) 10.7 (0.08) 13.2 (0.34) 22.6 (0.15)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2013 .................................... 100.0 (†) 38.1 (0.50) 13.7 (0.33) 17.4 (0.51) 7.0 (0.07) 37.6 (0.44) 13.1 (0.16) 10.5 (0.13) 14.1 (0.47) 24.3 (0.28)
2015 .................................... 100.0 (†) 36.2 (0.66) 12.5 (0.38) 16.7 (0.40) 7.1 (0.24) 39.5 (0.80) 13.2 (0.85) 10.2 (0.39) 16.0 (0.73) 24.3 (0.51)

Prekindergarten through
grade 8
1995 .................................... 100.0 (†) 42.9 (0.20) 28.8 (0.17) 12.1 (0.06) 2.1 (0.02) 36.9 (0.22) 13.7 (0.13) 12.1 (0.09) 11.1 (0.21) 20.2 (0.28)
1997 .................................... 100.0 (†) 43.0 (0.15) 28.4 (0.12) 12.6 (0.05) 2.0 (0.03) 36.7 (0.20) 14.3 (0.13) 11.1 (0.06) 11.3 (0.19) 20.3 (0.19)
1999 .................................... 100.0 (†) 42.5 (0.23) 27.5 (0.16) 12.7 (0.06) 2.3 (0.04) 38.0 (0.26) 14.9 (0.09) 11.1 (0.07) 12.0 (0.32) 19.6 (0.12)
2001 .................................... 100.0 (†) 40.5 (0.27) 24.4 (0.17) 13.7 (0.14) 2.3 (0.05) 38.4 (0.25) 15.2 (0.15) 10.7 (0.14) 12.5 (0.20) 21.2 (0.37)
2003 .................................... 100.0 (†) 39.4 (0.25) 23.1 (0.18) 14.0 (0.13) 2.2 (0.01) 38.3 (0.23) 15.1 (0.12) 10.8 (0.09) 12.4 (0.24) 22.3 (0.22)

2005 .................................... 100.0 (†) 37.7 (0.25) 21.0 (0.14) 14.2 (0.15) 2.4 (0.06) 39.5 (0.21) 16.2 (0.16) 11.9 (0.09) 11.4 (0.22) 22.8 (0.23)
2007 .................................... 100.0 (†) 37.1 (0.20) 19.3 (0.13) 15.1 (0.09) 2.6 (0.07) 40.3 (0.27) 15.4 (0.14) 9.2 (0.07) 15.8 (0.30) 22.6 (0.21)
2009 .................................... 100.0 (†) 36.9 (0.29) 18.7 (0.15) 15.4 (0.12) 2.8 (0.03) 39.9 (0.43) 13.9 (0.11) 9.6 (0.10) 16.4 (0.57) 23.2 (0.20)
2011 .................................... 100.0 (†) 37.3 (0.18) 18.5 (0.11) 15.9 (0.08) 2.9 (0.02) 39.8 (0.24) 14.3 (0.08) 11.2 (0.08) 14.4 (0.32) 22.9 (0.11)
2013 .................................... 100.0 (†) 35.9 (0.53) 16.7 (0.42) 16.3 (0.44) 2.9 (0.04) 39.5 (0.52) 13.3 (0.17) 10.9 (0.15) 15.3 (0.59) 24.5 (0.31)
2015 .................................... 100.0 (†) 34.6 (0.78) 15.4 (0.48) 15.7 (0.50) 3.4 (0.31) 41.2 (0.81) 13.4 (0.82) 10.4 (0.35) 17.4 (0.73) 24.3 (0.61)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Grades 9 through 12
1995 .................................... 100.0 (†) 53.2 (0.20) 7.8 (0.03) 23.7 (0.20) 21.7 (0.09) 29.4 (0.20) 11.7 (0.18) 10.5 (0.06) 7.2 (0.14) 17.4 (0.12)
1997 .................................... 100.0 (†) 52.2 (0.10) 7.3 (0.01) 23.2 (0.05) 21.7 (0.04) 29.8 (0.16) 12.2 (0.13) 9.9 (0.08) 7.6 (0.10) 18.0 (0.14)
1999 .................................... 100.0 (†) 51.0 (0.34) 6.5 (0.04) 22.2 (0.15) 22.2 (0.15) 30.5 (0.45) 12.9 (0.14) 9.5 (0.11) 8.1 (0.56) 18.5 (0.19)
2001 .................................... 100.0 (†) 49.4 (0.26) 6.4 (0.17) 22.5 (0.12) 20.5 (0.10) 31.0 (0.19) 13.3 (0.17) 9.8 (0.12) 7.8 (0.13) 19.6 (0.28)
2003 .................................... 100.0 (†) 48.3 (0.91) 5.7 (0.11) 22.3 (0.42) 20.3 (0.44) 29.9 (0.59) 12.8 (0.32) 10.0 (0.23) 7.2 (0.20) 21.8 (1.43)

2005 .................................... 100.0 (†) 46.2 (0.60) 5.2 (0.07) 21.0 (0.28) 20.0 (0.27) 32.5 (0.52) 14.3 (0.28) 10.1 (0.16) 8.1 (0.37) 21.4 (0.97)
2007 .................................... 100.0 (†) 45.7 (0.40) 4.9 (0.09) 20.6 (0.18) 20.1 (0.17) 33.0 (0.33) 13.5 (0.16) 8.0 (0.07) 11.4 (0.22) 21.4 (0.65)
2009 .................................... 100.0 (†) 47.2 (0.25) 5.7 (0.03) 20.3 (0.27) 21.2 (0.12) 31.4 (0.25) 12.1 (0.06) 8.8 (0.08) 10.5 (0.28) 21.4 (0.15)
2011 .................................... 100.0 (†) 47.0 (0.63) 5.2 (0.06) 20.8 (0.88) 20.9 (0.25) 31.6 (0.49) 12.6 (0.18) 9.4 (0.13) 9.6 (0.43) 21.4 (0.35)
2013 .................................... 100.0 (†) 44.9 (0.64) 4.5 (0.06) 20.6 (0.83) 19.7 (0.24) 31.7 (0.42) 12.4 (0.19) 9.1 (0.17) 10.2 (0.19) 23.4 (0.47)
2015 .................................... 100.0 (†) 41.1 (0.67) 3.7 (0.13) 19.6 (0.32) 17.9 (0.30) 34.4 (1.11) 12.7 (0.96) 9.8 (0.59) 11.8 (1.02) 24.5 (0.51)

Private School Education

†Not applicable. NOTE: Includes enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Ungraded
1
Affiliated schools belong to associations of schools with a specific religious orientation other than Catholic or conservative students are prorated into prekindergarten through grade 8 and grades 9 through 12. Detail may not sum to totals because
Christian. Unaffiliated schools have a religious orientation or purpose but are not classified as Catholic, conservative Christian, of rounding.
or affiliated. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private School Universe Survey (PSS),
1995–96 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared May 2017.)

93
 Table 205.30. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in private elementary and secondary schools, by school orientation and selected characteristics: Selected years, fall 2005 through

94
fall 2015

Private School Education

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2015
Catholic Other religious
Conservative
Selected characteristic 2005 2009 2013 Total Total Parochial Diocesan Private Total Christian Affiliated1 Unaffiliated1 Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Total ....................................... 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
.
School level2
Elementary ................................. 56.8 (0.34) 53.5 (0.24) 52.8 (0.47) 50.3 (0.80) 66.5 (0.69) 89.7 (0.46) 66.4 (0.79) 26.1 (2.63) 37.9 (1.57) 21.1 (1.46) 42.1 (1.70) 49.1 (2.58) 46.2 (0.85)
Secondary ................................... 14.2 (0.34) 14.3 (0.11) 13.7 (0.19) 13.5 (0.20) 25.4 (0.53) 6.8 (0.38) 28.0 (0.66) 52.0 (1.85) 5.5 (0.28) 2.2 (0.18) 9.4 (0.46) 5.6 (0.50) 8.7 (0.26)
Combined ................................... 29.1 (0.29) 32.2 (0.21) 33.5 (0.48) 36.2 (0.88) 8.1 (0.17) 3.5 (0.12) 5.6 (0.14) 21.9 (0.78) 56.6 (1.76) 76.6 (1.62) 48.4 (2.06) 45.3 (2.86) 45.1 (0.73)

Student race/ethnicity3
White .......................................... 75.3 (0.10) 72.6 (0.20) 69.6 (0.31) 68.6 (0.34) 65.9 (0.50) 67.1 (1.04) 66.7 (0.51) 62.4 (0.68) 73.1 (0.73) 70.2 (1.32) 76.1 (0.79) 73.7 (1.79) 65.2 (0.21)
Black .......................................... 9.6 (0.08) 9.2 (0.07) 9.3 (0.27) 9.3 (0.31) 7.8 (0.23) 6.9 (0.65) 7.5 (0.15) 10.0 (0.14) 10.6 (0.74) 10.6 (0.49) 8.2 (0.24) 12.2 (1.81) 9.3 (0.12)
Hispanic ...................................... 9.2 (0.05) 9.4 (0.09) 10.2 (0.11) 10.4 (0.15) 15.6 (0.30) 16.2 (0.67) 15.2 (0.25) 15.6 (0.49) 6.6 (0.16) 8.1 (0.48) 6.6 (0.27) 5.4 (0.19) 8.0 (0.12)
Asian .......................................... 4.1 (0.05) 5.1 (0.05) 5.9 (0.05) 6.2 (0.06) 5.2 (0.08) 4.9 (0.12) 5.0 (0.08) 6.3 (0.25) 5.4 (0.10) 6.2 (0.51) 5.4 (0.21) 4.7 (0.41) 9.4 (0.08)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Pacific Islander ............................ — (†) 0.6 (0.02) 0.7 (0.01) 0.7 (0.02) 0.6 (0.01) 0.6 (0.02) 0.5 (#) 0.7 (0.02) 0.5 (0.03) 0.5 (0.04) 0.3 (0.01) 0.6 (0.08) 1.4 (0.02)
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 1.8 (0.01) 0.4 (#) 0.5 (0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.5 (0.01) 0.5 (0.02) 0.5 (0.01) 0.6 (0.04) 0.4 (0.03) 0.5 (0.04) 0.3 (0.01) 0.4 (0.06) 0.5 (0.01)
Two or more races ...................... — (†) 2.7 (0.02) 3.9 (0.03) 4.3 (0.08) 4.3 (0.07) 3.9 (0.12) 4.5 (0.08) 4.4 (0.10) 3.3 (0.15) 3.9 (0.40) 3.1 (0.08) 2.9 (0.15) 6.2 (0.16)

School enrollment
Less than 50 ............................... 4.5 (0.10) 5.4 (0.39) 5.4 (0.47) 5.5 (0.39) 0.4 (0.05) 0.5! (0.21) 0.2 (0.01) 0.8 (0.10) 7.9 (0.95) 3.8 (0.31) 4.2 (1.21) 13.6 (1.94) 9.0 (0.56)
50 to 149 .................................... 16.7 (0.17) 17.3 (0.18) 17.1 (0.23) 16.8 (0.40) 7.3 (0.58) 7.9 (1.18) 7.6 (0.85) 5.4 (0.42) 19.8 (0.85) 16.3 (1.31) 15.4 (0.66) 25.6 (1.48) 26.0 (0.56)
150 to 299 .................................. 26.6 (0.18) 25.9 (0.17) 25.5 (0.29) 25.1 (0.49) 29.5 (0.50) 37.8 (1.47) 28.3 (0.71) 17.7 (2.53) 23.1 (1.01) 22.9 (1.65) 26.8 (2.79) 20.9 (1.11) 21.9 (0.81)
300 to 499 .................................. 21.1 (0.20) 21.0 (0.19) 20.4 (0.21) 19.5 (0.49) 27.7 (0.90) 29.1 (1.01) 29.1 (1.54) 21.7 (1.54) 15.8 (0.86) 19.2 (2.05) 18.0 (0.72) 11.4 (0.62) 13.6 (0.46)
500 to 749 .................................. 15.0 (0.31) 14.0 (0.09) 14.5 (0.24) 15.8 (0.97) 18.8 (1.01) 19.2 (3.19) 17.8 (0.42) 20.4 (0.73) 16.4 (2.26) 23.2 (5.15) 13.8 (0.55) 12.5 (3.28) 10.3 (0.24)
750 or more ................................ 16.1 (0.24) 16.3 (0.12) 17.0 (0.54) 17.3 (0.29) 16.3 (0.34) 5.4 (0.18) 17.0 (0.40) 34.0 (1.21) 17.0 (0.56) 14.5 (1.22) 21.7 (0.87) 16.0 (0.80) 19.3 (0.46)

Region
Northeast .................................... 23.5 (0.19) 23.9 (0.26) 22.3 (0.25) 22.9 (0.59) 23.2 (0.51) 22.7 (0.86) 20.0 (0.47) 31.7 (1.15) 20.9 (1.40) 12.7! (4.49) 25.2 (1.03) 25.1 (1.43) 25.5 (0.88)
Midwest ...................................... 23.6 (0.30) 23.6 (0.38) 24.6 (0.64) 24.5 (0.77) 36.5 (1.28) 41.0 (1.94) 36.8 (1.49) 27.9 (2.28) 21.0 (1.35) 21.8 (3.96) 17.5 (0.76) 22.6 (2.29) 12.3 (0.48)
South .......................................... 32.5 (0.33) 33.6 (0.29) 34.1 (0.33) 34.2 (0.73) 23.3 (0.52) 21.0 (0.94) 26.0 (0.61) 21.2 (0.77) 42.0 (1.50) 42.1 (3.05) 42.8 (2.28) 41.5 (2.66) 37.6 (1.13)
West ........................................... 20.3 (0.36) 19.0 (0.17) 19.1 (0.32) 18.5 (0.33) 16.9 (0.50) 15.3 (0.87) 17.2 (0.41) 19.1 (1.53) 16.0 (0.52) 23.5 (1.80) 14.5 (0.58) 10.9 (0.56) 24.7 (0.70)

School locale
City ............................................. 41.3 (0.26) 41.0 (0.31) 42.5 (0.50) 43.0 (0.77) 47.0 (1.03) 42.4 (1.48) 48.6 (1.21) 51.2 (1.83) 38.8 (1.44) 28.6 (2.12) 42.7 (1.71) 44.8 (2.59) 43.8 (0.91)
Sburban ...................................... 40.0 (0.35) 39.0 (0.34) 41.0 (0.44) 40.2 (0.82) 41.4 (1.11) 45.5 (1.79) 39.4 (0.93) 38.9 (2.00) 37.7 (1.60) 44.8 (3.63) 40.0 (1.62) 30.3 (1.50) 42.3 (0.70)
Town ........................................... 7.2 (0.13) 7.1 (0.17) 6.3 (0.33) 6.2 (0.56) 7.1 (0.18) 8.6 (0.42) 8.0 (0.19) 2.4 (0.09) 7.4 (1.40) 11.6! (4.00) 4.5 (0.18) 5.8 (0.45) 2.8 (0.07)
Rural ........................................... 11.5 (0.37) 12.9 (0.42) 10.1 (0.47) 10.7 (0.57) 4.5 (0.34) 3.5 (0.20) 4.0 (0.09) 7.5 (1.66) 16.1 (1.31) 15.0 (1.12) 12.7 (3.46) 19.2 (2.01) 11.0 (0.46)
3
—Not available. Race/ethnicity was not collected for prekindergarten students (846,900 out of 5,750,520 students in 2015). Percentage
†Not applicable. distribution is based on the students for whom race/ethnicity was reported.
#Rounds to zero. NOTE: Includes enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Prior to
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 2009, data on students of Two or more races and separate data for Pacific Islanders were not collected. Race categories
1
Affiliated schools belong to associations of schools with a specific religious orientation other than Catholic or conservative exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Christian. Unaffiliated schools have a religious orientation or purpose but are not classified as Catholic, conservative Christian, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private School Universe Survey (PSS),
or affiliated. 2005–06 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared May 2017.)
2
Elementary schools have grade 6 or lower and no grade higher than 8. Secondary schools have no grade lower than 7.
Combined schools include those that have grades lower than 7 and higher than 8, as well as those that do not classify
students by grade level.
 Table 205.40. Number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students, teachers, and schools, by orientation of school and selected characteristics: Fall 1999, fall
2009, and fall 2015
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Fall 2015
Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian
Fall 1999, Fall 2009,
Selected characteristic total number total number Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Students1
Total .......................... 6,018,280 (30,179) 5,488,490 (35,857) 5,750,520 (85,729) 100.0 (†) 2,082,660 (42,791) 100.0 (†) 2,268,820 (68,162) 100.0 (†) 1,399,030 (29,132) 100.0 (†)
School level2
Elementary .................... 3,595,020 (11,516) 2,937,090 (26,807) 2,892,010 (55,884) 50.3 (0.80) 1,385,930 (42,655) 66.5 (0.69) 860,380 (31,793) 37.9 (1.57) 645,690 (20,790) 46.2 (0.85)
Secondary ..................... 806,640 (2,395) 785,810 (4,810) 774,650 (6,323) 13.5 (0.20) 528,460 (2,721) 25.4 (0.53) 124,050 (5,926) 5.5 (0.28) 122,140 (3,735) 8.7 (0.26)
Combined ...................... 1,616,620 (23,949) 1,765,590 (15,909) 2,083,870 (69,011) 36.2 (0.88) 168,280 (90) 8.1 (0.17) 1,284,390 (68,103) 56.6 (1.76) 631,200 (14,155) 45.1 (0.73)
School enrollment
Less than 50 ................. 238,980 (5,691) 296,000 (22,889) 313,960 (23,275) 5.5 (0.39) 9,340 (1,109) 0.4 (0.05) 179,260 (22,014) 7.9 (0.95) 125,360 (9,844) 9.0 (0.56)
50 to 149 ....................... 939,110 (10,717) 950,050 (12,053) 964,910 (21,228) 16.8 (0.40) 151,700 (11,198) 7.3 (0.58) 449,980 (16,242) 19.8 (0.85) 363,230 (9,074) 26.0 (0.56)
150 to 299 ..................... 1,615,970 (7,315) 1,423,220 (9,951) 1,445,000 (33,147) 25.1 (0.49) 614,000 (16,856) 29.5 (0.50) 524,220 (23,690) 23.1 (1.01) 306,770 (15,443) 21.9 (0.81)
300 to 499 .................... 1,419,360 (13,203) 1,154,950 (10,730) 1,123,450 (25,543) 19.5 (0.49) 576,110 (21,829) 27.7 (0.90) 357,560 (14,931) 15.8 (0.86) 189,780 (5,812) 13.6 (0.46)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

500 to 749 ..................... 917,670 (2,330) 768,540 (†) 908,080 (66,158) 15.8 (0.97) 391,340 (26,531) 18.8 (1.01) 373,070 (60,722) 16.4 (2.26) 143,660 (3,078) 10.3 (0.24)
750 or more ................... 887,190 (18,232) 895,720 (6,538) 995,120 (8,094) 17.3 (0.29) 340,170 (†) 16.3 (0.34) 384,720 (5,766) 17.0 (0.56) 270,230 (5,680) 19.3 (0.46)
Student race/ethnicity 3
White ............................. 4,061,870 (24,242) 3,410,360 (31,067) 3,363,900 (58,435) 68.6 (0.34) 1,253,540 (30,813) 65.9 (0.50) 1,413,310 (48,831) 73.1 (0.73) 697,050 (15,024) 65.2 (0.21)
Black ............................. 494,530 (5,079) 430,970 (2,579) 453,590 (18,121) 9.3 (0.31) 149,000 (4,569) 7.8 (0.23) 204,780 (17,392) 10.6 (0.74) 99,810 (2,096) 9.3 (0.12)
Hispanic ........................ 435,890 (1,592) 443,290 (4,113) 510,400 (6,041) 10.4 (0.15) 296,770 (5,045) 15.6 (0.30) 128,400 (1,724) 6.6 (0.16) 85,220 (1,870) 8.0 (0.12)
Asian ............................. 239,510 (877) 239,320 (1,894) 304,440 (3,687) 6.2 (0.06) 99,330 (1,750) 5.2 (0.08) 104,500 (2,813) 5.4 (0.10) 100,610 (1,736) 9.4 (0.08)
Pacific Islander .............. [4 ] (†) 28,020 (884) 35,480 (678) 0.7 (0.02) 10,930 (155) 0.6 (0.01) 9,570 (610) 0.5 (0.03) 14,980 (241) 1.4 (0.02)
American Indian/
Alaska Native ........... 22,690 (164) 21,080 (162) 24,030 (524) 0.5 (0.01) 9,940 (237) 0.5 (0.01) 8,500 (458) 0.4 (0.03) 5,590 (89) 0.5 (0.01)
Two or more races ......... — (†) 127,090 (781) 211,780 (3,749) 4.3 (0.08) 81,960 (676) 4.3 (0.07) 63,750 (3,351) 3.3 (0.15) 66,070 (1,911) 6.2 (0.16)
School locale
City ................................ — (†) 2,252,780 (12,708) 2,470,840 (53,027) 43.0 (0.77) 977,860 (26,785) 47.0 (1.03) 880,190 (36,303) 38.8 (1.44) 612,790 (21,658) 43.8 (0.91)
Suburban ....................... — (†) 2,137,800 (20,891) 2,309,860 (57,410) 40.2 (0.82) 862,870 (33,018) 41.4 (1.11) 854,660 (41,909) 37.7 (1.60) 592,330 (12,780) 42.3 (0.70)
Town .............................. — (†) 387,920 (9,565) 355,410 (34,093) 6.2 (0.56) 147,580 (2,341) 7.1 (0.18) 168,270 (34,003) 7.4 (1.40) 39,560 (815) 2.8 (0.07)
Rural .............................. — (†) 709,990 (26,462) 614,410 (34,188) 10.7 (0.57) 94,350 (7,354) 4.5 (0.34) 365,700 (31,744) 16.1 (1.31) 154,350 (6,418) 11.0 (0.46)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Teachers5
Total .......................... 408,400 (2,977) 437,410 (3,222) 481,560 (7,265) 100.0 (†) 143,190 (1,958) 100.0 (0.00) 193,220 (6,433) 100.0 (†) 145,160 (2,801) 100.0 (†)
School level2
Elementary .................... 200,910 (735) 194,480 (1,878) 202,630 (3,654) 42.1 (0.71) 88,570 (1,949) 61.9 (0.53) 62,860 (2,409) 32.5 (1.38) 51,200 (1,698) 35.3 (0.81)
Secondary ..................... 62,740 (229) 67,530 (553) 69,490 (703) 14.4 (0.23) 39,830 (208) 27.8 (0.39) 13,750 (657) 7.1 (0.37) 15,910 (486) 11.0 (0.30)
Combined ...................... 144,750 (2,682) 175,410 (1,853) 209,440 (6,315) 43.5 (0.84) 14,780 (24) 10.3 (0.15) 116,610 (6,181) 60.4 (1.63) 78,040 (1,656) 53.8 (0.70)
School enrollment
Less than 50 ................. 25,970 (488) 34,120 (1,642) 38,330 (2,348) 8.0 (0.46) 1,290 (76) 0.9 (0.05) 20,770 (2,155) 10.7 (1.07) 16,270 (1,282) 11.2 (0.74)
50 to 149 ....................... 70,800 (983) 82,460 (1,102) 87,710 (2,113) 18.2 (0.45) 13,980 (1,196) 9.8 (0.85) 40,460 (1,626) 20.9 (0.98) 33,270 (1,148) 22.9 (0.66)
150 to 299 ..................... 102,240 (486) 107,490 (1,873) 114,470 (3,619) 23.8 (0.63) 42,120 (1,181) 29.4 (0.62) 42,770 (3,209) 22.1 (1.42) 29,580 (1,135) 20.4 (0.64)
300 to 499 .................... 90,010 (1,316) 86,850 (751) 87,750 (1,408) 18.2 (0.39) 37,640 (1,114) 26.3 (0.64) 29,080 (958) 15.1 (0.74) 21,030 (540) 14.5 (0.42)

Private School Education

500 to 749 ..................... 57,930 (79) 56,920 (†) 72,080 (5,118) 15.0 (0.91) 24,930 (983) 17.4 (0.59) 30,390 (5,017) 15.7 (2.23) 16,760 (390) 11.5 (0.25)
750 or more ................... 61,440 (2,143) 69,570 (566) 81,230 (746) 16.9 (0.29) 23,220 (†) 16.2 (0.22) 29,750 (416) 15.4 (0.54) 28,250 (620) 19.5 (0.41)
School locale
City ............................... — (†) 176,740 (799) 204,320 (4,101) 42.4 (0.77) 65,620 (1,539) 45.8 (0.71) 74,980 (3,031) 38.8 (1.52) 63,710 (1,996) 43.9 (0.95)
Suburban ....................... — (†) 166,170 (2,463) 185,460 (3,848) 38.5 (0.75) 58,630 (1,148) 40.9 (0.69) 69,380 (3,235) 35.9 (1.57) 57,440 (1,273) 39.6 (0.79)
Town .............................. — (†) 30,390 (663) 30,530 (3,366) 6.3 (0.66) 11,100 (186) 7.8 (0.16) 15,340 (3,358) 7.9 (1.62) 4,090 (138) 2.8 (0.09)
Rural .............................. — (†) 64,120 (1,960) 61,260 (3,835) 12.7 (0.72) 7,840 (453) 5.5 (0.30) 33,510 (3,521) 17.3 (1.60) 19,910 (1,223) 13.7 (0.75)

See notes at end of table.

95
 Table 205.40. Number and percentage distribution of private elementary and secondary students, teachers, and schools, by orientation of school and selected characteristics: Fall 1999, fall

96
2009, and fall 2015—Continued

Private School Education

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Fall 2015
Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian
Fall 1999, Fall 2009,
Selected characteristic total number total number Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Schools
Total .......................... 33,000 (301) 33,370 (834) 34,580 (953) 100.0 (†) 7,010 (121) 100.0 (0.00) 16,260 (871) 100.0 (†) 11,300 (424) 100.0 (†)
School level2
Elementary .................... 22,300 (242) 21,420 (745) 21,910 (831) 63.4 (1.08) 5,570 (130) 79.4 (0.50) 9,110 (806) 56.0 (2.42) 7,230 (282) 64.0 (1.16)
Secondary ..................... 2,540 (62) 2,780 (39) 2,950 (120) 8.5 (0.27) 990 (9) 14.2 (0.27) 990 (113) 6.1 (0.54) 960 (34) 8.5 (0.40)
Combined ...................... 8,150 (160) 9,160 (153) 9,720 (377) 28.1 (1.13) 450 (13) 6.4 (0.27) 6,160 (316) 37.9 (2.61) 3,110 (207) 27.5 (1.16)
School enrollment
Less than 50 ................. 9,160 (210) 11,070 (801) 11,800 (771) 34.1 (1.37) 320 (38) 4.5 (0.51) 6,900 (738) 42.4 (2.44) 4,580 (309) 40.5 (1.37)
50 to 149 ....................... 10,260 (134) 10,470 (154) 10,670 (268) 30.9 (0.65) 1,430 (99) 20.4 (1.30) 5,000 (236) 30.7 (1.22) 4,240 (126) 37.5 (1.18)
150 to 299 ..................... 7,440 (34) 6,690 (46) 6,800 (161) 19.7 (0.59) 2,790 (67) 39.9 (0.82) 2,490 (118) 15.3 (0.99) 1,520 (85) 13.4 (0.58)
300 to 499 .................... 3,730 (41) 3,010 (30) 2,930 (62) 8.5 (0.36) 1,480 (47) 21.2 (0.63) 950 (44) 5.8 (0.56) 500 (17) 4.4 (0.22)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

500 to 749 ..................... 1,530 (3) 1,280 (†) 1,500 (103) 4.3 (0.31) 650 (42) 9.3 (0.60) 610 (94) 3.7 (0.59) 240 (4) 2.1 (0.08)
750 or more ................... 870 (20) 850 (7) 880 (7) 2.5 (0.07) 330 (†) 4.7 (0.08) 320 (5) 2.0 (0.11) 230 (4) 2.0 (0.08)

School locale
City ............................... — (†) 10,810 (171) 11,480 (398) 33.2 (1.04) 2,880 (107) 41.2 (0.94) 4,550 (205) 28.0 (1.56) 4,040 (277) 35.7 (1.71)
Suburban ....................... — (†) 11,610 (176) 12,660 (273) 36.6 (1.06) 2,690 (52) 38.4 (1.12) 4,600 (149) 28.3 (1.43) 5,370 (199) 47.5 (1.54)
Town .............................. — (†) 3,340 (154) 2,900 (216) 8.4 (0.60) 830 (8) 11.9 (0.23) 1,630 (213) 10.0 (1.20) 430 (36) 3.8 (0.30)
Rural .............................. — (†) 7,610 (799) 7,540 (725) 21.8 (1.64) 600 (55) 8.6 (0.69) 5,480 (705) 33.7 (2.79) 1,460 (150) 12.9 (1.14)

4
—Not available. For 1999, Pacific Islander students are included under Asian. Prior to 2009, data were not collected on Pacific Islander
†Not applicable. students as a separate category.
5
1
Includes students in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Reported in full-time equivalents (FTE). Excludes teachers who teach only prekindergarten students.
2
Elementary schools have grade 6 or lower and no grade higher than 8. Secondary schools have no grade lower than 7. NOTE: Tabulation includes schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
Combined schools include those that have grades lower than 7 and higher than 8, as well as those that do not classify SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private School Universe Survey (PSS),
students by grade level. 1999–2000, 2009–10, and 2015–16. (This table was prepared June 2017.)
3
Race/ethnicity was not collected for prekindergarten students (846,900 in fall 2015). Percentage distribution is based on
the students for whom race/ethnicity was reported.
 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 97
Private School Education

Table 205.80. Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school graduates, by state: Selected years, 2005
through 2015
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Enrollment in prekindergarten through grade 12 High school

Schools, Teachers,1 graduates,
State fall 2015 Fall 2005 Fall 2007 Fall 2009 Fall 2011 Fall 2013 Fall 2015 fall 2015 2014–15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
United States .. 34,580 (953) 6,073,240 (42,446) 5,910,210 (28,363) 5,488,490 (35,857) 5,268,090 (24,908) 5,395,740 (50,342) 5,750,520 (85,729) 481,560 (7,265) 343,250 (6,331)
Alabama ................... 350 (†) 92,280 (5,892) 83,840 (103) 95,570 (11,745) 81,070 (49) 76,400 (295) 75,070 (†) 5,870 (†) 4,710 (†)
Alaska ...................... 50 (†) 7,500 (1,028) 4,990 (†) 7,510! (2,740) 5,170 (†) 5,080 (†) 5,540 (†) 480 (†) 220 (†)
Arizona ..................... 320 (†) 66,840 (†) 64,910 (†) 55,390 (†) 53,120 (229) 55,070 (†) 56,610 (†) 4,110 (†) 3,030 (†)
Arkansas .................. 330! (134) 35,390 (5,858) 40,120 (11,961) 28,900 (1,371) 29,930 (1,245) 30,340 (1,496) 37,930 (6,108) 3,670 (1,019) 1,800 (134)
California .................. 3,420 (58) 737,490 (15,529) 703,810 (6,129) 623,150 (4,185) 608,070 (69) 596,160 (3,500) 627,170 (10,231) 49,520 (1,001) 36,930 (544)

Colorado ................... 600! (183) 70,770 (1,160) 64,740 (†) 63,720 (3,486) 61,140 (148) 60,690 (4,498) 68,140 (9,589) 5,680 (1,172) 2,790 (†)
Connecticut .............. 420 (61) 76,220 (1,619) 85,150 (9,241) 72,540 (464) 66,320 (142) 72,770 (8,293) 66,710 (2,671) 7,770 (410) 7,140 (632)
Delaware .................. 100 (†) 29,830 (†) 32,520 (2,701) 26,640 (†) 25,090 (†) 23,640 (†) 19,660 (†) 1,650 (†) 1,180 (†)
District of Columbia .. 90! (31) 19,880 (†) 19,640 (†) 17,810 (†) 16,950 (†) 19,790 (277) 17,110 (1,939) 2,050 (285) 1,500 (16)
Florida ...................... 2,200 (69) 396,790 (7,429) 391,660 (6,123) 343,990 (1,023) 340,960 (230) 372,790 (2,812) 389,310 (207) 30,520 (69) 22,770 (†)

Georgia .................... 1,220 (308) 152,600 (10,394) 157,430 (9,185) 150,300 (6,251) 138,080 (†) 150,360 (2,250) 189,630 (27,662) 19,930 (3,722) 11,630 (1,556)
Hawaii ...................... 140 (11) 32,810 (†) 37,300 (290) 37,130 (†) 37,530 (†) 33,820 (32) 45,600 (7,730) 3,730 (662) 3,510 (660)
Idaho ........................ 260! (113) 15,320 (2,518) 24,700! (11,608) 18,680 (4,814) 13,670 (193) 18,580 (3,090) 20,230 (3,947) 1,420 (229) 640 (†)
Illinois ....................... 1,500 (51) 317,940 (4,263) 312,270 (6,638) 289,720 (9,237) 271,030 (1,289) 281,360 (6,026) 280,440 (19,662) 19,600 (922) 16,800 (132)
Indiana ..................... 1,660! (678) 139,370 (17,870) 119,910 (2,284) 120,770 (5,919) 129,120 (12,177) 121,230 (3,928) 171,570 (4,510) 11,940 (774) 7,130 (1,024)

Iowa ......................... 510! (180) 60,960 (8,311) 47,820 (†) 45,160 (†) 63,840 (14,665) 56,150 (9,338) 70,870 (16,178) 5,120 (999) 2,580 (20)
Kansas ..................... 210 (†) 47,130 (1,654) 47,780 (2,414) 44,680 (1,668) 43,100 (1,640) 41,520 (3,286) 42,270 (†) 3,210 (†) 2,550 (†)
Kentucky .................. 330 (†) 78,880 (1,228) 76,140 (2,074) 70,590 (2,132) 69,410 (12) 74,750 (4,226) 70,090 (†) 5,670 (†) 4,520 (†)
Louisiana .................. 580 (150) 138,270 (525) 137,460 (†) 147,040 (9,890) 125,720 (108) 129,720 (2,606) 166,560 (33,949) 12,640 (2,721) 11,420! (3,620)
Maine ....................... 140 (†) 20,680 (337) 21,260 (143) 18,310 (†) 18,350 (†) 18,380 (272) 18,600 (†) 2,020 (†) 2,700 (0)

Maryland .................. 760 (18) 170,350 (4,201) 165,760 (1,160) 145,690 (160) 137,450 (564) 143,530 (2,030) 142,630 (3,549) 13,810 (21) 9,130 (†)
Massachusetts ......... 760 (43) 157,770 (3,273) 151,640 (2,516) 137,110 (1,169) 130,940 (1,596) 134,560 (943) 123,230 (865) 14,440 (242) 9,270 (†)
Michigan .................. 890 (120) 166,950 (407) 159,100 (2,047) 153,230 (5,828) 135,580 (544) 141,590 (6,240) 172,130 (34,196) 13,550 (3,271) 10,960 (2,377)
Minnesota ................ 470 (†) 104,730 (3,467) 101,740 (3,903) 89,530 (†) 87,620 (†) 85,260 (†) 75,630 (†) 5,860 (†) 4,430 (†)
Mississippi ............... 180 (†) 57,930 (4,104) 55,270 (†) 54,650 (2,458) 52,060 (†) 50,330 (3,333) 43,580 (†) 3,530 (†) 2,700 (†)

Missouri ................... 870 (173) 137,810 (10,580) 125,610 (3,685) 117,970 (2,065) 130,130 (8,715) 139,570 (25,980) 125,290 (8,723) 10,340 (935) 8,540 (811)
Montana ................... 120 (†) ‡ (†) 15,030! (5,465) 10,390 (1,221) 10,550 (†) 10,560 (521) 11,690 (†) 980 (†) 400 (†)
Nebraska .................. 350! (133) 42,420 (†) 40,320 (†) 39,040 (†) 40,750 (†) 42,300 (†) 48,960 (5,442) 3,120 (133) 2,460 (†)
Nevada ..................... 150 (†) 29,120 (†) 29,820 (2,009) 25,060 (†) 26,130 (†) 21,980 (†) 23,910 (†) 1,540 (†) 1,240 (†)
New Hampshire ........ 260 (†) 33,220 (†) 30,920 (†) 26,470 (†) 27,350 (†) 26,700 (†) 25,330 (†) 2,670 (†) 2,430 (†)

New Jersey .............. 1,270 (97) 256,160 (8,439) 253,250 (5,016) 232,020 (16,536) 210,220 (1,211) 211,150 (4,607) 213,170 (13,684) 19,170 (1,154) 14,320 (836)
New Mexico ............. 170 (†) 25,030 (141) 27,290 (1,388) 23,730 (507) 22,680 (10) 21,750 (†) 22,230 (†) 2,010 (†) 1,440 (†)
New York .................. 1,940 (88) 510,750 (3,596) 518,850 (7,196) 486,310 (5,211) 487,810 (19,574) 452,380 (901) 520,660 (16,620) 46,140 (1,834) 35,600 (3,485)
North Carolina .......... 650 (†) 117,280 (11,681) 121,660 (2,226) 110,740 (1,851) 119,070 (†) 118,090 (492) 124,030 (†) 11,830 (†) 7,490 (†)
North Dakota ............ 50 (†) 7,290 (†) 7,430 (†) 7,750 (†) 7,770 (†) 8,290 (†) 7,830 (†) 630 (†) 370 (†)

Ohio ......................... 1,360 (133) 254,530 (9,821) 239,520 (2,741) 246,250 (24,214) 213,990 (3,419) 238,620 (19,487) 255,690 (40,837) 18,380 (2,652) 12,920 (†)
Oklahoma ................. 180 (27) 35,350 (1,194) 40,320 (5,032) 34,000 (716) 35,750 (847) 32,740 (†) 32,160 (1,061) 2,740 (53) 1,570 (212)
Oregon ..................... 410 (†) 69,620 (14,139) 66,260 (5,188) 56,820 (3,502) 53,200 (†) 58,830 (3,109) 57,310 (†) 4,210 (†) 3,470 (†)
Pennsylvania ............ 2,740 (221) 332,740 (3,918) 324,020 (6,253) 301,640 (5,036) 276,300 (3,668) 253,800 (756) 315,830 (38,974) 26,350 (3,070) 19,640 (3,078)
Rhode Island ............ 130 (19) 30,600 (†) 28,260 (1,096) 24,940 (†) 25,420 (†) 22,180 (†) 20,620 (2,711) 1,900 (218) 1,460 (†)

South Carolina .......... 370 (†) 70,240 (1,797) 71,430 (1,043) 62,320 (311) 60,890 (†) 65,350 (4,447) 62,830 (†) 5,310 (†) 3,130 (†)
South Dakota ........... 70 (†) 12,700 (†) 12,280 (†) 11,470 (†) 12,490 (†) 9,950 (†) 10,740 (†) 830 (†) 380 (†)
Tennessee ................ 500 (†) 105,240 (2,531) 117,540 (12,851) 98,310 (4,176) 92,430 (34) 93,990 (3,210) 91,950 (†) 8,730 (†) 6,040 (†)
Texas ........................ 2,400 (373) 304,170 (20,453) 296,540 (4,132) 313,360 (11,968) 285,320 (2,046) 312,640 (5,896) 351,270 (26,334) 30,430 (1,644) 16,540 (851)
Utah ......................... 160 (†) 21,220 (†) 20,860 (†) 21,990 (1,558) 18,660 (55) 23,310 (†) 21,140 (†) 1,800 (†) 1,490 (†)

Vermont ................... 110 (†) 11,530 (†) 12,600 (232) 10,350 (†) 9,030 (†) 8,890 (†) 10,040 (†) 1,280 (†) 1,080 (†)
Virginia ..................... 950 (119) 155,220 (14,290) 143,140 (7,988) 128,140 (2,581) 123,780 (82) 131,330 (1,828) 140,350 (12,832) 12,850 (921) 7,150 (†)
Washington .............. 640 (24) 119,640 (13,187) 104,070 (3,054) 94,340 (625) 93,630 (234) 119,730 (17,349) 100,140 (479) 7,680 (48) 5,650 (†)
West Virginia ............ 130 (†) 16,120 (†) 14,980 (†) 13,860 (†) 13,430 (1) 14,350 (†) 14,780 (†) 1,330 (†) 850 (†)
Wisconsin ................. 1,050 (114) 142,280 (137) 138,290 (1,597) 130,510 (†) 127,250 (†) 160,650 (32,980) 144,020 (11,405) 11,310 (1,128) 5,540 (†)
Wyoming .................. 40 (†) 2,310 (†) 2,930 (†) 2,910 (†) 2,740 (†) 2,780 (†) 2,240 (†) 220 (†) 30 (†)

†Not applicable. NOTE: Includes special education, vocational/technical education, and alternative schools.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between Tabulation includes schools that offer kindergarten or higher grade. Includes enrollment of
30 and 50 percent. students in prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools that offer kindergarten or higher
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent grade. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
or greater. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Private
1
Reported in full-time equivalents (FTE). Excludes teachers who teach only prekindergarten School Universe Survey (PSS), 2005–06 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared June
students. 2017.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 206.10. Number and percentage of homeschooled students ages 5 through 17 with a grade equivalent of kindergarten through 12th grade, by selected child, parent, and household

98
characteristics: Selected years, 1999 through 2016

Homeschooling and School Choice

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

1999 2003 2007 2012 2016

Number Number Number Number Number
homeschooled1 Percent homeschooled1 Percent homeschooled1 Percent homeschooled1,2 Percent homeschooled1 Percent
Selected child, parent, or household characteristic (in thousands) homeschooled1 (in thousands) homeschooled1 (in thousands) homeschooled1 (in thousands) homeschooled1,2 (in thousands) homeschooled1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total ............................................................................... 850 (71.1) 1.7 (0.14) 1,096 (92.3) 2.2 (0.18) 1,520 (118.0) 3.0 (0.23) 1,773 (115.7) 3.4 (0.23) 1,690 (118.4) 3.3 (0.23)
Sex of child
Male ................................................................................... 417 (43.9) 1.6 (0.17) 569 (61.9) 2.2 (0.24) 639 (75.1) 2.4 (0.28) 875 (73.7) 3.3 (0.28) 807 (79.2) 3.0 (0.30)
Female ................................................................................ 434 (46.1) 1.8 (0.19) 527 (58.2) 2.1 (0.23) 881 (97.4) 3.5 (0.39) 898 (80.3) 3.6 (0.32) 882 (74.8) 3.5 (0.29)
Race/ethnicity of child
White .................................................................................. 640 (62.3) 2.0 (0.19) 843 (77.5) 2.7 (0.25) 1,171 (102.2) 3.9 (0.34) 1,205 (95.7) 4.5 (0.35) 998 (92.6) 3.8 (0.35)
Black .................................................................................. 84 (24.8) 1.0 (0.31) 103! (33.9) 1.3! (0.42) 61! (21.2) 0.8! (0.28) 140 (37.1) 2.0 (0.52) 132 (27.6) 1.9 (0.39)
Hispanic .............................................................................. 77 (17.7) 1.1 (0.25) 59! (21.1) 0.7 (0.26) 147 (27.5) 1.5 (0.29) 265 (41.1) 2.3 (0.35) 444 (62.2) 3.5 (0.50)
Asian/Pacific Islander .......................................................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 73! (21.9) 2.8! (0.90) 44 (12.6) 1.4 (0.40)
Asian ............................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 42 (12.0) 1.4 (0.40)
Pacific Islander ................................................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............................................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other3 ................................................................................. 16! (6.4) 1.6! (0.62) 59! (26.9) 4.9! (2.13) 111 (29.5) 4.8 (1.30) 82 (16.3) 3.2 (0.61) 69 (15.2) 2.7 (0.62)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Grade equivalent4
Kindergarten through grade 5 .............................................. 428 (48.1) 1.8 (0.20) 472 (55.3) 1.9 (0.23) 717 (83.8) 3.0 (0.36) 833 (84.8) 3.2 (0.33) 767 (74.4) 3.0 (0.29)
Kindergarten .................................................................... 92 (19.7) 2.4 (0.52) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 212 (47.3) 4.0 (0.90) 181 (40.7) 3.5 (0.80)
Grades 1 through 3 .......................................................... 199 (36.7) 1.6 (0.29) 214 (33.3) 1.8 (0.28) 406 (64.5) 3.4 (0.54) 353 (50.9) 2.9 (0.42) 300 (34.1) 2.4 (0.28)
Grades 4 and 5 ................................................................ 136 (22.5) 1.7 (0.28) 160 (30.1) 1.9 (0.35) 197 (41.4) 2.5 (0.52) 268 (44.2) 3.2 (0.52) 287 (51.8) 3.4 (0.62)
Grades 6 through 8 ............................................................. 186 (28.0) 1.6 (0.24) 302 (44.9) 2.4 (0.36) 371 (65.3) 3.0 (0.53) 424 (49.0) 3.5 (0.41) 398 (49.1) 3.3 (0.41)
Grades 9 through 12 ........................................................... 235 (33.3) 1.7 (0.24) 315 (47.0) 2.3 (0.33) 422 (58.2) 2.8 (0.38) 516 (53.6) 3.8 (0.39) 525 (55.9) 3.8 (0.40)
Number of children in the household
One child ............................................................................ 132 (18.0) 1.3 (0.17) 110 (22.3) 1.4 (0.27) 197 (32.5) 2.3 (0.38) 418 (29.6) 3.4 (0.23) 338 (35.5) 2.7 (0.27)
Two children ....................................................................... 248 (28.4) 1.3 (0.15) 306 (45.1) 1.5 (0.22) 414 (67.2) 2.0 (0.32) 493 (51.5) 2.5 (0.26) 475 (55.3) 2.3 (0.27)
Three or more children ........................................................ 470 (63.9) 2.3 (0.31) 679 (80.2) 3.1 (0.36) 909 (102.4) 4.1 (0.46) 862 (88.4) 4.5 (0.47) 877 (84.8) 4.7 (0.45)
Number of parents in the household
Two parents ........................................................................ 683 (68.3) 2.1 (0.21) 886 (82.7) 2.5 (0.23) 1,357 (111.5) 3.6 (0.30) 1,354 (104.2) 3.8 (0.29) 1,358 (103.7) 3.7 (0.28)
One parent .......................................................................... 142 (25.0) 0.9 (0.16) 196 (42.6) 1.5 (0.32) 118 (28.4) 1.0 (0.24) 342 (51.6) 2.5 (0.37) 293 (38.4) 2.3 (0.30)
Nonparental guardians ........................................................ 25! (14.4) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 77! (31.9) 4.0! (1.60) 38 (9.9) 2.0 (0.54)
Parent participation in the labor force
Two parents—both in labor force ........................................ 237 (39.8) 1.0 (0.17) 274 (44.1) 1.1 (0.18) 518 (76.2) 2.0 (0.29) 588 (63.5) 2.5 (0.27) 427 (56.5) 1.7 (0.23)
Two parents—one in labor force ......................................... 444 (53.9) 4.6 (0.55) 594 (73.7) 5.6 (0.67) 808 (94.3) 7.5 (0.82) 719 (76.3) 6.2 (0.65) 935 (87.8) 7.2 (0.68)
One parent in labor force ..................................................... 98 (21.8) 0.7 (0.16) 174 (39.8) 1.4 (0.33) 127 (29.5) 1.3 (0.30) 247 (40.9) 2.2 (0.36) 189 (29.6) 1.8 (0.29)
No parent participation in labor force ................................... 71 (18.8) 1.9 (0.48) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 130 (31.9) 4.8 (1.15) 139 (23.9) 4.0 (0.72)
Highest education level of parents
High school diploma or less ................................................. 160 (26.5) 0.9 (0.15) 269 (51.6) 1.7 (0.32) 208 (35.5) 1.5 (0.24) 560 (81.7) 3.4 (0.50) 510 (66.1) 3.3 (0.43)
Vocational/technical, associate’s degree, or some college ... 287 (37.3) 1.9 (0.24) 338 (57.7) 2.1 (0.36) 559 (77.5) 3.8 (0.52) 525 (45.6) 3.4 (0.29) 418 (49.2) 3.1 (0.36)
Bachelor’s degree/some graduate school ............................ 213 (36.2) 2.6 (0.42) 309 (48.5) 2.8 (0.45) 444 (64.7) 3.9 (0.57) 434 (51.4) 3.7 (0.43) 501 (64.0) 3.6 (0.45)
Graduate/professional degree ............................................. 190 (39.8) 2.3 (0.46) 180 (41.6) 2.3 (0.55) 309 (50.0) 2.9 (0.46) 255 (27.3) 3.3 (0.36) 260 (30.7) 3.0 (0.35)
Household income5
$20,000 or less ................................................................... 184 (35.2) 1.5 (0.28) 164 (38.9) 1.8 (0.43) 186 (42.1) 2.2 (0.50) 219 (41.8) 2.9 (0.56) 184 (29.0) 2.9 (0.46)
$20,001 to $50,000 ............................................................ 356 (42.9) 1.8 (0.22) 430 (60.3) 2.6 (0.36) 420 (59.8) 3.1 (0.42) 528 (65.5) 3.8 (0.47) 483 (59.4) 3.7 (0.46)
$50,001 to $75,000 ............................................................ 162 (25.5) 1.9 (0.30) 264 (51.1) 2.4 (0.46) 414 (58.8) 4.0 (0.57) 370 (48.9) 3.9 (0.53) 435 (58.6) 4.8 (0.65)
$75,001 to $100,000 .......................................................... 148 (26.5) 1.5 (0.28) 169 (42.9) 2.6 (0.66) 264 (57.2) 3.8 (0.83) 288 (47.3) 4.2 (0.69) 268 (38.4) 3.8 (0.55)
Over $100,000 .................................................................... — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 236 (57.5) 2.0 (0.49) 367 (42.8) 2.7 (0.31) 319 (39.0) 1.9 (0.24)
Locale
City ..................................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 327 (40.4) 2.0 (0.26) 493 (59.5) 3.3 (0.40) 493 (56.0) 3.0 (0.33)
Suburban ............................................................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 503 (78.8) 2.6 (0.41) 601 (66.8) 3.1 (0.34) 651 (76.2) 2.9 (0.33)
Town ................................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 168 (37.1) 3.0 (0.65) 127 (30.8) 2.6 (0.63) 177 (30.0) 4.3 (0.70)
Rural ................................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 523 (75.9) 4.9 (0.71) 552 (68.2) 4.5 (0.55) 368 (45.1) 4.4 (0.54)

5
—Not available. For 1999, estimates combine the “$75,001 to $100,000” and “Over $100,000” categories.
†Not applicable. NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later
1
Excludes students who were enrolled in school for more than 25 hours a week. Also excludes students who were years could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone
homeschooled only due to a temporary illness. to mail. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some
2
The National Center for Education Statistics uses a statistical adjustment for estimates of homeschoolers in 2012. For data have been revised from previously published figures.
more information about this adjustment, please see Homeschooling in the United States: 2012 (NCES 2016-096REV). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent Survey and Parent and Family
3
Includes Two or more races and race/ethnicity not reported. Involvement in Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (Parent-NHES:1999 and PFI-
4
Students whose grade equivalent was “ungraded” were excluded from the grade analysis. The percentage of students NHES:2003, 2007, 2012, and 2016). (This table was prepared February 2018.)
with an “ungraded” grade equivalent was 0.02 percent in 2003 and 2007. There were no students with an “ungraded”
grade equivalent in 2012.
 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 99
Homeschooling and School Choice

Table 206.30. Percentage distribution of students enrolled in grades 1 through 12, by public school type and charter status, private school
orientation, and selected child and household characteristics: 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Public school type1 Public school charter status Private school orientation
Selected child or household characteristic and Total, all Public Private
2
public school type schools school, total Assigned Chosen Traditional Charter school, total Religious Nonsectarian
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Percentage distribution of all enrolled
students, by school type and charter
status .......................................................... 100.0 (†) 90.5 (0.32) 70.6 (0.61) 19.8 (0.52) 85.9 (0.44) 4.6 (0.31) 9.5 (0.32) 7.6 (0.32) 1.9 (0.18)

Percentage distribution of students in

schools of each type or status, by
characteristic
Total, all students ..................................... 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Sex of child
Male ............................................................... 51.8 (0.67) 52.0 (0.72) 52.2 (0.87) 51.2 (1.69) 52.0 (0.78) 51.4 (3.38) 50.3 (1.92) 50.2 (2.18) 50.9 (5.01)
Female ............................................................ 48.2 (0.67) 48.0 (0.72) 47.8 (0.87) 48.8 (1.69) 48.0 (0.78) 48.6 (3.38) 49.7 (1.92) 49.8 (2.18) 49.1 (5.01)

Race/ethnicity of child
White .............................................................. 51.8 (0.41) 50.7 (0.44) 54.6 (0.57) 36.9 (1.19) 51.8 (0.47) 30.4 (2.85) 62.1 (1.85) 64.0 (2.15) 54.6 (5.02)
Black .............................................................. 14.3 (0.19) 14.5 (0.26) 12.1 (0.41) 23.2 (1.27) 13.9 (0.31) 26.2 (3.63) 12.2 (1.34) 12.3 (1.57) 11.6 (2.75)
Hispanic .......................................................... 23.8 (0.28) 24.7 (0.35) 23.3 (0.52) 29.9 (1.43) 24.1 (0.37) 36.0 (3.09) 15.0 (1.38) 15.4 (1.51) 13.5 (3.25)
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................................... 5.7 (0.26) 5.6 (0.29) 5.6 (0.30) 5.7 (0.63) 5.6 (0.30) 4.7 (1.37) 6.3 (1.05) 4.4 (0.90) 13.7 (3.54)
Asian ........................................................... 5.4 (0.25) 5.3 (0.28) 5.3 (0.29) 5.3 (0.60) 5.4 (0.28) 4.0 (1.15) 6.0 (1.02) 4.1 (0.85) 13.7 (3.54)
Pacific Islander ............................................ 0.3 (0.05) 0.3 (0.06) 0.2 (0.06) 0.4! (0.19) 0.2 (0.05) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Other3 ............................................................. 4.5 (0.26) 4.5 (0.29) 4.5 (0.33) 4.3 (0.49) 4.6 (0.30) 2.7 (0.71) 4.4 (0.63) 3.9 (0.64) 6.7 (1.85)

Disability status of child as reported by parent

Has a disability ................................................ 16.9 (0.57) 17.3 (0.61) 17.4 (0.68) 17.0 (1.04) 17.3 (0.61) 15.9 (2.00) 13.3 (1.20) 12.7 (1.40) 15.8 (2.86)
Does not have a disability................................. 83.1 (0.57) 82.7 (0.61) 82.6 (0.68) 83.0 (1.04) 82.7 (0.61) 84.1 (2.00) 86.7 (1.20) 87.3 (1.40) 84.2 (2.86)

Grade level
Grades 1 through 5 ......................................... 43.5 (0.33) 43.6 (0.35) 44.2 (0.51) 41.3 (1.15) 43.2 (0.40) 51.6 (3.23) 42.7 (1.89) 43.2 (2.14) 40.9 (4.79)
Grades 6 through 8 ......................................... 25.2 (0.33) 24.9 (0.34) 25.3 (0.52) 23.8 (1.11) 24.8 (0.37) 27.9 (2.89) 27.4 (1.55) 27.8 (1.74) 25.8 (3.80)
Grades 9 through 12 ....................................... 31.3 (0.27) 31.5 (0.32) 30.5 (0.44) 34.8 (1.09) 32.0 (0.35) 20.5 (2.13) 29.9 (1.60) 29.0 (1.84) 33.4 (3.54)

Number of parents in the household

Two parents .................................................... 70.3 (0.51) 69.3 (0.57) 70.5 (0.72) 64.9 (1.34) 69.3 (0.57) 68.2 (3.61) 80.6 (1.52) 80.0 (1.71) 82.7 (2.59)
One parent ...................................................... 25.7 (0.55) 26.6 (0.62) 25.4 (0.73) 30.7 (1.29) 26.4 (0.62) 28.7 (3.43) 17.7 (1.46) 18.2 (1.67) 15.4 (2.46)
Nonparental guardians .................................... 3.9 (0.26) 4.2 (0.28) 4.1 (0.37) 4.5 (0.62) 4.2 (0.30) 3.0 (0.59) 1.8 (0.37) 1.8 (0.36) ‡ (†)

Highest education level of parents

Less than a high school diploma ..................... 10.7 (0.30) 11.3 (0.34) 10.9 (0.44) 12.4 (1.13) 11.0 (0.35) 17.1 (3.53) 5.5 (1.27) 5.8 (1.37) ‡ (†)
High school diploma or GED ............................ 20.0 (0.27) 21.3 (0.30) 21.3 (0.48) 21.4 (1.28) 21.5 (0.36) 17.7 (3.26) 8.0 (1.43) 8.9 (1.62) ‡ (†)
Vocational/technical, associate’s degree,
or some college ......................................... 25.7 (0.44) 26.6 (0.45) 26.7 (0.58) 26.0 (1.07) 26.7 (0.47) 25.0 (2.57) 17.5 (1.57) 19.5 (1.76) 9.7 (2.46)
Bachelor’s degree/some graduate school ........ 26.7 (0.46) 25.6 (0.47) 26.0 (0.60) 24.2 (0.99) 25.8 (0.50) 22.8 (1.96) 37.2 (1.60) 38.2 (1.89) 33.1 (3.76)
Graduate/professional degree ......................... 16.8 (0.18) 15.2 (0.19) 15.0 (0.27) 16.0 (0.78) 15.1 (0.19) 17.4 (1.87) 31.8 (1.68) 27.5 (1.75) 49.0 (5.11)

Poverty status of household4

Poor................................................................. 17.3 (0.42) 18.3 (0.47) 18.1 (0.50) 18.8 (1.26) 18.2 (0.46) 19.9 (2.80) 7.6 (1.36) 7.0 (1.38) 9.9! (4.05)
Near-poor ........................................................ 21.4 (0.45) 22.2 (0.51) 21.3 (0.59) 25.6 (1.50) 21.9 (0.52) 28.2 (4.09) 13.1 (1.59) 14.9 (1.90) 6.0 (1.70)
Nonpoor .......................................................... 61.4 (0.46) 59.5 (0.49) 60.6 (0.66) 55.6 (1.33) 59.9 (0.51) 51.8 (3.60) 79.3 (1.79) 78.1 (2.07) 84.1 (3.83)

Locale
City ................................................................. 31.2 (0.74) 30.5 (0.79) 25.6 (0.80) 48.1 (1.58) 29.1 (0.74) 57.8 (3.20) 37.2 (1.76) 36.8 (2.02) 38.6 (3.24)
Suburban ........................................................ 44.5 (0.73) 44.1 (0.77) 46.0 (0.82) 37.7 (1.47) 44.6 (0.76) 34.8 (2.90) 48.1 (1.90) 47.9 (2.19) 48.6 (3.38)
Town ............................................................... 7.9 (0.37) 8.5 (0.40) 9.3 (0.47) 5.4 (0.56) 8.7 (0.42) 3.4 (0.95) 3.0 (0.42) 3.0 (0.49) 2.6! (0.89)
Rural ............................................................... 16.4 (0.42) 16.9 (0.45) 19.1 (0.51) 8.7 (0.66) 17.5 (0.46) 4.0 (1.14) 11.8 (1.19) 12.2 (1.33) 10.2 (2.42)

Region
Northeast ........................................................ 19.9 (0.50) 19.3 (0.57) 20.8 (0.65) 13.8 (1.23) 19.4 (0.57) 16.8 (2.93) 26.1 (1.81) 25.0 (2.02) 30.4 (4.34)
South .............................................................. 23.9 (0.53) 24.0 (0.56) 23.2 (0.65) 26.8 (1.57) 24.4 (0.56) 16.7 (2.15) 23.3 (1.51) 21.8 (1.73) 29.2 (3.50)
Midwest .......................................................... 21.9 (0.55) 21.5 (0.60) 22.3 (0.66) 18.2 (1.42) 21.5 (0.58) 20.6 (3.61) 26.5 (1.65) 31.0 (1.83) 8.4 (1.65)
West ............................................................... 34.2 (0.63) 35.3 (0.68) 33.7 (0.79) 41.2 (1.73) 34.7 (0.71) 45.9 (3.25) 24.1 (1.59) 22.2 (1.82) 32.1 (3.71)

Public school type1

Assigned ......................................................... 70.6 (0.61) 78.0 (0.57) 100.0 (†) † (†) 82.1 (0.53) 100.0 (†) † (†) † (†) † (†)
Chosen ............................................................ 19.8 (0.52) 21.8 (0.58) † (†) 100.0 (†) 17.6 (0.54) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†)

4
†Not applicable. Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between threshold in the year prior to data collection; near-poor children are those whose family
30 and 50 percent. incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty threshold; and
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the
50 percent or greater. poverty threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a
1
In 31 cases, questions about whether a student’s school was assigned were not asked family’s size and composition and is updated annually to account for inflation. In 2015,
because parents reported the school as a private school, and it was only later identified for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $24,257.
as a public school based on administrative data. Due to the missing data on whether Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather
the school was assigned or chosen, these cases were included neither with assigned than giving the exact amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status
public schools nor with chosen public schools. These cases were included in the public is an approximation.
school totals, however, and they could still be accurately classified as either traditional NOTE: Data exclude homeschooled children. Race categories exclude persons of
or charter schools based on administrative data. Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Includes all types of public noncharter schools. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent
3
Includes American Indian/Alaska Native, Two or more races, and race/ethnicity not and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys
reported. Program (PFI-NHES:2016). (This table was prepared February 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 207.10. Number of 3- to 5-year-olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten and percentage participating in home literacy activities with a family member, by type and frequency of activity

100 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

and selected child and family characteristics: 2001, 2012, and 2016

Parent Involvement in Education

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children participating in literacy activity with family member1

At least once in past week
Read to by family member three or Visited a library at least
Number of children (in thousands) more times in past week Told a story by family member Taught letters, words, or numbers Did arts and crafts once in past month
Selected child or family
characteristic 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total ............................ 8,551 (11.0) 8,244 (85.1) 8,087 (91.1) 84 (0.8) 83 (0.8) 81 (1.1) 84 (0.8) 83 (0.9) 84 (1.2) 94 (0.6) 98 (0.3) 97 (0.6) 79 (0.9) 86 (0.8) 87 (1.1) 36 (1.1) 42 (1.2) 41 (1.4)
Age
3 years old ....................... 3,795 (91.4) 3,674 (89.8) 3,404 (123.0) 84 (1.1) 82 (1.3) 82 (1.7) 83 (1.2) 82 (1.4) 84 (1.6) 93 (1.0) 97 (0.5) 96 (1.1) 77 (1.3) 85 (1.1) 85 (1.7) 35 (1.9) 38 (1.6) 39 (2.1)
4 years old ....................... 3,861 (89.0) 3,508 (90.4) 3,379 (109.8) 85 (1.2) 84 (1.3) 81 (2.1) 84 (1.1) 85 (1.3) 85 (1.9) 95 (0.7) 98 (0.3) 96 (0.8) 82 (1.2) 87 (1.2) 89 (1.3) 37 (1.4) 43 (1.8) 40 (2.1)
5 years old ....................... 896 (47.0) 1,062 (59.6) 1,303 (84.9) 81 (2.7) 80 (2.7) 80 (3.3) 82 (2.4) 81 (2.6) 82 (3.8) 93 (1.8) 98 (0.7) 97 (1.0) 80 (2.4) 88 (1.9) 85 (3.9) 37 (3.4) 49 (3.8) 46 (3.6)
Sex
Male ................................ 4,292 (79.9) 4,251 (103.9) 4,184 (118.8) 82 (1.2) 82 (1.2) 80 (1.5) 82 (1.1) 82 (1.4) 82 (1.5) 94 (0.7) 97 (0.4) 96 (1.0) 76 (1.3) 84 (1.1) 85 (1.4) 35 (1.4) 41 (1.7) 40 (2.1)
Female ............................. 4,260 (79.6) 3,993 (104.2) 3,903 (117.5) 86 (1.0) 84 (1.4) 83 (1.9) 85 (1.0) 85 (1.0) 86 (1.9) 94 (0.8) 98 (0.4) 97 (0.6) 83 (1.3) 88 (1.1) 89 (1.7) 37 (1.6) 42 (1.4) 42 (2.0)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Race/ethnicity
White ............................... 5,313 (68.0) 4,062 (97.4) 4,003 (96.8) 89 (0.8) 90 (1.0) 88 (1.2) 86 (1.0) 87 (1.1) 86 (1.1) 95 (0.7) 98 (0.4) 96 (0.9) 85 (1.0) 90 (0.9) 90 (1.2) 39 (1.3) 44 (1.4) 44 (1.7)
Black ............................... 1,251 (55.1) 1,154 (63.4) 1,086 (67.4) 77 (2.6) 77 (3.3) 79 (3.3) 81 (2.1) 80 (2.3) 85 (3.0) 94 (1.8) 99 (0.6) 98 (1.2) 70 (3.1) 83 (2.8) 85 (3.2) 31 (2.6) 41 (3.8) 42 (4.5)
Hispanic ........................... 1,506 (43.5) 2,100 (76.1) 2,133 (84.9) 71 (1.9) 71 (2.0) 71 (3.4) 75 (2.0) 78 (2.2) 78 (3.6) 92 (1.1) 97 (0.7) 97 (1.0) 67 (2.2) 80 (1.9) 82 (2.7) 30 (2.0) 34 (2.2) 33 (3.0)
Asian/Pacific Islander2 ...... 202 (29.0) 420 (32.7) 400 (44.7) 87 (4.1) 77 (3.3) 74 (6.5) 81 (5.8) 85 (2.7) 88 (3.2) 96 (2.2) 98 (1.1) 98 (0.9) 74 (6.9) 86 (2.6) 79 (6.6) 47 (7.5) 55 (4.4) 49 (5.8)
Asian ............................ — (†) 374 (30.3) 386 (43.4) — (†) 75 (3.5) 74 (6.7) — (†) 83 (3.0) 88 (3.2) — (†) 98 (1.2) 98 (0.9) — (†) 84 (2.9) 78 (6.7) — (†) 55 (4.4) 49 (5.9)
Pacific Islander ............. — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native.......................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ........... 240 (26.9) 463 (41.1) 418 (47.8) 84 (3.9) 87 (3.2) 81 (4.0) 92 (2.7) 83 (3.8) 83 (5.0) 93 (3.1) 99 (0.8) 97 (1.3) 86 (3.7) 88 (3.8) 90 (2.6) 31 (5.8) 44 (4.2) 38 (5.0)
Mother’s highest level
of education3
Less than high school ...... 996 (54.5) 1,291 (71.9) 1,093 (90.7) 69 (2.8) 73 (3.1) 61 (5.9) 72 (2.7) 75 (3.5) 77 (6.1) 91 (2.0) 98 (0.8) 94 (2.9) 62 (3.0) 82 (2.6) 77 (5.4) 21 (2.4) 26 (3.1) 27 (4.1)
High school/GED .............. 2,712 (89.0) 1,614 (64.0) 1,482 (87.1) 81 (1.6) 75 (2.5) 79 (2.7) 83 (1.3) 83 (1.8) 78 (2.9) 95 (0.9) 97 (0.9) 96 (1.4) 77 (1.8) 84 (1.8) 86 (2.3) 30 (1.9) 38 (2.8) 35 (4.4)
Vocational/technical or
some college .............. 1,833 (73.9) 1,663 (77.3) 1,400 (64.0) 85 (1.8) 85 (1.7) 80 (2.3) 85 (1.7) 83 (1.5) 83 (2.4) 94 (1.2) 97 (0.8) 97 (1.1) 81 (1.9) 86 (1.6) 88 (2.2) 38 (2.2) 40 (2.0) 38 (2.7)
Associate’s degree ........... 573 (40.9) 678 (50.0) 700 (53.7) 89 (2.5) 85 (2.3) 85 (2.7) 84 (2.7) 84 (2.2) 87 (2.4) 92 (2.3) 98 (0.7) 97 (1.3) 82 (3.2) 86 (2.3) 89 (2.2) 42 (4.3) 43 (3.9) 42 (3.2)
Bachelor’s degree/some
graduate school .......... 1,553 (68.4) 1,870 (65.9) 2,078 (75.4) 93 (1.2) 92 (1.2) 90 (1.4) 88 (1.5) 90 (1.2) 89 (1.6) 95 (1.1) 99 (0.3) 98 (0.5) 89 (1.4) 92 (1.0) 89 (1.4) 46 (2.4) 49 (2.2) 47 (2.2)
Graduate/professional
degree ........................ 685 (45.7) 680 (30.8) 1,036 (45.0) 96 (1.1) 95 (1.0) 91 (1.4) 89 (2.3) 89 (1.5) 89 (1.5) 95 (1.3) 97 (0.8) 97 (0.8) 86 (2.2) 91 (1.5) 91 (1.4) 55 (3.8) 64 (2.5) 56 (2.0)
Mother’s employment
status3
Employed ......................... 5,148 (84.2) 4,491 (88.6) 4,782 (116.5) 86 (1.0) 84 (1.1) 83 (1.4) 84 (1.0) 84 (1.2) 85 (1.3) 94 (0.7) 98 (0.3) 96 (0.8) 80 (1.2) 86 (0.9) 86 (1.3) 36 (1.2) 42 (1.5) 41 (1.8)
Unemployed ..................... 396 (36.9) 550 (52.0) 269 (37.7) 77 (5.0) 80 (4.4) 91 (3.9) 80 (4.7) 84 (3.5) 82 (6.5) 94 (3.3) 98 (1.1) 98 (1.8) 69 (5.5) 89 (4.0) 88 (5.4) 37 (4.8) 33 (4.2) 36 (7.6)
Not in labor force ............. 2,809 (73.3) 2,756 (86.9) 2,737 (104.2) 83 (1.4) 84 (1.7) 79 (2.7) 82 (1.5) 84 (1.6) 82 (2.6) 94 (0.9) 97 (0.7) 97 (0.8) 80 (1.3) 87 (1.4) 87 (2.0) 38 (1.9) 43 (1.9) 41 (2.6)
Family income (in current
dollars)
$20,000 or less ................ 2,106 (58.4) 1,480 (60.3) 1,162 (63.5) 74 (2.1) 76 (2.3) 70 (3.1) 81 (1.6) 83 (1.9) 82 (2.9) 92 (1.5) 97 (0.9) 95 (2.1) 72 (2.2) 84 (1.6) 85 (2.5) 27 (2.0) 39 (2.5) 40 (3.9)
$20,001 to $50,000 ......... 2,934 (86.6) 2,372 (77.4) 2,211 (93.6) 83 (1.4) 78 (2.1) 76 (2.7) 83 (1.4) 82 (1.6) 83 (1.9) 95 (0.7) 98 (0.5) 96 (1.3) 79 (1.4) 83 (1.8) 85 (2.2) 35 (1.8) 40 (2.2) 35 (2.9)
$50,001 to $75,000 ......... 1,724 (74.4) 1,510 (67.2) 1,342 (84.5) 88 (1.4) 82 (2.3) 79 (4.0) 87 (1.6) 82 (2.4) 82 (4.4) 95 (1.1) 98 (0.6) 96 (0.9) 82 (1.7) 85 (2.3) 87 (2.4) 38 (2.3) 38 (2.5) 37 (3.4)
$75,001 to $100,000 ....... 879 (49.4) 1,082 (46.5) 1,047 (58.6) 91 (1.6) 86 (2.5) 88 (2.3) 85 (2.2) 89 (2.1) 83 (3.5) 93 (1.7) 98 (0.6) 98 (0.6) 87 (2.1) 91 (2.2) 87 (3.6) 47 (3.1) 44 (2.9) 41 (3.5)
Over $100,000 ................. 909 (43.2) 1,800 (66.3) 2,325 (70.0) 96 (1.2) 93 (1.0) 90 (1.5) 84 (2.3) 83 (2.0) 87 (1.7) 96 (1.2) 98 (0.7) 98 (0.6) 87 (2.1) 89 (1.4) 89 (1.4) 45 (2.7) 48 (2.4) 48 (2.2)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 207.10. Number of 3- to 5-year-olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten and percentage participating in home literacy activities with a family member, by type and frequency of activity
and selected child and family characteristics: 2001, 2012, and 2016—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children participating in literacy activity with family member1

At least once in past week
Read to by family member three or Visited a library at least
Number of children (in thousands) more times in past week Told a story by family member Taught letters, words, or numbers Did arts and crafts once in past month
Selected child or family
characteristic 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016 2001 2012 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Number of parents in the
household
Two parents ..................... 6,429 (75.0) 5,958 (95.6) 5,969 (117.0) 87 (0.8) 85 (0.9) 84 (1.3) 84 (0.9) 85 (1.0) 84 (1.3) 94 (0.6) 98 (0.3) 97 (0.7) 81 (0.9) 87 (0.9) 88 (1.2) 38 (1.2) 42 (1.4) 43 (1.6)
None or one parent .......... 2,123 (75.0) 2,286 (81.1) 2,117 (91.9) 76 (2.0) 77 (1.8) 74 (2.6) 82 (1.6) 79 (1.5) 83 (2.0) 93 (1.3) 97 (0.7) 97 (1.0) 74 (2.3) 84 (1.6) 84 (2.3) 30 (2.1) 40 (2.3) 33 (2.6)

Poverty status4
Poor ................................. 2,008 (60.4) 1,958 (77.8) 1,536 (67.1) 74 (2.1) 74 (2.2) 71 (3.0) 81 (1.7) 82 (1.7) 83 (2.8) 92 (1.6) 96 (0.8) 94 (1.7) 73 (2.3) 83 (1.7) 85 (2.6) 27 (2.1) 39 (2.2) 38 (3.3)
Near-poor ......................... 1,782 (70.5) 1,960 (86.5) 1,984 (112.9) 81 (1.8) 81 (2.1) 75 (3.4) 82 (2.0) 81 (2.0) 82 (3.0) 95 (1.0) 98 (0.5) 97 (1.0) 76 (1.9) 82 (2.1) 86 (2.3) 33 (2.8) 38 (2.6) 36 (3.1)
Nonpoor ........................... 4,762 (71.9) 4,327 (87.6) 4,567 (108.9) 90 (0.9) 88 (1.0) 87 (1.0) 85 (1.0) 85 (1.2) 85 (1.4) 95 (0.6) 98 (0.4) 97 (0.4) 84 (1.0) 89 (1.0) 88 (1.3) 41 (1.4) 44 (1.5) 44 (1.7)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

—Not available. to account for inflation. In 2015, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $24,257.
†Not applicable. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.
50 percent or greater. NOTE: Prior to 2012, National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) surveys were administered via telephone with
1
The respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child’s care and education. Responding parents reported an interviewer. NHES:2012 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that were mailed to respondents. For
on their own activities and the activities of their spouse/other adults in the household. NHES:2016, initial contact with all respondents was by mail, and the majority of respondents received paper-and-pencil
2
The 2001 questionnaire included a single item for “Asian or Pacific Islander,” whereas questionnaires for later years included questionnaires. However, as an experiment with web use, a small sample of NHES:2016 respondents received mailed
one item for Asian and a separate item for Pacific Islander. invitations to complete the survey online. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to
3
Excludes children living in households with no mother or female guardian present. totals because of rounding and suppression of estimates that did not meet reporting standards. Some data have been
4
Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty threshold in the year prior to data revised from previously published figures.
collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of the poverty SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Early Childhood Program Participation
threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty threshold. Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (ECPP-NHES:2001, 2012, and 2016). (This table was
The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family’s size and composition and is updated annually prepared October 2017.)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 101

Parent Involvement in Education
 Table 207.30. Number of kindergartners through fifth-graders and percentage whose parents reported doing education-related activities with their children in the past week, by selected

102 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016

Parent Involvement in Education

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children whose parents reported doing education-related activities with them in the past week
Number of children (in thousands) Told child a story Did arts and crafts Discussed family history/ethnic heritage Played board games or did puzzles
Selected child, parent, or
school characteristic 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total ............................ 23,887 (55.7) 25,331 (137.9) 25,085 (167.1) 74.9 (0.66) 68.8 (0.91) 72.0 (0.94) 74.9 (0.70) 67.0 (0.84) 68.8 (1.11) 53.1 (0.89) 49.4 (1.00) 50.8 (0.99) 72.9 (0.68) 64.0 (0.94) 67.4 (1.13)

Sex of child
Male ................................ 12,192 (215.7) 13,103 (241.4) 12,925 (281.3) 73.3 (0.86) 68.2 (1.27) 71.3 (1.59) 69.7 (0.98) 60.7 (1.19) 61.8 (1.62) 51.1 (1.16) 47.6 (1.10) 47.9 (1.49) 71.8 (0.92) 63.0 (1.20) 66.5 (1.73)
Female ............................. 11,695 (207.6) 12,228 (234.7) 12,160 (221.5) 76.6 (0.96) 69.5 (1.22) 72.8 (1.27) 80.2 (1.01) 73.8 (1.25) 76.3 (1.29) 55.1 (1.28) 51.2 (1.47) 53.9 (1.35) 74.1 (1.05) 65.2 (1.14) 68.2 (1.37)

Race/ethnicity of child
White ............................... 14,419 (155.8) 12,600 (173.4) 12,190 (262.3) 76.0 (0.96) 71.9 (0.98) 72.8 (1.21) 75.4 (0.89) 67.5 (1.08) 68.3 (1.17) 44.7 (1.13) 37.3 (1.21) 36.7 (1.18) 73.8 (0.87) 66.6 (1.03) 68.2 (1.19)
Black ............................... 3,765 (111.4) 3,642 (107.8) 3,450 (136.5) 69.6 (2.00) 64.3 (2.40) 73.8 (2.41) 68.1 (2.14) 64.0 (2.76) 66.1 (3.01) 66.6 (2.45) 67.4 (2.44) 69.9 (3.10) 72.9 (1.92) 60.1 (2.94) 64.7 (3.83)
Hispanic ........................... 4,220 (98.3) 6,051 (126.3) 6,234 (183.7) 74.2 (1.55) 65.4 (2.15) 69.9 (1.99) 79.6 (1.45) 67.7 (1.69) 71.9 (2.22) 64.5 (1.71) 58.1 (2.09) 64.5 (2.14) 68.5 (1.82) 62.2 (1.88) 69.2 (1.99)
Asian/Pacific Islander1 ...... 709 (82.9) 1,398 (93.2) 1,735 (171.4) 75.8 (3.73) 69.2 (3.38) 66.8 (6.31) 70.9 (4.34) 63.4 (3.45) 63.0 (7.10) 68.2 (4.83) 69.8 (3.56) 56.2 (5.10) 77.0 (3.82) 61.5 (3.87) 60.4 (6.54)
Asian ............................ — (†) 1,331 (88.9) 1,676 (172.0) — (†) 68.0 (3.52) 66.6 (6.54) — (†) 62.7 (3.52) 62.8 (7.33) — (†) 68.8 (3.78) 55.3 (5.19) — (†) 60.6 (3.94) 61.1 (6.87)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Pacific Islander ............. — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 171 (36.3) 228 (54.2) ‡ (†) 84.1 (7.22) 70.3 (11.26) ‡ (†) 77.9 (8.06) 76.5 (9.66) ‡ (†) 82.4 (6.82) 56.0 (12.17) ‡ (†) 72.6 (10.24) 49.7 (11.34) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ........... 603 (62.8) 1,411 (93.6) 1,410 (124.7) 83.5 (5.40) 66.4 (3.35) 77.5 (3.58) 75.7 (3.86) 69.7 (2.91) 73.6 (3.47) 63.3 (5.82) 51.7 (3.79) 58.5 (4.64) 77.8 (4.54) 64.2 (3.93) 67.0 (4.08)

Grade of child
Kindergarten and grade 1 .. 7,823 (32.5) 9,219 (140.6) 9,130 (174.2) 84.5 (0.93) 78.0 (1.60) 79.1 (1.72) 89.3 (0.84) 81.2 (1.14) 79.2 (2.22) 47.7 (1.38) 44.4 (1.89) 43.9 (2.00) 77.5 (1.17) 69.3 (1.56) 71.9 (2.28)
Grades 2 and 3 ................ 7,696 (24.5) 7,965 (155.5) 7,922 (183.1) 74.5 (1.21) 66.9 (1.51) 72.6 (1.68) 74.0 (1.12) 66.7 (1.54) 69.3 (1.57) 54.7 (1.34) 52.1 (1.53) 52.5 (1.88) 72.7 (1.09) 65.5 (1.44) 68.1 (1.99)
Grades 4 and 5 ................ 8,368 (30.1) 8,146 (130.5) 8,033 (167.3) 66.4 (1.20) 60.2 (1.55) 63.4 (1.55) 62.2 (1.36) 51.2 (1.45) 56.6 (1.56) 56.5 (1.42) 52.3 (1.44) 56.9 (1.59) 68.9 (1.18) 56.6 (1.50) 61.4 (1.62)

Language spoken most at

home by child2
English ............................. 21,595 (104.8) 21,763 (198.7) 20,716 (269.5) 75.4 (0.73) 69.4 (1.00) 73.2 (0.92) 74.4 (0.72) 67.2 (0.81) 68.5 (1.11) 51.5 (0.93) 46.8 (1.13) 47.2 (1.06) 73.7 (0.73) 64.0 (1.06) 67.0 (1.08)
Spanish ............................ 1,272 (69.2) 1,145 (78.2) 1,438 (151.4) 65.6 (2.85) 56.4 (5.08) 62.3 (5.94) 81.7 (2.16) 70.7 (3.63) 66.5 (5.88) 60.2 (3.11) 64.7 (4.04) 70.9 (5.69) 58.1 (3.10) 60.2 (4.36) 69.7 (5.49)
English and Spanish
equally ........................ 559 (47.9) 1,310 (104.9) 1,398 (117.1) 76.6 (3.83) 68.7 (4.01) 69.0 (4.54) 78.7 (3.88) 64.5 (4.01) 78.3 (3.78) 77.3 (4.18) 64.0 (3.84) 75.9 (4.22) 75.2 (3.73) 67.0 (3.51) 72.8 (4.14)
English and other
language equally ........ ‡ (†) 705 (60.9) 1,038 (176.8) ‡ (†) 74.6 (3.94) 66.0 (8.87) ‡ (†) 66.9 (4.78) 66.9 (9.27) ‡ (†) 72.2 (4.54) 63.3 (8.85) ‡ (†) 68.2 (3.67) 63.8 (8.86)
Other language ................ 375 (60.5) 335 (68.9) 415 (91.7) 81.7 (6.95) 66.1 (9.93) 77.6 (7.42) 76.7 (4.81) 55.2 (10.98) 70.1 (7.17) 75.1 (6.13) 63.1 (11.51) 47.6 (8.04) 74.8 (7.43) 65.5 (11.12) 66.9 (10.08)

Highest education level of

parents/guardians in
the household3
Less than a high school
diploma ...................... 1,664 (120.3) 2,933 (115.7) 2,690 (173.3) 67.2 (3.16) 65.0 (3.19) 59.6 (5.53) 74.8 (3.20) 67.2 (3.32) 66.1 (4.93) 60.4 (2.98) 60.7 (3.45) 59.6 (5.02) 66.8 (3.16) 61.7 (3.09) 59.3 (5.46)
High school diploma/
equivalent (e.g., GED) .. 5,604 (163.6) 4,898 (146.9) 4,819 (168.4) 71.3 (1.59) 65.7 (2.45) 72.4 (2.45) 75.5 (1.32) 70.3 (2.50) 71.4 (2.76) 54.9 (1.91) 50.8 (2.04) 56.1 (3.27) 73.2 (1.39) 64.8 (2.32) 68.8 (2.40)
Vocational/technical or
some college .............. 5,466 (189.4) 5,044 (129.5) 4,043 (166.7) 75.9 (1.54) 69.1 (1.56) 70.3 (2.32) 76.2 (1.51) 64.4 (1.87) 68.9 (2.33) 50.8 (1.75) 47.0 (1.90) 49.0 (2.44) 71.6 (1.58) 63.9 (1.72) 70.8 (2.05)
Associate’s degree ........... 2,320 (139.6) 2,617 (141.8) 2,392 (138.2) 76.0 (2.00) 67.0 (3.80) 71.6 (2.57) 73.6 (2.47) 66.0 (2.45) 72.2 (2.69) 50.9 (3.16) 44.6 (3.22) 51.5 (3.36) 70.1 (2.50) 57.9 (3.69) 67.1 (2.70)
Bachelor’s degree/some
graduate school .......... 5,214 (179.1) 6,485 (152.8) 6,688 (198.9) 77.3 (1.60) 71.3 (1.37) 76.0 (1.47) 74.0 (1.48) 66.8 (1.47) 68.4 (1.72) 47.3 (1.74) 45.6 (1.49) 46.3 (1.98) 75.8 (1.27) 65.1 (1.67) 67.8 (1.76)
Graduate/professional
degree ........................ 3,618 (149.8) 3,354 (69.8) 4,452 (110.9) 78.6 (1.64) 72.7 (1.41) 75.0 (1.64) 73.9 (1.72) 67.3 (1.41) 66.4 (1.66) 60.1 (2.16) 51.9 (1.74) 47.8 (1.76) 74.9 (1.82) 67.8 (1.39) 67.0 (1.87)

Family income (in current

dollars)
$20,000 or less ................ 4,418 (150.4) 3,838 (112.7) 3,324 (160.2) 73.9 (1.61) 68.7 (1.81) 65.6 (3.67) 76.0 (1.87) 71.4 (2.08) 67.1 (3.82) 61.6 (2.05) 54.3 (2.17) 57.9 (3.38) 73.3 (1.70) 61.7 (2.22) 64.7 (3.81)
$20,001 to $50,000 ......... 7,857 (230.1) 7,166 (155.7) 6,535 (154.9) 74.0 (1.31) 68.6 (1.87) 70.6 (1.94) 75.3 (1.05) 68.1 (1.86) 70.3 (2.41) 53.5 (1.59) 53.6 (2.07) 55.4 (2.38) 72.3 (1.45) 63.6 (1.80) 67.4 (2.16)
$50,001 to $75,000 ......... 5,024 (187.5) 4,380 (123.2) 4,159 (140.3) 74.9 (1.53) 68.5 (2.31) 71.9 (2.17) 75.3 (1.55) 67.5 (1.86) 68.8 (2.31) 49.6 (1.99) 47.7 (2.35) 54.7 (3.01) 72.1 (1.51) 63.3 (2.35) 68.1 (2.64)
$75,001 to $100,000 ....... 3,044 (127.1) 3,279 (81.0) 3,277 (99.8) 74.7 (2.02) 68.4 (2.03) 75.1 (2.30) 71.2 (1.98) 64.7 (2.13) 68.4 (2.78) 48.8 (2.28) 46.3 (2.46) 46.4 (2.39) 73.3 (2.30) 65.6 (2.29) 65.8 (2.46)
Over $100,000 ................. 3,543 (139.6) 6,668 (133.0) 7,790 (166.4) 78.6 (1.52) 69.4 (1.35) 74.7 (1.48) 75.1 (1.87) 64.1 (1.62) 68.6 (1.53) 50.1 (1.93) 44.5 (1.48) 43.8 (1.58) 74.7 (1.81) 65.5 (1.50) 68.7 (1.39)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 207.30. Number of kindergartners through fifth-graders and percentage whose parents reported doing education-related activities with their children in the past week, by selected
child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children whose parents reported doing education-related activities with them in the past week
Number of children (in thousands) Told child a story Did arts and crafts Discussed family history/ethnic heritage Played board games or did puzzles
Selected child, parent, or
school characteristic 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016 2003 2012 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Poverty status4
Poor ................................. 4,396 (162.4) 5,489 (157.3) 4,771 (191.4) 73.2 (1.67) 68.6 (2.15) 67.3 (2.87) 76.9 (1.85) 72.0 (2.01) 68.2 (2.85) 60.9 (2.13) 57.6 (2.64) 55.8 (2.72) 72.4 (1.88) 61.7 (2.29) 66.8 (3.08)
Near-poor ......................... 5,332 (218.0) 5,495 (162.0) 5,470 (231.4) 74.3 (1.30) 68.3 (1.88) 70.6 (2.37) 76.7 (1.24) 67.5 (1.63) 70.6 (2.44) 53.3 (1.79) 49.8 (2.18) 57.4 (2.73) 73.6 (1.85) 63.3 (1.71) 66.6 (2.68)
Nonpoor ........................... 14,159 (182.1) 14,346 (167.4) 14,843 (209.6) 75.7 (0.85) 69.0 (1.07) 74.1 (1.02) 73.6 (0.92) 64.9 (0.98) 68.4 (1.11) 50.6 (1.11) 46.1 (1.09) 46.8 (1.19) 72.8 (0.87) 65.2 (1.16) 67.8 (1.09)
Control of school
Public ............................... 21,004 (140.8) 22,797 (186.8) 22,626 (195.3) 75.0 (0.68) 68.2 (1.04) 71.3 (1.00) 75.2 (0.72) 67.0 (0.89) 68.2 (1.25) 52.4 (0.98) 49.6 (1.07) 50.7 (1.06) 73.4 (0.74) 63.7 (1.04) 67.4 (1.24)
Private ............................. 2,882 (127.8) 2,534 (113.4) 2,389 (134.3) 74.2 (2.09) 73.7 (2.08) 78.7 (2.48) 72.1 (1.94) 67.0 (2.45) 75.3 (2.31) 58.1 (2.17) 47.0 (2.75) 51.3 (3.22) 69.1 (1.99) 67.2 (2.25) 66.8 (2.71)

Locale of household5
City .................................. — (†) 7,473 (195.8) 8,376 (308.6) — (†) 68.7 (1.64) 73.2 (1.98) — (†) 68.1 (1.55) 69.6 (2.23) — (†) 54.8 (1.69) 57.0 (1.99) — (†) 64.1 (1.72) 66.9 (2.33)
Suburban ......................... — (†) 9,418 (211.3) 10,797 (275.6) — (†) 72.1 (1.37) 72.6 (1.35) — (†) 67.6 (1.23) 69.7 (1.36) — (†) 49.9 (1.59) 52.5 (1.48) — (†) 65.2 (1.44) 68.1 (1.26)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Town ................................ — (†) 2,483 (167.3) 2,019 (128.8) — (†) 64.8 (4.83) 71.0 (2.64) — (†) 67.4 (3.35) 64.2 (3.70) — (†) 48.5 (3.24) 42.8 (3.62) — (†) 57.6 (3.38) 65.0 (3.20)
Rural ................................ — (†) 5,956 (191.3) 3,893 (189.6) — (†) 65.3 (1.45) 68.4 (2.45) — (†) 64.7 (1.54) 67.3 (2.42) — (†) 42.2 (1.75) 36.9 (2.28) — (†) 64.8 (1.45) 67.4 (2.24)

—Not available. $24,257. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact
†Not applicable. amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.
5
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is Based on zip code of the household.
50 percent or greater. NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via
1
The 2003 questionnaire included a single item for “Asian or Pacific Islander,” whereas questionnaires for later years included telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that
one item for Asian and a separate item for Pacific Islander. were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later years
2
The 2012 and 2016 questionnaires included an item specifying that the child was not able to speak. Children who were could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail.
not able to speak are excluded from this analysis. The respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child’s education. Responding parents reported on their
3
In 2003, education level was not collected for the second parent in a same sex couple. own activities and the activities of their spouse/other adults in the household. Unless otherwise noted, all information is
4
Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty threshold in the year prior to based on parent reports. Excludes homeschooled children. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Some
data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of data have been revised from previously published figures.
the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent and Family Involvement in
threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family’s size and composition and is updated Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2003, 2012, and 2016). (This table
annually to account for inflation. In 2015, or example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was was prepared April 2019.)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 103

Parent Involvement in Education
 Table 207.40. Percentage of elementary and secondary school children whose parents were involved in school activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012,

104 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

and 2016

Parent Involvement in Education

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children whose parents reported the following types of involvement in school activities
2003 2012 2016

Attended Attended Attended

a general Attended a a general Attended a a general Attended a
Selected child, parent, or school school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered
characteristic PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total ..................................................... 87.7 (0.37) 77.1 (0.42) 69.9 (0.42) 41.8 (0.61) 87.4 (0.41) 75.8 (0.43) 74.4 (0.45) 41.7 (0.49) 88.6 (0.47) 77.7 (0.53) 79.3 (0.54) 43.4 (0.67)
Sex of child
Male ......................................................... 87.4 (0.49) 77.7 (0.63) 67.4 (0.75) 41.2 (0.88) 87.1 (0.66) 76.4 (0.61) 72.3 (0.65) 40.0 (0.71) 87.5 (0.80) 78.6 (0.74) 77.2 (0.97) 41.9 (0.82)
Female ...................................................... 87.9 (0.56) 76.5 (0.63) 72.6 (0.62) 42.4 (0.83) 87.7 (0.50) 75.1 (0.61) 76.7 (0.68) 43.5 (0.88) 89.8 (0.56) 76.6 (0.76) 81.6 (0.60) 45.0 (0.87)
Race/ethnicity of child
White ........................................................ 88.7 (0.50) 76.3 (0.62) 74.1 (0.65) 48.3 (0.82) 89.1 (0.50) 77.2 (0.56) 81.5 (0.54) 49.6 (0.72) 90.6 (0.52) 78.8 (0.67) 85.8 (0.63) 49.1 (0.83)
Black ........................................................ 88.7 (0.85) 78.7 (1.35) 63.3 (1.54) 31.9 (1.64) 85.0 (1.35) 76.1 (1.35) 68.0 (1.66) 30.3 (1.33) 87.2 (1.72) 78.9 (1.60) 72.2 (2.02) 33.9 (1.81)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Hispanic .................................................... 82.6 (1.05) 78.1 (1.10) 60.9 (1.36) 27.7 (1.23) 85.7 (0.98) 72.8 (1.08) 64.0 (1.34) 31.7 (1.14) 86.7 (0.98) 74.6 (1.38) 71.3 (1.29) 35.9 (1.49)
Asian/Pacific Islander2 ............................... 88.5 (2.14) 77.7 (3.03) 65.1 (3.65) 33.8 (2.69) 83.0 (1.72) 71.5 (2.01) 65.8 (2.21) 35.2 (2.22) 80.0 (3.59) 76.4 (2.25) 71.1 (2.49) 41.7 (2.96)
Asian ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 82.5 (1.80) 71.5 (2.03) 65.0 (2.30) 34.0 (2.33) 79.5 (3.71) 76.4 (2.36) 71.9 (2.57) 41.4 (3.07)
Pacific Islander ...................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 90.7 (3.96) 71.4 (8.97) 79.0 (6.32) 54.3 (11.37) 92.0 (5.24) 78.7 (10.09) 52.3 (11.66) 48.2 (10.95)
American Indian/Alaska Native .................. 85.1 (5.22) 85.1 (6.68) 69.5 (7.37) 18.9 (5.57) 85.1 (4.91) 79.9 (6.85) 75.6 (6.61) 42.3 (8.61) 93.0 (3.05) 87.5 (4.36) 80.1 (7.45) 59.4 (10.56)
Two or more races .................................... 87.2 (2.45) 74.9 (3.63) 72.3 (2.84) 47.7 (3.79) 88.8 (1.30) 78.4 (2.31) 76.0 (2.52) 45.3 (2.57) 91.2 (1.37) 78.1 (2.29) 83.1 (2.07) 48.0 (3.17)
Highest education level of parents/guardians
in the household3
Less than a high school diploma ............... 69.8 (2.04) 67.8 (2.50) 42.4 (2.42) 15.6 (2.04) 77.0 (1.79) 63.3 (1.88) 48.0 (2.04) 18.3 (1.72) 76.4 (2.98) 69.8 (2.74) 54.3 (2.75) 25.0 (2.70)
High school diploma or equivalent ............. 83.8 (0.91) 75.4 (0.94) 62.1 (1.28) 30.3 (1.27) 82.1 (1.42) 72.2 (1.23) 62.3 (1.45) 27.6 (1.38) 82.2 (1.34) 73.1 (1.55) 69.5 (1.70) 26.5 (1.99)
Vocational/technical or some college ......... 88.5 (0.67) 78.0 (1.02) 69.1 (0.94) 38.8 (1.25) 87.5 (0.62) 75.4 (1.02) 76.1 (0.99) 39.0 (1.14) 89.2 (0.75) 75.7 (1.08) 78.2 (1.21) 34.7 (1.20)
Associate’s degree .................................... 88.6 (1.27) 76.6 (1.68) 73.0 (1.76) 39.7 (1.67) 88.9 (0.91) 79.5 (1.13) 80.5 (1.37) 44.9 (1.77) 90.2 (1.08) 77.6 (1.30) 83.4 (1.45) 44.8 (1.70)
Bachelor’s degree/some graduate school .... 92.0 (0.73) 79.8 (0.89) 80.1 (0.94) 53.9 (1.30) 92.1 (0.53) 79.9 (0.62) 85.0 (0.63) 55.0 (1.11) 92.9 (0.57) 81.5 (0.96) 87.3 (0.71) 54.0 (1.18)
Graduate/professional degree ................... 94.6 (0.74) 79.5 (1.00) 80.8 (1.10) 61.7 (1.57) 95.1 (0.47) 83.0 (0.68) 90.1 (0.59) 61.8 (1.30) 95.3 (0.47) 83.8 (0.75) 92.7 (0.60) 64.9 (1.05)
Family income (in current dollars)
$20,000 or less ......................................... 79.8 (1.43) 74.6 (1.33) 56.6 (1.42) 26.1 (1.45) 79.9 (1.15) 69.4 (1.36) 57.2 (1.31) 24.1 (1.18) 79.5 (2.18) 73.7 (1.89) 61.4 (1.98) 24.2 (1.78)
$20,001 to $50,000 .................................. 85.1 (0.67) 77.3 (0.85) 66.2 (0.94) 34.6 (1.14) 84.3 (0.73) 74.5 (1.04) 67.2 (1.28) 31.1 (1.22) 85.0 (1.12) 76.0 (1.18) 70.2 (1.47) 31.9 (1.63)
$50,001 to $75,000 .................................. 89.9 (0.79) 76.8 (0.96) 74.5 (1.03) 46.0 (1.26) 88.7 (0.97) 77.3 (1.23) 77.3 (1.19) 43.7 (1.40) 88.7 (1.02) 78.3 (1.13) 81.2 (1.35) 39.7 (1.65)
$75,001 to $100,000 ................................ 94.0 (0.80) 79.4 (1.28) 77.6 (1.34) 51.5 (1.71) 89.9 (0.88) 77.3 (1.15) 81.9 (1.13) 47.8 (1.24) 91.4 (0.87) 75.9 (1.23) 83.5 (1.32) 49.2 (1.53)
Over $100,000 .......................................... 93.9 (0.71) 77.9 (1.21) 80.7 (1.03) 61.1 (1.19) 92.5 (0.92) 79.0 (0.80) 85.5 (0.96) 57.6 (1.05) 93.6 (0.62) 80.8 (0.95) 90.5 (0.70) 59.1 (0.99)
Poverty status4
Poor .......................................................... 79.4 (1.55) 74.5 (1.37) 56.7 (1.57) 26.8 (1.55) 82.5 (1.08) 71.3 (1.29) 60.0 (1.52) 26.8 (1.28) 81.1 (1.68) 74.8 (1.90) 62.3 (1.78) 26.6 (1.77)
Near-poor .................................................. 85.1 (0.89) 77.9 (1.05) 64.8 (0.98) 32.5 (1.31) 83.7 (0.78) 75.2 (0.97) 66.5 (1.22) 31.2 (1.35) 85.8 (1.14) 76.4 (1.24) 71.4 (1.42) 33.0 (1.86)
Nonpoor .................................................... 91.0 (0.46) 77.6 (0.58) 75.7 (0.51) 49.5 (0.76) 90.4 (0.51) 77.5 (0.55) 82.2 (0.61) 50.6 (0.71) 91.7 (0.48) 78.9 (0.66) 86.9 (0.57) 51.7 (0.78)
Control of school and enrollment level of child
Public school ............................................. 86.7 (0.40) 75.9 (0.45) 68.0 (0.47) 38.5 (0.64) 86.5 (0.43) 74.8 (0.45) 72.9 (0.50) 39.0 (0.52) 88.2 (0.50) 76.7 (0.56) 77.8 (0.60) 40.3 (0.69)
Elementary (kindergarten to grade 8) ..... 90.9 (0.40) 85.1 (0.42) 71.7 (0.57) 42.8 (0.75) 90.0 (0.42) 82.4 (0.47) 76.0 (0.64) 44.1 (0.69) 91.0 (0.59) 84.8 (0.62) 80.5 (0.70) 44.6 (0.89)
Secondary (grades 9 to 12) .................... 76.9 (1.06) 54.8 (1.03) 59.4 (1.06) 28.5 (0.98) 77.8 (0.92) 55.5 (1.04) 65.1 (0.90) 26.2 (0.71) 81.2 (0.88) 56.1 (1.21) 71.0 (1.01) 29.4 (0.95)
Private school ........................................... 95.8 (0.61) 86.6 (1.02) 85.8 (1.20) 68.6 (1.57) 96.2 (0.58) 86.9 (1.13) 90.1 (1.18) 69.5 (1.63) 92.2 (1.39) 87.3 (1.21) 93.5 (1.14) 72.6 (1.91)
Elementary (kindergarten to grade 8) ..... 96.6 (0.70) 91.6 (0.93) 88.4 (1.23) 73.3 (1.91) 97.4 (0.63) 91.2 (1.47) 91.8 (1.39) 74.4 (1.87) 92.1 (1.76) 90.5 (1.51) 94.2 (1.41) 78.2 (2.27)
Secondary (grades 9 to 12) .................... 93.3 (1.55) 72.3 (2.49) 78.3 (2.77) 54.8 (2.82) 92.5 (1.20) 73.6 (2.19) 84.9 (2.08) 54.6 (2.44) 92.5 (2.36) 78.7 (1.89) 91.5 (1.30) 57.5 (2.80)

Locale of household5
City ........................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 86.1 (0.76) 74.9 (0.84) 68.4 (0.93) 36.3 (0.98) 86.4 (1.02) 78.7 (1.10) 75.5 (1.25) 42.2 (1.39)
Suburban .................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 88.3 (0.63) 74.9 (0.74) 74.5 (0.76) 44.2 (0.83) 90.0 (0.65) 77.5 (0.88) 80.9 (0.79) 45.5 (0.88)
Town ......................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 87.3 (1.27) 76.9 (1.78) 76.5 (1.92) 37.3 (1.90) 87.4 (1.51) 77.0 (1.72) 76.3 (1.76) 34.9 (1.99)
Rural ......................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 87.6 (0.87) 78.0 (0.76) 81.0 (0.97) 46.1 (1.15) 89.8 (1.02) 76.3 (1.34) 84.2 (1.15) 44.0 (1.75)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 207.40. Percentage of elementary and secondary school children whose parents were involved in school activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 2003, 2012,
and 2016—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of children whose parents reported the following types of involvement in school activities
2003 2012 2016

Attended Attended Attended

a general Attended a a general Attended a a general Attended a
Selected child, parent, or school school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered school or PTO/ parent-teacher Attended Volunteered
characteristic PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school PTA1 meeting conference a class event at school
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Enrollment level of child and locale of
household
Elementary
City ........................................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 88.9 (0.77) 81.1 (0.93) 71.7 (1.15) 40.4 (1.25) 88.8 (1.25) 86.9 (1.13) 78.3 (1.41) 46.4 (1.85)
Suburban ............................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 91.8 (0.62) 83.6 (0.71) 77.8 (0.97) 50.6 (0.96) 92.4 (0.75) 85.4 (0.95) 83.4 (0.96) 51.1 (1.13)
Town ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 91.2 (1.39) 83.4 (2.30) 77.9 (2.37) 41.2 (2.41) 90.9 (1.74) 84.8 (1.98) 79.5 (2.52) 37.4 (2.58)
Rural ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 91.0 (0.74) 85.0 (0.84) 84.1 (1.00) 51.6 (1.41) 92.4 (1.17) 82.2 (1.67) 86.1 (1.57) 47.5 (2.10)
Secondary
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

City ........................................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 78.0 (1.47) 57.2 (1.64) 59.1 (1.81) 24.8 (1.38) 79.6 (1.66) 55.6 (1.92) 67.3 (1.74) 30.4 (1.57)
Suburban ............................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 79.8 (1.47) 54.0 (1.58) 66.3 (1.55) 28.7 (1.35) 84.1 (1.18) 58.7 (1.61) 74.8 (1.35) 32.2 (1.26)
Town ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 76.6 (2.38) 59.2 (2.81) 72.6 (2.35) 26.6 (2.24) 78.1 (3.12) 55.9 (3.63) 67.8 (3.32) 28.1 (3.18)
Rural ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 79.2 (2.05) 60.6 (1.86) 73.5 (2.20) 32.7 (1.76) 83.6 (1.72) 61.9 (1.87) 79.7 (1.68) 35.5 (2.07)
5
—Not available. Based on zip code of the household.
†Not applicable. NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via
1
PTO stands for Parent Teacher Organization and PTA stands for Parent Teacher Association. telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that
2
The 2003 questionnaire included a single item for “Asian or Pacific Islander,” whereas questionnaires for later years included were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later years
one item for Asian and a separate item for Pacific Islander. could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail.
3
In 2003, education level was not collected for the second parent in a same sex couple. Includes children enrolled in kindergarten through grade 12 and ungraded students. Excludes homeschooled children. The
4
Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty threshold in the year prior to respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child’s education. Responding parents reported on their own
data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of activities and the activities of their spouse/other adults in the household. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic
the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty ethnicity. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family’s size and composition and is updated SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent and Family Involvement in
annually to account for inflation. In 2015, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2003, 2012, and 2016). (This table
$24,257. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact was prepared April 2019.)
amount of their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 105

Parent Involvement in Education
106 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios

Table 208.10. Public elementary and secondary pupil/teacher ratios, by selected school characteristics: Selected years, fall 1990 through
fall 2016
Selected school characteristic 1990 1995 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 20101 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
All schools ............................. 17.4 17.8 16.9 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.2 16.0 15.8 15.7 15.7 16.0 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.2
Enrollment size of school
Under 300 ................................... 14.0 14.1 13.6 13.3 13.1 12.9 12.8 13.0 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.5 12.6 12.9 12.8 12.8 12.7 12.7 12.8 12.8
300 to 499 .................................. 17.0 17.1 16.2 15.8 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.5 15.2 15.0 14.9 15.0 14.8 15.2 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.4 15.3 15.3 15.2
500 to 999 .................................. 18.0 18.2 17.1 16.8 16.7 16.5 16.5 16.6 16.4 16.2 15.9 15.9 15.9 16.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.5 16.5 16.5
1,000 to 1,499 ............................ 17.9 18.7 17.7 17.6 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.6 17.3 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.5 16.8 17.3 17.1 17.1 17.1 16.9 16.9 17.0
1,500 or more ............................. 19.2 20.0 19.3 19.3 19.1 19.0 18.9 19.2 19.1 18.8 18.6 18.1 18.3 18.7 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.1 19.0 19.0 18.9
Type
Regular schools .......................... 17.6 17.9 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.4 16.3 16.5 16.3 16.1 15.9 15.8 15.8 16.1 16.5 16.4 16.5 16.5 16.3 16.3 16.3
Alternative ................................... 14.2 16.6 16.4 15.8 15.2 14.9 14.9 15.0 14.4 14.0 14.7 13.5 14.2 14.3 14.8 14.7 14.8 14.3 14.5 14.4 14.4
Special education ........................ 6.5 7.2 7.3 7.2 7.0 6.4 7.0 7.3 7.4 6.2 6.6 7.1 6.8 7.1 6.9 7.1 7.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.2
Vocational ................................... 13.0 12.7 13.1 13.0 12.7 12.7 9.9 10.3 11.5 12.0 13.3 11.3 10.7 10.2 11.7 11.8 11.6 11.8 11.8 11.9 11.8
Percent of students eligible for free
or reduced-price lunch
25 percent or less ....................... — — — 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.6 16.8 16.8 16.5 16.4 16.3 16.1 16.5 16.8 16.9 16.5 16.5 16.4 16.5 16.5
26 percent to 50 percent ............. — — — 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.2 16.4 16.2 16.1 15.8 15.7 15.7 16.1 16.5 16.2 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.2 16.1
51 percent to 75 percent ............. — — — 16.2 16.1 16.0 16.0 16.0 15.9 15.6 15.3 15.2 15.4 15.8 16.2 15.8 16.2 16.1 16.0 16.0 15.9
More than 75 percent .................. — — — 16.3 16.1 16.0 16.0 16.1 15.9 15.5 15.4 15.0 15.1 15.6 16.0 15.5 16.3 16.5 16.4 16.4 16.4
Level and size
Elementary schools ..................... 18.1 18.1 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.0 15.8 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.1 16.1 16.1
Regular .................................... 18.2 18.1 17.0 16.7 16.5 16.3 16.2 16.3 16.0 15.8 15.6 15.6 15.5 15.9 16.3 16.3 16.4 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.1
Under 300 ............................ 16.0 15.7 15.1 14.6 14.4 14.1 13.9 14.0 13.7 13.6 13.5 13.7 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 13.8 13.8 13.7
300 to 499 ........................... 17.6 17.5 16.4 16.1 15.8 15.6 15.5 15.6 15.3 15.2 15.1 15.2 15.0 15.4 15.6 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.5 15.4 15.4
500 to 999 ........................... 18.8 18.6 17.4 17.1 16.9 16.8 16.7 16.8 16.5 16.3 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.9 16.9 17.0 17.0 16.7 16.7 16.7
1,000 to 1,499 ..................... 19.5 19.7 18.4 18.3 18.1 18.0 18.0 18.1 17.7 17.2 17.0 16.7 16.8 17.2 17.8 17.7 17.8 17.7 17.5 17.4 17.4
1,500 or more ...................... 19.9 20.9 19.9 20.0 20.5 20.2 20.3 20.8 20.5 19.6 19.4 18.0 18.1 18.5 19.3 19.0 18.9 19.1 19.0 18.8 18.6
Secondary schools ...................... 16.6 17.6 17.0 16.8 16.6 16.6 16.7 16.9 16.8 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.2 16.4 16.8 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
Regular .................................... 16.7 17.7 17.1 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.8 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.6 16.9 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7
Under 300 ............................ 12.3 12.8 12.5 12.0 12.0 11.9 12.0 12.3 12.0 12.2 12.0 12.1 11.9 11.9 12.2 12.0 12.1 12.1 11.9 12.1 12.2
300 to 499 ........................... 14.9 15.7 15.1 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.4 14.7 14.7 14.6 14.4 14.4 14.3 14.3 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.4 14.6 14.6 14.5
500 to 999 ........................... 16.1 16.9 16.2 16.0 15.8 15.7 15.8 16.0 15.9 15.8 15.6 15.4 15.4 15.6 15.8 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.8
1,000 to 1,499 ..................... 17.2 18.0 17.2 17.1 16.8 16.8 16.9 17.2 17.0 16.8 16.5 16.5 16.3 16.6 16.9 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.5 16.5 16.6
1,500 or more ...................... 19.3 20.0 19.3 19.2 18.9 18.8 18.8 19.0 19.0 18.8 18.5 18.2 18.2 18.6 19.3 18.8 18.9 18.9 18.9 18.7 18.7
Combined schools ....................... 14.5 15.0 13.4 13.4 13.7 13.4 13.5 13.8 13.9 14.1 14.7 13.4 13.9 14.0 15.4 14.4 14.4 14.7 14.2 15.2 15.0
Under 300 ............................... 8.9 9.0 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.2 9.5 10.1 9.2 8.9 9.1 9.2 9.4 9.3 9.1 9.2 9.6 9.7
300 to 499 .............................. 14.2 14.7 13.6 13.8 13.5 13.1 13.1 14.4 13.4 13.9 14.3 13.7 13.9 13.8 13.6 13.3 13.3 13.5 13.6 14.3 14.0
500 to 999 .............................. 16.3 16.6 15.5 14.9 15.8 15.6 16.0 15.4 15.8 15.9 16.0 15.2 15.6 15.8 16.9 15.6 15.5 15.5 15.1 16.3 15.9
1,000 to 1,499 ........................ 17.8 18.2 16.9 16.9 17.5 18.1 17.7 17.5 17.4 16.4 17.3 15.9 16.7 17.9 19.2 18.1 17.8 17.9 17.3 17.5 17.3
1,500 or more ......................... 17.7 19.6 18.7 19.2 18.6 18.9 19.1 19.2 18.7 20.0 20.3 18.0 21.7 21.7 25.7 23.4 23.3 24.7 20.9 23.6 22.9
Ungraded .................................... 6.4 6.9 5.9 5.3 7.0 6.3 6.8 9.6 8.0 7.7 7.2 7.3 5.5 8.5 5.3 6.0 5.9 3.0 8.1 9.0 5.1

Level, type, and percent of students

eligible for free or reduced-
price lunch
Elementary, regular
25 percent or less .................... — — — 17.1 16.9 16.7 16.5 16.7 16.6 16.4 16.2 16.2 16.0 16.4 16.8 16.6 16.5 16.5 16.3 16.4 16.3
26 to 50 percent ...................... — — — 16.5 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.2 16.0 15.8 15.5 15.6 15.6 16.0 16.4 16.3 16.4 16.3 16.1 16.1 16.0
51 to 75 percent ...................... — — — 16.3 16.2 16.1 16.0 16.0 15.7 15.5 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.7 16.0 15.9 16.2 16.1 15.8 15.8 15.8
More than 75 percent .............. — — — 16.6 16.4 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.0 15.6 15.4 15.1 15.2 15.8 16.1 15.7 16.5 16.6 16.5 16.4 16.4
Secondary, regular
25 percent or less .................... — — — 17.0 16.9 16.9 16.9 17.2 17.5 17.0 16.9 16.8 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.4 16.7 16.8 16.7 16.9 16.8
26 to 50 percent ...................... — — — 16.6 16.4 16.3 16.5 16.9 16.9 16.8 16.4 16.4 16.2 16.5 16.8 16.4 16.6 16.5 16.5 16.6 16.6
51 to 75 percent ...................... — — — 16.8 16.6 16.6 16.6 17.0 16.9 16.7 16.3 16.1 16.4 16.5 17.1 16.1 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.9 16.8
More than 75 percent .............. — — — 16.8 16.5 16.5 16.3 16.6 16.2 16.7 16.2 15.7 15.9 16.0 16.5 15.5 16.6 17.0 17.0 17.1 17.1

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Includes imputations for California and Wyoming. Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
NOTE: Includes only schools that reported both enrollment and teacher data. Ratios are 1990–91 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
based on data reported by schools and may differ from data reported in other tables
that reflect aggregate totals reported by states. Some data have been revised from
previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 107
Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios

Table 208.20. Public and private elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, pupil/teacher ratios, and new teacher hires: Selected
years, fall 1955 through fall 2028
Teachers Enrollment Number of new teacher hires
(in thousands) (in thousands) Pupil/teacher ratio (in thousands)1
Year Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1955 ................................... 1,286 1,141 145 2 35,280 30,680 4,600 2 27.4 26.9 31.7 2 — — —
1960 ................................... 1,600 1,408 192 2 42,181 36,281 5,900 2 26.4 25.8 30.7 2 — — —
1965 ................................... 1,933 1,710 223 48,473 42,173 6,300 25.1 24.7 28.3 — — —
1970 ................................... 2,292 2,059 233 51,257 45,894 5,363 22.4 22.3 23.0 — — —
1975 ................................... 2,453 2,198 255 2 49,819 44,819 5,000 2 20.3 20.4 19.6 2 — — —

1976 ................................... 2,457 2,189 268 49,478 44,311 5,167 20.1 20.2 19.3 — — —
1977 ................................... 2,488 2,209 279 48,717 43,577 5,140 19.6 19.7 18.4 — — —
1978 ................................... 2,479 2,207 272 47,637 42,551 5,086 19.2 19.3 18.7 — — —
1979 ................................... 2,461 2,185 276 2 46,651 41,651 5,000 2 19.0 19.1 18.1 2 — — —
1980 ................................... 2,485 2,184 301 46,208 40,877 5,331 18.6 18.7 17.7 — — —

1981 ................................... 2,440 2,127 313 2 45,544 40,044 5,500 2 18.7 18.8 17.6 2 — — —
1982 ................................... 2,458 2,133 325 2 45,166 39,566 5,600 2 18.4 18.6 17.2 2 — — —
1983 ................................... 2,476 2,139 337 44,967 39,252 5,715 18.2 18.4 17.0 — — —
1984 ................................... 2,508 2,168 340 2 44,908 39,208 5,700 2 17.9 18.1 16.8 2 — — —
1985 ................................... 2,549 2,206 343 44,979 39,422 5,557 17.6 17.9 16.2 — — —

1986 ................................... 2,592 2,244 348 2 45,205 39,753 5,452 2 17.4 17.7 15.7 2 — — —
1987 ................................... 2,631 2,279 352 45,488 40,008 5,479 17.3 17.6 15.6 — — —
1988 ................................... 2,668 2,323 345 2 45,430 40,189 5,242 2 17.0 17.3 15.2 2 — — —
1989 ................................... 2,713 2,357 356 46,141 40,543 5,599 17.0 17.2 15.7 — — —
1990 ................................... 2,759 2,398 361 2 46,864 41,217 5,648 2 17.0 17.2 15.6 2 — — —

1991 ................................... 2,797 2,432 365 47,728 42,047 5,681 17.1 17.3 15.6 — — —
1992 ................................... 2,823 2,459 364 2 48,694 42,823 5,870 2 17.2 17.4 16.1 2 — — —
1993 ................................... 2,868 2,504 364 49,532 43,465 6,067 17.3 17.4 16.7 — — —
1994 ................................... 2,922 2,552 370 2 50,106 44,111 5,994 2 17.1 17.3 16.2 2 — — —
1995 ................................... 2,974 2,598 376 50,759 44,840 5,918 17.1 17.3 15.7 — — —

1996 ................................... 3,051 2,667 384 2 51,544 45,611 5,933 2 16.9 17.1 15.5 2 — — —
1997 ................................... 3,138 2,746 391 52,071 46,127 5,944 16.6 16.8 15.2 — — —
1998 ................................... 3,230 2,830 400 2 52,526 46,539 5,988 2 16.3 16.4 15.0 2 — — —
1999 ................................... 3,319 2,911 408 52,875 46,857 6,018 15.9 16.1 14.7 305 222 83
2000 ................................... 3,366 2,941 424 2 53,373 47,204 6,169 2 15.9 16.0 14.5 2 — — —

2001 ................................... 3,440 3,000 441 53,992 47,672 6,320 15.7 15.9 14.3 — — —
2002 ................................... 3,476 3,034 442 2 54,403 48,183 6,220 2 15.7 15.9 14.1 2 — — —
2003 ................................... 3,490 3,049 441 54,639 48,540 6,099 15.7 15.9 13.8 311 236 74
2004 ................................... 3,536 3,091 445 2 54,882 48,795 6,087 2 15.5 15.8 13.7 2 — — —
2005 ................................... 3,593 3,143 450 55,187 49,113 6,073 15.4 15.6 13.5 — — —

2006 ................................... 3,622 3,166 456 2 55,307 49,316 5,991 2 15.3 15.6 13.2 2 — — —
2007 ................................... 3,656 3,200 456 55,201 49,291 5,910 15.1 15.4 13.0 327 246 80
2008 ................................... 3,670 3,222 448 2 54,973 49,266 5,707 2 15.0 15.3 12.8 2 — — —
2009 ................................... 3,647 3,210 437 54,849 49,361 5,488 15.0 15.4 12.5 — — —
2010 ................................... 3,512 3,099 413 2 54,867 49,484 5,382 2 15.6 16.0 13.0 2 — — —

2011 ................................... 3,508 3,103 405 54,790 49,522 5,268 15.6 16.0 13.0 241 173 68
2012 ................................... 3,517 3,109 408 2 55,104 49,771 5,333 2 15.7 16.0 13.1 2 — — —
2013 ................................... 3,555 3,114 441 55,440 50,045 5,396 15.6 16.1 12.2 — — —
2014 ................................... 3,594 3,132 461 2 55,888 50,313 5,575 2 15.6 16.1 12.1 2 — — —
2015 ................................... 3,633 3,151 482 56,189 50,438 5,751 15.5 16.0 11.9 325 218 107

2016 ................................... 3,655 3,169 485 56,391 50,615 5,776 15.4 16.0 11.9 351 257 94
20173 .................................. 3,641 3,156 485 56,477 50,695 5,781 15.5 16.1 11.9 318 227 92
20183 .................................. 3,667 3,179 488 56,518 50,728 5,789 15.4 16.0 11.9 356 262 95
20193 .................................. 3,691 3,200 491 56,572 50,770 5,802 15.3 15.9 11.8 355 260 95
20203 .................................. 3,708 3,214 493 56,678 50,857 5,821 15.3 15.8 11.8 351 257 94

20213 .................................. 3,724 3,229 495 56,719 50,892 5,827 15.2 15.8 11.8 353 258 94
20223 .................................. 3,750 3,251 499 56,865 51,012 5,853 15.2 15.7 11.7 363 266 96
20233 .................................. 3,771 3,269 502 56,973 51,098 5,875 15.1 15.6 11.7 360 263 97
20243 .................................. 3,795 3,290 505 57,019 51,124 5,894 15.0 15.5 11.7 363 266 97
20253 .................................. 3,820 3,311 509 57,029 51,119 5,910 14.9 15.4 11.6 367 269 98

20263 .................................. 3,846 3,333 513 57,050 51,123 5,927 14.8 15.3 11.6 370 271 99
20273 .................................. 3,875 3,357 517 57,176 51,228 5,948 14.8 15.3 11.5 376 276 100
20283 .................................. 3,906 3,385 522 57,387 51,419 5,969 14.7 15.2 11.4 381 280 101

—Not available. by states and differ from totals reported for schools or school districts. Some data have
1
A teacher is considered to be a new hire for a public or private school if the teacher had been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of
not taught in that control of school in the previous year. A teacher who moves from a public rounding.
to private or a private to public school is considered a new teacher hire, but a teacher who SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
moves from one public school to another public school or one private school to another of Public Elementary and Secondary Day Schools, 1955–56 through 1980–81; Statistics of
private school is not considered a new teacher hire. Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1955 through 1980; 1983–84, 1985–86,
2
Estimated. and 1987–88 Private School Survey; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey
3
Projected. of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1981–82 through 2016–17; Private School
NOTE: Data for teachers are expressed in full-time equivalents (FTE). Counts of private Universe Survey (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16; Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS),
school teachers and enrollment include prekindergarten through grade 12 in schools “Public School Teacher Data File” and “Private School Teacher Data File,” 1999–2000
offering kindergarten or higher grades. Counts of public school teachers and enrollment through 2011–12; National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), 2015–16; Elementary
include prekindergarten through grade 12. The pupil/teacher ratio includes teachers for and Secondary Teacher Projection Model, 1973 through 2028; and New Teacher Hires
students with disabilities and other special teachers, while these teachers are generally Projection Model, 1988 through 2028. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
excluded from class size calculations. Ratios for public schools reflect totals reported

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

108 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios

Table 208.30. Public elementary and secondary teachers, by level and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016
[In full-time equivalents]

Fall 2015 Fall 2016

State or jurisdiction Fall 2000 Fall 2005 Fall 2010 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Total Elementary Secondary Ungraded Total Elementary Secondary Ungraded
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
United States ..... 2,941,461 1 3,143,003 1 3,099,095 1 3,113,764 1 3,132,351 1 3,151,497 1 1,745,337 1 1,220,166 1 185,994 1 3,169,499 1 1,759,610 1 1,232,805 1 177,083 1
Alabama ..................... 48,194 2 57,757 49,363 47,162 42,737 40,766 21,687 19,080 0 42,533 22,476 20,057 0
Alaska ........................ 7,880 7,912 8,171 7,898 7,759 7,832 4,325 3,507 0 7,825 4,070 3,754 0
Arizona ....................... 44,438 51,376 50,031 48,359 48,124 47,944 33,455 14,489 0 48,220 33,135 15,085 0
Arkansas .................... 31,947 32,997 34,273 34,933 35,430 35,804 18,474 14,714 2,616 35,730 18,317 14,768 2,645
California .................... 298,021 2 309,222 2 260,806 2 259,506 2 267,685 2 263,475 176,192 84,322 2,960 271,287 2 182,600 2 86,140 2,547

Colorado ..................... 41,983 45,841 48,543 50,157 51,388 51,798 29,578 22,220 0 52,014 29,401 22,613 0
Connecticut ................ 41,044 39,687 42,951 43,443 42,062 43,772 27,256 16,233 284 42,343 26,744 15,373 226
Delaware .................... 7,469 7,998 8,933 9,388 9,649 8,962 4,524 4,438 0 9,208 4,678 4,530 0
District of Columbia .... 4,949 5,481 3 5,925 5,991 6,565 6,789 4,185 2,551 54 6,727 3,990 2,713 24
Florida ........................ 132,030 158,962 175,609 177,853 180,442 182,586 76,722 67,248 38,616 186,339 76,301 67,849 42,190

Georgia ....................... 91,043 108,535 112,460 109,441 111,470 113,031 52,471 43,869 16,690 114,763 52,918 44,721 17,124
Hawaii ........................ 10,927 11,226 11,396 11,781 11,663 11,747 6,410 5,248 89 11,782 6,397 5,315 70
Idaho .......................... 13,714 14,521 15,673 15,002 15,609 15,656 7,438 8,218 0 16,204 7,648 8,556 0
Illinois ......................... 127,620 133,857 132,983 136,355 4 132,456 4 129,948 90,437 39,508 3 128,893 90,125 38,506 263
Indiana ....................... 59,226 60,592 58,121 2 59,823 56,547 57,675 30,305 27,370 0 60,162 31,163 28,999 0

Iowa ........................... 34,636 35,181 34,642 35,397 35,684 35,687 25,011 10,677 0 35,808 25,205 10,603 0
Kansas ....................... 32,742 33,608 34,644 38,153 37,659 40,035 20,261 19,774 0 36,193 18,496 17,697 0
Kentucky .................... 39,589 42,413 42,042 41,820 41,586 41,902 24,848 10,028 7,026 42,029 24,772 10,058 7,199
Louisiana .................... 49,915 44,660 48,655 46,437 46,340 58,469 33,250 15,271 9,949 48,408 32,806 15,602 0
Maine ......................... 16,559 16,684 15,384 15,452 14,937 14,857 10,336 4,521 0 14,750 10,284 4,467 0

Maryland .................... 52,433 56,685 58,428 58,611 59,194 59,414 36,196 23,218 0 59,703 36,442 23,261 0
Massachusetts ........... 67,432 73,596 68,754 70,490 71,859 71,969 47,210 24,759 0 72,413 47,382 25,031 0
Michigan .................... 97,031 98,069 88,615 85,786 85,038 84,181 34,885 33,107 16,190 83,597 34,756 32,785 16,057
Minnesota ................... 53,457 51,107 52,672 54,413 55,690 55,985 30,149 24,014 1,822 56,715 30,555 24,270 1,889
Mississippi .................. 31,006 31,433 32,255 32,292 32,311 32,175 15,112 13,181 3,882 31,924 14,907 13,196 3,822

Missouri ..................... 64,735 67,076 66,735 66,651 67,356 67,635 35,221 32,414 0 67,926 35,235 32,691 0
Montana ..................... 10,411 10,369 10,361 10,310 10,234 10,412 7,257 3,115 40 10,555 7,391 3,127 36
Nebraska .................... 20,983 21,359 22,345 22,401 22,988 23,308 14,618 8,690 0 23,611 15,221 8,390 0
Nevada ....................... 18,293 21,744 21,839 21,921 21,656 22,702 10,978 8,316 3,408 23,705 11,422 8,486 3,797
New Hampshire .......... 14,341 15,536 15,365 14,826 14,773 14,770 10,005 4,765 0 14,760 9,761 4,999 0

New Jersey ................. 99,061 112,673 110,202 114,581 115,067 114,968 60,873 37,731 16,365 115,729 61,286 37,911 16,532
New Mexico ................ 21,042 22,021 22,437 22,239 22,411 21,722 9,687 8,236 3,798 21,331 9,454 8,123 3,754
New York .................... 206,961 218,989 211,606 206,693 203,781 206,086 103,618 92,579 9,889 209,151 105,341 93,792 10,018
North Carolina ............. 83,680 95,664 98,357 99,327 99,320 99,355 68,977 29,550 828 100,220 69,663 29,741 816
North Dakota .............. 8,141 8,003 8,417 8,805 9,049 9,195 6,058 3,137 0 9,265 6,122 3,143 0

Ohio ............................ 118,361 117,982 109,282 106,010 106,526 3 101,742 56,898 41,212 3,632 102,600 57,122 41,128 4,350
Oklahoma ................... 41,318 41,833 41,278 41,983 42,073 42,452 23,780 18,673 0 41,090 23,119 17,970 0
Oregon ....................... 28,094 28,346 28,109 26,733 27,850 29,086 20,642 8,444 0 29,756 21,089 8,667 0
Pennsylvania .............. 116,963 122,397 129,911 121,330 122,030 120,893 58,033 52,606 10,253 122,552 58,732 52,965 10,855
Rhode Island ............... 10,645 14,180 2 11,212 9,824 9,471 10,631 5,983 4,648 0 10,689 5,965 4,724 0

South Carolina ............ 45,380 48,212 45,210 48,151 49,475 50,237 35,293 14,943 0 50,789 35,712 15,078 0
South Dakota .............. 9,397 9,129 9,512 9,510 9,618 9,638 6,274 2,483 881 9,777 6,364 2,499 914
Tennessee .................. 57,164 59,596 66,558 65,847 65,341 66,488 45,314 18,972 2,203 64,270 45,296 18,975 0
Texas .......................... 274,826 302,425 334,997 334,580 342,257 347,329 171,673 148,168 27,488 352,809 175,290 153,142 24,377
Utah ........................... 22,008 22,993 25,677 27,247 27,374 3 28,348 3 14,008 3 11,673 3 2,668 3 28,841 14,050 11,882 2,909

Vermont ...................... 8,414 8,851 8,382 8,375 8,276 8,338 3,332 2,893 2,113 8,187 3,326 2,736 2,124
Virginia ....................... 86,977 2 103,944 70,947 90,098 89,968 90,255 42,373 47,882 0 91,628 42,155 49,473 0
Washington ................. 51,098 53,508 53,934 54,867 59,555 57,942 31,333 24,898 1,712 58,815 32,242 24,507 2,067
West Virginia ............... 20,930 19,940 20,338 19,978 20,029 19,664 9,362 10,278 25 19,356 9,168 10,167 21
Wisconsin ................... 60,165 60,127 57,625 57,980 58,376 3 58,185 28,911 28,761 513 59,011 29,429 29,125 457
Wyoming .................... 6,783 6,706 7,127 7,350 7,615 7,653 4,123 3,531 0 7,506 4,089 3,417 0
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education .......... — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, overseas ..... 5,105 5,726 — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, domestic ..... 2,399 2,033 — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .. 820 989 — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam .................. 1,975 1,804 1,843 2,291 2,286 2,336 1,192 1,144 0 2,289 1,154 1,135 0
Northern
Marianas ........ 526 614 607 417 — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico .......... 37,620 42,036 36,506 33,412 31,186 30,438 13,018 11,754 5,666 28,899 13,097 10,140 5,661
U.S. Virgin
Islands ........... 1,511 1,434 1,457 1,082 1,131 1,106 520 565 21 1,154 546 593 15

—Not available. NOTE: Distribution of elementary and secondary teachers determined by reporting units.
1
Includes imputed values for states. DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity.
2
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting of prekindergarten teachers. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Imputed. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
4
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting of prekindergarten, kindergarten, and 2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
ungraded teachers.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 109
Teachers and Pupil/Teacher Ratios

Table 208.40. Public elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, and pupil/teacher ratios, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, fall
2000 through fall 2016
Pupil/teacher ratio Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Fall 2016
Pupil/ Pupil/ Pupil/
teacher teacher teacher
State or jurisdiction Fall 2000 Fall 2005 Fall 2010 Fall 2013 Teachers Enrollment ratio Teachers Enrollment ratio Teachers Enrollment ratio
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
United States ...... 16.0 1 15.6 1 16.0 1 16.1 1 3,132,351 1 50,312,581 16.1 1 3,151,497 1 50,438,043 1 16.0 1 3,169,499 1 50,615,189 1 16.0 1
Alabama ...................... 15.4 2 12.8 15.3 15.8 42,737 744,164 17.4 40,766 743,789 18.2 42,533 744,930 17.5
Alaska ......................... 16.9 16.8 16.2 16.6 7,759 131,176 16.9 7,832 132,477 16.9 7,825 132,737 17.0
Arizona ........................ 19.8 21.3 21.4 22.8 48,124 1,111,695 23.1 47,944 1,109,040 23.1 48,220 1,123,137 23.3
Arkansas ..................... 14.1 14.4 14.1 14.0 35,430 490,917 13.9 35,804 492,132 13.7 35,730 493,447 13.8
California ..................... 20.6 2 20.8 2 24.1 2 24.3 2 267,685 2 6,312,161 23.6 2 263,475 6,305,347 2 23.9 2 271,287 2 6,309,138 2 23.3 2
Colorado ...................... 17.3 17.0 17.4 17.5 51,388 889,006 17.3 51,798 899,112 17.4 52,014 905,019 17.4
Connecticut ................. 13.7 14.5 13.1 12.6 42,062 542,678 12.9 43,772 537,933 12.3 42,343 535,118 12.6
Delaware ..................... 15.4 15.1 14.5 14.0 9,649 134,042 13.9 8,962 134,847 15.0 9,208 136,264 14.8
District of Columbia ..... 13.9 14.0 3 12.0 13.0 6,565 80,958 12.3 6,789 84,024 12.4 6,727 85,850 12.8
Florida ......................... 18.4 16.8 15.1 15.3 180,442 2,756,944 15.3 182,586 2,792,234 15.3 186,339 2,816,791 15.1
Georgia ........................ 15.9 14.7 14.9 15.8 111,470 1,744,437 15.6 113,031 1,757,237 15.5 114,763 1,764,346 15.4
Hawaii ......................... 16.9 16.3 15.8 15.9 11,663 182,384 15.6 11,747 181,995 15.5 11,782 181,550 15.4
Idaho ........................... 17.9 18.0 17.6 19.8 15,609 290,885 18.6 15,656 292,277 18.7 16,204 297,200 18.3
Illinois .......................... 16.1 15.8 15.7 15.2 4 132,456 4 2,050,239 15.5 4 129,948 2,041,779 15.7 128,893 2,026,718 15.7
Indiana ........................ 16.7 17.1 18.0 2 17.5 56,547 1,046,269 18.5 57,675 1,046,757 18.1 60,162 1,049,547 17.4
Iowa ............................ 14.3 13.7 14.3 14.2 35,684 505,311 14.2 35,687 508,014 14.2 35,808 509,831 14.2
Kansas ........................ 14.4 13.9 14.0 13.0 37,659 497,275 13.2 40,035 495,884 12.4 36,193 494,347 13.7
Kentucky ..................... 16.8 16.0 16.0 16.2 41,586 688,640 16.6 41,902 686,598 16.4 42,029 684,017 16.3
Louisiana ..................... 14.9 14.7 14.3 15.3 46,340 716,800 15.5 58,469 718,711 12.3 48,408 716,293 14.8
Maine .......................... 12.5 11.7 12.3 11.9 14,937 182,470 12.2 14,857 181,613 12.2 14,750 180,512 12.2
Maryland ..................... 16.3 15.2 14.6 14.8 59,194 874,514 14.8 59,414 879,601 14.8 59,703 886,221 14.8
Massachusetts ............ 14.5 13.2 13.9 13.6 71,859 955,844 13.3 71,969 964,026 13.4 72,413 964,514 13.3
Michigan ..................... 17.7 2 17.8 17.9 18.1 85,038 1,537,922 18.1 84,181 1,536,231 18.2 83,597 1,528,666 18.3
Minnesota .................... 16.0 16.4 15.9 15.6 55,690 857,235 15.4 55,985 864,384 15.4 56,715 875,021 15.4
Mississippi ................... 16.1 15.7 15.2 15.3 32,311 490,917 15.2 32,175 487,200 15.1 31,924 483,150 15.1
Missouri ...................... 14.1 13.7 13.8 13.8 67,356 917,785 13.6 67,635 919,234 13.6 67,926 915,040 13.5
Montana ...................... 14.9 14.0 13.7 14.0 10,234 144,532 14.1 10,412 145,319 14.0 10,555 146,375 13.9
Nebraska ..................... 13.6 13.4 13.4 13.7 22,988 312,635 13.6 23,308 316,014 13.6 23,611 319,194 13.5
Nevada ........................ 18.6 19.0 20.0 20.6 21,656 459,189 21.2 22,702 467,527 20.6 23,705 473,744 20.0
New Hampshire ........... 14.5 13.2 12.7 12.6 14,773 184,670 12.5 14,770 182,425 12.4 14,760 180,888 12.3
New Jersey .................. 13.3 12.4 12.7 12.0 115,067 1,400,579 12.2 114,968 1,408,845 12.3 115,729 1,410,421 12.2
New Mexico ................. 15.2 14.8 15.1 15.3 22,411 340,365 15.2 21,722 335,694 15.5 21,331 336,263 15.8
New York ..................... 13.9 12.9 12.9 13.2 203,781 2,741,185 13.5 206,086 2,711,626 13.2 209,151 2,729,776 13.1
North Carolina .............. 15.5 14.8 15.2 15.4 99,320 1,548,895 15.6 99,355 1,544,934 15.5 100,220 1,550,062 15.5
North Dakota ............... 13.4 12.3 11.4 11.8 9,049 106,586 11.8 9,195 108,644 11.8 9,265 109,706 11.8
Ohio ............................. 15.5 15.6 16.1 16.3 106,526 3 1,724,810 16.2 3 101,742 1,716,585 16.9 102,600 1,710,143 16.7
Oklahoma .................... 15.1 15.2 16.0 16.2 42,073 688,511 16.4 42,452 692,878 16.3 41,090 693,903 16.9
Oregon ........................ 19.4 19.5 20.3 22.2 27,850 601,318 21.6 29,086 608,825 2 20.9 2 29,756 606,277 2 20.4 2
Pennsylvania ............... 15.5 15.0 13.8 14.5 122,030 1,743,160 14.3 120,893 1,717,414 14.2 122,552 1,727,497 14.1
Rhode Island ................ 14.8 10.8 12.8 14.5 9,471 141,959 15.0 10,631 142,014 13.4 10,689 142,150 13.3
South Carolina ............. 14.9 14.6 16.1 15.5 49,475 756,523 15.3 50,237 763,533 15.2 50,789 771,250 15.2
South Dakota ............... 13.7 13.4 13.3 13.8 9,618 133,040 13.8 9,638 134,253 13.9 9,777 136,302 13.9
Tennessee ................... 15.9 2 16.0 14.8 15.1 65,341 995,475 15.2 66,488 1,001,235 15.1 64,270 1,001,562 15.6
Texas ........................... 14.8 15.0 14.7 15.4 342,257 5,233,765 15.3 347,329 5,301,477 15.3 352,809 5,360,849 15.2
Utah ............................ 21.9 22.1 22.8 23.0 27,374 3 635,577 23.2 3 28,348 3 647,870 22.9 3 28,841 3 659,801 22.9
Vermont ....................... 12.1 10.9 11.6 10.6 8,276 87,311 10.6 8,338 87,866 10.5 8,187 88,428 10.8
Virginia ........................ 13.2 2 11.7 17.6 14.1 89,968 1,280,381 14.2 90,255 1,283,590 14.2 91,628 1,287,026 14.0
Washington .................. 19.7 19.3 19.4 19.3 59,555 1,073,638 18.0 57,942 1,087,030 18.8 58,815 1,101,711 18.7
West Virginia ................ 13.7 14.1 13.9 14.1 20,029 280,310 14.0 19,664 277,452 14.1 19,356 273,855 14.1
Wisconsin .................... 14.6 14.6 15.1 15.1 58,376 3 871,432 14.9 3 58,185 867,800 14.9 59,011 864,432 14.6
Wyoming ..................... 13.3 12.6 11.5 12.5 7,555 92,732 12.3 7,615 94,067 12.4 7,653 94,717 12.5
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ........... — — — — — — — — — — — 45,399 —
DoDEA, overseas ...... 14.4 10.9 — — — — — — 74,970 — — — —
DoDEA, domestic ...... 14.2 13.9 — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .. 19.1 16.6 — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam ................... 16.4 — 17.2 14.6 2,286 31,144 13.6 2,336 30,821 13.2 2,289 30,758 13.4
Northern
Marianas ......... 19.0 19.1 18.3 25.5 — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ........... 16.3 13.4 13.0 12.7 31,186 410,950 13.2 30,438 379,818 12.5 28,899 365,181 12.6
U.S. Virgin
Islands ............ 12.9 11.7 10.6 13.8 1,131 14,241 12.6 1,106 13,805 12.5 1,154 13,194 11.4

—Not available. and other special teachers, while these teachers are generally excluded from class size
1
Includes imputed values for states. calculations. Ratios reflect totals reported by states and differ from totals reported for
2
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting of prekindergarten teachers/enrollment. schools or school districts.
3
Imputed. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
4
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting of prekindergarten, kindergarten, and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary
ungraded teachers. Education,” 2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
NOTE: Teachers reported in full-time equivalents (FTE). DoDEA = Department of Defense
Education Activity. The pupil/teacher ratio includes teachers for students with disabilities

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

110 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Teacher Characteristics, Class Sizes, and Assignments

Table 209.30. Highest degree earned, years of full-time teaching experience, and average class size for teachers in public elementary and
secondary schools, by state: 2011–12
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]
Percent of teachers, Percent of teachers, by years of Average class size,
by highest degree earned full-time teaching experience by level of instruction1
Total number Education
of teachers Less than specialist 2
State (in thousands) bachelor’s Bachelor’s Master’s or doctor’s Less than 3 3 to 9 10 to 20 Over 20 Elementary Secondary
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States ..... 3,385.2 (41.42) 3.8 (0.24) 39.9 (0.52) 47.7 (0.57) 8.7 (0.28) 9.0 (0.29) 33.3 (0.52) 36.4 (0.51) 21.3 (0.54) 21.2 (0.18) 26.8 (0.22)
Alabama ..................... 45.0 (2.61) 3.8! (1.51) 34.5 (2.69) 52.8 (2.81) 8.9 (1.64) 8.0 (1.28) 30.9 (2.75) 39.2 (2.85) 21.9 (2.34) 19.2 (0.42) 27.4 (0.94)
Alaska ........................ 7.5 (0.70) 4.4! (1.78) 45.6 (4.44) 41.9 (4.01) 8.2 (2.37) 12.9 (3.30) 30.8 (4.15) 39.6 (4.16) 16.7 (3.76) 18.3 (1.35) 18.7 (1.22)
Arizona ....................... 61.7 (2.61) 4.6 (1.16) 44.4 (3.67) 44.1 (3.49) 6.9 (1.71) 16.4 (2.29) 38.0 (2.75) 28.5 (2.60) 17.2 (2.02) 24.1 (0.67) 27.7 (0.96)
Arkansas .................... 37.7 (2.01) 3.7! (1.45) 54.7 (3.36) 35.0 (3.13) 6.6 (1.72) 11.5 (2.03) 28.9 (3.38) 32.3 (3.93) 27.3 (3.37) 20.4 (0.73) 25.4 (1.69)
California .................... 285.5 (7.27) 4.8 (0.91) 43.4 (2.33) 39.2 (2.18) 12.7 (1.56) 9.4 (1.29) 29.1 (2.13) 42.3 (2.25) 19.1 (1.89) 25.0 (0.52) 32.0 (0.53)

Colorado ..................... 55.9 (3.14) 2.8! (1.00) 36.1 (3.51) 49.9 (4.26) 11.2 (2.79) 10.8 (2.25) 33.4 (3.50) 42.9 (3.96) 12.9 (2.51) 22.8 (1.29) 29.1 (1.25)
Connecticut ................ 44.9 (2.51) ‡ (†) 15.3 (1.86) 64.4 (3.01) 17.7 (2.37) 10.0 (1.43) 29.1 (2.66) 37.1 (2.43) 23.8 (3.34) 19.6 (0.68) 22.0 (0.71)
Delaware .................... 9.3 (0.70) 4.0! (1.50) 34.5 (4.36) 49.7 (4.55) 11.8 (2.85) 12.6 (3.31) 35.0 (3.59) 33.8 (4.04) 18.6 (2.75) 20.3 (0.82) 25.8 (2.09)
District of Columbia .... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Florida ........................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

Georgia ....................... 123.3 (3.97) 3.4! (1.15) 29.5 (3.48) 43.5 (3.79) 23.6 (3.00) 6.3 (1.70) 34.2 (3.42) 39.8 (3.34) 19.7 (2.58) 21.0 (0.91) 27.5 (1.42)
Hawaii ........................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Idaho .......................... 16.3 (1.83) 4.6 (1.37) 55.6 (3.30) 35.3 (3.18) 4.4 (1.20) 10.4 (1.93) 30.4 (3.18) 35.2 (3.02) 24.0 (2.89) 24.5 (0.63) 25.4 (2.13)
Illinois ......................... 140.9 (9.09) 2.7! (0.81) 32.6 (2.53) 57.8 (2.44) 7.0 (1.34) 9.3 (1.56) 36.4 (2.59) 34.4 (2.85) 20.0 (2.51) 22.9 (1.26) 27.7 (1.00)
Indiana ....................... 64.0 (2.98) 2.2 (0.52) 43.6 (3.04) 47.4 (3.29) 6.9 (1.45) 10.0 (1.92) 26.1 (2.42) 35.6 (3.01) 28.3 (3.02) 21.4 (0.45) 27.3 (1.07)

Iowa ........................... 36.1 (2.28) 3.5! (1.22) 52.8 (3.89) 39.7 (3.60) 4.1! (1.26) 8.8 (1.85) 29.0 (2.98) 33.0 (2.77) 29.2 (2.55) 20.3 (0.93) 27.4 (1.35)
Kansas ....................... 36.5 (2.27) 3.8 (0.83) 43.8 (3.52) 47.0 (3.66) 5.4 (1.38) 12.5 (2.98) 27.4 (3.00) 32.7 (3.15) 27.4 (2.83) 20.4 (0.86) 24.6 (1.21)
Kentucky .................... 46.8 (2.51) 5.1 (1.22) 17.5 (2.24) 57.5 (2.58) 20.0 (2.11) 10.1 (1.83) 32.2 (2.82) 38.5 (2.81) 19.2 (2.02) 23.3 (1.92) 26.6 (1.09)
Louisiana .................... 44.5 (2.39) 3.5! (1.72) 61.9 (3.12) 27.0 (2.68) 7.6 (1.55) 8.6 (1.51) 31.2 (3.13) 33.4 (3.31) 26.8 (3.10) 19.0 (0.80) 23.4 (0.78)
Maine ......................... 18.4 (0.90) 4.9! (1.60) 46.3 (3.41) 42.8 (3.30) 6.0 (1.36) 5.8 (1.47) 24.1 (2.57) 39.4 (3.32) 30.6 (2.81) 17.6 (0.64) 19.9 (1.76)

Maryland .................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Massachusetts ........... 79.2 (4.42) 3.9 (1.08) 21.8 (2.33) 67.5 (2.54) 6.8 (1.48) 12.4 (1.96) 33.4 (3.04) 36.8 (3.02) 17.4 (3.09) 19.9 (1.72) 24.5 (1.18)
Michigan .................... 96.7 (3.73) 2.3 (0.55) 29.8 (2.50) 62.9 (2.52) 5.0 (1.40) 7.3 (1.00) 31.4 (2.68) 42.7 (2.44) 18.7 (2.12) 23.8 (0.93) 28.9 (0.81)
Minnesota ................... 62.3 (2.99) 4.4 (0.77) 35.3 (2.06) 50.1 (1.87) 10.2 (1.40) 9.5 (1.20) 27.4 (2.05) 40.3 (2.14) 22.9 (2.00) 22.8 (0.70) 29.9 (0.86)
Mississippi .................. 37.6 (2.11) 5.3 (1.45) 54.4 (3.87) 35.2 (3.57) 5.1 (1.51) 10.3 (1.97) 41.0 (3.45) 30.5 (3.35) 18.2 (3.18) 21.6 (1.01) 22.8 (1.15)

Missouri ..................... 68.7 (2.34) 4.4 (0.91) 33.3 (2.90) 57.5 (2.96) 4.8 (0.94) 10.4 (1.90) 35.3 (2.21) 35.2 (2.31) 19.2 (2.31) 20.2 (0.83) 26.8 (1.18)
Montana ..................... 12.4 (0.90) 6.4 (1.52) 55.2 (3.34) 34.6 (3.39) 3.8! (1.66) 9.6 (2.33) 31.3 (3.17) 30.5 (3.04) 28.6 (3.65) 18.9 (0.80) 21.7 (1.81)
Nebraska .................... 23.9 (1.73) 5.5 (1.31) 44.9 (3.29) 45.9 (3.15) 3.7 (0.98) 10.6 (1.74) 27.2 (2.52) 34.6 (2.63) 27.6 (2.54) 17.9 (0.72) 23.5 (0.99)
Nevada ....................... 25.2 (2.63) 4.5! (1.85) 25.1 (3.92) 49.8 (4.26) 20.6 (3.23) 6.5! (2.17) 39.0 (4.02) 36.2 (4.29) 18.2 (3.55) 25.3 (1.41) 34.5 (1.54)
New Hampshire........... 15.7 (1.05) 3.0! (1.12) 40.2 (3.49) 48.7 (3.55) 8.1 (1.82) 8.1 (1.54) 32.8 (3.41) 31.5 (3.57) 27.5 (3.54) 20.4 (3.09) 21.7 (1.16)

New Jersey ................. 125.2 (4.16) 3.0 (0.74) 48.5 (2.47) 40.8 (2.30) 7.6 (1.60) 7.3 (1.24) 35.4 (2.45) 37.4 (2.66) 20.0 (2.03) 18.5 (0.81) 23.9 (0.68)
New Mexico ................ 21.7 (2.83) 4.3! (2.01) 43.3 (3.80) 42.1 (3.72) 10.3 (2.82) 8.0! (2.46) 30.9 (3.73) 40.3 (5.11) 20.8 (5.19) 19.8 (0.76) 23.7 (1.58)
New York .................... 241.4 (14.58) 2.8! (1.00) 4.4 (1.09) 84.2 (1.56) 8.6 (1.32) 5.3 (1.38) 30.0 (2.81) 45.5 (2.35) 19.1 (2.41) 20.7 (1.36) 25.1 (0.96)
North Carolina ............. 104.3 (5.71) 4.1! (1.57) 54.2 (3.16) 33.8 (2.80) 7.8 (1.84) 8.4 (1.52) 35.8 (3.13) 34.8 (3.05) 21.1 (2.74) 18.8 (0.65) 25.8 (1.25)
North Dakota .............. 10.3 (0.74) 6.9 (1.63) 59.2 (3.08) 30.1 (2.60) 3.9 (1.13) 12.2 (2.09) 24.6 (3.06) 30.6 (3.28) 32.6 (3.45) 17.8 (0.60) 19.2 (1.41)

Ohio ............................ 122.1 (4.29) 5.3 (1.17) 24.0 (1.79) 64.5 (2.16) 6.2 (1.28) 7.1 (1.11) 28.8 (2.48) 40.8 (2.67) 23.3 (2.00) 21.3 (0.99) 26.7 (0.85)
Oklahoma ................... 46.2 (2.49) 4.3 (1.04) 65.6 (2.66) 26.9 (2.56) 3.2! (1.12) 9.8 (1.84) 30.1 (2.58) 36.9 (2.93) 23.3 (2.27) 20.7 (0.56) 23.7 (0.88)
Oregon ....................... 31.8 (1.28) 4.2! (1.53) 26.3 (3.18) 59.8 (3.62) 9.7 (1.94) 7.2 (1.54) 37.0 (3.58) 35.6 (3.58) 20.2 (2.45) 26.4 (0.96) 30.0 (1.05)
Pennsylvania .............. 148.8 (7.48) 4.5! (1.94) 32.9 (2.52) 53.9 (3.34) 8.7 (1.77) 6.2 (1.78) 37.0 (2.55) 35.8 (2.17) 21.0 (2.30) 22.4 (0.99) 25.2 (0.96)
Rhode Island ............... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

South Carolina ............ 51.8 (1.76) 3.0! (1.34) 28.8 (3.14) 57.9 (3.95) 10.3 (2.15) 8.4 (1.58) 30.5 (3.22) 32.3 (3.54) 28.9 (3.38) 19.1 (0.75) 26.0 (1.98)
South Dakota .............. 10.8 (0.92) 2.3! (0.73) 68.8 (3.52) 26.6 (3.13) 2.3! (1.14) 8.8 (1.65) 24.6 (2.76) 32.9 (3.63) 33.7 (3.38) 20.4 (0.66) 22.3 (1.31)
Tennessee .................. 76.5 (2.91) 4.4! (1.52) 35.1 (3.54) 46.3 (3.44) 14.2 (2.83) 10.6 (1.80) 34.0 (3.66) 34.1 (3.48) 21.3 (3.28) 17.7 (0.52) 26.9 (1.60)
Texas .......................... 350.8 (22.99) 3.3 (0.65) 66.4 (2.09) 25.8 (2.12) 4.6 (0.77) 8.9 (0.95) 40.4 (2.05) 31.1 (1.88) 19.7 (1.74) 18.2 (0.82) 26.9 (1.07)
Utah ........................... 27.9 (1.67) 4.2 (1.10) 56.8 (3.96) 27.3 (3.88) 11.7! (3.94) 15.0 (2.43) 39.9 (4.49) 25.6 (4.52) 19.5 (3.12) 27.4 (2.09) 31.5 (1.29)

Vermont ...................... 9.4 (0.34) 6.6 (1.46) 35.4 (2.78) 52.0 (2.87) 6.0 (1.59) 12.9 (1.60) 22.1 (2.38) 37.0 (2.56) 28.0 (2.73) 16.6 (0.40) 19.8 (1.25)
Virginia ....................... 88.5 (3.35) 3.3! (1.07) 47.5 (3.08) 41.6 (3.17) 7.6 (1.26) 9.1 (1.68) 31.5 (3.20) 34.2 (2.73) 25.2 (2.43) 20.4 (1.27) 23.8 (0.90)
Washington ................. 55.5 (3.15) 2.9 (0.59) 23.1 (2.61) 62.9 (2.92) 11.1 (1.96) 6.2 (1.45) 32.2 (3.00) 34.8 (2.82) 26.8 (3.03) 23.7 (0.60) 29.7 (0.99)
West Virginia ............... 24.2 (0.79) 3.1 (0.90) 46.6 (4.82) 43.2 (4.71) 7.1 (1.73) 12.0 (2.26) 31.2 (4.12) 30.5 (3.82) 26.3 (3.24) 18.7 (1.00) 24.0 (1.65)
Wisconsin ................... 66.8 (3.42) 2.7 (0.79) 36.7 (2.96) 55.1 (2.98) 5.5 (1.41) 10.5 (1.67) 26.2 (3.12) 42.1 (3.24) 21.3 (2.73) 20.8 (0.55) 27.9 (0.95)
Wyoming .................... 8.5 (0.57) 7.0! (3.08) 44.3 (4.47) 41.2 (4.18) 7.5! (2.74) 7.6! (2.62) 25.2 (4.09) 35.1 (3.73) 32.1 (4.30) 17.0 (1.05) 19.6 (1.22)

†Not applicable. preponderance of grades taught being kindergarten through grade 6. In general, secondary
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between teachers include those teaching any of grades 7 through 12 and those teaching multiple
30 and 50 percent. grades, with a preponderance of grades taught being grades 7 through 12 and usually
‡Reporting standards not met. Data may be suppressed because the response rate is with no grade taught being lower than grade 5.
2
under 50 percent, there are too few cases for a reliable estimate, or the coefficient of Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year’s work beyond
variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. the master’s level. Includes certificate of advanced graduate studies.
1
Elementary teachers are those who taught self-contained classes at the elementary level, NOTE: Data are based on a head count of all teachers rather than on the number of full-
and secondary teachers are those who taught departmentalized classes (e.g., science, art, time-equivalent teachers appearing in other tables. Excludes prekindergarten teachers.
social science, or other course subjects) at the secondary level. Teachers were classified Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and cell suppression.
as elementary or secondary on the basis of the grades they taught, rather than on the SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools
level of the school in which they taught. In general, elementary teachers include those and Staffing Survey (SASS), “Public School Teacher Data File,” 2011–12. (This table was
teaching prekindergarten through grade 5 and those teaching multiple grades, with a prepared May 2013.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 111
Teacher Salaries

Table 211.50. Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 1959–60 through
2017–­18
Average public school teachers’
Current dollars salary in constant 2017–18 dollars1
Average public school teachers’ salary
Wage and salary Ratio of average
accruals per full- teachers’ salary
Elementary Secondary time-equivalent to accruals per Elementary Secondary
School year All teachers teachers3 teachers4 (FTE) employee2 FTE employee All teachers teachers3 teachers4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1959–60 .................................... $4,995 $4,815 $5,276 $4,749 1.05 $42,180 $40,660 $44,553
1961–62 .................................... 5,515 5,340 5,775 5,063 1.09 45,526 44,081 47,672
1963–64 .................................... 5,995 5,805 6,266 5,478 1.09 48,230 46,702 50,410
1965–66 .................................... 6,485 6,279 6,761 5,934 1.09 50,429 48,827 52,576
1967–68 .................................... 7,423 7,208 7,692 6,533 1.14 54,159 52,590 56,122

1969–70 .................................... 8,626 8,412 8,891 7,486 1.15 56,660 55,254 58,401
1970–71 .................................... 9,268 9,021 9,568 7,998 1.16 57,889 56,346 59,763
1971–72 .................................... 9,705 9,424 10,031 8,521 1.14 58,519 56,825 60,485
1972–73 .................................... 10,174 9,893 10,507 9,056 1.12 58,971 57,342 60,901
1973–74 .................................... 10,770 10,507 11,077 9,667 1.11 57,315 55,915 58,949

1974–75 .................................... 11,641 11,334 12,000 10,411 1.12 55,770 54,299 57,490
1975–76 .................................... 12,600 12,280 12,937 11,194 1.13 56,374 54,942 57,882
1976–77 .................................... 13,354 12,989 13,776 11,971 1.12 56,455 54,912 58,239
1977–78 .................................... 14,198 13,845 14,602 12,811 1.11 56,247 54,848 57,847
1978–79 .................................... 15,032 14,681 15,450 13,807 1.09 54,450 53,179 55,964

1979–80 .................................... 15,970 15,569 16,459 15,050 1.06 51,042 49,761 52,605
1980–81 .................................... 17,644 17,230 18,142 16,461 1.07 50,539 49,353 51,965
1981–82 .................................... 19,274 18,853 19,805 17,795 1.08 50,818 49,708 52,218
1982–83 .................................... 20,695 20,227 21,291 18,873 1.10 52,318 51,134 53,824
1983–84 .................................... 21,935 21,487 22,554 19,781 1.11 53,473 52,381 54,982

1984–85 .................................... 23,600 23,200 24,187 20,694 1.14 55,365 54,426 56,742
1985–86 .................................... 25,199 24,718 25,846 21,685 1.16 57,459 56,362 58,934
1986–87 .................................... 26,569 26,057 27,244 22,700 1.17 59,267 58,125 60,773
1987–88 .................................... 28,034 27,519 28,798 23,777 1.18 60,047 58,944 61,683
1988–89 .................................... 29,564 29,022 30,218 24,752 1.19 60,529 59,419 61,868

1989–90 .................................... 31,367 30,832 32,049 25,762 1.22 61,295 60,250 62,628
1990–91 .................................... 33,084 32,490 33,896 26,935 1.23 61,299 60,199 62,804
1991–92 .................................... 34,063 33,479 34,827 28,169 1.21 61,154 60,105 62,525
1992–93 .................................... 35,029 34,350 35,880 29,245 1.20 60,983 59,801 62,465
1993–94 .................................... 35,737 35,233 36,566 30,030 1.19 60,645 59,789 62,051

1994–95 .................................... 36,675 36,088 37,523 30,857 1.19 60,502 59,534 61,901
1995–96 .................................... 37,642 37,138 38,397 31,822 1.18 60,453 59,643 61,665
1996–97 .................................... 38,443 38,039 39,184 33,058 1.16 60,027 59,396 61,184
1997–98 .................................... 39,350 39,002 39,944 34,638 1.14 60,366 59,832 61,277
1998–99 .................................... 40,544 40,165 41,203 36,280 1.12 61,140 60,568 62,133

1999–2000 ................................ 41,807 41,306 42,546 38,144 1.10 61,275 60,541 62,358
2000–01 .................................... 43,378 42,910 44,053 39,729 1.09 61,472 60,809 62,428
2001–02 .................................... 44,655 44,177 45,310 40,600 1.10 62,180 61,515 63,093
2002–03 .................................... 45,686 45,408 46,106 41,659 1.10 62,248 61,869 62,820
2003–04 .................................... 46,542 46,187 46,976 43,303 1.07 62,057 61,583 62,636

2004–05 .................................... 47,516 47,122 47,688 44,957 1.06 61,505 60,995 61,727
2005–06 .................................... 49,086 48,573 49,496 46,690 1.05 61,206 60,566 61,717
2006–07 .................................... 51,052 50,740 51,529 48,816 1.05 62,053 61,674 62,633
2007–08 .................................... 52,800 52,385 53,262 50,649 1.04 61,884 61,398 62,426
2008–09 .................................... 54,368 53,998 54,552 51,594 1.05 62,845 62,417 63,057

2009–10 .................................... 55,280 54,918 55,595 52,512 1.05 63,287 62,872 63,647
2010–11 .................................... 55,628 55,217 56,225 53,966 1.03 62,431 61,970 63,101
2011–12 .................................... 55,497 54,704 56,226 55,391 1.00 60,511 59,647 61,306
2012–13 .................................... 56,173 55,344 57,077 56,373 1.00 60,246 59,357 61,215
2013–14 .................................... 56,805 56,395 56,886 57,509 0.99 59,987 59,554 60,072

2014–15 .................................... 57,754 57,092 57,678 59,149 0.98 60,548 59,854 60,468
2015–16 .................................... 58,479 58,225 58,385 60,371 0.97 60,897 60,633 60,799
2016–17 .................................... 59,660 58,773 58,978 61,773 0.97 61,005 60,098 60,307
2017–18 .................................... 60,483 — — — — 60,483 — —

—Not available. 4
Teachers at schools comprising any span of grades beginning with the next grade following
1
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor an elementary or middle school (usually 7, 8, or 9) and ending with or below grade 12.
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Includes both junior high schools and senior high schools.
2
The average monetary remuneration earned by FTE employees across all industries in NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors
a given year, including wages, salaries, commissions, tips, bonuses, voluntary employee are not available for these estimates, which are based on state reports.
contributions to certain deferred compensation plans, and receipts in kind that represent SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics,
income. Calendar-year data from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic 1959–60 through 2017–18; and unpublished tabulations. U.S. Department of
Analysis, have been converted to a school-year basis by averaging the two appropriate Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts,
calendar years in each case. table 6.6D, retrieved September 12, 2018, from https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.
3
Teachers at schools that are classified as elementary by state and local practice and cfm?reqid=19&step=2#reqid=19&step=2&isuri=1&1921=survey. (This table was prepared
composed of any span of grades not above grade 8. Preschool or kindergarten schools September 2018.)
are included only if they are an integral part of an elementary school or a regularly
established school system.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 212.08. Number and percentage distribution of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1993–94 through

112 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

2015–16

School Principals
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Number of principals Percentage distribution of principals

Selected characteristic 1993–94 1999–2000 2007–08 2011–12 2015–16 1993–94 1999–2000 2007–08 2011–12 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Public schools
Total .................................................... 79,620 (235) 83,790 (327) 90,470 (544) 89,810 (406) 90,410 (298) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Sex
Male ....................................................... 52,110 (613) 47,130 (604) 44,950 (1,129) 43,450 (901) 41,380 (690) 65.5 (0.70) 56.2 (0.69) 49.7 (1.21) 48.4 (0.92) 45.8 (0.74)
Female .................................................... 27,500 (542) 36,660 (598) 45,520 (1,129) 46,360 (801) 49,030 (672) 34.5 (0.70) 43.8 (0.69) 50.3 (1.21) 51.6 (0.92) 54.2 (0.74)
Race/ethnicity
White1 ..................................................... 67,080 (540) 68,930 (579) 73,160 (1,008) 72,070 (723) 70,340 (541) 84.3 (0.54) 82.3 (0.57) 80.9 (0.92) 80.3 (0.66) 77.8 (0.52)
Black1 ..................................................... 8,020 (351) 9,240 (321) 9,620 (659) 9,110 (394) 9,550 (354) 10.1 (0.45) 11.0 (0.39) 10.6 (0.73) 10.1 (0.43) 10.6 (0.39)
Hispanic1 ................................................. 3,270 (258) 4,330 (300) 5,870 (540) 6,130 (404) 7,430 (361) 4.1 (0.33) 5.2 (0.36) 6.5 (0.60) 6.8 (0.46) 8.2 (0.40)
Asian1,2 .................................................... 620 (109) 630 (124) 570 (146) 820 (154) 1,290 (192) 0.8 (0.14) 0.8 (0.15) 0.6 (0.16) 0.9 (0.17) 1.4 (0.21)
Pacific Islander ........................................ — (†) — (†) 130! (52) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 0.1! (0.06) # (†) 0.2 (0.06)
American Indian/Alaska Native1 ............... 630 (67) 660 (60) 620 (179) 650 (123) 620 (114) 0.8 (0.08) 0.8 (0.07) 0.7 (0.20) 0.7 (0.14) 0.7 (0.13)
Two or more races .................................. — (†) — (†) 490! (155) 1,010 (183) 980 (131) — (†) — (†) 0.5! (0.17) 1.1 (0.20) 1.1 (0.15)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Age
Under 40 ................................................. 5,940 (273) 8,440 (302) 17,290 (785) 18,040 (523) 17,360 (507) 7.5 (0.34) 10.1 (0.35) 19.1 (0.84) 20.1 (0.58) 19.2 (0.56)
40 to 44 .................................................. 14,570 (496) 10,510 (317) 13,330 (706) 17,650 (565) 19,150 (515) 18.3 (0.61) 12.5 (0.37) 14.7 (0.78) 19.7 (0.62) 21.2 (0.56)
45 to 49 .................................................. 25,430 (429) 19,600 (535) 13,690 (767) 14,700 (541) 19,460 (599) 31.9 (0.55) 23.4 (0.63) 15.1 (0.86) 16.4 (0.60) 21.5 (0.65)
50 to 54 .................................................. 18,870 (539) 27,120 (606) 17,570 (746) 15,060 (668) 13,910 (438) 23.7 (0.68) 32.4 (0.71) 19.4 (0.82) 16.8 (0.73) 15.4 (0.49)
55 or over ............................................... 14,820 (441) 18,130 (500) 28,590 (1,000) 24,350 (655) 20,540 (631) 18.6 (0.55) 21.6 (0.60) 31.6 (1.06) 27.1 (0.74) 22.7 (0.70)
School level
Elementary .............................................. 53,680 4 (294) 60,110 (253) 62,340 (584) 61,250 (443) 62,090 (276) 71.9 (0.21) 71.7 (0.21) 68.9 (0.54) 68.2 (0.38) 68.7 (0.31)
Secondary ............................................... 18,260 4 (161) 20,450 (197) 21,550 (460) 20,470 (537) 20,280 (395) 24.4 (0.20) 24.4 (0.20) 23.8 (0.46) 22.8 (0.56) 22.4 (0.41)
Combined ............................................... 2,750 4 (143) 3,230 (146) 6,580 (364) 8,090 (658) 8,050 (332) 3.7 (0.19) 3.9 (0.17) 7.3 (0.40) 9.0 (0.74) 8.9 (0.37)
Highest degree earned
Bachelor’s or less .................................... 1,150 (167) 1,540 (182) 1,320 (207) 1,960 (272) 2,030 (212) 1.4 (0.21) 1.8 (0.22) 1.5 (0.23) 2.2 (0.30) 2.2 (0.23)
Master’s .................................................. 50,470 (536) 45,440 (579) 55,250 (906) 55,420 (678) 55,390 (682) 63.4 (0.65) 54.2 (0.63) 61.1 (1.01) 61.7 (0.71) 61.3 (0.73)
Education specialist3 ............................... 20,570 (459) 28,280 (493) 26,270 (930) 23,560 (492) 24,020 (570) 25.8 (0.57) 33.8 (0.60) 29.0 (0.97) 26.2 (0.54) 26.6 (0.62)
Doctor’s or first professional .................... 7,430 (263) 8,530 (386) 7,630 (512) 8,870 (442) 8,970 (415) 9.3 (0.33) 10.2 (0.46) 8.4 (0.57) 9.9 (0.49) 9.9 (0.46)
Number of years as a principal
3 or fewer ............................................... 24,450 (451) 25,080 (513) 31,500 (1,033) 29,520 (758) 35,420 (644) 30.7 (0.56) 29.9 (0.60) 34.8 (1.11) 32.9 (0.84) 39.2 (0.71)
4 to 9 ...................................................... 26,600 (548) 25,900 (524) 32,140 (989) 35,500 (886) 31,370 (618) 33.4 (0.68) 30.9 (0.61) 35.5 (1.09) 39.5 (0.96) 34.7 (0.67)
10 to 19 .................................................. 19,730 (412) 23,230 (525) 20,470 (926) 19,870 (634) 19,960 (533) 24.8 (0.52) 27.7 (0.62) 22.6 (1.01) 22.1 (0.70) 22.1 (0.58)
20 or more .............................................. 8,840 (377) 9,580 (331) 6,350 (414) 4,920 (273) 3,670 (285) 11.1 (0.47) 11.4 (0.39) 7.0 (0.46) 5.5 (0.31) 4.1 (0.31)
Years of full- and part-time teaching
experience prior to becoming
a principal
3 or fewer ............................................... 5,690 (251) 3,210 (186) 4,150 (384) 4,040 (264) 3,360 (235) 7.1 (0.31) 3.8 (0.22) 4.6 (0.42) 4.5 (0.30) 3.7 (0.26)
4 to 9 ...................................................... 29,500 (516) 22,510 (491) 30,260 (958) 34,240 (792) 34,970 (639) 37.1 (0.63) 26.9 (0.57) 33.4 (1.03) 38.1 (0.84) 38.7 (0.69)
10 to 19 .................................................. 36,680 (558) 38,110 (597) 40,200 (992) 39,160 (752) 41,970 (710) 46.1 (0.70) 45.5 (0.69) 44.4 (1.09) 43.6 (0.82) 46.4 (0.77)
20 or more .............................................. 7,740 (275) 19,960 (485) 15,850 (781) 12,380 (519) 10,110 (418) 9.7 (0.34) 23.8 (0.57) 17.5 (0.86) 13.8 (0.58) 11.2 (0.46)
School locale
City ......................................................... — (†) 20,100 (328) 21,560 (731) 23,440 (274) 24,770 (190) 27.4 (0.34) 24.0 (0.40) 23.8 (0.81) 26.1 (0.28) 27.4 (0.17)
Suburban ................................................ — (†) 30,640 (440) 25,880 (921) 24,520 (356) 29,120 (180) 25.9 (0.45) 36.6 (0.53) 28.6 (1.01) 27.3 (0.36) 32.2 (0.17)
Town ....................................................... — (†) 10,860 (228) 13,860 (669) 12,330 (341) 12,360 (372) 22.0 (0.43) 13.0 (0.26) 15.3 (0.74) 13.7 (0.40) 13.7 (0.41)
Rural ....................................................... — (†) 22,200 (404) 29,170 (1,012) 29,520 (430) 24,170 (399) 24.7 (0.43) 26.5 (0.44) 32.2 (1.07) 32.9 (0.43) 26.7 (0.43)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 212.08. Number and percentage distribution of principals in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: Selected years, 1993–94 through
2015–16—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Number of principals Percentage distribution of principals

Selected characteristic 1993–94 1999–2000 2007–08 2011–12 2015–16 1993–94 1999–2000 2007–08 2011–12 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Private schools
Total .................................................... 25,020 (198) 26,230 (259) 27,960 (328) 25,730 (605) — (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) — (†)
Sex
Male ....................................................... 11,610 (301) 11,900 (308) 13,070 (457) 11,490 (501) — (†) 46.4 (1.10) 45.4 (1.06) 46.7 (1.38) 44.6 (1.48) — (†)
Female .................................................... 13,410 (283) 14,330 (307) 14,890 (369) 14,240 (462) — (†) 53.6 (1.10) 54.6 (1.06) 53.3 (1.38) 55.4 (1.48) — (†)
Race/ethnicity
White1 ..................................................... 23,130 (270) 23,320 (309) 24,400 (409) 22,470 (628) — (†) 92.5 (0.70) 88.9 (0.76) 87.3 (0.91) 87.3 (1.08) — (†)
Black1 ..................................................... 1,060 (124) 1,570 (164) 1,820 (184) 1,750 (193) — (†) 4.2 (0.50) 6.0 (0.62) 6.5 (0.67) 6.8 (0.75) — (†)
Hispanic1 ................................................. 520 (91) 830 (135) 1,110 (149) 860 (141) — (†) 2.1 (0.37) 3.2 (0.52) 4.0 (0.52) 3.3 (0.56) — (†)
Asian1,2 .................................................... ‡ (†) 350 (64) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 0.7 (0.17) 1.3 (0.25) 1.2 (0.28) 1.8 (0.38) — (†)
Pacific Islander ........................................ — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native1 ............... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 0.5 (0.15) 0.6 (0.15) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
Two or more races .................................. — (†) — (†) 200! (62) 90! (45) — (†) — (†) — (†) 0.7! (0.22) 0.4! (0.17) — (†)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Age
Under 40 ................................................. 4,790 (302) 3,750 (223) 4,750 (318) 4,360 (392) — (†) 19.2 (1.21) 14.3 (0.80) 17.0 (1.09) 16.9 (1.44) — (†)
40 to 44 .................................................. 4,400 (217) 3,450 (212) 3,250 (277) 3,130 (300) — (†) 17.6 (0.83) 13.2 (0.83) 11.6 (1.00) 12.2 (1.05) — (†)
45 to 49 .................................................. 5,140 (216) 5,210 (261) 3,420 (246) 2,630 (281) — (†) 20.6 (0.87) 19.9 (0.96) 12.2 (0.86) 10.2 (1.00) — (†)
50 to 54 .................................................. 4,120 (228) 5,840 (291) 4,390 (263) 3,480 (247) — (†) 16.5 (0.90) 22.3 (1.11) 15.7 (0.94) 13.5 (0.93) — (†)
55 or over ............................................... 6,550 (043) 7,980 (276) 12,150 (77) 12,120 (101) — (†) 26.2 (0.17) 30.4 (1.01) 43.5 (0.28) 47.1 (0.38) — (†)
School level
Elementary .............................................. 13,350 4 (244) 15,810 (245) 16,110 (297) 14,510 (505) — (†) 59.5 (0.74) 60.3 (0.85) 57.6 (0.81) 56.4 (0.90) — (†)
Secondary ............................................... 2,300 4 (115) 2,630 (133) 2,930 (168) 2,660 (138) — (†) 10.3 (0.52) 10.0 (0.51) 10.5 (0.59) 10.3 (0.57) — (†)
Combined ............................................... 6,770 4 (174) 7,800 (265) 8,920 (271) 8,570 (210) — (†) 30.2 (0.77) 29.7 (0.89) 31.9 (0.88) 33.3 (0.71) — (†)
Highest degree earned
Bachelor’s or less .................................... 8,590 (337) 8,050 (334) 9,120 (427) 7,990 (570) — (†) 34.3 (1.23) 30.7 (1.16) 32.6 (1.37) 31.0 (1.73) — (†)
Master’s .................................................. 12,900 (292) 13,370 (288) 14,030 (344) 12,800 (363) — (†) 51.6 (1.28) 51.0 (1.09) 50.2 (1.20) 49.7 (1.49) — (†)
Education specialist3 ............................... 2,050 (103) 2,600 (159) 2,800 (203) 2,610 (200) — (†) 8.2 (0.41) 9.9 (0.60) 10.0 (0.75) 10.1 (0.80) — (†)
Doctor’s or first professional .................... 1,480 (138) 2,220 (167) 2,010 (177) 2,340 (224) — (†) 5.9 (0.54) 8.5 (0.64) 7.2 (0.63) 9.1 (0.87) — (†)
Number of years as a principal

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 113

3 or fewer ............................................... 8,270 (341) 7,540 (327) 9,190 (351) 7,100 (516) — (†) 33.1 (1.32) 28.7 (1.19) 32.9 (1.20) 27.6 (1.74) — (†)
4 to 9 ...................................................... 7,080 (269) 6,990 (320) 7,230 (345) 6,750 (415) — (†) 28.3 (1.03) 26.6 (1.16) 25.9 (1.19) 26.2 (1.45) — (†)
10 to 19 .................................................. 6,950 (310) 7,340 (250) 6,430 (298) 6,910 (350) — (†) 27.8 (1.23) 28.0 (0.93) 23.0 (1.04) 26.8 (1.33) — (†)
20 or more .............................................. 2,710 (189) 4,360 (230) 5,110 (260) 4,970 (318) — (†) 10.8 (0.77) 16.6 (0.90) 18.3 (0.91) 19.3 (1.27) — (†)
Years of full- and part-time teaching
experience prior to becoming
a principal
3 or fewer ............................................... 6,290 (335) 3,610 (241) 7,850 (381) 6,820 (473) — (†) 25.2 (1.27) 13.8 (0.87) 28.1 (1.24) 26.5 (1.48) — (†)
4 to 9 ...................................................... 6,940 (268) 5,560 (244) 7,030 (287) 6,810 (363) — (†) 27.8 (1.05) 21.2 (0.88) 25.1 (1.00) 26.5 (1.36) — (†)
10 to 19 .................................................. 9,240 (251) 9,070 (260) 8,510 (306) 7,790 (403) — (†) 36.9 (1.03) 34.6 (1.04) 30.4 (1.09) 30.3 (1.50) — (†)
20 or more .............................................. 2,540 (136) 7,990 (265) 4,580 (247) 4,310 (249) — (†) 10.1 (0.54) 30.4 (0.98) 16.4 (0.89) 16.7 (0.99) — (†)
School locale
City ......................................................... — (†) 11,250 (226) 9,610 (268) 8,590 (267) — (†) — (†) 42.9 (0.78) 34.4 (0.90) 33.4 (1.28) — (†)
Suburban ................................................ — (†) 9,190 (229) 9,510 (229) 8,110 (298) — (†) — (†) 35.0 (0.80) 34.0 (0.83) 31.5 (1.27) — (†)
Town ....................................................... — (†) 3,250 (190) 2,780 (205) 2,630 (323) — (†) — (†) 12.4 (0.73) 10.0 (0.72) 10.2 (1.16) — (†)
Rural ....................................................... — (†) 2,540 (211) 6,060 (296) 6,390 (510) — (†) — (†) 9.7 (0.78) 21.7 (0.95) 24.8 (1.57) — (†)

School Principals
—Not available. 4
Excludes data for 4,930 public and 2,690 private school principals whose school level could not be determined.
†Not applicable. NOTE: Data are based on a head count of full-time and part-time principals rather than on the number of full-time-equivalent
#Rounds to zero. principals reported in other tables. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and cell suppression. Race categories
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS),
50 percent or greater. “Public School Principal Data File” and “Private School Principal Data File,” 1993–94, 1999–2000, 2007–08, and 2011–12;
1
Data for 1993–94 and 1999–2000 are only roughly comparable to data for later years, because the new category of Two “Charter School Principal Data File,” 1999–2000; and National Teacher and Principal Survey (NTPS), “Public School Principal
or more races was introduced in 2003–04. Data File,” 2015–16. (This table was prepared December 2017.)
2
Includes Pacific Islander for 1993–94 and 1999–2000.
3
Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for 1 year’s work beyond the master’s level. Includes
certificate of advanced graduate studies.
114 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
School Staff

Table 213.10. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by type of assignment: Selected years, 1949–50
through fall 2016
[In full-time equivalents]

School district administrative staff Instructional staff

Officials Principals
and and Instruc-
admin- Instruction assistant tional Guidance Support
School year Total Total istrators coordinators Total principals Teachers aides Librarians counselors staff1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Number
1949-502 ............................. 1,300,031 33,642 23,868 9,774 956,808 43,137 913,671 (3) (3) (3) 309,582
1959-602 ............................. 2,089,283 42,423 28,648 13,775 1,448,931 63,554 1,353,372 (3) 17,363 14,643 597,929
1969–702 ............................ 3,360,763 65,282 33,745 31,537 2,255,707 90,593 2,016,244 57,418 42,689 48,763 1,039,774
Fall 19802 ............................ 4,168,286 78,784 58,230 20,554 2,729,023 107,061 2,184,216 325,755 48,018 63,973 1,360,479
Fall 1990 ............................. 4,494,076 75,868 — — 3,051,404 127,417 2,398,169 395,959 49,909 79,950 1,366,804
Fall 2000 ............................. 5,709,753 97,270 57,837 39,433 3,876,628 141,792 2,941,461 641,392 54,246 97,737 1,735,855
Fall 2001 ............................. 5,904,195 109,526 63,517 46,009 3,989,211 160,543 2,999,528 674,741 54,350 100,049 1,805,458
Fall 2002 ............................. 5,954,661 110,777 62,781 47,996 4,016,963 164,171 3,034,123 663,552 54,205 100,912 1,826,921
Fall 2003 ............................. 5,953,667 107,483 63,418 44,065 4,052,739 165,233 3,048,652 685,118 54,349 99,387 1,793,445
Fall 2004 ............................. 6,058,174 111,832 64,101 47,731 4,120,063 165,657 3,090,925 707,514 54,145 101,822 1,826,279
Fall 2005 ............................. 6,130,686 121,164 62,464 58,700 4,151,236 156,454 3,143,003 693,792 54,057 103,930 1,858,286
Fall 2006 ............................. 6,153,735 118,707 53,722 64,985 4,186,968 153,673 3,166,391 709,715 54,444 102,745 1,848,060
Fall 2007 ............................. 6,232,911 130,044 59,361 70,683 4,235,238 157,539 3,199,995 717,806 54,386 105,512 1,867,629
Fall 2008 ............................. 6,326,702 135,706 62,153 73,553 4,277,674 159,897 3,222,154 734,010 53,805 107,808 1,913,322
Fall 2009 ............................. 6,351,157 138,471 63,969 74,502 4,279,488 168,450 3,209,672 741,337 52,545 107,484 1,933,198
Fall 2010 ............................. 6,195,207 133,833 64,597 69,236 4,151,225 165,047 3,099,095 731,705 50,300 105,079 1,910,150
Fall 2011 ............................. 6,138,890 130,595 62,884 67,711 4,133,767 166,416 3,103,263 710,335 48,402 105,351 1,874,528
Fall 2012 ............................. 6,181,238 136,387 65,420 70,967 4,158,000 169,240 3,109,101 729,756 46,685 103,218 1,886,851
Fall 2013 ............................. 6,187,901 139,667 66,732 72,935 4,167,118 168,101 3,113,764 738,226 45,106 101,920 1,881,116
Fall 2014 ............................. 6,258,543 148,229 68,962 79,267 4,205,088 174,664 3,132,351 749,143 44,624 104,306 1,905,226
Fall 2015 ............................. 6,373,406 155,273 67,778 87,495 4,249,784 182,006 3,151,497 764,537 43,368 108,376 1,968,350
Fall 2016 ............................. 6,484,723 160,540 70,357 90,183 4,294,185 183,671 3,169,499 786,773 42,964 111,278 2,029,998
Percentage distribution
1949–502 ............................ 100.0 2.6 1.8 0.8 73.6 3.3 70.3 (3) (3) (3) 23.8
1959–602 ............................ 100.0 2.0 1.4 0.7 69.4 3.0 64.8 (3) 0.8 0.7 28.6
1969–702 ............................ 100.0 1.9 1.0 0.9 67.1 2.7 60.0 1.7 1.3 1.5 30.9
Fall 19802 ............................ 100.0 1.9 1.4 0.5 65.5 2.6 52.4 7.8 1.2 1.5 32.6
Fall 1990 ............................. 100.0 1.7 — — 67.9 2.8 53.4 8.8 1.1 1.8 30.4
Fall 2000 ............................. 100.0 1.7 1.0 0.7 67.9 2.5 51.5 11.2 1.0 1.7 30.4
Fall 2001 ............................. 100.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 67.6 2.7 50.8 11.4 0.9 1.7 30.6
Fall 2002 ............................. 100.0 1.9 1.1 0.8 67.5 2.8 51.0 11.1 0.9 1.7 30.7
Fall 2003 ............................. 100.0 1.8 1.1 0.7 68.1 2.8 51.2 11.5 0.9 1.7 30.1
Fall 2004 ............................. 100.0 1.8 1.1 0.8 68.0 2.7 51.0 11.7 0.9 1.7 30.1
Fall 2005 ............................. 100.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 67.7 2.6 51.3 11.3 0.9 1.7 30.3
Fall 2006 ............................. 100.0 1.9 0.9 1.1 68.0 2.5 51.5 11.5 0.9 1.7 30.0
Fall 2007 ............................. 100.0 2.1 1.0 1.1 67.9 2.5 51.3 11.5 0.9 1.7 30.0
Fall 2008 ............................. 100.0 2.1 1.0 1.2 67.6 2.5 50.9 11.6 0.9 1.7 30.2
Fall 2009 ............................. 100.0 2.2 1.0 1.2 67.4 2.7 50.5 11.7 0.8 1.7 30.4
Fall 2010 ............................. 100.0 2.2 1.0 1.1 67.0 2.7 50.0 11.8 0.8 1.7 30.8
Fall 2011 ............................. 100.0 2.1 1.0 1.1 67.3 2.7 50.6 11.6 0.8 1.7 30.5
Fall 2012 ............................. 100.0 2.2 1.1 1.1 67.3 2.7 50.3 11.8 0.8 1.7 30.5
Fall 2013 ............................. 100.0 2.3 1.1 1.2 67.3 2.7 50.3 11.9 0.7 1.6 30.4
Fall 2014 ............................. 100.0 2.4 1.1 1.3 67.2 2.8 50.0 12.0 0.7 1.7 30.4
Fall 2015 ............................. 100.0 2.4 1.1 1.4 66.7 2.9 49.4 12.0 0.7 1.7 30.9
Fall 2016 ............................. 100.0 2.5 1.1 1.4 66.2 2.8 48.9 12.1 0.7 1.7 31.3
Pupils per staff member
1949–502 ............................ 19.3 746.4 1,052.1 2,569.2 26.2 582.1 27.5 (3) (3) (3) 81.1
1959–602 ............................ 16.8 829.3 1,228.1 2,554.1 24.3 553.6 26.0 (3) 2,026.3 2,402.7 58.8
1969–702 ............................ 13.6 697.7 1,349.8 1,444.3 20.2 502.8 22.6 793.3 1,067.0 934.1 43.8
Fall 19802 ............................ 9.8 518.9 702.0 1,988.8 15.0 381.8 18.7 125.5 851.3 639.0 30.0
Fall 1990 ............................. 9.2 543.3 — — 13.5 323.5 17.2 104.1 825.8 515.5 30.2
Fall 2000 ............................. 8.3 485.3 816.1 1,197.1 12.2 332.9 16.0 73.6 870.2 483.0 27.2
Fall 2001 ............................. 8.1 435.3 750.5 1,036.1 12.0 296.9 15.9 70.7 877.1 476.5 26.4
Fall 2002 ............................. 8.1 435.0 767.5 1,003.9 12.0 293.5 15.9 72.6 888.9 477.5 26.4
Fall 2003 ............................. 8.2 451.6 765.4 1,101.6 12.0 293.8 15.9 70.8 893.1 488.4 27.1
Fall 2004 ............................. 8.1 436.3 761.2 1,022.3 11.8 294.6 15.8 69.0 901.2 479.2 26.7
Fall 2005 ............................. 8.0 405.3 786.3 836.7 11.8 313.9 15.6 70.8 908.5 472.6 26.4
Fall 2006 ............................. 8.0 415.4 918.0 758.9 11.8 320.9 15.6 69.5 905.8 480.0 26.7
Fall 2007 ............................. 7.9 379.0 830.4 697.3 11.6 312.9 15.4 68.7 906.3 467.2 26.4
Fall 2008 ............................. 7.8 363.0 792.6 669.8 11.5 308.1 15.3 67.1 915.6 457.0 25.7
Fall 2009 ............................. 7.8 356.5 771.6 662.5 11.5 293.0 15.4 66.6 939.4 459.2 25.5
Fall 2010 ............................. 8.0 369.7 766.0 714.7 11.9 299.8 16.0 67.6 983.8 470.9 25.9
Fall 2011 ............................. 8.1 379.2 787.5 731.4 12.0 297.6 16.0 69.7 1,023.1 470.1 26.4
Fall 2012 ............................. 8.1 364.9 760.8 701.3 12.0 294.1 16.0 68.2 1,066.1 482.2 26.4
Fall 2013 ............................. 8.1 358.3 749.9 686.2 12.0 297.7 16.1 67.8 1,109.5 491.0 26.6
Fall 2014 ............................. 8.0 339.4 729.6 634.7 12.0 288.1 16.1 67.2 1,127.5 482.4 26.4
Fall 2015 ............................. 7.9 324.8 744.2 576.5 11.9 277.1 16.0 66.0 1,163.0 465.4 25.6
Fall 2016 ............................. 7.8 315.3 719.4 561.2 11.8 275.6 16.0 64.3 1,178.1 454.9 24.9

—Not available. NOTE: Data for 1949–50 through 1969–70 are cumulative for the entire school year, rather
1
Includes school district administrative support staff, school and library support staff, than counts as of the fall of the year. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
student support staff, and other support services staff. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Because of classification revisions, categories other than teachers, principals, librarians, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
and guidance counselors are only roughly comparable to figures for years after 1980. of State School Systems, various years; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary
3
Data included in column 8. Schools, various years; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of
Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1986–87 through 2016–17. (This table was
prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 115
School Staff

Table 213.20. Staff employed in public elementary and secondary school systems, by type of assignment and state or jurisdiction:
Fall 2016
[In full-time equivalents]

School district staff School staff

Officials Adminis- Principals School and Other
and trative and library Instruc- Student support
adminis- support Instruction assistant support tional Guidance support services
State or jurisdiction Total trators staff coordinators principals staff Teachers aides counselors Librarians staff staff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States1 ................. 6,478,617 70,357 196,157 90,183 183,671 285,093 3,169,499 780,668 111,278 42,964 343,227 1,205,522
Alabama2 ................................ 87,251 1,184 2,369 127 4,416 2,942 42,533 6,873 1,786 1,193 3,045 20,784
Alaska .................................... 17,231 641 801 0 640 1,142 7,825 2,602 324 142 659 2,455
Arizona ................................... 104,170 1,379 4,128 613 2,438 3,932 48,220 15,694 1,241 421 11,784 14,321
Arkansas ................................ 73,599 624 2,610 1,007 1,832 3,075 35,730 9,025 1,296 948 7,577 9,875
California3 ............................... 599,786 3,767 21,240 25,916 17,761 34,677 271,287 81,369 9,522 196 20,037 114,013
Colorado ................................. 111,293 1,359 4,645 3,127 3,498 5,932 52,014 17,039 2,482 579 6,904 13,713
Connecticut4 ........................... 96,047 2,156 1,639 4,966 2,246 3,471 42,343 16,565 1,165 754 3,934 16,808 4
Delaware ................................ 17,142 84 107 332 505 395 9,208 2,349 330 120 811 2,902
District of Columbia ................ 13,402 476 960 84 194 2,213 6,727 1,786 168 17 676 102
Florida .................................... 351,531 2,247 15,296 662 8,842 17,306 186,339 33,038 5,824 1,988 11,843 68,146
Georgia ................................... 228,523 2,533 2,644 3,701 6,436 10,254 114,763 24,943 3,784 2,089 8,470 48,907
Hawaii3 ................................... 22,598 301 692 610 694 994 11,782 2,556 634 149 1,695 2,493
Idaho ...................................... 28,079 133 641 235 716 1,203 16,204 3,131 553 50 533 4,680
Illinois ..................................... 259,560 3,411 7,129 1,573 6,851 11,555 128,893 27,787 2,955 1,534 37,183 30,688
Indiana ................................... 144,997 603 760 4,374 3,441 7,822 60,162 17,272 2,112 688 9,031 38,733
Iowa ....................................... 73,495 1,767 1,912 823 1,722 2,718 35,808 12,501 1,239 414 4,481 10,110
Kansas4 .................................. 68,847 443 1,360 935 1,854 2,695 36,193 8,950 1,041 587 4,293 10,496 4
Kentucky ................................ 97,694 954 2,281 1,593 3,496 5,605 42,029 12,958 1,552 1,054 3,218 22,954
Louisiana4 ............................... 97,152 101 472 1,339 3,786 4,446 48,408 13,577 1,822 1,227 4,227 17,748 4
Maine ..................................... 35,607 639 704 477 921 1,661 14,750 5,983 563 193 4,243 5,473
Maryland4 ............................... 117,750 3,708 2,060 1,939 3,592 6,126 59,703 11,150 2,376 1,178 5,009 20,907 4
Massachusetts4 ...................... 130,732 2,569 2,898 448 4,899 6,662 72,413 26,108 2,349 666 10,079 1,642 4
Michigan ................................ 181,556 4,209 1,115 1,312 6,603 11,498 83,597 20,097 2,063 429 14,223 36,410
Minnesota ............................... 118,632 2,366 2,235 1,730 2,531 4,615 56,715 19,621 1,328 567 13,823 13,103
Mississippi .............................. 67,583 993 2,068 709 2,001 2,520 31,924 8,172 1,116 809 3,265 14,005
Missouri ................................. 124,666 888 6,162 1,423 3,293 337 67,926 13,572 2,645 1,386 5,412 21,623
Montana3 ................................ 21,233 441 752 183 520 772 10,555 2,680 475 366 687 3,801
Nebraska3 ............................... 47,979 656 1,286 809 1,092 1,913 23,611 7,006 837 542 1,599 8,629
Nevada2,5 ................................ 29,772 37 88 49 1,176 1,928 23,705 — 975 310 391 1,116
New Hampshire2,6,7 ................. 31,622 752 747 273 517 739 14,760 6,980 822 324 715 4,994
New Jersey ............................. 237,561 1,467 5,465 3,878 5,234 9,897 115,729 37,852 3,824 1,382 13,516 39,317
New Mexico ............................ 36,506 201 32 375 1,138 2,060 21,331 5,666 699 223 1,351 3,432
New York ................................ 386,801 3,062 20,319 1,876 11,138 9,452 209,151 44,763 7,525 2,336 11,651 65,528
North Carolina ......................... 193,031 1,685 5,673 1,193 5,903 7,313 100,220 22,410 4,212 2,128 11,077 31,216
North Dakota .......................... 18,412 504 285 233 493 775 9,265 2,735 361 190 910 2,662
Ohio ........................................ 325,387 2,571 14,365 2,524 5,381 13,961 102,600 22,053 3,822 830 27,110 130,170
Oklahoma ............................... 84,115 851 3,065 318 2,236 4,323 41,090 9,950 1,582 924 4,662 15,115
Oregon4 .................................. 68,089 486 2,586 531 1,716 4,873 29,756 11,178 1,162 162 2,853 12,785 4
Pennsylvania .......................... 247,299 2,481 7,401 1,673 5,195 10,941 122,552 31,759 4,534 1,671 9,323 49,769
Rhode Island ........................... 20,233 287 553 202 552 715 10,689 2,567 340 202 2,100 2,027
South Carolina ........................ 87,314 808 2,332 1,480 3,207 2,528 50,789 11,385 2,147 1,078 3,704 7,856
South Dakota .......................... 19,732 737 367 170 453 647 9,777 2,711 353 99 1,036 3,382
Tennessee .............................. 128,323 258 1,282 812 3,665 5,239 64,270 17,001 2,992 1,509 3,193 28,101
Texas ...................................... 707,173 6,891 26,098 3,845 26,172 28,295 352,809 68,211 12,123 4,606 28,011 150,111
Utah ....................................... 59,325 914 1,649 2,171 1,525 2,675 28,841 9,934 1,019 227 2,060 8,310
Vermont .................................. 18,048 131 473 254 493 828 8,187 4,044 438 211 988 2,002
Virginia ................................... 180,091 1,867 4,358 1,907 4,270 8,651 91,628 18,616 3,563 1,807 4,968 38,458
Washington4 ........................... 94,685 1,282 3,269 3,401 3,371 4,886 58,815 10,608 2,207 1,127 3,487 2,233
West Virginia ........................... 36,885 918 1,378 410 30 484 19,356 3,596 729 271 1,160 8,556
Wisconsin ............................... 113,145 1,140 2,920 1,207 2,606 4,419 59,011 9,844 1,992 958 9,362 19,686
Wyoming ................................ 16,933 395 489 355 379 989 7,506 2,403 275 107 860 3,176
Bureau of Indian Education ..... — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, overseas .................... — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, domestic .................... — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ................. — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam .................................. 3,954 44 259 131 96 176 2,289 615 85 40 123 96
Northern Marianas .............. — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico3 ........................ 41,012 386 1,152 466 1,257 1,018 28,899 69 639 761 1,725 4,640
U.S. Virgin Islands ............... 2,377 17 87 35 78 163 1,154 287 62 0 63 431

—Not available. 6
Includes imputations for school district instructional coordinators.
1
Includes imputations to correct for undercounts in states as designated in footnotes 2 7
Includes imputations for principals and assistant principals.
through 7. NOTE: DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity.
2
Includes imputations for school and library support staff. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Includes imputations for teachers. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
4
Includes staff not reported by type of assignment. 2016–17. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
5
Includes imputations for school district administrative support staff.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

116 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
School Staff

Table 213.40. Staff, teachers, and teachers as a percentage of staff in public elementary and secondary school systems, by state or
jurisdiction: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016
[In full-time equivalents]

Teachers as a percent of staff Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Fall 2016

Teachers Teachers Teachers
as a as a as a
Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall percent percent percent
State or jurisdiction 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 All staff Teachers of staff All staff Teachers of staff All staff Teachers of staff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
United States1 .... 51.5 51.3 50.0 50.6 50.3 50.3 6,258,543 3,132,351 50.0 6,373,406 3,151,497 49.4 6,484,723 3,169,499 48.9
Alabama .................... 53.7 2 55.7 51.9 51.7 53.8 2 51.4 87,454 42,737 48.9 71,628 2 40,766 56.9 2 87,251 42,533 48.7
Alaska ....................... 49.3 2 44.1 2 45.1 2 45.6 2 44.9 2 46.1 2 17,088 2 7,759 45.4 2 16,982 7,832 46.1 17,231 7,825 45.4
Arizona ...................... 49.3 51.3 51.8 51.5 47.3 46.8 102,383 48,124 47.0 103,175 47,944 46.5 104,170 48,220 46.3
Arkansas ................... 50.6 46.7 47.5 46.8 47.9 49.6 74,107 35,430 47.8 73,658 35,804 48.6 73,599 35,730 48.5
California ................... 54.1 2 53.4 2 49.2 2 49.1 2 48.9 2 47.9 2 571,389 2 267,685 2 46.8 2 577,836 263,475 45.6 599,786 2 271,287 2 45.2 2
Colorado .................... 50.7 49.2 47.9 47.9 47.7 48.2 108,671 51,388 47.3 111,939 51,798 46.3 111,293 52,014 46.7
Connecticut ............... 50.0 46.9 46.1 47.1 48.1 46.1 94,058 42,062 44.7 98,166 43,772 44.6 96,047 2 42,343 44.1 2
Delaware ................... 59.2 51.7 54.2 55.6 52.7 51.4 18,553 9,649 52.0 17,097 8,962 52.4 17,142 9,208 53.7
District of Columbia ... 46.2 44.3 2 52.1 54.4 47.5 52.5 13,617 6,565 48.2 14,106 6,789 48.1 13,402 6,727 50.2
Florida ....................... 47.8 50.6 52.7 53.2 52.7 53.1 341,440 180,442 52.8 345,645 182,586 52.8 351,531 186,339 53.0
Georgia ...................... 49.2 49.6 49.5 49.6 49.6 50.2 221,926 111,470 50.2 224,488 113,031 50.4 228,523 114,763 50.2
Hawaii ....................... 59.5 53.3 52.5 51.9 52.2 52.5 22,424 11,663 52.0 22,596 11,747 52.0 22,598 2 11,782 2 52.1 2
Idaho ......................... 56.2 55.8 56.4 57.0 55.3 2 63.0 2 27,451 15,609 56.9 27,186 15,656 57.6 28,079 16,204 57.7
Illinois ........................ 51.1 2 53.2 2 61.6 2 61.7 2 51.5 2 51.1 2 261,922 132,456 50.6 260,463 129,948 49.9 259,560 128,893 49.7
Indiana ...................... 46.7 45.5 41.9 2 41.5 40.5 41.4 139,587 56,547 40.5 143,417 57,675 40.2 144,997 60,162 41.5
Iowa .......................... 51.1 50.9 49.8 49.6 49.3 49.5 72,129 35,684 49.5 72,887 35,687 49.0 73,495 35,808 48.7
Kansas ...................... 50.9 51.3 51.1 53.0 56.5 53.0 71,175 37,659 52.9 73,272 40,035 54.6 68,847 2 36,193 52.6 2
Kentucky ................... 44.1 43.3 42.4 45.4 43.1 42.8 97,269 41,586 42.8 97,712 41,902 42.9 97,694 42,029 43.0
Louisiana ................... 49.3 48.2 48.2 48.2 48.6 48.5 85,371 46,340 54.3 107,600 58,469 54.3 97,152 2 48,408 49.8 2
Maine ........................ 49.7 47.3 47.3 37.3 2 46.3 45.1 32,225 14,937 46.4 35,241 14,857 42.2 35,607 14,750 41.4
Maryland ................... 54.3 51.0 50.6 50.8 51.0 50.9 117,238 59,194 50.5 115,517 59,414 51.4 117,750 2 59,703 50.7 2
Massachusetts .......... 55.1 53.0 2 56.3 56.4 56.4 55.5 128,723 71,859 55.8 128,291 71,969 56.1 130,732 2 72,413 55.4 2
Michigan ................... 46.1 47.9 2 45.8 46.2 46.3 46.6 183,722 85,038 46.3 181,468 84,181 46.4 181,556 83,597 46.0
Minnesota .................. 51.6 2 48.9 48.3 48.4 48.2 48.3 115,999 55,690 48.0 117,236 55,985 47.8 118,632 56,715 47.8
Mississippi ................. 47.9 46.5 47.5 47.2 47.8 47.3 68,000 32,311 47.5 67,757 32,175 47.5 67,583 31,924 47.2
Missouri .................... 53.2 52.1 52.0 50.1 52.2 54.0 127,062 67,356 53.0 128,938 67,635 52.5 124,666 67,926 54.5
Montana .................... 53.5 2 52.9 2 53.8 2 54.0 2 54.0 2 49.4 2 20,456 2 10,234 50.0 2 21,330 10,412 48.8 21,233 2 10,555 2 49.7 2
Nebraska ................... 52.6 51.9 49.1 49.0 48.7 48.8 46,931 22,988 49.0 47,292 23,308 49.3 47,979 2 23,611 2 49.2 2
Nevada ...................... 58.6 67.2 2 65.4 2 65.0 2 63.3 2 64.5 2 33,749 2 21,656 64.2 2 26,430 22,702 85.9 35,878 23,705 66.1
New Hampshire ......... 51.1 48.5 46.6 47.1 47.0 46.6 31,851 14,773 46.4 31,980 14,770 46.2 31,622 14,760 46.7
New Jersey ................ 53.4 53.2 2 54.4 2 54.1 2 49.7 2 49.6 2 235,231 2 115,067 48.9 2 236,558 114,968 48.6 237,561 115,729 48.7
New Mexico ............... 46.8 45.9 48.2 47.8 48.0 47.9 46,921 22,411 47.8 37,573 21,722 57.8 36,506 21,331 58.4
New York ................... 49.7 58.6 51.1 51.5 55.9 57.5 356,055 203,781 57.2 372,692 206,086 55.3 386,801 209,151 54.1
North Carolina ............ 51.5 52.5 51.0 51.6 51.4 51.6 191,323 99,320 51.9 190,855 99,355 52.1 193,031 100,220 51.9
North Dakota ............. 53.9 52.9 51.8 52.0 51.9 51.7 17,599 9,049 51.4 17,983 9,195 51.1 18,412 9,265 50.3
Ohio ........................... 53.1 49.4 45.3 44.3 43.7 42.7 250,106 2 106,526 2 42.6 2 322,611 101,742 31.5 325,387 102,600 31.5
Oklahoma .................. 55.0 51.1 50.2 50.0 49.5 49.3 85,835 42,073 49.0 85,915 42,452 49.4 84,115 41,090 48.8
Oregon ...................... 50.0 47.0 44.2 44.1 44.2 44.7 62,956 27,850 44.2 65,928 29,086 44.1 68,089 2 29,756 43.7 2
Pennsylvania ............. 52.2 50.9 48.7 49.0 48.8 49.9 2 243,290 122,030 50.2 241,548 120,893 50.0 247,299 122,552 49.6
Rhode Island .............. 60.0 58.4 2 60.2 60.9 58.3 56.7 15,716 9,471 60.3 19,483 10,631 54.6 20,233 10,689 52.8
South Carolina ........... 65.7 2 70.9 2 69.0 67.5 66.3 66.5 75,718 49,475 65.3 78,108 50,237 64.3 87,314 50,789 58.2
South Dakota ............. 52.0 48.0 48.7 48.5 48.8 49.5 19,326 9,618 49.8 19,543 9,638 49.3 19,732 9,777 49.5
Tennessee ................. 52.1 52.2 51.9 51.9 52.0 52.5 127,043 65,341 51.4 128,469 66,488 51.8 128,323 64,270 50.1
Texas ......................... 50.6 50.5 50.3 50.7 50.8 50.8 675,112 342,257 50.7 690,077 347,329 50.3 707,173 352,809 49.9
Utah .......................... 54.1 50.2 49.1 49.9 49.5 49.6 55,355 2 27,374 2 49.5 2 56,146 2 28,348 2 50.5 2 59,325 28,841 48.6
Vermont ..................... 47.3 46.5 45.3 45.5 45.6 45.8 18,130 8,276 45.6 18,183 8,338 45.9 18,048 8,187 45.4
Virginia ...................... 54.1 2 44.4 35.3 50.4 50.4 50.6 177,733 89,968 50.6 178,551 90,255 50.5 180,091 91,628 50.9
Washington ................ 52.3 47.0 52.0 52.1 52.4 52.1 111,696 59,555 53.3 94,883 2 57,942 61.1 2 94,685 58,815 62.1
West Virginia .............. 54.3 52.3 51.8 2 51.4 2 51.2 2 51.1 2 39,272 2 20,029 51.0 2 38,452 19,664 51.1 36,885 19,356 52.5
Wisconsin .................. 56.3 57.0 55.5 55.4 56.6 56.6 103,208 2 58,376 2 56.6 2 101,250 58,185 57.5 113,145 59,011 52.2
Wyoming ................... 48.6 46.2 43.4 45.8 44.3 44.6 16,946 7,615 44.9 17,269 7,653 44.3 16,933 7,506 44.3

Bureau of Indian
Education ............ — — — — 42.9 3 — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, overseas ....... 66.0 62.9 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA, domestic ....... 59.2 55.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .... 50.0 68.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam ..................... 51.5 52.2 54.5 58.4 58.4 58.4 3,938 2,286 58.0 4,019 2,336 58.1 3,954 2,289 57.9
Northern Marianas .. 50.2 49.8 50.0 47.6 45.9 47.6 — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ............ 54.4 56.0 61.6 59.3 57.0 61.4 50,099 31,186 62.2 48,820 30,438 62.3 41,012 2 28,899 2 70.5 2
U.S. Virgin Islands .. 52.1 53.8 49.9 50.9 51.1 49.9 2,212 1,131 51.1 2,284 1,106 48.4 2,377 1,154 48.5

—Not available. NOTE: DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Some data have been revised
1
U.S. totals include imputations for underreporting and nonreporting states. from previously published figures.
2
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Total staff count excludes officials and administrators and administrative support staff, Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
so computed percentage of teachers may be overstated. 2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 117
School Staff

Table 213.50. Staff, enrollment, and pupil/staff ratios in public elementary and secondary school systems, by state or jurisdiction:
Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2016
Pupil/staff ratio Fall 2014 Fall 2015 Fall 2016
Pupil/ Pupil/ Pupil/
Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall staff staff staff
State or jurisdiction 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 Staff Enrollment ratio Staff Enrollment ratio Staff Enrollment ratio
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
United States1 .... 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 6,258,543 50,312,581 8.0 6,373,406 50,438,043 7.9 6,484,723 50,615,189 7.8
Alabama .................... 8.2 2 7.1 7.9 8.1 7.7 2 8.1 87,454 744,164 8.5 71,628 2 743,789 10.4 2 87,251 744,930 8.5
Alaska ....................... 8.3 2 7.4 2 7.3 2 7.4 2 7.7 2 7.6 2 17,088 2 131,176 7.7 2 16,982 132,477 7.8 17,231 132,737 7.7
Arizona ...................... 9.7 10.9 11.1 10.9 10.6 10.7 102,383 1,111,695 10.9 103,175 1,109,040 10.7 104,170 1,123,137 10.8
Arkansas ................... 7.1 6.7 6.7 6.6 6.8 7.0 74,107 490,917 6.6 73,658 492,132 6.7 73,599 493,447 6.7
California ................... 11.1 2 11.1 2 11.9 2 11.5 2 11.6 2 11.7 2 571,389 2 6,312,161 11.0 2 577,836 6,305,347 10.9 599,786 6,309,138 10.5
Colorado .................... 8.7 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4 8.4 108,671 889,006 8.2 111,939 899,112 8.0 111,293 905,019 8.1
Connecticut ............... 6.8 6.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.8 94,058 542,678 5.8 98,166 537,933 5.5 96,047 2 535,118 5.6 2
Delaware ................... 9.1 7.8 7.9 8.3 7.4 7.2 18,553 134,042 7.2 17,097 134,847 7.9 17,142 136,264 7.9
District of Columbia ... 6.4 6.2 3 6.3 6.4 6.1 6.9 13,617 80,958 5.9 14,106 84,024 6.0 13,402 85,850 6.4
Florida ....................... 8.8 8.5 7.9 8.1 8.0 8.1 341,440 2,756,944 8.1 345,645 2,792,234 8.1 351,531 2,816,791 8.0
Georgia ...................... 7.8 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.9 221,926 1,744,437 7.9 224,488 1,757,237 7.8 228,523 1,764,346 7.7
Hawaii ....................... 10.0 8.7 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 22,424 182,384 8.1 22,596 181,995 8.1 22,598 181,550 8.0
Idaho ......................... 10.1 10.1 9.9 10.0 10.8 2 12.5 2 27,451 290,885 10.6 27,186 292,277 10.8 28,079 297,200 10.6
Illinois ........................ 8.2 2 8.4 2 9.7 2 9.8 2 7.9 2 7.8 2 261,922 2,050,239 7.8 260,463 2,041,779 7.8 259,560 2,026,718 7.8
Indiana ...................... 7.8 7.8 7.5 2 6.9 7.0 7.3 139,587 1,046,269 7.5 143,417 1,046,757 7.3 144,997 1,049,547 7.2
Iowa .......................... 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.1 7.0 7.0 72,129 505,311 7.0 72,887 508,014 7.0 73,495 509,831 6.9
Kansas ...................... 7.3 7.1 7.1 6.9 6.7 6.9 71,175 497,275 7.0 73,272 495,884 6.8 68,847 2 494,347 7.2 2
Kentucky ................... 7.4 6.9 6.8 7.4 6.9 6.9 97,269 688,640 7.1 97,712 686,598 7.0 97,694 684,017 7.0
Louisiana ................... 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.0 7.4 7.4 85,371 716,800 8.4 107,600 718,711 6.7 97,152 2 716,293 7.4 2
Maine ........................ 6.2 5.5 5.8 4.7 2 5.7 5.4 32,225 182,470 5.7 35,241 181,613 5.2 35,607 180,512 5.1
Maryland ................... 8.8 7.7 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.5 117,238 874,514 7.5 115,517 879,601 7.6 117,750 2 886,221 7.5 2
Massachusetts .......... 8.0 7.0 2 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.5 128,723 955,844 7.4 128,291 964,026 7.5 130,732 2 964,514 7.4 2
Michigan ................... 8.2 2 8.5 2 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.4 183,722 1,537,922 8.4 181,468 1,536,231 8.5 181,556 1,528,666 8.4
Minnesota .................. 8.2 2 8.0 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.5 115,999 857,235 7.4 117,236 864,384 7.4 118,632 875,021 7.4
Mississippi ................. 7.7 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 68,000 490,917 7.2 67,757 487,200 7.2 67,583 483,150 7.1
Missouri .................... 7.5 7.1 7.2 6.9 7.2 7.4 127,062 917,785 7.2 128,938 919,234 7.1 124,666 915,040 7.3
Montana .................... 8.0 2 7.4 2 7.4 2 7.6 2 7.6 2 6.9 2 20,456 2 144,532 7.1 2 21,330 145,319 6.8 21,233 146,375 6.9
Nebraska ................... 7.2 7.0 6.6 6.7 6.7 6.7 46,931 312,635 6.7 47,292 316,014 6.7 47,979 319,194 6.7
Nevada ...................... 10.9 12.7 2 13.1 2 13.5 2 13.6 2 13.3 2 33,749 2 459,189 13.6 2 26,430 467,527 17.7 35,878 473,744 13.2
New Hampshire ......... 7.4 6.4 5.9 6.0 6.0 5.9 31,851 184,670 5.8 31,980 182,425 5.7 31,622 180,888 5.7
New Jersey ................ 7.1 6.6 2 6.9 2 6.7 2 6.1 2 5.9 2 235,231 2 1,400,579 6.0 2 236,558 1,408,845 6.0 237,561 1,410,421 5.9
New Mexico ............... 7.1 6.8 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 46,921 340,365 7.3 37,573 335,694 8.9 36,506 336,263 9.2
New York ................... 6.9 7.5 6.6 6.7 7.3 7.6 356,055 2,741,185 7.7 372,692 2,711,626 7.3 386,801 2,729,776 7.1
North Carolina ............ 8.0 7.8 7.7 8.0 7.9 8.0 191,323 1,548,895 8.1 190,855 1,544,934 8.1 193,031 1,550,062 8.0
North Dakota ............. 7.2 6.5 5.9 6.0 6.0 6.1 17,599 106,586 6.1 17,983 108,644 6.0 18,412 109,706 6.0
Ohio ........................... 8.2 7.7 7.3 7.1 7.1 6.9 250,106 3 1,724,810 6.9 3 322,611 1,716,585 5.3 325,387 1,710,143 5.3
Oklahoma .................. 8.3 7.8 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 85,835 688,511 8.0 85,915 692,878 8.1 84,115 693,903 8.2
Oregon ...................... 9.7 9.2 9.0 9.4 9.8 9.9 62,956 601,318 9.6 65,928 608,825 9.2 68,089 2 606,277 8.9 2
Pennsylvania ............. 8.1 7.6 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.2 2 243,290 1,743,160 7.2 241,548 1,717,414 7.1 247,299 1,727,497 7.0
Rhode Island .............. 8.9 6.3 2 7.7 7.6 8.4 8.2 15,716 141,959 9.0 19,483 142,014 7.3 20,233 142,150 7.0
South Carolina ........... 9.8 2 10.3 2 11.1 10.5 10.2 10.3 75,718 756,523 10.0 78,108 763,533 9.8 87,314 771,250 8.8
South Dakota ............. 7.1 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.8 6.8 19,326 133,040 6.9 19,543 134,253 6.9 19,732 136,302 6.9
Tennessee ................. 8.3 2 8.4 7.7 7.8 7.8 7.9 127,043 995,475 7.8 128,469 1,001,235 7.8 128,323 1,001,562 7.8
Texas ......................... 7.5 7.6 7.4 7.8 7.9 7.8 675,112 5,233,765 7.8 690,077 5,301,477 7.7 707,173 5,360,849 7.6
Utah .......................... 11.8 11.1 11.2 11.5 11.4 11.4 55,355 3 635,577 11.5 3 56,146 3 647,870 11.5 3 59,325 659,801 11.1
Vermont ..................... 5.7 5.1 5.2 4.9 4.9 4.8 18,130 87,311 4.8 18,183 87,866 4.8 18,048 88,428 4.9
Virginia ...................... 7.1 2 5.2 6.2 7.0 7.1 7.1 177,733 1,280,381 7.2 178,551 1,283,590 7.2 180,091 1,287,026 7.1
Washington ................ 10.3 9.1 10.1 10.3 10.3 10.1 111,696 1,073,638 9.6 94,883 2 1,087,030 11.5 2 94,685 1,101,711 11.6
West Virginia .............. 7.4 7.4 7.2 2 7.2 2 7.2 2 7.2 2 39,272 2 280,310 7.1 2 38,452 277,452 7.2 36,885 273,855 7.4
Wisconsin .................. 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.5 103,208 3 871,432 8.4 3 101,250 867,800 8.6 113,145 864,432 7.6
Wyoming ................... 6.4 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.5 5.5 16,946 94,067 5.6 17,269 94,717 5.5 16,933 94,170 5.6

Bureau of Indian
Education ............ — — — — — — — — — — — — — 45,399 —
DoDEA, overseas ....... 9.5 6.9 — — — — — — — — 74,970 — — — —
DoDEA, domestic ....... 8.4 7.7 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .... 9.6 11.4 — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam ..................... 8.5 9.0 9.3 8.0 7.9 8.5 3,938 31,144 7.9 4,019 30,821 7.7 3,954 30,758 7.8
Northern Marianas .. 9.6 9.5 9.1 10.6 11.9 12.1 — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ............ 8.9 7.5 8.0 8.1 8.0 7.8 50,099 410,950 8.2 48,820 379,818 7.8 41,012 365,181 8.9
U.S. Virgin Islands .. 6.7 6.3 5.3 6.6 6.9 6.9 2,212 14,241 6.4 2,284 13,805 6.0 2,377 13,194 5.6

—Not available. NOTE: Staff reported in full-time equivalents. DoDEA = Department of Defense Education
1
U.S. totals include imputations for underreporting and nonreporting states. Activity. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Includes imputations to correct for underreporting. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Staff data imputed based on prior year’s report. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

118 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Overview of Schools and School Districts

Table 214.10. Number of public school districts and public and private elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 1869–70
through 2016–17
Public schools2 Private schools2,3
Total, Schools with
Regular all public Total, Total, schools elementary grades Schools with Total, all Schools with Schools with
public school and private all public with reported secondary private elementary secondary
School year districts1 schools schools4 grade spans5 Total One-teacher 6
grades schools4 grades grades
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1869–70 .............................. — — 116,312 — — — — — — —
1879–80 .............................. — — 178,122 — — — — — — —
1889–90 .............................. — — 224,526 — — — — — — —
1899–1900 .......................... — — 248,279 — — — — — — —
1909–10 .............................. — — 265,474 — — 212,448 — — — —

1919–20 .............................. — — 271,319 — — 187,948 — — — —

1929–30 .............................. — — 248,117 — 238,306 148,712 23,930 — 9,275 7 3,258 7
1939–40 .............................. 117,108 8 — 226,762 — — 113,600 — — 11,306 7 3,568 7
1949–50 .............................. 83,718 8 — — — 128,225 59,652 24,542 — 10,375 7 3,331 7
1959–60 .............................. 40,520 8 — — — 91,853 20,213 25,784 — 13,574 7 4,061 7

1961–62 .............................. 35,676 8 125,634 107,260 — 81,910 13,333 25,350 18,374 14,762 7 4,129 7
1963–64 .............................. 31,705 8 — 104,015 — 77,584 9,895 26,431 — — 4,451 7
1965–66 .............................. 26,983 8 117,662 99,813 — 73,216 6,491 26,597 17,849 7 15,340 7 4,606 7
1967–68 .............................. 22,010 8 — — 94,197 70,879 4,146 27,011 — — —
1970–71 .............................. 17,995 8 — — 89,372 65,800 1,815 25,352 — 14,372 7 3,770 7

1973–74 .............................. 16,730 8 — — 88,655 65,070 1,365 25,906 — — —

1975–76 .............................. 16,376 8 — 88,597 87,034 63,242 1,166 25,330 — — —
1976–77 .............................. 16,271 8 — — 86,501 62,644 1,111 25,378 19,910 7 16,385 7 5,904 7
1978–79 .............................. 16,014 8 — — 84,816 61,982 1,056 24,504 19,489 7 16,097 7 5,766 7
1979–80 .............................. 15,944 8 — 87,004 — — — — — — —

1980–81 .............................. 15,912 8 106,746 85,982 83,688 61,069 921 24,362 20,764 7 16,792 7 5,678 7
1982–83 .............................. 15,824 8 — 84,740 82,039 59,656 798 23,988 — — —
1983–84 .............................. 15,747 8 111,872 84,178 81,418 59,082 838 23,947 27,694 20,872 7,862
1984–85 .............................. — — 84,007 81,147 58,827 825 23,916 — — —
1985–86 .............................. — — — — — — — 25,616 20,252 7,387

1986–87 .............................. 15,713 — 83,421 82,316 60,811 763 23,481 — — —

1987–88 .............................. 15,577 110,055 83,248 81,416 59,754 729 23,841 26,807 22,959 8,418
1988–89 .............................. 15,376 — 83,165 81,579 60,176 583 23,638 — — —
1989–90 .............................. 15,367 110,137 83,425 81,880 60,699 630 23,461 26,712 24,221 10,197
1990–91 .............................. 15,358 109,228 84,538 82,475 61,340 617 23,460 24,690 22,223 8,989

1991–92 .............................. 15,173 110,576 84,578 82,506 61,739 569 23,248 25,998 23,523 9,282
1992–93 .............................. 15,025 — 84,497 82,896 62,225 430 23,220 — — —
1993–94 .............................. 14,881 111,486 85,393 83,431 62,726 442 23,379 26,093 23,543 10,555
1994–95 .............................. 14,772 — 86,221 84,476 63,572 458 23,668 — — —
1995–96 .............................. 14,766 121,519 87,125 84,958 63,961 474 23,793 34,394 32,401 10,942

1996–97 .............................. 14,841 — 88,223 86,092 64,785 487 24,287 — — —

1997–98 .............................. 14,805 123,403 89,508 87,541 65,859 476 24,802 33,895 31,408 10,779
1998–99 .............................. 14,891 — 90,874 89,259 67,183 463 25,797 — — —
1999–2000 .......................... 14,928 125,007 92,012 90,538 68,173 423 26,407 32,995 30,457 10,693
2000–01 .............................. 14,859 — 93,273 91,691 69,697 411 27,090 — — —

2001–02 .............................. 14,559 130,007 94,112 92,696 70,516 408 27,468 35,895 33,191 11,846
2002–03 .............................. 14,465 — 95,615 93,869 71,270 366 28,151 — — —
2003–04 .............................. 14,383 130,407 95,726 93,977 71,195 376 28,219 34,681 31,988 11,188
2004–05 .............................. 14,205 — 96,513 95,001 71,556 338 29,017 — — —
2005–06 .............................. 14,166 132,436 97,382 95,731 71,733 326 29,705 35,054 32,127 12,184

2006–07 .............................. 13,856 — 98,793 96,362 72,442 313 29,904 — — —

2007–08 .............................. 13,838 132,656 98,916 97,654 73,011 288 30,542 33,740 30,808 11,870
2008–09 .............................. 13,809 — 98,706 97,119 72,771 237 29,971 — — —
2009–10 .............................. 13,625 132,183 98,817 97,521 72,870 217 30,381 33,366 30,590 11,941
2010–11 .............................. 13,588 — 98,817 97,767 73,223 224 30,681 — — —

2011–12 .............................. 13,567 129,189 98,328 97,357 73,000 205 30,668 30,861 28,184 11,165
2012–13 .............................. 13,515 — 98,454 97,331 73,037 196 30,623 — — —
2013–14 .............................. 13,491 131,890 98,271 97,290 73,223 193 30,256 33,619 30,919 11,110
2014–15 .............................. 13,601 — 98,176 97,601 73,420 165 30,528 — — —
2015–16 .............................. 13,584 132,853 98,277 97,586 73,546 197 30,828 34,576 31,630 12,669
2016–17 .............................. 13,598 — 98,158 97,434 73,620 203 30,597 — — —

—Not available. 8
Because of expanded survey coverage, data are not directly comparable with figures
1
Regular districts exclude regional education service agencies and supervisory union after 1983–84.
administrative centers, state-operated agencies, federally operated agencies, and other SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual
types of local education agencies, such as independent charter schools. Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1870 through 1910; Biennial Survey of Education
2
Schools with both elementary and secondary grades are included under elementary in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of State School Systems,
schools and also under secondary schools. 1951–52 through 1967–68; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems,
3
Data for most years prior to 1976–77 are partly estimated. Prior to 1995–96, excludes 1970–71 through 1980–81; Statistics of Public and Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary
schools with highest grade of kindergarten. Day Schools, 1968–69; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary and Secondary Schools,
4
Includes schools not classified by grade span, which are not shown separately. 1970–71; Private Schools in American Education; Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS),
5
Includes elementary, secondary, and combined elementary/secondary schools. “Private School Questionnaire,” 1987–88 and 1990–91; Private School Universe Survey
6
Excludes alernative schools, academies, hospitals, virtual schools, prisons, and juvenile (PSS), 1989–90 through 2015–16; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “Local Education
detention facilities. Agency Universe Survey” and “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
7
These data cannot be compared directly with the data for years after 1980–81. 1982–83 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared April 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 119
Overview of Schools and School Districts

Table 214.20. Number and percentage distribution of regular public school districts and students, by enrollment size of district: Selected
years, 1979–80 through 2016–17
Enrollment size of district
25,000 10,000 to 5,000 to 2,500 to 1,000 to Size not
Year Total or more 24,999 9,999 4,999 2,499 600 to 999 300 to 599 1 to 299 reported
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of districts
1979–801 .................................. 15,944 181 478 1,106 2,039 3,475 1,841 2,298 4,223 303
1989–90 ................................... 15,367 179 479 913 1,937 3,547 1,801 2,283 3,910 318
1999–2000................................ 14,928 238 579 1,036 2,068 3,457 1,814 2,081 3,298 357
2004–05 ................................... 14,205 264 589 1,056 2,018 3,391 1,739 1,931 2,881 336
2005–06 ................................... 14,166 269 594 1,066 2,015 3,335 1,768 1,895 2,857 367
2006–07 ................................... 13,856 275 598 1,066 2,006 3,334 1,730 1,898 2,685 264
2007–08 ................................... 13,838 281 589 1,062 2,006 3,292 1,753 1,890 2,692 273
2008–09 ................................... 13,809 280 594 1,049 1,995 3,272 1,766 1,886 2,721 246
2009–10 ................................... 13,625 284 598 1,044 1,985 3,242 1,750 1,891 2,707 124
2010–11 ................................... 13,588 282 600 1,052 1,975 3,224 1,738 1,887 2,687 143
2011–12 ................................... 13,567 286 592 1,044 1,952 3,222 1,755 1,911 2,676 129
2012–13 ................................... 13,515 290 588 1,048 1,924 3,227 1,751 1,908 2,678 101
2013–14 ................................... 13,491 286 596 1,046 1,920 3,186 1,791 1,894 2,668 104
2014–15 ................................... 13,601 288 609 1,046 1,898 3,221 1,766 1,880 2,687 206
2015–16 ................................... 13,584 287 613 1,040 1,888 3,214 1,782 1,909 2,643 208
2016–17 ................................... 13,598 287 613 1,044 1,908 3,236 1,776 1,926 2,647 161
Percentage distribution of districts
1979–801 .................................. 100.0 1.1 3.0 6.9 12.8 21.8 11.5 14.4 26.5 1.9
1989–90 ................................... 100.0 1.2 3.1 5.9 12.6 23.1 11.7 14.9 25.4 2.1
1999–2000................................ 100.0 1.6 3.9 6.9 13.9 23.2 12.2 13.9 22.1 2.4
2004–05 ................................... 100.0 1.9 4.1 7.4 14.2 23.9 12.2 13.6 20.3 2.4
2005–06 ................................... 100.0 1.9 4.2 7.5 14.2 23.5 12.5 13.4 20.2 2.6
2006–07 ................................... 100.0 2.0 4.3 7.7 14.5 24.1 12.5 13.7 19.4 1.9
2007–08 ................................... 100.0 2.0 4.3 7.7 14.5 23.8 12.7 13.7 19.5 2.0
2008–09 ................................... 100.0 2.0 4.3 7.6 14.4 23.7 12.8 13.7 19.7 1.8
2009–10 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.4 7.7 14.6 23.8 12.8 13.9 19.9 0.9
2010–11 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.4 7.7 14.5 23.7 12.8 13.9 19.8 1.1
2011–12 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.4 7.7 14.4 23.7 12.9 14.1 19.7 1.0
2012–13 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.4 7.8 14.2 23.9 13.0 14.1 19.8 0.7
2013–14 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.4 7.8 14.2 23.6 13.3 14.0 19.8 0.8
2014–15 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.5 7.7 14.0 23.7 13.0 13.8 19.8 1.5
2015–16 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.5 7.7 13.9 23.7 13.1 14.1 19.5 1.5
2016–17 ................................... 100.0 2.1 4.5 7.7 14.0 23.8 13.1 14.2 19.5 1.2
Number of students
1979–801 .................................. 41,882,000 11,415,000 7,004,000 7,713,000 7,076,000 5,698,000 1,450,000 1,005,000 521,000 †
1989–90 ................................... 40,069,756 11,209,889 7,107,362 6,347,103 6,731,334 5,763,282 1,402,623 997,434 510,729 †
1999–2000................................ 46,318,635 14,886,636 8,656,672 7,120,704 7,244,407 5,620,962 1,426,280 911,127 451,847 †
2004–05 ................................... 47,800,967 16,182,672 8,980,096 7,346,960 7,134,861 5,533,156 1,368,546 851,455 403,221 †
2005–06 ................................... 48,013,931 16,376,213 9,055,547 7,394,010 7,114,942 5,442,588 1,391,314 835,430 403,887 †
2006–07 ................................... 48,105,666 16,496,573 9,083,944 7,395,889 7,092,532 5,433,770 1,363,287 840,032 399,639 †
2007–08 ................................... 48,096,140 16,669,611 8,946,432 7,408,553 7,103,274 5,358,492 1,381,342 834,295 394,141 †
2008–09 ................................... 48,033,126 16,634,807 9,043,665 7,324,565 7,079,061 5,329,406 1,392,110 832,262 397,250 †
2009–10 ................................... 48,021,335 16,788,789 9,053,144 7,265,111 7,034,640 5,266,945 1,381,415 835,035 396,256 †
2010–11 ................................... 48,059,830 16,803,247 9,150,912 7,318,413 6,973,720 5,215,389 1,372,759 833,764 391,626 †
2011–12 ................................... 47,973,834 16,934,369 9,031,528 7,266,770 6,907,658 5,218,533 1,381,289 842,134 391,553 †
2012–13 ................................... 48,033,002 17,101,040 8,967,874 7,300,285 6,817,724 5,232,487 1,377,490 841,150 394,952 †
2013–14 ................................... 48,124,386 17,125,416 9,128,194 7,270,070 6,792,172 5,169,748 1,412,987 832,091 393,708 †
2014–15 ................................... 48,390,432 17,267,232 9,275,438 7,270,961 6,740,298 5,214,007 1,393,249 831,703 397,544 †
2015–16 ................................... 48,413,211 17,301,641 9,347,240 7,223,779 6,693,454 5,202,470 1,405,851 844,470 394,306 †
2016–17 ................................... 48,599,865 17,353,942 9,363,219 7,274,211 6,748,580 5,214,673 1,397,636 851,548 396,056 †
Percentage distribution of students
1979–801 .................................. 100.0 27.3 16.7 18.4 16.9 13.6 3.5 2.4 1.2 †
1989–90 ................................... 100.0 28.0 17.7 15.8 16.8 14.4 3.5 2.5 1.3 †
1999–2000................................ 100.0 32.1 18.7 15.4 15.6 12.1 3.1 2.0 1.0 †
2004–05 ................................... 100.0 33.9 18.8 15.4 14.9 11.6 2.9 1.8 0.8 †
2005–06 ................................... 100.0 34.1 18.9 15.4 14.8 11.3 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2006–07 ................................... 100.0 34.3 18.9 15.4 14.7 11.3 2.8 1.7 0.8 †
2007–08 ................................... 100.0 34.7 18.6 15.4 14.8 11.1 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2008–09 ................................... 100.0 34.6 18.8 15.2 14.7 11.1 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2009–10 ................................... 100.0 35.0 18.9 15.1 14.6 11.0 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2010–11 ................................... 100.0 35.0 19.0 15.2 14.5 10.9 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2011–12 ................................... 100.0 35.3 18.8 15.1 14.4 10.9 2.9 1.8 0.8 †
2012–13 ................................... 100.0 35.6 18.7 15.2 14.2 10.9 2.9 1.8 0.8 †
2013–14 ................................... 100.0 35.6 19.0 15.1 14.1 10.7 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2014–15 ................................... 100.0 35.7 19.2 15.0 13.9 10.8 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2015–16 ................................... 100.0 35.7 19.3 14.9 13.8 10.7 2.9 1.7 0.8 †
2016–17 ................................... 100.0 35.7 19.3 15.0 13.9 10.7 2.9 1.8 0.8 †

†Not applicable. other types of local education agencies, such as independent charter schools. Enrollment
1
Because of expanded survey coverage, data for 1979–89 are not directly comparable totals differ from other tables because this table represents data reported by regular school
with figures for later years. districts rather than states or schools. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
NOTE: Size not reported (column 11) includes school districts reporting enrollment of zero SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
and school districts whose enrollment counts were suppressed because they failed data Core of Data (CCD), “Local Education Agency Universe Survey,” 1979–80 through 2016–17.
quality edits. Regular districts exclude regional education service agencies and supervisory (This table was prepared April 2019.)
union administrative centers, state-operated agencies, federally operated agencies, and

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

120 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Overview of Schools and School Districts

Table 214.30. Number of public elementary and secondary education agencies, by type of agency and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16 and
2016–17
Type of agency
Regional education
service agencies
and supervisory
Regular union administrative State-operated Federally Independent
Total agencies school districts1 centers agencies operated agencies charter schools Other agencies2
State or jurisdiction 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States .................... 18,321 18,343 13,584 13,598 1,377 1,350 261 254 4 4 2,959 2,998 136 139
Alabama ................................. 180 178 134 134 0 0 46 43 0 0 0 1 0 0
Alaska .................................... 54 54 53 53 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arizona ................................... 692 699 234 226 8 16 9 9 0 0 427 434 14 14
Arkansas ................................ 289 292 233 234 15 15 5 5 0 0 23 25 13 13
California ................................ 1,163 1,159 1,058 1,057 76 73 4 4 0 0 25 25 0 0
Colorado ................................. 265 267 178 178 81 83 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0
Connecticut ............................ 205 205 169 169 6 6 6 6 0 0 24 24 0 0
Delaware ................................ 50 49 19 19 1 1 2 2 0 0 28 27 0 0
District of Columbia ................ 59 61 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 57 59 0 0
Florida .................................... 75 76 67 67 0 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 5 5
Georgia ................................... 223 226 180 180 16 16 7 7 0 0 20 23 0 0
Hawaii .................................... 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Idaho ...................................... 159 160 115 115 2 2 3 3 0 0 39 40 0 0
Illinois ..................................... 1,052 1,057 854 854 186 187 5 6 0 0 5 8 2 2
Indiana ................................... 418 423 294 294 30 30 4 4 0 0 88 93 2 2
Iowa ....................................... 345 342 336 333 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kansas ................................... 317 317 307 307 0 0 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kentucky ................................ 186 186 173 173 9 9 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 1
Louisiana ................................ 179 185 69 69 0 0 6 6 0 0 99 105 5 5
Maine ..................................... 267 268 248 249 8 8 4 2 0 0 7 9 0 0
Maryland ................................ 25 25 24 24 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Massachusetts ....................... 408 431 239 326 87 26 1 1 0 0 81 78 0 0
Michigan ................................ 902 901 542 540 56 56 5 4 0 0 299 301 0 0
Minnesota ............................... 564 567 332 332 63 65 4 4 0 0 165 166 0 0
Mississippi .............................. 157 158 144 144 0 0 11 11 0 0 2 3 0 0
Missouri ................................. 567 566 518 518 0 0 6 6 0 0 39 38 4 4
Montana ................................. 490 487 404 401 77 77 4 4 0 0 0 0 5 5
Nebraska ................................ 284 284 245 245 34 34 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nevada ................................... 19 19 18 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
New Hampshire ...................... 299 301 180 180 95 97 0 0 0 0 24 24 0 0
New Jersey ............................. 694 678 601 565 0 20 4 4 0 0 89 88 0 1
New Mexico ............................ 158 157 89 89 0 0 6 6 0 0 63 62 0 0
New York3 ............................... 989 999 690 689 37 37 6 6 0 0 256 267 0 0
North Carolina ......................... 297 306 115 115 1 1 4 4 3 3 158 167 16 16
North Dakota .......................... 222 226 175 178 44 45 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ohio ........................................ 1,103 1,088 622 620 104 102 4 4 0 0 373 362 0 0
Oklahoma ............................... 605 600 516 513 0 0 3 3 0 0 32 31 54 53
Oregon ................................... 221 221 179 179 19 19 5 5 0 0 18 18 0 0
Pennsylvania .......................... 784 789 500 500 102 102 6 7 0 0 175 179 1 1
Rhode Island ........................... 64 63 32 32 4 4 9 8 0 0 19 19 0 0
South Carolina ........................ 102 101 84 84 11 11 3 3 0 0 2 1 2 2
South Dakota .......................... 168 167 150 150 14 14 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tennessee .............................. 146 146 146 146 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Texas ...................................... 1,232 1,228 1,026 1,025 20 20 3 3 0 0 183 180 0 0
Utah ....................................... 152 156 41 41 4 4 3 3 0 0 104 108 0 0
Vermont .................................. 356 342 291 278 62 63 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0
Virginia ................................... 222 222 130 130 71 71 20 20 1 1 0 0 0 0
Washington ............................. 330 332 301 299 9 10 0 0 0 0 9 8 11 15
West Virginia ........................... 57 57 55 55 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wisconsin ............................... 465 461 424 421 16 17 3 3 0 0 22 20 0 0
Wyoming ................................ 60 60 48 48 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian Education ... 196 174 174 0 22 174 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DoDEA ................................ 14 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 8 0 0 0 0
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .............. 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guam ............................... 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern Marianas ........... — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ...................... 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
U.S. Virgin Islands ............ 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

—Not available. 3
New York City counted as one school district.
1
Regular school districts include both independent districts and those that are a dependent NOTE: DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activities.
segment of a local government. Also includes components of supervisory unions that SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
operate schools, but share superintendent services with other districts. Core of Data (CCD), “Local Education Agency Universe Survey,” 2015–16 and 2016–17.
2
Includes public agencies that provide education but are not school districts, such as (This table was prepared April 2019.)
juvenile correctional institutions, sheriff’s offices, hospitals, residential treatment centers,
or university lab schools.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 214.40. Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, number of schools, and other selected characteristics, by locale: Fall 2013 through fall 2016
City Suburban Town Rural
Enrollment, number of schools, and other Locale
characteristics Total Total Large1 Mid-size2 Small3 Total Large4 Mid-size5 Small6 Total Fringe7 Distant8 Remote9 Total Fringe10 Distant11 Remote12 unknown
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Fall 2013
Enrollment (in thousands) .................................... 49,777 15,136 8,039 3,397 3,699 19,794 16,986 1,823 985 5,691 1,438 2,509 1,744 9,156 5,225 2,899 1,032 †
Percentage distribution of enrollment,
by race/ethnicity ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
White ............................................................... 50.3 30.0 20.7 33.1 47.3 51.5 49.7 61.4 65.1 64.7 68.6 65.6 60.4 72.4 67.8 80.1 73.7 †
Black ............................................................... 15.6 23.9 26.5 24.6 17.7 13.6 14.3 10.3 8.3 10.1 7.0 11.7 10.4 9.3 10.9 7.5 6.9 †
Hispanic ........................................................... 24.9 35.1 41.5 32.3 23.9 24.8 25.6 20.3 19.5 18.4 18.3 17.1 20.4 12.2 15.2 7.7 9.3 †
Asian ................................................................ 4.8 6.7 7.6 5.4 6.0 6.0 6.5 3.0 3.2 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.4 2.1 0.5 0.5 †
Pacific Islander ................................................. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 †
American Indian/Alaska Native ......................... 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.2 1.7 3.8 2.1 1.1 2.0 7.4 †
Two or more races ........................................... 3.0 3.2 2.7 3.7 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.9 3.1 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.1 2.0 †
Students participating in English language
learner (ELL) programs (in thousands)13 ......... 4,568 2,159 1,368 450 342 1,816 1,637 114 65 340 76 151 112 253 156 59 39 †
ELL program participants as a percent of
enrollment13 .................................................. 9.2 13.7 16.1 12.4 9.5 8.5 8.9 5.9 6.8 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 3.5 4.4 2.2 3.9 †
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Schools ............................................................... 98,271 26,581 13,910 5,916 6,755 30,941 25,795 3,224 1,922 13,485 2,962 5,893 4,630 27,264 10,333 10,442 6,489 †
Average school size14 ........................................... 525 590 592 605 574 657 676 582 536 446 501 450 403 347 527 286 164 †
Pupil/teacher ratio15 ............................................. 16.3 17.0 17.3 17.1 16.3 16.7 16.7 16.3 17.0 15.8 16.5 15.7 15.4 14.9 15.9 14.3 12.5 †
Enrollment (percentage distribution) .................... 100.0 30.4 16.2 6.8 7.4 39.8 34.1 3.7 2.0 11.4 2.9 5.0 3.5 18.4 10.5 5.8 2.1 †
Schools (percentage distribution) ......................... 100.0 27.0 14.2 6.0 6.9 31.5 26.2 3.3 2.0 13.7 3.0 6.0 4.7 27.7 10.5 10.6 6.6 †

Fall 2014
Enrollment (in thousands) .................................... 50,010 15,235 8,042 3,319 3,874 19,882 17,072 1,821 989 5,680 1,436 2,694 1,549 9,213 5,310 2,881 1,022 †
Percentage distribution of enrollment,
by race/ethnicity ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
White ............................................................... 49.6 29.5 20.4 32.5 45.8 50.6 48.7 60.7 64.4 64.2 67.8 65.4 58.9 71.6 66.9 79.6 73.3 †
Black ............................................................... 15.5 23.7 26.1 25.0 17.5 13.7 14.4 10.1 8.4 10.0 7.0 11.6 10.1 9.4 10.9 7.5 6.8 †
Hispanic ........................................................... 25.4 35.6 42.0 32.1 25.4 25.4 26.2 21.0 19.8 18.9 19.0 17.3 21.6 12.7 15.9 8.1 9.5 †
Asian ................................................................ 4.9 6.8 7.6 5.5 6.2 6.1 6.6 3.0 3.2 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 0.5 0.5 †
Pacific Islander ................................................. 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 †
American Indian/Alaska Native ......................... 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.2 1.6 4.1 2.1 1.1 2.0 7.5 †

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 121

Two or more races ........................................... 3.2 3.4 2.9 3.9 4.0 3.4 3.3 4.1 3.4 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.9 2.2 2.1 †
Students participating in English language
learner (ELL) programs (in thousands)13 ......... 4,670 2,186 1,358 441 387 1,879 1,696 116 67 352 79 160 113 255 159 61 35 †
ELL program participants as a percent of

Overview of Schools and School Districts

enrollment13 .................................................. 9.3 13.8 16.2 12.2 10.2 8.8 9.1 6.2 6.7 6.2 5.9 5.9 6.8 3.5 4.5 2.2 3.6 †
Schools ............................................................... 98,176 26,560 13,870 5,745 6,945 31,099 25,966 3,217 1,916 13,391 2,949 6,299 4,143 27,126 10,422 10,315 6,389 †
Average school size14 ........................................... 525 591 593 599 579 655 673 579 537 445 500 448 398 350 528 286 165 †
Pupil/teacher ratio15 ............................................. 16.2 16.9 17.1 17.0 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.2 16.9 15.8 16.4 15.6 15.5 14.9 15.9 14.2 12.5 †
Enrollment (percentage distribution) .................... 100.0 30.5 16.1 6.6 7.7 39.8 34.1 3.6 2.0 11.4 2.9 5.4 3.1 18.4 10.6 5.8 2.0 †
Schools (percentage distribution) ......................... 100.0 27.1 14.1 5.9 7.1 31.7 26.4 3.3 2.0 13.6 3.0 6.4 4.2 27.6 10.6 10.5 6.5 †
Fall 2015
Enrollment (in thousands) .................................... 50,112 15,276 8,276 3,368 3,632 19,903 17,095 1,819 989 5,630 1,422 2,670 1,538 9,303 5,434 2,855 1,014 3
Percentage distribution of enrollment,
by race/ethnicity ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White ............................................................... 48.9 29.1 20.2 32.6 46.0 49.7 47.8 59.9 63.6 63.6 67.1 64.8 58.3 70.8 65.9 79.3 73.1 48.7
Black ............................................................... 15.4 23.4 25.7 24.2 17.4 13.7 14.4 10.2 8.4 10.0 7.0 11.5 10.1 9.4 11.0 7.3 6.6 11.5
Hispanic ........................................................... 25.9 36.0 42.4 32.4 24.8 25.9 26.7 21.5 20.3 19.4 19.5 17.8 22.1 13.2 16.4 8.4 9.7 30.1
Asian ................................................................ 5.0 6.8 7.6 5.6 6.4 6.3 6.8 3.0 3.2 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.5 2.3 0.5 0.5 5.5
Pacific Islander ................................................. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native ......................... 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.7 2.1 1.1 1.5 4.0 2.1 1.1 2.0 7.5 0.3
Two or more races ........................................... 3.4 3.6 3.0 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.5 4.4 3.6 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.0 2.8 3.1 2.4 2.3 3.6

See notes at end of table.

 Table 214.40. Public elementary and secondary school enrollment, number of schools, and other selected characteristics, by locale: Fall 2013 through fall 2016—Continued

122 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

City Suburban Town Rural

Overview of Schools and School Districts

Enrollment, number of schools, and other Locale
characteristics Total Total Large1 Mid-size2 Small3 Total Large4 Mid-size5 Small6 Total Fringe7 Distant8 Remote9 Total Fringe10 Distant11 Remote12 unknown
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Number of English language learner (ELL)
students (in thousands)13 ............................... 4,795 2,217 1,402 452 363 1,941 1,754 119 68 365 81 164 120 272 173 64 36 #
ELL students as a percent of enrollment13 ............ 9.5 14.0 16.3 12.4 10.0 9.1 9.5 6.5 6.7 6.5 6.2 6.1 7.4 3.6 4.5 2.4 3.7 0.9
Schools ............................................................... 98,277 26,636 14,214 5,828 6,594 31,081 25,963 3,209 1,909 13,307 2,922 6,279 4,106 27,146 10,546 10,262 6,338 107
Average school size14 ........................................... 526 591 595 598 575 657 675 582 538 445 500 447 401 354 535 285 165 26
Pupil/teacher ratio15 ............................................. 16.2 16.8 17.1 16.8 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.4 16.8 15.8 16.3 15.7 15.4 14.9 15.9 14.3 12.5 11.8
Enrollment (percentage distribution) .................... 100.0 30.5 16.5 6.7 7.2 39.7 34.1 3.6 2.0 11.2 2.8 5.3 3.1 18.6 10.8 5.7 2.0 #
Schools (percentage distribution) ......................... 100.0 27.1 14.5 5.9 6.7 31.6 26.4 3.3 1.9 13.5 3.0 6.4 4.2 27.6 10.7 10.4 6.4 0.1

Fall 2016
Enrollment (in thousands) .................................... 50,283 15,316 8,356 3,386 3,573 19,918 17,107 1,822 989 5,560 1,415 2,631 1,513 9,489 5,635 2,845 1,010 †
Percentage distribution of enrollment,
by race/ethnicity ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
White ............................................................... 48.2 28.7 20.1 32.2 45.3 48.7 46.9 58.9 62.8 63.1 66.4 64.2 58.0 69.9 64.9 78.9 72.8 †
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Black ............................................................... 15.3 23.2 25.3 23.9 17.4 13.6 14.3 10.3 8.3 9.9 7.0 11.3 10.0 9.4 11.0 7.2 6.4 †
Hispanic ........................................................... 26.4 36.4 42.5 33.3 25.0 26.5 27.3 22.1 20.8 19.8 19.9 18.3 22.2 13.8 17.2 8.7 9.8 †
Asian ................................................................ 5.1 6.9 7.8 5.2 6.4 6.4 7.0 3.1 3.3 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.6 1.6 2.4 0.5 0.5 †
Pacific Islander ................................................. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 †
American Indian/Alaska Native ......................... 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.6 4.1 2.0 1.0 2.0 7.7 †
Two or more races ........................................... 3.6 3.8 3.2 4.4 4.6 3.9 3.8 4.7 3.9 3.4 3.6 3.4 3.2 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.5 †
Number of English language learner (ELL)
students (in thousands)13 ............................... 4,857 2,238 1,420 459 360 1,974 1,795 111 68 358 80 160 118 286 187 64 35 †
ELL students as a percent of enrollment13 ............ 9.6 14.0 16.2 12.4 10.1 9.3 9.7 6.3 6.9 6.5 6.4 6.0 7.4 3.8 4.7 2.4 3.6 †
Number of students with disabilities
(in thousands)13 ............................................. 6,448 1,978 1,082 435 462 2,694 2,332 236 125 746 166 370 210 1,030 526 367 137 †
Students with disabilities as a percent of
enrollment13 .................................................. 13.5 13.6 14.1 12.6 13.4 13.2 13.1 13.8 13.6 14.0 13.7 14.2 13.9 13.9 13.7 13.9 14.7 †
Schools ............................................................... 98,169 26,658 14,315 5,865 6,478 31,068 25,950 3,218 1,900 13,148 2,912 6,205 4,031 27,295 10,791 10,193 6,311 †
Average school size14 ........................................... 528 591 596 597 574 656 674 580 538 444 500 446 399 358 541 285 165 †
Pupil/teacher ratio15 ............................................. 16.2 16.8 16.9 16.8 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.3 17.0 15.8 16.3 15.7 15.5 15.0 15.9 14.3 12.6 †
Enrollment (percentage distribution) .................... 100.0 30.5 16.6 6.7 7.1 39.6 34.0 3.6 2.0 11.1 2.8 5.2 3.0 18.9 11.2 5.7 2.0 †
Schools (percentage distribution) ......................... 100.0 27.2 14.6 6.0 6.6 31.6 26.4 3.3 1.9 13.4 3.0 6.3 4.1 27.8 11.0 10.4 6.4 †

†Not applicable. 12
Located outside any urbanized area or urban cluster, more than 25 miles from an urbanized area, and more than 10 miles
#Rounds to zero. from an urban cluster.
1
Located inside an urbanized area and inside a principal city with a population of 250,000 or more. 13
Data are based on locales of school districts rather than locales of schools as in the rest of the table. ELL data include
2
Located inside an urbanized area and inside a principal city with a population of at least 100,000, but less than 250,000. imputations for New York in 2013. Data for 2014 and earlier years include only those ELL students who participated in ELL
3
Located inside an urbanized area and inside a principal city with a population less than 100,000. programs. Starting with 2015, data include all ELL students, regardless of program participation.
4
Located inside an urbanized area and outside a principal city with a population of 250,000 or more. 14
Average for schools reporting enrollment. Enrollment data were available for 94,876 out of 98,271 schools in 2013–14, 95,230
5
Located inside an urbanized area and outside a principal city with a population of at least 100,000, but less than 250,000. out of 98,176 schools in 2014–15, 95,240 out of 98,277 schools in 2015–16, and 95,306 out of 98,169 schools in 2016–17.
6
Located inside an urbanized area and outside a principal city with a population less than 100,000. 15
Ratio for schools reporting both full-time-equivalent teachers and fall enrollment data.
7
Located inside an urban cluster that is 10 miles or less from an urbanized area. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Enrollment
8
Located inside an urban cluster that is more than 10 but less than or equal to 35 miles from an urbanized area. and ratios are based on data reported by schools and may differ from data reported in other tables that reflect aggregate
9
Located inside an urban cluster that is more than 35 miles from an urbanized area. totals reported by states.
10
Located outside any urbanized area or urban cluster, but 5 miles or less from an urbanized area or 2.5 miles or less from SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public
an urban cluster. Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17; and “Local Education Agency
11
Located outside any urbanized area or urban cluster and more than 5 miles but less than or equal to 25 miles from an Universe Survey,” 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
urbanized area, or more than 2.5 miles but less than or equal to 10 miles from an urban cluster.
 Table 215.30. Enrollment, poverty, and federal funds for the 120 largest school districts, by enrollment size in 2016: 2015–16 and fiscal year 2018
Revenue from selected federal programs Federal Title I allocations (in thousands),
Revenues by source of funds, 2015–16 (in thousands), 2015–16 federal fiscal year 20182
Poverty Individuals
5- to 17- 5- to 17- rate of Federal Federal with Eisen- Education
Enroll- year-old year-olds 5- to 17- as a revenue Disabilities hower Voca- Concen- Finance
Rank ment, population, in poverty, year-olds, Total (in Federal (in percent per School Education math and tional Drug-free Basic tration Targeted Incentive
Name of district State order fall 2016 2016 20161 20161 thousands) thousands) of total student3 Title I lunch Act (IDEA) science education schools Total Grants Grants Grants Grants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
New York City .................... NY 1 984,462 1,245,611 328,553 26.4 $27,448,356 $1,739,101 6.3 $1,772 $656,226 $442,300 $291,052 $0 $13,209 $0 $786,291 $263,726 $63,591 $244,742 $214,232
Los Angeles Unified ........... CA 2 633,621 715,436 194,823 27.2 10,329,380 1,091,400 10.6 1,707 356,168 368,564 125,629 38,351 7,877 0 426,351 128,870 31,074 128,537 137,870
City of Chicago (SD 299) ... IL 3 378,199 408,677 108,558 26.6 5,272,668 792,420 15.0 2,046 307,138 204,737 93,483 34,208 6,117 0 283,988 86,598 20,881 83,464 93,045
Dade ................................. FL 4 357,249 394,651 93,050 23.6 3,590,773 431,519 12.0 1,207 129,923 139,474 72,402 11,474 5,233 0 147,913 49,168 11,856 46,767 40,123
Clark County ...................... NV 5 326,953 367,926 69,496 18.9 3,220,684 277,628 8.6 852 93,953 105,672 43,115 5,706 4,008 0 106,449 36,988 8,919 34,145 26,398

Broward ............................ FL 6 271,852 295,468 48,843 16.5 2,607,068 278,292 10.7 1,034 63,140 83,798 57,031 9,849 2,872 0 74,139 25,870 6,238 22,623 19,409
Houston ISD ...................... TX 7 216,106 248,155 76,878 31.0 2,480,131 293,958 11.9 1,363 82,708 109,055 38,873 12,489 2,917 0 125,571 40,694 9,812 37,986 37,079
Hillsborough ...................... FL 8 214,386 228,744 43,271 18.9 2,098,358 308,427 14.7 1,455 70,281 84,928 45,151 8,465 2,883 0 65,509 23,144 5,581 19,798 16,986
Orange .............................. FL 9 200,674 213,379 44,506 20.9 2,253,016 219,981 9.8 1,117 62,310 80,993 39,806 7,004 2,499 0 66,586 23,484 5,663 20,151 17,288
Palm Beach ....................... FL 10 192,721 205,311 35,926 17.5 2,038,576 187,376 9.2 990 50,544 64,971 39,110 0 1,875 0 52,555 19,053 4,594 15,559 13,348
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Fairfax County ................... VA 11 187,467 197,292 13,070 6.6 2,733,933 126,061 4.6 678 18,754 34,053 33,107 2,445 1,710 0 23,210 8,290 1,999 5,983 6,938
Hawaii Department of
Education .................. HI 12 181,550 216,481 21,877 10.1 3,030,519 261,131 8.6 1,435 51,530 59,215 42,338 466 2,538 280 49,811 18,618 4,325 13,470 13,399
Gwinnett County ................ GA 13 178,214 185,631 28,329 15.3 1,893,150 142,728 7.5 811 37,832 65,091 27,303 2,613 1,134 0 42,282 14,995 3,616 11,973 11,697
Wake County ..................... NC 14 160,467 190,315 19,440 10.2 1,380,356 109,144 7.9 691 26,914 30,191 31,734 2,757 0 0 28,950 10,336 2,491 7,944 8,179
Montgomery County .......... MD 15 159,010 177,421 14,769 8.3 2,898,647 112,717 3.9 721 21,826 36,008 32,390 3,759 1,138 0 31,766 11,782 2,841 8,710 8,432

Dallas ISD .......................... TX 16 157,886 195,691 59,579 30.4 1,896,322 287,161 15.1 1,811 78,862 100,100 23,695 8,585 2,215 0 95,531 31,561 7,610 28,520 27,840
Charlotte-Mecklenburg ..... NC 17 147,428 183,372 31,461 17.2 1,389,280 146,058 10.5 999 45,987 51,195 29,782 1,163 0 0 47,686 16,590 4,000 13,351 13,746
Philadelphia City ................ PA 18 133,929 238,855 86,599 36.3 3,030,964 271,369 9.0 2,024 112,879 79,478 0 6,723 4,257 0 231,909 70,377 16,970 66,654 77,908
Prince George’s County ..... MD 19 130,814 144,242 17,574 12.2 2,206,548 145,009 6.6 1,125 36,153 56,104 28,191 4,257 39 0 38,354 14,023 3,381 10,645 10,305
Duval ................................. FL 20 129,479 147,336 28,913 19.6 1,211,671 150,524 12.4 1,165 39,064 47,889 36,787 5,070 1,294 0 42,289 15,701 3,750 12,292 10,546

San Diego Unified .............. CA 21 128,040 138,882 25,011 18.0 1,790,524 151,427 8.5 1,170 35,955 49,465 24,725 8,279 1,103 0 44,091 15,904 3,835 12,565 11,788
Cypress-Fairbanks ISD ...... TX 22 114,868 118,190 16,982 14.4 1,175,118 83,219 7.1 730 16,187 33,897 16,667 1,081 932 0 24,569 8,989 2,168 6,787 6,625
Cobb County ...................... GA 23 113,151 124,723 15,084 12.1 1,239,449 87,739 7.1 778 23,154 30,628 20,596 1,965 730 0 21,883 8,077 1,948 5,999 5,860

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 123

Baltimore County ............... MD 24 112,139 130,717 13,929 10.7 1,782,381 102,256 5.7 920 26,382 31,245 25,992 3,425 941 0 30,632 11,397 2,748 8,377 8,110
Shelby County ................... TN 25 111,403 132,312 44,897 33.9 1,218,671 212,572 17.4 1,857 64,329 79,600 26,140 0 2,068 1,155 70,761 23,816 5,743 20,494 20,708

Northside ISD .................... TX 26 106,145 107,911 16,239 15.0 1,118,501 103,429 9.2 984 18,084 31,320 18,178 1,853 877 0 23,773 8,719 2,102 6,554 6,397
Pinellas ............................. FL 27 102,905 116,901 19,940 17.1 1,036,722 115,587 11.1 1,117 26,409 39,243 29,343 4,110 1,408 0 28,617 10,694 2,579 8,259 7,085
Polk ................................... FL 28 102,295 110,382 26,477 24.0 962,439 123,726 12.9 1,217 30,574 45,015 18,896 5,450 1,340 0 38,121 14,034 3,384 11,143 9,560
DeKalb County ................... GA 29 101,284 115,181 28,144 24.4 1,194,250 121,738 10.2 1,201 40,696 43,005 28,170 3,544 1,093 0 42,484 15,064 3,632 12,033 11,755
Jefferson County ............... KY 30 99,813 122,586 23,365 19.1 1,323,404 155,985 11.8 1,548 41,698 53,236 24,511 4,786 1,171 0 40,995 13,652 3,292 10,737 13,314

Fulton County .................... GA 31 96,122 113,312 18,050 15.9 1,196,919 76,288 6.4 798 24,177 26,120 18,206 1,886 628 0 26,268 9,564 2,306 7,283 7,115
Lee .. .................................. FL 32 92,686 96,845 19,529 20.2 929,289 111,503 12.0 1,221 27,563 37,927 16,881 2,332 1,176 0 27,676 10,363 2,499 7,973 6,840
Denver .............................. CO 33 91,138 96,455 19,503 20.2 1,271,873 128,902 10.1 1,429 33,242 36,083 17,173 4,525 1,676 0 32,442 10,873 2,622 8,382 10,565
Albuquerque ...................... NM 34 90,651 112,667 23,996 21.3 1,021,201 102,693 10.1 1,134 29,733 22 17,787 0 1,535 0 38,271 13,083 3,155 10,322 11,712
Prince William County ........ VA 35 89,345 90,603 7,770 8.6 1,110,691 60,078 5.4 684 10,645 27,010 13,587 733 728 0 12,391 4,917 1,186 3,076 3,212

Large School Districts

Fort Worth ISD ................... TX 36 87,428 94,508 28,946 30.6 963,004 136,873 14.2 1,572 39,262 41,590 14,267 5,880 1,047 0 43,144 15,291 3,687 12,229 11,937
Jefferson County, No. R1 ... CO 37 86,371 86,109 6,117 7.1 929,179 50,952 5.5 587 11,256 13,650 15,592 2,058 405 0 9,015 3,577 862 2,196 2,381
Davidson County ............... TN 38 85,163 98,704 22,632 22.9 1,004,078 114,198 11.4 1,334 31,282 47,021 21,049 0 1,296 1,136 33,968 12,068 2,910 9,446 9,544
Austin ISD ......................... TX 39 83,067 102,363 17,478 17.1 1,238,622 107,568 8.7 1,286 27,145 27,731 15,124 1,973 880 0 25,984 9,691 2,308 7,077 6,908
Baltimore City .................... MD 40 82,354 89,009 27,470 30.9 1,420,023 160,881 11.3 1,923 52,749 49,872 22,568 5,999 1,487 0 62,633 22,279 5,372 17,775 17,207

Anne Arundel County ......... MD 41 81,379 92,347 7,809 8.5 1,206,658 55,404 4.6 689 10,300 16,659 17,759 1,943 599 0 15,320 6,190 1,493 3,881 3,757
Alpine ................................ UT 42 78,957 87,585 6,253 7.1 603,204 32,485 5.4 422 5,589 9,595 11,011 957 633 0 8,565 3,367 804 2,047 2,347
Loudoun County ................ VA 43 78,348 82,840 2,610 3.2 1,089,781 21,500 2.0 282 1,674 7,562 9,077 559 437 0 1,703 1,703 0 0 0
Greenville, 01 .................... SC 44 76,918 86,981 12,159 14.0 855,902 72,818 8.5 954 25,419 23,153 15,853 1,796 1,100 0 19,288 6,910 1,666 4,932 5,780
Long Beach Unified ........... CA 45 76,428 84,056 19,563 23.3 1,075,291 110,337 10.3 1,418 29,141 30,867 14,964 5,325 728 0 34,261 12,576 3,032 9,691 8,962

See notes at end of table.

 Table 215.30. Enrollment, poverty, and federal funds for the 120 largest school districts, by enrollment size in 2016: 2015–16 and fiscal year 2018—Continued

124 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Revenue from selected federal programs Federal Title I allocations (in thousands),

Large School Districts

Revenues by source of funds, 2015–16 (in thousands), 2015–16 federal fiscal year 20182
Poverty Individuals
5- to 17- 5- to 17- rate of Federal Federal with Eisen- Education
Enroll- year-old year-olds 5- to 17- as a revenue Disabilities hower Voca- Concen- Finance
Rank ment, population, in poverty, year-olds, Total (in Federal (in percent per School Education math and tional Drug-free Basic tration Targeted Incentive
Name of district State order fall 2016 2016 20161 20161 thousands) thousands) of total student3 Title I lunch Act (IDEA) science education schools Total Grants Grants Grants Grants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Milwaukee ........................ WI 46 76,206 110,915 37,495 33.8 1,186,209 178,749 15.1 2,360 70,414 46,720 17,438 0 1,883 0 75,912 24,378 5,878 20,158 25,497
Katy ISD ............................ TX 47 75,428 67,757 6,399 9.4 835,819 45,898 5.5 629 5,952 11,582 11,340 529 404 0 7,879 3,396 374 2,079 2,030
Fort Bend ISD .................... TX 48 74,146 90,019 9,879 11.0 758,885 45,181 6.0 618 9,526 11,481 11,907 1,367 548 0 13,753 5,320 1,283 3,618 3,532
Brevard ............................. FL 49 73,444 79,542 14,998 18.9 724,781 75,416 10.4 1,037 18,228 20,825 17,175 2,267 691 0 20,885 7,977 1,923 5,912 5,072
Fresno Unified ................... CA 50 73,356 80,662 34,739 43.1 998,861 120,771 12.1 1,644 42,155 47,235 15,069 5,671 1,315 0 62,692 22,201 5,353 18,003 17,134

Guilford County .................. NC 51 73,059 86,576 20,490 23.7 692,064 88,862 12.8 1,215 24,519 33,352 14,679 1,698 0 0 30,451 10,833 2,612 8,379 8,627
Davis ................................. UT 52 72,987 81,884 4,983 6.1 565,357 44,924 7.9 626 4,678 11,810 10,508 1,203 566 0 6,515 2,644 539 1,560 1,772
Pasco ................................ FL 53 72,493 77,344 12,760 16.5 698,805 72,438 10.4 1,027 14,751 24,279 16,635 1,836 607 0 17,529 6,798 1,639 4,894 4,199
Aldine ISD .......................... TX 54 69,768 66,271 22,388 33.8 758,420 101,027 13.3 1,435 26,952 40,183 12,975 2,260 770 0 33,002 11,851 2,857 9,258 9,037
Granite .............................. UT 55 69,580 83,404 10,403 12.5 557,620 62,079 11.1 886 14,342 23,182 11,924 2,087 1,026 0 15,286 5,505 1,327 3,777 4,677
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Virginia Beach City ............ VA 56 69,085 72,563 7,721 10.6 792,261 58,564 7.4 839 10,445 16,100 15,403 2,254 741 0 12,431 4,933 1,189 3,086 3,223
Seminole ........................... FL 57 67,808 72,393 8,965 12.4 636,054 54,132 8.5 808 11,828 19,604 12,698 1,841 556 0 11,756 4,769 1,150 3,142 2,695
North East ISD ................... TX 58 67,531 79,190 11,312 14.3 733,799 55,786 7.6 823 12,479 18,888 11,459 1,254 642 0 15,974 6,074 1,465 4,269 4,167
Douglas County, No. RE1 ... CO 59 67,470 70,114 1,750 2.5 682,388 18,449 2.7 276 1,657 3,796 8,616 529 147 0 984 984 0 0 0
Washoe County ................. NV 60 66,671 72,321 10,876 15.0 661,369 71,496 10.8 1,075 16,928 16,893 10,280 1,946 699 12 14,085 5,885 1,419 4,106 2,675

Mesa Unified ..................... AZ 61 63,444 83,390 18,730 22.5 542,277 64,742 11.9 1,021 20,039 23,835 8,155 2,083 855 190 28,945 10,289 2,481 7,909 8,266
Elk Grove Unified ............... CA 62 63,061 69,369 12,093 17.4 736,543 58,357 7.9 930 16,027 20,710 10,684 1,601 527 0 19,966 7,736 1,865 5,511 4,853
Osceola ............................. FL 63 63,031 61,371 13,740 22.4 602,465 72,832 12.1 1,177 18,837 28,752 11,568 2,027 812 0 18,771 7,234 1,744 5,271 4,522
Volusia .............................. FL 64 63,028 68,964 12,608 18.3 624,595 66,211 10.6 1,052 22,403 20,722 13,802 2,428 713 0 18,179 7,105 1,697 5,059 4,317
Arlington ISD ..................... TX 65 62,181 70,756 15,923 22.5 666,458 75,712 11.4 1,198 20,870 24,499 9,707 1,387 685 0 22,844 8,404 2,027 6,281 6,132

Knox County ...................... TN 66 60,372 70,385 11,257 16.0 538,759 54,877 10.2 910 16,672 20,849 13,830 0 837 0 16,158 6,086 1,468 4,280 4,324
San Francisco Unified ........ CA 67 60,133 78,037 9,639 12.4 1,019,158 53,514 5.3 909 12,391 17,704 0 2,756 14 26 15,200 6,123 1,476 4,118 3,483
Chesterfield County ........... VA 68 60,060 61,383 5,299 8.6 718,087 33,520 4.7 562 5,608 9,875 10,986 952 651 0 7,438 3,367 0 2,005 2,066
Conroe ISD ........................ TX 69 59,764 62,420 6,769 10.8 591,849 35,023 5.9 601 6,756 10,415 10,658 1,055 354 0 8,920 3,625 874 2,237 2,184
El Paso ISD ........................ TX 70 59,424 61,880 18,527 29.9 643,516 111,553 17.3 1,858 26,988 27,403 11,730 4,661 918 0 26,847 9,762 2,354 7,454 7,276

Garland ISD ....................... TX 71 57,133 62,916 11,977 19.0 597,799 54,476 9.1 947 12,978 21,297 9,602 1,107 620 0 16,749 6,337 1,528 4,496 4,388
Mobile County ................... AL 72 56,628 66,870 19,514 29.2 564,939 78,217 13.8 1,358 24,171 31,594 15,858 3,753 960 443 29,181 10,344 2,494 7,957 8,385
Pasadena ISD .................... TX 73 56,282 58,306 14,385 24.7 607,584 71,419 11.8 1,275 16,072 26,155 8,728 1,616 754 0 20,516 7,615 1,836 5,599 5,466
Frisco ISD .......................... TX 74 55,923 43,248 1,579 3.7 574,629 12,497 2.2 234 1,099 4,146 4,122 121 222 0 842 842 0 0 0
Howard County .................. MD 75 55,626 58,873 3,342 5.7 949,631 27,394 2.9 499 4,741 6,766 9,530 1,058 322 0 5,462 2,649 0 1,430 1,384

Winston-Salem/Forsyth
County ........................ NC 76 55,228 64,492 14,495 22.5 503,819 62,956 12.5 1,145 18,949 18,960 14,749 1,388 0 0 21,021 7,741 1,849 5,632 5,799
Cherry Creek, No. 5 ........... CO 77 54,852 57,432 4,192 7.3 623,750 27,612 4.4 505 5,732 7,789 9,005 756 244 0 5,100 2,337 0 1,339 1,424
Santa Ana Unified .............. CA 78 54,505 53,184 12,085 22.7 784,643 83,062 10.6 1,486 21,717 32,398 11,733 3,206 543 0 19,855 7,699 1,856 5,479 4,821
Clayton County .................. GA 79 54,345 57,722 16,816 29.1 542,286 71,543 13.2 1,322 22,083 34,087 9,990 1,963 530 0 24,350 8,914 2,149 6,721 6,566
Seattle ............................... WA 80 54,215 66,075 6,627 10.0 881,789 52,833 6.0 991 14,410 9,378 13,585 486 360 0 11,812 4,455 1,074 2,747 3,536

Plano ISD ........................... TX 81 54,173 69,733 4,898 7.0 707,660 31,851 4.5 584 5,018 8,870 8,404 786 408 0 5,698 2,632 0 1,551 1,514
Boston ............................... MA 82 53,640 75,249 21,309 28.3 1,481,699 77,195 5.2 1,433 26,828 18,497 16,457 0 1,273 0 52,759 17,169 4,140 13,362 18,088
Capistrano Unified ............. CA 83 53,613 61,792 4,019 6.5 556,213 23,256 4.2 432 4,739 4,943 9,604 912 287 0 5,138 2,561 0 1,449 1,127
Jordan ............................... UT 84 53,416 61,711 3,495 5.7 411,232 25,095 6.1 474 2,912 8,488 9,226 819 420 0 4,047 1,875 0 1,029 1,143
Lewisville ISD .................... TX 85 53,257 64,833 5,137 7.9 615,597 32,773 5.3 613 4,076 11,054 8,383 591 376 0 5,928 2,729 0 1,619 1,580

Corona-Norco Unified ........ CA 86 53,157 55,845 6,664 11.9 647,344 36,976 5.7 693 8,246 12,794 9,398 1,142 314 0 10,101 4,300 1,037 2,651 2,112
San Bernardino City
Unified ........................ CA 87 53,152 55,421 20,868 37.7 716,242 72,318 10.1 1,357 28,113 26,990 8,698 2,787 647 0 37,081 13,530 3,263 10,515 9,773
San Antonio ISD ................. TX 88 52,514 61,265 20,582 33.6 650,765 136,019 20.9 2,563 31,579 43,297 10,585 4,393 836 0 30,764 11,091 2,674 8,602 8,397
Omaha ............................. NE 89 52,344 65,240 11,932 18.3 687,093 96,897 14.1 1,865 34,778 24,842 14,695 4,336 1,047 0 27,444 9,529 2,276 6,827 8,812
Atlanta ............................... GA 90 51,927 58,615 19,520 33.3 903,489 82,444 9.1 1,601 38,069 24,030 9,512 6,372 597 0 28,811 10,484 2,557 7,977 7,793

See notes at end of table.

 Table 215.30. Enrollment, poverty, and federal funds for the 120 largest school districts, by enrollment size in 2016: 2015–16 and fiscal year 2018—Continued
Revenue from selected federal programs Federal Title I allocations (in thousands),
Revenues by source of funds, 2015–16 (in thousands), 2015–16 federal fiscal year 20182
Poverty Individuals
5- to 17- 5- to 17- rate of Federal Federal with Eisen- Education
Enroll- year-old year-olds 5- to 17- as a revenue Disabilities hower Voca- Concen- Finance
Rank ment, population, in poverty, year-olds, Total (in Federal (in percent per School Education math and tional Drug-free Basic tration Targeted Incentive
Name of district State order fall 2016 2016 20161 20161 thousands) thousands) of total student3 Title I lunch Act (IDEA) science education schools Total Grants Grants Grants Grants
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Klein ISD ........................... TX 91 51,810 51,259 7,382 14.4 535,140 35,016 6.5 692 6,938 11,428 6,983 627 372 0 9,658 3,908 942 2,433 2,375
Henrico County ................. VA 92 51,425 55,420 6,171 11.1 533,398 29,242 5.5 567 5,580 12,425 7,636 729 1,064 0 9,638 3,929 836 2,393 2,481
Cumberland County ........... NC 93 51,194 54,197 14,042 25.9 436,794 65,548 15.0 1,281 14,115 21,149 9,872 2,481 0 0 20,743 7,591 1,830 5,579 5,744
Wichita .............................. KS 94 50,600 57,497 12,758 22.2 666,255 73,972 11.1 1,452 24,904 21,355 0 0 0 0 22,266 7,636 1,832 5,524 7,273
Columbus City ................... OH 95 50,331 72,743 25,484 35.0 840,528 94,651 11.3 1,892 36,397 28,886 13,602 0 2,270 0 51,861 16,984 4,095 13,483 17,299

Oakland Unified ................. CA 96 49,760 58,151 12,817 22.0 688,124 65,125 9.5 1,326 18,473 16,544 9,277 4,386 500 0 21,151 8,137 1,962 5,858 5,194
San Juan Unified ............... CA 97 49,255 50,227 9,810 19.5 610,436 47,157 7.7 951 11,709 10,688 10,828 2,053 397 0 15,652 6,276 1,513 4,250 3,613
Manatee ............................ FL 98 48,884 52,635 9,982 19.0 491,872 55,102 11.2 1,140 14,734 19,598 10,650 23 803 0 13,236 5,289 1,275 3,591 3,081
Jefferson Parish ................ LA 99 48,668 67,943 16,141 23.8 611,400 72,132 11.8 1,491 21,535 20,304 14,540 2,914 704 895 27,519 9,923 2,393 7,429 7,774
Charleston, 01 ................... SC 100 48,551 55,211 11,106 20.1 763,748 71,926 9.4 1,496 18,158 18,457 10,812 2,380 591 0 17,246 6,278 1,514 4,387 5,068
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

District of Columbia ........... DC 101 48,462 77,386 21,997 28.4 1,329,719 154,922 11.7 3,205 29,450 25,496 9,053 6,185 2,358 321 50,946 18,434 4,445 14,455 13,611
Round Rock ISD ................ TX 102 48,321 54,846 3,278 6.0 519,574 31,087 6.0 650 3,400 8,089 7,941 435 319 0 3,689 1,783 0 965 942
Anchorage ......................... AK 103 48,238 52,309 4,634 8.9 758,779 78,331 10.3 1,621 14,868 18,567 12,311 3,181 1,167 0 14,157 5,104 984 4,025 4,044
Portland, SD1J .................. OR 104 48,173 56,467 7,235 12.8 697,501 54,051 7.7 1,118 12,975 11,191 14,185 2,743 470 0 12,164 4,560 1,100 2,838 3,667
Tucson Unified ................... AZ 105 47,366 72,242 20,437 28.3 449,642 67,416 15.0 1,424 30,025 17,423 7,795 1,091 1,003 2,936 31,940 11,266 2,717 8,753 9,205

Brownsville ISD ................. TX 106 46,880 46,381 18,449 39.8 555,104 102,330 18.4 2,143 26,320 38,949 8,357 2,629 787 0 28,135 10,275 2,454 7,825 7,581
Sacramento City Unified .... CA 107 46,815 52,925 13,719 25.9 645,019 76,733 11.9 1,638 18,414 21,969 9,811 3,458 1,222 0 23,040 8,777 2,116 6,410 5,737
Collier ................................ FL 108 46,416 47,497 8,103 17.1 571,140 53,751 9.4 1,169 17,122 17,171 9,553 1,429 575 0 10,460 4,311 1,036 2,758 2,354
Alief ISD ............................ TX 109 46,376 54,698 17,289 31.6 514,485 69,453 13.5 1,469 21,037 22,624 7,455 851 758 0 25,047 9,152 2,207 6,927 6,762
Forsyth County .................. GA 110 46,238 48,680 2,654 5.5 471,715 16,236 3.4 367 2,675 4,912 6,180 427 206 0 2,850 1,428 0 719 703

Socorro ISD ....................... TX 111 45,927 42,950 10,640 24.8 439,467 46,901 10.7 1,036 10,623 20,712 6,156 1,147 521 0 14,541 5,588 1,347 3,849 3,757
Detroit Public Schools ....... MI 112 45,455 124,278 57,539 46.3 838,553 193,905 23.1 4,160 98,109 42,071 9,804 0 1,269 0 127,607 39,342 10,027 33,634 44,604
Hamilton County ................ TN 113 44,446 54,365 9,860 18.1 428,237 49,774 11.6 1,121 16,511 18,971 9,568 0 709 566 13,823 5,302 1,278 3,602 3,640
Chandler Unified ................ AZ 114 44,352 46,562 4,932 10.6 350,971 20,423 5.8 480 5,173 6,564 5,070 609 419 0 5,687 2,684 0 1,588 1,415

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 125

Garden Grove Unified ........ CA 115 44,223 49,336 9,904 20.1 647,198 51,880 8.0 1,146 12,985 18,669 8,870 2,137 510 230 15,752 6,309 1,521 4,279 3,642

Rutherford County ............. TN 116 44,149 44,849 4,910 10.9 378,876 25,534 6.7 593 4,778 10,427 7,945 0 650 0 5,737 2,626 0 1,547 1,564
Horry, 01 ........................... SC 117 43,991 44,231 11,581 26.2 543,802 42,444 7.8 983 14,500 15,036 9,301 1,290 633 0 17,971 6,502 1,568 4,580 5,321
Killeen ISD ......................... TX 118 43,782 42,827 7,806 18.2 439,981 102,083 23.2 2,360 8,054 14,527 6,063 1,054 446 0 10,655 4,270 1,020 2,725 2,640
United ISD ......................... TX 119 43,660 42,326 14,052 33.2 461,411 56,597 12.3 1,295 14,542 23,506 7,305 1,050 603 0 19,870 7,395 1,783 5,410 5,281
Marion ............................... FL 120 43,032 47,672 12,175 25.5 418,762 59,188 14.1 1,383 16,300 22,792 11,194 1,980 646 0 16,605 6,473 1,561 4,613 3,958

1
Poverty is defined based on the number of persons and related children in the family and their income. For information NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. ISD = independent school district.
on poverty thresholds, see https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty- SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Local
thresholds.html. Education Agency Universe Survey,” 2016–17; “Local Education Agency (School District) Finance Survey (F33),” 2015–16;
2
Fiscal year 2018 Department of Education funds available for spending by school districts in the 2018–19 school year. and unpublished Department of Education budget data. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Small Area Income
3
Federal revenue per student is based on fall enrollment collected through the “Local Education Agency (School District) and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) Program, 2016 Poverty Estimates for School Districts. (This table was prepared May 2019.)
Finance Survey (F33).”

Large School Districts

126 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.10. Public elementary and secondary schools, by level of school: Selected years, 1967–68 through 2016­–17
Schools with reported grade spans
Elementary schools Secondary schools
Combined
Total, all One- Other 3-year or 5-year or Other elementary/
public Middle teacher elementary Junior 4-year high 6-year high secondary secondary Other
Year schools Total Total3 schools4 schools schools Total5 high6 schools schools schools schools2 schools1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1967–68 .................... — 94,197 67,186 — 4,146 63,040 23,318 7,437 10,751 4,650 480 3,693 —
1970–71 .................... — 89,372 64,020 2,080 1,815 60,125 23,572 7,750 11,265 3,887 670 1,780 —
1972–73 .................... — 88,864 62,942 2,308 1,475 59,159 23,919 7,878 11,550 3,962 529 2,003 —
1974–75 .................... — 87,456 61,759 3,224 1,247 57,288 23,837 7,690 11,480 4,122 545 1,860 —
1975–76 .................... 88,597 87,034 61,704 3,916 1,166 56,622 23,792 7,521 11,572 4,113 586 1,538 1,563

1976–77 .................... — 86,501 61,123 4,180 1,111 55,832 23,857 7,434 11,658 4,130 635 1,521 —
1978–79 .................... — 84,816 60,312 5,879 1,056 53,377 22,834 6,282 11,410 4,429 713 1,670 —
1980–81 .................... 85,982 83,688 59,326 6,003 921 52,402 22,619 5,890 10,758 4,193 1,778 1,743 2,294
1982–83 .................... 84,740 82,039 58,051 6,875 798 50,378 22,383 5,948 11,678 4,067 690 1,605 2,701
1983–84 .................... 84,178 81,418 57,471 6,885 838 49,748 22,336 5,936 11,670 4,046 684 1,611 2,760

1984–85 .................... 84,007 81,147 57,231 6,893 825 49,513 22,320 5,916 11,671 4,021 712 1,596 2,860
1986–87 .................... 83,421 82,316 58,835 7,483 763 50,589 21,505 5,109 11,430 4,196 770 1,976 1,105 7
1987–88 .................... 83,248 81,416 57,575 7,641 729 49,205 21,662 4,900 11,279 4,048 1,435 2,179 1,832 7
1988–89 .................... 83,165 81,579 57,941 7,957 583 49,401 21,403 4,687 11,350 3,994 1,372 2,235 1,586 7
1989–90 .................... 83,425 81,880 58,419 8,272 630 49,517 21,181 4,512 11,492 3,812 1,365 2,280 1,545 7

1990–91 .................... 84,538 82,475 59,015 8,545 617 49,853 21,135 4,561 11,537 3,723 1,314 2,325 2,063
1991–92 .................... 84,578 82,506 59,258 8,829 569 49,860 20,767 4,298 11,528 3,699 1,242 2,481 2,072
1992–93 .................... 84,497 82,896 59,676 9,152 430 50,094 20,671 4,115 11,651 3,613 1,292 2,549 1,601
1993–94 .................... 85,393 83,431 60,052 9,573 442 50,037 20,705 3,970 11,858 3,595 1,282 2,674 1,962
1994–95 .................... 86,221 84,476 60,808 9,954 458 50,396 20,904 3,859 12,058 3,628 1,359 2,764 1,745

1995–96 .................... 87,125 84,958 61,165 10,205 474 50,486 20,997 3,743 12,168 3,621 1,465 2,796 2,167
1996–97 .................... 88,223 86,092 61,805 10,499 487 50,819 21,307 3,707 12,424 3,614 1,562 2,980 2,131
1997–98 .................... 89,508 87,541 62,739 10,944 476 51,319 21,682 3,599 12,734 3,611 1,738 3,120 1,967
1998–99 .................... 90,874 89,259 63,462 11,202 463 51,797 22,076 3,607 13,457 3,707 1,305 3,721 1,615
1999–2000 ................ 92,012 90,538 64,131 11,521 423 52,187 22,365 3,566 13,914 3,686 1,199 4,042 1,474

2000–01 .................... 93,273 91,691 64,601 11,696 411 52,494 21,994 3,318 13,793 3,974 909 5,096 1,582
2001–02 .................... 94,112 92,696 65,228 11,983 408 52,837 22,180 3,285 14,070 3,917 908 5,288 1,416
2002–03 .................... 95,615 93,869 65,718 12,174 366 53,178 22,599 3,263 14,330 4,017 989 5,552 1,746
2003–04 .................... 95,726 93,977 65,758 12,341 376 53,041 22,782 3,251 14,595 3,840 1,096 5,437 1,749
2004–05 .................... 96,513 95,001 65,984 12,530 338 53,116 23,445 3,250 14,854 3,945 1,396 5,572 1,512

2005–06 .................... 97,382 95,731 66,026 12,545 326 53,155 23,998 3,249 15,103 3,910 1,736 5,707 1,651
2006–07 .................... 98,793 96,362 66,458 12,773 313 53,372 23,920 3,112 15,043 4,048 1,717 5,984 2,431
2007–08 .................... 98,916 97,654 67,112 13,014 288 53,810 24,643 3,117 16,146 3,981 1,399 5,899 1,262
2008–09 .................... 98,706 97,119 67,148 13,060 237 53,851 24,348 3,037 16,246 3,761 1,304 5,623 1,587
2009–10 .................... 98,817 97,521 67,140 13,163 217 53,760 24,651 2,953 16,706 3,778 1,214 5,730 1,296

2010–11 .................... 98,817 97,767 67,086 13,045 224 53,817 24,544 2,855 16,321 4,047 1,321 6,137 1,050
2011–12 .................... 98,328 97,357 66,689 12,963 205 53,521 24,357 2,865 16,586 3,899 1,007 6,311 971
2012–13 .................... 98,454 97,331 66,708 13,064 196 53,448 24,294 2,816 16,393 3,875 1,210 6,329 1,123
2013–14 .................... 98,271 97,290 67,034 13,324 193 53,517 24,067 2,721 16,704 3,467 1,175 6,189 981
2014–15 .................... 98,176 97,601 67,073 13,250 165 53,658 24,181 2,706 16,603 3,585 1,287 6,347 575

2015–16 .................... 98,277 97,586 66,758 13,022 197 53,539 24,040 2,594 16,243 3,995 1,208 6,788 691
2016–17..................... 98,158 97,434 66,837 13,253 203 53,381 23,814 2,527 16,514 3,523 1,250 6,783 724

—Not available. 7
Because of revision in data collection procedures, figures not comparable to data for
1
Includes special education, alternative, and other schools not reported by grade span. other years.
2
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics
3
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. of State School Systems, 1967–68 and 1975–76; Statistics of Public Elementary and
4
Includes schools with grade spans beginning with 4, 5, or 6 and ending with 6, 7, or 8. Secondary Day Schools, 1970–71, 1972–73, 1974–75, and 1976–77 through 1980–81; and
5
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
6
Includes schools with grades 7 and 8 or grades 7 through 9. 1982–83 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 216.20. Number and enrollment of public elementary and secondary schools, by school level, type, and charter, magnet, and virtual status: Selected years, 1990–91 through 2016–17
School level, type, Number of schools Fall enrollment
and charter, magnet, or
virtual status 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Total, all schools ......... 84,538 93,273 97,382 98,817 98,328 98,454 98,271 98,176 98,277 98,158 41,141,366 47,060,714 48,912,085 49,177,617 49,256,120 49,519,559 49,777,410 50,009,771 50,115,178 50,274,747
School type
Regular ............................ 80,395 85,422 87,585 88,929 88,663 89,031 89,183 89,386 89,501 89,527 40,599,943 46,194,730 47,957,375 48,259,245 48,273,539 48,583,049 48,863,752 49,178,890 49,313,134 49,468,870
Special education ............. 1,932 2,008 2,128 2,206 2,087 2,034 2,010 1,954 2,005 1,991 209,145 174,577 222,497 190,910 195,161 198,626 214,611 186,269 180,155 184,261
Vocational ........................ 1,060 1,025 1,221 1,485 1,434 1,403 1,380 1,387 1,396 1,391 198,117 199,669 217,621 164,013 159,905 160,207 148,447 147,550 146,321 146,601
Alternative1 ...................... 1,151 4,818 6,448 6,197 6,144 5,986 5,698 5,449 5,375 5,249 134,161 491,738 514,592 563,449 627,515 577,677 550,600 497,062 475,568 475,015
School level and type
Elementary2 ..................... 59,015 64,601 66,026 67,086 66,689 66,708 67,034 67,073 66,758 66,837 26,503,677 30,673,453 31,104,018 31,581,751 31,724,573 31,918,613 32,226,881 32,225,908 32,035,708 32,132,682
Regular ......................... 58,440 63,674 64,996 65,874 65,461 65,572 65,948 66,036 65,734 65,853 26,400,740 30,582,610 31,003,942 31,441,027 31,545,886 31,772,432 32,083,759 32,116,995 31,930,363 32,034,365
Special education ......... 419 496 508 587 544 541 543 578 568 551 58,204 42,127 49,652 58,987 58,844 59,826 62,596 54,161 50,508 43,555
Vocational ..................... 31 8 8 16 17 15 7 6 5 5 17,686 2,409 1,713 3,495 4,558 3,734 1,791 1,749 1,729 1,960
Alternative1 ................... 125 423 514 609 667 580 536 453 451 428 27,047 46,307 48,711 78,242 115,285 82,621 78,735 53,003 53,108 52,802
Secondary3 ...................... 21,135 21,994 23,998 24,544 24,357 24,294 24,067 24,181 24,040 23,814 13,569,787 15,038,171 16,219,309 15,692,610 15,708,815 15,670,275 15,640,128 15,731,561 15,748,184 15,798,446
Regular ......................... 19,459 18,456 19,252 19,449 19,441 19,479 19,411 19,441 19,325 19,264 13,313,097 14,567,969 15,685,032 15,197,786 15,194,153 15,161,226 15,167,671 15,270,834 15,296,173 15,355,391
Special education ......... 165 219 368 359 339 333 331 339 313 316 11,913 12,607 42,696 27,990 27,905 28,235 28,312 24,729 21,929 21,700
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Vocational ..................... 1,010 997 1,185 1,387 1,349 1,324 1,311 1,318 1,329 1,332 174,105 193,981 209,762 154,088 154,187 154,610 144,066 144,042 142,611 142,332
Alternative1 ................... 501 2,322 3,193 3,349 3,228 3,158 3,014 3,083 3,073 2,902 70,672 263,614 281,819 312,746 332,570 326,204 300,079 291,956 287,471 279,023
Combined elementary/
secondary4 ................. 2,325 5,096 5,707 6,137 6,311 6,329 6,189 6,347 6,788 6,783 925,887 1,266,778 1,526,186 1,897,712 1,818,020 1,926,786 1,898,252 2,049,039 2,329,346 2,335,618
Regular ......................... 1,784 2,780 3,121 3,363 3,435 3,558 3,446 3,713 4,236 4,236 855,814 1,007,368 1,263,952 1,620,031 1,533,002 1,649,010 1,611,918 1,790,208 2,085,918 2,078,659
Special education ......... 376 715 735 964 970 935 940 935 923 907 43,992 86,253 91,966 99,120 104,344 107,295 111,958 106,500 107,658 112,826
Vocational ..................... 19 20 28 82 68 64 62 63 62 54 6,326 3,279 6,146 6,430 1,160 1,863 2,590 1,759 1,981 2,309
Alternative1 ................... 146 1,581 1,823 1,728 1,838 1,772 1,741 1,636 1,567 1,586 19,755 169,878 164,122 172,131 179,514 168,618 171,786 150,572 133,789 141,824
Other (not classified by
grade span) ................ 2,063 1,582 1,651 1,050 971 1,123 981 575 691 724 142,015 82,312 62,572 5,544 4,712 3,885 12,149 3,263 1,940 8,001
Regular ......................... 712 512 216 243 326 422 378 196 206 174 30,292 36,783 4,449 401 498 381 404 853 680 455
Special education ......... 972 578 517 296 234 225 196 102 201 217 95,036 33,590 38,183 4,813 4,068 3,270 11,745 879 60 6,180
Vocational ..................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Alternative1 ................... 379 492 918 511 411 476 407 277 284 333 16,687 11,939 19,940 330 146 234 0 1,531 1,200 1,366
Charter status and level
All charter schools5 .......... — 1,993 3,780 5,274 5,696 6,079 6,465 6,747 6,855 7,011 — 448,343 1,012,906 1,787,091 2,057,599 2,269,435 2,522,022 2,721,786 2,845,322 3,010,287
Elementary2 .................. — 1,011 1,969 2,866 3,127 3,388 3,634 3,851 3,854 3,934 — 249,101 532,217 905,575 1,045,492 1,156,075 1,288,568 1,405,015 1,448,523 1,511,812

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 127

Secondary3 ................... — 467 1,057 1,368 1,418 1,465 1,522 1,563 1,576 1,618 — 79,588 219,627 341,534 386,482 399,921 443,423 467,231 482,296 504,301
Combined elementary/
secondary4 .............. — 448 704 1,027 1,112 1,204 1,268 1,330 1,406 1,454 — 117,377 259,837 539,653 625,429 713,073 789,883 848,875 914,110 994,021
Other (not classified
by grade span) ........ — 67 50 13 39 22 41 3 19 5 — 2,277 1,225 329 196 366 148 665 393 153
Magnet status and level
All magnet schools5 .......... — 1,469 2,736 2,722 2,949 3,151 3,254 3,285 3,237 3,164 — 1,213,976 2,103,013 2,055,133 2,248,177 2,478,531 2,556,644 2,609,104 2,604,145 2,537,011
Elementary2 ................... — 1,111 1,994 1,849 2,012 2,150 2,164 2,216 2,135 2,087 — 704,763 1,186,160 1,035,288 1,158,405 1,287,771 1,300,317 1,312,571 1,281,873 1,266,076
Secondary3 .................... — 328 643 746 802 862 939 911 884 853 — 484,684 869,010 944,434 1,015,267 1,118,574 1,178,272 1,207,248 1,188,316 1,141,181
Combined elementary/
secondary4 .............. — 29 80 103 116 121 133 142 203 205 — 24,529 47,509 75,411 74,505 72,148 78,055 89,277 133,956 129,752
Other (not classified
by grade span) ........ — 1 19 24 19 18 18 16 15 19 — 0 334 0 0 38 0 8 0 2
Virtual status and level
All virtual schools5,6 .......... — — — — — — 477 576 592 562 — — — — — — 200,343 229,608 234,148 212,311
Elementary2 ................... — — — — — — 65 77 74 68 — — — — — — 14,277 19,341 19,064 14,669
Secondary3 .................... — — — — — — 100 132 144 132 — — — — — — 18,625 29,303 32,535 23,355
Combined elementary/

Public Schools
secondary4 .............. — — — — — — 310 366 373 361 — — — — — — 167,441 180,964 182,549 174,287
Other (not classified
by grade span) ........ — — — — — — 2 1 1 1 — — — — — — 0 0 0 0

—Not available. 5
Magnet, charter, and virtual schools are also included under regular, special education, vocational, or alternative schools
1
Includes schools that provide nontraditional education, address needs of students that typically cannot be met in regular as appropriate.
schools, serve as adjuncts to regular schools, or fall outside the categories of regular, special education, or vocational 6
Virtual schools are defined as having instruction during which students and teachers are separated by time and/or location
education. and interact via internet-connected computers or other electronic devices.
2
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public
3
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 1990–91 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared June 2019.)
4
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above.
128 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.30. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary students and schools, by traditional or charter
school status and selected characteristics: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2016–17
2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2016–17
Traditional Traditional Traditional Traditional
Total, all (non- Total, all (non- Total, all (non- Total, all (non-
public charter) Charter public charter) Charter public charter) Charter public charter) Charter
Selected characteristic schools schools schools schools schools schools schools schools schools schools schools schools
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Fall enrollment (in thousands) .............. 47,061 46,612 448 48,912 47,899 1,013 49,178 47,391 1,787 50,275 47,264 3,010

Percentage distribution of students

Sex .. .................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Male ................................................ 51.4 51.4 51.2 51.4 51.4 49.9 51.4 51.4 49.5 51.4 51.5 49.6
Female ............................................. 48.6 48.6 48.8 48.6 48.6 50.1 48.6 48.6 50.5 48.6 48.5 50.4
Race/ethnicity ...................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White ............................................... 61.0 61.2 42.7 57.1 57.4 40.5 52.5 53.1 36.2 48.2 49.2 32.2
Black ............................................... 17.0 16.9 33.2 17.2 16.9 32.1 16.0 15.5 28.9 15.3 14.6 26.5
Hispanic ........................................... 16.6 16.6 19.4 19.8 19.8 22.4 23.1 22.9 27.3 26.4 26.0 32.6
Asian/Pacific Islander ....................... 4.2 4.2 2.9 4.6 4.6 3.6 5.0 5.0 3.7 5.5 5.5 4.4
American Indian/Alaska Native ......... 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.0 1.0 0.7
Two or more races ........................... — — — — — — 2.4 2.3 2.9 3.6 3.6 3.6
Percent of students eligible for free or
reduced-price lunch program1 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to 25.0 .......................................... 34.3 34.3 39.3 32.9 32.9 36.1 23.9 23.8 26.7 21.2 21.2 20.2
25.1 to 50.0 ..................................... 24.7 24.8 12.7 29.1 29.4 15.9 28.9 29.2 18.9 28.3 28.9 19.4
50.1 to 75.0 ..................................... 16.0 16.1 14.9 21.0 21.0 17.4 26.6 26.8 20.4 25.7 25.9 21.5
More than 75.0 ................................ 12.4 12.4 14.7 15.9 15.8 22.0 20.1 19.7 30.7 24.2 23.5 33.8
Missing/school does 5.1
not participate ............................ 12.5 12.4 18.4 1.0 0.9 8.6 0.5 0.4 3.2 0.7 0.4

Number of teachers ............................ 2,747,649

2
2,729,033 18,616 3,057,723 3,008,581 49,142 3,001,994 2,910,869 91,126 3,096,459 2,942,705 153,754
Pupil/teacher ratio2 .............................. 16.4 16.4 18.2 16.0 16.0 17.3 16.4 16.4 18.0 16.2 16.1 17.8
Total number of schools ....................... 93,273 91,280 1,993 97,382 93,602 3,780 98,817 93,543 5,274 98,158 91,147 7,011

Percentage distribution of schools

School level ......................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Elementary3 ..................................... 69.3 69.7 50.7 67.8 68.4 52.1 67.9 68.7 54.3 68.1 69.0 56.1
Secondary4 ...................................... 23.6 23.6 23.4 24.6 24.5 28.0 24.8 24.8 25.9 24.3 24.4 23.1
Combined5 ....................................... 5.5 5.1 22.5 5.9 5.3 18.6 6.2 5.5 19.5 6.9 5.8 20.7
Other ............................................... 1.7 1.7 3.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.1
Size of enrollment ................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Less than 300 .................................. 31.9 31.0 75.2 32.3 30.7 69.6 30.9 29.3 59.0 30.0 28.7 46.8
300 to 499 ....................................... 26.5 26.8 12.7 26.7 27.1 16.5 27.8 28.1 22.3 27.8 28.0 25.4
500 to 999 ....................................... 32.0 32.5 9.7 31.2 32.1 10.9 32.3 33.4 14.8 32.8 33.7 21.6
1,000 or more .................................. 9.6 9.8 2.4 9.8 10.1 3.0 9.0 9.3 3.9 9.3 9.6 6.2
Racial/ethnic concentration
More than 50 percent White ............. 70.2 70.6 51.6 65.4 66.2 46.5 60.4 61.7 38.4 55.6 57.4 33.3
More than 50 percent Black ............. 11.1 10.8 25.1 11.6 10.9 26.4 10.7 9.8 25.4 9.8 8.8 23.1
More than 50 percent Hispanic ........ 9.2 9.1 11.5 11.9 11.7 15.1 14.5 14.1 20.8 17.0 16.3 25.8
Percent of students eligible for free or 100.0
reduced-price lunch program1 ...... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
0 to 25.0 .......................................... 29.9 29.8 33.1 28.3 28.1 32.7 23.2 22.9 27.7 18.0 17.9 18.3
25.1 to 50.0 ..................................... 25.0 25.3 11.5 27.9 28.4 15.2 26.9 27.4 17.4 27.0 27.6 18.6
50.1 to 75.0 ..................................... 16.8 16.9 11.1 21.6 21.8 16.9 26.4 26.8 20.1 25.8 26.0 22.0
More than 75.0 ................................ 12.2 12.2 13.1 16.6 16.4 22.7 21.3 20.7 33.1 24.7 23.9 35.9
Missing/school does not 5.3
participate .................................. 16.2 15.8 31.1 5.6 5.3 12.5 2.2 2.3 1.7 4.6 4.5
Locale ................................................. — — — 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
City .................................................. — — — 25.0 24.0 52.5 26.2 24.5 55.5 27.2 24.9 56.0
Suburban ......................................... — — — 28.2 28.4 22.2 27.4 27.8 21.3 31.7 32.1 26.2
Town ................................................ — — — 15.3 15.5 9.4 14.0 14.4 7.6 13.4 13.9 6.4
Rural ................................................ — — — 31.5 32.1 16.0 32.3 33.3 15.6 27.8 29.1 11.3
Region ................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Northeast ......................................... 16.2 16.3 10.9 15.7 16.0 9.0 15.5 15.9 9.5 15.5 15.9 10.1
Midwest ........................................... 28.7 28.8 23.3 27.9 27.9 27.4 26.4 26.6 23.1 25.8 26.2 20.5
South ............................................... 33.1 33.2 27.5 33.8 34.1 26.5 34.7 35.0 29.5 34.8 35.0 32.9
West ................................................ 22.0 21.6 38.3 22.6 22.0 37.2 23.4 22.5 37.9 23.9 22.9 36.6

—Not available. 3
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8.
1
The National School Lunch Program (NSLP) is a federally assisted meal program. To be 4
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7.
eligible for free lunch under the program, a student must be from a household with an 5
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above.
income at or below 130 percent of the poverty threshold; to be eligible for reduced-price NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Race categories exclude
lunch, a student must be from a household with an income between 130 percent and persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
185 percent of the poverty threshold. Data for 2016–17 include students whose NSLP SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
eligibility has been determined through direct certification. Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,”
2
Pupil/teacher ratio based on schools that reported both enrollment and teacher data. 2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared February 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 129
Public Schools

Table 216.40. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary schools and enrollment, by level, type, and
enrollment size of school: 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2016–17
Number and percentage distribution of schools, by level and type Enrollment totals and percentage distribution, by level and type of school1
Secondary
4
Secondary4
Combined Combined
Regular elementary/ Regular elementary/
Enrollment size of school Total 2
Elementary 3
All schools schools secondary5
7
Other 6
Total 2
Elementary 3
All schools schools secondary5
7
Other 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
2014–15
Total ..................................... 98,176 67,073 24,181 19,441 6,347 575 50,009,771 32,225,908 15,731,561 15,270,834 2,049,039 3,263
Percent8 ........................ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Under 100 ............................ 10.16 5.29 17.68 9.37 36.65 68.00 0.87 0.55 1.08 0.65 4.22 13.39
100 to 199 ............................ 9.01 7.71 11.17 10.22 15.58 16.00 2.56 2.42 2.35 1.90 6.31 17.16
200 to 299 ............................ 10.89 11.54 9.14 9.60 10.17 4.00 5.23 6.08 3.26 3.01 7.09 7.08
300 to 399 ............................ 13.43 15.74 8.09 8.88 7.83 8.00 8.96 11.44 4.06 3.91 7.73 20.59
400 to 499 ............................ 13.93 16.98 6.99 7.89 5.93 0.00 11.90 15.80 4.51 4.47 7.51 0.00
500 to 599 ............................ 11.83 14.41 5.87 6.61 5.45 0.00 12.32 16.33 4.62 4.58 8.40 0.00
600 to 699 ............................ 8.61 10.29 4.82 5.43 4.15 0.00 10.61 13.79 4.50 4.46 7.61 0.00
700 to 799 ............................ 6.10 7.02 4.04 4.65 3.54 0.00 8.66 10.85 4.35 4.39 7.48 0.00
800 to 999 ............................ 6.82 7.09 6.78 7.85 3.94 0.00 11.50 12.96 8.71 8.85 9.98 0.00
1,000 to 1,499 ...................... 5.52 3.63 11.45 13.23 4.22 4.00 12.55 8.68 20.26 20.55 14.21 41.77
1,500 to 1,999 ...................... 2.04 0.28 7.41 8.61 1.40 0.00 6.73 0.97 18.51 18.87 6.78 0.00
2,000 to 2,999 ...................... 1.39 0.03 5.59 6.53 0.62 0.00 6.20 0.12 18.91 19.41 4.16 0.00
3,000 or more ...................... 0.27 # 0.98 1.13 0.52 0.00 1.90 0.01 4.89 4.96 8.53 0.00
Average enrollment8 ............. 525 483 694 791 354 131 525 483 694 791 354 131
2015–16
Total ..................................... 98,277 66,758 24,040 19,325 6,788 691 50,115,178 32,035,708 15,748,184 15,296,173 2,329,346 1,940
Percent8 ........................ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Under 100 ............................ 10.14 5.32 17.94 9.39 33.11 88.89 0.86 0.55 1.07 0.64 3.57 18.87
100 to 199 ............................ 8.91 7.62 11.04 10.15 15.03 0.00 2.53 2.40 2.32 1.88 5.76 0.00
200 to 299 ............................ 10.94 11.59 9.28 9.75 10.06 0.00 5.25 6.10 3.31 3.05 6.64 0.00
300 to 399 ............................ 13.48 15.88 7.84 8.61 8.24 5.56 8.97 11.56 3.92 3.77 7.64 20.26
400 to 499 ............................ 14.11 17.13 7.15 8.13 7.03 0.00 12.02 15.95 4.58 4.56 8.40 0.00
500 to 599 ............................ 11.63 14.21 5.71 6.46 5.65 0.00 12.10 16.12 4.48 4.44 8.23 0.00
600 to 699 ............................ 8.67 10.32 4.85 5.51 4.98 0.00 10.66 13.84 4.51 4.48 8.62 0.00
700 to 799 ............................ 6.10 7.02 3.96 4.56 4.02 0.00 8.65 10.87 4.24 4.28 7.99 0.00
800 to 999 ............................ 6.73 6.91 6.69 7.75 4.97 0.00 11.31 12.63 8.55 8.68 11.77 0.00
1,000 to 1,499 ...................... 5.53 3.67 11.28 13.03 4.53 5.56 12.54 8.79 19.86 20.09 14.44 60.88
1,500 to 1,999 ...................... 2.05 0.28 7.46 8.71 1.34 0.00 6.72 0.95 18.52 18.93 6.17 0.00
2,000 to 2,999 ...................... 1.42 0.04 5.72 6.70 0.58 0.00 6.36 0.19 19.30 19.79 3.62 0.00
3,000 or more ...................... 0.29 # 1.07 1.25 0.45 0.00 2.03 0.04 5.34 5.41 7.16 0.00
Average enrollment8 ............. 526 482 698 797 376 108 526 482 698 797 376 108
2016–17
Total ..................................... 98,158 66,837 23,814 19,264 6,783 724 50,274,747 32,132,682 15,798,446 15,355,391 2,335,618 8,001
Percent8 ........................ 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Under 100 ............................ 10.02 5.25 17.22 9.38 33.67 81.74 0.85 0.54 1.05 0.64 3.61 48.09
100 to 199 ............................ 8.93 7.60 11.11 10.06 15.24 14.78 2.54 2.40 2.32 1.87 5.92 28.52
200 to 299 ............................ 10.95 11.59 9.23 9.60 10.42 1.74 5.24 6.10 3.25 2.98 7.03 5.36
300 to 399 ............................ 13.68 16.05 8.04 8.80 8.79 0.87 9.09 11.66 3.97 3.84 8.27 3.97
400 to 499 ............................ 14.12 17.10 7.14 8.02 7.55 0.00 12.00 15.89 4.51 4.47 9.08 0.00
500 to 599 ............................ 11.57 14.08 5.94 6.70 5.32 0.00 12.01 15.96 4.60 4.58 7.88 0.00
600 to 699 ............................ 8.62 10.36 4.71 5.32 4.24 0.00 10.58 13.88 4.32 4.31 7.44 0.00
700 to 799 ............................ 6.03 6.99 3.95 4.50 3.38 0.00 8.54 10.81 4.18 4.20 6.85 0.00
800 to 999 ............................ 6.72 6.96 6.82 7.86 4.04 0.00 11.28 12.71 8.61 8.76 9.70 0.00
1,000 to 1,499 ...................... 5.54 3.69 11.33 12.97 4.67 0.87 12.54 8.85 19.69 19.89 15.02 14.05
1,500 to 1,999 ...................... 2.02 0.28 7.38 8.54 1.40 0.00 6.59 0.98 18.04 18.42 6.40 0.00
2,000 to 2,999 ...................... 1.49 0.04 6.04 7.01 0.78 0.00 6.66 0.18 20.11 20.62 4.87 0.00
3,000 or more ...................... 0.29 0.01 1.08 1.24 0.51 0.00 2.08 0.04 5.35 5.42 7.93 0.00
Average enrollment8 ............. 528 483 708 802 371 70 528 483 708 802 371 70

#Rounds to zero. 7
Excludes special education schools, vocational schools, and alternative schools.
1
Because the data reflect reports by schools, totals differ from those in tables based 8
Data are for schools reporting enrollments greater than zero. Enrollments greater than
on reports by states or school districts. Percentage distribution and average enrollment zero were reported for 95,230 out of 98,176 schools in 2014–15, 95,240 out of 98,277 in
calculations exclude data for schools not reporting enrollment. 2015–16, and 95,283 out of 98,158 in 2016–17.
2
Includes elementary, secondary, combined elementary/secondary, and other schools. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised
3
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. from previously published figures.
4
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
5
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above. Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2014–15,
6
Includes special education, alternative, and other schools not reported by grade span. 2015–16, and 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

130 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.45. Average enrollment and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary schools, by level, type, and enrollment
size: Selected years, 1982–83 through 2016–17
Average enrollment in schools, by level and type
Secondary3 Percentage distribution of schools, by enrollment size
Combined
All Regular elementary/ 1,000
Year Total1 Elementary2 schools schools secondary4
6
Other5 Under 200 200 to 299 300 to 399 400 to 499 500 to 599 600 to 699 700 to 999 or more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1982–83 ............. 478 399 719 — 478 142 21.9 13.8 15.5 13.1 10.2 7.1 10.2 8.3
1983–84 ............. 480 401 720 — 475 145 21.7 13.7 15.5 13.2 10.2 7.1 10.3 8.3
1984–85 ............. 482 403 721 — 476 146 21.5 13.6 15.5 13.2 10.3 7.1 10.4 8.4
1986–87 ............. 489 416 707 714 426 118 21.1 13.1 15.0 13.5 10.8 7.5 10.7 8.1
1987–88 ............. 490 424 695 711 420 122 20.3 12.9 14.9 13.8 11.1 7.8 11.2 8.0
1988–89 ............. 494 433 689 697 412 142 20.0 12.5 14.7 13.8 11.4 8.0 11.6 8.0
1989–90 ............. 493 441 669 689 402 142 19.8 12.2 14.5 13.7 11.5 8.3 12.0 7.9

1990–91 ............. 497 449 663 684 398 150 19.7 11.9 14.2 13.6 11.7 8.5 12.3 8.1
1991–92 ............. 507 458 677 717 407 152 19.1 11.7 14.1 13.5 11.8 8.6 12.8 8.5
1992–93 ............. 513 464 688 733 423 135 18.6 11.6 13.9 13.5 11.9 8.7 13.1 8.7
1993–94 ............. 518 468 693 748 418 136 18.6 11.5 13.6 13.5 11.7 8.8 13.3 9.0
1994–95 ............. 520 471 696 759 412 131 18.6 11.4 13.6 13.4 11.8 8.7 13.3 9.2

1995–96 ............. 525 476 703 771 401 136 18.5 11.2 13.5 13.4 11.8 8.8 13.4 9.4
1996–97 ............. 527 478 703 777 387 135 18.7 11.3 13.2 13.2 11.8 8.8 13.6 9.5
1997–98 ............. 525 478 699 779 374 121 19.3 11.2 13.1 13.3 11.6 8.6 13.4 9.6
1998–99 ............. 524 478 707 786 290 135 19.6 11.2 13.1 13.2 11.5 8.5 13.3 9.6
1999–2000 ......... 521 477 706 785 282 123 20.0 11.3 13.3 13.2 11.2 8.4 13.1 9.5

2000–01 ............. 519 477 714 795 274 136 20.4 11.4 13.2 13.3 11.0 8.2 12.9 9.6
2001–02 ............. 520 477 718 807 270 138 20.5 11.5 13.3 13.1 10.9 8.1 12.7 9.7
2002–03 ............. 519 476 720 813 265 136 20.7 11.6 13.4 13.0 10.9 8.1 12.4 9.8
2003–04 ............. 521 476 722 816 269 142 20.7 11.6 13.5 13.2 10.8 8.0 12.3 9.9
2004–05 ............. 521 474 713 815 298 143 20.7 11.6 13.5 13.2 10.8 8.1 12.2 9.9

2005–06 ............. 521 473 709 819 318 128 20.7 11.5 13.6 13.2 11.0 8.1 12.2 9.8
2006–07 ............. 521 473 711 818 325 138 20.3 11.5 13.8 13.4 11.0 8.2 12.2 9.6
2007–08 ............. 516 469 704 816 292 136 20.4 11.5 13.9 13.6 11.1 8.1 12.0 9.3
2008–09 ............. 517 470 704 807 308 177 20.0 11.4 13.8 13.9 11.3 8.3 12.2 9.1
2009–10 ............. 516 473 692 796 300 191 20.0 11.3 13.7 13.9 11.4 8.5 12.3 9.0

2010–11 ............. 517 475 684 790 343 57 19.8 11.0 13.9 13.9 11.5 8.5 12.5 9.0
2011–12 ............. 520 479 690 788 322 84 19.4 11.0 13.8 13.9 11.7 8.6 12.7 9.0
2012–13 ............. 522 481 689 785 337 84 19.3 10.9 13.6 13.9 11.7 8.6 12.8 9.1
2013–14 ............. 525 483 693 788 340 238 19.2 10.9 13.4 13.9 11.8 8.7 13.0 9.1
2014–15 ............. 525 483 694 791 354 131 19.2 10.9 13.4 13.9 11.8 8.6 12.9 9.2

2015–16 ............. 526 482 698 797 376 108 19.0 10.9 13.5 14.1 11.6 8.7 12.8 9.3
2016–17 ............. 528 483 708 802 371 70 19.0 11.0 13.7 14.1 11.6 8.6 12.8 9.3

—Not available. NOTE: Data reflect reports by schools rather than by states or school districts. Percentage
1
Includes elementary, secondary, combined elementary/secondary, and other schools. distribution and average enrollment calculations include data only for schools reporting
2
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. enrollments greater than zero. Enrollments greater than zero were reported for 95,283
3
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. out of 98,158 schools in 2016–17. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
4
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
5
Includes special education, alternative, and other schools not reported by grade span. Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 1982–83
6
Excludes special education schools, vocational schools, and alternative schools. through 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

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 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 131
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Table 216.50. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by percentage of minority
enrollment in the school and student’s racial/ethnic group: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2016
Number of students in racial/ethnic group, Percentage distribution of students in racial/ethnic group,
by percent minority enrollment in the school by percent minority enrollment in the school
Less 90 Less 90
Year and racial/ than 10 10 to 24 25 to 49 50 to 74 75 to 89 percent than 10 10 to 24 25 to 49 50 to 74 75 to 89 percent
ethnic group Total percent percent percent percent percent or more Total percent percent percent percent percent or more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Total, 1995 ........................ 44,424,467 14,508,573 8,182,484 8,261,110 5,467,784 2,876,302 5,128,214 100.0 32.7 18.4 18.6 12.3 6.5 11.5
White ............................. 28,736,961 13,939,633 6,812,196 5,246,785 2,094,440 499,884 144,023 100.0 48.5 23.7 18.3 7.3 1.7 0.5
Minority .......................... 15,687,506 568,940 1,370,288 3,014,325 3,373,344 2,376,418 4,984,191 100.0 3.6 8.7 19.2 21.5 15.1 31.8
Black .......................... 7,510,678 198,386 598,716 1,588,850 1,622,448 941,335 2,560,943 100.0 2.6 8.0 21.2 21.6 12.5 34.1
Hispanic ...................... 6,016,293 174,140 415,761 932,949 1,289,184 1,099,109 2,105,150 100.0 2.9 6.9 15.5 21.4 18.3 35.0
Asian/Pacific Islander .. 1,656,787 142,886 259,335 367,888 379,110 297,680 209,888 100.0 8.6 15.7 22.2 22.9 18.0 12.7
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 503,748 53,528 96,476 124,638 82,602 38,294 108,210 100.0 10.6 19.2 24.7 16.4 7.6 21.5

Total, 2000 ........................ 46,120,425 12,761,478 8,736,252 8,760,300 6,013,131 3,472,083 6,377,181 100.0 27.7 18.9 19.0 13.0 7.5 13.8
White ............................. 28,146,613 12,218,862 7,271,285 5,566,681 2,303,106 596,478 190,201 100.0 43.4 25.8 19.8 8.2 2.1 0.7
Minority .......................... 17,973,812 542,616 1,464,967 3,193,619 3,710,025 2,875,605 6,186,980 100.0 3.0 8.2 17.8 20.6 16.0 34.4
Black .......................... 7,854,032 178,185 561,488 1,485,130 1,652,393 1,043,907 2,932,929 100.0 2.3 7.1 18.9 21.0 13.3 37.3
Hispanic ...................... 7,649,728 181,685 505,612 1,121,809 1,542,982 1,432,639 2,865,001 100.0 2.4 6.6 14.7 20.2 18.7 37.5
Asian/Pacific Islander .. 1,924,875 132,813 295,437 441,769 423,175 353,395 278,286 100.0 6.9 15.3 23.0 22.0 18.4 14.5
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 545,177 49,933 102,430 144,911 91,475 45,664 110,764 100.0 9.2 18.8 26.6 16.8 8.4 20.3

Total, 2005 ........................ 48,584,980 10,711,307 9,283,783 9,865,121 6,839,850 4,149,802 7,735,117 100.0 22.0 19.1 20.3 14.1 8.5 15.9
White ............................. 27,742,612 10,208,608 7,720,632 6,259,485 2,604,846 707,603 241,438 100.0 36.8 27.8 22.6 9.4 2.6 0.9
Minority .......................... 20,842,368 502,699 1,563,151 3,605,636 4,235,004 3,442,199 7,493,679 100.0 2.4 7.5 17.3 20.3 16.5 36.0
Black .......................... 8,366,722 162,455 560,928 1,513,020 1,752,207 1,176,649 3,201,463 100.0 1.9 6.7 18.1 20.9 14.1 38.3
Hispanic ...................... 9,638,712 182,039 581,533 1,388,496 1,873,877 1,803,567 3,809,200 100.0 1.9 6.0 14.4 19.4 18.7 39.5
Asian/Pacific Islander .. 2,242,628 115,084 319,524 543,952 496,515 406,788 360,765 100.0 5.1 14.2 24.3 22.1 18.1 16.1
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 594,306 43,121 101,166 160,168 112,405 55,195 122,251 100.0 7.3 17.0 27.0 18.9 9.3 20.6

Total, 2010 ........................ 49,212,031 7,395,549 9,177,649 11,236,328 7,904,340 4,718,126 8,780,039 100.0 15.0 18.6 22.8 16.1 9.6 17.8
White ............................. 25,801,021 6,987,898 7,614,557 7,097,284 3,003,599 808,637 289,046 100.0 27.1 29.5 27.5 11.6 3.1 1.1
Minority .......................... 23,411,010 407,651 1,563,092 4,139,044 4,900,741 3,909,489 8,490,993 100.0 1.7 6.7 17.7 20.9 16.7 36.3
Black .......................... 7,873,809 95,108 415,807 1,335,674 1,697,727 1,236,333 3,093,160 100.0 1.2 5.3 17.0 21.6 15.7 39.3
Hispanic ...................... 11,367,157 142,927 583,019 1,654,084 2,238,071 2,063,492 4,685,564 100.0 1.3 5.1 14.6 19.7 18.2 41.2
Asian ........................... 2,281,908 63,974 259,910 585,447 552,633 390,731 429,213 100.0 2.8 11.4 25.7 24.2 17.1 18.8
Pacific Islander ............ 169,678 4,958 13,772 27,478 32,241 41,652 49,577 100.0 2.9 8.1 16.2 19.0 24.5 29.2
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 561,126 26,066 77,990 157,300 116,787 58,476 124,507 100.0 4.6 13.9 28.0 20.8 10.4 22.2
Two or more races ...... 1,157,332 74,618 212,594 379,061 263,282 118,805 108,972 100.0 6.4 18.4 32.8 22.7 10.3 9.4

Total, 2014 ........................ 50,009,771 5,741,083 9,011,877 11,661,644 8,756,197 5,324,763 9,514,207 100.0 11.5 18.0 23.3 17.5 10.6 19.0
White ............................. 24,786,411 5,400,298 7,465,449 7,348,390 3,335,168 909,871 327,235 100.0 21.8 30.1 29.6 13.5 3.7 1.3
Minority .......................... 24,665,533 359,845 1,544,204 4,280,403 5,253,163 4,287,640 8,940,278 100.0 1.5 6.3 17.4 21.3 17.4 36.2
Black .......................... 7,759,943 62,983 342,668 1,225,416 1,697,167 1,335,814 3,095,895 100.0 0.8 4.4 15.8 21.9 17.2 39.9
Hispanic ...................... 12,716,373 126,800 612,981 1,780,885 2,539,142 2,355,996 5,300,569 100.0 1.0 4.8 14.0 20.0 18.5 41.7
Asian ........................... 2,454,856 42,901 231,503 606,496 647,976 444,359 481,621 100.0 1.7 9.4 24.7 26.4 18.1 19.6
Pacific Islander ............ 174,834 3,928 13,146 28,596 35,634 39,266 54,264 100.0 2.2 7.5 16.4 20.4 22.5 31.0
American Indian/
Alaska Native.......... 514,123 16,971 58,319 139,443 109,437 62,654 127,299 100.0 3.3 11.3 27.1 21.3 12.2 24.8
Two or more races....... 1,603,231 87,202 287,811 532,418 391,673 176,803 127,324 100.0 5.4 18.0 33.2 24.4 11.0 7.9

Total, 2015 ........................ 50,115,178 5,396,946 8,879,198 11,705,331 9,039,153 5,397,826 9,696,724 100.0 10.8 17.7 23.4 18.0 10.8 19.3
White ............................. 24,505,632 5,072,523 7,350,271 7,372,017 3,444,117 927,072 339,632 100.0 20.7 30.0 30.1 14.1 3.8 1.4
Minority .......................... 25,609,546 324,423 1,528,927 4,333,314 5,595,036 4,470,754 9,357,092 100.0 1.3 6.0 16.9 21.8 17.5 36.5
Black .......................... 7,731,426 57,618 326,861 1,195,388 1,705,877 1,334,427 3,111,255 100.0 0.7 4.2 15.5 22.1 17.3 40.2
Hispanic ...................... 12,982,345 121,565 612,478 1,800,949 2,628,585 2,392,367 5,426,401 100.0 0.9 4.7 13.9 20.2 18.4 41.8
Asian ........................... 2,504,848 38,098 222,680 606,969 685,774 458,658 492,669 100.0 1.5 8.9 24.2 27.4 18.3 19.7
Pacific Islander ............ 175,646 3,654 13,358 28,769 37,209 36,554 56,102 100.0 2.1 7.6 16.4 21.2 20.8 31.9
American Indian/
Alaska Native.......... 504,365 15,229 54,626 136,002 109,499 58,998 130,011 100.0 3.0 10.8 27.0 21.7 11.7 25.8
Two or more races ...... 1,710,916 88,259 298,924 565,237 428,092 189,750 140,654 100.0 5.2 17.5 33.0 25.0 11.1 8.2

Total, 2016 ........................ 50,274,747 5,022,678 8,774,358 11,786,119 9,298,054 5,573,066 9,820,472 100.0 10.0 17.5 23.4 18.5 11.1 19.5
White ............................. 24,237,835 4,718,110 7,259,945 7,417,761 3,541,807 953,713 346,499 100.0 19.5 30.0 30.6 14.6 3.9 1.4
Minority .......................... 26,036,912 304,568 1,514,413 4,368,358 5,756,247 4,619,353 9,473,973 100.0 1.2 5.8 16.8 22.1 17.7 36.4
Black .......................... 7,698,283 51,649 309,819 1,168,994 1,714,844 1,360,977 3,092,000 100.0 0.7 4.0 15.2 22.3 17.7 40.2
Hispanic ...................... 13,262,558 114,844 615,713 1,823,154 2,708,043 2,475,126 5,525,678 100.0 0.9 4.6 13.7 20.4 18.7 41.7
Asian ........................... 2,560,906 32,890 213,564 612,963 720,640 472,524 508,325 100.0 1.3 8.3 23.9 28.1 18.5 19.8
Pacific Islander ............ 183,415 3,708 13,567 29,378 38,580 38,780 59,402 100.0 2.0 7.4 16.0 21.0 21.1 32.4
American Indian/
Alaska Native.......... 502,152 13,441 51,288 133,381 108,048 62,795 133,199 100.0 2.7 10.2 26.6 21.5 12.5 26.5
Two or more races ...... 1,829,598 88,036 310,462 600,488 466,092 209,151 155,369 100.0 4.8 17.0 32.8 25.5 11.4 8.5

NOTE: Data reflect racial/ethnic data reported by schools. Because some schools do not SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
report complete racial/ethnic data, totals may differ from figures in other tables. Excludes Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 1995–96
1995 data for Idaho and 2000 data for Tennessee because racial/ethnic data were not through 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
reported. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to
totals because of rounding.

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132 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.55. Number and percentage distribution of public elementary and secondary school students, by percentage of student’s racial/
ethnic group enrolled in the school and student’s racial/ethnic group: Selected years, fall 1995 through fall 2016
Number of students in each racial/ethnic group, Percentage distribution of students in each racial/ethnic group,
by percent of that racial/ethnic group in the school by percent of that racial/ethnic group in the school
Less 90 Less 90
Year and racial/ than 10 10 to 24 25 to 49 50 to 74 75 to 89 percent than 10 10 to 24 25 to 49 50 to 74 75 to 89 percent
ethnic group Total percent percent percent percent percent or more Total percent percent percent percent percent or more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1995
White ................................. 28,736,961 143,787 498,649 2,084,689 5,244,015 6,813,804 13,952,017 100.0 0.5 1.7 7.3 18.2 23.7 48.6
Black ................................. 7,510,678 657,403 1,119,556 1,873,303 1,386,802 811,898 1,661,716 100.0 8.8 14.9 24.9 18.5 10.8 22.1
Hispanic ............................ 6,016,293 646,364 847,792 1,359,649 1,360,020 874,878 927,590 100.0 10.7 14.1 22.6 22.6 14.5 15.4
Asian/Pacific Islander ......... 1,656,787 703,101 435,495 301,984 135,001 67,558 13,648 100.0 42.4 26.3 18.2 8.1 4.1 0.8
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 503,748 223,244 75,019 63,070 39,200 15,084 88,131 100.0 44.3 14.9 12.5 7.8 3.0 17.5
2000
White ................................. 28,146,613 189,779 595,137 2,294,232 5,556,108 7,279,301 12,232,056 100.0 0.7 2.1 8.2 19.7 25.9 43.5
Black ................................. 7,854,032 735,459 1,199,865 1,899,982 1,366,363 871,399 1,780,964 100.0 9.4 15.3 24.2 17.4 11.1 22.7
Hispanic ............................ 7,649,728 738,509 1,054,396 1,696,944 1,739,038 1,134,466 1,286,375 100.0 9.7 13.8 22.2 22.7 14.8 16.8
Asian/Pacific Islander ......... 1,924,875 799,220 524,279 331,576 171,739 81,461 16,600 100.0 41.5 27.2 17.2 8.9 4.2 0.9
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 545,177 251,983 81,119 75,831 39,944 15,363 80,937 100.0 46.2 14.9 13.9 7.3 2.8 14.8
2005
White ................................. 27,742,612 240,614 705,300 2,596,310 6,256,109 7,718,175 10,226,104 100.0 0.9 2.5 9.4 22.6 27.8 36.9
Black ................................. 8,366,722 849,399 1,396,670 2,004,856 1,453,759 884,663 1,777,375 100.0 10.2 16.7 24.0 17.4 10.6 21.2
Hispanic ............................ 9,638,712 848,160 1,316,558 2,071,303 2,218,616 1,545,322 1,638,753 100.0 8.8 13.7 21.5 23.0 16.0 17.0
Asian/Pacific Islander ......... 2,242,628 925,411 616,762 363,562 214,304 100,845 21,744 100.0 41.3 27.5 16.2 9.6 4.5 1.0
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 594,306 276,846 86,978 84,665 43,272 21,275 81,270 100.0 46.6 14.6 14.2 7.3 3.6 13.7
2010
White ................................. 25,801,021 288,136 807,107 2,991,928 7,090,581 7,620,071 7,003,198 100.0 1.1 3.1 11.6 27.5 29.5 27.1
Black ................................. 7,873,809 904,777 1,453,068 1,907,158 1,328,164 859,843 1,420,799 100.0 11.5 18.5 24.2 16.9 10.9 18.0
Hispanic ............................ 11,367,157 896,796 1,603,546 2,473,080 2,657,108 1,791,161 1,945,466 100.0 7.9 14.1 21.8 23.4 15.8 17.1
Asian ................................. 2,281,908 944,657 633,149 431,446 219,381 43,509 9,766 100.0 41.4 27.7 18.9 9.6 1.9 0.4
Pacific Islander .................. 169,678 104,646 15,170 27,558 14,860 5,146 2,298 100.0 61.7 8.9 16.2 8.8 3.0 1.4
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 561,126 276,859 76,874 78,978 38,349 21,156 68,910 100.0 49.3 13.7 14.1 6.8 3.8 12.3
Two or more races ............. 1,157,332 996,181 128,813 15,347 6,709 3,286 6,996 100.0 86.1 11.1 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.6
2014
White ................................. 24,786,411 326,391 906,861 3,321,959 7,347,405 7,467,279 5,416,516 100.0 1.3 3.7 13.4 29.6 30.1 21.9
Black ................................. 7,759,943 916,247 1,495,510 1,925,536 1,350,373 874,182 1,198,095 100.0 11.8 19.3 24.8 17.4 11.3 15.4
Hispanic ............................ 12,716,373 917,811 1,815,981 2,766,817 3,013,933 2,057,591 2,144,240 100.0 7.2 14.3 21.8 23.7 16.2 16.9
Asian ................................. 2,454,856 958,881 677,894 500,886 252,293 48,914 15,988 100.0 39.1 27.6 20.4 10.3 2.0 0.7
Pacific Islander .................. 174,834 113,812 15,541 27,772 12,828 4,786 95 100.0 65.1 8.9 15.9 7.3 2.7 0.1
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 514,123 251,476 70,266 72,766 33,205 21,219 65,191 100.0 48.9 13.7 14.2 6.5 4.1 12.7
Two or more races ............. 1,603,231 1,370,555 220,692 8,815 1,482 1,062 625 100.0 85.5 13.8 0.5 0.1 0.1 #
2015
White ................................. 24,505,632 338,854 925,174 3,433,953 7,370,748 7,349,746 5,087,157 100.0 1.4 3.8 14.0 30.1 30.0 20.8
Black ................................. 7,731,426 926,749 1,501,089 1,921,738 1,359,513 867,967 1,154,370 100.0 12.0 19.4 24.9 17.6 11.2 14.9
Hispanic ............................ 12,982,345 917,357 1,853,764 2,853,336 3,113,283 2,063,469 2,181,136 100.0 7.1 14.3 22.0 24.0 15.9 16.8
Asian ................................. 2,504,848 958,423 688,104 525,789 264,939 51,494 16,099 100.0 38.3 27.5 21.0 10.6 2.1 0.6
Pacific Islander .................. 175,646 115,753 16,543 26,626 12,225 4,398 101 100.0 65.9 9.4 15.2 7.0 2.5 0.1
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 504,365 244,771 70,672 70,002 31,830 20,554 66,536 100.0 48.5 14.0 13.9 6.3 4.1 13.2
Two or more races ............. 1,710,916 1,441,131 257,234 9,985 1,644 915 7 100.0 84.2 15.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 #
2016
White ................................. 24,237,835 345,391 951,004 3,526,424 7,414,830 7,269,692 4,730,494 100.0 1.4 3.9 14.5 30.6 30.0 19.5
Black ................................. 7,698,283 934,011 1,525,821 1,918,536 1,370,443 847,520 1,101,952 100.0 12.1 19.8 24.9 17.8 11.0 14.3
Hispanic ............................ 13,262,558 915,163 1,908,509 2,959,009 3,184,219 2,112,281 2,183,377 100.0 6.9 14.4 22.3 24.0 15.9 16.5
Asian ................................. 2,560,906 957,860 699,521 554,255 277,419 56,823 15,028 100.0 37.4 27.3 21.6 10.8 2.2 0.6
Pacific Islander .................. 183,415 124,482 18,105 25,524 12,050 3,142 112 100.0 67.9 9.9 13.9 6.6 1.7 0.1
American Indian/Alaska
Native ......................... 502,152 243,356 69,973 70,719 32,069 21,969 64,066 100.0 48.5 13.9 14.1 6.4 4.4 12.8
Two or more races ............. 1,829,598 1,510,009 301,306 15,955 808 1,074 446 100.0 82.5 16.5 0.9 0.0 0.1 #

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
NOTE: Data reflect racial/ethnic data reported by schools. Because some schools do not Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 1995–96
report complete racial/ethnic data, totals may differ from figures in other tables. Excludes through 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
1995 data for Idaho and 2000 data for Tennessee because racial/ethnic data were not
reported. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to
totals because of rounding.

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 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 133
Public Schools

Table 216.60. Number and percentage distribution of public school students, by percentage of students in school who are eligible for free
or reduced-price lunch, school level, locale, and student race/ethnicity: Fall 2016
Number of students, by percent of students in Percentage distribution of students, by percent of students
school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch in school eligible for free or reduced-price lunch
Missing/ Missing/
25.1 to 50.1 to More school 25.1 to 50.1 to More school
School level, locale, and 0 to 25.0 50.0 75.0 than 75.0 does not 0 to 25.0 50.0 75.0 than 75.0 does not
student race/ethnicity Total1 percent percent percent percent participate Total1 percent percent percent percent participate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total ........................................ 50,274,747 10,647,925 14,244,477 12,908,098 12,144,248 329,999 100.0 21.2 28.3 25.7 24.2 0.7
White .............................................. 24,237,835 7,479,431 9,034,058 5,641,781 1,917,558 165,007 100.0 30.9 37.3 23.3 7.9 0.7
Black .............................................. 7,698,283 566,614 1,415,020 2,273,153 3,388,185 55,311 100.0 7.4 18.4 29.5 44.0 0.7
Hispanic ......................................... 13,262,558 1,097,634 2,403,084 3,780,174 5,911,620 70,046 100.0 8.3 18.1 28.5 44.6 0.5
Asian .............................................. 2,560,906 1,006,812 655,202 513,457 370,770 14,665 100.0 39.3 25.6 20.0 14.5 0.6
Pacific Islander ............................... 183,415 22,231 51,793 63,877 44,559 955 100.0 12.1 28.2 34.8 24.3 0.5
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 502,152 39,173 113,145 143,376 193,324 13,134 100.0 7.8 22.5 28.6 38.5 2.6
Two or more races .......................... 1,829,598 436,030 572,175 492,280 318,232 10,881 100.0 23.8 31.3 26.9 17.4 0.6
School level2
Elementary3 .................................... 32,132,682 6,360,172 8,204,059 8,333,876 9,099,671 134,904 100.0 19.8 25.5 25.9 28.3 0.4
White .......................................... 15,089,181 4,416,375 5,246,851 3,867,876 1,498,374 59,705 100.0 29.3 34.8 25.6 9.9 0.4
Black .......................................... 4,951,958 302,001 762,785 1,343,414 2,517,005 26,753 100.0 6.1 15.4 27.1 50.8 0.5
Hispanic ...................................... 8,754,451 656,865 1,362,115 2,318,389 4,386,700 30,382 100.0 7.5 15.6 26.5 50.1 0.3
Asian ........................................... 1,631,133 661,213 378,372 320,928 265,305 5,315 100.0 40.5 23.2 19.7 16.3 0.3
Pacific Islander ............................ 113,870 12,589 26,890 39,697 34,269 425 100.0 11.1 23.6 34.9 30.1 0.4
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 310,544 20,234 59,744 87,508 135,935 7,123 100.0 6.5 19.2 28.2 43.8 2.3
Two or more races ...................... 1,281,545 290,895 367,302 356,064 262,083 5,201 100.0 22.7 28.7 27.8 20.5 0.4
Secondary4 ..................................... 15,798,446 3,837,261 5,452,290 3,941,038 2,452,708 115,149 100.0 24.3 34.5 24.9 15.5 0.7
White .......................................... 7,993,766 2,753,288 3,408,526 1,453,828 317,392 60,732 100.0 34.4 42.6 18.2 4.0 0.8
Black .......................................... 2,312,355 227,853 592,193 809,283 668,152 14,874 100.0 9.9 25.6 35.0 28.9 0.6
Hispanic ...................................... 3,958,417 389,455 943,604 1,315,794 1,282,119 27,445 100.0 9.8 23.8 33.2 32.4 0.7
Asian ........................................... 849,389 319,790 256,056 177,640 91,901 4,002 100.0 37.6 30.1 20.9 10.8 0.5
Pacific Islander ............................ 61,083 8,214 22,639 21,730 8,229 271 100.0 13.4 37.1 35.6 13.5 0.4
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 156,347 15,336 47,659 46,411 41,706 5,235 100.0 9.8 30.5 29.7 26.7 3.3
Two or more races ...................... 467,089 123,325 181,613 116,352 43,209 2,590 100.0 26.4 38.9 24.9 9.3 0.6
School locale
City ................................................. 15,316,001 1,947,874 3,191,372 3,914,467 6,139,113 123,175 100.0 12.7 20.8 25.6 40.1 0.8
White .......................................... 4,391,156 1,124,033 1,524,083 1,090,833 613,150 39,057 100.0 25.6 34.7 24.8 14.0 0.9
Black .......................................... 3,547,372 147,882 481,436 956,626 1,925,691 35,737 100.0 4.2 13.6 27.0 54.3 1.0
Hispanic ...................................... 5,569,038 267,433 743,093 1,397,573 3,125,653 35,286 100.0 4.8 13.3 25.1 56.1 0.6
Asian ........................................... 1,055,087 287,018 247,675 259,602 253,999 6,793 100.0 27.2 23.5 24.6 24.1 0.6
Pacific Islander ............................ 66,285 5,856 15,258 21,985 22,809 377 100.0 8.8 23.0 33.2 34.4 0.6
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 105,533 8,621 23,973 28,995 42,089 1,855 100.0 8.2 22.7 27.5 39.9 1.8
Two or more races ...................... 581,530 107,031 155,854 158,853 155,722 4,070 100.0 18.4 26.8 27.3 26.8 0.7
Suburban ........................................ 19,917,509 6,450,792 5,561,185 4,251,982 3,518,550 135,000 100.0 32.4 27.9 21.3 17.7 0.7
White .......................................... 9,708,972 4,529,749 3,183,594 1,460,317 453,279 82,033 100.0 46.7 32.8 15.0 4.7 0.8
Black .......................................... 2,713,931 332,830 638,770 866,008 859,580 16,743 100.0 12.3 23.5 31.9 31.7 0.6
Hispanic ...................................... 5,282,012 659,386 1,105,897 1,502,145 1,991,403 23,181 100.0 12.5 20.9 28.4 37.7 0.4
Asian ........................................... 1,279,758 638,653 333,779 203,930 96,574 6,822 100.0 49.9 26.1 15.9 7.5 0.5
Pacific Islander ............................ 73,702 13,225 22,779 23,851 13,502 345 100.0 17.9 30.9 32.4 18.3 0.5
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 88,237 17,343 28,352 23,579 18,028 935 100.0 19.7 32.1 26.7 20.4 1.1
Two or more races ...................... 770,897 259,606 248,014 172,152 86,184 4,941 100.0 33.7 32.2 22.3 11.2 0.6
Town .............................................. 5,555,569 502,817 1,968,836 1,968,313 1,093,032 22,571 100.0 9.1 35.4 35.4 19.7 0.4
White .......................................... 3,504,174 420,815 1,537,730 1,212,185 322,002 11,442 100.0 12.0 43.9 34.6 9.2 0.3
Black .......................................... 548,226 14,680 85,837 178,156 268,835 718 100.0 2.7 15.7 32.5 49.0 0.1
Hispanic ...................................... 1,098,351 37,674 218,594 430,914 406,217 4,952 100.0 3.4 19.9 39.2 37.0 0.5
Asian ........................................... 72,120 9,449 28,125 23,685 10,728 133 100.0 13.1 39.0 32.8 14.9 0.2
Pacific Islander ............................ 23,424 809 7,923 9,972 4,668 52 100.0 3.5 33.8 42.6 19.9 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 118,794 4,120 26,316 38,811 44,778 4,769 100.0 3.5 22.2 32.7 37.7 4.0
Two or more races ...................... 190,480 15,270 64,311 74,590 35,804 505 100.0 8.0 33.8 39.2 18.8 0.3
Rural .............................................. 9,485,668 1,746,442 3,523,084 2,773,336 1,393,553 49,253 100.0 18.4 37.1 29.2 14.7 0.5
White .......................................... 6,633,533 1,404,834 2,788,651 1,878,446 529,127 32,475 100.0 21.2 42.0 28.3 8.0 0.5
Black .......................................... 888,754 71,222 208,977 272,363 334,079 2,113 100.0 8.0 23.5 30.6 37.6 0.2
Hispanic ...................................... 1,313,157 133,141 335,500 449,542 388,347 6,627 100.0 10.1 25.5 34.2 29.6 0.5
Asian ........................................... 153,941 71,692 45,623 26,240 9,469 917 100.0 46.6 29.6 17.0 6.2 0.6
Pacific Islander ............................ 20,004 2,341 5,833 8,069 3,580 181 100.0 11.7 29.2 40.3 17.9 0.9
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 189,588 9,089 34,504 51,991 88,429 5,575 100.0 4.8 18.2 27.4 46.6 2.9
Two or more races ...................... 286,691 54,123 103,996 86,685 40,522 1,365 100.0 18.9 36.3 30.2 14.1 0.5

1
Includes students enrolled in schools that did not report free or reduced-price lunch Runaway and Homeless Youth Act—are assumed to be categorically eligible to participate
eligibility. in the NSLP. Data include students whose NSLP eligibility has been determined through
2
Combined elementary/secondary schools and schools not reported by grade span are direct certification. Also, under the Community Eligibility option, some nonpoor children
not shown separately. who attend school in a low-income area may participate if the district decides that it would
3
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. be more efficient to provide free lunch to all children in the school. For more information,
4
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. see http://www.fns.usda.gov/nslp/national-school-lunch-program-nslp. Race categories
NOTE: Students with household incomes under 185 percent of the poverty threshold are exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
eligible for free or reduced-price lunch under the National School Lunch Program (NSLP). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
In addition, some groups of children—such as foster children, children participating in the Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2016–17.
Head Start and Migrant Education programs, and children receiving services under the (This table was prepared February 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

134 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.70. Public elementary and secondary schools, by level, type, and state or jurisdiction: 1990–91, 2000–01, 2010–11, and 2016–17

Schools by level, 2016–17 Selected types of schools, 2016–17

Combined elementary/secondary3
Prekinder-
garten, Other
kindergar- schools
Total, all Total, all Total, all ten, or ending Other One-
schools, schools, schools, Total, all Elemen- Second- grade 1 to with combined Alterna- Special teacher
State or jurisdiction 1990–91 2000–01 2010–11 schools tary1 ary2 Total grade 12 grade 12 schools Other4
tive5 education5 schools5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States ........ 84,538 93,273 98,817 98,158 66,837 23,814 6,783 3,471 2,736 576 724 5,249 1,991 203
Alabama ....................... 1,297 1,517 1,600 1,513 925 406 159 105 48 6 23 83 34 0
Alaska .......................... 498 515 509 507 196 79 232 217 15 0 0 23 3 7
Arizona ......................... 1,049 1,724 2,265 2,308 1,377 750 165 89 58 18 16 59 20 2
Arkansas ...................... 1,098 1,138 1,110 1,089 697 374 18 4 9 5 0 5 4 0
California ..................... 7,913 8,773 10,124 10,286 7,037 2,509 625 477 140 8 115 1,103 150 34
Colorado ...................... 1,344 1,632 1,796 1,888 1,320 401 167 79 79 9 0 98 7 0
Connecticut .................. 985 1,248 1,157 1,250 919 297 34 13 18 3 0 21 156 0
Delaware ...................... 173 191 214 228 168 38 17 10 5 2 5 6 18 0
District of Columbia ..... 181 198 228 223 177 36 10 2 5 3 0 4 2 0
Florida .......................... 2,516 3,316 4,131 4,178 2,845 675 657 279 352 26 1 392 171 4
Georgia ........................ 1,734 1,946 2,449 2,300 1,775 453 66 15 37 14 6 41 19 0
Hawaii .......................... 235 261 289 290 212 52 26 22 3 1 0 1 1 1
Idaho ............................ 582 673 748 745 460 202 83 41 39 3 0 74 11 11
Illinois .......................... 4,239 4,342 4,361 4,173 3,048 894 131 19 102 10 100 141 110 0
Indiana ......................... 1,915 1,976 1,936 1,921 1,371 469 62 25 34 3 19 8 22 0
Iowa ............................. 1,588 1,534 1,436 1,328 939 348 41 4 37 0 0 18 3 2
Kansas ......................... 1,477 1,430 1,378 1,318 923 340 52 16 36 0 3 1 4 0
Kentucky ...................... 1,400 1,526 1,554 1,539 975 417 146 41 101 4 1 184 8 0
Louisiana ..................... 1,533 1,530 1,471 1,404 973 280 151 99 45 7 0 5 32 0
Maine ........................... 747 714 631 605 445 146 14 10 4 0 0 0 1 4
Maryland ...................... 1,220 1,383 1,449 1,424 1,125 241 45 20 22 3 13 44 37 0
Massachusetts ............ 1,842 1,905 1,829 1,856 1,419 373 58 19 32 7 6 21 8 0
Michigan ...................... 3,313 3,998 3,877 3,458 1,744 864 827 477 340 10 23 323 180 6
Minnesota .................... 1,590 2,362 2,392 2,513 1,357 857 298 144 144 10 1 500 306 0
Mississippi ................... 972 1,030 1,083 1,066 619 329 45 37 7 1 73 66 1 0
Missouri ....................... 2,199 2,368 2,410 2,424 1,620 628 156 75 81 0 20 59 53 0
Montana ....................... 900 879 827 820 492 328 0 0 0 0 0 4 2 58
Nebraska ..................... 1,506 1,326 1,096 1,095 731 302 12 11 0 1 50 49 27 3
Nevada ......................... 354 511 645 657 479 125 53 18 28 7 0 33 13 14
New Hampshire ............ 439 526 480 490 381 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
New Jersey .................. 2,272 2,410 2,607 2,590 1,950 543 74 44 23 7 23 90 63 0
New Mexico ................. 681 765 862 869 601 229 33 12 18 3 6 26 5 1
New York ...................... 4,010 4,336 4,757 4,798 3,273 1,121 401 180 167 54 3 56 131 0
North Carolina .............. 1,955 2,207 2,567 2,624 1,919 546 158 72 62 24 1 73 25 0
North Dakota ................ 663 579 516 519 305 181 0 0 0 0 33 0 32 5
Ohio ............................. 3,731 3,916 3,758 3,591 2,399 1,006 180 42 70 68 6 0 51 0
Oklahoma ..................... 1,880 1,821 1,785 1,792 1,225 558 8 1 6 1 1 5 4 0
Oregon ......................... 1,199 1,273 1,296 1,243 885 273 85 56 26 3 0 32 1 15
Pennsylvania ................ 3,260 3,252 3,233 3,004 2,124 785 95 43 43 9 0 6 4 0
Rhode Island ................ 309 328 317 315 239 70 6 5 1 0 0 2 1 0
South Carolina ............. 1,097 1,127 1,214 1,252 931 281 40 11 22 7 0 12 8 0
South Dakota ............... 802 769 710 697 438 243 16 6 10 0 0 33 12 12
Tennessee .................... 1,543 1,624 1,784 1,774 1,343 345 86 30 43 13 0 18 16 0
Texas ............................ 5,991 7,519 8,732 8,909 6,122 2,092 695 280 239 176 0 932 11 1
Utah ............................. 714 793 1,016 1,037 674 282 81 44 6 31 0 28 59 6
Vermont ....................... 397 393 320 312 229 65 18 11 7 0 0 1 0 1
Virginia ......................... 1,811 1,969 2,175 2,134 1,493 436 35 25 10 0 170 125 53 0
Washington .................. 1,936 2,305 2,338 2,436 1,563 656 217 140 69 8 0 314 95 2
West Virginia ................ 1,015 840 757 739 548 120 69 45 24 0 2 33 3 0
Wisconsin .................... 2,018 2,182 2,238 2,256 1,579 559 114 43 65 6 4 91 11 5
Wyoming ...................... 415 393 360 371 248 101 22 13 4 5 0 6 3 9
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ............ — 189 173 174 112 19 43 37 5 1 0 0 0 0
DoDEA6 ..................... — 227 191 — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ... 30 31 28 28 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guam ..................... 35 38 40 41 34 7 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Northern Marianas ... 26 29 30 — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ............. 1,619 1,543 1,473 1,283 932 251 73 5 15 53 27 10 19 0
U.S. Virgin Islands ... 33 36 32 28 19 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

—Not available. 6
DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and
1
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. overseas schools.
2
Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above. Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 1990–91,
4
Includes schools not reported by grade span. 2000–01, 2010–11, and 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
5
Schools are also included under elementary, secondary, combined, or other as appropriate.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 135
Public Schools

Table 216.75. Public elementary schools, by grade span, average school enrollment, and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17
Schools, by grade span Average school enrollment 2
Prekinder- Prekinder- Prekinder- Prekinder-
Total, all garten, garten, garten, garten, Grade
Total, all regular kindergarten, kindergarten, kindergarten, kindergarten, 4, 5, or 6 All Regular
elementary elementary or grade 1 to or grade 1 to or grade 1 to or grade 1 to to grade Other grade elementary elementary
State or jurisdiction schools schools1 grade 3 or 4 grade 5 grade 6 grade 8 6, 7, or 8 spans schools schools1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
United States ..................... 66,837 65,853 4,949 25,714 9,569 6,664 13,253 6,688 483 488
Alabama .................................... 925 915 92 293 143 59 218 120 497 499
Alaska........................................ 196 196 0 38 98 22 24 14 337 337
Arizona ...................................... 1,377 1,360 51 240 364 476 170 76 512 514
Arkansas.................................... 697 694 133 144 155 7 156 102 441 442
California ................................... 7,037 6,881 119 2,545 2,057 1,073 1,065 178 550 558
Colorado .................................... 1,320 1,316 24 634 194 131 243 94 439 439
Connecticut ............................... 919 824 98 291 66 106 170 188 371 411
Delaware ................................... 168 159 15 78 4 9 38 24 550 566
District of Columbia ................... 177 177 20 73 1 30 33 20 364 364
Florida ....................................... 2,845 2,785 36 1,669 125 307 573 135 670 682
Georgia ...................................... 1,775 1,774 34 1,066 19 41 464 151 683 684
Hawaii ....................................... 212 212 1 86 85 10 28 2 539 539
Idaho ......................................... 460 449 35 159 130 29 81 26 395 403
Illinois ........................................ 3,048 3,033 282 773 288 645 577 483 432 434
Indiana ...................................... 1,371 1,369 159 478 303 50 262 119 473 474
Iowa .......................................... 939 938 120 324 133 10 226 126 352 352
Kansas ...................................... 923 921 73 368 178 52 191 61 347 347
Kentucky ................................... 975 963 33 471 102 76 198 95 474 480
Louisiana ................................... 973 972 74 307 112 135 203 142 477 477
Maine ........................................ 445 445 48 95 55 81 80 86 266 266
Maryland ................................... 1,125 1,111 10 685 59 98 222 51 553 558
Massachusetts .......................... 1,419 1,415 175 487 116 101 289 251 433 434
Michigan ................................... 1,744 1,711 186 627 159 218 324 230 418 420
Minnesota .................................. 1,357 1,187 112 431 242 82 268 222 425 466
Mississippi ................................. 619 619 72 140 85 36 157 129 497 497
Missouri .................................... 1,620 1,612 148 509 293 112 327 231 374 375
Montana .................................... 492 489 17 73 189 110 69 34 194 195
Nebraska ................................... 731 728 46 200 243 20 108 114 293 293
Nevada ...................................... 479 470 8 270 74 20 93 14 636 645
New Hampshire ......................... 381 381 51 114 39 54 83 40 316 316
New Jersey ................................ 1,950 1,934 259 564 129 287 364 347 458 461
New Mexico ............................... 601 597 18 261 107 35 128 52 362 364
New York ................................... 3,273 3,262 279 1,291 355 285 719 344 517 518
North Carolina ............................ 1,919 1,907 83 1,102 56 123 466 89 531 534
North Dakota ............................. 305 305 9 86 99 68 34 9 240 240
Ohio ........................................... 2,399 2,378 352 618 334 198 526 371 437 440
Oklahoma .................................. 1,225 1,221 80 299 163 276 252 155 388 389
Oregon ...................................... 885 882 27 410 113 126 177 32 417 418
Pennsylvania ............................. 2,124 2,124 306 665 327 193 420 213 491 491
Rhode Island .............................. 239 238 36 100 18 3 48 34 396 397
South Carolina ........................... 931 928 44 479 31 45 229 103 562 564
South Dakota ............................. 438 428 26 128 59 94 104 27 216 220
Tennessee ................................. 1,343 1,334 174 523 56 182 317 91 503 505
Texas ......................................... 6,122 6,003 594 2,916 432 146 1,368 666 570 578
Utah .......................................... 674 638 10 117 420 35 43 49 547 568
Vermont ..................................... 229 229 15 24 98 63 17 12 240 240
Virginia ...................................... 1,493 1,493 47 841 148 12 308 137 576 576
Washington ................................ 1,563 1,481 58 694 285 85 295 146 455 471
West Virginia .............................. 548 547 67 254 33 39 113 42 347 348
Wisconsin .................................. 1,579 1,571 168 609 120 152 341 189 359 360
Wyoming ................................... 248 247 25 65 75 17 44 22 233 233
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ......................... 112 112 6 7 27 64 4 4 212 212
DoDEA3 .................................. — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ................. 22 22 0 0 0 22 0 0 — —
Guam .................................. 34 34 0 24 0 0 8 2 607 607
Northern Marianas .............. — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ......................... 932 931 18 325 324 146 97 22 233 234
U.S. Virgin Islands ............... 19 19 1 1 14 1 2 0 398 398

—Not available. NOTE: Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8.
1
Excludes special education and alternative schools. Excludes schools not reported by grade level, such as some special education schools
2
Average for schools reporting enrollment data. Enrollment data were available for 66,556 for students with disabilities.
out of 66,837 public elementary schools in 2016–17. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2016–17.
overseas schools. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

136 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Public Schools

Table 216.80. Public secondary schools, by grade span, average school enrollment, and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17
Average school
Schools, by grade span enrollment3
Total, all Other
Total, all regular Grades spans Other All Regular
secondary secondary 7 to 8 and Grades Grades Grades Grades ending with grade Vocational secondary secondary
State or jurisdiction schools schools1 7 to 9 7 to 12 8 to 12 9 to 12 10 to 12 grade 12 spans schools2 schools schools1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ....................... 23,814 19,264 2,527 2,972 551 16,014 500 326 924 1,391 708 802
Alabama ...................................... 406 315 40 76 10 244 28 1 7 68 718 729
Alaska ......................................... 79 61 12 20 1 42 2 1 1 3 456 543
Arizona ........................................ 750 476 63 65 24 576 6 2 14 246 688 748
Arkansas ..................................... 374 345 53 118 11 137 33 1 21 24 513 519
California ..................................... 2,509 1,654 356 279 10 1,769 62 22 11 68 870 1,213
Colorado ...................................... 401 336 38 42 4 297 4 1 15 8 658 744
Connecticut ................................. 297 208 35 12 2 200 7 36 5 17 589 783
Delaware ..................................... 38 32 1 1 8 25 0 0 3 6 999 960
District of Columbia ..................... 36 32 0 0 1 33 0 0 2 0 439 474
Florida ......................................... 675 509 15 33 34 563 7 21 2 35 1,274 1,573
Georgia ........................................ 453 420 15 10 8 388 5 1 26 0 1,134 1,219
Hawaii ......................................... 52 51 12 7 0 33 0 0 0 0 1,125 1,145
Idaho ........................................... 202 144 28 36 1 127 8 0 2 14 507 637
Illinois .......................................... 894 823 121 71 11 652 9 20 10 0 736 788
Indiana ........................................ 469 438 75 80 9 261 3 8 33 28 821 827
Iowa ............................................ 348 331 33 69 1 228 10 0 7 0 462 481
Kansas ........................................ 340 337 34 96 3 205 1 1 0 0 456 460
Kentucky ..................................... 417 233 26 35 6 226 2 0 122 121 700 862
Louisiana ..................................... 280 258 29 41 80 109 13 1 7 12 740 769
Maine .......................................... 146 118 8 15 2 93 0 0 28 27 457 461
Maryland ..................................... 241 188 4 6 4 201 1 7 18 25 1,107 1,268
Massachusetts ............................ 373 322 29 37 15 285 2 4 1 38 813 825
Michigan ..................................... 864 638 31 132 39 655 0 4 3 4 554 688
Minnesota .................................... 857 442 33 271 35 425 39 46 8 8 387 611
Mississippi ................................... 329 238 30 42 1 153 4 2 97 91 630 630
Missouri ...................................... 628 551 57 173 3 367 13 8 7 63 540 542
Montana ...................................... 328 325 157 0 0 171 0 0 0 0 156 157
Nebraska ..................................... 302 291 23 158 2 112 1 6 0 0 381 381
Nevada ........................................ 125 111 14 4 2 100 1 4 0 0 1,113 1,228
New Hampshire ........................... 109 109 14 0 0 92 1 0 2 0 554 554
New Jersey .................................. 543 417 56 38 10 408 8 4 19 58 828 1,009
New Mexico ................................. 229 209 34 29 1 145 9 0 11 0 475 503
New York ..................................... 1,121 1,033 62 145 22 856 7 5 24 21 720 746
North Carolina .............................. 546 516 23 6 4 485 2 8 18 8 850 885
North Dakota ............................... 181 168 3 88 0 75 0 1 14 13 205 205
Ohio ............................................. 1,006 927 125 156 47 625 21 13 19 74 594 605
Oklahoma .................................... 558 554 87 5 0 436 22 0 8 0 387 390
Oregon ........................................ 273 252 26 41 4 200 1 1 0 0 643 685
Pennsylvania ............................... 785 696 99 152 11 500 14 1 8 84 810 818
Rhode Island ................................ 70 59 5 1 1 53 0 0 10 10 698 706
South Carolina ............................. 281 228 19 2 1 244 7 4 4 42 930 973
South Dakota ............................... 243 220 61 1 0 177 1 3 0 3 169 182
Tennessee ................................... 345 328 11 27 18 255 7 12 15 4 817 856
Texas ........................................... 2,092 1,532 260 138 43 1,370 42 33 206 0 796 1,050
Utah ............................................ 282 250 91 46 6 71 54 1 13 6 923 993
Vermont ....................................... 65 49 7 17 0 41 0 0 0 15 477 486
Virginia ........................................ 436 343 33 6 25 281 1 0 90 89 1,194 1,208
Washington .................................. 656 446 70 51 25 450 27 24 9 19 611 825
West Virginia ................................ 120 106 1 20 2 95 1 0 1 33 661 714
Wisconsin .................................... 559 494 51 60 3 410 13 19 3 6 496 543
Wyoming ..................................... 101 101 17 14 1 68 1 0 0 0 329 329
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ........................... 19 19 1 4 2 12 0 0 0 0 339 339
DoDEA4 .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ................... 6 5 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 — —
Guam .................................... 7 6 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 1,448 1,664
Northern Marianas ................ — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ........................... 251 218 59 15 1 139 25 0 12 32 483 457
U.S. Virgin Islands ................. 9 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 703 703

—Not available. NOTE: Includes schools with no grade lower than 7. Excludes schools not reported by
1
Excludes vocational, special education, and alternative schools. grade level, such as some special education schools for students with disabilities.
2
Vocational schools are also included under appropriate grade span. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Average for schools reporting enrollment data. Enrollment data were available for 22,318 Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2016–17.
out of 23,814 public secondary schools in 2016–17. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
4
DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and
overseas schools.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 216.90. Public elementary and secondary charter schools and enrollment, and charter schools and enrollment as a percentage of total public schools and total enrollment in public
schools, by state: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2016–17
Charter schools as a Charter school enrollment as a
Number of charter schools Fall enrollment in charter schools percent of total public schools percent of total fall enrollment in public schools
State 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16 2016–17 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16 2016–17 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2016–17 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
United States ....................... 1,993 3,780 5,274 6,855 7,011 448,343 1,012,906 1,787,091 2,845,322 3,010,287 2.1 3.9 5.3 7.1 1.0 2.1 3.6 6.0
Alabama ...................................... 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 — 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 —
Alaska ......................................... 19 23 27 28 28 2,594 4,660 5,751 6,343 6,677 3.7 4.6 5.3 5.5 1.9 3.5 4.4 5.0
Arizona ........................................ 313 501 519 552 550 45,596 90,597 124,467 176,894 185,588 18.2 24.1 22.9 23.8 5.4 8.3 11.6 16.6
Arkansas ..................................... 3 19 40 65 75 708 4,006 10,209 24,182 27,896 0.3 1.7 3.6 6.9 0.2 0.8 2.1 5.7
California ..................................... 302 543 908 1,224 1,248 115,582 195,876 363,916 568,774 602,837 3.4 5.6 9.0 12.1 1.9 3.1 5.9 9.7
Colorado ...................................... 77 121 168 226 238 20,155 44,254 74,685 108,793 114,694 4.7 7.1 9.4 12.6 2.8 5.7 8.9 12.7
Connecticut ................................. 16 14 18 24 24 2,429 2,927 5,139 9,132 9,573 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.9 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.8
Delaware ..................................... 7 13 19 28 27 2,716 6,566 9,525 13,622 14,722 3.7 5.9 8.9 11.8 2.4 5.4 7.4 10.8
District of Columbia ..................... 33 52 97 109 110 — 17,260 26,910 35,798 37,151 16.7 22.7 42.5 49.3 — 22.5 37.8 43.7
Florida ......................................... 148 342 458 653 655 26,893 92,335 154,703 270,953 283,560 4.5 9.2 11.1 15.7 1.1 3.5 5.9 10.1
Georgia ........................................ 30 58 67 82 84 20,066 26,440 41,981 72,170 66,905 1.5 2.4 2.7 3.7 1.4 1.7 2.5 3.8
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Hawaii ......................................... 6 27 31 34 34 1,343 6,498 8,289 10,444 10,669 2.3 9.5 10.7 11.7 0.7 3.5 4.6 5.9
Idaho ........................................... 9 26 40 54 57 1,083 8,003 15,330 19,381 20,579 1.3 3.7 5.3 7.7 0.4 3.1 5.6 6.9
Illinois .......................................... 20 29 50 64 63 7,552 16,968 43,049 64,108 65,169 0.5 0.7 1.1 1.5 0.4 0.8 2.1 3.2
Indiana ........................................ 0 29 60 88 93 0 7,409 22,472 39,671 43,079 0.0 1.5 3.1 4.8 0.0 0.7 2.2 4.1
Iowa ............................................ 0 6 7 3 3 0 520 298 430 398 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Kansas ........................................ 1 26 25 10 10 67 1,914 4,618 3,186 3,159 0.1 1.8 1.8 0.8 # 0.4 1.0 0.6
Kentucky ..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Louisiana ..................................... 19 26 78 138 151 3,212 8,315 29,199 74,030 79,022 1.2 1.9 5.3 10.8 0.4 1.3 4.2 11.0
Maine .......................................... 1 0 0 7 9 154 0 0 1,518 1,955 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1
Maryland ..................................... 0 15 44 50 49 0 3,363 14,492 20,988 22,366 0.0 1.0 3.0 3.4 0.0 0.4 1.7 2.5
Massachusetts ............................ 41 59 63 81 78 13,712 21,958 28,422 40,199 42,596 2.2 3.1 3.4 4.2 1.4 2.3 3.0 4.5
Michigan ..................................... 205 264 300 370 376 54,751 91,384 111,344 145,483 147,061 5.1 6.5 7.7 10.9 3.3 5.3 7.2 10.0
Minnesota .................................... 73 161 176 216 220 9,395 20,603 37,253 50,812 54,211 3.1 6.1 7.4 8.8 1.1 2.5 4.4 6.2
Mississippi ................................... 1 1 0 2 3 367 374 0 226 523 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
Missouri ...................................... 21 23 53 70 72 7,061 10,972 20,076 21,619 22,803 0.9 1.0 2.2 3.0 0.8 1.2 2.2 2.5

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 137

Montana ...................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nebraska ..................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Nevada ........................................ 8 19 34 47 49 1,255 4,818 14,127 35,130 40,074 1.6 3.4 5.3 7.5 0.4 1.2 3.2 8.5
New Hampshire ........................... 0 6 14 31 31 0 200 983 3,011 3,422 0.0 1.3 2.9 6.3 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.9
New Jersey .................................. 53 54 76 89 88 10,179 14,937 24,591 41,026 46,274 2.2 2.2 2.9 3.4 0.8 1.1 1.8 3.4
New Mexico ................................. 10 53 81 99 99 1,335 8,595 15,290 22,079 25,139 1.3 6.2 9.4 11.4 0.4 2.6 4.6 7.6
New York ..................................... 38 79 170 256 267 0 21,539 54,443 117,710 128,784 0.9 1.7 3.6 5.6 0.0 0.8 2.0 4.8
North Carolina .............................. 90 99 99 158 167 15,523 27,441 42,141 82,521 92,281 4.1 4.2 3.9 6.4 1.2 1.9 2.8 6.0
North Dakota ............................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Ohio ............................................. 66 316 339 373 362 14,745 68,679 96,669 118,603 116,279 1.7 7.9 9.0 10.1 0.8 3.7 5.5 6.8
Oklahoma .................................... 6 14 18 45 48 1,208 4,081 6,585 19,893 24,248 0.3 0.8 1.0 2.7 0.2 0.6 1.0 3.5
Oregon ........................................ 12 54 108 126 124 559 5,192 20,372 30,728 32,323 0.9 4.3 8.3 10.0 0.1 1.0 3.7 5.7
Pennsylvania ............................... 65 116 145 175 179 18,981 55,630 90,613 130,940 132,979 2.0 3.6 4.5 6.0 1.0 3.0 5.1 7.8
Rhode Island ................................ 3 11 16 29 30 557 2,571 3,971 7,310 8,137 0.9 3.3 5.0 9.5 0.4 1.7 2.8 5.8
South Carolina ............................. 8 27 44 68 70 484 4,104 16,390 29,470 32,343 0.7 2.3 3.6 5.6 0.1 0.6 2.3 4.2
South Dakota ............................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Public Schools
Tennessee ................................... 0 12 29 100 104 0 1,685 6,517 29,274 34,984 0.0 0.7 1.6 5.9 0.0 0.2 0.7 3.5
Texas ........................................... 201 319 561 702 753 37,978 70,895 164,940 284,617 310,846 2.7 3.7 6.4 8.5 1.0 1.6 3.3 5.8
Utah ............................................ 8 36 78 117 124 537 11,439 39,862 67,398 71,417 1.0 3.8 7.7 12.0 0.1 2.2 6.8 10.8
Vermont ....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Virginia ........................................ 2 3 4 7 8 55 210 348 1,001 1,176 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 # # # 0.1
Washington .................................. 0 0 0 9 8 0 0 0 1,225 1,676 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
West Virginia ................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Wisconsin .................................... 78 181 207 242 237 9,511 27,450 36,863 44,162 44,209 3.6 8.1 9.2 10.5 1.1 3.1 4.2 5.1
Wyoming ..................................... 0 3 3 4 5 0 238 258 468 503 0.0 0.8 0.8 1.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.5

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public
#Rounds to zero. Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2000–01 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
138 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Use of Computers and Technology

Table 218.16. Percentage of students ages 5 through 17 enrolled in kindergarten through grade 12 who took any school-related courses
online and, among those taking courses online, percentage who took courses from various providers, by selected child,
parent, and household characteristics: 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Among those taking school-related courses online,

percent taking courses from various providers1
Percent who Charter school, College,
took any another public community
school-related Local school, or college, or Someplace
Selected child, parent, or household characteristic courses online public school State private school university else
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Total ................................................................................................. 3.1 (0.20) 55.3 (2.96) 11.6 (1.62) 16.0 (2.80) 13.9 (1.64) 13.6 (2.33)
Sex of child
Male .................................................................................................... 3.0 (0.26) 55.9 (4.74) 10.0 (2.25) 19.4 (4.16) 10.5 (2.11) 15.3 (3.27)
Female ................................................................................................. 3.3 (0.29) 54.7 (3.96) 13.2 (2.64) 12.7 (3.51) 17.3 (2.91) 11.9 (2.89)

Race/ethnicity of child
White ................................................................................................... 2.5 (0.21) 50.6 (3.90) 10.1 (1.80) 12.8 (2.40) 23.7 (3.25) 11.1 (2.48)
Black ................................................................................................... 4.5 (0.74) 61.2 (8.91) 7.1! (3.12) 27.6! (9.89) ‡ (†) 12.1! (4.98)
Hispanic ............................................................................................... 2.8 (0.47) 51.4 (5.96) 17.4 (5.02) 18.5 (5.53) ‡ (†) 18.0! (5.83)
Asian/Pacific Islander ........................................................................... 5.9 (1.04) 52.7 (8.08) 18.7! (6.92) 9.5! (3.53) 13.7! (4.92) 18.8! (5.70)
Asian ................................................................................................. 5.6 (0.99) 55.6 (8.52) 12.6! (5.41) 8.8! (3.46) 15.2! (5.40) 20.9 (6.19)
Pacific Islander .................................................................................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............................................................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ............................................................................... 3.2! (1.10) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

Grade equivalent
Kindergarten through grade 5 ............................................................... 2.1 (0.27) 66.5 (6.17) ‡ (†) 21.1! (6.59) ‡ (†) 17.5 (4.93)
Kindergarten and grade 1 .................................................................. 1.7 (0.47) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Grades 2 and 3 ................................................................................. 2.3 (0.48) 76.7 (8.55) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 18.1! (7.57)
Grades 4 and 5 ................................................................................. 2.3 (0.55) 66.1 (12.02) ‡ (†) 31.2! (13.53) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Grades 6 through 8 .............................................................................. 1.6 (0.30) 55.0 (9.85) ‡ (†) 16.0! (5.85) ‡ (†) 25.9 (7.66)
Grades 9 through 12 ............................................................................ 6.6 (0.43) 48.8 (3.48) 16.0 (2.29) 13.0 (2.44) 23.2 (2.56) 8.7 (2.02)

Number of children in the household

One child ............................................................................................. 4.0 (0.29) 46.5 (4.00) 15.4 (2.46) 16.3 (2.73) 17.7 (2.55) 14.1 (2.98)
Two children ........................................................................................ 3.3 (0.29) 58.8 (4.70) 14.3 (3.45) 10.6 (2.11) 12.1 (2.58) 14.2 (3.52)
Three or more children ......................................................................... 2.4 (0.42) 60.1 (8.50) ‡ (†) 23.8! (9.37) 12.4! (4.23) 12.1! (4.53)

Number of parents in the household

Two parents ......................................................................................... 3.4 (0.24) 53.9 (3.53) 11.2 (1.84) 17.4 (3.71) 15.3 (1.98) 13.2 (2.63)
One parent ........................................................................................... 2.7 (0.36) 58.9 (5.75) 12.6 (2.91) 12.1! (3.75) 8.2! (2.64) 15.5 (4.10)
Nonparental guardians ......................................................................... 2.3 (0.66) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

Highest education level of parents/guardians in the household

Less than a high school diploma .......................................................... 2.9 (0.72) 67.6 (12.15) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
High school diploma/equivalent (e.g., GED) ........................................... 2.2 (0.48) 54.4 (9.62) 14.6! (7.13) 15.1! (7.33) 11.7! (4.48) 17.1! (7.31)
Vocational/technical, associate’s degree, or some college .................... 2.9 (0.38) 63.9 (6.24) 10.1 (2.91) 18.9! (6.22) 7.3 (2.05) 8.1! (2.84)
Bachelor’s degree/some graduate school ............................................. 3.8 (0.41) 46.4 (4.88) 13.0 (2.99) 12.7 (3.18) 19.0 (3.36) 15.7 (3.45)
Graduate/professional degree .............................................................. 3.7 (0.43) 54.1 (6.42) 9.9 (2.89) 13.1 (3.83) 17.1 (3.55) 17.7 (4.12)

Household income
$20,000 or less .................................................................................... 3.0 (0.59) 72.8 (7.06) ‡ (†) 13.8! (5.42) 8.0! (2.68) ‡ (†)
$20,001 to $50,000 ............................................................................. 2.9 (0.46) 59.7 (8.71) 10.2! (3.23) 16.1! (6.62) ‡ (†) 18.7! (6.38)
$50,001 to $75,000 ............................................................................. 2.9 (0.47) 49.6 (7.06) 15.0! (5.30) 18.2! (7.04) 10.3! (4.10) 14.2! (5.65)
$75,001 to $100,000 ........................................................................... 3.5 (0.68) 44.3 (9.74) 9.8! (3.48) 33.6! (11.93) 16.3! (5.44) 8.4! (3.78)
Over $100,000 ..................................................................................... 3.4 (0.33) 53.8 (4.30) 11.2 (2.08) 8.2 (2.07) 20.4 (3.33) 14.9 (3.25)

Locale
City ...................................................................................................... 2.9 (0.35) 47.1 (5.73) 11.0 (2.58) 26.4 (6.33) 7.1 (1.89) 19.2 (4.44)
Suburban ............................................................................................. 3.5 (0.30) 56.5 (3.74) 12.6 (2.48) 10.5 (2.35) 15.1 (2.73) 14.5 (3.26)
Town .................................................................................................... 2.6 (0.58) 43.8 (13.06) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 33.1! (13.40) ‡ (†)
Rural .................................................................................................... 3.0 (0.50) 71.6 (6.45) 8.7! (3.26) ‡ (†) 14.7 (4.03) ‡ (†)

†Not applicable. NOTE: Excludes homeschooled students and any enrolled students whose parents filled
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between out the questionnaire that was intended for homeschooled students. Race categories
30 and 50 percent. exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. and Family Involvement in Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys
1
One student could take courses from more than one provider. Therefore, the percentages Program (PFI-NHES:2016). (This table was prepared April 2019.)
sum to more than 100.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 139
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.10. High school graduates, by sex and control of school; public high school averaged freshman graduation rate (AFGR); and
total graduates as a ratio of 17-year-old population: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2028–29
High school graduates
Graduates as
Sex Control
a ratio of
Public2
Public school Population 17-year-old
School year Total1 Males Females Total Males Females Private, total AFGR3 17 years old4 population5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1869–70 ................................... 16,000 7,064 8,936 — — — — — 815,000 2.0
1879–80 ................................... 23,634 10,605 13,029 — — — — — 946,026 2.5
1889–90 ................................... 43,731 18,549 25,182 21,882 — — 21,849 6 — 1,259,177 3.5
1899–1900 ............................... 94,883 38,075 56,808 61,737 — — 33,146 6 — 1,489,146 6.4
1909–10 ................................... 156,429 63,676 92,753 111,363 — — 45,066 6 — 1,786,240 8.8
1919–20 ................................... 311,266 123,684 187,582 230,902 — — 80,364 6 — 1,855,173 16.8
1929–30 ................................... 666,904 300,376 366,528 591,719 — — 75,185 6 — 2,295,822 29.0
1939–40 ................................... 1,221,475 578,718 642,757 1,143,246 538,273 604,973 78,229 6 — 2,403,074 50.8
1949–50 ................................... 1,199,700 570,700 629,000 1,063,444 505,394 558,050 136,256 6 — 2,034,450 59.0
1959–60 ................................... 1,858,023 895,000 963,000 1,627,050 791,426 835,624 230,973 — 2,672,000 69.5
1969–70 ................................... 2,888,639 1,430,000 1,459,000 2,588,639 1,285,895 1,302,744 300,000 6 78.7 3,757,000 76.9
1975–76 ................................... 3,142,120 1,552,000 1,590,000 2,837,129 1,401,064 1,436,065 304,991 74.9 4,272,000 73.6
1979–80 ................................... 3,042,214 1,503,000 1,539,000 2,747,678 — — 294,536 71.5 4,262,000 71.4
1980–81 ................................... 3,020,285 1,492,000 1,528,000 2,725,285 — — 295,000 6 72.2 4,212,000 71.7
1981–82 ................................... 2,994,758 1,479,000 1,515,000 2,704,758 — — 290,000 6 72.9 4,134,000 72.4
1982–83 ................................... 2,887,604 1,426,000 1,461,000 2,597,604 — — 290,000 6 73.8 3,962,000 72.9
1983–84 ................................... 2,766,797 — — 2,494,797 — — 272,000 6 74.5 3,784,000 73.1
1984–85 ................................... 2,676,917 — — 2,413,917 — — 263,000 6 74.2 3,699,000 72.4
1985–86 ................................... 2,642,616 — — 2,382,616 — — 260,000 6 74.3 3,670,000 72.0
1986–87 ................................... 2,693,803 — — 2,428,803 — — 265,000 6 74.3 3,754,000 71.8
1987–88 ................................... 2,773,020 — — 2,500,020 — — 273,000 6 74.2 3,849,000 72.0
1988–89 ................................... 2,743,743 — — 2,458,800 — — 284,943 73.4 3,842,000 71.4
1989–907 .................................. 2,574,162 — — 2,320,337 — — 253,825 8 73.6 3,505,000 73.4
1990–91 ................................... 2,492,988 — — 2,234,893 — — 258,095 73.7 3,417,913 72.9
1991–92 ................................... 2,480,399 — — 2,226,016 — — 254,383 8 74.2 3,398,884 73.0
1992–93 ................................... 2,480,519 — — 2,233,241 — — 247,278 73.8 3,449,143 71.9
1993–94 ................................... 2,463,849 — — 2,220,849 — — 243,000 6 73.1 3,442,521 71.6
1994–95 ................................... 2,519,084 — — 2,273,541 — — 245,543 71.8 3,635,803 69.3
1995–96 ................................... 2,518,109 — — 2,273,109 — — 245,000 6 71.0 3,640,132 69.2
1996–97 ................................... 2,611,988 — — 2,358,403 — — 253,585 71.3 3,792,207 68.9
1997–98 ................................... 2,704,050 — — 2,439,050 1,187,647 1,251,403 265,000 6 71.3 4,008,416 67.5
1998–99 ................................... 2,758,655 — — 2,485,630 1,212,924 1,272,706 273,025 71.1 3,917,885 70.4
1999–2000 ............................... 2,832,844 — — 2,553,844 1,241,631 1,312,213 279,000 6 71.7 4,056,639 69.8
2000–01 ................................... 2,847,973 — — 2,569,200 1,251,931 1,317,269 278,773 71.7 4,023,686 70.8
2001–02 ................................... 2,906,534 — — 2,621,534 1,275,813 1,345,721 285,000 6 72.6 4,023,968 72.2
2002–03 ................................... 3,015,735 — — 2,719,947 1,330,973 1,388,974 295,788 73.9 4,125,087 73.1
2003–047,9 ................................. 3,054,438 — — 2,753,438 1,347,800 1,405,638 301,000 6 74.3 4,113,074 74.3
2004–05 ................................... 3,106,499 — — 2,799,250 1,369,749 1,429,501 307,249 74.7 4,120,073 75.4
2005–067 .................................. 3,122,544 — — 2,815,544 1,376,458 1,439,086 307,000 6 73.4 4,200,554 74.3
2006–07 ................................... 3,199,650 — — 2,893,045 1,414,069 1,478,976 306,605 73.9 4,297,239 74.5
2007–08 ................................... 3,312,337 — — 3,001,337 1,467,180 1,534,157 311,000 6 74.7 4,436,955 74.7
2008–097 .................................. 3,347,828 — — 3,039,015 1,490,317 1,548,698 308,813 75.5 4,336,950 77.2
2009–10 ................................... 3,435,022 — — 3,128,022 1,542,684 10 1,585,338 10 307,000 6 78.2 4,311,831 79.8
2010–11 ................................... 3,449,940 — — 3,144,100 1,552,981 1,591,113 305,840 79.6 4,367,891 79.0
2011–12 ................................... 3,455,405 — — 3,149,185 1,558,489 1,590,694 306,220 6 80.8 4,294,530 80.5
2012–13 ................................... 3,478,027 — — 3,169,257 1,569,675 1,599,579 308,770 81.9 4,256,553 81.7
2013–1411 ................................. 3,479,930 — — 3,168,450 — — 311,480 83.1 4,185,547 83.1
2014–1512 ................................. 3,530,250 — — 3,187,000 — — 343,250 — 4,171,850 84.6
2015–1611 ................................. 3,563,750 — — 3,224,140 — — 339,620 — 4,206,222 84.7
2016–1711 ................................. 3,599,700 — — 3,255,320 — — 344,380 — 4,221,958 85.3
2017–1811 ................................. 3,672,200 — — 3,319,760 — — 352,440 — 4,297,191 85.5
2018–1911 ................................. 3,683,540 — — 3,331,520 — — 352,020 — 4,230,390 87.1
2019–2011 ................................. 3,650,460 — — 3,303,890 — — 346,580 — — —
2020–2111 ................................. 3,682,230 — — 3,330,840 — — 351,390 — — —
2021–2211 ................................. 3,717,110 — — 3,354,240 — — 362,870 — — —
2022–2311 ................................. 3,726,140 — — 3,372,640 — — 353,500 — — —
2023–2411 ................................. 3,799,480 — — 3,441,920 — — 357,560 — — —
2024–2511 ................................. 3,855,370 — — 3,492,860 — — 362,520 — — —
2025–2611 ................................. 3,859,130 — — 3,497,750 — — 361,380 — — —
2026–2711 ................................. 3,774,260 — — 3,416,680 — — 357,580 — — —
2027–2811 ................................. 3,707,210 — — 3,348,520 — — 358,690 — — —
2028–2911 ................................. 3,722,010 — — 3,361,890 — — 360,120 — — —

—Not available. 9
Includes estimates for public schools in New York and Wisconsin. Without estimates for
1
Includes graduates of public and private schools. these two states, the averaged freshman graduation rate for the remaining 48 states and
2
Includes estimates for states not reporting counts of graduates by sex. Data for 1929–30 the District of Columbia is 75.0 percent.
and preceding years are from Statistics of Public High Schools and exclude graduates 10
Includes estimate for Connecticut, which did not report graduates by sex.
from high schools that failed to report to the Office of Education. 11
Projected by NCES.
3
The averaged freshman graduation rate provides an estimate of the percentage of 12
Public school data are projected by NCES; private school data are actual.
students who receive a regular diploma within 4 years of entering ninth grade. The rate NOTE: Includes graduates of regular day school programs. Excludes graduates of other
uses aggregate student enrollment data to estimate the size of an incoming freshman programs, when separately reported, and recipients of high school equivalency certificates.
class and aggregate counts of the number of diplomas awarded 4 years later. Averaged Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to
freshman graduation rates in this table are based on reported totals of enrollment by grade totals because of rounding and adjustments to protect student privacy.
and high school graduates, rather than on details reported by race/ethnicity. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Annual
4
Derived from Current Population Reports, Series P-25. For years 1869–70 through Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1870 through 1910; Biennial Survey of Education
1989–90, 17-year-old population is an estimate of the October 17-year-old population in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of Public Elementary and
based on July data. Data for 1990–91 and later years are October resident population Secondary School Systems, 1958–59 through 1980–81; Statistics of Nonpublic Elementary
estimates prepared by the Census Bureau. and Secondary Schools, 1959 through 1980; Common Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal
5
Based on persons of all ages graduating from high school in a given year divided by the Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,” 1981–82 through 2009–10; “State
17-year-old population in the same year. This ratio allows for comparisons over time but Dropout and Completion Data File,” 2005–06 through 2012–13; Public School Graduates
does not provide a measure of graduation rates for incoming freshmen who form a cohort and Dropouts from the Common Core of Data, 2007–08 and 2008–09; Private School
(or class) that is scheduled to graduate 4 years later. The ratio of high school graduates to Universe Survey (PSS), 1989 through 2015; and National High School Graduates Projection
the 17-year-old population differs from measures such as the AFGR (shown in column 9), Model, 1972–73 through 2028–29. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current
which are designed to estimate high school cohort graduation rates. Population Reports, Series P-25, Nos. 1000, 1022, 1045, 1057, 1059, 1092, and 1095; 2000
6
Estimated. through 2009 Population Estimates, retrieved August 14, 2012, from http://www.census.gov/
7
Includes imputations for nonreporting states. popest/data/national/asrh/2011/index.html; and 2010 through 2017 Population Estimates,
8
Projected by private schools responding to the Private School Universe Survey. retrieved November 8, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2017/demo/popest/
nation-detail.html. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

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140 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
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Table 219.20. Public high school graduates, by region, state, and jurisdiction: Selected years, 1980–81 through 2028–29
Actual data Projected data

Region, state,
and jurisdiction 1980–81 1989–90 1999–2000 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ............ 2,725,285 2,320,337 1 2,553,844 3,128,022 3,144,100 3,149,185 3,169,257 3,168,450 3,187,000 3,224,140 3,255,320 3,319,760
Region
Northeast ...................... 593,727 446,045 453,814 556,400 556,611 554,705 555,202 546,910 543,080 545,820 551,480 554,810
Midwest ........................ 784,071 616,700 648,020 726,844 718,779 716,072 713,662 705,550 708,240 714,040 719,240 723,280
South ............................ 868,068 796,385 861,498 1,104,770 1,119,414 1,121,400 1,138,965 1,145,570 1,162,950 1,189,220 1,211,650 1,252,210
West ............................. 479,419 461,207 590,512 740,008 749,296 757,008 761,428 770,420 772,720 775,060 772,950 789,460
State
Alabama ........................ 44,894 40,485 37,819 43,166 46,035 45,394 44,233 44,540 45,420 46,070 47,560 48,260
Alaska ........................... 5,343 5,386 6,615 8,245 8,064 7,989 7,860 7,720 7,860 7,840 7,910 8,050
Arizona .......................... 28,416 32,103 38,304 61,145 64,472 63,208 62,208 66,700 67,200 67,120 68,770 69,560
Arkansas ....................... 29,577 26,475 27,335 28,276 28,205 28,419 28,928 29,610 30,350 30,290 30,750 31,020
California ...................... 242,172 236,291 309,866 404,987 410,467 418,664 422,125 424,080 422,830 419,190 411,710 420,500
Colorado ....................... 35,897 32,967 38,924 49,321 50,122 50,087 50,968 51,310 51,450 53,310 54,060 56,050
Connecticut ................... 38,369 27,878 31,562 34,495 38,854 38,681 38,722 37,860 37,160 37,420 37,890 37,130
Delaware ...................... 7,349 5,550 6,108 8,133 8,043 8,247 8,070 8,240 8,390 8,480 8,690 8,930
District of Columbia2 ...... 4,848 3,626 2,695 3,602 3,477 3,860 3,961 3,880 3,990 4,510 4,430 4,200
Florida ........................... 88,755 88,934 106,708 156,130 155,493 151,964 158,029 158,440 163,740 166,540 170,820 176,160
Georgia ......................... 62,963 56,605 62,563 91,561 92,338 90,582 92,416 94,380 97,420 100,070 102,050 105,890
Hawaii ........................... 11,472 10,325 10,437 10,998 10,716 11,360 10,790 11,050 10,760 10,860 10,690 11,130
Idaho ............................. 12,679 11,971 16,170 17,793 17,525 17,568 17,198 19,120 18,050 18,230 19,130 19,280
Illinois ........................... 136,795 108,119 111,835 139,035 134,956 139,575 139,228 137,640 140,520 140,850 141,250 143,510
Indiana .......................... 73,381 60,012 57,012 64,551 66,133 65,667 66,595 67,560 66,750 66,720 68,970 69,640
Iowa .............................. 42,635 31,796 33,926 34,462 33,853 33,230 32,548 32,590 32,450 32,700 32,850 33,390
Kansas .......................... 29,397 25,367 29,102 31,642 31,370 31,898 31,922 32,150 31,900 32,790 32,900 33,470
Kentucky ....................... 41,714 38,005 36,830 42,664 43,031 42,642 42,888 42,400 42,530 43,280 43,280 44,330
Louisiana ...................... 46,199 36,053 38,430 36,573 35,844 36,675 37,508 38,180 37,720 38,790 39,380 41,970
Maine ............................ 15,554 13,839 12,211 14,069 13,653 13,473 13,170 12,730 12,560 12,790 12,640 12,470
Maryland ....................... 54,050 41,566 47,849 59,078 58,745 58,811 58,896 58,120 57,650 57,490 57,290 59,040
Massachusetts .............. 74,831 55,941 3 52,950 64,462 64,724 65,157 66,360 65,200 65,790 68,630 68,610 69,320
Michigan ....................... 124,372 93,807 97,679 110,682 106,017 105,446 104,210 102,520 102,020 100,800 101,570 102,440
Minnesota ..................... 64,166 49,087 57,372 59,667 59,357 57,501 58,255 56,370 56,800 56,640 57,250 58,370
Mississippi .................... 28,083 25,182 24,232 25,478 27,321 26,158 26,502 26,650 26,260 26,770 26,900 28,050
Missouri ........................ 60,359 48,957 52,848 63,994 62,994 61,313 61,407 60,900 60,590 61,600 60,890 61,700
Montana ........................ 11,634 9,370 10,903 10,075 9,732 9,750 9,369 9,470 9,390 9,320 9,380 9,210
Nebraska ...................... 21,411 17,664 20,149 19,370 20,331 20,464 20,442 20,580 20,650 21,090 21,130 21,960
Nevada ......................... 9,069 9,477 14,551 20,956 21,182 21,891 23,038 22,720 23,040 23,190 23,780 24,170
New Hampshire ............ 11,552 10,766 11,829 15,034 14,495 14,426 14,262 13,790 13,520 13,600 13,160 13,160
New Jersey ................... 93,168 69,824 74,420 96,225 95,186 93,819 96,490 95,220 95,250 97,130 97,990 98,330
New Mexico .................. 17,915 14,884 18,031 18,595 19,352 20,315 19,232 18,590 19,530 19,480 19,770 20,190
New York ....................... 198,465 143,318 141,731 183,826 182,759 180,806 180,351 178,810 179,110 178,260 181,790 185,630
North Carolina ............... 69,395 64,782 62,140 88,704 89,892 93,977 94,339 96,210 97,020 98,970 101,710 105,280
North Dakota ................. 9,924 7,690 8,606 7,155 7,156 6,942 6,900 6,960 7,040 7,020 6,940 6,570
Ohio .............................. 143,503 114,513 111,668 123,437 124,229 123,135 122,491 119,520 120,940 125,050 126,590 122,380
Oklahoma ..................... 38,875 35,606 37,646 38,503 37,744 37,305 37,033 37,260 38,420 39,690 40,230 41,170
Oregon .......................... 28,729 25,473 30,151 34,671 34,723 34,261 33,899 34,440 34,800 35,650 34,700 35,380
Pennsylvania ................. 144,645 110,527 113,959 131,182 130,284 131,733 129,777 127,200 123,560 121,840 123,990 123,190
Rhode Island ................. 10,719 7,825 8,477 9,908 9,724 9,751 9,579 9,730 9,900 10,050 9,390 9,660
South Carolina .............. 38,347 32,483 31,617 40,438 40,708 41,442 42,246 41,720 42,650 43,840 45,090 46,640
South Dakota ................ 10,385 7,650 9,278 8,162 8,248 8,196 8,239 7,960 8,140 8,080 8,160 8,280
Tennessee ..................... 50,648 46,094 41,568 62,408 61,862 62,454 61,323 60,970 62,010 63,480 63,710 66,310
Texas ............................ 171,665 172,480 212,925 280,894 290,470 292,531 301,390 304,360 309,280 318,660 327,690 339,950
Utah .............................. 19,886 21,196 32,501 31,481 30,888 31,157 33,186 33,400 34,070 35,400 36,560 37,690
Vermont ........................ 6,424 6,127 6,675 7,199 6,932 6,859 6,491 6,360 6,240 6,090 6,010 5,930
Virginia .......................... 67,126 60,605 65,596 81,511 82,895 83,336 83,279 83,100 82,680 84,640 84,720 87,490
Washington ................... 50,046 45,941 57,597 66,046 66,453 65,205 66,066 66,240 68,200 69,770 70,840 72,500
West Virginia ................. 23,580 21,854 19,437 17,651 17,311 17,603 17,924 17,510 17,460 17,640 17,370 17,540
Wisconsin ..................... 67,743 52,038 58,545 64,687 64,135 62,705 61,425 60,810 60,460 60,710 60,740 61,560
Wyoming ....................... 6,161 5,823 6,462 5,695 5,600 5,553 5,489 5,590 5,550 5,700 5,660 5,740
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ................ — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA4 ......................... — — 3,202 — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ........ — 703 698 — — — — — — — — —
Guam ......................... — 1,033 1,406 — — — — — — — — —
Northern Marianas ..... — 227 360 — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ................ — 29,049 30,856 25,514 26,231 25,720 — — — — — —
U.S. Virgin Islands ...... — 1,260 1,060 958 1,014 1,046 897 — — — — —

See notes at end of table.

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 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 141
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.20. Public high school graduates, by region, state, and jurisdiction: Selected years, 1980–81 through 2028–29—Continued
Projected data
Percent
change,
Region, state, 2012–13 to
and jurisdiction 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 2025–26 2026–27 2027–28 2028–29 2028–29
1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
United States ............ 3,331,520 3,303,890 3,330,840 3,354,240 3,372,640 3,441,920 3,492,860 3,497,750 3,416,680 3,348,520 3,361,890 6.1
Region
Northeast ...................... 548,330 540,460 545,870 546,630 543,610 549,770 558,550 554,750 544,040 534,770 535,430 -3.6
Midwest ........................ 724,260 712,420 719,140 726,350 719,070 732,220 742,610 740,420 722,430 703,170 704,090 -1.3
South ............................ 1,264,620 1,255,800 1,258,750 1,267,480 1,286,540 1,316,310 1,350,670 1,361,840 1,337,760 1,296,070 1,307,060 14.8
West ............................. 794,300 795,210 807,090 813,780 823,430 843,620 841,020 840,740 812,450 814,520 815,300 7.1
State
Alabama ........................ 45,740 44,070 43,490 43,380 43,600 43,870 45,410 45,810 44,770 42,960 43,610 -1.4
Alaska ........................... 8,030 7,840 7,830 7,930 8,030 8,320 8,580 8,740 8,780 8,660 8,690 10.6
Arizona .......................... 70,710 69,610 71,070 70,940 72,200 74,230 76,480 77,540 75,780 72,450 72,560 16.6
Arkansas ....................... 31,060 31,320 30,800 30,960 30,940 30,780 32,990 33,030 32,140 31,350 31,460 8.7
California ...................... 420,780 421,890 427,540 430,350 434,120 444,030 429,550 425,400 408,150 418,160 416,950 -1.2
Colorado ....................... 57,030 57,760 59,150 59,290 59,790 61,090 61,990 62,170 60,930 59,170 59,040 15.8
Connecticut ................... 37,040 35,980 36,640 35,810 35,670 35,220 35,550 34,450 33,720 32,860 32,610 -15.8
Delaware ...................... 9,010 9,080 9,260 9,280 9,500 9,880 9,920 10,240 10,060 9,740 9,800 21.4
District of Columbia 2 ...... 4,290 4,270 4,320 4,310 4,630 4,970 5,520 5,550 5,550 5,640 6,020 51.9
Florida ........................... 179,520 175,370 176,380 179,930 182,780 192,590 190,040 197,900 192,690 187,880 190,410 20.5
Georgia ......................... 106,920 105,660 104,900 106,500 107,710 110,270 112,930 113,710 111,370 107,750 108,130 17.0
Hawaii ........................... 10,540 10,820 10,830 11,010 11,210 11,290 11,510 11,580 8,780 10,890 10,670 -1.1
Idaho ............................. 19,720 19,440 19,830 20,340 21,040 21,090 21,850 21,960 21,400 21,010 21,320 23.9
Illinois ........................... 142,800 139,490 144,730 146,850 144,610 147,870 152,340 149,530 146,040 138,960 138,790 -0.3
Indiana .......................... 71,980 69,520 68,320 69,820 68,920 70,120 70,340 71,660 69,740 68,530 68,580 3.0
Iowa .............................. 33,310 33,390 33,890 33,930 34,700 35,460 36,120 36,390 35,350 35,090 35,110 7.9
Kansas .......................... 33,410 33,330 33,490 33,680 33,660 34,200 34,870 34,670 33,910 33,560 33,500 5.0
Kentucky ....................... 44,420 43,760 43,830 43,840 43,930 44,930 45,890 45,440 44,540 42,610 42,660 -0.5
Louisiana ...................... 41,720 40,430 39,810 40,380 40,360 41,590 42,410 42,570 41,560 39,600 40,130 7.0
Maine ............................ 12,430 12,100 12,050 12,250 12,300 12,160 12,340 12,080 11,960 11,600 11,580 -12.1
Maryland ....................... 58,560 60,180 60,920 61,640 61,990 63,770 65,820 66,930 65,550 64,340 64,550 9.6
Massachusetts .............. 69,810 69,790 70,020 70,360 69,700 70,020 71,160 71,310 69,390 67,880 68,390 3.1
Michigan ....................... 99,910 98,170 97,790 97,500 94,870 96,260 96,030 92,560 90,060 88,840 88,680 -14.9
Minnesota ..................... 59,350 58,510 60,360 61,810 61,920 63,460 65,100 65,520 64,560 63,320 63,910 9.7
Mississippi .................... 27,390 26,680 25,990 26,300 26,180 25,950 28,040 27,280 26,330 24,560 24,850 -6.2
Missouri ........................ 61,770 60,750 60,800 61,170 61,590 62,280 63,600 63,560 61,920 60,470 60,440 -1.6
Montana ........................ 9,430 9,610 9,660 9,870 9,890 10,430 10,430 10,800 10,530 10,200 10,380 10.8
Nebraska ...................... 22,270 22,750 23,240 23,800 23,640 24,050 22,970 24,790 24,890 24,450 24,420 19.5
Nevada ......................... 24,880 25,150 25,190 25,410 26,270 27,270 28,460 28,610 27,590 27,520 27,770 20.5
New Hampshire ............ 12,950 12,960 12,780 12,810 12,540 12,550 12,500 12,290 11,910 11,490 11,380 -20.2
New Jersey ................... 97,120 96,210 97,920 98,540 97,370 98,540 100,920 99,270 97,620 96,130 96,020 -0.5
New Mexico .................. 20,300 20,780 20,410 20,430 20,800 20,820 21,380 21,510 20,920 19,510 19,290 0.3
New York ....................... 182,480 179,160 180,970 180,070 180,320 183,830 186,510 185,690 183,510 180,560 181,140 0.4
North Carolina ............... 107,590 104,770 104,820 97,640 104,440 107,090 110,400 110,430 108,930 105,400 106,280 12.7
North Dakota ................. 6,800 6,850 7,050 7,330 7,450 7,910 8,140 8,240 8,270 8,000 8,190 18.7
Ohio .............................. 123,350 121,250 120,550 120,190 117,580 120,240 121,250 122,090 117,540 114,030 114,690 -6.4
Oklahoma ..................... 41,370 41,640 41,920 41,960 40,480 42,640 44,270 44,080 43,800 42,440 42,720 15.4
Oregon .......................... 35,610 35,190 35,790 36,200 36,320 37,570 38,690 38,920 37,850 37,360 37,620 11.0
Pennsylvania ................. 120,390 118,130 119,550 120,570 119,610 121,370 123,220 123,420 120,520 118,990 119,130 -8.2
Rhode Island ................. 10,240 10,390 10,250 10,510 10,300 10,420 10,540 10,390 9,990 9,780 9,740 1.7
South Carolina .............. 46,890 46,620 46,480 47,070 48,120 49,580 52,080 52,000 51,900 49,310 50,000 18.4
South Dakota ................ 8,190 8,380 8,500 8,820 9,200 9,350 9,610 9,660 9,470 9,380 9,470 14.9
Tennessee ..................... 65,660 64,430 64,190 64,540 65,250 67,010 68,260 67,850 65,050 64,230 64,670 5.5
Texas ............................ 349,360 352,500 357,190 363,530 370,780 374,490 387,420 390,110 387,360 374,920 377,680 25.3
Utah .............................. 38,350 39,140 40,300 41,230 41,670 42,770 44,030 44,070 43,120 42,500 42,650 28.5
Vermont ........................ 5,880 5,750 5,680 5,730 5,800 5,660 5,810 5,860 5,420 5,490 5,440 -16.2
Virginia .......................... 87,860 87,800 87,670 89,310 89,250 90,680 92,690 92,530 90,310 88,120 88,820 6.6
Washington ................... 73,160 72,220 73,530 74,900 75,990 78,500 81,790 83,300 82,670 81,360 82,790 25.3
West Virginia ................. 17,270 17,230 16,790 16,920 16,600 16,220 16,600 16,370 15,850 15,230 15,270 -14.8
Wisconsin ..................... 61,130 60,040 60,420 61,450 60,940 61,020 62,250 61,750 60,700 58,540 58,330 -5.0
Wyoming ....................... 5,770 5,770 5,950 5,880 6,130 6,200 6,290 6,170 5,960 5,720 5,590 1.8
Jurisdiction
Bureau of Indian
Education ................ — — — — — — — — — — — —
DoDEA4 ......................... — — — — — — — — — — — —
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ........ — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam ......................... — — — — — — — — — — — —
Northern Marianas ..... — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico ................ — — — — — — — — — — — —
U.S. Virgin Islands ...... — — — — — — — — — — — —

—Not available. been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because
1
U.S. total includes estimates for nonreporting states. of rounding.
2
Beginning in 1989–90, graduates from adult programs are excluded. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
3
Projected data from NCES 91-490, Projections of Education Statistics to 2002. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
4
DoDEA = Department of Defense Education Activity. Includes both domestic and 1981–82 through 2005–06; “State Dropout and Completion Data File,” 2005–06 through
overseas schools. 2012–13; and State High School Graduates Projection Model, 1980–81 through 2028–29.
NOTE: Data include regular diploma recipients, but exclude students receiving a certificate (This table was prepared March 2019.)
of attendance and persons receiving high school equivalency certificates. Some data have

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142 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
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Table 219.30. Public high school graduates, by race/ethnicity: 1998–99 through 2028–29
Number of high school graduates Percentage distribution of graduates
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
Year Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1998–99 ..................... 2,485,630 1,749,561 325,708 270,836 115,216 24,309 — 100.0 70.4 13.1 10.9 4.6 1.0 †
1999–2000 ................. 2,553,844 1,778,370 338,116 289,139 122,344 25,875 — 100.0 69.6 13.2 11.3 4.8 1.0 †
2000–01 ..................... 2,569,200 1,775,036 339,578 301,740 126,465 26,381 — 100.0 69.1 13.2 11.7 4.9 1.0 †
2001–02 ..................... 2,621,534 1,796,110 348,969 317,197 132,182 27,076 — 100.0 68.5 13.3 12.1 5.0 1.0 †
2002–03 ..................... 2,719,947 1,856,454 359,920 340,182 135,588 27,803 — 100.0 68.3 13.2 12.5 5.0 1.0 †

2003–04 ..................... 2,753,438 1,829,177 383,443 374,492 137,496 28,830 — 100.0 66.4 13.9 13.6 5.0 1.0 †
2004–05 ..................... 2,799,250 1,855,198 385,987 383,714 143,729 30,622 — 100.0 66.3 13.8 13.7 5.1 1.1 †
2005–06 ..................... 2,815,544 1,838,765 399,406 396,820 150,925 29,628 — 100.0 65.3 14.2 14.1 5.4 1.1 †
2006–07 ..................... 2,893,045 1,868,056 418,113 421,036 154,837 31,003 — 100.0 64.6 14.5 14.6 5.4 1.1 †
2007–08 ..................... 3,001,337 1,898,367 429,840 448,887 159,410 32,036 32,797 1 100.0 63.3 14.3 15.0 5.3 1.1 1.1 1

2008–09 ..................... 3,039,015 1,883,382 451,384 481,698 163,575 32,213 26,763 1 100.0 62.0 14.9 15.9 5.4 1.1 0.9 1
2009–10 ..................... 3,128,022 1,871,980 472,261 545,518 167,840 34,131 36,292 1 100.0 59.8 15.1 17.4 5.4 1.1 1.2 1
2010–11 ..................... 3,144,100 1,835,332 471,461 583,907 168,875 32,768 51,748 100.0 58.4 15.0 18.6 5.4 1.0 1.6
2011–12 ..................... 3,149,185 1,807,528 467,932 608,726 173,835 32,450 58,703 100.0 57.4 14.9 19.3 5.5 1.0 1.9
2012–13 ..................... 3,169,257 1,791,147 461,919 640,413 179,101 31,100 65,569 100.0 56.5 14.6 20.2 5.7 1.0 2.1

2013–142 .................... 3,168,450 1,769,050 454,270 661,020 181,900 30,180 72,030 100.0 55.8 14.3 20.9 5.7 1.0 2.3
2014–152 .................... 3,187,000 1,750,350 459,300 685,900 185,170 30,060 76,220 100.0 54.9 14.4 21.5 5.8 0.9 2.4
2015–162 .................... 3,224,140 1,746,430 465,320 713,740 185,070 30,230 83,350 100.0 54.2 14.4 22.1 5.7 0.9 2.6
2016–172 .................... 3,255,320 1,742,040 468,970 736,760 186,830 30,190 90,520 100.0 53.5 14.4 22.6 5.7 0.9 2.8
2017–182 .................... 3,319,760 1,738,760 477,200 774,750 200,730 30,060 98,270 100.0 52.4 14.4 23.3 6.0 0.9 3.0

2018–192 .................... 3,331,520 1,717,950 472,450 805,450 200,850 29,220 105,600 100.0 51.6 14.2 24.2 6.0 0.9 3.2
2019–202 .................... 3,303,890 1,676,320 459,460 824,330 203,680 28,620 111,480 100.0 50.7 13.9 25.0 6.2 0.9 3.4
2020–212 .................... 3,330,840 1,669,020 451,510 847,770 212,240 29,190 121,110 100.0 50.1 13.6 25.5 6.4 0.9 3.6
2021–222 .................... 3,354,240 1,659,320 445,420 869,910 217,940 29,560 132,100 100.0 49.5 13.3 25.9 6.5 0.9 3.9
2022–232 .................... 3,372,640 1,632,870 447,270 904,420 217,310 29,040 141,730 100.0 48.4 13.3 26.8 6.4 0.9 4.2

2023–242 .................... 3,441,920 1,629,570 460,740 945,420 218,260 29,310 158,630 100.0 47.3 13.4 27.5 6.3 0.9 4.6
2024–252 .................... 3,492,860 1,627,540 469,950 971,900 220,650 29,430 173,390 100.0 46.6 13.5 27.8 6.3 0.8 5.0
2025–262 .................... 3,497,750 1,603,120 474,420 981,800 225,280 29,100 184,030 100.0 45.8 13.6 28.1 6.4 0.8 5.3
2026–272 .................... 3,416,680 1,552,660 463,790 963,620 220,040 28,710 187,860 100.0 45.4 13.6 28.2 6.4 0.8 5.5
2027–282 .................... 3,348,520 1,513,160 444,520 941,360 226,210 27,540 195,730 100.0 45.2 13.3 28.1 6.8 0.8 5.8
2028–292 .................... 3,361,890 1,514,110 448,170 955,040 221,040 27,670 195,860 100.0 45.0 13.3 28.4 6.6 0.8 5.8

—Not available. from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding and
†Not applicable. statistical methods used to prevent the identification of individual students.
1
Data on students of Two or more races were not reported by all states; therefore, the data SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
are not comparable to figures for 2010–11 and later years. Core of Data (CCD), “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education,”
2
Projected. 1981–82 through 2005–06; “State Dropout and Completion Data File,” 2005–06 through
NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Prior to 2007–08, data on 2012–13; and National Public High School Graduates by Race/Ethnicity Projections Model,
students of Two or more races were not collected separately. Some data have been revised 1995–96 through 2028–29. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 143
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.46. Public high school 4-year adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR), by selected student characteristics and state: 2010–11
through 2016–17
Total, ACGR for all students ACGR for students with selected characteristics,1 2016–17
Race/ethnicity
Asian/Pacific Islander5 Ameri- Stu-
can dents Limited Econom-
Indian/ Two or with English ically
2010– 2011– 2012– 2013– 2014– 2015– 2016– His- Pacific Alaska more disabili- profi- disad-
State 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 White Black panic Total Asian Islander Native races ties 2
cient vantaged4
3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
United States .... 79 6 80 6 81 7 82 83 84 85 89 78 80 91 — — 72 8 — 67 8 66 8 78 8
Alabama9 .................. 72 75 80 86 89 87 89 91 87 88 95 — — — 91 — — —
Alaska ...................... 68 70 72 71 76 76 78 82 74 77 84 88 77 69 75 59 58 72
Arizona ..................... 78 76 75 76 77 80 78 83 74 75 89 — — 67 — 66 30 72
Arkansas .................. 81 84 85 87 85 87 88 90 83 86 86 92 69 89 86 84 82 85
California .................. 76 79 80 81 82 83 83 87 73 80 93 93 91 68 70 65 67 79
Colorado ................... 74 75 77 77 77 79 79 84 72 71 89 90 77 64 80 57 65 69
Connecticut .............. 83 85 86 87 87 87 88 93 80 78 95 95 81 88 88 67 68 78
Delaware .................. 78 80 80 87 86 86 87 90 83 82 95 96 >=50 76 91 69 69 78
District of Columbia ... 59 59 62 61 69 69 73 85 72 72 78 ‡ ‡ ‡ >=90 53 63 73
Florida ...................... 71 75 76 76 78 81 82 86 75 81 93 93 87 80 83 66 67 77
Georgia ..................... 67 70 72 73 79 79 81 84 78 74 91 — — 79 82 59 59 76
Hawaii ...................... 80 81 82 82 82 83 83 80 79 80 84 — — 79 — 65 69 78
Idaho ........................ — — — 77 79 80 80 81 70 75 85 86 78 66 76 61 75 72
Illinois ....................... 84 82 83 86 86 86 87 91 79 84 95 95 82 81 86 71 74 79
Indiana ..................... 86 86 87 88 87 87 84 88 71 76 80 81 70 76 82 71 50 80
Iowa ......................... 88 89 90 91 91 91 91 93 82 82 91 93 77 83 85 74 80 84
Kansas ..................... 83 85 86 86 86 86 87 89 78 81 93 94 75 81 84 78 80 79
Kentucky .................. — — 86 88 88 89 90 91 82 84 92 93 76 77 87 74 67 87
Louisiana .................. 71 72 74 75 78 79 78 84 73 67 90 91 77 81 82 53 36 73
Maine ....................... 84 85 86 87 88 87 87 87 83 89 89 88 >=50 71 79 73 81 79
Maryland .................. 83 84 85 86 87 88 88 93 85 74 96 96 89 86 91 68 45 79
Massachusetts ......... 83 85 85 86 87 88 88 93 80 74 94 94 78 81 85 73 63 79
Michigan .................. 74 76 77 79 80 80 80 84 69 73 91 91 85 68 75 57 69 68
Minnesota ................. 77 78 80 81 82 82 83 88 65 66 85 86 63 51 71 61 65 69
Mississippi ................ 75 75 76 78 81 82 83 87 79 81 91 91 >=80 80 79 36 67 80
Missouri ................... 81 84 86 87 88 89 88 91 76 84 91 — — 84 89 77 67 80
Montana ................... 82 84 84 85 86 86 86 89 81 80 91 94 83 69 — 77 63 77
Nebraska .................. 86 88 89 90 89 89 89 93 81 82 82 82 85 70 86 71 50 82
Nevada ..................... 62 63 71 70 71 74 81 84 68 80 91 93 82 74 81 65 82 77
New Hampshire ........ 86 86 87 88 88 88 89 90 79 76 93 93 >=50 75 85 74 78 78
New Jersey ............... 83 86 88 89 90 90 91 95 83 84 97 97 >=95 92 92 79 76 84
New Mexico .............. 63 70 70 69 69 71 71 76 68 71 85 — — 61 — 62 68 66
New York .................. 77 77 77 78 79 80 82 90 72 71 88 88 77 67 83 55 31 75
North Carolina ........... 78 80 83 84 86 86 87 89 84 81 94 — — 84 84 70 58 82
North Dakota ............ 86 87 88 87 87 88 87 91 75 76 80 80 — 68 — 66 69 74
Ohio .......................... 80 81 82 82 81 84 84 88 69 74 88 — — 76 79 71 55 73
Oklahoma ................. — — 85 83 83 82 83 84 80 79 86 86 84 83 83 77 57 77
Oregon ..................... 68 68 69 72 74 75 77 78 68 73 86 89 69 59 77 59 55 70
Pennsylvania ............ 83 84 86 85 85 86 87 91 74 74 92 92 90 73 79 74 65 80
Rhode Island ............. 77 77 80 81 83 83 84 88 81 76 88 89 68 73 79 63 72 76
South Carolina .......... 74 75 78 80 80 83 84 85 81 81 93 — — 76 — 54 77 85
South Dakota ............ 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 90 78 71 85 ‡ ‡ 50 78 60 59 67
Tennessee ................ 86 87 86 87 88 89 90 93 84 84 94 94 93 89 — 73 74 85
Texas ........................ 86 88 88 88 89 89 90 94 86 88 96 96 89 86 92 77 76 87
Utah ......................... 76 80 83 84 85 85 86 88 73 77 87 89 86 74 87 69 67 77
Vermont .................... 87 88 87 88 88 88 89 90 77 90 82 ‡ ‡ ‡ 83 76 66 81
Virginia ..................... 82 83 85 85 86 87 87 91 83 73 93 94 91 83 90 60 57 78
Washington ............... 76 77 76 78 78 80 79 82 72 73 85 88 68 62 80 59 58 70
West Virginia ............. 78 79 81 85 87 90 89 90 87 92 95 95 >=50 >=80 83 76 ‡ 87
Wisconsin ................. 87 88 88 89 88 88 89 93 67 80 91 91 85 79 84 68 65 77
Wyoming .................. 80 79 77 79 79 80 86 88 83 80 84 81 >=50 59 79 68 77 65

—Not available. 7
Includes imputed data for Idaho. Data were not available for Idaho because this state had not
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). yet started reporting ACGR data in 2012–13.
1
The time when students are identified as having certain characteristics varies by state. 8
Includes estimated data for Alabama because Alabama did not report data for this subgroup.
Depending on the state, a student may be included in a category if the relevant characteristic Estimated Alabama data were based on data published on the Alabama State Education
is reported in 9th-grade data, if the characteristic is reported in 12th-grade data, or if it is Agency website.
reported at any point during the student’s high school years. 9
Use data with caution. The Alabama State Department of Education has indicated that
2
Students identified as children with disabilities under the Individuals with Disabilities Education their ACGR data for some years was misstated. For more information, please see the
Act (IDEA). following press release issued by the state: https://www.alsde.edu/sec/comm/News%20
3
Students who met the definition of limited English proficient students as outlined in the Releases/12-08-2016%20Graduation%20Rate%20Review.pdf.
EDFacts workbook. For more information, see http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/edfacts/ NOTE: The adjusted cohort graduation rate (ACGR) is the percentage of public high school
eden-workbook.html. freshmen who graduate with a regular diploma within 4 years of starting 9th grade. Students
4
Students who met the state criteria for classification as economically disadvantaged. who are entering 9th grade for the first time form a cohort for the graduating class. This
5
States either report data for a combined “Asian/Pacific Islander” group or report the “Asian” cohort is “adjusted” by adding any students who subsequently transfer into the cohort and
and “Pacific Islander” groups separately. Total represents either a single value reported by the subtracting any students who subsequently transfer out, emigrate to another country, or die.
state for “Asian/Pacific Islander” or an aggregation of separate values reported for “Asian” Values preceded by the “>=” symbol have been “blurred” (rounded) to protect student privacy.
and “Pacific Islander.” “Pacific Islander” includes the “Filipino” group, which only California Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
reports separately. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education,
6
Includes imputed data for Idaho, Kentucky, and Oklahoma. Data were not available for these Consolidated State Performance Report, 2010–11 through 2016–17. (This table was prepared
states because they had not yet started reporting ACGR data in 2010–11 and 2011–12. December 2018.)

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144 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.55. Among 15- to 24-year-olds enrolled in grades 10 through 12, percentage who dropped out (event dropout rate), by sex and
race/ethnicity: 1972 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Event dropout rate1

Sex Race/ethnicity
Year Total 2
Male Female White Black Hispanic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1972 ............................................................. 6.1 (0.34) 5.9 (0.47) 6.3 (0.49) 5.3 (0.35) 9.6 (1.36) 11.2! (3.70)
1973 ............................................................. 6.3 (0.34) 6.8 (0.50) 5.7 (0.46) 5.5 (0.35) 10.0 (1.39) 10.0! (3.50)
1974 ............................................................. 6.7 (0.35) 7.4 (0.52) 6.0 (0.47) 5.8 (0.36) 11.6 (1.44) 9.9! (3.34)
1975 ............................................................. 5.8 (0.32) 5.4 (0.45) 6.1 (0.47) 5.1 (0.34) 8.7 (1.28) 10.9! (3.30)
1976 ............................................................. 5.9 (0.33) 6.6 (0.49) 5.2 (0.44) 5.6 (0.36) 7.4 (1.18) 7.3! (2.71)

1977 ............................................................. 6.5 (0.34) 6.9 (0.49) 6.1 (0.47) 6.1 (0.37) 8.6 (1.21) 7.8! (2.79)
1978 ............................................................. 6.7 (0.35) 7.5 (0.52) 5.9 (0.46) 5.8 (0.36) 10.2 (1.32) 12.3 (3.60)
1979 ............................................................. 6.7 (0.35) 6.8 (0.50) 6.7 (0.49) 6.1 (0.37) 10.0 (1.34) 9.8! (3.20)
1980 ............................................................. 6.1 (0.33) 6.7 (0.49) 5.5 (0.45) 5.3 (0.35) 8.3 (1.22) 11.7 (3.36)
1981 ............................................................. 5.9 (0.33) 6.0 (0.47) 5.8 (0.46) 4.9 (0.34) 9.7 (1.30) 10.7 (3.00)

1982 ............................................................. 5.5 (0.34) 5.8 (0.50) 5.2 (0.47) 4.8 (0.37) 7.8 (1.23) 9.2! (3.04)
1983 ............................................................. 5.2 (0.34) 5.8 (0.50) 4.7 (0.46) 4.4 (0.36) 7.0 (1.20) 10.1! (3.18)
1984 ............................................................. 5.1 (0.34) 5.5 (0.50) 4.8 (0.47) 4.5 (0.37) 5.8 (1.08) 11.1 (3.28)
1985 ............................................................. 5.3 (0.35) 5.4 (0.51) 5.1 (0.49) 4.4 (0.37) 7.8 (1.29) 9.8 (2.58)
1986 ............................................................. 4.7 (0.33) 4.7 (0.46) 4.7 (0.46) 3.8 (0.34) 5.5 (1.08) 11.9 (2.70)

1987 ............................................................. 4.1 (0.31) 4.4 (0.45) 3.8 (0.42) 3.6 (0.33) 6.4 (1.16) 5.6! (1.94)
1988 ............................................................. 4.8 (0.37) 5.4 (0.55) 4.6 (0.53) 4.4 (0.42) 6.3 (1.28) 11.0 (3.08)
1989 ............................................................. 4.5 (0.35) 4.6 (0.50) 4.6 (0.50) 3.6 (0.37) 8.2 (1.40) 8.1 (2.43)
1990 ............................................................. 4.0 (0.33) 4.2 (0.49) 4.1 (0.49) 3.5 (0.37) 5.2 (1.17) 8.4 (2.41)
1991 ............................................................. 4.0 (0.33) 3.9 (0.47) 4.4 (0.51) 3.3 (0.37) 6.4 (1.27) 7.8 (2.33)

1992 ............................................................. 4.4 (0.35) 3.9 (0.46) 4.9 (0.53) 3.7 (0.38) 5.0 (1.09) 8.2 (2.23)
1993 ............................................................. 4.5 (0.36) 4.6 (0.51) 4.3 (0.50) 3.9 (0.40) 5.8 (1.20) 6.7! (2.02)
1994 ............................................................. 5.3 (0.37) 5.2 (0.51) 5.4 (0.53) 4.2 (0.40) 6.6 (1.21) 10.0 (2.18)
1995 ............................................................. 5.7 (0.35) 6.2 (0.51) 5.3 (0.48) 4.5 (0.38) 6.4 (1.01) 12.4 (1.62)
1996 ............................................................. 5.0 (0.34) 5.0 (0.48) 5.1 (0.49) 4.1 (0.38) 6.7 (1.05) 9.0 (1.49)

1997 ............................................................. 4.6 (0.32) 5.0 (0.47) 4.1 (0.43) 3.6 (0.35) 5.0 (0.91) 9.5 (1.45)
1998 ............................................................. 4.8 (0.33) 4.6 (0.45) 4.9 (0.47) 3.9 (0.36) 5.2 (0.91) 9.4 (1.46)
1999 ............................................................. 5.0 (0.33) 4.6 (0.44) 5.4 (0.49) 4.0 (0.36) 6.5 (0.99) 7.8 (1.27)
2000 ............................................................. 4.8 (0.33) 5.5 (0.49) 4.1 (0.43) 4.1 (0.37) 6.1 (1.00) 7.4 (1.24)
2001 ............................................................. 5.0 (0.32) 5.6 (0.46) 4.3 (0.42) 4.1 (0.35) 6.3 (0.96) 8.8 (1.31)

2002 ............................................................. 3.5 (0.27) 3.7 (0.39) 3.4 (0.37) 2.6 (0.28) 4.9 (0.87) 5.8 (1.01)
2003 ............................................................. 4.0 (0.28) 4.2 (0.40) 3.8 (0.38) 3.2 (0.31) 4.8 (0.85) 7.1 (1.06)
2004 ............................................................. 4.7 (0.30) 5.1 (0.44) 4.3 (0.41) 3.7 (0.34) 5.7 (0.94) 8.9 (1.20)
2005 ............................................................. 3.8 (0.27) 4.2 (0.40) 3.4 (0.36) 2.8 (0.29) 7.3 (1.03) 5.0 (0.87)
2006 ............................................................. 3.8 (0.27) 4.1 (0.39) 3.4 (0.36) 2.9 (0.30) 3.8 (0.77) 7.0 (1.01)

2007 ............................................................. 3.5 (0.26) 3.7 (0.37) 3.3 (0.35) 2.2 (0.26) 4.5 (0.80) 6.0 (0.98)
2008 ............................................................. 3.5 (0.26) 3.1 (0.34) 4.0 (0.39) 2.3 (0.27) 6.4 (0.94) 5.3 (0.85)
2009 ............................................................. 3.4 (0.25) 3.5 (0.36) 3.4 (0.35) 2.4 (0.28) 4.8 (0.83) 5.8 (0.87)
2010 ............................................................. 3.0 (0.26) 3.0 (0.36) 2.9 (0.35) 2.3 (0.29) 3.6 (0.88) 4.1 (0.73)
2011 ............................................................. 3.4 (0.30) 3.6 (0.43) 3.1 (0.37) 2.7 (0.38) 4.4 (0.87) 4.6 (0.81)

2012 ............................................................. 3.4 (0.32) 3.6 (0.48) 3.3 (0.49) 1.6 (0.24) 6.8 (1.35) 5.4 (0.93)
2013 ............................................................. 4.7 (0.40) 4.8 (0.53) 4.5 (0.55) 4.3 (0.51) 5.8 (1.17) 5.7 (0.95)
2014 ............................................................. 5.2 (0.38) 5.4 (0.58) 5.0 (0.53) 4.7 (0.43) 5.7 (1.21) 7.9 (1.05)
2015 ............................................................. 4.9 (0.43) 5.1 (0.60) 4.6 (0.57) 3.8 (0.47) 6.8 (1.37) 6.2 (1.12)
2016 ............................................................. 4.8 (0.36) 5.4 (0.57) 4.1 (0.52) 4.5 (0.45) 5.9 (1.19) 4.7 (0.76)
2017 ............................................................. 4.7 (0.37) 5.4 (0.52) 3.9 (0.49) 3.9 (0.43) 5.5 (1.16) 6.5 (0.98)

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population,
30 and 50 percent. which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or
1
The event dropout rate is the percentage of 15- to 24-year-olds in grades 10 through nursing facilities). Because of changes in data collection procedures, data for 1992 and
12 who dropped out between one October and the next (e.g., the 2017 data refer to later years may not be comparable with figures for prior years. Prior to 2010, standard
10th- through 12th-graders who were enrolled in October 2016 but had dropped out by errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather than the
October 2017). Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high school diploma more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Race categories exclude
or alternative credential such as a GED certificate. persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Includes other racial/ethnic groups not separately shown. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
(CPS), October, 1972 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 145
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.57. Among 15- to 24-year-olds enrolled in grades 10 through 12, percentage who dropped out (event dropout rate), and number
and percentage distribution of 15- to 24-year-olds in grades 10 through 12, by selected characteristics: Selected years,
2007 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2017
Number of 15- to 24-year-olds Percentage distribution of
enrolled in grades 10 through 12 15- to 24-year-olds
Event dropout rate (percent)
1
(in thousands) enrolled in grades 10 through 12
Total Event Total Event
Selected characteristic 2007 2012 2016 2017 population2 dropouts only3 population2 dropouts only3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Total ..................................................... 3.5 (0.26) 3.4 (0.32) 4.8 (0.36) 4.7 (0.37) 11,138 (121.5) 523 (41.6) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Sex
Male ........................................................ 3.7 (0.37) 3.6 (0.48) 5.4 (0.57) 5.4 (0.52) 5,669 (83.0) 307 (29.5) 50.9 (0.49) 58.8 (3.69)
Female ..................................................... 3.3 (0.35) 3.3 (0.49) 4.1 (0.52) 3.9 (0.49) 5,469 (80.7) 215 (26.9) 49.1 (0.49) 41.2 (3.69)

Race/ethnicity
White ....................................................... 2.2 (0.26) 1.6 (0.24) 4.5 (0.45) 3.9 (0.43) 5,988 (88.8) 235 (25.8) 53.8 (0.64) 44.9 (4.20)
Black ....................................................... 4.5 (0.80) 6.8 (1.35) 5.9 (1.19) 5.5 (1.16) 1,533 (54.8) 85 (18.2) 13.8 (0.48) 16.2 (3.18)
Hispanic ................................................... 6.0 (0.98) 5.4 (0.93) 4.7 (0.76) 6.5 (0.98) 2,482 (70.4) 161 (24.9) 22.3 (0.57) 30.8 (3.68)
Asian ........................................................ 7.9 (2.14) 3.6! (1.15) 3.6! (1.53) 4.7! (1.53) 609 (37.8) ‡ (†) 5.5 (0.32) 5.5! (1.74)
Pacific Islander ......................................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.4 (0.11) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ................. 20.8! (6.40) ‡ (†) 17.3! (6.10) 4.4! (1.86) 123 (19.4) ‡ (†) 1.1 (0.17) 1.0! (0.43)
Two or more races ................................... ‡ (†) 4.5! (2.25) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 365 (31.6) ‡ (†) 3.3 (0.28) ‡ (†)

Age4
15 and 16 ................................................ 3.2 (0.45) 2.2 (0.42) 5.3 (0.74) 4.5 (0.64) 3,091 (70.8) 138 (20.2) 27.7 (0.60) 26.4 (3.44)
17 ............................................................. 2.1 (0.34) 1.9 (0.36) 3.8 (0.56) 4.1 (0.55) 3,813 (56.8) 155 (21.2) 34.2 (0.51) 29.7 (3.62)
18 ............................................................. 4.0 (0.54) 3.2 (0.71) 5.2 (0.78) 5.2 (0.79) 2,912 (62.6) 150 (23.1) 26.1 (0.51) 28.7 (3.72)
19 ............................................................. 4.1 (1.01) 8.2 (1.74) 4.5 (1.31) 6.1! (1.89) 924 (54.9) ‡ (†) 8.3 (0.46) 10.8 (3.09)
20 to 24 .................................................... 20.3 (3.60) 14.9 (3.61) 7.4! (2.55) 5.8! (2.31) 399 (44.1) ‡ (†) 3.6 (0.38) 4.4! (1.89)

Recency of immigration5
Born outside the United States
Hispanic ............................................... 10.6 (2.67) 10.7 (2.44) 3.1! (1.50) 5.9! (2.27) 306 (34.9) ‡ (†) 2.8 (0.31) 3.5! (1.46)
Non-Hispanic ....................................... 5.8! (2.00) 2.7! (1.25) 6.7! (2.26) 9.6 (2.53) 386 (43.1) ‡ (†) 3.5 (0.38) 7.1 (1.93)
First generation
Hispanic................................................ 3.3! (1.11) 5.5 (1.50) 5.3 (1.12) 4.7 (1.17) 1,201 (63.9) ‡ (†) 10.8 (0.57) 10.8 (2.55)
Non-Hispanic ....................................... 3.1 (0.88) 1.9! (0.86) 3.3! (1.09) 3.5 (1.04) 943 (57.3) ‡ (†) 8.5 (0.50) 6.4 (1.87)
Second or later generation
Hispanic................................................ 6.5 (1.71) 2.3! (0.88) 4.7 (1.41) 8.8 (1.93) 974 (55.8) ‡ (†) 8.7 (0.49) 16.5 (3.19)
Non-Hispanic ....................................... 2.9 (0.27) 3.0 (0.36) 4.8 (0.46) 4.0 (0.40) 7,327 (108.0) 291 (29.5) 65.8 (0.75) 55.7 (4.03)

Disability status6
With a disability ........................................ — (†) 10.0 (2.81) 6.7! (2.17) 6.2! (2.10) 413 (33.5) ‡ (†) 3.7 (0.30) 4.9! (1.69)
Without a disability ................................... — (†) 3.2 (0.33) 4.7 (0.36) 4.6 (0.39) 10,725 (125.9) 497 (41.7) 96.3 (0.30) 95.1 (1.69)

Region
Northeast .. ............................................... 2.9 (0.52) 3.3 (0.67) 4.2 (0.87) 4.9 (1.01) 1,729 (73.5) ‡ (†) 15.5 (0.63) 16.4 (3.18)
Midwest ... ................................................ 3.1 (0.48) 2.7 (0.56) 4.4 (0.72) 3.2 (0.63) 2,508 (79.2) 81 (15.6) 22.5 (0.68) 15.6 (2.75)
South ....................................................... 3.6 (0.47) 3.7 (0.60) 5.2 (0.62) 5.2 (0.62) 4,229 (107.2) 219 (27.9) 38.0 (0.88) 41.9 (4.01)
West ........................................................ 4.2 (0.62) 3.8 (0.76) 4.8 (0.73) 5.1 (0.73) 2,672 (85.7) 137 (19.9) 24.0 (0.72) 26.2 (3.35)

—Not available. 5
United States refers to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American
†Not applicable. Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Marianas. Children born abroad
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between to U.S.-citizen parents are counted as born in the United States. Individuals defined as
30 and 50 percent. “first generation” were born in the United States, but one or both of their parents were
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the born outside the United States. Individuals defined as “second generation or higher” were
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. born in the United States, as were both of their parents.
1
The event dropout rate is the percentage of 15- to 24-year-olds in grades 10 through 6
Individuals identified as having a disability reported difficulty with at least one of the
12 who dropped out between one October and the next (e.g., the 2017 data refer to following: hearing, seeing even when wearing glasses, walking or climbing stairs, dressing
10th- through 12th-graders who were enrolled in October 2016 but had dropped out by or bathing, doing errands alone, concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
October 2017). Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high school diploma NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population,
or alternative credential such as a GED certificate. which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or
2
Includes all 15- to 24-year-olds who were enrolled in grades 10 through 12 in October 2016. nursing facilities). Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not
3
Includes only those 15- to 24-year-olds who dropped out of grades 10 through 12 between sum to totals because of rounding. Prior to 2010, standard errors were computed using
October 2016 and October 2017. Dropping out is defined as leaving school without a high generalized variance function methodology rather than the more precise replicate weight
school diploma or alternative credential such as a GED certificate. methodology used in later years.
4
Age at the time of data collection. A person’s age at the time of dropping out may be SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
1 year younger, because the dropout event could occur at any time over the previous (CPS), October, 2007 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
12-month period.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

146 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.65. High school completion rate of 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high school (status completion rate), by sex and race/
ethnicity: 1972 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Status completion rate1

Sex Race/ethnicity
Year Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1972 .......................................... 82.8 (0.36) 83.0 (0.52) 82.7 (0.49) 86.0 (0.36) 72.1 (1.45) 56.2 (3.67) — (†)
1973 .......................................... 83.7 (0.34) 84.0 (0.50) 83.4 (0.48) 87.0 (0.35) 71.6 (1.42) 58.7 (3.68) — (†)
1974 .......................................... 83.6 (0.34) 83.4 (0.50) 83.8 (0.47) 86.7 (0.35) 72.9 (1.41) 60.1 (3.40) — (†)
1975 .......................................... 83.8 (0.34) 84.1 (0.48) 83.6 (0.47) 87.2 (0.34) 70.2 (1.43) 62.2 (3.45) — (†)
1976 .......................................... 83.5 (0.33) 83.0 (0.49) 84.0 (0.46) 86.4 (0.34) 73.5 (1.36) 60.3 (3.36) — (†)

1977 .......................................... 83.6 (0.33) 82.8 (0.49) 84.4 (0.45) 86.7 (0.34) 73.9 (1.34) 58.6 (3.50) — (†)
1978 .......................................... 83.6 (0.33) 82.8 (0.48) 84.2 (0.45) 86.9 (0.34) 73.4 (1.33) 58.8 (3.21) — (†)
1979 .......................................... 83.1 (0.33) 82.1 (0.49) 84.0 (0.45) 86.5 (0.34) 72.6 (1.33) 58.5 (3.15) — (†)
1980 .......................................... 83.9 (0.32) 82.3 (0.48) 85.3 (0.43) 87.5 (0.33) 75.2 (1.28) 57.1 (2.99) — (†)
1981 .......................................... 83.8 (0.32) 82.0 (0.48) 85.4 (0.43) 87.1 (0.33) 76.7 (1.22) 59.1 (2.90) — (†)

1982 .......................................... 83.8 (0.34) 82.7 (0.50) 84.9 (0.46) 87.0 (0.35) 76.4 (1.28) 60.9 (2.61) — (†)
1983 .......................................... 83.9 (0.34) 82.1 (0.51) 85.6 (0.45) 87.4 (0.35) 76.8 (1.27) 59.4 (3.13) — (†)
1984 .......................................... 84.7 (0.34) 83.3 (0.50) 85.9 (0.45) 87.5 (0.35) 80.3 (1.19) 63.7 (3.03) — (†)
1985 .......................................... 85.4 (0.34) 84.0 (0.50) 86.7 (0.45) 88.2 (0.35) 81.0 (1.20) 66.6 (2.40) — (†)
1986 .......................................... 85.5 (0.34) 84.2 (0.51) 86.7 (0.45) 88.8 (0.35) 81.8 (1.19) 63.5 (2.30) — (†)

1987 .......................................... 84.7 (0.35) 83.6 (0.52) 85.8 (0.47) 87.7 (0.37) 81.9 (1.20) 65.1 (2.24) — (†)
1988 .......................................... 84.5 (0.39) 83.2 (0.58) 85.8 (0.52) 88.6 (0.40) 80.9 (1.35) 58.2 (2.56) — (†)
1989 .......................................... 84.7 (0.37) 83.2 (0.55) 86.2 (0.49) 89.0 (0.38) 81.9 (1.25) 59.4 (2.29) 89.3 (2.46)
1990 .......................................... 85.6 (0.36) 85.1 (0.53) 86.0 (0.50) 89.6 (0.37) 83.2 (1.22) 59.1 (2.35) 94.2 (1.72)
1991 .......................................... 84.9 (0.37) 83.8 (0.55) 85.9 (0.51) 89.4 (0.38) 82.5 (1.26) 56.5 (2.32) 95.2 (1.42)

1992 .......................................... 86.4 (0.36) 85.3 (0.53) 87.4 (0.49) 90.7 (0.36) 82.0 (1.26) 62.1 (2.32) 93.1 (1.73)
1993 .......................................... 86.2 (0.36) 85.4 (0.53) 86.9 (0.50) 90.1 (0.37) 81.9 (1.27) 64.4 (2.26) 93.9 (1.66)
1994 .......................................... 85.8 (0.36) 84.5 (0.53) 87.0 (0.49) 90.7 (0.36) 83.3 (1.19) 61.8 (2.06) 92.4 (1.83)
1995 .......................................... 85.0 (0.34) 84.3 (0.50) 85.7 (0.47) 89.5 (0.36) 84.1 (1.01) 62.6 (1.40) 94.8 (1.43)
1996 .......................................... 86.2 (0.35) 85.7 (0.50) 86.8 (0.48) 91.5 (0.34) 83.0 (1.08) 61.9 (1.49) 93.5 (1.24)

1997 .......................................... 85.9 (0.35) 84.6 (0.51) 87.2 (0.47) 90.5 (0.36) 82.0 (1.10) 66.7 (1.42) 90.6 (1.58)
1998 .......................................... 84.8 (0.36) 82.6 (0.53) 87.0 (0.47) 90.2 (0.36) 81.4 (1.11) 62.8 (1.37) 94.2 (1.22)
1999 .......................................... 85.9 (0.34) 84.8 (0.50) 87.0 (0.46) 91.2 (0.34) 83.5 (1.04) 63.4 (1.39) 94.0 (1.19)
2000 .......................................... 86.5 (0.33) 84.9 (0.49) 88.1 (0.44) 91.8 (0.33) 83.7 (1.01) 64.1 (1.36) 94.6 (1.13)
2001 .......................................... 86.5 (0.31) 84.6 (0.47) 88.3 (0.41) 91.1 (0.32) 85.7 (0.92) 65.7 (1.24) 96.1 (0.91)

2002 .......................................... 86.6 (0.31) 84.8 (0.46) 88.4 (0.41) 91.8 (0.31) 84.7 (0.95) 67.3 (1.15) 95.7 (0.89)
2003 .......................................... 87.1 (0.30) 85.1 (0.46) 89.2 (0.40) 91.9 (0.31) 85.0 (0.96) 69.2 (1.15) 94.8 (1.06)
2004 .......................................... 86.9 (0.30) 84.9 (0.46) 88.8 (0.40) 91.7 (0.31) 83.5 (0.98) 69.9 (1.12) 95.2 (1.00)
2005 .......................................... 87.6 (0.30) 85.4 (0.45) 89.8 (0.38) 92.3 (0.30) 86.0 (0.91) 70.3 (1.12) 96.0 (0.93)
2006 .......................................... 87.8 (0.29) 86.5 (0.43) 89.2 (0.39) 92.6 (0.30) 84.9 (0.93) 70.9 (1.11) 95.8 (0.95)

2007 .......................................... 89.0 (0.28) 87.4 (0.42) 90.6 (0.37) 93.5 (0.28) 88.8 (0.80) 72.7 (1.07) 92.8 (1.23)
2008 .......................................... 89.9 (0.27) 89.3 (0.39) 90.5 (0.37) 94.2 (0.26) 86.9 (0.86) 75.5 (1.03) 95.5 (1.01)
2009 .......................................... 89.8 (0.27) 88.3 (0.40) 91.2 (0.35) 93.8 (0.27) 87.1 (0.84) 76.8 (1.00) 97.6 (0.72)
2010 .......................................... 90.4 (0.35) 89.2 (0.53) 91.6 (0.38) 93.7 (0.38) 89.2 (1.08) 79.4 (1.21) 95.3 (1.26)
2011 .......................................... 90.8 (0.35) 89.9 (0.50) 91.8 (0.46) 93.8 (0.39) 90.1 (0.98) 82.2 (1.04) 94.1 (1.48)

2012 .......................................... 91.3 (0.33) 90.3 (0.47) 92.3 (0.45) 94.6 (0.38) 90.0 (1.01) 82.8 (1.02) 95.3 (1.24)
2013 .......................................... 92.0 (0.35) 91.4 (0.47) 92.6 (0.45) 94.3 (0.38) 91.5 (1.13) 85.0 (0.98) 96.3 (1.27)
2014 .......................................... 92.4 (0.32) 91.8 (0.46) 93.1 (0.38) 94.2 (0.40) 91.7 (0.91) 87.1 (0.88) 98.8 (0.47)
2015 .......................................... 93.0 (0.33) 92.5 (0.44) 93.4 (0.45) 94.7 (0.36) 91.9 (0.91) 88.4 (0.93) 97.3 (0.75)
2016 .......................................... 92.9 (0.32) 91.6 (0.46) 94.3 (0.37) 94.5 (0.36) 92.2 (1.02) 89.1 (0.81) 96.8 (0.75)
2017 .......................................... 93.3 (0.33) 92.3 (0.44) 94.3 (0.41) 94.8 (0.38) 93.8 (0.84) 88.3 (0.90) 98.6 (0.51)

—Not available. nursing facilities). Because of changes in data collection procedures, data for 1992 and later
†Not applicable. years may not be comparable with figures for prior years. Prior to 2010, standard errors
1
The status completion rate is the number of 18- to 24-year-olds who are high school were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather than the more
completers as a percentage of the total number of 18- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Race categories exclude persons
in high school or a lower level of education. High school completers include those with of Hispanic ethnicity. Totals include other racial/ethnic groups not separately shown.
a high school diploma, as well as those with an alternative credential, such as a GED. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
2
Prior to 2003, Asian data include Pacific Islanders. (CPS), October, 1972 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population,
which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 147
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.67. Number and high school completion rate of 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled in high school (status completion rate), by
selected characteristics: Selected years, 2007 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2017
Number of Percentage distribution of
18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled 18- to 24-year-olds not enrolled
Status completion rate1 in high school (in thousands) in high school
Total Status Total Status
Selected characteristic 2007 2012 2016 2017 population2 completers only3 population2 completers only3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Total ........................................... 89.0 (0.28) 91.3 (0.33) 92.9 (0.32) 93.3 (0.33) 27,603 (119.1) 25,766 (142.3) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Sex
Male ............................................... 87.4 (0.42) 90.3 (0.47) 91.6 (0.46) 92.3 (0.44) 13,715 (72.4) 12,665 (86.4) 49.7 (0.19) 49.2 (0.23)
Female ............................................ 90.6 (0.37) 92.3 (0.45) 94.3 (0.37) 94.3 (0.41) 13,888 (85.0) 13,101 (98.9) 50.3 (0.19) 50.8 (0.23)
Race/ethnicity
White .............................................. 93.5 (0.28) 94.6 (0.38) 94.5 (0.36) 94.8 (0.38) 14,999 (87.3) 14,213 (96.7) 54.3 (0.32) 55.2 (0.37)
Black .............................................. 88.8 (0.80) 90.0 (1.01) 92.2 (1.02) 93.8 (0.84) 3,791 (63.8) 3,555 (66.0) 13.7 (0.20) 13.8 (0.22)
Hispanic .......................................... 72.7 (1.07) 82.8 (1.02) 89.1 (0.81) 88.3 (0.90) 6,161 (66.6) 5,441 (86.6) 22.3 (0.25) 21.1 (0.31)
Asian ............................................... 92.8 (1.23) 95.3 (1.24) 96.8 (0.75) 98.6 (0.51) 1,605 (71.1) 1,583 (70.9) 5.8 (0.25) 6.1 (0.27)
Pacific Islander ................................ 97.7 (2.80) 89.6 (4.73) 83.6 (7.71) 89.2 (7.65) 99 (21.3) 88 (19.4) 0.4 (0.08) 0.3 (0.08)
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 77.9 (4.67) 79.0 (6.77) 75.3 (4.48) 86.3 (3.21) 274 (36.0) 236 (33.4) 1.0 (0.13) 0.9 (0.13)
Two or more races .......................... 90.4 (2.16) 91.9 (2.07) 96.2 (1.35) 96.4 (1.28) 676 (47.6) 651 (48.0) 2.4 (0.17) 2.5 (0.19)
Race/ethnicity by sex
Male
White ........................................... 92.3 (0.42) 94.1 (0.51) 93.8 (0.47) 94.3 (0.51) 7,507 (62.6) 7,079 (63.8) 54.7 (0.38) 55.9 (0.44)
Black ........................................... 89.0 (1.15) 88.2 (1.57) 88.7 (1.64) 92.1 (1.48) 1,820 (56.3) 1,677 (58.5) 13.3 (0.39) 13.2 (0.44)
Hispanic ....................................... 68.1 (1.55) 80.8 (1.48) 86.8 (1.41) 85.9 (1.22) 3,077 (51.8) 2,644 (61.9) 22.4 (0.38) 20.9 (0.46)
Asian ............................................ 93.5 (1.70) 97.0 (1.10) 97.4 (0.93) 99.3 (0.41) 815 (32.4) 809 (33.1) 5.9 (0.23) 6.4 (0.26)
Pacific Islander ............................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.4 (0.10) 0.4 (0.10)
American Indian/Alaska Native ..... 74.5 (7.43) 81.3 (7.98) 70.3 (6.53) 85.8 (5.00) 142 (22.6) 122 (21.1) 1.0 (0.16) 1.0 (0.17)
Two or more races ....................... 90.1 (3.20) 88.3 (3.57) 95.3 (2.40) 95.1 (2.14) 305 (30.7) 290 (30.2) 2.2 (0.22) 2.3 (0.24)
Female
White ........................................... 94.6 (0.36) 95.2 (0.48) 95.1 (0.47) 95.2 (0.49) 7,492 (59.0) 7,134 (66.3) 53.9 (0.45) 54.5 (0.53)
Black ........................................... 88.7 (1.12) 91.7 (1.34) 95.5 (1.02) 95.3 (0.96) 1,970 (40.6) 1,878 (43.3) 14.2 (0.28) 14.3 (0.31)
Hispanic ....................................... 77.6 (1.44) 84.8 (1.34) 91.3 (0.99) 90.7 (1.16) 3,084 (46.6) 2,797 (60.5) 22.2 (0.30) 21.3 (0.39)
Asian ............................................ 92.2 (1.76) 93.6 (2.11) 96.2 (1.16) 97.9 (0.90) 790 (62.0) 774 (61.3) 5.7 (0.43) 5.9 (0.45)
Pacific Islander ............................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.4 (0.09) 0.3 (0.09)
American Indian/Alaska Native ..... 80.4 (5.93) 77.2 (8.41) 79.8 (5.71) 87.0 (5.29) 131 (20.8) 114 (19.7) 0.9 (0.15) 0.9 (0.15)
Two or more races ....................... 90.7 (2.93) 95.6 (2.11) 97.1 (1.31) 97.4 (1.41) 371 (29.2) 361 (30.1) 2.7 (0.21) 2.8 (0.23)
Age
18 and 19 ....................................... 89.8 (0.53) 89.9 (0.74) 91.4 (0.66) 90.6 (0.70) 6,560 (78.4) 5,945 (86.7) 23.8 (0.22) 23.1 (0.26)
20 and 21 ....................................... 89.5 (0.50) 92.8 (0.56) 93.3 (0.56) 94.2 (0.54) 8,108 (183.4) 7,640 (172.4) 29.4 (0.65) 29.7 (0.65)
22 to 24 .......................................... 88.2 (0.43) 91.0 (0.51) 93.5 (0.42) 94.2 (0.41) 12,935 (172.4) 12,181 (169.4) 46.9 (0.64) 47.3 (0.66)
Recency of immigration 4
Born outside the United States
Hispanic ....................................... 54.3 (1.87) 67.4 (2.52) 79.8 (1.99) 78.1 (2.25) 1,378 (77.9) 1,076 (64.1) 5.0 (0.28) 4.2 (0.25)
Non-Hispanic ............................... 89.3 (1.39) 93.7 (1.53) 94.4 (1.16) 94.7 (1.23) 1,447 (80.7) 1,370 (79.0) 5.2 (0.28) 5.3 (0.30)
First generation
Hispanic ....................................... 87.3 (1.47) 88.6 (1.36) 92.0 (1.09) 91.7 (1.18) 2,624 (95.3) 2,405 (93.4) 9.5 (0.35) 9.3 (0.36)
Non-Hispanic ............................... 96.8 (0.64) 96.0 (0.82) 96.7 (0.82) 97.9 (0.64) 1,983 (98.4) 1,941 (98.6) 7.2 (0.35) 7.5 (0.38)
Second generation or higher
Hispanic ....................................... 83.4 (1.63) 87.1 (1.61) 92.2 (1.23) 90.8 (1.37) 2,159 (89.0) 1,959 (85.5) 7.8 (0.32) 7.6 (0.33)
Non-Hispanic ............................... 92.3 (0.28) 93.3 (0.38) 93.7 (0.37) 94.5 (0.37) 18,012 (140.8) 17,014 (150.3) 65.3 (0.46) 66.0 (0.51)
Disability5
With a disability ............................... — (†) 81.5 (2.16) 83.8 (2.00) 84.8 (2.28) 927 (60.5) 786 (52.4) 3.4 (0.22) 3.0 (0.20)
Without a disability .......................... — (†) 91.7 (0.35) 93.3 (0.33) 93.6 (0.34) 26,677 (124.7) 24,981 (144.1) 96.6 (0.22) 97.0 (0.20)
Region
Northeast ........................................ 92.1 (0.54) 91.3 (0.79) 95.0 (0.64) 94.9 (0.64) 4,845 (137.5) 4,596 (131.8) 17.6 (0.49) 17.8 (0.51)
Midwest .......................................... 91.4 (0.51) 92.6 (0.70) 92.6 (0.75) 93.3 (0.73) 5,842 (138.7) 5,452 (136.8) 21.2 (0.51) 21.2 (0.54)
South .............................................. 87.2 (0.52) 91.1 (0.56) 92.0 (0.56) 92.8 (0.56) 10,181 (175.4) 9,445 (176.8) 36.9 (0.63) 36.7 (0.66)
West ............................................... 87.1 (0.66) 90.5 (0.80) 93.1 (0.61) 93.1 (0.71) 6,736 (167.5) 6,273 (169.8) 24.4 (0.58) 24.3 (0.62)

—Not available. to U.S.-citizen parents are counted as born in the United States. Individuals defined as
†Not applicable. “first generation” were born in the United States, but one or both of their parents were
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). born outside the United States. Individuals defined as “second generation or higher” were
1
The status completion rate is the number of 18- to 24-year-olds who are high school born in the United States, as were both of their parents.
completers as a percentage of the total number of 18- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled 5
Individuals identified as having a disability reported difficulty in at least one of the following:
in high school or a lower level of education. High school completers include those with hearing, seeing even when wearing glasses, walking or climbing stairs, dressing or bathing,
a high school diploma, as well as those with an alternative credential, such as a GED. doing errands alone, concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.
2
Includes all 18- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in high school or a lower level of NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population,
education. which excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or
3
Status completers are 18- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in high school or a lower nursing facilities). Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not
level of education and who also are high school completers—that is, have either a high sum to totals because of rounding and the suppression of cells that do not meet National
school diploma or an alternative credential, such as a GED. Center for Education Statistics reporting standards.
4
United States refers to the 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, American SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Northern Marianas. Children born abroad (CPS), October, 2007 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

148 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.70. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout rate), by sex and race/ethnicity:
Selected years, 1960 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Total Male Female

All races/ All races/ All races/
Year ethnicities1 White Black Hispanic ethnicities1 White Black Hispanic ethnicities1 White Black Hispanic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1960 2 ............ 27.2 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) 27.8 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†) 26.7 (—) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19673 ............ 17.0 (—) 15.4 (—) 28.6 (—) — (†) 16.5 (—) 14.7 (—) 30.6 (—) — (†) 17.3 (—) 16.1 (—) 26.9 (—) — (†)
19683 ............ 16.2 (—) 14.7 (—) 27.4 (—) — (†) 15.8 (—) 14.4 (—) 27.1 (—) — (†) 16.5 (—) 15.0 (—) 27.6 (—) — (†)
19693 ............ 15.2 (—) 13.6 (—) 26.7 (—) — (†) 14.3 (—) 12.6 (—) 26.9 (—) — (†) 16.0 (—) 14.6 (—) 26.7 (—) — (†)

19703 ............ 15.0 (0.30) 13.2 (0.30) 27.9 (1.25) — (†) 14.2 (0.42) 12.2 (0.43) 29.4 (1.87) — (†) 15.7 (0.42) 14.1 (0.43) 26.6 (1.69) — (†)
19713 ............ 14.7 (0.29) 13.4 (0.30) 24.0 (1.17) — (†) 14.2 (0.41) 12.6 (0.42) 25.5 (1.74) — (†) 15.2 (0.41) 14.2 (0.42) 22.6 (1.58) — (†)
1972 ............. 14.6 (0.28) 12.3 (0.29) 21.3 (1.09) 34.3 (2.93) 14.1 (0.40) 11.6 (0.41) 22.3 (1.63) 33.7 (4.26) 15.1 (0.40) 12.8 (0.42) 20.5 (1.48) 34.8 (4.03)
1973 ............. 14.1 (0.28) 11.6 (0.28) 22.2 (1.09) 33.5 (2.96) 13.7 (0.39) 11.5 (0.40) 21.5 (1.57) 30.4 (4.17) 14.5 (0.39) 11.8 (0.40) 22.8 (1.51) 36.4 (4.18)
1974 ............. 14.3 (0.28) 11.9 (0.28) 21.2 (1.07) 33.0 (2.74) 14.2 (0.39) 12.0 (0.41) 20.1 (1.55) 33.8 (3.94) 14.3 (0.39) 11.8 (0.40) 22.1 (1.49) 32.2 (3.82)

1975 ............. 13.9 (0.27) 11.4 (0.28) 22.9 (1.08) 29.2 (2.67) 13.3 (0.38) 11.0 (0.39) 23.0 (1.60) 26.7 (3.75) 14.5 (0.38) 11.8 (0.39) 22.9 (1.48) 31.6 (3.78)
1976 ............. 14.1 (0.27) 12.0 (0.28) 20.5 (1.03) 31.4 (2.66) 14.1 (0.39) 12.1 (0.40) 21.2 (1.53) 30.3 (3.88) 14.2 (0.38) 11.8 (0.39) 19.9 (1.39) 32.3 (3.64)
1977 ............. 14.1 (0.27) 11.9 (0.28) 19.8 (1.00) 33.0 (2.65) 14.5 (0.39) 12.6 (0.41) 19.5 (1.47) 31.6 (3.79) 13.8 (0.37) 11.2 (0.38) 20.0 (1.38) 34.3 (3.71)
1978 ............. 14.2 (0.27) 11.9 (0.28) 20.2 (1.01) 33.3 (2.62) 14.6 (0.39) 12.2 (0.40) 22.5 (1.54) 33.6 (3.77) 13.9 (0.37) 11.6 (0.39) 18.3 (1.32) 33.1 (3.65)
1979 ............. 14.6 (0.27) 12.0 (0.28) 21.1 (1.02) 33.8 (2.60) 15.0 (0.39) 12.6 (0.40) 22.4 (1.53) 33.0 (3.71) 14.2 (0.37) 11.5 (0.39) 20.0 (1.36) 34.5 (3.63)

1980 ............. 14.1 (0.27) 11.4 (0.27) 19.1 (0.98) 35.2 (2.47) 15.1 (0.39) 12.3 (0.40) 20.8 (1.48) 37.2 (3.57) 13.1 (0.36) 10.5 (0.37) 17.7 (1.29) 33.2 (3.42)
1981 ............. 13.9 (0.26) 11.3 (0.27) 18.4 (0.94) 33.2 (2.36) 15.1 (0.39) 12.5 (0.40) 19.9 (1.41) 36.0 (3.42) 12.8 (0.35) 10.2 (0.37) 17.1 (1.25) 30.4 (3.25)
1982 ............. 13.9 (0.28) 11.4 (0.29) 18.4 (0.99) 31.7 (2.51) 14.5 (0.40) 12.0 (0.43) 21.2 (1.52) 30.5 (3.57) 13.3 (0.38) 10.8 (0.40) 15.9 (1.28) 32.8 (3.53)
1983 ............. 13.7 (0.28) 11.1 (0.29) 18.0 (0.98) 31.6 (2.51) 14.9 (0.41) 12.2 (0.43) 19.9 (1.48) 34.3 (3.71) 12.5 (0.38) 10.1 (0.40) 16.2 (1.30) 29.1 (3.41)
1984 ............. 13.1 (0.28) 11.0 (0.29) 15.5 (0.93) 29.8 (2.49) 14.0 (0.41) 11.9 (0.43) 16.8 (1.39) 30.6 (3.62) 12.3 (0.38) 10.1 (0.40) 14.3 (1.24) 29.0 (3.42)

1985 ............. 12.6 (0.28) 10.4 (0.29) 15.2 (0.93) 27.6 (1.93) 13.4 (0.40) 11.1 (0.43) 16.1 (1.39) 29.9 (2.77) 11.8 (0.37) 9.8 (0.40) 14.3 (1.25) 25.2 (2.68)
1986 ............. 12.2 (0.27) 9.7 (0.29) 14.2 (0.91) 30.1 (1.88) 13.1 (0.40) 10.3 (0.42) 15.0 (1.36) 32.8 (2.67) 11.4 (0.37) 9.1 (0.39) 13.5 (1.23) 27.2 (2.64)
1987 ............. 12.6 (0.28) 10.4 (0.30) 14.1 (0.92) 28.6 (1.85) 13.2 (0.41) 10.8 (0.43) 15.0 (1.37) 29.1 (2.58) 12.1 (0.39) 10.0 (0.41) 13.3 (1.23) 28.1 (2.65)
1988 ............. 12.9 (0.31) 9.6 (0.32) 14.5 (1.01) 35.8 (2.17) 13.5 (0.45) 10.3 (0.47) 15.0 (1.50) 36.0 (3.02) 12.2 (0.42) 8.9 (0.43) 14.0 (1.38) 35.4 (3.13)
1989 ............. 12.6 (0.30) 9.4 (0.31) 13.9 (0.94) 33.0 (1.92) 13.6 (0.43) 10.3 (0.45) 14.9 (1.41) 34.4 (2.70) 11.7 (0.40) 8.5 (0.41) 13.0 (1.27) 31.6 (2.73)

1990 ............. 12.1 (0.29) 9.0 (0.30) 13.2 (0.94) 32.4 (1.91) 12.3 (0.42) 9.3 (0.44) 11.9 (1.30) 34.3 (2.71) 11.8 (0.41) 8.7 (0.42) 14.4 (1.34) 30.3 (2.70)
1991 ............. 12.5 (0.30) 8.9 (0.31) 13.6 (0.95) 35.3 (1.93) 13.0 (0.43) 8.9 (0.44) 13.5 (1.37) 39.2 (2.74) 11.9 (0.41) 8.9 (0.43) 13.7 (1.31) 31.1 (2.70)
19924 ............ 11.0 (0.28) 7.7 (0.29) 13.7 (0.95) 29.4 (1.86) 11.3 (0.41) 8.0 (0.42) 12.5 (1.31) 32.1 (2.67) 10.7 (0.39) 7.4 (0.40) 14.8 (1.35) 26.6 (2.56)
1993 4 ............ 11.0 (0.28) 7.9 (0.29) 13.6 (0.94) 27.5 (1.79) 11.2 (0.40) 8.2 (0.42) 12.6 (1.32) 28.1 (2.54) 10.9 (0.40) 7.6 (0.41) 14.4 (1.34) 26.9 (2.51)
19944 ............ 11.4 (0.28) 7.7 (0.29) 12.6 (0.89) 30.0 (1.66) 12.3 (0.41) 8.0 (0.41) 14.1 (1.34) 31.6 (2.30) 10.6 (0.38) 7.5 (0.40) 11.3 (1.17) 28.1 (2.38)

19954 ............ 12.0 (0.27) 8.6 (0.28) 12.1 (0.75) 30.0 (1.15) 12.2 (0.38) 9.0 (0.40) 11.1 (1.05) 30.0 (1.59) 11.7 (0.37) 8.2 (0.39) 12.9 (1.06) 30.0 (1.66)
19964 ............ 11.1 (0.27) 7.3 (0.27) 13.0 (0.80) 29.4 (1.19) 11.4 (0.38) 7.3 (0.38) 13.5 (1.18) 30.3 (1.67) 10.9 (0.38) 7.3 (0.39) 12.5 (1.08) 28.3 (1.69)
19974 ............ 11.0 (0.27) 7.6 (0.28) 13.4 (0.80) 25.3 (1.11) 11.9 (0.39) 8.5 (0.41) 13.3 (1.16) 27.0 (1.55) 10.1 (0.36) 6.7 (0.37) 13.5 (1.11) 23.4 (1.59)
19984 ............ 11.8 (0.27) 7.7 (0.28) 13.8 (0.81) 29.5 (1.12) 13.3 (0.40) 8.6 (0.41) 15.5 (1.23) 33.5 (1.59) 10.3 (0.36) 6.9 (0.37) 12.2 (1.05) 25.0 (1.56)
19994 ............ 11.2 (0.26) 7.3 (0.27) 12.6 (0.77) 28.6 (1.11) 11.9 (0.38) 7.7 (0.39) 12.1 (1.10) 31.0 (1.58) 10.5 (0.36) 6.9 (0.37) 13.0 (1.08) 26.0 (1.54)

20004 ............ 10.9 (0.26) 6.9 (0.26) 13.1 (0.78) 27.8 (1.08) 12.0 (0.38) 7.0 (0.37) 15.3 (1.20) 31.8 (1.56) 9.9 (0.35) 6.9 (0.37) 11.1 (1.00) 23.5 (1.48)
20014 ............ 10.7 (0.24) 7.3 (0.25) 10.9 (0.68) 27.0 (1.01) 12.2 (0.36) 7.9 (0.37) 13.0 (1.06) 31.6 (1.47) 9.3 (0.32) 6.7 (0.34) 9.0 (0.86) 22.1 (1.35)
2002 4 ............ 10.5 (0.24) 6.5 (0.24) 11.3 (0.70) 25.7 (0.93) 11.8 (0.35) 6.7 (0.35) 12.8 (1.07) 29.6 (1.32) 9.2 (0.32) 6.3 (0.34) 9.9 (0.91) 21.2 (1.27)
20034,5 ........... 9.9 (0.23) 6.3 (0.24) 10.9 (0.69) 23.5 (0.90) 11.3 (0.34) 7.1 (0.35) 12.5 (1.05) 26.7 (1.29) 8.4 (0.30) 5.6 (0.32) 9.5 (0.89) 20.1 (1.23)
20044,5 ........... 10.3 (0.23) 6.8 (0.24) 11.8 (0.70) 23.8 (0.89) 11.6 (0.34) 7.1 (0.35) 13.5 (1.08) 28.5 (1.30) 9.0 (0.31) 6.4 (0.34) 10.2 (0.92) 18.5 (1.18)

20054,5 ........... 9.4 (0.22) 6.0 (0.23) 10.4 (0.66) 22.4 (0.87) 10.8 (0.33) 6.6 (0.34) 12.0 (1.02) 26.4 (1.26) 8.0 (0.29) 5.3 (0.31) 9.0 (0.86) 18.1 (1.16)
20064,5 ........... 9.3 (0.22) 5.8 (0.23) 10.7 (0.66) 22.1 (0.86) 10.3 (0.33) 6.4 (0.33) 9.7 (0.91) 25.7 (1.25) 8.3 (0.30) 5.3 (0.31) 11.7 (0.96) 18.1 (1.15)
20074,5 ........... 8.7 (0.21) 5.3 (0.22) 8.4 (0.59) 21.4 (0.83) 9.8 (0.32) 6.0 (0.32) 8.0 (0.82) 24.7 (1.22) 7.7 (0.29) 4.5 (0.28) 8.8 (0.84) 18.0 (1.13)
20084,5 ........... 8.0 (0.20) 4.8 (0.21) 9.9 (0.63) 18.3 (0.78) 8.5 (0.30) 5.4 (0.30) 8.7 (0.85) 19.9 (1.12) 7.5 (0.28) 4.2 (0.28) 11.1 (0.93) 16.7 (1.08)
20094,5 ........... 8.1 (0.20) 5.2 (0.21) 9.3 (0.61) 17.6 (0.76) 9.1 (0.31) 6.3 (0.33) 10.6 (0.93) 19.0 (1.10) 7.0 (0.27) 4.1 (0.27) 8.1 (0.80) 16.1 (1.06)

20104,5 ........... 7.4 (0.27) 5.1 (0.30) 8.0 (0.76) 15.1 (0.87) 8.5 (0.40) 5.9 (0.42) 9.5 (1.11) 17.3 (1.24) 6.3 (0.28) 4.2 (0.35) 6.7 (0.85) 12.8 (0.97)
20114,5 ........... 7.1 (0.26) 5.0 (0.31) 7.3 (0.67) 13.6 (0.78) 7.7 (0.36) 5.4 (0.41) 8.3 (0.98) 14.6 (1.09) 6.5 (0.34) 4.6 (0.38) 6.4 (0.94) 12.4 (0.97)
2012 4,5 .......... 6.6 (0.25) 4.3 (0.31) 7.5 (0.76) 12.7 (0.72) 7.3 (0.36) 4.8 (0.40) 8.1 (1.15) 13.9 (1.04) 5.9 (0.33) 3.8 (0.37) 7.0 (1.01) 11.3 (1.00)
20134,5 ........... 6.8 (0.28) 5.1 (0.31) 7.3 (0.87) 11.7 (0.74) 7.2 (0.37) 5.5 (0.39) 8.2 (1.11) 12.6 (1.01) 6.3 (0.34) 4.7 (0.36) 6.6 (1.07) 10.8 (0.98)
20144,5 ........... 6.5 (0.25) 5.2 (0.32) 7.4 (0.74) 10.6 (0.68) 7.1 (0.37) 5.7 (0.42) 7.1 (1.02) 11.8 (1.04) 5.9 (0.29) 4.8 (0.41) 7.7 (1.02) 9.3 (0.84)

20154,5 ........... 5.9 (0.26) 4.6 (0.29) 6.5 (0.70) 9.2 (0.71) 6.3 (0.37) 5.0 (0.40) 6.4 (1.04) 9.9 (0.93) 5.4 (0.33) 4.1 (0.37) 6.5 (0.98) 8.4 (0.97)
20164,5 ........... 6.1 (0.27) 5.2 (0.31) 6.2 (0.80) 8.6 (0.64) 7.1 (0.38) 5.8 (0.42) 8.2 (1.22) 10.1 (1.06) 5.1 (0.31) 4.6 (0.39) 4.3 (0.84) 7.0 (0.76)
20174,5 ........... 5.8 (0.26) 4.6 (0.30) 5.7 (0.66) 9.5 (0.67) 6.6 (0.36) 5.0 (0.43) 7.0 (1.08) 11.5 (0.95) 5.0 (0.31) 4.3 (0.36) 4.4 (0.78) 7.4 (0.83)

—Not available. who have received equivalency credentials, such as the GED, are counted as high school
†Not applicable. completers. All data except for 1960 are based on October counts. Data are based on
1
Includes other racial/ethnic groups not separately shown. sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in
2
Based on the April 1960 decennial census. the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or nursing facilities). Prior to 2010,
3
For 1967 through 1971, White and Black include persons of Hispanic ethnicity. standard errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather
4
Because of changes in data collection procedures, data may not be comparable with than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Race categories
figures for years prior to 1992. exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity except where otherwise noted.
5
White and Black exclude persons of Two or more races. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
NOTE: Status dropouts are 16- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and who (CPS), October, 1967 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
have not completed a high school program, regardless of when they left school. People

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 149
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.75. Percentage of high school dropouts among persons 16 to 24 years old (status dropout rate) and percentage distribution of
status dropouts, by labor force status and years of school completed: Selected years, 1970 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of status dropouts, by labor force status1 Percentage distribution of status dropouts, by years of school completed
In labor force
Status Not in Less than
Year dropout rate Total Employed2 Unemployed labor force Total 9 years 9 years 10 years 11 or 12 years
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1970 .................... 15.0 (0.30) 100.0 (†) 49.8 (1.08) 10.3 (0.66) 39.9 (1.06) 100.0 (†) 28.5 (0.98) 20.6 (0.87) 26.8 (0.96) 24.0 (0.92)
1975 .................... 13.9 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 46.0 (1.04) 15.6 (0.76) 38.4 (1.02) 100.0 (†) 23.5 (0.89) 21.1 (0.85) 27.5 (0.93) 27.9 (0.94)
1976 .................... 14.1 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 48.8 (1.03) 16.0 (0.75) 35.2 (0.98) 100.0 (†) 24.3 (0.88) 20.1 (0.82) 27.8 (0.92) 27.8 (0.92)
1977 .................... 14.1 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 52.9 (1.02) 13.6 (0.70) 33.6 (0.97) 100.0 (†) 24.3 (0.88) 21.7 (0.84) 27.3 (0.91) 26.6 (0.91)
1978 .................... 14.2 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 54.3 (1.01) 12.4 (0.67) 33.3 (0.96) 100.0 (†) 22.9 (0.85) 20.2 (0.81) 28.2 (0.91) 28.8 (0.92)
1979 .................... 14.6 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 54.0 (1.00) 12.7 (0.67) 33.3 (0.94) 100.0 (†) 22.6 (0.84) 21.0 (0.82) 28.6 (0.90) 27.8 (0.90)

1980 .................... 14.1 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 50.4 (1.02) 17.0 (0.77) 32.6 (0.95) 100.0 (†) 23.6 (0.86) 19.7 (0.81) 29.8 (0.93) 27.0 (0.90)
1981 .................... 13.9 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 49.8 (1.01) 18.3 (0.78) 31.9 (0.94) 100.0 (†) 24.3 (0.87) 18.6 (0.79) 30.2 (0.93) 26.9 (0.90)
1982 .................... 13.9 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 45.2 (1.08) 21.1 (0.88) 33.7 (1.02) 100.0 (†) 22.9 (0.91) 20.8 (0.88) 28.8 (0.98) 27.6 (0.97)
1983 .................... 13.7 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 48.4 (1.10) 18.2 (0.85) 33.4 (1.04) 100.0 (†) 23.0 (0.92) 19.3 (0.87) 28.8 (0.99) 28.8 (0.99)
1984 .................... 13.1 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 49.7 (1.13) 17.3 (0.86) 32.9 (1.06) 100.0 (†) 23.6 (0.96) 21.4 (0.93) 27.5 (1.01) 27.5 (1.01)

1985 .................... 12.6 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 50.1 (1.17) 17.5 (0.89) 32.4 (1.09) 100.0 (†) 23.9 (1.00) 21.0 (0.95) 27.9 (1.05) 27.2 (1.04)
1986 .................... 12.2 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 51.1 (1.19) 16.4 (0.88) 32.5 (1.12) 100.0 (†) 25.4 (1.04) 21.5 (0.98) 25.7 (1.04) 27.4 (1.07)
1987 .................... 12.6 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 52.4 (1.18) 13.6 (0.81) 34.0 (1.12) 100.0 (†) 25.9 (1.04) 20.7 (0.96) 26.0 (1.04) 27.5 (1.06)
1988 .................... 12.9 (0.31) 100.0 (†) 52.9 (1.29) — (†) — (†) 100.0 (†) 28.9 (1.17) 19.3 (1.02) 25.1 (1.12) 26.8 (1.14)
1989 .................... 12.6 (0.30) 100.0 (†) 53.2 (1.25) 13.8 (0.86) 33.0 (1.18) 100.0 (†) 29.4 (1.14) 20.8 (1.02) 24.9 (1.08) 25.0 (1.09)

1990 .................... 12.1 (0.29) 100.0 (†) 52.5 (1.29) 13.3 (0.88) 34.2 (1.23) 100.0 (†) 28.6 (1.17) 20.9 (1.05) 24.4 (1.11) 26.1 (1.14)
1991 .................... 12.5 (0.30) 100.0 (†) 47.5 (1.28) 15.8 (0.93) 36.7 (1.23) 100.0 (†) 28.6 (1.15) 20.5 (1.03) 26.1 (1.12) 24.9 (1.10)
19923 ................... 11.0 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 47.6 (1.36) 15.0 (0.97) 37.4 (1.32) 100.0 (†) 21.6 (1.12) 17.5 (1.04) 24.4 (1.17) 36.5 (1.31)
19933 ................... 11.0 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 48.7 (1.37) 12.8 (0.91) 38.5 (1.33) 100.0 (†) 20.5 (1.10) 16.6 (1.02) 24.1 (1.17) 38.8 (1.33)
19943 ................... 11.4 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 49.5 (1.30) 13.0 (0.88) 37.5 (1.26) 100.0 (†) 23.9 (1.11) 16.2 (0.96) 20.3 (1.05) 39.6 (1.28)

19953 ................... 12.0 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 48.9 (1.19) 14.2 (0.83) 37.0 (1.15) 100.0 (†) 22.2 (0.99) 17.0 (0.89) 22.5 (0.99) 38.3 (1.16)
19963 ................... 11.1 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 47.3 (1.28) 15.0 (0.91) 37.7 (1.24) 100.0 (†) 20.3 (1.03) 17.7 (0.98) 22.6 (1.07) 39.4 (1.25)
19973 ................... 11.0 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 53.3 (1.27) 13.2 (0.86) 33.5 (1.21) 100.0 (†) 19.9 (1.02) 15.7 (0.93) 22.3 (1.06) 42.1 (1.26)
19983 ................... 11.8 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 55.1 (1.22) 10.3 (0.74) 34.6 (1.17) 100.0 (†) 21.0 (1.00) 14.9 (0.87) 21.4 (1.00) 42.6 (1.21)
19993 ................... 11.2 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 55.6 (1.23) 10.0 (0.74) 34.4 (1.18) 100.0 (†) 22.2 (1.03) 16.3 (0.92) 22.5 (1.04) 39.0 (1.21)

20003 ................... 10.9 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 56.9 (1.24) 12.3 (0.82) 30.8 (1.16) 100.0 (†) 21.5 (1.03) 15.3 (0.90) 23.1 (1.06) 40.0 (1.23)
20013 ................... 10.7 (0.24) 100.0 (†) 58.3 (1.17) 14.8 (0.85) 26.9 (1.05) 100.0 (†) 18.4 (0.92) 16.8 (0.89) 23.8 (1.01) 40.9 (1.17)
20023 ................... 10.5 (0.24) 100.0 (†) 57.4 (1.18) 13.3 (0.81) 29.2 (1.09) 100.0 (†) 22.8 (1.00) 17.1 (0.90) 21.3 (0.98) 38.9 (1.17)
20033 ................... 9.9 (0.23) 100.0 (†) 53.5 (1.22) 13.7 (0.84) 32.9 (1.15) 100.0 (†) 21.2 (1.00) 18.2 (0.94) 20.7 (0.99) 40.0 (1.20)
20043 ................... 10.3 (0.23) 100.0 (†) 53.0 (1.19) 14.3 (0.83) 32.7 (1.12) 100.0 (†) 21.4 (0.97) 15.9 (0.87) 22.5 (0.99) 40.3 (1.17)

20053 ................... 9.4 (0.22) 100.0 (†) 56.9 (1.23) 11.9 (0.80) 31.2 (1.15) 100.0 (†) 18.9 (0.97) 16.8 (0.93) 21.4 (1.02) 42.9 (1.23)
20063 ................... 9.3 (0.22) 100.0 (†) 56.4 (1.23) 11.7 (0.80) 32.0 (1.16) 100.0 (†) 22.1 (1.03) 13.4 (0.85) 20.7 (1.01) 43.9 (1.23)
20073 ................... 8.7 (0.21) 100.0 (†) 55.5 (1.27) 11.2 (0.80) 33.3 (1.20) 100.0 (†) 21.2 (1.04) 16.9 (0.96) 22.9 (1.07) 39.0 (1.24)
20083 ................... 8.0 (0.20) 100.0 (†) 46.8 (1.33) 16.3 (0.98) 36.9 (1.28) 100.0 (†) 18.4 (1.03) 15.2 (0.96) 23.8 (1.13) 42.6 (1.32)
20093 ................... 8.1 (0.20) 100.0 (†) 43.2 (1.31) 19.9 (1.06) 36.9 (1.28) 100.0 (†) 17.7 (1.01) 13.6 (0.91) 24.4 (1.14) 44.3 (1.32)

20103 ................... 7.4 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 45.8 (1.64) 18.7 (1.38) 35.5 (1.70) 100.0 (†) 19.2 (1.48) 13.1 (1.07) 22.5 (1.59) 45.2 (1.89)
20113 ................... 7.1 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 49.8 (1.77) 16.0 (1.33) 34.2 (1.69) 100.0 (†) 18.1 (1.72) 12.9 (1.15) 21.2 (1.39) 47.7 (1.87)
20123 ................... 6.6 (0.25) 100.0 (†) 44.8 (2.07) 18.1 (1.49) 37.1 (1.83) 100.0 (†) 18.3 (1.76) 10.2 (1.21) 21.9 (1.57) 49.6 (2.20)
20133 ................... 6.8 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 41.1 (2.01) 16.8 (1.58) 42.1 (1.84) 100.0 (†) 18.3 (1.70) 13.3 (1.34) 21.1 (1.63) 47.4 (2.31)
20143 ................... 6.5 (0.25) 100.0 (†) 44.7 (1.84) 17.0 (1.41) 38.3 (1.61) 100.0 (†) 15.0 (1.58) 13.7 (1.28) 21.3 (1.56) 50.0 (1.94)

20153 ................... 5.9 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 41.7 (2.10) 14.2 (1.48) 44.1 (2.10) 100.0 (†) 14.5 (1.67) 13.9 (1.40) 21.3 (1.65) 50.2 (2.00)
20163 ................... 6.1 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 46.6 (1.99) 13.9 (1.31) 39.6 (1.90) 100.0 (†) 17.6 (1.91) 10.8 (1.14) 21.9 (1.64) 49.7 (2.22)
20173 ................... 5.8 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 46.7 (1.91) 8.3 (1.09) 44.9 (1.98) 100.0 (†) 21.0 (2.14) 9.8 (1.22) 20.3 (1.76) 49.0 (2.41)

—Not available. NOTE: Status dropouts are 16- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and who have
†Not applicable. not completed a high school program, regardless of when they left school. People who have
1
Data are not comparable to employment and unemployment rate data produced by received equivalency credentials, such as the GED, are counted as high school completers.
the Bureau of Labor Statistics, because the percentage distributions presented here Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population, which
include persons who are not in the labor force. The labor force consists of those who are excludes persons in the military and persons living in institutions (e.g., prisons or nursing
employed and those who are unemployed (i.e., seeking employment); persons who are facilities). Prior to 2010, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function
neither employed nor seeking employment are not in the labor force. methodology rather than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later
2
Includes persons who were employed but not at work during the survey week. years. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Because of changes in data collection procedures, data may not be comparable with SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
figures for years prior to 1992. (CPS), October, 1970 through 2017. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

150 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.90. Number and percentage distribution of 14- through 21-year-old students served under Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), Part B, who exited school, by exit reason, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and type of disability: 2015–16 and
2016–17
Exited school
Graduated Received Transferred to Moved,
with regular alternative Reached regular known to be
Year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and type of disability Total diploma certificate1 maximum age2 Dropped out 3
Died education4 continuing5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2015–16
Total number ...................................................... 403,466 283,638 42,765 5,391 70,188 1,484 58,610 164,945
Percentage distribution of total ................................... 100.0 69.4 11.1 1.3 17.8 0.4 † †

Number by sex
Male ....................................................................... 262,228 181,764 27,329 3,569 48,529 1,037 38,470 109,237
Female .................................................................... 141,238 101,874 15,436 1,822 21,659 447 20,140 55,708

Number by race/ethnicity
White ...................................................................... 200,305 149,284 19,210 2,447 28,650 714 33,316 76,814
Black ...................................................................... 85,699 53,795 12,156 1,051 18,315 382 8,227 42,181
Hispanic .................................................................. 92,585 63,306 9,101 1,425 18,477 276 12,640 34,757
Asian ....................................................................... 7,216 5,411 905 297 562 41 1,699 1,760
Pacific Islander ........................................................ 1,564 1,072 124 27 326 15 309 487
American Indian/Alaska Native ................................ 6,066 4,022 255 43 1,729 17 801 3,224
Two or more races .................................................. 10,031 6,748 1,014 101 2,129 39 1,618 5,722

Number by age6
14 ............................................................................ 3,334 28 1 † 3,100 205 15,748 37,665
15 ............................................................................ 5,829 70 40 † 5,453 266 13,965 38,395
16 ............................................................................ 16,825 4,493 438 † 11,624 270 13,378 37,390
17 ............................................................................ 165,894 133,888 12,204 0 19,499 303 9,944 29,506
18 ............................................................................ 146,099 112,002 15,834 0 18,054 209 4,003 14,959
19 ............................................................................ 35,476 21,866 5,505 11 7,989 105 914 4,704
20 ............................................................................ 17,182 7,792 4,744 1,320 3,240 86 443 1,660
21 ............................................................................ 12,827 3,499 3,999 4,060 1,229 40 215 666

Number by type of disability

Autism .................................................................... 26,370 18,307 5,117 1,117 1,739 90 2,391 7,545
Deaf-blindness ........................................................ 73 42 17 5 6 3 8 29
Emotional disturbance ............................................. 37,448 21,553 2,556 258 12,970 111 4,822 25,930
Hearing impairment ................................................ 4,513 3,651 398 60 393 11 627 1,473
Intellectual disability ................................................ 34,692 14,876 12,140 2,095 5,376 205 1,256 12,354
Multiple disabilities ................................................. 8,528 4,053 2,584 585 1,011 295 350 2,796
Orthopedic impairment ............................................ 2,974 1,925 535 172 276 66 399 756
Other health impairment7 ........................................ 67,107 50,121 4,821 311 11,557 297 9,671 30,160
Specific learning disability ....................................... 206,204 156,497 13,732 620 35,006 349 28,070 77,550
Speech or language impairment .............................. 11,079 9,214 384 35 1,433 13 10,532 5,206
Traumatic brain injury ............................................. 2,713 1,928 357 85 311 32 268 657
Visual impairment ................................................... 1,765 1,471 124 48 110 12 216 489

2016–17
Total number ...................................................... 413,353 293,096 42,857 5,219 70,636 1,545 64,962 157,645
Percentage distribution of total ................................... 100.0 70.9 10.4 1.3 17.1 0.4 † †

Number by sex
Male ....................................................................... 268,210 187,865 27,314 3,433 48,518 1,080 42,570 103,784
Female .................................................................... 145,140 105,229 15,543 1,786 22,117 465 22,392 53,860

Number by race/ethnicity
White ...................................................................... 203,362 151,159 19,663 2,357 29,433 750 36,414 72,481
Black ...................................................................... 86,180 54,857 11,714 984 18,258 367 9,584 40,169
Hispanic .................................................................. 96,796 68,017 9,114 1,448 17,907 310 12,932 34,662
Asian ....................................................................... 7,365 5,634 885 252 559 35 1,629 1,724
Pacific Islander ........................................................ 1,736 1,205 110 37 372 12 353 513
American Indian/Alaska Native ................................ 6,511 4,449 271 35 1,726 30 1,817 2,381
Two or more races .................................................. 11,403 7,775 1,100 106 2,381 41 2,233 5,715

Number by age6
14 ............................................................................ 3,468 18 2 † 3,236 211 16,805 36,133
15 ............................................................................ 5,989 64 40 † 5,647 238 15,302 36,814
16 ............................................................................ 18,179 4,876 455 † 12,536 312 15,179 36,156
17 ............................................................................ 172,682 141,114 11,815 1 19,428 324 11,406 27,703
18 ............................................................................ 149,070 115,314 15,630 1 17,919 206 4,601 14,061
19 ............................................................................ 34,341 20,738 5,735 10 7,730 128 1,006 4,414
20 ............................................................................ 16,986 7,563 5,037 1,242 3,062 82 457 1,686
21 ............................................................................ 12,638 3,409 4,143 3,964 1,078 44 206 678

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 151
High School Completers and Dropouts

Table 219.90. Number and percentage distribution of 14- through 21-year-old students served under Individuals with Disabilities
Education Act (IDEA), Part B, who exited school, by exit reason, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and type of disability: 2015–16 and
2016–17—Continued
Exited school
Graduated Received Transferred to Moved,
with regular alternative Reached regular known to be
Year, sex, race/ethnicity, age, and type of disability Total diploma certificate1 maximum age2 Dropped out 3
Died education4 continuing5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number by type of disability
Autism .................................................................... 29,295 20,568 5,596 1,083 1,985 63 2,966 7,972
Deaf-blindness ........................................................ 77 42 19 9 4 3 3 34
Emotional disturbance ............................................. 37,891 22,017 2,355 250 13,128 141 5,844 23,402
Hearing impairment ................................................ 4,667 3,734 468 52 404 9 733 1,293
Intellectual disability ................................................ 35,338 15,180 12,446 2,069 5,407 236 1,773 12,313
Multiple disabilities ................................................. 8,506 3,878 2,684 649 969 326 404 2,671
Orthopedic impairment ............................................ 2,697 1,730 562 149 198 58 246 528
Other health impairment7 ........................................ 71,481 53,396 4,940 279 12,558 308 11,463 30,029
Specific learning disability ....................................... 207,649 159,563 12,910 540 34,282 354 31,558 73,438
Speech or language impairment .............................. 11,314 9,600 388 30 1,283 13 9,473 4,898
Traumatic brain injury ............................................. 2,641 1,933 317 74 295 22 282 645
Visual impairment ................................................... 1,797 1,455 172 35 123 12 217 422

†Not applicable. 6
Age data are as of fall of the school year, so some students may have been 1 year older
1
Received a certificate of completion, modified diploma, or some similar document, but at the time they exited school.
did not meet the same standards for graduation as those for students without disabilities. 7
Other health impairments include having limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to
2
Each state determines its maximum age to receive special education services. At the chronic or acute health problems such as a heart condition, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever,
time these data were collected, the maximum age across states generally ranged from nephritis, asthma, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, epilepsy, lead poisoning, leukemia, or
20 to 22 years old. diabetes.
3
“Dropped out” is defined as the total who were enrolled at some point in the reporting NOTE: Data are for the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Bureau of Indian Education,
year, were not enrolled at the end of the reporting year, and did not exit for any of the American Samoa, the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, the Northern Marianas,
other reasons described. Includes students previously categorized as “moved, not known Puerto Rico, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and the U.S.
to continue.” Virgin Islands. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum
4
“Transferred to regular education” was previously labeled “no longer receives special to totals because of reporting anomalies and rounding.
education.” SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs, Individuals
5
“Moved, known to be continuing” is the total number of students who moved out of the with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Section 618 Data Products: State Level Data Files.
administrative area or transferred to another district and are known to be continuing in Retrieved January 8, 2019, from http://www2.ed.gov/programs/osepidea/618-data/state-
an educational program. level-data-files/index.html. (This table was prepared January 2019.)

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152 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Skills of Young Children

Table 220.40. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ reading scale scores and standard deviations through spring of fifth grade, by selected
child, family, and school characteristics during the kindergarten year: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Selected child, family, or school characteristic Kindergarten First grade, Second grade, Third grade, Fourth grade, Fifth grade,
during the kindergarten year Fall 2010 Spring 2011 spring 2012 spring 2013 spring 2014 spring 2015 spring 2016
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mean reading score1
Total ..................................................................... 54.5 (0.24) 69.3 (0.34) 95.3 (0.40) 112.8 (0.37) 121.4 (0.32) 129.7 (0.28) 136.8 (0.30)
Sex of child
Male ......................................................................... 54.0 (0.30) 68.6 (0.41) 93.7 (0.45) 111.1 (0.44) 119.8 (0.40) 128.8 (0.34) 136.1 (0.36)
Female ...................................................................... 55.0 (0.26) 70.1 (0.39) 97.0 (0.48) 114.5 (0.42) 123.0 (0.37) 130.7 (0.32) 137.5 (0.36)

Age of child at kindergarten entry, fall 2010

Less than 5 years old ................................................ 50.7 (0.62) 63.8 (0.96) 87.9 (1.40) 107.1 (1.22) 117.3 (1.02) 126.2 (0.98) 134.0 (1.07)
5 years old to 5 1/2 years old .................................... 53.0 (0.32) 67.7 (0.41) 93.5 (0.48) 111.3 (0.40) 119.8 (0.38) 128.7 (0.35) 135.6 (0.37)
More than 5 1/2 years old to 6 years old ................... 55.5 (0.30) 70.6 (0.37) 96.9 (0.52) 114.1 (0.49) 122.6 (0.41) 130.6 (0.36) 137.8 (0.38)
More than 6 years old ............................................... 57.9 (0.45) 73.1 (0.63) 99.6 (0.74) 115.9 (0.74) 124.0 (0.61) 131.9 (0.68) 138.4 (0.74)

Race/ethnicity of child
White ........................................................................ 56.1 (0.33) 71.4 (0.45) 98.6 (0.50) 116.1 (0.43) 124.8 (0.38) 132.8 (0.32) 140.0 (0.35)
Black ........................................................................ 53.0 (0.44) 66.5 (0.58) 91.0 (0.90) 107.7 (0.80) 115.3 (0.62) 123.8 (0.68) 130.5 (0.57)
Hispanic .................................................................... 50.8 (0.32) 65.3 (0.33) 89.2 (0.52) 107.1 (0.61) 116.0 (0.56) 125.0 (0.56) 132.0 (0.53)
Asian ......................................................................... 59.2 (0.66) 74.4 (0.82) 100.4 (1.00) 117.1 (0.88) 125.2 (0.70) 134.3 (0.81) 141.3 (0.76)
Pacific Islander .......................................................... 52.7 (2.00) 69.9 (2.96) 97.7 (2.87) 115.4 (2.82) 123.2 (2.61) 131.3 (1.87) 138.8 (2.09)
American Indian/Alaska Native .................................. 50.3 (0.61) 64.2 (1.08) 91.3 (1.39) 107.5 (1.33) 117.6 (1.21) 126.7 (1.33) 134.0 (1.59)
Two or more races .................................................... 56.2 (0.74) 70.8 (1.01) 97.0 (1.12) 114.6 (1.08) 123.6 (0.82) 132.0 (0.84) 139.2 (0.82)

How often child exhibited positive learning behaviors,

fall 20102
Never ........................................................................ 45.6 (0.81) 55.3 (1.41) 71.8 (1.86) 91.5 (2.15) 103.4 (1.89) 113.9 (1.75) 119.8 (1.97)
Sometimes ................................................................ 49.9 (0.35) 63.5 (0.38) 87.0 (0.59) 105.1 (0.54) 114.4 (0.46) 123.8 (0.48) 130.7 (0.47)
Often ......................................................................... 54.3 (0.26) 69.5 (0.43) 96.4 (0.48) 114.0 (0.41) 122.5 (0.38) 130.7 (0.35) 137.9 (0.39)
Very often ................................................................. 59.2 (0.45) 75.4 (0.62) 103.0 (0.62) 119.4 (0.60) 127.3 (0.49) 134.8 (0.46) 141.8 (0.44)

Primary type of nonparental care arrangement prior

to kindergarten entry3
No regular nonparental arrangement ......................... 52.1 (0.34) 67.1 (0.43) 92.0 (0.61) 109.6 (0.59) 118.9 (0.54) 127.3 (0.46) 135.0 (0.45)
Home-based care
Relative care ......................................................... 52.4 (0.37) 68.0 (0.40) 93.8 (0.54) 111.4 (0.57) 119.9 (0.49) 128.8 (0.42) 135.2 (0.46)
Nonrelative care ................................................... 54.7 (0.62) 70.3 (0.82) 98.4 (0.78) 115.3 (0.74) 123.6 (0.71) 132.2 (0.58) 139.5 (0.64)
Center-based care ..................................................... 56.0 (0.28) 70.5 (0.42) 96.7 (0.50) 114.1 (0.41) 122.5 (0.37) 130.6 (0.35) 137.7 (0.38)
Multiple arrangements .............................................. 55.1 (0.61) 70.8 (0.82) 96.5 (1.05) 114.2 (1.08) 121.2 (1.00) 130.8 (0.92) 137.4 (0.94)

Household type, fall 20104

Two-parent household ............................................... 55.6 (0.27) 70.8 (0.38) 97.3 (0.45) 114.8 (0.40) 123.3 (0.35) 131.6 (0.31) 138.7 (0.34)
Mother-only household .............................................. 51.7 (0.32) 65.6 (0.44) 90.4 (0.60) 108.0 (0.53) 116.9 (0.51) 125.3 (0.49) 132.1 (0.50)
Father-only household ............................................... 51.6 (0.69) 65.6 (1.01) 89.0 (1.30) 107.0 (1.22) 115.4 (1.06) 123.8 (1.20) 132.2 (1.24)
Other household type ................................................ 49.4 (0.83) 63.5 (0.86) 87.0 (1.79) 103.5 (1.51) 112.6 (1.57) 120.8 (1.86) 127.0 (1.53)

Primary home language

English ...................................................................... 55.3 (0.25) 70.3 (0.39) 96.8 (0.42) 114.1 (0.37) 122.6 (0.33) 130.8 (0.26) 137.8 (0.29)
Non-English .............................................................. 49.9 (0.44) 63.9 (0.55) 87.4 (0.81) 105.5 (0.72) 115.0 (0.63) 124.1 (0.63) 131.2 (0.68)
Primary language not identified5 ................................ 51.6 (1.24) 66.8 (1.52) 91.0 (1.96) 107.5 (2.22) 115.6 (1.68) 126.2 (1.95) 131.3 (1.81)

Parents’ highest level of education6

Less than high school ............................................... 47.5 (0.43) 61.4 (0.48) 83.5 (0.80) 101.0 (0.81) 110.6 (0.67) 119.2 (0.70) 126.0 (0.67)
High school completion ............................................. 50.3 (0.31) 64.5 (0.33) 88.7 (0.53) 106.1 (0.51) 115.6 (0.44) 124.3 (0.41) 131.2 (0.44)
Some college/vocational ........................................... 53.4 (0.27) 68.1 (0.39) 94.3 (0.42) 111.7 (0.41) 120.1 (0.42) 128.7 (0.36) 135.9 (0.36)
Bachelor’s degree ..................................................... 57.6 (0.34) 73.1 (0.48) 100.3 (0.58) 118.1 (0.40) 126.2 (0.35) 134.3 (0.35) 141.5 (0.35)
Any graduate education ............................................ 61.1 (0.51) 76.8 (0.60) 104.7 (0.52) 122.2 (0.41) 130.0 (0.41) 137.8 (0.39) 144.7 (0.36)

Poverty status, spring 20117

Below poverty threshold ............................................ 50.0 (0.30) 63.7 (0.37) 86.6 (0.58) 104.4 (0.58) 113.6 (0.56) 122.3 (0.49) 129.4 (0.51)
100 to 199 percent of poverty threshold .................... 53.0 (0.31) 67.9 (0.53) 93.8 (0.64) 111.0 (0.58) 119.9 (0.55) 128.3 (0.55) 135.5 (0.55)
200 percent or more of poverty threshold .................. 57.7 (0.31) 73.0 (0.41) 100.7 (0.44) 118.2 (0.36) 126.3 (0.35) 134.4 (0.27) 141.5 (0.30)

Two risk factors8

Both risk factors: No parent completed high school9
and family below poverty threshold7 ................... 47.4 (0.50) 61.2 (0.63) 83.2 (0.99) 101.0 (0.98) 110.2 (0.82) 118.8 (0.87) 125.7 (0.90)
One risk factor: No parent completed high school ...... 49.0 (0.81) 62.4 (0.77) 85.6 (1.09) 103.8 (1.20) 113.3 (1.09) 122.9 (1.05) 130.2 (1.21)
One risk factor: Family below poverty threshold ......... 50.7 (0.33) 64.5 (0.41) 87.6 (0.58) 105.4 (0.65) 114.6 (0.62) 123.4 (0.55) 130.5 (0.57)
Neither risk factor ..................................................... 56.4 (0.27) 71.7 (0.40) 99.0 (0.41) 116.4 (0.36) 124.6 (0.33) 132.8 (0.27) 140.0 (0.30)
Socioeconomic status10
Lowest 20 percent .................................................... 48.8 (0.35) 62.4 (0.38) 85.0 (0.60) 102.8 (0.58) 112.2 (0.54) 120.9 (0.52) 127.8 (0.51)
Middle 60 percent ..................................................... 54.0 (0.22) 69.0 (0.34) 95.4 (0.37) 112.7 (0.34) 121.2 (0.29) 129.7 (0.27) 136.9 (0.28)
Highest 20 percent .................................................... 61.0 (0.46) 76.7 (0.58) 104.6 (0.54) 122.0 (0.45) 130.1 (0.40) 137.9 (0.33) 144.8 (0.32)

School control, fall 2010

Public ........................................................................ 54.1 (0.27) 68.9 (0.38) 94.8 (0.44) 112.1 (0.41) 120.7 (0.37) 129.1 (0.32) 136.1 (0.34)
Private ...................................................................... 57.4 (0.66) 72.4 (1.06) 99.6 (1.25) 118.5 (0.90) 126.5 (0.86) 134.8 (0.76) 141.9 (0.68)
Standard deviation of the reading score
Total ............................................................................. 10.5 (0.22) 13.2 (0.26) 16.5 (0.25) 15.6 (0.26) 14.0 (0.24) 13.3 (0.25) 14.0 (0.24)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 153
Skills of Young Children

Table 220.40. Fall 2010 first-time kindergartners’ reading scale scores and standard deviations through spring of fifth grade, by selected
child, family, and school characteristics during the kindergarten year: Fall 2010 and spring 2011 through spring 2016—
Continued
1
Reflects performance on questions measuring basic skills (e.g., word recognition); 7
Poverty status is based on preliminary U.S. Census income thresholds for 2010, which
vocabulary knowledge; and reading comprehension, including identifying information identify incomes determined to meet household needs, given family size and composition.
specifically stated in text (e.g., definitions, facts, and supporting details), making complex For example, a family of three with one child was below the poverty threshold if its income
inferences from texts, and considering the text objectively and judging its appropriateness was less than $17,552 in 2010.
and quality. Possible scores for the reading assessment range from 0 to 167. 8
Includes only children for whom information about both risk factors is available. Excludes
2
Derived from child’s approaches to learning scale score in fall of the kindergarten year. children with missing information about parental education or poverty status.
This score is based on teachers’ reports on how often students exhibit positive learning 9
High school not completed by any parent or guardian living with the child.
behaviors in seven areas: attentiveness, task persistence, eagerness to learn, learning 10
Socioeconomic status (SES) was measured by a composite score based on parental
independence, ability to adapt easily to changes in routine, organization, and ability to education and occupations and household income during the child’s kindergarten year.
follow classroom rules. Possible scores range from 1 to 4, with higher scores indicating that NOTE: Estimates weighted by W9C9P_20. Estimates pertain to a sample of children who
a child exhibits positive learning behaviors more often. Fall 2010 scores were categorized were enrolled in kindergarten for the first time in the 2010–11 school year. The same children
into the four anchor points on the original scale—1 (never), 2 (sometimes), 3 (often), and 4 were assessed in spring 2012 (when the majority were in first grade), spring 2013 (when the
(very often)—by rounding the mean score to the nearest whole number. majority were in second grade), spring 2014 (when the majority were in third grade), spring
3
The type of nonparental care in which the child spent the most hours. “Multiple 2015 (when the majority were in fourth grade), and spring 2016 (when the majority were
arrangements” refers to children who spent an equal amount of time in each of two or in fifth grade). Estimates differ from previously published figures because reading scale
more arrangements. scores were recalculated to represent the kindergarten through fifth-grade assessment
4
A two-parent household may have two biological parents, two adoptive parents, or one item pools and because weights were adjusted to account for survey nonresponse at
biological/adoptive parent and one other parent/partner. A mother-only or father-only each data collection wave, including the latest round of data collection (spring 2016).
household has one biological or adoptive parent only, without another parent/partner. In Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
other household types, which do not include biological or adoptive parents, the guardian SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
or guardians may be related or unrelated to the child. Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010–11 (ECLS-K:2011),
5
Two or more languages (which could include English) were spoken in the child’s home, Kindergarten–Fifth Grade Restricted-Use Data File. (This table was prepared March
and the parent respondent was unable to specify which language was the primary one 2019.)
(the one spoken most of the time).
6
Parents’ highest level of education is the highest level of education achieved by either of
the parents or guardians in a two-parent household, by the only parent in a single-parent
household, or by any guardian in a household with no parents.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

154 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Reading Achievement

Table 221.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade:
Selected years, 1992 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Sex Race/ethnicity
Average reading scale score
Average reading Gap Gap Gap
scale score between Asian/Pacific Islander American between between
female Indian/ Two or White and White and
All and male Pacific Alaska more Black Hispanic
Grade and year students Male Female score White Black Hispanic Total Asian1 Islander1 Native races1 score score
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Grade 4
19922 ............ 217 (0.9) 213 (1.2) 221 (1.0) 8 (1.6) 224 (1.2) 192 (1.7) 197 (2.6) 216 (2.9) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 32 (2.1) 27 (2.9)
19942 ............ 214 (1.0) 209 (1.3) 220 (1.1) 10 (1.7) 224 (1.3) 185 (1.8) 188 (3.4) 220 (3.8) — (†) — (†) 211 (6.6) — (†) 38 (2.2) 35 (3.6)
1998 ............. 215 (1.1) 212 (1.3) 217 (1.3) 5 (1.8) 225 (1.0) 193 (1.9) 193 (3.2) 215 (5.6) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 32 (2.2) 32 (3.3)
2000 ............. 213 (1.3) 208 (1.3) 219 (1.4) 11 (1.9) 224 (1.1) 190 (1.8) 190 (2.9) 225 (5.2) — (†) — (†) 214 (6.0) — (†) 34 (2.1) 35 (3.1)
2002 ............. 219 (0.4) 215 (0.4) 222 (0.5) 6 (0.7) 229 (0.3) 199 (0.5) 201 (1.3) 224 (1.6) — (†) — (†) 207 (2.0) — (†) 30 (0.6) 28 (1.4)

2003 ............. 218 (0.3) 215 (0.3) 222 (0.3) 7 (0.5) 229 (0.2) 198 (0.4) 200 (0.6) 226 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 202 (1.4) — (†) 31 (0.5) 28 (0.6)
2005 ............. 219 (0.2) 216 (0.2) 222 (0.3) 6 (0.4) 229 (0.2) 200 (0.3) 203 (0.5) 229 (0.7) — (†) — (†) 204 (1.3) — (†) 29 (0.4) 26 (0.5)
2007 ............. 221 (0.3) 218 (0.3) 224 (0.3) 7 (0.4) 231 (0.2) 203 (0.4) 205 (0.5) 232 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 203 (1.2) — (†) 27 (0.5) 26 (0.6)
2009 ............. 221 (0.3) 218 (0.3) 224 (0.3) 7 (0.4) 230 (0.3) 205 (0.5) 205 (0.5) 235 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 204 (1.3) — (†) 26 (0.6) 25 (0.6)
2011 ............. 221 (0.3) 218 (0.3) 225 (0.3) 7 (0.5) 231 (0.2) 205 (0.5) 206 (0.5) 235 (1.2) 236 (1.3) 216 (1.9) 202 (1.3) 227 (1.2) 25 (0.5) 24 (0.6)

2013 ............. 222 (0.3) 219 (0.3) 225 (0.3) 7 (0.5) 232 (0.3) 206 (0.5) 207 (0.5) 235 (1.1) 237 (1.1) 212 (2.5) 205 (1.3) 227 (1.0) 26 (0.6) 25 (0.6)
2015 ............. 223 (0.4) 219 (0.4) 226 (0.4) 7 (0.6) 232 (0.3) 206 (0.5) 208 (0.8) 239 (1.4) 241 (1.6) 215 (2.9) 205 (1.5) 227 (1.2) 26 (0.6) 24 (0.9)
2017 ............. 222 (0.3) 219 (0.3) 225 (0.3) 6 (0.4) 232 (0.3) 206 (0.5) 209 (0.5) 239 (0.9) 241 (1.0) 212 (2.7) 202 (1.8) 227 (0.9) 26 (0.6) 23 (0.5)

Grade 8
19922 ............ 260 (0.9) 254 (1.1) 267 (1.0) 13 (1.5) 267 (1.1) 237 (1.7) 241 (1.6) 268 (3.9) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 30 (2.0) 26 (2.0)
19942 ............ 260 (0.8) 252 (1.0) 267 (1.0) 15 (1.4) 267 (1.0) 236 (1.8) 243 (1.2) 265 (3.0) — (†) — (†) 248 (4.7) — (†) 30 (2.1) 24 (1.5)
1998 ............. 263 (0.8) 256 (1.0) 270 (0.8) 14 (1.3) 270 (0.9) 244 (1.2) 243 (1.7) 264 (7.1) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 26 (1.5) 27 (1.9)
2000 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ............. 264 (0.4) 260 (0.5) 269 (0.5) 9 (0.7) 272 (0.4) 245 (0.7) 247 (0.8) 267 (1.7) — (†) — (†) 250 (3.5) — (†) 27 (0.9) 26 (0.9)

2003 ............. 263 (0.3) 258 (0.3) 269 (0.3) 11 (0.4) 272 (0.2) 244 (0.5) 245 (0.7) 270 (1.1) — (†) — (†) 246 (3.0) — (†) 28 (0.5) 27 (0.7)
2005 ............. 262 (0.2) 257 (0.2) 267 (0.2) 10 (0.3) 271 (0.2) 243 (0.4) 246 (0.4) 271 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 249 (1.4) — (†) 28 (0.5) 25 (0.5)
2007 ............. 263 (0.2) 258 (0.3) 268 (0.3) 10 (0.4) 272 (0.2) 245 (0.4) 247 (0.4) 271 (1.1) — (†) — (†) 247 (1.2) — (†) 27 (0.4) 25 (0.5)
2009 ............. 264 (0.3) 259 (0.3) 269 (0.3) 9 (0.5) 273 (0.2) 246 (0.4) 249 (0.6) 274 (1.1) — (†) — (†) 251 (1.2) — (†) 26 (0.5) 24 (0.7)
2011 ............. 265 (0.2) 261 (0.3) 270 (0.2) 9 (0.4) 274 (0.2) 249 (0.5) 252 (0.5) 275 (1.0) 277 (1.0) 254 (2.2) 252 (1.2) 269 (1.2) 25 (0.5) 22 (0.5)

2013 ............. 268 (0.3) 263 (0.3) 273 (0.3) 10 (0.4) 276 (0.3) 250 (0.4) 256 (0.5) 280 (0.9) 282 (0.9) 259 (2.6) 251 (1.0) 271 (0.9) 26 (0.5) 21 (0.5)
2015 ............. 265 (0.2) 261 (0.2) 270 (0.3) 10 (0.4) 274 (0.2) 248 (0.5) 253 (0.4) 280 (1.3) 281 (1.3) 255 (2.4) 252 (1.7) 269 (1.1) 26 (0.5) 21 (0.5)
2017 ............. 267 (0.3) 262 (0.3) 272 (0.4) 10 (0.5) 275 (0.3) 249 (0.5) 255 (0.5) 282 (1.0) 284 (1.0) 255 (2.5) 253 (1.3) 272 (1.1) 25 (0.6) 19 (0.6)

Grade 12
19922 ............ 292 (0.6) 287 (0.7) 297 (0.7) 10 (1.0) 297 (0.6) 273 (1.4) 279 (2.7) 290 (3.2) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 24 (1.5) 19 (2.7)
19942 ............ 287 (0.7) 280 (0.8) 294 (0.8) 14 (1.2) 293 (0.7) 265 (1.6) 270 (1.7) 278 (2.4) — (†) — (†) 274 (5.8) — (†) 29 (1.8) 23 (1.9)
1998 ............. 290 (0.6) 282 (0.8) 298 (0.8) 16 (1.1) 297 (0.7) 269 (1.4) 275 (1.5) 287 (2.7) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 27 (1.6) 22 (1.6)
2000 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2002 ............. 287 (0.7) 279 (0.9) 295 (0.7) 16 (1.1) 292 (0.7) 267 (1.3) 273 (1.5) 286 (2.0) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 25 (1.5) 20 (1.6)

2003 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2005 ............. 286 (0.6) 279 (0.8) 292 (0.7) 13 (1.1) 293 (0.7) 267 (1.2) 272 (1.2) 287 (1.9) — (†) — (†) 279 (6.3) — (†) 26 (1.4) 21 (1.4)
2007 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2009 ............. 288 (0.7) 282 (0.7) 294 (0.8) 12 (1.1) 296 (0.6) 269 (1.1) 274 (1.0) 298 (2.4) — (†) — (†) 283 (3.7) — (†) 27 (1.3) 22 (1.2)
2011 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

2013 ............. 288 (0.6) 284 (0.6) 293 (0.7) 10 (0.9) 297 (0.6) 268 (0.9) 276 (0.9) 296 (1.9) 296 (2.0) 289 (6.0) 277 (3.5) 291 (2.5) 30 (1.0) 22 (1.0)
2015 ............. 287 (0.5) 282 (0.6) 292 (0.7) 10 (1.0) 295 (0.7) 266 (1.1) 276 (0.9) 297 (2.1) 297 (2.1) ‡ (†) 279 (6.2) 295 (2.9) 30 (1.3) 20 (1.1)
2017 ............. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. depending on grade level and year); excludes only those students with disabilities and
†Not applicable. English language learners who were unable to be tested even with accommodations
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or (2 to 6 percent of all students). Data on race/ethnicity are based on school reports. Race
the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
1
Prior to 2011, separate data for Asian students, Pacific Islander students, and students SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
of Two or more races were not collected. Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1992, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005,
2
Accommodations were not permitted for this assessment. 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Reading Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018,
NOTE: Scale ranges from 0 to 500. Includes public and private schools. For 1998 and later from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This
years, includes students tested with accommodations (1 to 13 percent of all students, table was prepared March 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 221.20. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading achievement levels, by grade and selected student characteristics:
Selected years, 2003 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

Grade and selected At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above
student characteristic Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2 Basic 1 Proficient  2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4th grade, all students .................. 63 (0.3) 31 (0.3) 64 (0.3) 31 (0.2) 67 (0.3) 33 (0.3) 67 (0.3) 33 (0.4) 67 (0.3) 34 (0.4) 68 (0.3) 35 (0.3) 69 (0.4) 36 (0.4) 68 (0.3) 37 (0.3)
Sex
Male ................................................... 60 (0.4) 28 (0.3) 61 (0.4) 29 (0.3) 64 (0.4) 30 (0.3) 64 (0.3) 30 (0.4) 64 (0.4) 31 (0.4) 65 (0.3) 32 (0.4) 66 (0.5) 33 (0.5) 65 (0.4) 34 (0.4)
Female ................................................ 67 (0.4) 35 (0.4) 67 (0.3) 34 (0.3) 70 (0.3) 36 (0.4) 70 (0.4) 36 (0.4) 71 (0.4) 37 (0.5) 72 (0.4) 38 (0.4) 72 (0.4) 39 (0.5) 71 (0.4) 39 (0.4)
Race/ethnicity
White .................................................. 75 (0.3) 41 (0.4) 76 (0.3) 41 (0.3) 78 (0.3) 43 (0.4) 78 (0.3) 42 (0.4) 78 (0.3) 44 (0.4) 79 (0.3) 46 (0.4) 79 (0.3) 46 (0.5) 78 (0.3) 47 (0.4)
Black .................................................. 40 (0.5) 13 (0.4) 42 (0.5) 13 (0.3) 46 (0.6) 14 (0.4) 48 (0.8) 16 (0.5) 49 (0.6) 17 (0.5) 50 (0.6) 18 (0.5) 52 (0.6) 18 (0.5) 51 (0.8) 20 (0.5)
Hispanic .............................................. 44 (0.7) 15 (0.5) 46 (0.7) 16 (0.5) 50 (0.6) 17 (0.6) 49 (0.7) 17 (0.5) 51 (0.8) 18 (0.5) 53 (0.6) 20 (0.6) 55 (1.0) 21 (0.7) 54 (0.6) 23 (0.5)
Asian/Pacific Islander .......................... 70 (1.5) 38 (1.4) 73 (0.9) 42 (0.9) 77 (1.0) 46 (1.4) 80 (1.0) 49 (1.3) 80 (1.2) 49 (1.7) 80 (1.0) 51 (1.2) 82 (1.3) 55 (1.8) 82 (0.9) 56 (1.4)
Asian .............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 81 (1.2) 50 (1.7) 82 (1.0) 53 (1.2) 84 (1.4) 57 (2.0) 84 (0.9) 59 (1.4)
Pacific Islander ............................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 61 (2.4) 28 (3.2) 57 (3.2) 27 (3.0) 60 (3.7) 28 (3.7) 58 (3.7) 27 (3.5)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............ 47 (2.0) 16 (1.5) 48 (1.5) 18 (1.0) 49 (1.4) 18 (1.1) 50 (1.7) 20 (1.4) 47 (1.7) 18 (1.4) 51 (1.6) 21 (1.4) 52 (2.1) 21 (1.9) 48 (2.3) 20 (1.9)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Two or more races .............................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 50 (1.7) 20 (1.4) 73 (1.2) 40 (1.4) 73 (1.4) 40 (1.6) 73 (1.3) 42 (1.3)
Eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch
Eligible ................................................ 45 (0.4) 15 (0.3) 46 (0.4) 16 (0.3) 50 (0.4) 17 (0.3) 51 (0.4) 17 (0.3) 52 (0.4) 18 (0.3) 53 (0.4) 20 (0.3) 56 (0.5) 21 (0.4) 54 (0.4) 22 (0.3)
Not eligible .......................................... 76 (0.3) 42 (0.5) 77 (0.2) 42 (0.3) 79 (0.3) 44 (0.4) 80 (0.3) 45 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 48 (0.5) 83 (0.3) 51 (0.5) 83 (0.3) 52 (0.6) 82 (0.3) 52 (0.4)
Unknown ............................................. 76 (0.9) 43 (1.1) 77 (1.1) 45 (1.4) 80 (1.3) 46 (1.8) 81 (1.9) 50 (1.9) 82 (1.0) 48 (1.3) 83 (1.6) 51 (2.1) 81 (1.3) 52 (1.8) 80 (1.5) 51 (1.7)
8th grade, all students .................. 74 (0.3) 32 (0.3) 73 (0.2) 31 (0.2) 74 (0.2) 31 (0.2) 75 (0.3) 32 (0.4) 76 (0.3) 34 (0.3) 78 (0.3) 36 (0.3) 76 (0.3) 34 (0.3) 76 (0.3) 36 (0.3)
Sex
Male ................................................... 69 (0.3) 27 (0.3) 68 (0.3) 26 (0.3) 69 (0.4) 26 (0.3) 71 (0.4) 28 (0.4) 72 (0.4) 29 (0.3) 74 (0.4) 31 (0.4) 72 (0.3) 29 (0.4) 72 (0.4) 31 (0.4)
Female ................................................ 79 (0.3) 38 (0.3) 78 (0.2) 36 (0.3) 79 (0.3) 36 (0.3) 79 (0.4) 37 (0.5) 80 (0.3) 38 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 42 (0.4) 80 (0.3) 39 (0.5) 81 (0.4) 41 (0.5)
Race/ethnicity
White .................................................. 83 (0.2) 41 (0.3) 82 (0.2) 39 (0.3) 84 (0.3) 40 (0.3) 84 (0.2) 41 (0.4) 85 (0.2) 43 (0.4) 86 (0.2) 46 (0.4) 85 (0.2) 44 (0.4) 84 (0.3) 45 (0.4)
Black .................................................. 54 (0.6) 13 (0.4) 52 (0.6) 12 (0.4) 55 (0.6) 13 (0.4) 57 (0.6) 14 (0.5) 59 (0.7) 15 (0.5) 61 (0.6) 17 (0.5) 58 (0.7) 16 (0.5) 60 (0.6) 18 (0.5)
Hispanic .............................................. 56 (0.9) 15 (0.6) 56 (0.6) 15 (0.4) 58 (0.5) 15 (0.4) 61 (0.8) 17 (0.6) 64 (0.8) 19 (0.5) 68 (0.7) 22 (0.6) 66 (0.6) 21 (0.5) 67 (0.6) 23 (0.6)
Asian/Pacific Islander .......................... 79 (1.2) 40 (1.6) 80 (0.8) 40 (1.2) 80 (1.1) 41 (1.1) 83 (1.1) 45 (1.7) 83 (1.0) 47 (1.4) 86 (0.7) 52 (1.3) 86 (1.0) 52 (1.8) 86 (0.9) 55 (1.5)
Asian .............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 84 (1.0) 49 (1.5) 87 (0.7) 54 (1.3) 87 (1.0) 54 (1.9) 87 (0.9) 57 (1.5)
Pacific Islander ............................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 63 (2.7) 24 (3.2) 70 (3.5) 27 (3.7) 66 (3.3) 24 (3.0) 65 (3.9) 23 (3.3)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 155

American Indian/Alaska Native ............ 57 (3.3) 17 (1.7) 59 (2.1) 17 (1.7) 56 (1.9) 18 (1.3) 62 (2.0) 21 (1.2) 63 (1.4) 22 (1.7) 62 (1.8) 19 (1.6) 63 (2.2) 22 (1.8) 63 (1.8) 22 (2.1)
Two or more races .............................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 79 (1.7) 39 (1.5) 81 (1.1) 40 (1.4) 79 (1.2) 38 (1.6) 82 (1.2) 42 (1.4)
Eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch
Eligible ................................................ 57 (0.5) 16 (0.3) 57 (0.4) 15 (0.3) 58 (0.4) 15 (0.2) 60 (0.5) 16 (0.3) 63 (0.5) 18 (0.3) 66 (0.4) 20 (0.2) 64 (0.4) 20 (0.4) 65 (0.4) 21 (0.3)
Not eligible .......................................... 82 (0.3) 40 (0.4) 81 (0.3) 39 (0.2) 83 (0.3) 40 (0.4) 85 (0.3) 42 (0.5) 86 (0.3) 45 (0.4) 87 (0.3) 48 (0.4) 87 (0.3) 47 (0.5) 86 (0.3) 48 (0.5)
Unknown ............................................. 81 (0.9) 42 (1.2) 84 (1.0) 45 (1.3) 86 (1.0) 48 (1.6) 89 (1.3) 51 (1.8) 90 (0.8) 54 (1.4) 92 (0.9) 59 (2.4) 89 (0.9) 53 (1.5) 87 (1.1) 52 (1.8)
12th grade, all students ................ — (†) — (†) 73 (0.8) 35 (0.7) — (†) — (†) 74 (0.6) 38 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 75 (0.6) 38 (0.7) 72 (0.5) 37 (0.6) — (†) — (†)
Sex
Male ................................................... — (†) — (†) 67 (0.9) 29 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 69 (0.8) 32 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 70 (0.7) 33 (0.7) 68 (0.6) 33 (0.7) — (†) — (†)
Female ................................................ — (†) — (†) 78 (0.9) 41 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 80 (0.6) 43 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 79 (0.7) 42 (0.9) 76 (0.8) 42 (0.9) — (†) — (†)
Race/ethnicity
White .................................................. — (†) — (†) 79 (0.8) 43 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 81 (0.5) 46 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 83 (0.6) 47 (0.8) 79 (0.7) 46 (0.9) — (†) — (†)
Black .................................................. — (†) — (†) 54 (1.5) 16 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 57 (1.3) 17 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 56 (1.2) 16 (0.9) 52 (1.5) 17 (1.0) — (†) — (†)

Reading Achievement
Hispanic .............................................. — (†) — (†) 60 (1.9) 20 (1.3) — (†) — (†) 61 (1.1) 22 (1.3) — (†) — (†) 64 (1.2) 23 (1.0) 63 (1.1) 25 (1.0) — (†) — (†)
Asian/Pacific Islander .......................... — (†) — (†) 74 (2.3) 36 (2.3) — (†) — (†) 81 (1.5) 49 (2.9) — (†) — (†) 80 (1.8) 47 (2.5) 79 (1.7) 48 (3.0) — (†) — (†)
Asian .............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 80 (1.9) 48 (2.6) 80 (1.8) 49 (3.0) — (†) — (†)
Pacific Islander ............................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 75 (8.2) 39 (8.4) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............ — (†) — (†) 67 (10.1) 26 (8.6) — (†) — (†) 70 (6.4) 29 (5.5) — (†) — (†) 65 (5.0) 26 (4.8) 65 (8.6) 28 (6.0) — (†) — (†)
Two or more races .............................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 77 (2.9) 38 (3.4) 79 (3.0) 45 (3.4) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. unable to be tested even with accommodations (2 to 6 percent of all students). Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic
†Not applicable. ethnicity. Prior to 2011, separate data for Asian students, Pacific Islander students, and students of Two or more races were
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). not collected.
1
Basic denotes partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work at a given grade. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational
2
Proficient represents solid academic performance. Students reaching this level have demonstrated competency over Progress (NAEP), 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Reading Assessments, retrieved May 8, 2018,
challenging subject matter. from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was prepared May 2018.)
NOTE: Includes public and private schools. Includes students tested with accommodations (1 to 13 percent of all students,
depending on grade level and year); excludes only those students with disabilities and English language learners who were
156 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Reading Achievement

Table 221.40. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of 4th-grade public school students, by
state: Selected years, 1992 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

State 19921 19941 1998 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ........ 215 (1.0) 212 (1.1) 213 (1.2) 217 (0.5) 216 (0.3) 217 (0.2) 220 (0.3) 220 (0.3) 220 (0.3) 221 (0.3) 221 (0.4) 221 (0.2)
Alabama ........................ 207 (1.7) 208 (1.5) 211 (1.9) 207 (1.4) 207 (1.7) 208 (1.2) 216 (1.3) 216 (1.2) 220 (1.3) 219 (1.2) 217 (1.4) 216 (1.2)
Alaska ........................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 212 (1.6) 211 (1.4) 214 (1.0) 211 (1.2) 208 (1.1) 209 (1.0) 213 (1.3) 207 (1.2)
Arizona ......................... 209 (1.2) 206 (1.9) 206 (1.4) 205 (1.5) 209 (1.2) 207 (1.6) 210 (1.6) 210 (1.2) 212 (1.2) 213 (1.4) 215 (1.3) 215 (1.5)
Arkansas ....................... 211 (1.2) 209 (1.7) 209 (1.6) 213 (1.4) 214 (1.4) 217 (1.1) 217 (1.2) 216 (1.1) 217 (1.0) 219 (0.9) 218 (1.1) 216 (1.2)
California2,3 .................... 202 (2.0) 197 (1.8) 202 (2.5) 206 (2.5) 206 (1.2) 207 (0.7) 209 (1.0) 210 (1.5) 211 (1.8) 213 (1.2) 213 (1.7) 215 (1.3)

Colorado ........................ 217 (1.1) 213 (1.3) 220 (1.4) — (†) 224 (1.2) 224 (1.1) 224 (1.1) 226 (1.2) 223 (1.3) 227 (1.0) 224 (1.6) 225 (1.5)
Connecticut ................... 222 (1.3) 222 (1.6) 230 (1.6) 229 (1.1) 228 (1.1) 226 (1.0) 227 (1.3) 229 (1.1) 227 (1.3) 230 (0.9) 229 (1.1) 228 (1.2)
Delaware4 ...................... 213 (0.6) 206 (1.1) 207 (1.7) 224 (0.6) 224 (0.7) 226 (0.8) 225 (0.7) 226 (0.5) 225 (0.7) 226 (0.8) 224 (0.8) 221 (0.8)
District of Columbia ....... 188 (0.8) 179 (0.9) 179 (1.2) 191 (0.9) 188 (0.9) 191 (1.0) 197 (0.9) 202 (1.0) 201 (0.8) 206 (0.9) 212 (0.9) 213 (0.8)
Florida ........................... 208 (1.2) 205 (1.7) 206 (1.4) 214 (1.4) 218 (1.1) 219 (0.9) 224 (0.8) 226 (1.0) 225 (1.1) 227 (1.1) 227 (1.0) 228 (1.1)

Georgia .......................... 212 (1.5) 207 (2.4) 209 (1.4) 215 (1.0) 214 (1.3) 214 (1.2) 219 (0.9) 218 (1.1) 221 (1.1) 222 (1.1) 222 (1.2) 220 (1.2)
Hawaii ........................... 203 (1.7) 201 (1.7) 200 (1.5) 208 (0.9) 208 (1.4) 210 (1.0) 213 (1.1) 211 (1.0) 214 (1.0) 215 (1.0) 215 (1.0) 216 (1.0)
Idaho ............................. 219 (0.9) ‡ (†) — (†) 220 (1.1) 218 (1.0) 222 (0.9) 223 (0.8) 221 (0.9) 221 (0.8) 219 (0.9) 222 (1.0) 223 (1.0)
Illinois ............................ — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 216 (1.6) 216 (1.2) 219 (1.2) 219 (1.4) 219 (1.1) 219 (1.4) 222 (1.2) 220 (1.2)
Indiana .......................... 221 (1.3) 220 (1.3) — (†) 222 (1.4) 220 (1.0) 218 (1.1) 222 (0.9) 223 (1.1) 221 (0.9) 225 (1.0) 227 (1.1) 226 (1.1)

Iowa2,3 ........................... 225 (1.1) 223 (1.3) 220 (1.6) 223 (1.1) 223 (1.1) 221 (0.9) 225 (1.1) 221 (1.2) 221 (0.8) 224 (1.1) 224 (1.1) 222 (1.2)
Kansas2,3 ....................... — (†) — (†) 221 (1.4) 222 (1.4) 220 (1.2) 220 (1.3) 225 (1.1) 224 (1.3) 224 (1.0) 223 (1.3) 221 (1.5) 223 (1.2)
Kentucky ....................... 213 (1.3) 212 (1.6) 218 (1.5) 219 (1.1) 219 (1.3) 220 (1.1) 222 (1.1) 226 (1.1) 225 (1.0) 224 (1.2) 228 (1.2) 224 (1.1)
Louisiana ....................... 204 (1.2) 197 (1.3) 200 (1.6) 207 (1.7) 205 (1.4) 209 (1.3) 207 (1.6) 207 (1.1) 210 (1.4) 210 (1.3) 216 (1.5) 212 (1.4)
Maine4 ........................... 227 (1.1) 228 (1.3) 225 (1.4) 225 (1.1) 224 (0.9) 225 (0.9) 226 (0.9) 224 (0.9) 222 (0.7) 225 (0.9) 224 (0.9) 221 (1.1)

Maryland ....................... 211 (1.6) 210 (1.5) 212 (1.6) 217 (1.5) 219 (1.4) 220 (1.3) 225 (1.1) 226 (1.4) 231 (0.9) 232 (1.3) 223 (1.3) 225 (1.3)
Massachusetts2 ............. 226 (0.9) 223 (1.3) 223 (1.4) 234 (1.1) 228 (1.2) 231 (0.9) 236 (1.1) 234 (1.1) 237 (1.0) 232 (1.1) 235 (1.0) 236 (1.1)
Michigan ....................... 216 (1.5) ‡ (†) 216 (1.5) 219 (1.1) 219 (1.2) 218 (1.5) 220 (1.4) 218 (1.0) 219 (1.2) 217 (1.4) 216 (1.3) 218 (1.5)
Minnesota2,3 ................... 221 (1.2) 218 (1.4) 219 (1.7) 225 (1.1) 223 (1.1) 225 (1.3) 225 (1.1) 223 (1.3) 222 (1.2) 227 (1.2) 223 (1.3) 225 (1.3)
Mississippi ..................... 199 (1.3) 202 (1.6) 203 (1.3) 203 (1.3) 205 (1.3) 204 (1.3) 208 (1.0) 211 (1.1) 209 (1.2) 209 (0.9) 214 (1.0) 215 (1.2)

Missouri ........................ 220 (1.2) 217 (1.5) 216 (1.3) 220 (1.3) 222 (1.2) 221 (0.9) 221 (1.1) 224 (1.1) 220 (0.9) 222 (1.0) 223 (1.1) 223 (1.1)
Montana2,3,5 ................... — (†) 222 (1.4) 225 (1.5) 224 (1.8) 223 (1.2) 225 (1.1) 227 (1.0) 225 (0.8) 225 (0.6) 223 (0.8) 225 (0.8) 222 (0.9)
Nebraska4,5 .................... 221 (1.1) 220 (1.5) — (†) 222 (1.5) 221 (1.0) 221 (1.2) 223 (1.3) 223 (1.0) 223 (1.0) 223 (1.0) 227 (1.1) 224 (1.2)
Nevada .......................... — (†) — (†) 206 (1.8) 209 (1.2) 207 (1.2) 207 (1.2) 211 (1.2) 211 (1.1) 213 (1.0) 214 (1.1) 214 (1.2) 215 (1.6)
New Hampshire2,4,5 ........ 228 (1.2) 223 (1.5) 226 (1.7) — (†) 228 (1.0) 227 (0.9) 229 (0.9) 229 (1.0) 230 (0.8) 232 (0.9) 232 (1.0) 229 (1.0)

New Jersey4 .................. 223 (1.4) 219 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 225 (1.2) 223 (1.3) 231 (1.2) 229 (0.9) 231 (1.2) 229 (1.3) 229 (1.4) 233 (1.2)
New Mexico ................... 211 (1.5) 205 (1.7) 205 (1.4) 208 (1.6) 203 (1.5) 207 (1.3) 212 (1.3) 208 (1.4) 208 (1.0) 206 (1.1) 207 (1.0) 208 (1.1)
New York2,3,4 ................... 215 (1.4) 212 (1.4) 215 (1.6) 222 (1.5) 222 (1.1) 223 (1.0) 224 (1.0) 224 (1.0) 222 (1.1) 224 (1.2) 223 (1.1) 222 (1.3)
North Carolina ................ 212 (1.1) 214 (1.5) 213 (1.6) 222 (1.0) 221 (1.0) 217 (1.0) 218 (0.9) 219 (1.1) 221 (1.2) 222 (1.1) 226 (1.1) 224 (1.0)
North Dakota3 ................ 226 (1.1) 225 (1.2) — (†) 224 (1.0) 222 (0.9) 225 (0.7) 226 (0.9) 226 (0.8) 226 (0.5) 224 (0.5) 225 (0.7) 222 (0.8)

Ohio ............................... 217 (1.3) — (†) — (†) 222 (1.3) 222 (1.2) 223 (1.4) 226 (1.1) 225 (1.1) 224 (1.0) 224 (1.2) 225 (1.2) 225 (1.0)
Oklahoma ...................... 220 (0.9) — (†) 219 (1.2) 213 (1.2) 214 (1.2) 214 (1.1) 217 (1.1) 217 (1.1) 215 (1.1) 217 (1.1) 222 (1.1) 217 (1.1)
Oregon .......................... — (†) — (†) 212 (1.8) 220 (1.4) 218 (1.3) 217 (1.4) 215 (1.4) 218 (1.2) 216 (1.1) 219 (1.3) 220 (1.4) 218 (1.4)
Pennsylvania5 ................ 221 (1.3) 215 (1.6) — (†) 221 (1.2) 219 (1.3) 223 (1.3) 226 (1.0) 224 (1.4) 227 (1.2) 226 (1.3) 227 (1.8) 225 (1.1)
Rhode Island5 ................. 217 (1.8) 220 (1.3) 218 (1.4) 220 (1.2) 216 (1.3) 216 (1.2) 219 (1.0) 223 (1.1) 222 (0.8) 223 (0.9) 225 (0.9) 223 (1.0)

South Carolina ............... 210 (1.3) 203 (1.4) 209 (1.4) 214 (1.3) 215 (1.3) 213 (1.3) 214 (1.2) 216 (1.1) 215 (1.2) 214 (1.2) 218 (1.4) 213 (1.2)
South Dakota ................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 222 (1.2) 222 (0.5) 223 (1.0) 222 (0.6) 220 (0.9) 218 (1.0) 220 (0.9) 222 (1.0)
Tennessee3,5 .................. 212 (1.4) 213 (1.7) 212 (1.4) 214 (1.2) 212 (1.6) 214 (1.4) 216 (1.2) 217 (1.2) 215 (1.1) 220 (1.4) 219 (1.4) 219 (1.1)
Texas ............................. 213 (1.6) 212 (1.9) 214 (1.9) 217 (1.7) 215 (1.0) 219 (0.8) 220 (0.9) 219 (1.2) 218 (1.5) 217 (1.1) 218 (1.7) 215 (1.1)
Utah .............................. 220 (1.1) 217 (1.3) 216 (1.2) 222 (1.0) 219 (1.0) 221 (1.0) 221 (1.2) 219 (1.0) 220 (1.0) 223 (1.1) 226 (1.1) 225 (1.1)

Vermont ......................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 227 (1.1) 226 (0.9) 227 (0.9) 228 (0.8) 229 (0.8) 227 (0.6) 228 (0.6) 230 (0.8) 226 (0.8)
Virginia .......................... 221 (1.4) 213 (1.5) 217 (1.2) 225 (1.3) 223 (1.5) 226 (0.8) 227 (1.1) 227 (1.2) 226 (1.1) 229 (1.3) 229 (1.7) 228 (1.5)
Washington3 .................. — (†) 213 1.5 218 (1.4) 224 (1.2) 221 (1.1) 223 (1.1) 224 (1.4) 221 (1.2) 221 (1.1) 225 (1.4) 226 (1.5) 223 (1.4)
West Virginia .................. 216 (1.3) 213 (1.1) 216 (1.7) 219 (1.2) 219 (1.0) 215 (0.8) 215 (1.1) 215 (1.0) 214 (0.8) 215 (0.8) 216 (1.2) 217 (1.2)
Wisconsin2,5 ................... 224 (1.0) 224 (1.1) 222 (1.1) ‡ (†) 221 (0.8) 221 (1.0) 223 (1.2) 220 (1.1) 221 (0.8) 221 (1.6) 223 (1.1) 220 (0.9)
Wyoming ....................... 223 (1.1) 221 (1.2) 218 (1.5) 221 (1.0) 222 (0.8) 223 (0.7) 225 (0.5) 223 (0.7) 224 (0.8) 226 (0.6) 228 (0.7) 227 (0.9)
Department of Defense
dependents schools6 ... — (†) — (†) 220 (0.7) 224 (0.4) 224 (0.5) 226 (0.6) 229 (0.5) 228 (0.5) 229 (0.5) 232 (0.6) 234 (0.7) 234 (0.6)

—Not available. schools into a single jurisdiction. Data shown in this table for years prior to 2005 were
†Not applicable. recalculated for comparability.
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). NOTE: Scale ranges from 0 to 500. State-level data for 2000 are not available. For 1998 and
1
Accommodations were not permitted for this assessment. later years, includes public school students who were tested with accommodations; excludes
2
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1998. Data are subject only those students with disabilities (SD) and English language learners (ELL) who were
to appreciable nonresponse bias. unable to be tested even with accommodations. SD and ELL populations, accommodation
3
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 2002. Data are subject rates, and exclusion rates vary from state to state.
to appreciable nonresponse bias. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
4
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1992. Data are subject Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1992, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
to appreciable nonresponse bias. 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Reading Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018, from
5
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1994. Data are subject the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table
to appreciable nonresponse bias. was prepared March 2018.)
6
Prior to 2005, NAEP divided the Department of Defense (DoD) schools into two jurisdictions,
domestic and overseas. In 2005, NAEP began combining the DoD domestic and overseas

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 157
Reading Achievement

Table 221.60. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) reading scale score of 8th-grade public school students, by
state: Selected years, 1998 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

State 1998 2002 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
United States ......... 261 (0.8) 263 (0.5) 261 (0.2) 260 (0.2) 261 (0.2) 262 (0.3) 264 (0.2) 266 (0.2) 264 (0.2) 265 (0.3)
Alabama ......................... 255 (1.4) 253 (1.3) 253 (1.5) 252 (1.4) 252 (1.0) 255 (1.1) 258 (1.5) 257 (1.2) 259 (1.1) 258 (1.0)
Alaska ............................ — (†) — (†) 256 (1.1) 259 (0.9) 259 (1.0) 259 (0.9) 261 (0.9) 261 (0.8) 260 (1.1) 258 (0.8)
Arizona .......................... 260 (1.1) 257 (1.3) 255 (1.4) 255 (1.0) 255 (1.2) 258 (1.2) 260 (1.2) 260 (1.1) 263 (1.2) 263 (0.9)
Arkansas ........................ 256 (1.3) 260 (1.1) 258 (1.3) 258 (1.1) 258 (1.0) 258 (1.2) 259 (0.9) 262 (1.1) 259 (1.2) 260 (0.8)
California1,2 ..................... 252 (1.6) 250 (1.8) 251 (1.3) 250 (0.6) 251 (0.8) 253 (1.2) 255 (1.0) 262 (1.2) 259 (1.2) 263 (1.2)

Colorado ......................... 264 (1.0) — (†) 268 (1.2) 265 (1.1) 266 (1.0) 266 (0.8) 271 (1.4) 271 (1.1) 268 (1.4) 270 (1.3)
Connecticut .................... 270 (1.0) 267 (1.2) 267 (1.1) 264 (1.3) 267 (1.6) 272 (0.9) 275 (0.9) 274 (1.0) 273 (1.1) 273 (0.9)
Delaware ........................ 254 (1.3) 267 (0.5) 265 (0.7) 266 (0.6) 265 (0.6) 265 (0.7) 266 (0.6) 266 (0.7) 263 (0.8) 263 (0.8)
District of Columbia ........ 236 (2.1) 240 (0.9) 239 (0.8) 238 (0.9) 241 (0.7) 242 (0.9) 242 (0.9) 248 (0.9) 248 (1.0) 247 (1.0)
Florida ............................ 255 (1.4) 261 (1.6) 257 (1.3) 256 (1.2) 260 (1.2) 264 (1.2) 262 (1.0) 266 (1.1) 263 (1.0) 267 (1.1)

Georgia ........................... 257 (1.4) 258 (1.0) 258 (1.1) 257 (1.3) 259 (1.0) 260 (1.0) 262 (1.1) 265 (1.2) 262 (1.3) 266 (1.1)
Hawaii ............................ 249 (1.0) 252 (0.9) 251 (0.9) 249 (0.9) 251 (0.8) 255 (0.6) 257 (0.7) 260 (0.8) 257 (0.9) 261 (0.8)
Idaho .............................. — (†) 266 (1.1) 264 (0.9) 264 (1.1) 265 (0.9) 265 (0.9) 268 (0.7) 270 (0.8) 269 (0.9) 270 (0.9)
Illinois ............................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 266 (1.0) 264 (1.0) 263 (1.0) 265 (1.2) 266 (0.8) 267 (1.0) 267 (1.0) 267 (1.1)
Indiana ........................... — (†) 265 (1.3) 265 (1.0) 261 (1.1) 264 (1.1) 266 (1.0) 265 (1.0) 267 (1.2) 268 (1.1) 272 (1.0)

Iowa ............................... — (†) — (†) 268 (0.8) 267 (0.9) 267 (0.9) 265 (0.9) 265 (1.0) 269 (0.8) 268 (1.0) 268 (1.1)
Kansas1,2 ........................ 268 (1.4) 269 (1.3) 266 (1.5) 267 (1.0) 267 (0.8) 267 (1.1) 267 (1.0) 267 (1.0) 267 (1.2) 267 (1.0)
Kentucky ........................ 262 (1.4) 265 (1.0) 266 (1.3) 264 (1.1) 262 (1.0) 267 (0.9) 269 (0.8) 270 (0.8) 268 (1.0) 265 (0.8)
Louisiana ........................ 252 (1.4) 256 (1.5) 253 (1.6) 253 (1.6) 253 (1.1) 253 (1.6) 255 (1.5) 257 (1.0) 255 (1.2) 257 (1.5)
Maine4 ............................ 271 (1.2) 270 (0.9) 268 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 270 (0.8) 268 (0.7) 270 (0.8) 269 (0.8) 268 (0.9) 269 (0.9)

Maryland1........................ 261 (1.8) 263 (1.7) 262 (1.4) 261 (1.2) 265 (1.2) 267 (1.1) 271 (1.2) 274 (1.1) 268 (1.1) 267 (1.0)
Massachusetts ............... 269 (1.4) 271 (1.3) 273 (1.0) 274 (1.0) 273 (1.0) 274 (1.2) 275 (1.0) 277 (1.0) 274 (1.1) 278 (1.1)
Michigan ........................ — (†) 265 (1.6) 264 (1.8) 261 (1.2) 260 (1.2) 262 (1.4) 265 (0.9) 266 (1.0) 264 (1.2) 265 (1.1)
Minnesota1 ..................... 265 (1.4) ‡ (†) 268 (1.1) 268 (1.2) 268 (0.9) 270 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 271 (1.0) 270 (1.1) 269 (1.0)
Mississippi ...................... 251 (1.2) 255 (0.9) 255 (1.4) 251 (1.3) 250 (1.1) 251 (1.0) 254 (1.2) 253 (1.0) 252 (1.0) 256 (0.7)

Missouri ......................... 262 (1.3) 268 (1.0) 267 (1.0) 265 (1.0) 263 (1.0) 267 (1.0) 267 (1.1) 267 (1.1) 267 (1.1) 266 (1.2)
Montana1,2 ...................... 271 (1.3) 270 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 269 (0.7) 271 (0.8) 270 (0.6) 273 (0.6) 272 (0.8) 270 (0.8) 267 (0.8)
Nebraska ........................ — (†) 270 (0.9) 266 (0.9) 267 (0.9) 267 (0.9) 267 (0.9) 268 (0.7) 269 (0.8) 269 (0.9) 269 (0.7)
Nevada ........................... 258 (1.0) 251 (0.8) 252 (0.8) 253 (0.9) 252 (0.8) 254 (0.9) 258 (0.9) 262 (0.7) 259 (0.9) 260 (0.8)
New Hampshire .............. — (†) — (†) 271 (0.9) 270 (1.2) 270 (0.9) 271 (1.0) 272 (0.7) 274 (0.8) 275 (0.9) 275 (0.9)

New Jersey ..................... — (†) — (†) 268 (1.2) 269 (1.2) 270 (1.1) 273 (1.3) 275 (1.2) 276 (1.1) 271 (1.0) 275 (1.1)
New Mexico .................... 258 (1.2) 254 (1.0) 252 (0.9) 251 (1.0) 251 (0.8) 254 (1.2) 256 (0.9) 256 (0.8) 253 (0.9) 256 (0.9)
New York1,2 ..................... 265 (1.5) 264 (1.5) 265 (1.3) 265 (1.0) 264 (1.1) 264 (1.2) 266 (1.1) 266 (1.1) 263 (1.4) 264 (1.0)
North Carolina ................. 262 (1.1) 265 (1.1) 262 (1.0) 258 (0.9) 259 (1.1) 260 (1.2) 263 (0.9) 265 (1.1) 261 (1.3) 263 (1.2)
North Dakota2 ................. — (†) 268 (0.8) 270 (0.8) 270 (0.6) 268 (0.7) 269 (0.6) 269 (0.7) 268 (0.6) 267 (0.6) 265 (0.8)

Ohio ................................ — (†) 268 (1.6) 267 (1.3) 267 (1.3) 268 (1.2) 269 (1.3) 268 (1.1) 269 (1.0) 266 (1.5) 268 (1.9)
Oklahoma ....................... 265 (1.2) 262 (0.8) 262 (0.9) 260 (1.1) 260 (0.8) 259 (0.9) 260 (1.1) 262 (0.9) 263 (1.3) 261 (1.0)
Oregon2 .......................... 266 (1.5) 268 (1.3) 264 (1.2) 263 (1.1) 266 (0.9) 265 (1.0) 264 (0.9) 268 (0.9) 268 (1.3) 266 (1.2)
Pennsylvania .................. — (†) 265 (1.0) 264 (1.2) 267 (1.3) 268 (1.2) 271 (0.8) 268 (1.3) 272 (1.0) 269 (1.5) 270 (1.1)
Rhode Island ................... 264 (0.9) 262 (0.8) 261 (0.7) 261 (0.7) 258 (0.9) 260 (0.6) 265 (0.7) 267 (0.6) 265 (0.7) 266 (0.8)

South Carolina ................ 255 (1.1) 258 (1.1) 258 (1.3) 257 (1.1) 257 (0.9) 257 (1.2) 260 (0.9) 261 (1.0) 260 (1.2) 260 (1.0)
South Dakota .................. — (†) — (†) 270 (0.8) 269 (0.6) 270 (0.7) 270 (0.5) 269 (0.8) 268 (0.8) 267 (1.0) 267 (0.7)
Tennessee2 ..................... 258 (1.2) 260 (1.4) 258 (1.2) 259 (0.9) 259 (1.0) 261 (1.1) 259 (1.0) 265 (1.1) 265 (1.4) 262 (1.1)
Texas .............................. 261 (1.4) 262 (1.4) 259 (1.1) 258 (0.6) 261 (0.9) 260 (1.1) 261 (1.0) 264 (1.1) 261 (1.0) 260 (1.2)
Utah ............................... 263 (1.0) 263 (1.1) 264 (0.8) 262 (0.8) 262 (1.0) 266 (0.8) 267 (0.8) 270 (0.9) 269 (1.0) 269 (0.9)

Vermont .......................... — (†) 272 (0.9) 271 (0.8) 269 (0.7) 273 (0.8) 272 (0.6) 274 (0.9) 274 (0.7) 274 (0.8) 273 (0.8)
Virginia ........................... 266 (1.1) 269 (1.0) 268 (1.1) 268 (1.0) 267 (1.1) 266 (1.1) 267 (1.2) 268 (1.3) 267 (1.2) 268 (1.3)
Washington2 ................... 264 (1.2) 268 (1.2) 264 (0.9) 265 (1.3) 265 (0.9) 267 (1.1) 268 (1.0) 272 (1.0) 267 (1.2) 272 (1.4)
West Virginia ................... 262 (1.0) 264 (1.0) 260 (1.0) 255 (1.2) 255 (1.0) 255 (0.9) 256 (0.9) 257 (0.9) 260 (0.9) 259 (0.9)
Wisconsin1 ...................... 265 (1.8) ‡ (†) 266 (1.3) 266 (1.1) 264 (1.0) 266 (1.0) 267 (0.9) 268 (0.9) 270 (1.1) 269 (1.0)
Wyoming ........................ 263 (1.3) 265 (0.7) 267 (0.5) 268 (0.7) 266 (0.7) 268 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 271 (0.6) 269 (0.7) 269 (0.7)
Department of Defense
dependents schools3 ... 269 (1.3) 273 (0.5) 272 (0.6) 271 (0.7) 273 (1.0) 272 (0.7) 272 (0.7) 277 (0.7) 277 (0.7) 280 (0.8)

—Not available. NOTE: Scale ranges from 0 to 500. State-level data for 1992 and 1994 are not available.
†Not applicable. Includes public school students who were tested with accommodations; excludes only
‡Reporting standards not met. Participation rates fell below the required standards for those students with disabilities (SD) and English language learners (ELL) who were unable
reporting. to be tested even with accommodations. SD and ELL populations, accommodation rates,
1
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1998. Data are and exclusion rates vary from state to state.
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
2
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 2002. Data are Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011,
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. 2013, 2015, and 2017 Reading Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018, from the Main
3
Prior to 2005, NAEP divided the Department of Defense (DoD) schools into two NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was
jurisdictions, domestic and overseas. In 2005, NAEP began combining the DoD domestic prepared March 2018.)
and overseas schools into a single jurisdiction. Data shown in this table for years prior to
2005 were recalculated for comparability.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

158 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Mathematics Achievement

Table 222.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score, by sex, race/ethnicity, and grade:
Selected years, 1990 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Sex Race/ethnicity
Average mathematics scale score
Average mathematics Gap Gap Gap
scale score between Asian/Pacific Islander American between between
female Indian/ Two or White and White and
All and male Pacific Alaska more Black Hispanic
Grade and year students Male Female score White Black Hispanic Total Asian1 Islander1 Native races1 score score
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Grade 4
19902 ........... 213 (0.9) 214 (1.2) 213 (1.1) -1 (1.7) 220 (1.0) 188 (1.8) 200 (2.2) 225 (4.1) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 32 (2.0) 20 (2.4)
19922 ........... 220 (0.7) 221 (0.8) 219 (1.0) -2 (1.2) 227 (0.8) 193 (1.4) 202 (1.5) 231 (2.1) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 35 (1.6) 25 (1.7)
1996 ............ 224 (1.0) 224 (1.1) 223 (1.1) # (†) 232 (1.0) 198 (1.6) 207 (1.9) 229 (4.2) — (†) — (†) 217 (5.6) — (†) 34 (1.8) 25 (2.1)
2000 ............ 226 (0.9) 227 (1.0) 224 (0.9) -3 (1.4) 234 (0.8) 203 (1.2) 208 (1.5) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 208 (3.5) — (†) 31 (1.5) 27 (1.7)
2003 ............ 235 (0.2) 236 (0.3) 233 (0.2) -3 (0.3) 243 (0.2) 216 (0.4) 222 (0.4) 246 (1.1) — (†) — (†) 223 (1.0) — (†) 27 (0.4) 22 (0.5)

2005 ............ 238 (0.1) 239 (0.2) 237 (0.2) -3 (0.2) 246 (0.1) 220 (0.3) 226 (0.3) 251 (0.7) — (†) — (†) 226 (0.9) — (†) 26 (0.3) 20 (0.3)
2007 ............ 240 (0.2) 241 (0.2) 239 (0.2) -2 (0.3) 248 (0.2) 222 (0.3) 227 (0.3) 253 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 228 (0.7) — (†) 26 (0.4) 21 (0.4)
2009 ............ 240 (0.2) 241 (0.3) 239 (0.3) -2 (0.4) 248 (0.2) 222 (0.3) 227 (0.4) 255 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 225 (0.9) — (†) 26 (0.4) 21 (0.5)
2011 ............ 241 (0.2) 241 (0.2) 240 (0.2) -1 (0.3) 249 (0.2) 224 (0.4) 229 (0.3) 256 (1.0) 257 (1.0) 236 (2.1) 225 (0.9) 245 (0.6) 25 (0.4) 20 (0.4)
2013 ............ 242 (0.2) 242 (0.3) 241 (0.2) -1 (0.4) 250 (0.2) 224 (0.3) 231 (0.4) 258 (0.8) 259 (0.8) 236 (2.0) 227 (1.1) 245 (0.7) 26 (0.4) 19 (0.5)

2015 ............ 240 (0.3) 241 (0.3) 239 (0.3) -2 (0.4) 248 (0.3) 224 (0.4) 230 (0.5) 257 (1.2) 259 (1.2) 231 (2.3) 227 (1.0) 245 (0.8) 24 (0.5) 18 (0.5)
2017 ............ 240 (0.2) 241 (0.3) 239 (0.2) -2 (0.4) 248 (0.2) 223 (0.5) 229 (0.4) 258 (1.1) 260 (1.0) 229 (2.7) 227 (1.3) 245 (0.8) 25 (0.5) 19 (0.5)

Grade 8
19902 ........... 263 (1.3) 263 (1.6) 262 (1.3) -1 (2.1) 270 (1.3) 237 (2.7) 246 (4.3) 275 (5.0) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 33 (3.0) 24 (4.5)
19922 ........... 268 (0.9) 268 (1.1) 269 (1.0) 1 (1.5) 277 (1.0) 237 (1.3) 249 (1.2) 290 (5.9) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 40 (1.7) 28 (1.5)
1996 ............ 270 (0.9) 271 (1.1) 269 (1.1) -2 (1.5) 281 (1.1) 240 (1.9) 251 (1.7) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) — (†) 41 (2.2) 30 (2.0)
2000 ............ 273 (0.8) 274 (0.9) 272 (0.9) -2 (1.3) 284 (0.8) 244 (1.2) 253 (1.3) 288 (3.5) — (†) — (†) 259 (7.5) — (†) 40 (1.5) 31 (1.6)
2003 ............ 278 (0.3) 278 (0.3) 277 (0.3) -2 (0.4) 288 (0.3) 252 (0.5) 259 (0.6) 291 (1.3) — (†) — (†) 263 (1.8) — (†) 35 (0.6) 29 (0.7)

2005 ............ 279 (0.2) 280 (0.2) 278 (0.2) -2 (0.3) 289 (0.2) 255 (0.4) 262 (0.4) 295 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 264 (0.9) — (†) 34 (0.4) 27 (0.5)
2007 ............ 281 (0.3) 282 (0.3) 280 (0.3) -2 (0.4) 291 (0.3) 260 (0.4) 265 (0.4) 297 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 264 (1.2) — (†) 32 (0.5) 26 (0.5)
2009 ............ 283 (0.3) 284 (0.3) 282 (0.4) -2 (0.5) 293 (0.3) 261 (0.5) 266 (0.6) 301 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 266 (1.1) — (†) 32 (0.5) 26 (0.6)
2011 ............ 284 (0.2) 284 (0.3) 283 (0.2) -1 (0.4) 293 (0.2) 262 (0.5) 270 (0.5) 303 (1.0) 305 (1.1) 269 (2.4) 265 (0.9) 288 (1.3) 31 (0.5) 23 (0.5)
2013 ............ 285 (0.3) 285 (0.3) 284 (0.3) -1 (0.4) 294 (0.3) 263 (0.4) 272 (0.5) 306 (1.1) 309 (1.1) 275 (2.3) 269 (1.2) 288 (1.2) 31 (0.5) 22 (0.5)

2015 ............ 282 (0.3) 282 (0.3) 282 (0.4) # (†) 292 (0.3) 260 (0.5) 270 (0.5) 306 (1.5) 307 (1.5) 276 (2.9) 267 (1.3) 285 (1.1) 32 (0.6) 22 (0.6)
2017 ............ 283 (0.3) 283 (0.3) 282 (0.3) -1 (0.4) 293 (0.3) 260 (0.5) 269 (0.5) 310 (1.5) 312 (1.5) 274 (2.2) 267 (1.4) 287 (1.1) 32 (0.6) 24 (0.6)

Grade 12
19902 ........... [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†)
19922 ........... [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†)
1996 ............ [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†)
2000 ............ [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†) [3] (†) [3] (†) [ 3] (†) [ 3] (†)
2003 ............ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

2005 ............ 150 (0.6) 151 (0.7) 149 (0.7) -3 (1.0) 157 (0.6) 127 (1.1) 133 (1.3) 163 (2.0) — (†) — (†) 134 (4.1) — (†) 31 (1.2) 24 (1.4)
2007 ............ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2009 ............ 153 (0.7) 155 (0.9) 152 (0.7) -3 (1.1) 161 (0.6) 131 (0.8) 138 (0.8) 175 (2.7) — (†) — (†) 144 (2.8) — (†) 30 (1.0) 23 (1.0)
2011 ............ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
2013 ............ 153 (0.5) 155 (0.6) 152 (0.6) -3 (0.9) 162 (0.6) 132 (0.8) 141 (0.8) 172 (1.3) 174 (1.3) 151 (2.8) 142 (3.2) 155 (1.7) 30 (1.0) 21 (1.0)

2015 ............ 152 (0.5) 153 (0.7) 150 (0.6) -3 (0.9) 160 (0.6) 130 (1.0) 139 (0.8) 170 (2.0) 171 (1.9) ‡ (†) 138 (2.8) 157 (2.2) 30 (1.2) 22 (1.0)
2017 ............ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. NOTE: For the grade 4 and grade 8 assessments, the scale ranges from 0 to 500. For
†Not applicable. the grade 12 assessment, the scale ranges from 0 to 300. Includes public and private
#Rounds to zero. schools. For 1996 and later years, includes students tested with accommodations (1 to
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or 14 percent of all students, depending on grade level and year); excludes only those
the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. students with disabilities and English language learners who were unable to be tested
1
Prior to 2011, separate data for Asian students, Pacific Islander students, and students even with accommodations (1 to 4 percent of all students). Race categories exclude
of Two or more races were not collected. persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
2
Accommodations were not permitted for this assessment. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
3
Because of major changes to the framework and content of the grade 12 assessment, Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007,
scores from 2005 and later assessment years cannot be compared with scores from 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Mathematics Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018,
earlier assessment years. Therefore, this table does not include scores from the earlier from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This
grade 12 assessment years (1990, 1992, 1996, and 2000). For data pertaining to scale table was prepared March 2018.)
score comparisons between earlier years, see the Digest of Education Statistics 2009,
table 138 (http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d09/tables/dt09_138.asp).

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 222.20. Percentage of students at or above selected National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics achievement levels, by grade and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 2003 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017

At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above At or above
Grade and selected student characteristic Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2 Basic 1 Proficient 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4th grade, all students ......................... 77 (0.3) 32 (0.3) 80 (0.2) 36 (0.2) 82 (0.2) 39 (0.3) 82 (0.3) 39 (0.3) 82 (0.2) 40 (0.3) 83 (0.2) 42 (0.3) 82 (0.3) 40 (0.4) 80 (0.3) 40 (0.4)
Sex
Male .......................................................... 78 (0.4) 35 (0.4) 81 (0.2) 38 (0.2) 82 (0.2) 41 (0.3) 82 (0.3) 41 (0.4) 83 (0.3) 42 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 43 (0.4) 82 (0.4) 42 (0.5) 80 (0.4) 42 (0.4)
Female ....................................................... 76 (0.3) 30 (0.3) 80 (0.2) 34 (0.3) 82 (0.2) 37 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 37 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 39 (0.4) 83 (0.2) 41 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 38 (0.5) 80 (0.3) 38 (0.4)
Race/ethnicity
White.......................................................... 87 (0.2) 43 (0.3) 90 (0.2) 47 (0.2) 91 (0.2) 51 (0.4) 91 (0.2) 51 (0.4) 91 (0.2) 52 (0.4) 91 (0.2) 54 (0.4) 90 (0.3) 51 (0.5) 88 (0.3) 51 (0.4)
Black ......................................................... 54 (0.6) 10 (0.3) 60 (0.5) 13 (0.3) 64 (0.6) 15 (0.4) 64 (0.6) 16 (0.5) 66 (0.6) 17 (0.5) 66 (0.6) 18 (0.5) 65 (0.7) 19 (0.6) 63 (0.8) 19 (0.6)
Hispanic ..................................................... 62 (0.7) 16 (0.5) 68 (0.5) 19 (0.3) 70 (0.5) 22 (0.4) 71 (0.7) 22 (0.4) 72 (0.5) 24 (0.5) 73 (0.7) 26 (0.6) 73 (0.6) 26 (0.7) 71 (0.5) 26 (0.6)
Asian/Pacific Islander ................................. 87 (0.8) 48 (1.9) 90 (0.5) 55 (1.1) 91 (0.7) 58 (1.3) 92 (0.6) 60 (1.5) 91 (0.6) 62 (1.6) 91 (0.6) 64 (1.2) 91 (0.8) 62 (1.7) 90 (0.8) 64 (1.4)
Asian ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 93 (0.5) 64 (1.6) 92 (0.6) 66 (1.2) 93 (0.7) 65 (1.7) 92 (0.7) 67 (1.4)
Pacific Islander ...................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 77 (2.7) 34 (3.2) 77 (3.1) 33 (3.2) 68 (4.0) 30 (2.8) 71 (3.7) 29 (3.5)
American Indian/Alaska Native ................... 64 (1.7) 17 (1.2) 68 (1.5) 21 (1.2) 70 (1.2) 25 (1.1) 66 (1.6) 21 (1.2) 66 (1.2) 22 (1.2) 68 (1.7) 23 (1.4) 69 (1.8) 23 (1.7) 69 (2.0) 24 (1.9)
Two or more races ..................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 87 (0.7) 45 (1.2) 85 (1.0) 46 (1.4) 86 (0.9) 45 (1.3) 85 (0.9) 45 (1.3)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch

Eligible ....................................................... 62 (0.5) 15 (0.3) 67 (0.3) 19 (0.2) 70 (0.4) 22 (0.3) 70 (0.4) 22 (0.3) 72 (0.3) 24 (0.3) 73 (0.4) 25 (0.4) 72 (0.4) 24 (0.4) 69 (0.4) 25 (0.3)
Not eligible ................................................. 88 (0.3) 45 (0.4) 90 (0.2) 49 (0.3) 91 (0.2) 53 (0.4) 91 (0.3) 54 (0.4) 92 (0.2) 57 (0.4) 93 (0.2) 59 (0.4) 92 (0.3) 58 (0.6) 91 (0.3) 57 (0.5)
Unknown .................................................... 84 (0.9) 41 (1.2) 87 (0.7) 45 (1.2) 90 (0.9) 48 (1.5) 88 (1.3) 47 (1.7) 90 (0.8) 52 (1.4) 90 (1.0) 52 (2.2) 89 (1.2) 50 (1.7) 87 (1.1) 49 (1.7)
8th grade, all students ......................... 68 (0.3) 29 (0.3) 69 (0.2) 30 (0.2) 71 (0.3) 32 (0.3) 73 (0.3) 34 (0.3) 73 (0.2) 35 (0.2) 74 (0.3) 35 (0.3) 71 (0.3) 33 (0.3) 70 (0.3) 34 (0.3)
Sex
Male .......................................................... 69 (0.4) 30 (0.4) 70 (0.3) 31 (0.3) 72 (0.3) 34 (0.4) 73 (0.3) 36 (0.4) 73 (0.4) 36 (0.3) 74 (0.3) 36 (0.4) 71 (0.4) 34 (0.4) 70 (0.3) 35 (0.4)
Female ....................................................... 67 (0.4) 27 (0.3) 69 (0.3) 28 (0.3) 71 (0.3) 30 (0.3) 72 (0.4) 32 (0.4) 73 (0.2) 34 (0.3) 74 (0.4) 35 (0.4) 72 (0.4) 33 (0.4) 70 (0.3) 33 (0.5)
Race/ethnicity
White ......................................................... 80 (0.3) 37 (0.4) 80 (0.2) 39 (0.3) 82 (0.3) 42 (0.3) 83 (0.3) 44 (0.4) 84 (0.3) 44 (0.3) 84 (0.2) 45 (0.4) 82 (0.3) 43 (0.4) 80 (0.3) 44 (0.4)
Black ......................................................... 39 (0.8) 7 (0.3) 42 (0.5) 9 (0.3) 47 (0.7) 11 (0.3) 50 (0.6) 12 (0.5) 51 (0.6) 13 (0.4) 52 (0.7) 14 (0.5) 48 (0.9) 13 (0.5) 47 (0.7) 13 (0.5)
Hispanic ..................................................... 48 (0.8) 12 (0.5) 52 (0.6) 13 (0.4) 55 (0.7) 15 (0.4) 57 (0.8) 17 (0.6) 61 (0.7) 20 (0.6) 62 (0.6) 21 (0.5) 60 (0.7) 19 (0.6) 57 (0.7) 20 (0.5)
Asian/Pacific Islander ................................. 78 (1.1) 43 (1.3) 81 (0.8) 47 (1.2) 83 (0.8) 50 (1.1) 85 (1.0) 54 (1.8) 86 (1.0) 55 (1.2) 87 (0.8) 60 (1.3) 87 (0.9) 59 (1.7) 87 (0.9) 62 (1.5)
Asian ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 88 (0.9) 58 (1.3) 89 (0.8) 63 (1.3) 88 (0.9) 61 (1.7) 88 (0.9) 64 (1.6)
Pacific Islander ...................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 59 (4.7) 22 (1.9) 67 (3.5) 24 (2.9) 63 (4.2) 29 (3.9) 64 (2.8) 25 (3.3)
American Indian/Alaska Native ................... 52 (2.7) 15 (1.7) 53 (1.3) 14 (1.2) 53 (1.8) 16 (1.2) 56 (1.5) 18 (1.3) 55 (1.5) 17 (1.2) 59 (1.7) 21 (1.5) 57 (1.8) 20 (1.7) 56 (1.6) 18 (1.8)
Two or more races ..................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 78 (1.1) 39 (1.7) 76 (1.2) 38 (1.4) 74 (1.5) 36 (1.3) 73 (1.3) 37 (1.4)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 159

Eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch
Eligible ....................................................... 48 (0.5) 12 (0.4) 51 (0.4) 13 (0.2) 55 (0.5) 15 (0.3) 57 (0.5) 17 (0.3) 59 (0.4) 19 (0.3) 60 (0.4) 20 (0.3) 58 (0.4) 18 (0.3) 55 (0.4) 18 (0.3)
Not eligible ................................................. 79 (0.3) 37 (0.4) 79 (0.2) 39 (0.3) 81 (0.3) 42 (0.4) 83 (0.3) 45 (0.4) 84 (0.2) 47 (0.4) 86 (0.3) 49 (0.4) 84 (0.3) 48 (0.5) 82 (0.3) 48 (0.4)
Unknown .................................................... 75 (1.1) 36 (1.2) 79 (1.1) 40 (1.4) 81 (1.7) 43 (1.7) 83 (1.3) 48 (1.9) 85 (0.9) 48 (1.5) 84 (1.3) 50 (2.6) 81 (1.5) 46 (1.9) 83 (1.1) 47 (1.8)
12th grade, all students ....................... — (†) — (†) 61 (0.8) 23 (0.7) — (†) — (†) 64 (0.8) 26 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 65 (0.7) 26 (0.6) 62 (0.8) 25 (0.7) — (†) — (†)
Sex
Male .......................................................... — (†) — (†) 62 (0.9) 25 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 65 (0.9) 28 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 66 (0.8) 28 (0.8) 63 (1.0) 26 (0.7) — (†) — (†)
Female ....................................................... — (†) — (†) 60 (1.0) 21 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 63 (0.8) 24 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 64 (0.9) 24 (0.7) 61 (0.9) 23 (0.7) — (†) — (†)
Race/ethnicity
White ......................................................... — (†) — (†) 70 (0.8) 29 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 75 (0.7) 33 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 75 (0.8) 33 (0.8) 73 (0.9) 32 (0.9) — (†) — (†)
Black ......................................................... — (†) — (†) 30 (1.7) 6 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 37 (1.2) 6 (0.6) — (†) — (†) 38 (1.5) 7 (0.6) 36 (1.6) 7 (0.7) — (†) — (†)
Hispanic ..................................................... — (†) — (†) 40 (2.1) 8 (1.0) — (†) — (†) 45 (1.1) 11 (0.8) — (†) — (†) 50 (1.3) 12 (0.7) 47 (1.3) 12 (0.7) — (†) — (†)

Mathematics Achievement
Asian/Pacific Islander ................................. — (†) — (†) 73 (2.6) 36 (3.0) — (†) — (†) 84 (1.9) 52 (3.4) — (†) — (†) 81 (1.4) 47 (2.0) 78 (2.1) 46 (2.6) — (†) — (†)
Asian ..................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 83 (1.5) 49 (2.0) 79 (2.0) 47 (2.5) — (†) — (†)
Pacific Islander ...................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 65 (7.3) 16 (6.0) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ................... — (†) — (†) 42 (8.6) 6 (2.9) — (†) — (†) 56 (5.4) 12 (3.3) — (†) — (†) 54 (5.8) 12 (4.0) 46 (4.6) 10 (3.3) — (†) — (†)
Two or more races ..................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 67 (3.0) 26 (2.7) 67 (3.2) 31 (3.1) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. depending on grade level and year); excludes only those students with disabilities and English language learners who
†Not applicable. were unable to be tested even with accommodations (1 to 4 percent of all students). Race categories exclude persons of
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). Hispanic ethnicity. Prior to 2011, separate data for Asian students, Pacific Islander students, and students of Two or more
1
Basic denotes partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for proficient work at a given grade. races were not collected.
2
Proficient represents solid academic performance. Students reaching this level have demonstrated competency over SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational
challenging subject matter. Progress (NAEP), 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Mathematics Assessments, retrieved July 2, 2018,
NOTE: Includes public and private schools. Includes students tested with accommodations (1 to 14 percent of all students, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was prepared July 2018.)
160 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Mathematics Achievement

Table 222.50. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score of 4th-grade public school students,
by state: Selected years, 1992 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

State 19921 19962 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .................... 219 (0.8) 222 (1.0) 224 (1.0) 234 (0.2) 237 (0.2) 239 (0.2) 239 (0.2) 240 (0.2) 241 (0.2) 240 (0.3) 239 (0.2)
Alabama .................................... 208 (1.6) 212 (1.2) 217 (1.2) 223 (1.2) 225 (0.9) 229 (1.3) 228 (1.1) 231 (1.0) 233 (1.0) 231 (0.9) 232 (1.0)
Alaska3 ...................................... — (†) 224 (1.3) — (†) 233 (0.8) 236 (1.0) 237 (1.0) 237 (0.9) 236 (0.9) 236 (0.8) 236 (1.1) 230 (0.9)
Arizona ...................................... 215 (1.1) 218 (1.7) 219 (1.3) 229 (1.1) 230 (1.1) 232 (1.0) 230 (1.1) 235 (1.1) 240 (1.2) 238 (1.0) 234 (1.1)
Arkansas3 .................................. 210 (0.9) 216 (1.5) 216 (1.1) 229 (0.9) 236 (0.9) 238 (1.1) 238 (0.9) 238 (0.8) 240 (0.9) 235 (0.8) 234 (0.9)
California4 .................................. 208 (1.6) 209 (1.8) 213 (1.6) 227 (0.9) 230 (0.6) 230 (0.7) 232 (1.2) 234 (1.4) 234 (1.2) 232 (1.4) 232 (1.2)

Colorado .................................... 221 (1.0) 226 (1.0) — (†) 235 (1.0) 239 (1.1) 240 (1.0) 243 (1.0) 244 (0.9) 247 (0.8) 242 (1.0) 241 (1.1)
Connecticut ............................... 227 (1.1) 232 (1.1) 234 (1.1) 241 (0.8) 242 (0.8) 243 (1.1) 245 (1.0) 242 (1.3) 243 (0.9) 240 (0.9) 239 (1.1)
Delaware ................................... 218 (0.8) 215 (0.6) — (†) 236 (0.5) 240 (0.5) 242 (0.4) 239 (0.5) 240 (0.6) 243 (0.7) 239 (0.6) 236 (0.8)
District of Columbia ................... 193 (0.5) 187 (1.1) 192 (1.1) 205 (0.7) 211 (0.8) 214 (0.8) 219 (0.7) 222 (0.7) 229 (0.7) 231 (0.6) 231 (0.7)
Florida ....................................... 214 (1.5) 216 (1.2) — (†) 234 (1.1) 239 (0.7) 242 (0.8) 242 (1.0) 240 (0.8) 242 (0.8) 243 (1.0) 246 (0.7)

Georgia ...................................... 216 (1.2) 215 (1.5) 219 (1.1) 230 (1.0) 234 (1.0) 235 (0.8) 236 (0.9) 238 (0.7) 240 (1.0) 236 (1.2) 236 (1.1)
Hawaii ....................................... 214 (1.3) 215 (1.5) 216 (1.0) 227 (1.0) 230 (0.8) 234 (0.8) 236 (1.1) 239 (0.7) 243 (0.8) 238 (0.9) 238 (0.8)
Idaho4 ........................................ 222 (1.0) — (†) 224 (1.4) 235 (0.7) 242 (0.7) 241 (0.7) 241 (0.8) 240 (0.6) 241 (0.9) 239 (0.9) 240 (0.9)
Illinois4 ....................................... — (†) — (†) 223 (1.9) 233 (1.1) 233 (1.0) 237 (1.1) 238 (1.0) 239 (1.1) 239 (1.2) 237 (1.2) 238 (1.0)
Indiana4 ..................................... 221 (1.0) 229 (1.0) 233 (1.1) 238 (0.9) 240 (0.8) 245 (0.8) 243 (0.9) 244 (1.0) 249 (0.9) 248 (1.1) 247 (1.1)

Iowa3,4 ....................................... 230 (1.0) 229 (1.1) 231 (1.2) 238 (0.7) 240 (0.7) 243 (0.8) 243 (0.8) 243 (0.8) 246 (0.9) 243 (0.9) 243 (1.1)
Kansas4 ..................................... — (†) — (†) 232 (1.6) 242 (1.0) 246 (1.0) 248 (0.9) 245 (1.0) 246 (0.9) 246 (0.8) 241 (1.0) 241 (0.9)
Kentucky ................................... 215 (1.0) 220 (1.1) 219 (1.4) 229 (1.1) 231 (0.9) 235 (0.9) 239 (1.1) 241 (0.8) 241 (0.9) 242 (1.1) 239 (0.9)
Louisiana ................................... 204 (1.5) 209 (1.1) 218 (1.4) 226 (1.0) 230 (0.9) 230 (1.0) 229 (1.0) 231 (1.0) 231 (1.2) 234 (1.1) 229 (1.2)
Maine4 ....................................... 232 (1.0) 232 (1.0) 230 (1.0) 238 (0.7) 241 (0.8) 242 (0.8) 244 (0.8) 244 (0.7) 246 (0.7) 242 (0.8) 240 (0.9)

Maryland ................................... 217 (1.3) 221 (1.6) 222 (1.2) 233 (1.3) 238 (1.0) 240 (0.9) 244 (0.9) 247 (0.9) 245 (1.3) 239 (1.0) 241 (1.1)
Massachusetts .......................... 227 (1.2) 229 (1.3) 233 (1.2) 242 (0.8) 247 (0.8) 252 (0.8) 252 (0.9) 253 (0.8) 253 (1.0) 251 (1.2) 249 (1.0)
Michigan3,4 ................................. 220 (1.7) 226 (1.3) 229 (1.6) 236 (0.9) 238 (1.2) 238 (1.3) 236 (1.0) 236 (1.1) 237 (1.1) 236 (1.2) 236 (1.3)
Minnesota4 ................................ 228 (0.9) 232 (1.1) 234 (1.3) 242 (0.9) 246 (1.0) 247 (1.0) 249 (1.1) 249 (0.9) 253 (1.1) 250 (1.2) 249 (1.2)
Mississippi ................................. 202 (1.1) 208 (1.2) 211 (1.1) 223 (1.0) 227 (0.9) 228 (1.0) 227 (1.0) 230 (0.9) 231 (0.7) 234 (0.9) 235 (0.8)

Missouri .................................... 222 (1.2) 225 (1.1) 228 (1.2) 235 (0.9) 235 (0.9) 239 (0.9) 241 (1.2) 240 (0.9) 240 (0.8) 239 (0.9) 240 (1.1)
Montana3,4 ................................. — (†) 228 (1.2) 228 (1.7) 236 (0.8) 241 (0.8) 244 (0.8) 244 (0.7) 244 (0.6) 244 (0.6) 241 (0.7) 241 (0.8)
Nebraska ................................... 225 (1.2) 228 (1.2) 225 (1.8) 236 (0.8) 238 (0.9) 238 (1.1) 239 (1.0) 240 (1.0) 243 (1.0) 244 (0.9) 246 (0.9)
Nevada3 ..................................... — (†) 218 (1.3) 220 (1.0) 228 (0.8) 230 (0.8) 232 (0.9) 235 (0.9) 237 (0.8) 236 (0.8) 234 (1.1) 232 (1.2)
New Hampshire ......................... 230 (1.2) — (†) — (†) 243 (0.9) 246 (0.8) 249 (0.8) 251 (0.8) 252 (0.6) 253 (0.8) 249 (0.8) 245 (0.9)

New Jersey3 .............................. 227 (1.5) 227 (1.5) — (†) 239 (1.1) 244 (1.1) 249 (1.1) 247 (1.0) 248 (0.9) 247 (1.1) 245 (1.2) 248 (1.3)
New Mexico ............................... 213 (1.4) 214 (1.8) 213 (1.5) 223 (1.1) 224 (0.8) 228 (0.9) 230 (1.0) 233 (0.8) 233 (0.7) 231 (0.8) 230 (0.8)
New York3,4 ................................ 218 (1.2) 223 (1.2) 225 (1.4) 236 (0.9) 238 (0.9) 243 (0.8) 241 (0.7) 238 (0.8) 240 (1.0) 237 (0.9) 236 (1.0)
North Carolina ............................ 213 (1.1) 224 (1.2) 230 (1.1) 242 (0.8) 241 (0.9) 242 (0.8) 244 (0.8) 245 (0.7) 245 (0.9) 244 (1.0) 241 (1.0)
North Dakota ............................. 229 (0.8) 231 (1.2) 230 (1.2) 238 (0.7) 243 (0.5) 245 (0.5) 245 (0.6) 245 (0.4) 246 (0.5) 245 (0.5) 244 (0.7)

Ohio4 ......................................... 219 (1.2) — (†) 230 (1.5) 238 (1.0) 242 (1.0) 245 (1.0) 244 (1.1) 244 (0.8) 246 (1.1) 244 (1.2) 241 (1.0)
Oklahoma .................................. 220 (1.0) — (†) 224 (1.0) 229 (1.0) 234 (1.0) 237 (0.8) 237 (0.9) 237 (0.8) 239 (0.7) 240 (1.0) 237 (0.9)
Oregon4 ..................................... — (†) 223 (1.4) 224 (1.8) 236 (0.9) 238 (0.8) 236 (1.0) 238 (0.9) 237 (0.9) 240 (1.3) 238 (1.1) 233 (1.1)
Pennsylvania3 ............................ 224 (1.3) 226 (1.2) — (†) 236 (1.1) 241 (1.2) 244 (0.8) 244 (1.1) 246 (1.1) 244 (1.0) 243 (1.4) 242 (1.0)
Rhode Island .............................. 215 (1.5) 220 (1.4) 224 (1.1) 230 (1.0) 233 (0.9) 236 (0.9) 239 (0.8) 242 (0.7) 241 (0.8) 238 (0.7) 238 (0.7)

South Carolina3 .......................... 212 (1.1) 213 (1.3) 220 (1.4) 236 (0.9) 238 (0.9) 237 (0.8) 236 (0.9) 237 (1.0) 237 (1.0) 237 (1.1) 234 (1.0)
South Dakota ............................. — (†) — (†) — (†) 237 (0.7) 242 (0.5) 241 (0.7) 242 (0.5) 241 (0.6) 241 (0.5) 240 (0.7) 242 (0.8)
Tennessee ................................. 211 (1.4) 219 (1.4) 220 (1.4) 228 (1.0) 232 (1.2) 233 (0.9) 232 (1.1) 233 (0.9) 240 (0.9) 241 (1.1) 237 (1.0)
Texas ......................................... 218 (1.2) 229 (1.4) 231 (1.1) 237 (0.9) 242 (0.6) 242 (0.7) 240 (0.7) 241 (1.1) 242 (0.9) 244 (1.3) 241 (1.2)
Utah .......................................... 224 (1.0) 227 (1.2) 227 (1.3) 235 (0.8) 239 (0.8) 239 (0.9) 240 (1.0) 243 (0.8) 243 (0.9) 243 (1.0) 242 (1.0)

Vermont3,4 .................................. — (†) 225 (1.2) 232 (1.6) 242 (0.8) 244 (0.5) 246 (0.5) 248 (0.4) 247 (0.5) 248 (0.6) 243 (0.7) 241 (0.7)
Virginia ...................................... 221 (1.3) 223 (1.4) 230 (1.0) 239 (1.1) 240 (0.9) 244 (0.9) 243 (1.0) 245 (0.8) 246 (1.1) 247 (1.3) 248 (1.0)
Washington ................................ — (†) 225 (1.2) — (†) 238 (1.0) 242 (0.9) 243 (1.0) 242 (0.8) 243 (0.9) 246 (1.1) 245 (1.3) 242 (1.3)
West Virginia .............................. 215 (1.1) 223 (1.0) 223 (1.3) 231 (0.8) 231 (0.7) 236 (0.9) 233 (0.8) 235 (0.7) 237 (0.8) 235 (0.8) 236 (1.0)
Wisconsin .................................. 229 (1.1) 231 (1.0) ‡ (†) 237 (0.9) 241 (0.9) 244 (0.9) 244 (0.9) 245 (0.8) 245 (1.0) 243 (1.1) 240 (0.9)
Wyoming ................................... 225 (0.9) 223 (1.4) 229 (1.1) 241 (0.6) 243 (0.6) 244 (0.5) 242 (0.6) 244 (0.4) 247 (0.4) 247 (0.6) 248 (0.6)

Department of Defense
dependents schools5 ......... — (†) 224 (0.6) 227 (0.6) 237 (0.4) 239 (0.5) 240 (0.4) 240 (0.5) 241 (0.4) 245 (0.4) 248 (0.5) 249 (0.5)

—Not available. and overseas schools into a single jurisdiction. Data shown in this table for years prior to
†Not applicable. 2005 were recalculated for comparability.
‡Reporting standards not met. Participation rates fell below the required standards for NOTE: Scale ranges from 0 to 500. State-level data for 1990 are not available. For 2000
reporting. and later years, includes public school students who were tested with accommodations;
1
Accommodations were not permitted for this assessment. excludes only those students with disabilities (SD) and English language learners (ELL)
2
The 1996 data in this table do not include students who were tested with accommodations. who were unable to be tested even with accommodations. SD and ELL populations,
Data for students tested with accommodations are not available at the state level for 1996. accommodation rates, and exclusion rates vary from state to state.
3
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1996. Data are SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009,
4
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 2000. Data are 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Mathematics Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018, from
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This
5
Prior to 2005, NAEP divided the Department of Defense (DoD) schools into two table was prepared March 2018.)
jurisdictions, domestic and overseas. In 2005, NAEP began combining the DoD domestic

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 161
Mathematics Achievement

Table 222.60. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) mathematics scale score of 8th-grade public school students,
by state: Selected years, 1990 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

State 19901 19921 19962 2000 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ................ 262 (1.4) 267 (1.0) 271 (1.2) 272 (0.9) 276 (0.3) 278 (0.2) 280 (0.3) 282 (0.3) 283 (0.2) 284 (0.2) 281 (0.3) 282 (0.3)
Alabama ................................ 253 (1.1) 252 (1.7) 257 (2.1) 264 (1.8) 262 (1.5) 262 (1.5) 266 (1.5) 269 (1.2) 269 (1.4) 269 (1.3) 267 (1.2) 268 (1.3)
Alaska3 .................................. — (†) — (†) 278 (1.8) — (†) 279 (0.9) 279 (0.8) 283 (1.1) 283 (1.0) 283 (0.8) 282 (0.9) 280 (1.0) 277 (0.9)
Arizona4 ................................. 260 (1.3) 265 (1.3) 268 (1.6) 269 (1.8) 271 (1.2) 274 (1.1) 276 (1.2) 277 (1.4) 279 (1.2) 280 (1.2) 283 (1.4) 282 (1.1)
Arkansas3 .............................. 256 (0.9) 256 (1.2) 262 (1.5) 257 (1.5) 266 (1.2) 272 (1.2) 274 (1.1) 276 (1.1) 279 (1.0) 278 (1.1) 275 (1.4) 274 (1.0)
California4 .............................. 256 (1.3) 261 (1.7) 263 (1.9) 260 (2.1) 267 (1.2) 269 (0.6) 270 (0.8) 270 (1.3) 273 (1.2) 276 (1.2) 275 (1.3) 277 (1.2)

Colorado ................................ 267 (0.9) 272 (1.0) 276 (1.1) — (†) 283 (1.1) 281 (1.2) 286 (0.9) 287 (1.4) 292 (1.1) 290 (1.2) 286 (1.5) 286 (1.4)
Connecticut ........................... 270 (1.0) 274 (1.1) 280 (1.1) 281 (1.3) 284 (1.2) 281 (1.4) 282 (1.5) 289 (1.0) 287 (1.1) 285 (1.1) 284 (1.2) 284 (0.9)
Delaware ............................... 261 (0.9) 263 (1.0) 267 (0.9) — (†) 277 (0.7) 281 (0.6) 283 (0.6) 284 (0.5) 283 (0.7) 282 (0.7) 280 (0.7) 278 (0.7)
District of Columbia ............... 231 (0.9) 235 (0.9) 233 (1.3) 235 (1.1) 243 (0.8) 245 (0.9) 248 (0.9) 254 (0.9) 260 (0.7) 265 (0.9) 263 (0.9) 266 (0.9)
Florida ................................... 255 (1.2) 260 (1.5) 264 (1.8) — (†) 271 (1.5) 274 (1.1) 277 (1.3) 279 (1.1) 278 (0.8) 281 (0.8) 275 (1.4) 279 (1.1)

Georgia .................................. 259 (1.3) 259 (1.2) 262 (1.6) 265 (1.2) 270 (1.2) 272 (1.1) 275 (1.0) 278 (0.9) 278 (1.0) 279 (1.2) 279 (1.2) 281 (1.4)
Hawaii ................................... 251 (0.8) 257 (0.9) 262 (1.0) 262 (1.4) 266 (0.8) 266 (0.7) 269 (0.8) 274 (0.7) 278 (0.7) 281 (0.8) 279 (0.8) 277 (0.8)
Idaho 4 .................................... 271 (0.8) 275 (0.7) — (†) 277 (1.0) 280 (0.9) 281 (0.9) 284 (0.9) 287 (0.8) 287 (0.8) 286 (0.7) 284 (0.9) 284 (1.2)
Illinois4 ................................... 261 (1.7) — (†) — (†) 275 (1.7) 277 (1.2) 278 (1.1) 280 (1.1) 282 (1.2) 283 (1.1) 285 (1.0) 282 (1.3) 282 (1.2)
Indiana4 ................................. 267 (1.2) 270 (1.1) 276 (1.4) 281 (1.4) 281 (1.1) 282 (1.0) 285 (1.1) 287 (0.9) 285 (1.0) 288 (1.1) 287 (1.2) 288 (1.3)

Iowa3 ..................................... 278 (1.1) 283 (1.0) 284 (1.3) — (†) 284 (0.8) 284 (0.9) 285 (0.9) 284 (1.0) 285 (0.9) 285 (0.9) 286 (1.2) 286 (0.9)
Kansas4 ................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) 283 (1.7) 284 (1.3) 284 (1.0) 290 (1.1) 289 (1.0) 290 (0.9) 290 (1.0) 284 (1.3) 285 (1.0)
Kentucky ............................... 257 (1.2) 262 (1.1) 267 (1.1) 270 (1.3) 274 (1.2) 274 (1.2) 279 (1.1) 279 (1.1) 282 (0.9) 281 (0.9) 278 (0.9) 278 (1.0)
Louisiana ............................... 246 (1.2) 250 (1.7) 252 (1.6) 259 (1.5) 266 (1.5) 268 (1.4) 272 (1.1) 272 (1.6) 273 (1.2) 273 (0.9) 268 (1.4) 267 (1.3)
Maine4 ................................... — (†) 279 (1.0) 284 (1.3) 281 (1.1) 282 (0.9) 281 (0.8) 286 (0.8) 286 (0.7) 289 (0.8) 289 (0.7) 285 (0.7) 284 (0.9)

Maryland3 .............................. 261 (1.4) 265 (1.3) 270 (2.1) 272 (1.7) 278 (1.0) 278 (1.1) 286 (1.2) 288 (1.1) 288 (1.2) 287 (1.1) 283 (1.2) 281 (1.1)
Massachusetts ...................... — (†) 273 (1.0) 278 (1.7) 279 (1.5) 287 (0.9) 292 (0.9) 298 (1.3) 299 (1.3) 299 (0.8) 301 (0.9) 297 (1.4) 297 (1.1)
Michigan3,4 ............................. 264 (1.2) 267 (1.4) 277 (1.8) 277 (1.9) 276 (2.0) 277 (1.5) 277 (1.4) 278 (1.6) 280 (1.4) 280 (1.3) 278 (1.3) 280 (1.2)
Minnesota4 ............................ 275 (0.9) 282 (1.0) 284 (1.3) 287 (1.4) 291 (1.1) 290 (1.2) 292 (1.0) 294 (1.0) 295 (1.0) 295 (1.0) 294 (1.0) 294 (1.5)
Mississippi ............................. — (†) 246 (1.2) 250 (1.2) 254 (1.1) 261 (1.1) 262 (1.2) 265 (0.8) 265 (1.2) 269 (1.4) 271 (0.9) 271 (1.1) 271 (0.9)

Missouri ................................ — (†) 271 (1.2) 273 (1.4) 271 (1.5) 279 (1.1) 276 (1.3) 281 (1.0) 286 (1.0) 282 (1.1) 283 (1.0) 281 (1.2) 281 (1.1)
Montana3,4 ............................. 280 (0.9) — (†) 283 (1.3) 285 (1.4) 286 (0.8) 286 (0.7) 287 (0.7) 292 (0.9) 293 (0.6) 289 (0.9) 287 (0.8) 286 (0.8)
Nebraska ............................... 276 (1.0) 278 (1.1) 283 (1.0) 280 (1.2) 282 (0.9) 284 (1.0) 284 (1.0) 284 (1.1) 283 (0.8) 285 (0.9) 286 (0.8) 288 (1.0)
Nevada .................................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) 265 (0.8) 268 (0.8) 270 (0.8) 271 (0.8) 274 (0.7) 278 (0.8) 278 (0.7) 275 (0.7) 275 (0.7)
New Hampshire ..................... 273 (0.9) 278 (1.0) ‡ (†) — (†) 286 (0.8) 285 (0.8) 288 (0.7) 292 (0.9) 292 (0.7) 296 (0.8) 294 (0.9) 293 (0.8)

New Jersey ............................ 270 (1.1) 272 (1.6) ‡ (†) — (†) 281 (1.1) 284 (1.4) 289 (1.2) 293 (1.4) 294 (1.2) 296 (1.1) 293 (1.2) 292 (1.0)
New Mexico ........................... 256 (0.7) 260 (0.9) 262 (1.2) 259 (1.3) 263 (1.0) 263 (0.9) 268 (0.9) 270 (1.1) 274 (0.8) 273 (0.7) 271 (1.0) 269 (1.0)
New York 3,4 ............................ 261 (1.4) 266 (2.1) 270 (1.7) 271 (2.2) 280 (1.1) 280 (0.9) 280 (1.2) 283 (1.2) 280 (0.9) 282 (0.9) 280 (1.4) 282 (1.2)
North Carolina ........................ 250 (1.1) 258 (1.2) 268 (1.4) 276 (1.3) 281 (1.0) 282 (0.9) 284 (1.1) 284 (1.3) 286 (1.0) 286 (1.1) 281 (1.6) 282 (1.2)
North Dakota ......................... 281 (1.2) 283 (1.1) 284 (0.9) 282 (1.1) 287 (0.8) 287 (0.6) 292 (0.7) 293 (0.7) 292 (0.6) 291 (0.5) 288 (0.7) 288 (0.8)

Ohio ....................................... 264 (1.0) 268 (1.5) — (†) 281 (1.6) 282 (1.3) 283 (1.1) 285 (1.2) 286 (1.0) 289 (1.0) 290 (1.1) 285 (1.6) 288 (2.0)
Oklahoma .............................. 263 (1.3) 268 (1.1) — (†) 270 (1.3) 272 (1.1) 271 (1.0) 275 (0.9) 276 (1.0) 279 (1.0) 276 (1.0) 275 (1.3) 275 (1.1)
Oregon 4 ................................. 271 (1.0) — (†) 276 (1.5) 280 (1.5) 281 (1.3) 282 (1.0) 284 (1.1) 285 (1.0) 283 (1.0) 284 (1.1) 283 (1.2) 282 (1.2)
Pennsylvania ......................... 266 (1.6) 271 (1.5) — (†) — (†) 279 (1.1) 281 (1.5) 286 (1.1) 288 (1.3) 286 (1.2) 290 (1.0) 284 (1.5) 286 (1.2)
Rhode Island .......................... 260 (0.6) 266 (0.7) 269 (0.9) 269 (1.3) 272 (0.7) 272 (0.8) 275 (0.7) 278 (0.8) 283 (0.5) 284 (0.6) 281 (0.7) 277 (0.8)

South Carolina3 ...................... — (†) 261 (1.0) 261 (1.5) 265 (1.5) 277 (1.3) 281 (0.9) 282 (1.0) 280 (1.3) 281 (1.1) 280 (1.1) 276 (1.3) 275 (1.0)
South Dakota ......................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 285 (0.8) 287 (0.6) 288 (0.8) 291 (0.5) 291 (0.5) 287 (0.7) 285 (0.9) 286 (0.7)
Tennessee ............................. — (†) 259 (1.4) 263 (1.4) 262 (1.5) 268 (1.8) 271 (1.1) 274 (1.1) 275 (1.4) 274 (1.2) 278 (1.3) 278 (1.8) 279 (1.2)
Texas ..................................... 258 (1.4) 265 (1.3) 270 (1.4) 273 (1.6) 277 (1.1) 281 (0.6) 286 (1.0) 287 (1.3) 290 (0.9) 288 (1.0) 284 (1.2) 282 (1.4)
Utah ...................................... — (†) 274 (0.7) 277 (1.0) 274 (1.2) 281 (1.0) 279 (0.7) 281 (0.9) 284 (0.9) 283 (0.8) 284 (0.9) 286 (1.1) 287 (0.9)

Vermont3,4 .............................. — (†) — (†) 279 (1.0) 281 (1.5) 286 (0.8) 287 (0.7) 291 (0.7) 293 (0.6) 294 (0.7) 295 (0.7) 290 (0.7) 288 (0.7)
Virginia .................................. 264 (1.5) 268 (1.2) 270 (1.6) 275 (1.3) 282 (1.3) 284 (1.1) 288 (1.1) 286 (1.1) 289 (1.1) 288 (1.2) 288 (1.2) 290 (1.5)
Washington ............................ — (†) — (†) 276 (1.3) — (†) 281 (0.9) 285 (1.0) 285 (1.0) 289 (1.0) 288 (1.0) 290 (1.0) 287 (1.3) 289 (1.4)
West Virginia .......................... 256 (1.0) 259 (1.0) 265 (1.0) 266 (1.2) 271 (1.2) 269 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 270 (1.0) 273 (0.7) 274 (0.9) 271 (0.9) 273 (0.9)
Wisconsin3 ............................. 274 (1.3) 278 (1.5) 283 (1.5) ‡ (†) 284 (1.3) 285 (1.1) 286 (1.1) 288 (0.9) 289 (1.0) 289 (0.9) 289 (1.3) 288 (1.0)
Wyoming ............................... 272 (0.7) 275 (0.9) 275 (0.9) 276 (1.0) 284 (0.7) 282 (0.7) 287 (0.7) 286 (0.6) 288 (0.6) 288 (0.5) 287 (0.7) 289 (0.7)

Department of Defense
dependents schools5 ..... — (†) — (†) 274 (0.9) 277 (1.1) 285 (0.7) 284 (0.7) 285 (0.8) 287 (0.9) 288 (0.8) 290 (0.8) 291 (0.7) 293 (0.7)

—Not available. and overseas schools into a single jurisdiction. Data shown in this table for years prior to
†Not applicable. 2005 were recalculated for comparability.
‡Reporting standards not met. Participation rates fell below the required standards for NOTE: Scale ranges from 0 to 500. For 2000 and later years, includes public school
reporting. students who were tested with accommodations; excludes only those students with
1
Accommodations were not permitted for this assessment. disabilities (SD) and English language learners (ELL) who were unable to be tested even
2
The 1996 data in this table do not include students who were tested with accommodations. with accommodations. SD and ELL populations, accommodation rates, and exclusion
Data for students tested with accommodations are not available at the state level for 1996. rates vary from state to state.
3
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 1996. Data are SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 1990, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007,
4
Did not meet one or more of the guidelines for school participation in 2000. Data are 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 Mathematics Assessments, retrieved March 13, 2018,
subject to appreciable nonresponse bias. from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This
5
Prior to 2005, NAEP divided the Department of Defense (DoD) schools into two table was prepared March 2018.)
jurisdictions, domestic and overseas. In 2005, NAEP began combining the DoD domestic

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

162 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Science Achievement

Table 223.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) science scale score, standard deviation, and percentage of
students attaining science achievement levels, by grade level, selected student and school characteristics, and percentile:
2009, 2011, and 2015
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Grade 4 Grade 8 Grade 12

Selected characteristic, percentile,
and achievement level 2009 2011 2015 2009 2011 2015 2009 2011 2015
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Average science scale score1
All students ................................................... 150 (0.3) — (†) 154 (0.3) 150 (0.3) 152 (0.3) 154 (0.3) 150 (0.8) — (†) 150 (0.6)
Sex
Male .................................................................. 151 (0.3) — (†) 154 (0.4) 152 (0.4) 154 (0.3) 155 (0.3) 153 (0.9) — (†) 153 (0.8)
Female ............................................................... 149 (0.3) — (†) 154 (0.3) 148 (0.3) 149 (0.3) 152 (0.4) 147 (0.9) — (†) 148 (0.7)
Gap between male and female score .................. 1 (0.4) — (†) 1 (0.5) 4 (0.5) 5 (0.5) 3 (0.5) 6 (1.3) — (†) 5 (1.0)
Race/ethnicity
White ................................................................. 163 (0.2) — (†) 166 (0.3) 162 (0.2) 163 (0.2) 166 (0.3) 159 (0.7) — (†) 160 (0.7)
Black ................................................................. 127 (0.4) — (†) 133 (0.4) 126 (0.4) 129 (0.5) 132 (0.5) 125 (1.2) — (†) 125 (1.5)
Hispanic ............................................................. 131 (0.5) — (†) 139 (0.7) 132 (0.6) 137 (0.5) 140 (0.5) 134 (1.3) — (†) 136 (1.0)
Asian/Pacific Islander ......................................... 160 (1.2) — (†) 167 (1.4) 160 (1.0) 159 (1.3) 164 (0.9) 164 (3.0) — (†) 166 (2.3)
Asian ............................................................. — (†) — (†) 169 (1.4) — (†) 161 (1.3) 166 (0.9) — (†) — (†) 167 (2.3)
Pacific Islander .............................................. — (†) — (†) 143 (2.2) — (†) 139 (1.9) 138 (2.5) — (†) — (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ........................... 135 (1.3) — (†) 139 (1.5) 137 (1.4) 141 (1.4) 139 (1.6) 144 (3.7) — (†) 135 (5.3)
Two or more races2 ............................................ 154 (1.1) — (†) 158 (1.0) 151 (1.2) 156 (1.3) 159 (1.3) 151 (3.7) — (†) 156 (2.5)
Gap between White and Black score ................... 36 (0.4) — (†) 33 (0.5) 36 (0.5) 35 (0.6) 34 (0.5) 34 (1.4) — (†) 36 (1.6)
Gap between White and Hispanic score .............. 32 (0.6) — (†) 27 (0.7) 30 (0.6) 27 (0.6) 26 (0.6) 25 (1.5) — (†) 24 (1.2)
English language learner (ELL) status
ELL ..................................................................... 114 (0.8) — (†) 121 (1.0) 103 (1.0) 106 (1.2) 110 (1.1) 104 (2.4) — (†) 105 (2.7)
Non-ELL ............................................................. 154 (0.2) — (†) 158 (0.3) 153 (0.3) 154 (0.2) 157 (0.3) 151 (0.8) — (†) 152 (0.5)
Gap between ELL and non-ELL score ................. 39 (0.8) — (†) 36 (1.0) 49 (1.0) 48 (1.3) 46 (1.2) 47 (2.6) — (†) 47 (2.7)
Disability status3
Identified as student with disability (SD) ............. 129 (0.6) — (†) 131 (0.6) 123 (0.5) 124 (0.6) 124 (0.6) 121 (1.8) — (†) 124 (1.8)
Not identified as SD ............................................ 153 (0.3) — (†) 157 (0.3) 153 (0.3) 155 (0.3) 158 (0.3) 153 (0.8) — (†) 153 (0.6)
Gap between SD and non-SD score .................... 23 (0.7) — (†) 26 (0.7) 31 (0.6) 31 (0.7) 34 (0.7) 31 (2.0) — (†) 29 (1.9)
Highest education level of either parent
Did not finish high school ................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 131 (0.6) 132 (0.7) 137 (0.7) 131 (1.4) — (†) 131 (1.4)
Graduated high school ....................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 139 (0.4) 140 (0.4) 142 (0.5) 138 (1.2) — (†) 136 (1.2)
Some education after high school ...................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 152 (0.4) 153 (0.4) 155 (0.5) 147 (0.9) — (†) 148 (0.9)
Graduated college .............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) 161 (0.4) 162 (0.3) 165 (0.3) 161 (0.7) — (†) 162 (0.7)

Percent of students in school eligible for free or

reduced-price lunch
0–25 percent eligible (low poverty) .................... 167 (0.4) — (†) 172 (0.6) 165 (0.5) 167 (0.4) 170 (0.6) 163 (1.2) — (†) 165 (1.1)
26–50 percent eligible ....................................... 155 (0.5) — (†) 161 (0.7) 154 (0.5) 157 (0.5) 161 (0.5) 148 (1.1) — (†) 154 (1.0)
51–75 percent eligible ....................................... 144 (0.5) — (†) 151 (0.7) 141 (0.6) 146 (0.5) 150 (0.6) 136 (1.7) — (†) 143 (1.1)
76–100 percent eligible (high poverty) ............... 126 (0.6) — (†) 134 (0.6) 124 (0.7) 129 (0.7) 134 (0.8) 124 (2.1) — (†) 126 (1.7)
Gap between low- and high-poverty score ......... 41 (0.8) — (†) 38 (0.8) 41 (0.9) 38 (0.8) 36 (1.0) 38 (2.5) — (†) 39 (2.0)
School locale
City .................................................................... 142 (0.6) — (†) 148 (0.6) 142 (0.6) 144 (0.6) 148 (0.6) 146 (1.8) — (†) 145 (1.2)
Suburban ........................................................... 154 (0.4) — (†) 157 (0.6) 154 (0.5) 155 (0.5) 158 (0.4) 154 (1.4) — (†) 153 (1.0)
Town .................................................................. 150 (0.6) — (†) 153 (0.8) 149 (1.0) 153 (0.7) 154 (0.7) 150 (1.2) — (†) 150 (2.1)
Rural .................................................................. 155 (0.5) — (†) 157 (0.7) 154 (0.4) 156 (0.5) 156 (0.6) 150 (1.2) — (†) 152 (1.3)
Percentile4
10th ................................................................... 104 (0.6) — (†) 108 (0.6) 103 (0.6) 106 (0.5) 109 (0.6) 104 (1.2) — (†) 103 (1.0)
25th ................................................................... 128 (0.4) — (†) 132 (0.4) 128 (0.4) 131 (0.4) 133 (0.5) 126 (0.8) — (†) 126 (0.9)
50th ................................................................... 153 (0.3) — (†) 157 (0.4) 153 (0.3) 155 (0.3) 157 (0.4) 151 (1.1) — (†) 151 (0.6)
75th ................................................................... 175 (0.3) — (†) 178 (0.3) 175 (0.2) 176 (0.4) 178 (0.4) 174 (1.0) — (†) 176 (0.6)
90th ................................................................... 192 (0.3) — (†) 196 (0.4) 192 (0.3) 193 (0.4) 195 (0.3) 194 (1.0) — (†) 196 (0.6)
Standard deviation of the science scale score5
All students ............................................................ 35 (0.2) — (†) 35 (0.2) 35 (0.2) 34 (0.2) 34 (0.2) 35 (0.4) — (†) 36 (0.4)
Percent of students attaining science achievement levels
Achievement level
Below Basic ....................................................... 28 (0.3) — (†) 24 (0.3) 37 (0.4) 35 (0.3) 32 (0.4) 40 (1.0) — (†) 40 (0.7)
At or above Basic 6 ............................................. 72 (0.3) — (†) 76 (0.3) 63 (0.4) 65 (0.3) 68 (0.4) 60 (1.0) — (†) 60 (0.7)
At or above Proficient   7 ................................... 34 (0.3) — (†) 38 (0.4) 30 (0.3) 32 (0.4) 34 (0.4) 21 (0.8) — (†) 22 (0.6)
At Advanced   8 ............................................. 1 (0.1) — (†) 1 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.2) — (†) 2 (0.2)

—Not available. deviation was 35. This means that one would expect about two-thirds of the students
†Not applicable. to have scores between 189 (one standard deviation above the average) and 119 (one
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). standard deviation below). Standard errors also must be taken into account when making
1
Scale ranges from 0 to 300 for all three grades, but scores cannot be compared across comparisons of these ranges.
grades. For example, the average score of 166 for White 4th-graders in 2015 does not 6
Basic denotes partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for
denote higher performance than the score of 160 for White 12th-graders. proficient work.
2
Prior to 2011, students in the “Two or more races” category were categorized as 7
Proficient represents solid academic performance. Students reaching this level have
“Unclassified.” demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter.
3
The student with disability (SD) variable used in this table includes students who have a 8
Advanced signifies superior performance.
504 plan, even if they do not have an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). NOTE: In 2011, only 8th-grade students were assessed in science. Includes students
4
The percentile represents a specific point on the percentage distribution of all students tested with accommodations (7 to 14 percent of all students, depending on grade level
ranked by their science score from low to high. For example, 10 percent of students and year); excludes only those students with disabilities and English language learners
scored at or below the 10th percentile score, while 90 percent of students scored above it. who were unable to be tested even with accommodations (1 to 3 percent of all students).
5
The standard deviation provides an indication of how much the test scores varied. The Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
lower the standard deviation, the closer the scores were clustered around the average SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
score. About two-thirds of the student scores can be expected to fall within the range Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2009, 2011, and 2015 Science Assessments,
of one standard deviation above and one standard deviation below the average score. retrieved January 10, 2017, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/
In 2015, for example, the average score for all 4th-graders was 154, and the standard nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was prepared January 2017.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 224.10. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) music and visual arts scale scores of 8th-graders, percentage distribution by frequency of instruction at their
school, and percentage participating in selected musical activities in school, by selected characteristics: 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Average scale score1 Percentage distribution of students by school-reported frequency of instruction2

Percent of students reporting participation
Music Visual arts in musical activities in school
Less than Once or 3 or 4 Less than Once or 3 or 4 Sing in
Subject once twice times Subject once twice times Play in Play in chorus
Selected characteristic Music 3
Visual arts 4
not offered a week a week a week Every day not offered a week a week a week Every day band orchestra or choir
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
All students .................................. 147 (1.0) 149 (0.9) 8 (1.7) 5 (1.4) 23 (3.0) 19 (3.0) 45 (3.4) 14 (3.0) 7 (1.8) 24 (3.1) 18 (2.9) 37 (3.5) 17 (0.8) 5 (0.6) 16 (1.0)
Sex
Male ................................................. 140 (1.1) 142 (1.1) 7 (1.6) 5 (1.4) 24 (3.2) 19 (3.0) 45 (3.3) 14 (3.0) 7 (1.8) 24 (3.2) 18 (2.8) 37 (3.4) 18 (1.0) 5 (0.7) 8 (0.9)
Female .............................................. 155 (1.1) 156 (1.0) 9 (1.9) 5 (1.3) 22 (2.8) 19 (3.1) 45 (3.5) 14 (3.0) 7 (1.8) 23 (3.1) 19 (2.9) 37 (3.7) 16 (1.2) 6 (0.7) 24 (1.3)

Race/ethnicity
White ................................................ 158 (1.2) 158 (1.1) 8 (2.2) 4 (1.6) 27 (4.2) 19 (4.2) 42 (4.2) 13 (3.9) 8 (2.6) 28 (4.2) 17 (3.5) 34 (4.4) 19 (1.3) 5 (0.9) 19 (1.5)
Black ................................................ 129 (2.0) 128 (2.0) 9 (3.8) 10 (3.7) 21 (4.2) 16 (4.2) 43 (5.0) 20 (5.5) 7 (2.9) 17 (3.7) 19 (4.5) 37 (4.9) 12 (1.6) 4 (1.0) 16 (1.5)
Hispanic ............................................ 135 (1.2) 139 (1.3) 9 (2.5) 4 (1.6) 17 (3.0) 17 (3.3) 53 (3.8) 15 (3.5) 5 (1.7) 18 (3.1) 17 (3.3) 44 (3.9) 15 (1.2) 5 (0.8) 10 (1.1)
Asian ................................................. 163 (2.5) 167 (2.6) 2 (1.2) 4 (2.4) 22 (5.4) 34 (6.2) 38 (6.2) 4 (1.7) 6 (2.5) 26 (5.6) 32 (5.8) 32 (5.5) 17 (2.5) 15 (2.5) 13 (2.3)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Pacific Islander .................................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native .......... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ............................ 149 (3.3) 155 (4.5) 4 (2.1) 6 (2.2) 14 (3.0) 20 (4.4) 56 (5.9) 9 (3.2) 3 (1.9) 26 (4.8) 25 (7.0) 37 (6.6) 21 (4.1) 3 (1.9) 24 (3.6)

Free or reduced-price lunch eligibility

Eligible .............................................. 134 (1.1) 137 (1.2) 9 (2.1) 5 (1.7) 20 (3.3) 17 (3.2) 48 (4.0) 18 (3.8) 5 (1.6) 18 (3.4) 17 (3.1) 42 (4.5) 15 (1.0) 4 (0.7) 14 (1.2)
Not eligible ........................................ 160 (1.1) 159 (1.2) 6 (1.8) 4 (1.7) 22 (3.5) 22 (4.3) 47 (4.2) 12 (3.9) 9 (2.8) 24 (4.0) 20 (3.9) 36 (3.8) 19 (1.4) 7 (1.1) 18 (1.5)
Unknown ........................................... 157 (3.1) 161 (3.7) 13 (8.0) 8 (†) 49 (11.1) 12 (6.3) 17 (7.9) 2 (†) 12 (7.0) 57 (10.0) 16 (7.3) 12 (7.8) 16 (2.7) 4 (0.9) 18 (3.4)

Control of school
Public ................................................ 146 (1.0) 148 (0.9) 8 (1.7) 5 (1.4) 20 (3.1) 20 (3.2) 48 (3.6) 15 (3.2) 6 (1.9) 21 (3.4) 19 (3.0) 39 (3.7) 17 (0.9) 6 (0.7) 15 (1.0)
Private .............................................. 160 (2.6) 164 (3.2) 14 (8.5) 8 (†) 59 (10.8) 8 (4.5) 10 (†) 5 (†) 17 (8.2) 61 (10.2) 11 (5.8) 6 (1.3) 16 (2.9) 3 (0.8) 23 (4.3)

School location
City ................................................... 140 (1.9) 145 (1.8) 7 (2.8) 6 (2.8) 25 (4.4) 18 (4.7) 43 (5.1) 13 (3.6) 2 (1.7) 29 (4.1) 19 (4.6) 36 (4.6) 13 (1.1) 6 (0.9) 14 (1.4)
Suburban .......................................... 153 (1.5) 152 (1.6) 4 (1.7) 3 (1.7) 26 (4.2) 18 (4.2) 49 (5.1) 11 (2.0) 9 (2.9) 21 (3.9) 21 (4.8) 38 (5.3) 16 (1.3) 7 (1.1) 16 (1.3)
Town ................................................. 143 (4.4) 147 (3.6) 25 (11.3) 4 (0.7) 8 (1.8) 31 (12.1) 32 (9.2) 26 (12.9) 8 (5.2) 19 (9.4) 12 (7.8) 34 (9.0) 22 (5.2) 1 (0.4) 19 (4.2)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 163

Rural ................................................. 149 (2.1) 148 (2.0) 14 (5.7) 7 (3.6) 18 (4.8) 18 (6.7) 43 (7.6) 17 (8.5) 9 (5.6) 24 (7.8) 13 (5.7) 37 (8.3) 21 (2.0) 2 (0.8) 19 (2.8)

Region
Northeast .......................................... 152 (2.3) 160 (1.4) 3 (0.4) 9 (5.4) 61 (11.2) 25 (8.3) 2 (1.1) 8 (1.0) 11 (5.9) 54 (8.8) 22 (6.1) 4 (†) 17 (1.8) 8 (2.8) 24 (2.7)
Midwest ............................................ 152 (2.2) 148 (2.2) 9 (4.3) 4 (†) 23 (5.1) 27 (8.9) 37 (9.4) 11 (3.6) 11 (5.2) 31 (7.9) 19 (6.3) 29 (8.8) 20 (2.5) 6 (1.3) 20 (3.7)
South ................................................ 146 (1.6) 146 (1.7) 10 (3.6) 6 (1.9) 15 (4.4) 11 (3.5) 58 (5.8) 16 (6.6) 6 (2.7) 14 (5.2) 12 (4.0) 52 (6.1) 17 (1.3) 5 (0.5) 14 (0.9)
West ................................................. 143 (1.6) 148 (1.4) 7 (2.3) 2 (0.1) 11 (3.4) 23 (5.2) 57 (5.1) 17 (5.1) 3 (†) 12 (3.0) 27 (6.3) 42 (5.5) 14 (1.2) 5 (0.8) 11 (1.4)

Frequency of instruction2,5
Subject not offered ............................ 133 (3.3) 139 (2.6) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) 13 (2.9) # (†) 13 (3.4)
Less than once a week ...................... 145 (5.9) 153 (5.5) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) 14 (2.7) 3 (1.2) 19 (5.0)

Achievement in Other Subjects

Once or twice a week ........................ 151 (2.1) 155 (2.5) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) 18 (1.7) 6 (1.7) 20 (2.2)
3 or 4 times a week .......................... 152 (3.4) 150 (2.5) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) 18 (3.0) 8 (1.3) 16 (2.0)
Every day .......................................... 147 (1.7) 149 (1.7) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) † (†) 17 (1.2) 5 (0.6) 14 (1.1)

†Not applicable. 5
For columns 2, 14, 15, and 16, refers to music instruction. For column 3, refers to visual arts instruction.
#Rounds to zero. NOTE: Includes students tested with accommodations (10 percent of all 8th-graders for visual arts and 11 percent for
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). music); excludes only those students with disabilities and English language learners who were unable to be tested even
1
Scale ranges from 0 to 300 for both music and visual arts. with accommodations (2 percent of all 8th-graders both for visual arts and for music). Detail may not sum to totals because
2
Based on principals’ responses to the following question: “How often does a typical eighth-grade student in your school of rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
receive instruction in each of the following subjects?” SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational
3
Students were asked to analyze, interpret, or critique a piece of music that they listened to or to describe the social, Progress (NAEP), 2016 Arts Assessment, retrieved May 11, 2017, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://nces.ed.gov/
historical, or cultural context of a piece of music. nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was prepared May 2017.)
4
Students were asked to analyze, describe, or judge works of art and design to show understanding of form, aesthetics,
and cultural or historical context.
164 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Achievement in Other Subjects

Table 224.70. Average National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) technology and engineering literacy (TEL) overall and content
area scale scores of 8th-graders and percentage of 8th-graders attaining TEL achievement levels, by selected student and
school characteristics: 2018
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Average scale score1 Percent attaining TEL achievement levels2

Content area At or above Basic 3
At or above Proficient 4
Information
and commu- Total at or
Selected student or school Overall Technology Design and nication Total at or above
characteristic TEL score and society systems technology Below Basic 3 above Basic3 At Basic 3 Proficient 4 At Proficient 4 At Advanced 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
All students ................................ 152 (0.6) 152 (0.7) 153 (0.8) 153 (0.7) 16 (0.6) 84 (0.6) 38 (0.7) 46 (0.8) 42 (0.7) 5 (0.3)
Sex
Male ............................................... 150 (0.7) 151 (0.7) 152 (0.9) 149 (0.7) 18 (0.7) 82 (0.7) 38 (0.8) 44 (0.9) 40 (0.9) 4 (0.4)
Female ............................................ 155 (0.8) 154 (0.8) 154 (0.9) 156 (0.9) 14 (0.6) 86 (0.6) 37 (0.8) 49 (1.0) 44 (1.0) 5 (0.4)

Race/ethnicity
White .............................................. 163 (0.7) 163 (0.7) 164 (1.0) 162 (0.8) 8 (0.6) 92 (0.6) 33 (0.9) 59 (1.0) 52 (1.0) 7 (0.5)
Black .............................................. 132 (1.1) 132 (1.1) 131 (1.3) 133 (1.3) 32 (1.4) 68 (1.4) 44 (1.4) 23 (1.3) 23 (1.2) 1 (0.3)
Hispanic .......................................... 139 (0.8) 139 (0.9) 141 (1.0) 140 (0.9) 24 (0.9) 76 (0.9) 45 (1.0) 31 (1.0) 29 (1.0) 2 (0.3)
Asian .............................................. 169 (2.0) 167 (2.4) 168 (2.4) 172 (2.7) 8 (1.0) 92 (1.0) 25 (2.7) 66 (2.8) 53 (2.4) 13 (1.4)
Pacific Islander ................................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 133 (6.2) 135 (6.4) 135 (5.7) 131 (5.0) 33 (6.6) 67 (6.6) 38 (4.2) 29 (5.8) 27 (5.6) 2 (†)
Two or more races .......................... 157 (1.9) 157 (2.2) 156 (2.7) 157 (2.0) 13 (1.9) 87 (1.9) 34 (2.9) 53 (3.2) 48 (3.3) 5 (1.2)

English language learner (ELL) status

ELL .................................................. 106 (1.3) 109 (1.4) 106 (1.8) 106 (1.5) 61 (2.1) 39 (2.1) 34 (2.1) 5 (0.9) 5 (0.9) # (†)
Non-ELL .......................................... 155 (0.6) 155 (0.7) 156 (0.8) 156 (0.7) 13 (0.6) 87 (0.6) 38 (0.7) 49 (0.8) 44 (0.7) 5 (0.3)

Disability status6
Identified as student with a
disability (SD) ............................. 118 (1.1) 120 (1.1) 120 (1.4) 117 (1.3) 48 (1.4) 52 (1.4) 39 (1.5) 13 (1.2) 13 (1.1) 1 (0.2)
Not identified as SD ......................... 157 (0.6) 157 (0.6) 158 (0.8) 158 (0.7) 11 (0.5) 89 (0.5) 37 (0.7) 51 (0.8) 46 (0.7) 5 (0.3)

Access to desktop or laptop computer

at home
Yes .................................................. 156 (0.6) 155 (0.6) 156 (0.8) 156 (0.7) 13 (0.5) 87 (0.5) 37 (0.7) 50 (0.8) 44 (0.7) 5 (0.3)
No ................................................... 134 (1.1) 134 (1.1) 134 (1.4) 134 (1.0) 31 (1.5) 69 (1.5) 43 (1.5) 26 (1.4) 25 (1.4) 1 (0.4)

Access to Internet at home

Yes .................................................. 153 (0.7) 153 (0.6) 154 (0.8) 154 (0.7) 15 (0.6) 85 (0.6) 37 (0.7) 47 (0.8) 42 (0.7) 5 (0.3)
No ................................................... 127 (2.0) 128 (2.2) 129 (2.9) 126 (2.2) 38 (3.0) 62 (3.0) 41 (3.4) 21 (2.8) 21 (2.9) 1 (†)

Highest education level of either

parent7
Did not finish high school ................ 138 (1.3) 138 (1.3) 138 (1.5) 140 (1.5) 24 (1.9) 76 (1.9) 47 (2.3) 29 (1.9) 28 (1.9) 1 (0.4)
Graduated high school .................... 138 (1.0) 138 (1.0) 139 (1.3) 138 (1.0) 26 (1.4) 74 (1.4) 45 (1.6) 29 (1.2) 28 (1.2) 1 (0.4)
Some education after high school ... 151 (1.1) 151 (1.2) 152 (1.5) 152 (1.2) 14 (0.9) 86 (0.9) 42 (1.4) 44 (1.7) 41 (1.6) 3 (0.7)
Graduated college ........................... 163 (0.7) 163 (0.7) 163 (1.0) 163 (0.8) 9 (0.5) 91 (0.5) 32 (0.8) 59 (0.9) 51 (0.9) 7 (0.5)

Percent of students in school eligible

for free or reduced-price lunch8
0 to 25 percent eligible ................... 170 (1.4) 169 (1.8) 169 (1.8) 170 (1.7) 6 (0.8) 94 (0.8) 27 (1.7) 67 (2.0) 57 (1.8) 10 (1.2)
26 to 50 percent eligible ................. 157 (1.3) 157 (1.5) 159 (1.7) 157 (1.4) 12 (0.9) 88 (0.9) 37 (1.4) 51 (1.9) 46 (1.5) 5 (0.7)
51 to 75 percent eligible ................. 148 (1.0) 148 (0.9) 148 (1.2) 148 (1.1) 17 (1.1) 83 (1.1) 42 (1.3) 41 (1.5) 39 (1.4) 2 (0.4)
76 to 100 percent eligible ............... 134 (1.2) 135 (1.3) 134 (1.5) 135 (1.4) 30 (1.4) 70 (1.4) 45 (1.2) 26 (1.2) 25 (1.1) 1 (0.3)

School control9
Public .............................................. 151 (0.7) 151 (0.7) 151 (0.8) 151 (0.7) 17 (0.6) 83 (0.6) 38 (0.7) 45 (0.9) 40 (0.8) 4 (0.3)
Private ............................................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

School locale
City .................................................. 147 (1.4) 148 (1.3) 148 (1.6) 148 (1.5) 21 (1.2) 79 (1.2) 38 (1.2) 42 (1.8) 37 (1.5) 4 (0.5)
Suburb ............................................ 156 (0.8) 156 (1.0) 156 (0.9) 157 (0.9) 13 (0.7) 87 (0.7) 36 (1.0) 51 (1.2) 45 (1.1) 6 (0.5)
Town ............................................... 153 (2.6) 153 (2.3) 156 (2.8) 153 (2.6) 14 (2.4) 86 (2.4) 41 (1.8) 46 (3.1) 42 (2.4) 4 (1.1)
Rural ............................................... 152 (1.7) 153 (2.0) 153 (2.5) 152 (1.8) 15 (1.2) 85 (1.2) 40 (1.5) 45 (2.1) 41 (1.7) 4 (0.8)

†Not applicable. 8
Nonresponse rate for this item was greater than 15 percent but not greater than 50 percent.
#Rounds to zero. 9
Bureau of Indian Education and Department of Defense schools are excluded from the
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate) or the standard error Public category but included elsewhere in this table. The Private category includes Catholic
could not be accurately determined. and Other private schools.
1
Scale ranges from 0 to 300. NOTE: Includes students tested with accommodations (11 percent of all 8th-graders);
2
TEL achievement levels are for performance on the TEL assessment overall, rather than excludes only those students with disabilities and English language learners who were
performance on any specific content area. unable to be tested even with accommodations (2 percent of all 8th-graders). Race
3
Basic denotes partial mastery of the knowledge and skills that are fundamental for categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because
proficient work at a given grade. of rounding.
4
Proficient represents solid academic performance. Students reaching this level have SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National
demonstrated competency over challenging subject matter. Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 2018 Technology and Engineering Literacy
5
Advanced signifies superior performance. (TEL) Assessment, retrieved February 12, 2019, from the Main NAEP Data Explorer (http://
6
In addition to students with an Individualized Education Program (IEP), also includes nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/). (This table was prepared February 2019.)
students with a 504 plan.
7
These data are based on students’ responses to questions about their parents’ education
level. Data for students whose parents have an unknown level of education are included
in table totals, but not shown separately.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 225.10. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1982 through 2009
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Science Career/ Labor market,

technical family, and
Graduation year, sex, History/ Foreign (occupational) consumer
and race/ethnicity Total English social studies Mathematics Total Biology Chemistry Physics Other science4 languages Arts education1 education2 Personal use3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1982 graduates ........ 21.58 (0.090) 3.93 (0.022) 3.16 (0.028) 2.63 (0.022) 2.20 (0.025) 0.94 (0.014) 0.34 (0.010) 0.17 (0.008) 0.73 (0.016) 0.99 (0.029) 1.47 (0.035) — (†) — (†) 2.58 (0.048)
Sex
Male .............................. 21.40 (0.108) 3.88 (0.026) 3.16 (0.034) 2.71 (0.030) 2.27 (0.031) 0.91 (0.016) 0.36 (0.014) 0.23 (0.012) 0.76 (0.018) 0.80 (0.030) 1.29 (0.044) — (†) — (†) 2.69 (0.056)
Female .......................... 21.75 (0.101) 3.98 (0.026) 3.15 (0.029) 2.57 (0.024) 2.13 (0.029) 0.97 (0.017) 0.33 (0.013) 0.12 (0.008) 0.71 (0.017) 1.17 (0.036) 1.63 (0.044) — (†) — (†) 2.48 (0.049)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 21.69 (0.107) 3.90 (0.025) 3.19 (0.032) 2.68 (0.026) 2.27 (0.029) 0.97 (0.015) 0.38 (0.013) 0.20 (0.010) 0.73 (0.017) 1.06 (0.033) 1.53 (0.042) — (†) — (†) 2.52 (0.052)
Black ............................. 21.15 (0.169) 4.08 (0.050) 3.08 (0.054) 2.61 (0.043) 2.06 (0.049) 0.90 (0.033) 0.26 (0.023) 0.09 (0.011) 0.81 (0.033) 0.72 (0.067) 1.26 (0.063) — (†) — (†) 2.60 (0.094)
Hispanic ........................ 21.23 (0.122) 3.94 (0.037) 3.00 (0.037) 2.33 (0.040) 1.80 (0.038) 0.81 (0.025) 0.16 (0.012) 0.07 (0.007) 0.75 (0.026) 0.77 (0.042) 1.29 (0.054) — (†) — (†) 2.87 (0.081)
Asian/Pacific Islander .... 22.46 (0.216) 4.01 (0.091) 3.16 (0.094) 3.15 (0.095) 2.64 (0.125) 1.11 (0.048) 0.61 (0.046) 0.42 (0.048) 0.51 (0.061) 1.79 (0.105) 1.31 (0.124) — (†) — (†) 3.05 (0.146)
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 21.45 (0.330) 3.98 (0.114) 3.25 (0.207) 2.35 (0.129) 2.04 (0.090) 0.84 (0.124) 0.42 (0.087) 0.12! (0.039) 0.67 (0.087) 0.48 (0.117) 1.72 (0.338) — (†) — (†) 2.84 (0.128)
1987 graduates ........ 23.00 (0.157) 4.12 (0.022) 3.32 (0.037) 3.01 (0.029) 2.55 (0.046) 1.10 (0.020) 0.47 (0.015) 0.21 (0.011) 0.76 (0.033) 1.35 (0.049) 1.44 (0.044) — (†) — (†) 2.67 (0.073)
Sex
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Male .............................. 22.88 (0.162) 4.08 (0.021) 3.29 (0.037) 3.05 (0.029) 2.59 (0.049) 1.05 (0.021) 0.47 (0.016) 0.26 (0.013) 0.79 (0.032) 1.16 (0.051) 1.24 (0.046) — (†) — (†) 2.83 (0.081)
Female .......................... 23.12 (0.156) 4.15 (0.026) 3.35 (0.041) 2.96 (0.030) 2.52 (0.048) 1.14 (0.022) 0.47 (0.017) 0.17 (0.012) 0.74 (0.035) 1.53 (0.051) 1.63 (0.050) — (†) — (†) 2.51 (0.069)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 23.11 (0.189) 4.08 (0.028) 3.29 (0.045) 3.01 (0.034) 2.61 (0.058) 1.12 (0.025) 0.50 (0.020) 0.23 (0.012) 0.75 (0.040) 1.38 (0.055) 1.50 (0.055) — (†) — (†) 2.60 (0.082)
Black ............................. 22.40 (0.251) 4.22 (0.038) 3.34 (0.073) 2.99 (0.060) 2.33 (0.060) 1.01 (0.036) 0.31 (0.021) 0.10 (0.012) 0.90 (0.051) 1.08 (0.094) 1.20 (0.064) — (†) — (†) 2.73 (0.120)
Hispanic ........................ 22.84 (0.162) 4.30 (0.055) 3.22 (0.061) 2.81 (0.056) 2.24 (0.045) 1.07 (0.028) 0.29 (0.015) 0.10 (0.013) 0.78 (0.028) 1.25 (0.071) 1.34 (0.056) — (†) — (†) 3.19 (0.096)
Asian/Pacific Islander .... 24.47 (0.332) 4.37 (0.076) 3.65 (0.163) 3.71 (0.094) 3.14 (0.116) 1.17 (0.027) 0.87 (0.069) 0.50 (0.045) 0.59 (0.048) 2.07 (0.105) 1.18 (0.077) — (†) — (†) 3.23 (0.185)
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 23.23 (0.153) 4.22 (0.033) 3.18 (0.044) 2.98 (0.113) 2.44 (0.104) 1.22 (0.073) 0.32 (0.035) 0.09! (0.027) 0.81 (0.041) 0.75 (0.138) 1.68 (0.112) — (†) — (†) 3.06 (0.050)
1990 graduates ........ 23.53 (0.127) 4.19 (0.034) 3.47 (0.040) 3.15 (0.028) 2.75 (0.028) 1.14 (0.019) 0.53 (0.014) 0.23 (0.010) 0.85 (0.026) 1.54 (0.041) 1.55 (0.045) — (†) — (†) 2.68 (0.073)
Sex
Male .............................. 23.35 (0.130) 4.13 (0.035) 3.45 (0.041) 3.16 (0.028) 2.78 (0.033) 1.11 (0.021) 0.52 (0.017) 0.28 (0.012) 0.88 (0.027) 1.33 (0.040) 1.31 (0.047) — (†) — (†) 2.87 (0.077)
Female .......................... 23.69 (0.132) 4.25 (0.036) 3.50 (0.041) 3.14 (0.033) 2.73 (0.027) 1.17 (0.019) 0.53 (0.014) 0.19 (0.010) 0.83 (0.027) 1.72 (0.045) 1.76 (0.050) — (†) — (†) 2.51 (0.072)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 23.54 (0.133) 4.12 (0.036) 3.46 (0.045) 3.13 (0.032) 2.80 (0.033) 1.15 (0.020) 0.55 (0.016) 0.25 (0.011) 0.84 (0.022) 1.58 (0.049) 1.61 (0.056) — (†) — (†) 2.61 (0.076)
Black ............................. 23.40 (0.255) 4.34 (0.044) 3.49 (0.058) 3.20 (0.064) 2.68 (0.061) 1.11 (0.042) 0.42 (0.024) 0.16 (0.020) 0.98 (0.068) 1.20 (0.075) 1.34 (0.052) — (†) — (†) 2.74 (0.124)
Hispanic ........................ 23.83 (0.210) 4.51 (0.139) 3.42 (0.071) 3.13 (0.058) 2.50 (0.046) 1.10 (0.034) 0.42 (0.034) 0.14 (0.016) 0.83 (0.041) 1.57 (0.060) 1.48 (0.072) — (†) — (†) 3.10 (0.103)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 165

Asian/Pacific Islander .... 24.07 (0.236) 4.50 (0.117) 3.70 (0.126) 3.52 (0.060) 2.97 (0.114) 1.12 (0.085) 0.74 (0.057) 0.42 (0.047) 0.68 (0.080) 2.06 (0.150) 1.29 (0.084) — (†) — (†) 2.96 (0.221)
American Indian/

Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade

Alaska Native ......... 22.64 (0.267) 4.08 (0.092) 3.34 (0.083) 3.04 (0.152) 2.48 (0.175) 1.09 (0.090) 0.42 (0.072) 0.15 (0.039) 0.83 (0.090) 1.15 (0.188) 1.11 (0.126) — (†) — (†) 2.81 (0.148)
1994 graduates ........ 24.17 (0.144) 4.29 (0.028) 3.55 (0.041) 3.33 (0.021) 3.04 (0.028) 1.26 (0.018) 0.62 (0.013) 0.28 (0.011) 0.88 (0.024) 1.71 (0.033) 1.66 (0.041) — (†) — (†) 2.63 (0.077)
Sex
Male .............................. 23.79 (0.146) 4.26 (0.028) 3.51 (0.041) 3.32 (0.022) 3.03 (0.030) 1.20 (0.020) 0.59 (0.015) 0.32 (0.014) 0.91 (0.026) 1.49 (0.034) 1.43 (0.038) — (†) — (†) 2.83 (0.081)
Female .......................... 24.11 (0.147) 4.32 (0.030) 3.59 (0.041) 3.34 (0.023) 3.06 (0.028) 1.31 (0.018) 0.64 (0.014) 0.24 (0.010) 0.86 (0.024) 1.93 (0.034) 1.87 (0.051) — (†) — (†) 2.44 (0.078)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 24.08 (0.183) 4.23 (0.035) 3.56 (0.049) 3.36 (0.023) 3.13 (0.032) 1.29 (0.022) 0.65 (0.014) 0.30 (0.014) 0.89 (0.030) 1.76 (0.039) 1.74 (0.049) — (†) — (†) 2.61 (0.096)
Black ............................. 23.28 (0.132) 4.36 (0.034) 3.51 (0.039) 3.23 (0.030) 2.80 (0.042) 1.21 (0.036) 0.49 (0.028) 0.17 (0.013) 0.92 (0.051) 1.35 (0.052) 1.36 (0.066) — (†) — (†) 2.69 (0.101)
Hispanic ........................ 23.71 (0.131) 4.61 (0.075) 3.45 (0.046) 3.28 (0.041) 2.69 (0.046) 1.19 (0.027) 0.49 (0.047) 0.17 (0.021) 0.83 (0.058) 1.73 (0.062) 1.51 (0.046) — (†) — (†) 2.93 (0.086)
Asian/Pacific Islander .... 23.84 (0.256) 4.60 (0.091) 3.66 (0.097) 3.66 (0.082) 3.35 (0.131) 1.22 (0.042) 0.81 (0.062) 0.48 (0.058) 0.80 (0.034) 2.09 (0.085) 1.32 (0.121) — (†) — (†) 2.78 (0.123)
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 23.40 (0.541) 4.27 (0.113) 3.57 (0.201) 3.11 (0.038) 2.82 (0.073) 1.28 (0.069) 0.50 (0.065) 0.13 (0.039) 0.91 (0.057) 1.30 (0.150) 2.01 (0.351) — (†) — (†) 3.12 (0.355)
1998 graduates ........ 25.14 (0.162) 4.25 (0.037) 3.74 (0.038) 3.40 (0.024) 3.12 (0.026) 1.26 (0.021) 0.66 (0.015) 0.31 (0.015) 0.89 (0.024) 1.85 (0.039) 1.90 (0.079) — (†) — (†) 2.89 (0.076)
Sex
Male .............................. 24.64 (0.162) 4.19 (0.038) 3.68 (0.040) 3.37 (0.024) 3.09 (0.028) 1.20 (0.021) 0.62 (0.014) 0.33 (0.018) 0.93 (0.026) 1.62 (0.040) 1.61 (0.072) — (†) — (†) 3.12 (0.079)
Female .......................... 25.04 (0.166) 4.31 (0.039) 3.80 (0.036) 3.42 (0.025) 3.17 (0.029) 1.32 (0.023) 0.70 (0.018) 0.28 (0.015) 0.87 (0.023) 2.06 (0.041) 2.15 (0.094) — (†) — (†) 2.67 (0.080)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 24.87 (0.178) 4.19 (0.049) 3.77 (0.046) 3.40 (0.028) 3.18 (0.028) 1.28 (0.025) 0.69 (0.017) 0.33 (0.019) 0.87 (0.027) 1.90 (0.049) 2.00 (0.078) — (†) — (†) 2.80 (0.088)
Black ............................. 24.37 (0.250) 4.28 (0.045) 3.69 (0.050) 3.42 (0.042) 3.03 (0.064) 1.24 (0.038) 0.58 (0.025) 0.22 (0.022) 0.97 (0.045) 1.58 (0.062) 1.57 (0.152) — (†) — (†) 2.94 (0.080)
Hispanic ........................ 24.69 (0.218) 4.51 (0.055) 3.60 (0.051) 3.28 (0.041) 2.81 (0.054) 1.13 (0.026) 0.50 (0.036) 0.20 (0.020) 0.97 (0.042) 1.78 (0.055) 1.78 (0.113) — (†) — (†) 3.36 (0.121)
Asian/Pacific Islander .... 24.67 (0.195) 4.37 (0.068) 3.92 (0.086) 3.62 (0.029) 3.43 (0.079) 1.26 (0.027) 0.83 (0.037) 0.51 (0.036) 0.81 (0.041) 2.29 (0.129) 1.52 (0.056) — (†) — (†) 2.95 (0.208)
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 23.81 (0.350) 4.18 (0.082) 3.67 (0.093) 3.10 (0.081) 2.68 (0.081) 1.07 (0.056) 0.49 (0.038) 0.15 (0.024) 0.98 (0.070) 1.45 (0.132) 1.94 (0.146) — (†) — (†) 3.40 (0.212)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 225.10. Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1982 through 2009—Continued

166 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade

Science Career/ Labor market,
technical family, and
Graduation year, sex, History/ Foreign (occupational) consumer
and race/ethnicity Total English social studies Mathematics Total Biology Chemistry Physics Other science4 languages Arts education1 education2 Personal use3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2000 graduates ........ 26.15 (0.204) 4.26 (0.037) 3.89 (0.036) 3.62 (0.029) 3.20 (0.038) 1.28 (0.028) 0.71 (0.020) 0.37 (0.018) 0.84 (0.030) 2.01 (0.045) 2.03 (0.054) 2.86 (0.105) 1.35 (0.044) 3.49 (0.071)
Sex
Male .............................. 26.01 (0.210) 4.18 (0.036) 3.83 (0.036) 3.60 (0.032) 3.15 (0.039) 1.20 (0.030) 0.67 (0.020) 0.42 (0.020) 0.87 (0.029) 1.77 (0.045) 1.75 (0.051) 3.24 (0.133) 1.35 (0.049) 3.76 (0.079)
Female ........................... 26.26 (0.204) 4.34 (0.040) 3.95 (0.038) 3.64 (0.028) 3.24 (0.041) 1.36 (0.030) 0.74 (0.022) 0.33 (0.018) 0.81 (0.031) 2.25 (0.050) 2.29 (0.065) 2.48 (0.086) 1.34 (0.047) 3.22 (0.068)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 26.31 (0.256) 4.26 (0.037) 3.93 (0.042) 3.63 (0.032) 3.24 (0.038) 1.30 (0.034) 0.72 (0.024) 0.39 (0.021) 0.83 (0.033) 1.98 (0.054) 2.11 (0.068) 2.97 (0.136) 1.37 (0.055) 3.37 (0.080)
Black ............................. 25.85 (0.233) 4.36 (0.078) 3.81 (0.068) 3.57 (0.046) 3.12 (0.059) 1.25 (0.041) 0.66 (0.030) 0.30 (0.027) 0.91 (0.043) 1.71 (0.070) 1.94 (0.134) 2.74 (0.143) 1.54 (0.075) 3.60 (0.134)
Hispanic ......................... 25.59 (0.358) 4.29 (0.125) 3.84 (0.076) 3.48 (0.069) 2.86 (0.112) 1.18 (0.068) 0.58 (0.055) 0.25 (0.026) 0.84 (0.044) 2.22 (0.063) 1.76 (0.062) 2.64 (0.152) 1.20 (0.082) 3.95 (0.173)
Asian/Pacific Islander ..... 26.23 (0.332) 4.12 (0.060) 3.80 (0.055) 4.01 (0.108) 3.70 (0.162) 1.35 (0.066) 0.97 (0.050) 0.67 (0.042) 0.71 (0.086) 2.90 (0.089) 1.78 (0.085) 1.99 (0.149) 0.81 (0.050) 3.52 (0.221)
American Indian/
Alaska Native .......... 25.24 (0.342) 4.08 (0.069) 3.82 (0.102) 3.35 (0.117) 2.88 (0.086) 1.25 (0.080) 0.45 (0.045) 0.19 (0.042) 0.98 (0.038) 1.41 (0.105) 1.99 (0.220) 3.23 (0.380) 1.60 (0.151) 3.60 (0.365)

2005 graduates ........ 26.88 (0.102) 4.33 (0.022) 4.08 (0.027) 3.80 (0.018) 3.35 (0.019) 1.28 (0.016) 0.75 (0.011) 0.37 (0.012) 0.95 (0.019) 2.07 (0.022) 2.06 (0.035) 2.64 (0.045) 1.38 (0.030) 3.83 (0.047)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Sex
Male .............................. 26.70 (0.107) 4.26 (0.024) 4.01 (0.030) 3.78 (0.021) 3.29 (0.023) 1.19 (0.016) 0.71 (0.012) 0.41 (0.014) 0.98 (0.019) 1.87 (0.025) 1.71 (0.035) 3.01 (0.050) 1.36 (0.032) 4.17 (0.055)
Female ........................... 27.05 (0.104) 4.39 (0.022) 4.16 (0.028) 3.83 (0.018) 3.41 (0.019) 1.37 (0.017) 0.79 (0.012) 0.33 (0.012) 0.92 (0.020) 2.25 (0.023) 2.38 (0.045) 2.29 (0.049) 1.41 (0.033) 3.52 (0.050)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 27.06 (0.127) 4.30 (0.030) 4.12 (0.030) 3.80 (0.022) 3.44 (0.021) 1.31 (0.018) 0.77 (0.014) 0.39 (0.012) 0.96 (0.021) 2.03 (0.025) 2.17 (0.043) 2.75 (0.059) 1.39 (0.036) 3.64 (0.059)
Black ............................. 26.76 (0.151) 4.50 (0.028) 4.10 (0.054) 3.86 (0.036) 3.22 (0.035) 1.27 (0.025) 0.69 (0.017) 0.28 (0.025) 0.99 (0.037) 1.77 (0.041) 1.77 (0.056) 2.58 (0.074) 1.56 (0.065) 4.32 (0.096)
Hispanic ......................... 26.18 (0.147) 4.33 (0.026) 3.88 (0.052) 3.64 (0.034) 2.93 (0.036) 1.11 (0.021) 0.64 (0.022) 0.25 (0.017) 0.94 (0.031) 2.39 (0.047) 1.78 (0.055) 2.41 (0.086) 1.30 (0.046) 4.44 (0.100)
Asian/Pacific Islander ..... 26.58 (0.183) 4.28 (0.043) 4.02 (0.048) 4.08 (0.051) 3.65 (0.057) 1.31 (0.035) 0.98 (0.028) 0.59 (0.036) 0.77 (0.061) 2.70 (0.066) 1.80 (0.076) 1.94 (0.116) 0.98 (0.052) 3.53 (0.122)
American Indian/
Alaska Native .......... 26.66 (0.454) 4.42 (0.136) 4.15 (0.151) 3.60 (0.175) 3.00 (0.075) 1.27 (0.061) 0.52 (0.053) 0.17 (0.036) 1.04 (0.063) 1.55 (0.125) 2.45 (0.179) 2.45 (0.208) 1.70 (0.184) 4.24 (0.294)

2009 graduates ......... 27.15 (0.100) 4.37 (0.013) 4.19 (0.027) 3.91 (0.017) 3.47 (0.022) 1.35 (0.014) 0.78 (0.011) 0.42 (0.013) 0.92 (0.017) 2.21 (0.027) 2.12 (0.036) 2.47 (0.059) 1.11 (0.030) 3.86 (0.059)
Sex
Male .............................. 26.98 (0.111) 4.30 (0.015) 4.13 (0.028) 3.88 (0.018) 3.46 (0.027) 1.27 (0.014) 0.74 (0.012) 0.48 (0.017) 0.96 (0.017) 2.01 (0.028) 1.76 (0.034) 2.77 (0.068) 1.13 (0.036) 4.18 (0.070)
Female ........................... 27.31 (0.095) 4.42 (0.014) 4.25 (0.027) 3.93 (0.018) 3.49 (0.020) 1.43 (0.015) 0.82 (0.011) 0.37 (0.012) 0.88 (0.019) 2.40 (0.028) 2.46 (0.046) 2.19 (0.055) 1.10 (0.028) 3.57 (0.060)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................. 27.30 (0.151) 4.32 (0.016) 4.23 (0.037) 3.91 (0.021) 3.55 (0.026) 1.37 (0.015) 0.80 (0.013) 0.44 (0.016) 0.94 (0.022) 2.19 (0.032) 2.26 (0.042) 2.55 (0.071) 1.16 (0.040) 3.70 (0.075)
Black ............................. 27.42 (0.141) 4.56 (0.039) 4.26 (0.036) 4.02 (0.035) 3.31 (0.027) 1.33 (0.025) 0.68 (0.022) 0.30 (0.019) 1.00 (0.028) 1.87 (0.044) 1.87 (0.067) 2.72 (0.127) 1.21 (0.052) 4.29 (0.102)
Hispanic ......................... 26.47 (0.194) 4.43 (0.024) 4.04 (0.040) 3.70 (0.029) 3.13 (0.028) 1.24 (0.019) 0.70 (0.015) 0.32 (0.015) 0.87 (0.024) 2.34 (0.034) 1.85 (0.046) 2.31 (0.101) 1.04 (0.040) 4.26 (0.095)
Asian/Pacific Islander ..... 26.94 (0.190) 4.19 (0.039) 4.13 (0.083) 4.16 (0.052) 4.06 (0.091) 1.56 (0.077) 1.08 (0.035) 0.75 (0.033) 0.68 (0.063) 2.98 (0.090) 1.99 (0.065) 1.63 (0.074) 0.62 (0.054) 3.47 (0.100)
American Indian/
Alaska Native .......... 26.17 (0.409) 4.39 (0.085) 4.11 (0.083) 3.76 (0.125) 3.20 (0.070) 1.38 (0.062) 0.50 (0.051) 0.24 (0.046) 1.09 (0.066) 1.56 (0.097) 2.19 (0.157) 2.35 (0.188) 1.20 (0.117) 4.54 (0.370)

—Not available. 4
Includes all science credits earned outside of biology, chemistry, and physics.
†Not applicable. NOTE: The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that represents one credit for the completion of a 1-year course.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. Data differ slightly from figures appearing in other NCES reports because of differences in taxonomies and case exclusion
1
Includes occupational education in agriculture; business and marketing; communications and design; computer and criteria. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Totals include other racial/ethnic groups not separately
information sciences; construction and architecture; engineering technologies; health sciences; manufacturing; repair and shown. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
transportation; and personal, public, and legal services. Does not include general labor market preparation courses and SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School and Beyond Longitudinal
family and consumer sciences education courses. Study of 1980 Sophomores (HS&B-So:80/82), “High School Transcript Study”; and 1987, 1990, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005,
2
Includes general labor market preparation courses and family and consumer sciences education courses. and 2009 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). (This table was prepared September 2011.)
3
Includes general skills, personal health and physical education, religion, military sciences, special education, and other
courses not included in other academic subject fields. Some personal-use courses are also included in the Career/technical
(occupational) education column and the Labor market, family, and consumer education column.
 Table 225.30. Percentage of public and private high school graduates taking selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by sex and race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1982
through 2009
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2009
Sex Race/ethnicity

Asian/Pacific American Indian/

Course (Carnegie units) 1982 1990 1994 1998 2000 2005 Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Islander Alaska Native
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Mathematics1
Any mathematics (≥10) ............... 98.5 (0.21) 99.6 (0.07) 99.5 (0.07) 99.9 (0.05) 99.8 (0.05) 99.9 (0.02) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Algebra I (≥10)2 ....................... 55.2 (1.01) 64.5 (1.55) 66.9 (1.33) 63.4 (1.44) 66.5 (1.75) 68.4 (0.99) 68.9 (0.94) 68.5 (0.98) 69.3 (1.01) 67.0 (1.09) 77.2 (1.26) 75.4 (1.60) 53.3 (3.52) 74.8 (5.85)
Geometry (≥10) ....................... 47.1 (0.99) 64.1 (1.33) 70.6 (1.25) 75.3 (1.06) 78.3 (1.08) 83.8 (0.63) 88.3 (0.53) 86.6 (0.75) 89.9 (0.54) 88.8 (0.73) 88.4 (1.07) 87.0 (0.96) 86.1 (1.47) 81.6 (4.09)
Algebra II (≥05)3 ...................... 39.9 (0.93) 48.8 (1.39) 61.5 (1.38) 61.7 (1.77) 67.6 (1.43) 70.3 (1.01) 75.5 (0.92) 73.5 (1.09) 77.6 (0.91) 77.1 (1.09) 70.5 (1.68) 71.1 (1.83) 82.8 (2.57) 66.3 (4.12)
Trigonometry (≥05) .................. 8.1 (0.54) 18.2 (1.28) 11.8 (1.16) 8.9 (1.06) 7.9 (1.33) 8.4 (0.88) 6.1 (0.77) 5.8 (0.78) 6.4 (0.81) 7.1 (1.01) 3.2 (0.55) 3.6 (0.69) 8.5 (1.96) 6.5 (1.84)
Analysis/precalculus (≥05) ...... 6.2 (0.46) 13.4 (0.95) 17.4 (0.87) 23.2 (1.44) 26.6 (1.40) 29.4 (0.98) 35.3 (0.84) 33.8 (1.02) 36.6 (0.89) 37.9 (0.98) 22.7 (1.29) 26.5 (1.36) 60.5 (2.88) 18.5 (2.98)
Statistics/probability (≥05) ....... 1.0 (0.16) 1.0 (0.21) 2.0 (0.33) 3.7 (0.54) 5.7 (0.85) 7.7 (0.53) 10.8 (0.49) 10.7 (0.51) 10.9 (0.58) 11.6 (0.64) 7.9 (1.04) 7.5 (0.77) 17.6 (1.69) 5.9! (2.07)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Calculus (≥10) ......................... 5.0 (0.43) 6.5 (0.46) 9.4 (0.56) 11.0 (0.85) 11.6 (0.72) 13.6 (0.53) 15.9 (0.66) 16.1 (0.75) 15.7 (0.69) 17.5 (0.69) 6.1 (0.59) 8.6 (0.64) 42.2 (3.11) 6.3 (1.60)
AP/honors calculus (≥10)4 ... 1.6 (0.26) 4.2 (0.44) 7.0 (0.54) 6.8 (0.49) 7.8 (0.58) 9.2 (0.44) 11.0 (0.55) 11.3 (0.65) 10.7 (0.54) 11.5 (0.52) 4.0 (0.37) 6.3 (0.46) 34.8 (2.77) 4.9 (1.44)

Science1
Any science (≥10) ....................... 96.4 (0.39) 99.4 (0.13) 99.5 (0.09) 99.5 (0.10) 99.4 (0.12) 99.7 (0.05) 99.9 (0.02) 99.8 (0.04) 99.9 (0.02) 99.9 (0.03) 99.9 (0.04) 99.8 (0.06) 100.0 (†) 100.0 (†)
Biology (≥10) ........................... 77.4 (0.87) 91.3 (0.98) 93.7 (0.98) 92.9 (0.68) 91.1 (1.01) 92.5 (0.60) 95.6 (0.40) 94.9 (0.45) 96.2 (0.43) 95.6 (0.51) 96.3 (0.56) 94.8 (0.67) 95.8 (0.95) 94.5 (1.64)
AP/honors biology (≥10)4 ......... 10.0 (0.64) 5.0 (0.76) 12.0 (0.93) 16.3 (1.32) 16.3 (1.45) 16.0 (0.83) 22.4 (0.78) 19.7 (0.76) 25.0 (0.89) 24.2 (0.88) 14.1 (0.80) 16.1 (0.88) 39.7 (3.58) 15.4 (3.38)
Chemistry (≥10) ...................... 32.1 (0.84) 49.2 (1.22) 56.1 (1.01) 60.5 (1.29) 61.8 (1.48) 66.4 (0.94) 70.4 (0.75) 67.4 (0.95) 73.4 (0.76) 71.5 (0.87) 65.3 (1.80) 65.7 (1.41) 84.8 (1.72) 44.5 (4.78)
AP/honors chemistry (≥10)4 ..... 3.0 (0.33) 3.5 (0.47) 3.9 (0.53) 4.8 (0.50) 5.7 (0.84) 7.6 (0.53) 5.9 (0.43) 6.1 (0.52) 5.8 (0.39) 6.5 (0.47) 2.5 (0.46) 2.6 (0.35) 17.0 (2.36) 3.4! (1.39)
Physics (≥10) .......................... 15.0 (0.62) 21.3 (0.84) 24.8 (0.86) 28.8 (1.49) 31.3 (1.16) 32.9 (0.91) 36.1 (1.01) 39.2 (1.29) 33.0 (0.92) 37.6 (1.24) 26.9 (1.72) 28.6 (1.33) 61.1 (2.35) 19.8 (3.89)
AP/honors physics (≥10)4 ........ 1.2 (0.17) 2.0 (0.38) 2.7 (0.34) 3.0 (0.37) 3.9 (0.60) 5.3 (0.33) 5.7 (0.46) 7.7 (0.63) 3.7 (0.38) 6.1 (0.54) 2.5 (0.39) 3.4 (0.39) 15.1 (2.51) ‡ (†)
Engineering (≥10) .................... 1.2 (0.21) 0.1 (0.04) 4.5 (0.80) 6.7 (1.76) 4.1 (0.98) 4.8 (0.56) 8.2 (0.93) 9.0 (1.02) 7.4 (0.93) 8.2 (1.18) 10.1 (1.75) 7.1 (1.06) 6.4 (1.17) 9.0! (3.15)
Astronomy (≥05) ..................... 1.2 (0.24) 1.2 (0.31) 1.7 (0.50) 1.9 (0.46) 2.8 (0.59) 2.8 (0.37) 3.3 (0.40) 3.9 (0.51) 2.7 (0.33) 4.0 (0.57) 1.8 (0.38) 2.0 (0.36) 1.9 (0.43) 5.3! (2.51)
Geology/earth science (≥05) .... 13.6 (1.04) 25.3 (2.47) 23.1 (2.44) 20.9 (2.35) 18.5 (1.92) 24.7 (1.43) 27.7 (1.70) 28.9 (1.88) 26.5 (1.66) 28.2 (2.04) 30.1 (2.57) 27.1 (2.15) 19.1 (2.38) 26.0 (5.25)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 167

Biology and chemistry (≥20)5 ... 29.3 (0.83) 47.8 (1.23) 53.8 (1.18) 59.1 (1.22) 59.2 (1.50) 64.3 (0.97) 68.3 (0.77) 65.0 (0.91) 71.4 (0.84) 68.9 (0.93) 64.3 (1.74) 64.2 (1.45) 82.7 (1.93) 43.9 (4.77)
Biology, chemistry, and

Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade

physics (≥30)5 .................. 11.2 (0.51) 18.7 (0.71) 21.4 (0.83) 25.6 (1.34) 25.0 (1.10) 27.4 (0.89) 30.1 (0.87) 31.9 (1.08) 28.3 (0.85) 31.4 (1.04) 21.9 (1.48) 22.7 (1.19) 54.4 (2.77) 13.6 (2.87)

†Not applicable. NOTE: For a transcript to be included in the analyses, it had to meet three requirements: (1) the student graduated with
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the student’s transcript contained 16 or more Carnegie units, and (3) the student’s
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. transcript contained more than 0 Carnegie units in English courses. The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that
1
For each course category, percentages include only students who earned at least the number of credits shown in parentheses. represents one credit for the completion of a 1-year course (0.5 = one semester; 1.0 = one academic year). Data differ slightly
2
Excludes prealgebra. from figures appearing in other National Center for Education Statistics reports because of differences in taxonomies and
3
Includes courses where trigonometry or geometry has been combined with algebra II. case exclusion criteria. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Totals include other racial/ethnic groups
4
For 2000 and later years, includes International Baccalaureate (IB) courses in addition to Advanced Placement (AP) and not separately shown. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
honors courses. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, High School and Beyond Longitudinal
5
Percentages include only students who earned at least one credit in each of the indicated courses. Study of 1980 Sophomores (HS&B-So:80/82), “High School Transcript Study”; and 1990, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2005, and
2009 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). (This table was prepared October 2012.)
168 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade

Table 225.70. Number and percentage of high school graduates who took foreign language courses in high school and average number of
credits earned, by language and number of credits: 2000, 2005, and 2009
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

2000 2005 2009

Number of Number of Number of
graduates Percent of Average graduates Percent of Average graduates Percent of Average
Language and number of credits (in thousands) graduates credits (in thousands)
1
graduates credits (in thousands)
1
graduates credits1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All foreign languages
Any credit ................................. 2,487 (33.8) 84.0 (0.92) 2.5 (0.03) 2,295 (51.1) 85.7 (0.49) 2.5 (0.02) 2,599 (52.7) 88.5 (0.45) 2.6 (0.02)
Spanish
Any credit ........................................... 1,780 (31.9) 60.1 (0.90) 2.2 (0.03) 1,705 (42.2) 63.7 (0.66) 2.2 (0.02) 2,032 (45.0) 69.2 (0.70) 2.3 (0.02)
2 or more credits ............................ 1,369 (32.2) 46.2 (1.04) 2.6 (0.03) 1,344 (35.9) 50.2 (0.67) 2.6 (0.01) 1,638 (39.2) 55.8 (0.73) 2.6 (0.02)
3 or more credits ............................ 554 (26.3) 18.7 (0.90) 3.4 (0.03) 531 (20.1) 19.8 (0.57) 3.4 (0.01) 721 (30.2) 24.5 (0.78) 3.4 (0.02)

French
Any credit ........................................... 528 (21.5) 17.8 (0.73) 2.3 (0.05) 414 (14.1) 15.5 (0.49) 2.3 (0.03) 411 (16.1) 14.0 (0.47) 2.4 (0.04)
2 or more credits ............................ 398 (17.8) 13.4 (0.61) 2.7 (0.04) 309 (11.1) 11.5 (0.38) 2.7 (0.03) 314 (14.1) 10.7 (0.42) 2.8 (0.03)
3 or more credits ............................ 190 (12.1) 6.4 (0.42) 3.5 (0.04) 143 (7.2) 5.4 (0.25) 3.5 (0.03) 167 (10.6) 5.7 (0.32) 3.5 (0.03)

German
Any credit ........................................... 142 (17.2) 4.8 (0.57) 2.3 (0.08) 139 (10.0) 5.2 (0.36) 2.3 (0.04) 122 (8.6) 4.2 (0.29) 2.3 (0.06)
2 or more credits ............................ 104 (14.6) 3.5 (0.49) 2.8 (0.07) 102 (8.2) 3.8 (0.29) 2.8 (0.04) 91 (7.8) 3.1 (0.27) 2.8 (0.05)
3 or more credits ............................ 55 (8.6) 1.8 (0.29) 3.5 (0.06) 53 (4.7) 2.0 (0.17) 3.5 (0.04) 46 (5.3) 1.6 (0.18) 3.5 (0.03)

Latin
Any credit ........................................... 120 (15.3) 4.0 (0.52) 2.1 (0.08) 106 (10.4) 4.0 (0.36) 2.1 (0.05) 108 (10.6) 3.7 (0.35) 2.2 (0.07)

Italian
Any credit ........................................... 29 (5.5) 1.0 (0.19) 2.2 (0.20) 29 (5.3) 1.1 (0.20) 2.4 (0.16) 36 (7.0) 1.2 (0.23) 2.3 (0.18)

Japanese
Any credit ........................................... 36 (7.3) 1.2 (0.25) 2.3 (0.15) 30 (4.4) 1.1 (0.16) 2.1 (0.12) 28 (4.3) 1.0 (0.15) 2.5 (0.12)

Chinese
Any credit ........................................... 12 (3.1) 0.4 (0.10) 2.4 (0.20) 8 (2.1) 0.3 (0.08) 2.1 (0.23) 20 (4.1) 0.7 (0.14) 1.9 (0.13)

Arabic
Any credit ........................................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 2.8 (0.36)

Russian
Any credit ........................................... 10 (2.7) 0.3 (0.09) 1.9 (0.24) 5 (1.3) 0.2 (0.05) 1.5 (0.17) 3! (1.3) 0.1! (0.04) 2.4 (0.14)

Other foreign languages

Any credit ........................................... 106 (12.0) 3.6 (0.40) 2.5 (0.17) 89 (5.9) 3.3 (0.23) 2.8 (0.10) 105 (10.6) 3.6 (0.37) 2.5 (0.18)

AP/IB/honors foreign languages

Any credit ........................................... 183 (23.9) 6.2 (0.81) 1.2 (0.04) 157 (10.3) 5.9 (0.38) 1.2 (0.02) 233 (15.9) 7.9 (0.52) 1.2 (0.02)

†Not applicable. Credits are shown in Carnegie units. The Carnegie unit is a standard unit of measurement
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between that represents one credit for the completion of a 1-year course.
30 and 50 percent. NOTE: For a transcript to be included in the analyses, it had to meet three requirements:
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or (1) the graduate received either a standard or honors diploma, (2) the graduate’s transcript
the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. contained 16 or more Carnegie credits, and (3) the graduate’s transcript contained more
1
Average credits earned are shown only for those graduates who earned any credit in than 0 Carnegie credits in English courses.
the specified language while in high school. For these students, however, credits earned SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2000,
include both courses taken in high school and courses taken prior to entering high school. 2005, and 2009 High School Transcript Study (HSTS). (This table was prepared April 2014.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 225.80. Percentage distribution of elementary and secondary school children, by average grades and selected child and school characteristics: 2003, 2012, and 2016
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percentage distribution of children, by parental reports of average grades in all subjects

2003 2012 2016
Selected child or school characteristic Mostly A’s Mostly B’s Mostly C’s Mostly D’s or F’s Mostly A’s Mostly B’s Mostly C’s Mostly D’s or F’s Mostly A’s Mostly B’s Mostly C’s Mostly D’s or F’s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
All students ....................................... 43.6 (0.62) 37.0 (0.58) 15.9 (0.52) 3.6 (0.24) 49.2 (0.53) 35.6 (0.57) 12.8 (0.37) 2.5 (0.21) 49.2 (0.60) 34.6 (0.69) 13.0 (0.56) 3.2 (0.30)
Sex of child
Male ...................................................... 36.4 (0.72) 38.6 (0.86) 19.8 (0.74) 5.2 (0.40) 42.9 (0.74) 37.7 (0.78) 16.1 (0.58) 3.3 (0.34) 42.8 (0.97) 36.8 (1.08) 16.0 (0.86) 4.3 (0.50)
Female ................................................... 51.0 (0.84) 35.3 (0.76) 11.9 (0.61) 1.9 (0.24) 55.9 (0.82) 33.3 (0.80) 9.3 (0.51) 1.5 (0.22) 56.1 (0.95) 32.1 (0.95) 9.7 (0.70) 2.1 (0.23)
Race/ethnicity of child
White ..................................................... 47.8 (0.86) 35.2 (0.75) 14.0 (0.63) 3.1 (0.25) 53.6 (0.74) 33.5 (0.77) 10.8 (0.48) 2.1 (0.22) 55.3 (0.82) 32.0 (0.87) 10.3 (0.59) 2.4 (0.29)
Black ..................................................... 34.5 (1.75) 39.5 (1.65) 20.9 (1.33) 5.0 (0.82) 37.0 (1.88) 39.7 (1.97) 19.9 (1.19) 3.4 (0.75) 36.7 (2.18) 37.6 (1.99) 20.4 (1.51) 5.3 (1.40)
Hispanic ................................................. 34.9 (1.14) 42.3 (1.24) 18.6 (1.03) 4.2 (0.48) 43.2 (1.09) 39.9 (1.05) 14.3 (0.83) 2.6 (0.41) 40.2 (1.37) 40.5 (1.58) 15.2 (1.40) 4.1 (0.60)
Asian/Pacific Islander1 ............................ 62.0 (3.47) 25.5 (2.76) 11.3 (3.06) ‡ (†) 60.9 (2.74) 32.5 (2.83) 5.9 (0.98) 0.7! (0.28) 64.6 (4.52) 23.7 (2.54) 10.9! (4.81) ‡ (†)
Asian ................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 63.2 (2.82) 31.8 (2.86) 4.6 (0.98) 0.4! (0.20) 64.9 (4.64) 23.3 (2.42) 11.2! (5.02) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander .................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 23.7! (7.70) 43.4 (10.65) 27.5! (8.38) ‡ (†) 59.2 (12.85) 32.3! (13.31) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............... 29.5 (6.53) 53.3 (6.42) 12.1! (4.90) 5.1! (2.54) 54.6 (8.07) 28.2 (6.56) 16.3! (5.26) ‡ (†) 36.5 (9.40) 45.8 (10.14) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Two or more races2 ................................ 41.4 (4.34) 36.2 (3.91) 18.8 (2.81) 3.5! (1.38) 55.7 (2.79) 28.2 (2.68) 11.1 (1.68) 5.0! (2.28) 53.7 (3.55) 33.9 (4.00) 8.6 (1.53) 3.8 (1.07)
Highest education level of parents/
guardians in the household3
Less than high school ............................ 27.8 (2.17) 41.6 (2.05) 22.7 (2.27) 7.8 (1.46) 39.5 (2.25) 39.7 (2.02) 16.8 (1.73) 4.0 (0.93) 30.2 (2.46) 36.3 (2.75) 26.0 (3.28) 7.5 (1.88)
High school/GED .................................... 32.1 (1.20) 41.4 (1.23) 21.7 (1.12) 4.8 (0.57) 37.7 (1.51) 40.8 (1.62) 17.6 (1.31) 4.0 (0.71) 35.3 (1.91) 43.0 (1.96) 17.1 (1.63) 4.6 (0.64)
Vocational/technical or some college ...... 39.8 (1.34) 38.3 (1.36) 17.2 (0.95) 4.7 (0.58) 43.5 (1.07) 38.1 (1.05) 15.6 (0.87) 2.8 (0.32) 41.5 (1.59) 38.0 (1.62) 16.2 (1.25) 4.3 (0.68)
Associate’s degree ................................. 46.7 (2.13) 34.5 (1.94) 16.4 (1.51) 2.4 (0.57) 47.0 (1.82) 34.9 (1.78) 15.4 (1.29) 2.7 (0.52) 49.4 (1.89) 35.0 (1.98) 12.6 (1.32) 3.0 (0.62)
Bachelor’s degree/some graduate school ... 53.0 (1.26) 34.2 (1.29) 11.1 (0.85) 1.7 (0.28) 60.1 (1.05) 31.4 (1.02) 7.5 (0.53) 1.0 (0.19) 60.2 (1.04) 31.1 (0.94) 7.6 (0.69) 1.2 (0.21)
Graduate/professional degree ................ 61.9 (1.71) 30.5 (1.75) 6.7 (0.67) 0.9 (0.24) 68.1 (1.04) 27.3 (1.04) 4.2 (0.36) 0.5 (0.10) 69.4 (1.07) 25.0 (0.98) 4.7 (0.39) 0.9 (0.24)
Family income (in current dollars)
$20,000 or less ...................................... 33.1 (1.53) 38.9 (1.56) 22.0 (1.30) 6.0 (0.85) 37.2 (1.35) 40.2 (1.19) 18.3 (1.04) 4.4 (0.59) 31.4 (2.04) 36.4 (2.32) 25.8 (2.49) 6.5 (1.03)
$20,001 to $50,000 ............................... 37.8 (1.20) 40.0 (1.19) 17.7 (0.85) 4.5 (0.42) 41.3 (1.22) 38.9 (1.19) 16.7 (0.90) 3.1 (0.44) 37.6 (1.41) 40.9 (1.61) 16.6 (1.15) 4.9 (0.90)
$50,001 to $75,000 ............................... 48.0 (1.29) 35.0 (1.22) 14.0 (0.81) 3.0 (0.45) 49.3 (1.45) 35.8 (1.37) 12.9 (1.07) 1.9 (0.32) 48.6 (1.84) 34.7 (1.85) 13.5 (1.25) 3.2 (0.59)
$75,001 to $100,000 ............................. 51.8 (1.66) 33.7 (1.45) 13.3 (1.23) 1.3 (0.32) 53.7 (1.64) 33.5 (1.42) 10.6 (1.03) 2.3 (0.50) 54.3 (1.70) 33.4 (1.73) 9.8 (0.98) 2.5 (0.55)
Over $100,000 ....................................... 55.8 (1.74) 33.9 (1.72) 9.1 (1.09) 1.2 (0.24) 61.8 (1.15) 30.4 (1.19) 6.6 (0.61) 1.1! (0.41) 63.9 (1.09) 29.2 (1.12) 6.0 (0.63) 0.9 (0.23)
Poverty status4

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 169

Poor ....................................................... 33.1 (1.61) 39.4 (1.65) 21.9 (1.39) 5.6 (0.91) 39.1 (1.39) 38.9 (1.33) 17.8 (1.06) 4.2 (0.54) 32.7 (1.78) 37.0 (1.83) 24.5 (2.07) 5.8 (0.78)
Near-poor ............................................... 34.8 (1.39) 42.0 (1.26) 18.2 (1.08) 5.0 (0.59) 40.1 (1.19) 40.3 (1.07) 17.0 (0.93) 2.7 (0.45) 38.5 (1.57) 40.8 (1.44) 15.2 (1.08) 5.5 (1.00)

Coursetaking, Grades, and Retention in Grade

Nonpoor ................................................. 49.9 (0.83) 34.5 (0.76) 13.2 (0.54) 2.4 (0.23) 56.0 (0.75) 32.7 (0.75) 9.5 (0.45) 1.8 (0.25) 57.9 (0.75) 31.6 (0.79) 8.8 (0.42) 1.7 (0.20)
Control of school and enrollment level
of child
Public school .......................................... 41.8 (0.64) 37.5 (0.62) 16.8 (0.57) 3.8 (0.26) 47.9 (0.55) 36.0 (0.60) 13.5 (0.39) 2.6 (0.23) 47.4 (0.64) 35.4 (0.77) 13.6 (0.61) 3.5 (0.33)
Elementary (kindergarten to grade 8) .. 46.1 (0.80) 35.9 (0.84) 14.6 (0.74) 3.4 (0.32) 52.9 (0.69) 34.2 (0.73) 11.0 (0.49) 1.8 (0.22) 50.5 (0.83) 34.6 (1.00) 11.9 (0.76) 3.0 (0.41)
Secondary (grades 9 to 12) ................ 34.6 (0.96) 40.2 (0.97) 20.6 (0.94) 4.6 (0.46) 37.5 (0.83) 39.7 (1.03) 18.4 (0.84) 4.4 (0.54) 41.1 (0.99) 37.2 (1.20) 17.1 (1.01) 4.5 (0.50)
Private school ........................................ 57.6 (1.72) 33.0 (1.68) 8.1 (0.91) 1.3! (0.45) 63.4 (1.63) 30.8 (1.51) 5.4 (0.68) 0.4! (0.20) 66.4 (1.81) 26.2 (1.49) 7.0 (1.17) 0.4! (0.14)
Elementary (kindergarten to grade 8) .. 61.6 (2.39) 30.3 (2.28) 7.3 (1.03) 0.8! (0.28) 67.8 (1.95) 28.2 (1.91) 3.5 (0.61) ‡ (†) 71.2 (2.45) 22.4 (2.11) 6.1 (1.52) ‡ (†)
Secondary (grades 9 to 12) ................ 48.8 (3.22) 38.9 (2.94) 10.0 (1.77) ‡ (†) 52.8 (2.70) 37.2 (2.58) 9.9 (1.60) ‡ (†) 55.6 (2.76) 34.6 (2.42) 9.0 (1.95) 0.7! (0.32)

—Not available. threshold. The poverty threshold is a dollar amount that varies depending on a family’s size and composition and is updated
†Not applicable. annually to account for inflation. In 2015, for example, the poverty threshold for a family of four with two children was $24,257.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. Survey respondents are asked to select the range within which their income falls, rather than giving the exact amount of
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 their income; therefore, the measure of poverty status is an approximation.
percent or greater. NOTE: While National Household Education Surveys Program (NHES) administrations prior to 2012 were administered via
1
The 2003 questionnaire included a single item for “Asian or Pacific Islander,” whereas questionnaires for later years included telephone with an interviewer, NHES:2012 and NHES:2016 used self-administered paper-and-pencil questionnaires that
one item for Asian and a separate item for Pacific Islander. were mailed to respondents. Measurable differences between estimates for years prior to 2012 and estimates for later years
2
For 2003, the “Two or more races” row also includes children whose race was reported as “Other.” The “Other” race could reflect actual changes in the population, or the changes could be due to the mode change from telephone to mail.
category was not included on the 2012 and 2016 questionnaires. Excludes children whose programs have no classes with lettered grades. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic
3
In 2003, education level was not collected for the second parent in a same sex couple. ethnicity. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
4
Poor children are those whose family incomes were below the Census Bureau’s poverty threshold in the year prior to SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Parent and Family Involvement in
data collection; near-poor children are those whose family incomes ranged from the poverty threshold to 199 percent of Education Survey of the National Household Education Surveys Program (PFI-NHES:2003, 2012, and 2016). (This table
the poverty threshold; and nonpoor children are those whose family incomes were at or above 200 percent of the poverty was prepared June 2018.)
170 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
School Crime Victims

Table 228.30. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by type of
victimization and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Type of victimization and

student or school characteristic 1995 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total .................................. 9.1 (0.33) 5.5 (0.31) 5.1 (0.24) 4.3 (0.31) 4.3 (0.29) 3.9 (0.28) 3.5 (0.28) 3.0 (0.25) 2.7 (0.25) 2.2 (0.22)
Sex
Male ...................................... 9.6 (0.44) 6.1 (0.41) 5.3 (0.33) 4.6 (0.43) 4.5 (0.43) 4.6 (0.40) 3.7 (0.35) 3.2 (0.40) 2.6 (0.35) 2.6 (0.34)
Female ................................... 8.5 (0.45) 4.9 (0.39) 4.8 (0.36) 3.9 (0.38) 3.9 (0.38) 3.2 (0.35) 3.4 (0.38) 2.8 (0.34) 2.8 (0.38) 1.8 (0.28)
Race/ethnicity1
White ..................................... 9.4 (0.36) 5.7 (0.40) 5.4 (0.32) 4.6 (0.36) 4.2 (0.38) 3.9 (0.37) 3.6 (0.35) 3.0 (0.32) 2.9 (0.36) 2.2 (0.27)
Black ..................................... 9.6 (1.02) 6.1 (0.78) 5.1 (0.78) 3.9 (0.80) 4.3 (0.83) 4.4 (0.74) 4.6 (0.89) 3.2 (0.71) 2.2! (0.77) 2.6 (0.52)
Hispanic ................................. 7.1 (0.96) 4.6 (0.64) 3.9 (0.50) 3.9 (0.70) 3.6 (0.54) 3.9 (0.75) 2.9 (0.47) 3.2 (0.46) 2.3 (0.47) 2.0 (0.45)
Asian/Pacific Islander ............. 8.3 (1.63) 3.7 (1.08) 3.2 (0.93) 1.4! (0.64) 3.4! (1.33) ‡ (†) 2.3! (1.13) 2.4! (0.99) ‡ (†) 2.1! (1.02)
Asian ................................. — (†) — (†) 3.3! (1.00) 1.5! (0.69) 3.6! (1.38) ‡ (†) 2.5! (1.23) 2.6! (1.08) ‡ (†) 2.1! (1.05)
Pacific Islander .................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native ............................. 9.6! (3.27) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 11.1! (4.80)
Two or more races ................. — (†) — (†) 9.8 (2.85) ‡ (†) 10.1 (2.59) ‡ (†) 4.9! (1.77) 3.0! (1.46) 6.5! (2.24) ‡ (†)
Grade
6th .......................................... 8.8 (0.92) 5.9 (0.90) 3.8 (0.77) 4.6 (0.83) 3.9 (0.86) 3.7 (0.91) 3.8 (0.85) 4.1 (0.92) 3.1 (0.79) 3.1 (0.75)
7th .......................................... 10.6 (0.79) 5.8 (0.67) 6.3 (0.74) 5.4 (0.71) 4.7 (0.69) 3.4 (0.70) 3.1 (0.61) 2.5 (0.51) 3.4 (0.70) 2.6 (0.60)
8th .......................................... 10.1 (0.76) 4.3 (0.61) 5.2 (0.65) 3.6 (0.63) 4.4 (0.63) 3.8 (0.78) 3.8 (0.67) 2.3 (0.52) 2.3 (0.57) 1.8 (0.51)
9th .......................................... 11.4 (0.86) 7.9 (0.81) 6.3 (0.70) 4.7 (0.69) 5.3 (0.75) 5.3 (0.85) 5.1 (0.83) 4.1 (0.76) 3.0 (0.62) 2.7 (0.67)
10th ........................................ 8.7 (0.73) 6.5 (0.77) 4.7 (0.63) 4.3 (0.71) 4.4 (0.67) 4.2 (0.79) 3.0 (0.58) 3.3 (0.57) 1.6 (0.47) 2.7 (0.49)
11th ........................................ 7.0 (0.72) 4.8 (0.62) 5.0 (0.69) 3.6 (0.51) 4.0 (0.75) 4.7 (0.88) 3.1 (0.65) 3.3 (0.65) 4.4 (1.04) 1.4 (0.40)
12th ........................................ 5.8 (0.73) 2.9 (0.52) 3.6 (0.71) 3.7 (0.85) 2.7 (0.70) 2.0 (0.52) 2.9 (0.68) 2.0! (0.67) 1.3! (0.45) 1.4 (0.41)
Urbanicity2
Urban ..................................... 8.6 (0.59) 5.9 (0.58) 6.0 (0.58) 5.3 (0.66) 4.5 (0.58) 4.2 (0.56) 4.3 (0.56) 3.3 (0.47) 3.3 (0.51) 2.7 (0.45)
Suburban ............................... 9.9 (0.48) 5.6 (0.41) 4.7 (0.32) 4.2 (0.34) 4.1 (0.38) 4.0 (0.36) 3.3 (0.34) 3.2 (0.35) 2.8 (0.35) 2.1 (0.25)
Rural ...................................... 8.1 (0.78) 4.7 (0.93) 4.7 (0.75) 2.8 (0.69) 4.4 (0.55) 3.1 (0.66) 2.8 (0.57) 2.0 (0.58) 1.5 (0.37) 1.6! (0.49)
Control of school
Public ..................................... 9.3 (0.37) 5.7 (0.34) 5.1 (0.26) 4.4 (0.32) 4.5 (0.32) 4.1 (0.30) 3.7 (0.29) 3.1 (0.27) 2.8 (0.26) 2.3 (0.23)
Private ................................... 6.2 (0.89) 3.4 (0.72) 4.9 (0.79) 2.7 (0.77) 1.1! (0.50) 1.8! (0.76) 1.9! (0.68) 2.8! (0.89) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

Theft .................................. 7.0 (0.28) 4.2 (0.24) 4.0 (0.20) 3.1 (0.27) 3.0 (0.23) 2.8 (0.23) 2.6 (0.23) 1.9 (0.20) 1.9 (0.22) 1.5 (0.17)
Sex
Male ...................................... 7.0 (0.37) 4.5 (0.34) 3.9 (0.27) 3.1 (0.34) 3.0 (0.34) 3.4 (0.36) 2.6 (0.29) 2.0 (0.30) 1.7 (0.26) 1.6 (0.27)
Female ................................... 7.0 (0.41) 3.8 (0.33) 4.1 (0.31) 3.2 (0.36) 3.0 (0.32) 2.1 (0.28) 2.6 (0.33) 1.8 (0.28) 2.0 (0.34) 1.3 (0.24)
Race/ethnicity1
White ..................................... 7.3 (0.32) 4.1 (0.31) 4.3 (0.28) 3.4 (0.32) 3.1 (0.29) 2.9 (0.31) 2.5 (0.28) 1.6 (0.22) 2.0 (0.28) 1.3 (0.20)
Black ..................................... 6.9 (0.87) 5.0 (0.68) 3.8 (0.64) 2.7 (0.66) 3.1 (0.70) 2.5 (0.61) 3.7 (0.78) 2.7 (0.67) 1.3! (0.63) 1.8 (0.51)
Hispanic ................................. 5.7 (0.79) 3.7 (0.69) 3.0 (0.41) 3.1 (0.64) 2.2 (0.47) 3.0 (0.63) 2.0 (0.41) 1.8 (0.39) 1.6 (0.39) 1.4 (0.36)
Asian/Pacific Islander ............. 6.4 (1.47) 3.5 (1.03) 3.2 (0.93) ‡ (†) 3.0! (1.27) ‡ (†) 2.3! (1.13) 2.4! (0.99) ‡ (†) 2.1! (1.02)
Asian ................................. — (†) — (†) 3.3! (1.00) ‡ (†) 3.2! (1.32) ‡ (†) 2.5! (1.23) 2.6! (1.08) ‡ (†) 2.1! (1.05)
Pacific Islander .................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native ............................. 7.2! (3.04) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 7.2! (3.37)
Two or more races ................. — (†) — (†) 8.3! (2.72) ‡ (†) 5.3! (2.01) ‡ (†) 3.7! (1.56) ‡ (†) 4.3! (1.80) ‡ (†)
Grade
6th .......................................... 5.4 (0.66) 4.0 (0.70) 2.2 (0.63) 2.8 (0.75) 2.6 (0.75) 1.3! (0.52) 2.7 (0.70) 1.4! (0.57) 1.6! (0.65) 1.0! (0.42)
7th .......................................... 8.1 (0.72) 3.4 (0.51) 4.8 (0.67) 2.9 (0.50) 2.7 (0.54) 2.1 (0.57) 1.9 (0.44) 1.4 (0.38) 1.6! (0.54) 1.3! (0.39)
8th .......................................... 7.8 (0.72) 3.3 (0.50) 4.1 (0.57) 2.4 (0.53) 2.5 (0.54) 2.0 (0.55) 2.0 (0.48) 1.0! (0.33) 1.8 (0.50) 1.1! (0.41)
9th .......................................... 8.8 (0.76) 6.2 (0.76) 5.2 (0.63) 3.7 (0.61) 4.6 (0.70) 4.9 (0.80) 4.4 (0.78) 2.7 (0.58) 2.1 (0.52) 2.4 (0.60)
10th ........................................ 7.6 (0.70) 5.7 (0.72) 3.7 (0.59) 3.8 (0.66) 3.6 (0.63) 3.5 (0.72) 2.1 (0.50) 2.6 (0.48) 1.4! (0.43) 2.1 (0.39)
11th ........................................ 5.4 (0.66) 3.8 (0.57) 4.1 (0.64) 2.8 (0.45) 2.6 (0.61) 3.3 (0.74) 2.7 (0.58) 2.3 (0.50) 3.4 (0.85) 1.1! (0.36)
12th ........................................ 4.5 (0.67) 2.3 (0.45) 3.1 (0.68) 3.4 (0.84) 1.9 (0.55) 1.5 (0.44) 2.4 (0.62) 1.6! (0.62) 1.0! (0.40) 1.2! (0.42)
Urbanicity2
Urban ..................................... 6.4 (0.51) 4.5 (0.52) 4.5 (0.46) 3.6 (0.52) 2.8 (0.48) 2.9 (0.45) 3.0 (0.45) 2.4 (0.44) 2.3 (0.45) 1.8 (0.39)
Suburban ............................... 7.5 (0.40) 4.3 (0.32) 3.8 (0.26) 3.2 (0.31) 3.0 (0.31) 2.8 (0.32) 2.5 (0.30) 1.9 (0.27) 1.8 (0.30) 1.4 (0.18)
Rural ...................................... 6.8 (0.66) 3.4 (0.65) 3.9 (0.66) 2.2! (0.68) 3.2 (0.46) 2.3 (0.59) 2.0 (0.47) 0.8 (0.24) 1.2 (0.32) 0.9! (0.35)
Control of school
Public ..................................... 7.2 (0.31) 4.4 (0.26) 4.0 (0.22) 3.3 (0.28) 3.2 (0.25) 2.9 (0.25) 2.7 (0.24) 1.9 (0.21) 1.9 (0.22) 1.6 (0.19)
Private ................................... 4.9 (0.73) 2.4 (0.67) 4.0 (0.77) 1.3! (0.48) 1.1! (0.50) ‡ (†) 1.2! (0.52) 2.0! (0.76) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Violent ............................... 2.5 (0.19) 1.8 (0.19) 1.3 (0.15) 1.2 (0.15) 1.6 (0.18) 1.4 (0.17) 1.1 (0.15) 1.2 (0.15) 0.9 (0.15) 0.7 (0.12)
Sex
Male ...................................... 3.0 (0.26) 2.1 (0.26) 1.7 (0.23) 1.6 (0.25) 1.7 (0.26) 1.6 (0.25) 1.2 (0.21) 1.3 (0.23) 1.0 (0.21) 1.0 (0.20)
Female ................................... 2.0 (0.22) 1.4 (0.24) 0.9 (0.16) 0.8 (0.15) 1.4 (0.23) 1.1 (0.21) 0.9 (0.17) 1.1 (0.23) 0.9 (0.19) 0.5 (0.14)
Race/ethnicity1
White ..................................... 2.5 (0.21) 2.0 (0.24) 1.4 (0.17) 1.3 (0.21) 1.5 (0.22) 1.2 (0.21) 1.2 (0.17) 1.5 (0.24) 1.0 (0.22) 0.9 (0.19)
Black ..................................... 3.0 (0.57) 1.3! (0.40) 1.5 (0.41) 1.3! (0.47) 1.6! (0.50) 2.3 (0.62) 1.1! (0.42) ‡ (†) 0.9! (0.44) 0.8! (0.31)
Hispanic ................................. 2.0 (0.47) 1.5 (0.41) 1.1 (0.28) 0.9 (0.24) 1.4 (0.42) 1.3! (0.40) 1.0 (0.28) 1.5 (0.26) 0.6! (0.23) 0.5! (0.23)
Asian/Pacific Islander ............. 2.2! (0.98) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Asian ................................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander .................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native ............................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 5.3! (1.90) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.6! (1.64) ‡ (†)

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 171
School Crime Victims

Table 228.30. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported criminal victimization at school during the previous 6 months, by type of
victimization and selected student and school characteristics: Selected years, 1995 through 2017—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Type of victimization and

student or school characteristic 1995 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Grade
6th .......................................... 4.3 (0.68) 2.6 (0.66) 1.9 (0.53) 1.9 (0.55) 1.5! (0.54) 2.6! (0.83) 1.3! (0.49) 2.7 (0.73) 1.6! (0.65) 2.1 (0.60)
7th .......................................... 3.1 (0.50) 2.6 (0.46) 1.7 (0.43) 2.6 (0.53) 2.4 (0.50) 1.2! (0.42) 1.2! (0.41) 1.2! (0.38) 1.9 (0.47) 1.4! (0.45)
8th .......................................... 2.7 (0.39) 1.3 (0.34) 1.4 (0.34) 1.4 (0.39) 2.1 (0.47) 2.0 (0.60) 2.1 (0.50) 1.4 (0.42) 0.6! (0.30) 0.7! (0.29)
9th .......................................... 2.9 (0.47) 2.4 (0.46) 1.5 (0.31) 1.0 (0.29) 1.2! (0.37) 0.9! (0.37) 1.1! (0.35) 1.4! (0.44) 0.8! (0.34) ‡ (†)
10th ........................................ 1.8 (0.35) 1.2 (0.31) 1.3 (0.36) 0.5! (0.24) 1.2! (0.39) 1.0! (0.37) 0.9! (0.34) 1.0! (0.35) ‡ (†) 0.7! (0.32)
11th ........................................ 1.6 (0.35) 1.6 (0.39) 0.9! (0.32) 0.7! (0.31) 1.5 (0.46) 1.5! (0.51) ‡ (†) 1.0! (0.43) 1.3! (0.49) ‡ (†)
12th ........................................ 1.6 (0.36) 0.9! (0.31) 0.5! (0.26) ‡ (†) 0.8! (0.35) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Urbanicity2
Urban ..................................... 2.6 (0.34) 1.7 (0.29) 1.8 (0.31) 1.8 (0.34) 2.0 (0.35) 1.8 (0.41) 1.4 (0.31) 0.9 (0.21) 1.0 (0.27) 0.9 (0.21)
Suburban ............................... 3.0 (0.29) 1.7 (0.20) 1.2 (0.19) 1.1 (0.18) 1.3 (0.23) 1.3 (0.23) 0.9 (0.16) 1.4 (0.21) 1.0 (0.20) 0.6 (0.17)
Rural ...................................... 1.5 (0.27) 2.0! (0.64) 0.9! (0.31) 0.6! (0.26) 1.7 (0.36) 0.8! (0.32) 1.0! (0.31) 1.1! (0.46) 0.5! (0.22) 0.7! (0.33)
Control of school
Public ..................................... 2.6 (0.19) 1.8 (0.20) 1.4 (0.15) 1.2 (0.15) 1.7 (0.20) 1.4 (0.19) 1.1 (0.15) 1.2 (0.16) 1.0 (0.15) 0.8 (0.12)
Private ................................... 1.6 (0.44) 1.0! (0.32) 0.9! (0.39) 1.4! (0.60) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Serious violent3 ................. 0.5 (0.08) 0.4 (0.08) 0.2 (0.05) 0.3 (0.07) 0.4 (0.08) 0.3 (0.09) 0.1! (0.05) 0.2! (0.07) 0.2! (0.07) 0.2! (0.06)
Sex
Male ...................................... 0.7 (0.12) 0.5 (0.11) 0.3! (0.09) 0.3! (0.10) 0.5! (0.14) 0.6 (0.16) 0.2! (0.08) 0.2! (0.10) 0.2! (0.12) 0.2! (0.10)
Female ................................... 0.3 (0.08) 0.4! (0.12) ‡ (†) 0.3 (0.07) 0.2! (0.08) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.2! (0.10) ‡ (†) 0.2! (0.08)
Race/ethnicity1
White ..................................... 0.5 (0.08) 0.4 (0.08) 0.2! (0.07) 0.3! (0.09) 0.2! (0.08) 0.3! (0.10) 0.2! (0.07) 0.2! (0.09) 0.3! (0.10) 0.3! (0.11)
Black ..................................... 0.8! (0.28) 0.5! (0.25) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Hispanic ................................. 0.4! (0.18) 0.8! (0.33) 0.4! (0.18) 0.4! (0.16) 0.8! (0.32) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.4! (0.17) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Asian/Pacific Islander ............. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Asian ................................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Pacific Islander .................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska
Native ............................. ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Two or more races ................. — (†) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Grade
6th .......................................... 1.2! (0.38) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.8! (0.42) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
7th .......................................... 0.5! (0.19) 0.6! (0.24) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.4! (0.20) ‡ (†) 0.5! (0.23) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
8th .......................................... 0.6! (0.19) 0.3! (0.14) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) # (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
9th .......................................... 0.5! (0.19) 0.8! (0.31) 0.6! (0.21) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
10th ........................................ 0.2! (0.11) 0.4! (0.18) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) # (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
11th ........................................ 0.3! (0.16) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 0.6! (0.27) ‡ (†) # (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
12th ........................................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) # (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Urbanicity2
Urban ..................................... 0.9 (0.20) 0.5 (0.15) 0.3! (0.14) 0.4! (0.17) 0.7! (0.23) 0.6! (0.22) ‡ (†) 0.3! (0.16) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Suburban ............................... 0.4 (0.10) 0.4 (0.09) 0.1! (0.05) 0.3! (0.08) 0.2! (0.09) 0.3! (0.11) ‡ (†) 0.2! (0.08) 0.3! (0.12) 0.2! (0.09)
Rural ...................................... 0.2! (0.09) 0.5! (0.24) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
Control of school
Public ..................................... 0.5 (0.08) 0.5 (0.09) 0.2 (0.06) 0.3 (0.06) 0.4 (0.09) 0.4 (0.10) 0.1! (0.06) 0.2! (0.08) 0.2! (0.08) 0.2! (0.07)
Private ................................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) # (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)

—Not available. NOTE: “Total victimization” includes theft and violent victimization. A single student could
†Not applicable. report more than one type of victimization. In the total victimization section, students
#Rounds to zero. who reported both theft and violent victimization are counted only once. “Theft” includes
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between attempted and completed purse-snatching, completed pickpocketing, and all attempted
30 and 50 percent. and completed thefts, with the exception of motor vehicle thefts. Theft does not include
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or robbery, which involves the threat or use of force and is classified as a violent crime.
the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. “Serious violent victimization” includes the crimes of rape, sexual assault, robbery, and
1
Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Prior to 2003, separate data aggravated assault. “Violent victimization” includes the serious violent crimes as well as
for Asian students, Pacific Islander students, and students of Two or more races were simple assault. “At school” includes in the school building, on school property, on a school
not collected. bus, and, from 2001 onward, going to and from school. Some data have been revised
2
Refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status of the respondent’s from previously published figures.
household as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Categories include “central city of an SOURCE: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime
MSA (Urban),” “in MSA but not in central city (Suburban),” and “not MSA (Rural).” Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey, 1995 through 2017. (This
3
Serious violent victimization is also included in violent victimization. table was prepared September 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 229.10. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting incidents to police, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime:

172 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16

School Crime Incidents

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of schools 2015–16

Percent of Number of Rate per
Type of crime recorded or reported to police 1999–2000 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2013–141 schools incidents 1,000 students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Recorded incidents
Total ............................................................... 86.4 (1.23) 88.5 (0.85) 85.7 (1.07) 85.5 (0.87) 85.0 (1.07) — (†) 78.9 (1.28) 1,381,200 (42,660) 28.0 (0.90)

Violent incidents .................................................... 71.4 (1.37) 81.4 (1.05) 77.7 (1.11) 75.5 (1.09) 73.8 (1.07) 65.0 (1.46) 68.9 (1.30) 864,900 (42,950) 17.5 (0.89)
Serious violent incidents ...................................... 19.7 (0.98) 18.3 (0.99) 17.1 (0.91) 17.2 (1.06) 16.4 (0.94) 13.1 (1.00) 15.5 (0.93) 40,800 (3,460) 0.8 (0.07)
Rape or attempted rape ................................... 0.7 (0.10) 0.8 (0.17) 0.3 (0.07) 0.8 (0.17) 0.5 (0.10) 0.2! (0.10) 0.9 (0.19) 1,100 (190) # (†)
Sexual assault other than rape2 ....................... 2.5 (0.33) 3.0 (0.32) 2.8 (0.24) 2.5 (0.33) 2.3 (0.34) 1.7 (0.37) 3.4 (0.38) 6,100 (1,360) 0.1 (0.03)
Physical attack or fight with a weapon ............. 5.2 (0.60) 4.0 (0.46) 3.0 (0.38) 3.0 (0.33) 3.9 (0.48) 1.8 (0.34) 2.6 (0.38) 5,300 (1,280) 0.1 (0.03)
Threat of physical attack with a weapon .......... 11.1 (0.70) 8.6 (0.71) 8.8 (0.66) 9.3 (0.77) 7.7 (0.72) 8.7 (0.78) 8.5 (0.79) 18,300 (2,420) 0.4 (0.05)
Robbery with a weapon ................................... 0.5! (0.15) 0.6 (0.15) 0.4 (0.12) 0.4! (0.14) 0.2 (0.05) ‡ (†) 0.5! (0.16) 600 (160) # (†)
Robbery without a weapon .............................. 5.3 (0.56) 6.3 (0.60) 6.4 (0.59) 5.2 (0.56) 4.4 (0.49) 2.5 (0.42) 2.7 (0.36) 9,500 (1,440) 0.2 (0.03)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Physical attack or fight without a weapon ............ 63.7 (1.52) 76.7 (1.21) 74.3 (1.20) 72.7 (1.07) 70.5 (1.11) 57.5 (1.43) 64.9 (1.28) 567,000 (36,780) 11.5 (0.75)
Threat of physical attack without a weapon .......... 52.2 (1.47) 53.0 (1.34) 52.2 (1.27) 47.8 (1.19) 46.4 (1.33) 47.1 (1.50) 39.4 (1.48) 257,000 (15,630) 5.2 (0.33)

Theft3 ...................................................................... 45.6 (1.37) 46.0 (1.29) 46.0 (1.07) 47.3 (1.29) 44.1 (1.31) — (†) 38.7 (1.29) 166,000 (5,190) 3.4 (0.11)

Other incidents4 ..................................................... 72.7 (1.30) 64.0 (1.27) 68.2 (1.07) 67.4 (1.13) 68.1 (1.12) — (†) 58.5 (1.68) 350,400 (10,710) 7.1 (0.22)
Possession of a firearm/explosive device .............. 5.5 (0.44) 6.1 (0.49) 7.2 (0.60) 4.7 (0.38) 4.7 (0.52) — (†) 4.0 (0.50) 10,500! (3,220) 0.2! (0.06)
Possession of a knife or sharp object ................... 42.6 (1.28) — (†) 42.8 (1.23) 40.6 (1.10) 39.7 (1.06) — (†) 38.4 (1.26) 70,600 (3,210) 1.4 (0.07)
Distribution of illegal drugs5 ................................. 12.3 (0.50) 12.9 (0.55) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Possession or use of alcohol or illegal drugs5 ....... 26.6 (0.72) 29.3 (0.87) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Distribution, possession, or use of illegal drugs6 ... — (†) — (†) 25.9 (0.68) 23.2 (0.68) 24.6 (0.57) — (†) 24.9 (0.85) 112,100 (4,250) 2.3 (0.09)
Inappropriate distribution, possession, or use
of prescription drugs7 .................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 12.1 (0.47) — (†) 9.5 (0.55) 20,100 (1,580) 0.4 (0.03)
Distribution, possession, or use of alcohol6 ........... — (†) — (†) 16.2 (0.68) 14.9 (0.57) 14.1 (0.50) — (†) 13.3 (0.50) 29,900 (1,620) 0.6 (0.03)
Sexual harassment ............................................... 36.3 (1.26) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Vandalism ............................................................ 51.4 (1.61) 51.4 (1.17) 50.5 (1.17) 49.3 (1.16) 45.8 (1.12) — (†) 33.4 (1.25) 107,200 (7,040) 2.2 (0.14)
Reported incidents to police
Total ............................................................... 62.5 (1.37) 65.2 (1.35) 60.9 (1.15) 62.0 (1.24) 60.0 (1.58) — (†) 47.4 (1.54) 448,900 (13,330) 9.1 (0.27)

Violent incidents .................................................... 36.0 (0.82) 43.6 (1.15) 37.7 (1.09) 37.8 (1.16) 39.9 (1.13) — (†) 32.7 (1.13) 195,600 (9,620) 4.0 (0.20)
Serious violent incidents ...................................... 14.8 (0.10) 13.3 (0.88) 12.6 (0.70) 12.6 (0.86) 10.4 (0.62) — (†) 10.0 (0.68) 20,000 (1,700) 0.4 (0.04)
Rape or attempted rape ................................... 0.6 (0.34) 0.8 (0.17) 0.3 (0.07) 0.8 (0.17) 0.5 (0.10) — (†) 0.7 (0.14) 900 (160) # (†)
Sexual assault other than rape2 ....................... 2.3 (0.50) 2.6 (0.28) 2.6 (0.26) 2.1 (0.29) 1.4 (0.20) — (†) 2.7 (0.28) 3,600 (490) 0.1 (0.01)
Physical attack or fight with a weapon ............. 3.9 (0.59) 2.8 (0.38) 2.2 (0.27) 2.1 (0.27) 2.2 (0.32) — (†) 1.3 (0.24) 2,500! (830) 0.1! (0.02)
Threat of physical attack with a weapon .......... 8.5 (0.09) 6.0 (0.55) 5.9 (0.49) 5.7 (0.59) 4.5 (0.43) — (†) 5.3 (0.53) 7,500 (770) 0.2 (0.02)
Robbery with a weapon ................................... 0.3! (0.41) 0.6 (0.15) 0.4 (0.12) 0.4! (0.14) 0.2 (0.05) — (†) 0.3! (0.13) 400! (140) # (†)
Robbery without a weapon .............................. 3.4 (0.91) 4.2 (0.51) 4.9 (0.48) 4.1 (0.42) 3.5 (0.40) — (†) 1.9 (0.28) 5,000 (690) 0.1 (0.01)
Physical attack or fight without a weapon ............ 25.8 (0.94) 35.6 (0.98) 29.2 (1.00) 28.2 (0.90) 34.3 (0.90) — (†) 25.1 (1.03) 121,500 (8,560) 2.5 (0.18)
Threat of physical attack without a weapon .......... 18.9 (0.94) 21.0 (0.82) 19.7 (0.69) 19.5 (0.76) 15.2 (0.79) — (†) 12.9 (0.65) 54,200 (3,680) 1.1 (0.07)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 229.10. Percentage of public schools recording incidents of crime at school and reporting incidents to police, number of incidents, and rate per 1,000 students, by type of crime:
Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2015–16—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of schools 2015–16

Percent of Number of Rate per
Type of crime recorded or reported to police 1999–2000 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2013–141 schools incidents 1,000 students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Theft3 ...................................................................... 28.5 (1.04) 30.5 (1.17) 27.9 (0.97) 31.0 (1.12) 25.4 (1.01) — (†) 18.1 (0.80) 71,600 (3,280) 1.5 (0.07)

Other incidents4 ..................................................... 52.0 (1.14) 50.0 (1.18) 50.6 (1.00) 48.7 (1.17) 46.3 (1.23) — (†) 33.5 (1.15) 181,700 (5,500) 3.7 (0.11)
Possession of a firearm/explosive device .............. 4.5 (0.41) 4.9 (0.44) 5.5 (0.51) 3.6 (0.32) 3.1 (0.39) — (†) 1.9 (0.29) 7,500! (2,760) 0.2! (0.06)
Possession of a knife or sharp object ................... 23.0 (0.84) — (†) 25.0 (1.00) 23.3 (0.69) 20.0 (0.88) — (†) 15.8 (0.66) 27,700 (1,330) 0.6 (0.03)
Distribution of illegal drugs5 ................................. 11.4 (0.48) 12.4 (0.57) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Possession or use of alcohol or illegal drugs5 ....... 22.2 (0.67) 26.0 (0.76) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Distribution, possession, or use of illegal drugs6 ... — (†) — (†) 22.8 (0.62) 20.7 (0.60) 21.4 (0.57) — (†) 19.9 (0.71) 82,200 (3,300) 1.7 (0.07)
Inappropriate distribution, possession, or use of
prescription drugs7 ........................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 9.6 (0.42) — (†) 7.4 (0.56) 15,100 (1,270) 0.3 (0.03)
Distribution, possession, or use of alcohol6 ........... — (†) — (†) 11.6 (0.61) 10.6 (0.55) 10.0 (0.41) — (†) 8.6 (0.41) 17,800 (1,330) 0.4 (0.03)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Sexual harassment ............................................... 14.7 (0.78) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Vandalism ............................................................ 32.7 (1.10) 34.3 (1.06) 31.9 (1.02) 30.8 (1.18) 26.8 (1.09) — (†) 12.9 (0.86) 31,600 (2,370) 0.6 (0.05)

—Not available. 5
The survey items “Distribution of illegal drugs” and “Possession or use of alcohol or illegal drugs” appear only on the
†Not applicable. 1999–2000 and 2003–04 questionnaires. Different alcohol- and drug-related survey items were used on the SSOCS
#Rounds to zero. questionnaires for later years.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 6
The survey items “Distribution, possession, or use of illegal drugs” and “Distribution, possession, or use of alcohol” appear
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is only on the SSOCS questionnaires for 2005-06 and later years.
50 percent or greater. 7
The survey item “Inappropriate distribution, possession, or use of prescription drugs” appears only on the 2009–10 and
1
Data for 2013–14 were collected using the Fast Response Survey System (FRSS), while data for all other years were collected 2015–16 questionnaires.
using the School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS). The 2013–14 FRSS survey was designed to allow comparisons with NOTE: Responses were provided by the principal or the person most knowledgeable about crime and safety issues at the
SSOCS data. However, respondents to the 2013–14 survey could choose either to complete the survey on paper (and mail school. “At school” was defined to include activities that happen in school buildings, on school grounds, on school buses,
it back) or to complete the survey online, whereas respondents to SSOCS did not have the option of completing the survey and at places that hold school-sponsored events or activities. Respondents were instructed to include incidents that
online. The 2013–14 survey also relied on a smaller sample. The smaller sample size and difference in survey administration occurred before, during, and after normal school hours or when school activities or events were in session. Detail may not
may have impacted the 2013–14 results. sum to totals because of rounding and because schools that recorded or reported more than one type of crime incident
2
Prior to 2015–16, the wording of the survey item was “sexual battery other than rape.” were counted only once in the total percentage of schools recording or reporting incidents.
3
Theft/larceny (taking things worth over $10 without personal confrontation) was defined for respondents as “the unlawful SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2007–08,
taking of another person’s property without personal confrontation, threat, violence, or bodily harm.” This includes pocket 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS), 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2016; and Fast

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 173

picking, stealing a purse or backpack (if left unattended or no force was used to take it from owner), theft from a building, Response Survey System (FRSS), “School Safety and Discipline: 2013–14,” FRSS 106, 2014. (This table was prepared
theft from a motor vehicle or motor vehicle parts or accessories, theft of a bicycle, theft from a vending machine, and all September 2017.)
other types of thefts.
4
Caution should be used when making direct comparisons of “Other incidents” between years because the survey questions
about alcohol and drugs changed, as outlined in footnotes 5, 6, and 7.

School Crime Incidents

 Table 230.10. Percentage of public schools reporting selected discipline problems that occurred at school, by frequency and selected school characteristics: Selected years, 1999–2000

174 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

through 2015–16

School Environment
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Happens at least once a week1 Happens at all2

Student
harassment of other Student acts of
Student sexual students based on Widespread disrespect for
Student racial/ harassment of sexual orientation or Student verbal disorder in teachers other than Cult or extremist
Year and school characteristic ethnic tensions3 Student bullying4 other students gender identity5 abuse of teachers classrooms verbal abuse Gang activities group activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All schools
1999–2000 ...................................................... 3.4 (0.41) 29.3 (1.21) — (†) — (†) 12.5 (0.69) 3.1 (0.44) — (†) 18.7 (0.85) 6.7 (0.46)
2003–04 .......................................................... 2.1 (0.28) 26.8 (1.09) 4.0 (0.40) — (†) 10.7 (0.80) 2.8 (0.39) — (†) 16.7 (0.78) 3.4 (0.35)
2005–06 .......................................................... 2.8 (0.31) 24.5 (1.14) 3.5 (0.40) — (†) 9.5 (0.61) 2.3 (0.24) — (†) 16.9 (0.76) 3.7 (0.41)
2007–08 .......................................................... 3.7 (0.49) 25.3 (1.11) 3.0 (0.39) — (†) 6.0 (0.48) 4.0 (0.45) 10.5 (0.71) 19.8 (0.88) 2.6 (0.36)
2009–10 .......................................................... 2.8 (0.39) 23.1 (1.12) 3.2 (0.55) 2.5 (0.41) 4.8 (0.49) 2.5 (0.37) 8.6 (0.67) 16.4 (0.84) 1.7 (0.31)
2013–146 ......................................................... 1.4 (0.31) 15.7 (1.12) 1.4 (0.26) 0.8 (0.19) 5.1 (0.54) 2.3 (0.45) 8.6 (0.74) — (†) — (†)
2015–16
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

All schools .............................................. 1.7 (0.33) 11.9 (0.79) 1.0 (0.19) 0.6 (0.13) 4.8 (0.51) 2.3 (0.38) 10.3 (0.80) 10.4 (0.62) — (†)
School level7
Primary ......................................................... 1.2! (0.48) 8.1 (1.04) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.6 (0.74) 1.6! (0.59) 8.8 (1.27) 2.7 (0.66) — (†)
Middle ........................................................... 3.2 (0.69) 21.8 (1.59) 2.1 (0.44) 1.2! (0.40) 8.2 (1.13) 4.9 (0.67) 15.9 (1.28) 19.4 (1.33) — (†)
High school ................................................... 2.3 (0.64) 14.7 (1.37) 2.5 (0.55) 2.2 (0.59) 7.6 (1.24) 2.6 (0.52) 12.1 (1.47) 30.6 (1.70) — (†)
Combined ..................................................... ‡ (†) 11.0 (3.17) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 4.3! (1.89) 7.2! (2.85) — (†)
Enrollment size
Less than 300 ............................................... ‡ (†) 6.4 (1.58) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.6! (1.31) ‡ (†) 6.4 (1.62) 6.0 (1.52) — (†)
300 to 499 .................................................... ‡ (†) 9.6 (1.72) 0.7! (0.32) 0.4! (0.19) 3.4 (1.00) 1.3 (0.37) 9.1 (1.87) 6.5 (1.17) — (†)
500 to 999 .................................................... 2.3 (0.62) 14.0 (1.40) 1.4 (0.32) 0.7! (0.27) 6.0 (0.85) 3.8 (0.91) 12.4 (1.25) 9.3 (0.79) — (†)
1,000 or more ............................................... 2.6 (0.64) 22.1 (1.81) 2.4! (0.74) 1.5! (0.49) 7.0 (0.89) 3.8 (0.78) 14.4 (1.74) 35.0 (1.82) — (†)
Locale
City ............................................................... 1.8! (0.77) 12.9 (1.45) 0.9! (0.36) 0.9! (0.36) 9.6 (1.58) 4.9 (1.22) 15.3 (1.90) 17.9 (1.79) — (†)
Suburban ...................................................... 2.3 (0.67) 10.3 (1.12) 0.9! (0.29) 0.3! (0.13) 3.3 (0.74) 1.9 (0.47) 8.1 (1.04) 8.7 (0.79) — (†)
Town ............................................................. ‡ (†) 18.3 (2.77) 1.2! (0.62) ‡ (†) 5.4 (1.62) 1.5! (0.53) 14.5 (2.93) 8.8 (1.45) — (†)
Rural ............................................................. 0.9! (0.38) 9.7 (1.58) 1.2 (0.37) 0.8! (0.29) 1.3! (0.54) ‡ (†) 5.9 (1.31) 5.7 (0.99) — (†)
Percent combined enrollment of Black,
Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, and
American Indian/Alaska Native students,
and students of Two or more races
Less than 5 percent ...................................... ‡ (†) 15.6 (4.31) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
5 percent to less than 20 percent .................. 1.0! (0.38) 10.8 (1.61) 1.4! (0.46) ‡ (†) 2.1! (0.80) 0.8! (0.36) 6.5 (1.39) 1.9 (0.44) — (†)
20 percent to less than 50 percent ................ 1.4! (0.54) 11.0 (1.42) 0.9 (0.26) 0.9! (0.28) 3.6 (0.83) 1.1 (0.31) 9.9 (1.81) 7.7 (0.92) — (†)
50 percent or more ....................................... 2.6 (0.67) 12.5 (1.23) 1.0 (0.30) 0.7! (0.24) 7.9 (1.05) 4.3 (0.86) 13.7 (1.46) 18.6 (1.33) — (†)
Percent of students eligible for free or
reduced-price lunch
0 to 25 percent ............................................. ‡ (†) 9.5 (1.67) 1.1! (0.49) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 3.5 (0.98) 2.5 (0.47) — (†)
26 to 50 percent ........................................... 1.2! (0.37) 10.0 (1.22) 1.3 (0.35) 0.6! (0.22) 3.1! (0.97) 1.5! (0.60) 8.8 (1.58) 5.8 (0.58) — (†)
51 to 75 percent ........................................... 1.8! (0.53) 11.8 (1.65) 0.9 (0.26) 0.7! (0.27) 5.0 (1.05) 2.4 (0.68) 9.5 (1.38) 11.0 (0.94) — (†)
76 to 100 percent ......................................... 3.1! (1.01) 15.3 (1.91) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 8.9 (1.39) 4.4 (1.16) 16.7 (1.90) 19.2 (2.10) — (†)

See notes at end of table.

 Table 230.10. Percentage of public schools reporting selected discipline problems that occurred at school, by frequency and selected school characteristics: Selected years, 1999–2000
through 2015–16—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Happens at least once a week1 Happens at all2

Student
harassment of other Student acts of
Student sexual students based on Widespread disrespect for
Student racial/ harassment of sexual orientation or Student verbal disorder in teachers other than Cult or extremist
Year and school characteristic ethnic tensions3 Student bullying4 other students gender identity5 abuse of teachers classrooms verbal abuse Gang activities group activities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Student/teacher ratio8
Less than 12 ................................................. ‡ (†) 9.2 (2.45) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 2.5! (0.79) 2.7! (1.06) 4.5 (1.25) 4.4 (0.86) — (†)
12 to 16 ........................................................ 1.1! (0.34) 9.1 (1.10) 0.9! (0.32) 0.6! (0.30) 5.8 (1.09) 2.9 (0.83) 12.1 (1.52) 9.4 (1.17) — (†)
More than 16 ................................................ 2.6 (0.60) 14.5 (1.16) 1.0 (0.21) 0.7 (0.17) 4.7 (0.65) 1.8 (0.38) 10.6 (1.07) 12.7 (1.08) — (†)
Prevalence of violent incidents9 at school
during school year
No violent incidents ....................................... ‡ (†) 3.3! (1.02) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 4.6 (1.16) 2.5! (0.99) — (†)
Any violent incidents ..................................... 2.2 (0.44) 15.8 (1.11) 1.4 (0.26) 0.9 (0.19) 6.7 (0.68) 3.3 (0.54) 12.9 (1.07) 13.9 (0.87) — (†)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

—Not available. it back) or to complete the survey online, whereas respondents to SSOCS did not have the option of completing the survey
†Not applicable. online. The 2013–14 survey also relied on a smaller sample. The smaller sample size and difference in survey administration
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. may have impacted the 2013–14 results.
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 7
Primary schools are defined as schools in which the lowest grade is not higher than grade 3 and the highest grade is not
50 percent or greater. higher than grade 8. Middle schools are defined as schools in which the lowest grade is not lower than grade 4 and the
1
Includes schools that reported the activity happens either at least once a week or daily. highest grade is not higher than grade 9. High schools are defined as schools in which the lowest grade is not lower than
2
Includes schools that reported the activity happens at all at their school during the school year. In the 1999–2000 survey grade 9 and the highest grade is not higher than grade 12. Combined schools include all other combinations of grades,
administration, the questionnaire specified “undesirable” gang activities and “undesirable” cult or extremist group activities. including K–12 schools.
The 2013–14 and 2015–16 questionnaires did not ask about cult or extremist group activities. 8
Student/teacher ratio was calculated by dividing the total number of students enrolled in the school, as reported on SSOCS,
3
Prior to the 2007–08 survey administration, the questionnaire wording was “student racial tensions.” by the total number of full-time-equivalent (FTE) teachers. Information regarding the total number of FTE teachers was
4
The 2015–16 questionnaire defined bullying as “any unwanted aggressive behavior(s) by another youth or group of youths obtained from the Common Core of Data (CCD), the sampling frame for SSOCS.
who are not siblings or current dating partners that involves an observed or perceived power imbalance and is repeated 9
“Violent incidents” include rape or attempted rape, sexual assault other than rape, physical attack or fight with or without
multiple times or is highly likely to be repeated.” The term was not defined for respondents in previous survey administrations. a weapon, threat of physical attack or fight with or without a weapon, and robbery with or without a weapon. Respondents
5
Prior to 2015–16, the questionnaire asked about “student harassment of other students based on sexual orientation or were instructed to include violent incidents that occurred before, during, or after normal school hours or when school
gender identity (i.e., lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, questioning)” in one single item. The 2015–16 questionnaire had activities or events were in session.
one item asking about “student harassment of other students based on sexual orientation,” followed by a separate item on NOTE: Responses were provided by the principal or the person most knowledgeable about crime and safety issues at the
“student harassment of other students based on gender identity.” For 2015–16, schools are included in this column if they school. “At school” was defined for respondents to include activities that happen in school buildings, on school grounds,

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 175

responded “daily” or “at least once a week” to either or both of these items; each school is counted only once, even if it on school buses, and at places that hold school–sponsored events or activities. Respondents were instructed to respond
indicated daily/weekly frequency for both items. The 2015–16 questionnaire provided definitions for sexual orientation—“one’s only for those times that were during normal school hours or when school activities or events were in session, unless the
emotional or physical attraction to the same and/or opposite sex”—and gender identity—“one’s inner sense of one’s own survey specified otherwise.
gender, which may or may not match the sex assigned at birth. Different people choose to express their gender identity SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2007–08,
differently...” These terms were not defined for respondents in previous survey administrations. 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS), 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2016; and Fast
6
Data for 2013–14 were collected using the Fast Response Survey System (FRSS), while data for all other years were collected Response Survey System (FRSS), “School Safety and Discipline: 2013–14,” FRSS 106, 2014. (This table was prepared
using the School Survey on Crime and Safety (SSOCS). The 2013–14 FRSS survey was designed to allow comparisons with August 2017.)
SSOCS data. However, respondents to the 2013–14 survey could choose either to complete the survey on paper (and mail

School Environment
176 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
School Environment

Table 230.40. Percentage of students ages 12–18 who reported being bullied at school during the school year, by selected student and
school characteristics: Selected years, 2005 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Student or school characteristic 20051 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Total ................................................... 28.5 (0.70) 31.7 (0.74) 28.0 (0.83) 27.8 (0.76) 21.5 (0.66) 20.8 (0.99) 20.2 (0.71)

Sex
Male ............................................ 27.5 (0.90) 30.3 (0.96) 26.6 (1.04) 24.5 (0.91) 19.5 (0.81) 18.8 (1.31) 16.7 (0.87)
Female ......................................... 29.7 (0.85) 33.2 (0.99) 29.5 (1.08) 31.4 (0.99) 23.7 (0.98) 22.8 (1.39) 23.8 (1.01)

Race/ethnicity
White ........................................... 30.3 (0.85) 34.1 (0.97) 29.3 (1.03) 31.5 (1.07) 23.7 (0.93) 21.6 (1.43) 22.8 (1.02)
Black ........................................... 29.2 (2.23) 30.4 (2.18) 29.1 (2.29) 27.2 (1.97) 20.3 (1.81) 24.7 (3.29) 22.9 (1.98)
Hispanic ....................................... 22.3 (1.29) 27.3 (1.53) 25.5 (1.71) 21.9 (1.07) 19.2 (1.30) 17.2 (1.58) 15.7 (1.12)
Asian/Pacific Islander ................... 20.8 (2.61) 17.2 (2.47) 17.8 (2.79) 13.8 (2.48) 9.3 (1.67) 19.4 (4.45) 7.3 (1.54)
Asian ........................................ 20.9 2.7 18.1 (2.60) 17.3 (3.01) 14.9 (2.70) 9.2 (1.67) 15.6 (4.02) 7.3 (1.56)
Pacific Islander ......................... ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ..... ‡ (†) 29.8 (7.40) ‡ (†) 21.1! (6.72) 24.3! (9.87) ‡ (†) 27.2 (5.93)
Two or more races ....................... 34.6 (4.44) 38.2 (3.95) 27.3 (5.56) 26.9 (4.30) 27.6 (4.50) 17.7 (3.96) 23.2 (3.03)

Grade
6th ............................................... 37.0 (2.06) 42.7 (2.23) 39.4 (2.60) 37.0 (2.17) 27.8 (2.31) 31.0 (3.53) 29.5 (2.79)
7th ............................................... 35.1 (1.70) 35.6 (1.78) 33.1 (1.87) 30.3 (1.64) 26.4 (1.65) 25.1 (2.48) 24.4 (1.60)
8th ............................................... 31.3 (1.60) 36.9 (1.84) 31.7 (1.85) 30.7 (1.68) 21.7 (1.42) 22.2 (2.41) 25.3 (1.69)
9th ............................................... 28.3 (1.59) 30.6 (1.72) 28.0 (1.90) 26.5 (1.66) 23.0 (1.42) 19.0 (2.11) 19.3 (1.52)
10th ............................................. 25.1 (1.42) 27.7 (1.44) 26.6 (1.71) 28.0 (1.56) 19.5 (1.48) 21.2 (2.13) 18.9 (1.67)
11th ............................................. 23.5 (1.62) 28.5 (1.48) 21.1 (1.69) 23.8 (1.72) 20.0 (1.50) 15.8 (2.24) 14.7 (1.45)
12th ............................................. 20.8 (1.83) 23.0 (1.60) 20.4 (1.63) 22.0 (1.34) 14.1 (1.51) 14.9 (2.18) 12.2 (1.34)

Urbanicity2
Urban ........................................... 26.2 (1.32) 30.7 (1.36) 27.4 (1.25) 24.8 (1.28) 20.7 (1.10) 21.5 (1.84) 18.3 (1.32)
Suburban ..................................... 29.4 (0.80) 31.2 (1.07) 27.5 (1.06) 29.0 (1.07) 22.0 (0.90) 21.1 (1.22) 19.7 (0.80)
Rural ............................................ 29.5 (1.97) 35.2 (1.73) 30.7 (1.99) 29.7 (1.82) 21.4 (1.86) 18.2 (2.86) 26.7 (2.13)

Control of school3
Public ........................................... 29.0 (0.74) 32.0 (0.76) 28.8 (0.88) 28.4 (0.82) 21.5 (0.67) 21.1 (1.06) 20.6 (0.73)
Private ......................................... 23.3 (2.16) 29.1 (2.10) 18.9 (2.16) 21.5 (1.91) 22.4 (2.71) 16.1 (3.40) 16.0 (2.39)

†Not applicable. Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey, which were based on the urban-
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between centric measure of the location of the school that the child attended.
30 and 50 percent. 3
Control of school as reported by the respondent. These data differ from those based on a
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the matching of the respondent-reported school name to the Common Core of Data’s Public
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey or the Private School Survey, as reported
1
In 2005, the period covered by the survey question was “during the last 6 months,” whereas in Student Reports of Bullying: Results From the 2015 School Crime Supplement to the
the period was “during this school year” beginning in 2007. Cognitive testing showed that National Crime Victimization Survey.
estimates for 2005 are comparable to those for 2007 and later years. NOTE: “At school” includes in the school building, on school property, on a school bus,
2
Refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status of the respondent’s and going to and from school. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
household as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. Categories include “central city of an Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
MSA (Urban),” “in MSA but not in central city (Suburban),” and “not MSA (Rural).” These SOURCE: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime
data by metropolitan status were based on the location of households and differ from Supplement (SCS) to the National Crime Victimization Survey, selected years, 2005 through
those published in Student Reports of Bullying: Results From the 2015 School Crime 2017. (This table was prepared September 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 231.10. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported having been in a physical fight at least one time during the previous 12 months, by location and selected student
characteristics: Selected years, 1993 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Location and student characteristic 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Anywhere (including on school property)1
Total .......................................................................... 41.8 (0.99) 36.6 (1.01) 35.7 (1.17) 33.2 (0.71) 33.0 (0.99) 35.9 (0.77) 35.5 (0.77) 31.5 (0.70) 32.8 (0.65) 24.7 (0.74) 22.6 (0.87) 23.6 (0.97)
Sex
Male .............................................................................. 51.2 (1.05) 45.5 (1.07) 44.0 (1.27) 43.1 (0.84) 40.5 (1.32) 43.4 (1.01) 44.4 (0.89) 39.3 (1.20) 40.7 (0.74) 30.2 (1.10) 28.4 (1.04) 30.0 (1.14)
Female ........................................................................... 31.7 (1.19) 26.0 (1.26) 27.3 (1.70) 23.9 (0.95) 25.1 (0.85) 28.1 (0.94) 26.5 (0.99) 22.9 (0.74) 24.4 (0.92) 19.2 (0.72) 16.5 (1.04) 17.2 (1.01)
Race/ethnicity
White ............................................................................. 40.3 (1.13) 33.7 (1.29) 33.1 (1.45) 32.2 (0.95) 30.5 (1.11) 33.1 (0.88) 31.7 (0.96) 27.8 (0.88) 29.4 (0.74) 20.9 (0.70) 20.1 (1.13) 20.8 (0.82)
Black ............................................................................. 49.5 (1.82) 43.0 (1.92) 41.4 (3.12) 36.5 (1.60) 39.7 (1.23) 43.1 (1.74) 44.7 (1.33) 41.1 (1.71) 39.1 (1.52) 34.7 (1.67) 32.4 (2.11) 33.2 (2.49)
Hispanic ......................................................................... 43.2 (1.58) 40.7 (1.68) 39.9 (1.65) 35.8 (0.91) 36.1 (0.98) 41.0 (1.64) 40.4 (1.25) 36.2 (0.95) 36.8 (1.44) 28.4 (1.15) 23.0 (1.10) 25.7 (1.85)
Asian2 ............................................................................ — (†) — (†) 22.7 (2.71) 22.3 (2.73) 25.9 (2.99) 21.6 (2.43) 24.3 (3.50) 18.9 (1.72) 18.4 (1.87) 16.1 (1.87) 14.7 (1.12) 11.0 (1.61)
Pacific Islander2 ............................................................. — (†) — (†) 50.7 (3.42) 51.7 (6.25) 30.0 (5.21) 34.4 (5.58) 42.6 (7.74) 32.6 (3.50) 43.0 (5.14) 22.0 (4.95) 29.2 (7.98) 22.6 (2.47)
American Indian/Alaska Native ....................................... 49.8 (4.79) 54.7 (5.75) 48.7 (6.78) 49.2 (6.58) 46.6 (6.53) 44.2 (3.40) 36.0 (1.49) 42.4 (5.23) 42.4 (2.12) 32.1 (7.39) 29.9 (5.07) 34.7 (6.36)
Two or more races2 ........................................................ — (†) — (†) 40.2 (2.76) 39.6 (2.85) 38.2 (3.64) 46.9 (4.16) 47.8 (3.30) 34.2 (3.51) 45.0 (2.60) 28.5 (2.31) 27.6 (2.58) 25.5 (2.30)
Sexual orientation3
Heterosexual .................................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 21.7 (0.78) 23.2 (0.95)
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual ................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.4 (2.34) 27.9 (1.66)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Not sure ......................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 34.5 (4.44) 19.8 (2.83)
Grade
9th ................................................................................. 50.4 (1.54) 44.8 (1.98) 41.1 (1.96) 39.5 (1.27) 38.6 (1.38) 43.5 (1.15) 40.9 (1.16) 37.0 (1.21) 37.7 (1.11) 28.3 (1.17) 27.9 (1.51) 28.3 (1.53)
10th ............................................................................... 42.2 (1.45) 40.2 (1.91) 37.7 (2.11) 34.7 (1.37) 33.5 (1.20) 36.6 (1.09) 36.2 (1.34) 33.5 (1.19) 35.3 (1.35) 26.4 (1.42) 23.4 (1.46) 26.2 (1.14)
11th ............................................................................... 40.5 (1.52) 34.2 (1.72) 31.3 (1.55) 29.1 (1.10) 30.9 (1.38) 31.6 (1.44) 34.8 (1.36) 28.6 (0.93) 29.7 (1.14) 24.0 (1.04) 20.5 (1.23) 20.4 (0.91)
12th ............................................................................... 34.8 (1.56) 28.8 (1.36) 30.4 (1.91) 26.5 (1.01) 26.5 (1.08) 29.1 (1.26) 28.0 (1.42) 24.9 (0.99) 26.9 (0.95) 18.8 (1.19) 17.4 (1.23) 17.8 (1.52)
Urbanicity4
Urban ............................................................................. — (†) 38.2 (2.00) 37.0 (2.66) 36.8 (1.53) 35.5 (2.17) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban ....................................................................... — (†) 36.7 (1.59) 35.0 (1.56) 31.3 (0.80) 33.1 (1.23) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural .............................................................................. — (†) 32.9 (2.91) 36.6 (2.14) 33.8 (2.58) 29.7 (1.61) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
On school property5
Total .......................................................................... 16.2 (0.59) 14.8 (0.64) 14.2 (0.62) 12.5 (0.49) 12.8 (0.76) 13.6 (0.56) 12.4 (0.48) 11.1 (0.54) 12.0 (0.39) 8.1 (0.35) 7.8 (0.54) 8.5 (0.53)
Sex
Male .............................................................................. 23.5 (0.71) 20.0 (1.04) 18.5 (0.66) 18.0 (0.74) 17.1 (0.92) 18.2 (0.93) 16.3 (0.60) 15.1 (1.05) 16.0 (0.58) 10.7 (0.55) 10.3 (0.79) 11.6 (0.62)
Female ........................................................................... 8.6 (0.73) 8.6 (0.78) 9.8 (0.95) 7.2 (0.47) 8.0 (0.70) 8.8 (0.52) 8.5 (0.62) 6.7 (0.42) 7.8 (0.43) 5.6 (0.38) 5.0 (0.45) 5.6 (0.54)
Race/ethnicity

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 177

White ............................................................................. 15.0 (0.68) 13.3 (0.84) 12.3 (0.86) 11.2 (0.60) 10.0 (0.73) 11.6 (0.66) 10.2 (0.56) 8.6 (0.58) 9.9 (0.51) 6.4 (0.45) 5.6 (0.35) 6.5 (0.64)
Black ............................................................................. 22.0 (1.39) 20.7 (1.20) 18.7 (1.51) 16.8 (1.26) 17.1 (1.30) 16.9 (1.39) 17.6 (1.10) 17.4 (0.99) 16.4 (0.89) 12.8 (0.84) 12.6 (1.96) 15.3 (1.45)
Hispanic ......................................................................... 17.9 (1.75) 19.0 (1.50) 15.7 (0.91) 14.1 (0.89) 16.7 (1.14) 18.3 (1.62) 15.5 (0.81) 13.5 (0.82) 14.4 (0.79) 9.4 (0.44) 8.9 (0.87) 9.4 (0.90)
Asian2 ............................................................................ — (†) — (†) 10.4 (0.95) 10.8 (1.92) 13.1 (2.26) 5.9 (1.53) 8.5 (1.99) 7.7 (1.09) 6.2 (1.06) 5.5 (1.39) 6.3 (1.63) 3.7 (1.00)
Pacific Islander2 ............................................................. — (†) — (†) 25.3 (4.60) 29.1 (7.63) 22.2 (4.82) 24.5 (5.60) 9.6! (3.47) 14.8 (2.37) 20.9 (4.41) 7.1! (2.58) 20.9! (7.11) 14.2 (3.58)
American Indian/Alaska Native ....................................... 18.6 (2.74) 18.9 (5.55) 16.2! (5.23) 18.2 (4.41) 24.2 (5.03) 22.0 (3.16) 15.0 (1.12) 20.7 (3.73) 12.0 (1.77) 10.7 (3.13) 13.2 (3.54) 8.6! (3.74)
Two or more races2 ........................................................ — (†) — (†) 16.9 (2.40) 14.7 (1.97) 20.2 (3.83) 15.8 (2.61) 19.6 (2.39) 12.4 (2.19) 16.6 (1.41) 10.0 (1.04) 9.3 (1.49) 9.2 (1.36)
Sexual orientation3
Heterosexual .................................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 7.1 (0.51) 8.3 (0.56)
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual ................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 11.2 (1.22) 9.6 (1.16)
Not sure ......................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 14.6 (2.38) 11.8 (2.25)
Grade
9th ................................................................................. 23.1 (1.55) 21.3 (1.29) 18.6 (1.02) 17.3 (0.77) 18.0 (1.24) 18.9 (0.93) 17.0 (0.67) 14.9 (0.98) 16.2 (0.77) 10.9 (0.78) 11.6 (0.82) 12.3 (1.05)
10th ............................................................................... 17.2 (1.07) 17.0 (1.67) 17.2 (1.23) 13.5 (0.88) 12.8 (0.89) 14.4 (1.08) 11.7 (0.86) 12.1 (0.83) 12.8 (0.86) 8.3 (0.61) 7.3 (0.76) 9.6 (0.74)
11th ............................................................................... 13.8 (1.27) 12.5 (0.87) 10.8 (1.01) 9.4 (0.71) 10.4 (0.89) 10.4 (0.75) 11.0 (0.73) 9.5 (0.63) 9.2 (0.55) 7.5 (0.53) 6.5 (0.83) 6.0 (0.66)

Fights and Weapons

12th ............................................................................... 11.4 (0.66) 9.5 (0.73) 8.1 (1.00) 7.5 (0.56) 7.3 (0.70) 8.5 (0.70) 8.6 (0.62) 6.6 (0.59) 8.8 (0.69) 4.9 (0.63) 4.5 (0.51) 5.0 (0.61)
Urbanicity4
Urban ............................................................................. — (†) 15.8 (1.50) 14.4 (1.08) 14.8 (0.90) 14.8 (1.31) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban ....................................................................... — (†) 14.2 (0.95) 13.7 (0.86) 11.0 (0.75) 12.8 (1.23) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural .............................................................................. — (†) 14.7 (2.09) 16.3 (2.33) 13.8 (1.10) 10.0 (1.36) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. 3
Students were asked which sexual orientation—“heterosexual (straight),” “gay or lesbian,” “bisexual,” or “not sure”—best
†Not applicable. described them.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 4
Refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status of the respondent’s household as defined by the U.S. Census
1
The term “anywhere” is not used in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire; students were simply asked how Bureau. Categories include “central city of an MSA (Urban),” “in MSA but not in central city (Suburban),” and “not MSA (Rural).”
many times in the past 12 months they had been in a physical fight. 5
In the question asking students about physical fights at school, “on school property” was not defined for survey respondents.
2
Before 1999, Asian students and Pacific Islander students were not categorized separately, and students could not be NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
classified as Two or more races. Because the response categories changed in 1999, caution should be used in comparing SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Youth Risk Behavior
data on race from 1993 and 1997 with data from later years. Surveillance System (YRBSS), 1993 through 2017. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
 Table 232.10. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported using alcohol at least 1 day during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected years,

178 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

1993 through 2017

Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Cigarettes

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Location and student characteristic 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Anywhere (including on school property)1
Total ..................................................... 48.0 (1.06) 50.8 (1.43) 50.0 (1.30) 47.1 (1.11) 44.9 (1.21) 43.3 (1.38) 44.7 (1.15) 41.8 (0.80) 38.7 (0.75) 34.9 (1.08) 32.8 (1.18) 29.8 (1.27)
Sex
Male ......................................................... 50.1 (1.23) 53.3 (1.22) 52.3 (1.47) 49.2 (1.42) 43.8 (1.31) 43.8 (1.40) 44.7 (1.39) 40.8 (1.11) 39.5 (0.93) 34.4 (1.30) 32.2 (0.89) 27.6 (1.24)
Female ...................................................... 45.9 (1.32) 47.8 (1.99) 47.7 (1.45) 45.0 (1.11) 45.8 (1.29) 42.8 (1.56) 44.6 (1.42) 42.9 (0.85) 37.9 (0.91) 35.5 (1.39) 33.5 (1.89) 31.8 (1.57)
Race/ethnicity
White ........................................................ 49.9 (1.26) 54.0 (1.51) 52.5 (1.62) 50.4 (1.12) 47.1 (1.51) 46.4 (1.84) 47.3 (1.67) 44.7 (1.16) 40.3 (0.97) 36.3 (1.63) 35.2 (2.00) 32.4 (1.73)
Black ........................................................ 42.5 (1.82) 36.9 (1.46) 39.9 (4.07) 32.7 (2.33) 37.4 (1.67) 31.2 (1.05) 34.5 (1.65) 33.4 (1.45) 30.5 (1.40) 29.6 (1.65) 23.8 (2.82) 20.8 (2.27)
Hispanic .................................................... 50.8 (2.82) 53.9 (1.96) 52.8 (2.41) 49.2 (1.52) 45.6 (1.39) 46.8 (1.39) 47.6 (1.80) 42.9 (1.43) 42.3 (1.38) 37.5 (2.11) 34.4 (1.28) 31.3 (1.53)
Asian2 ....................................................... — (†) — (†) 25.7 (2.24) 28.4 (3.22) 27.5 (3.47) 21.5 (1.98) 25.4 (2.17) 18.3 (1.60) 25.6 (2.90) 21.7 (1.80) 13.1 (1.83) 12.2 (1.74)
Pacific Islander2 ........................................ — (†) — (†) 60.8 (5.11) 52.3 (8.54) 40.0 (7.04) 38.7 (8.43) 48.8 (6.58) 34.8 (4.36) 38.4 (6.40) 26.8 (5.84) 36.9 (10.62) 18.7 (3.17)
American Indian/Alaska Native .................. 45.3 (7.18) 57.6 (3.79) 49.4 (6.43) 51.4 (3.97) 51.9 (5.29) 57.4 (4.13) 34.5 (1.77) 42.8 (5.43) 44.9 (2.26) 33.4 (5.13) 46.0 (8.12) 31.8 (8.15)
Two or more races2 ................................... — (†) — (†) 51.1 (3.98) 45.4 (4.11) 47.1 (3.59) 39.0 (3.59) 46.2 (2.89) 44.3 (2.42) 36.9 (3.08) 36.1 (2.87) 39.6 (2.68) 32.7 (2.50)
Sexual orientation3
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Heterosexual ............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 32.1 (1.30) 29.7 (1.02)
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual ............................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 40.5 (2.07) 37.4 (2.39)
Not sure .................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 34.6 (2.81) 21.5 (2.77)
Grade
9th ............................................................ 40.5 (1.79) 44.2 (3.12) 40.6 (2.17) 41.1 (1.82) 36.2 (1.43) 36.2 (1.23) 35.7 (1.15) 31.5 (1.28) 29.8 (1.35) 24.4 (1.13) 23.4 (1.28) 18.8 (1.23)
10th .......................................................... 44.0 (2.00) 47.2 (2.19) 49.7 (1.89) 45.2 (1.29) 43.5 (1.66) 42.0 (1.95) 41.8 (1.68) 40.6 (1.42) 35.7 (1.37) 30.9 (1.84) 29.0 (2.49) 27.0 (1.60)
11th .......................................................... 49.7 (1.73) 53.2 (1.49) 50.9 (1.98) 49.3 (1.70) 47.0 (2.08) 46.0 (1.98) 49.0 (1.83) 45.7 (2.05) 42.7 (1.28) 39.2 (1.52) 38.0 (1.68) 34.4 (1.68)
12th .......................................................... 56.4 (1.35) 57.3 (2.50) 61.7 (2.25) 55.2 (1.53) 55.9 (1.65) 50.8 (2.12) 54.9 (2.09) 51.7 (1.37) 48.4 (1.29) 46.8 (1.85) 42.4 (2.00) 40.8 (1.92)
Urbanicity4
Urban ........................................................ — (†) 48.9 (2.07) 46.5 (2.75) 45.2 (1.97) 41.5 (1.48) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban .................................................. — (†) 50.5 (2.11) 51.4 (1.32) 47.6 (1.26) 46.5 (2.10) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural ......................................................... — (†) 55.4 (5.36) 52.2 (4.51) 50.2 (1.91) 45.3 (2.35) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
On school property5
Total ..................................................... 5.2 (0.39) 5.6 (0.34) 4.9 (0.39) 4.9 (0.28) 5.2 (0.46) 4.3 (0.30) 4.1 (0.32) 4.5 (0.29) 5.1 (0.33) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Sex
Male ......................................................... 6.2 (0.39) 7.2 (0.66) 6.1 (0.54) 6.1 (0.43) 6.0 (0.61) 5.3 (0.39) 4.6 (0.35) 5.3 (0.41) 5.4 (0.43) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Female ...................................................... 4.2 (0.54) 3.6 (0.37) 3.6 (0.39) 3.8 (0.39) 4.2 (0.41) 3.3 (0.32) 3.6 (0.37) 3.6 (0.34) 4.7 (0.35) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Race/ethnicity
White ........................................................ 4.6 (0.44) 4.8 (0.42) 4.8 (0.55) 4.2 (0.26) 3.9 (0.45) 3.8 (0.38) 3.2 (0.35) 3.3 (0.27) 4.0 (0.38) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Black ........................................................ 6.9 (0.98) 5.6 (0.72) 4.3 (0.52) 5.3 (0.65) 5.8 (0.80) 3.2 (0.45) 3.4 (0.63) 5.4 (0.59) 5.1 (0.50) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Hispanic .................................................... 6.8 (0.84) 8.2 (0.96) 7.0 (0.88) 7.0 (0.71) 7.6 (1.08) 7.7 (1.04) 7.5 (0.86) 6.9 (0.70) 7.3 (0.68) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Asian2 ....................................................... — (†) — (†) 2.0 (0.42) 6.8 (1.42) 5.6 (1.55) 1.3! (0.62) 4.4 (1.17) 2.9 (0.65) 3.5! (1.21) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Pacific Islander2 ........................................ — (†) — (†) 6.7 (1.59) 12.4 (3.50) 8.5! (3.29) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 10.0 (2.34) 8.3! (3.61) — (†) — (†) — (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native .................. 6.7! (3.06) 8.6! (4.15) ‡ (†) 8.2 (1.69) 7.1! (2.61) 6.2! (2.05) 5.0 (0.89) 4.3! (1.58) 20.9 (4.15) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Two or more races2 ................................... — (†) — (†) 5.2 (1.09) 7.0! (2.36) 13.3 (2.93) 3.5 (1.02) 5.4 (1.25) 6.7 (1.37) 5.8 (1.32) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Grade
9th ............................................................ 5.2 (0.38) 5.9 (0.83) 4.4 (0.60) 5.3 (0.47) 5.1 (0.69) 3.7 (0.48) 3.4 (0.43) 4.4 (0.37) 5.4 (0.56) — (†) — (†) — (†)
10th .......................................................... 4.7 (0.43) 4.6 (0.71) 5.0 (0.67) 5.1 (0.45) 5.6 (0.60) 4.5 (0.45) 4.1 (0.50) 4.8 (0.46) 4.4 (0.51) — (†) — (†) — (†)
11th .......................................................... 5.2 (0.80) 6.0 (0.86) 4.7 (0.57) 4.7 (0.45) 5.0 (0.57) 4.0 (0.47) 4.2 (0.54) 4.6 (0.44) 5.2 (0.56) — (†) — (†) — (†)
12th .......................................................... 5.5 (0.64) 5.9 (0.66) 5.0 (0.89) 4.3 (0.44) 4.5 (0.68) 4.8 (0.57) 4.8 (0.55) 4.1 (0.44) 5.1 (0.48) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Urbanicity4
Urban ........................................................ — (†) 6.4 (0.85) 5.0 (0.60) 5.4 (0.61) 6.1 (0.94) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban .................................................. — (†) 5.2 (0.43) 4.6 (0.61) 4.9 (0.37) 4.8 (0.54) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural ......................................................... — (†) 5.3 (0.55) 5.6 (0.67) 4.0 (0.83) 4.7 (0.49) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. 3
Students were asked which sexual orientation—“heterosexual (straight),” “gay or lesbian,” “bisexual,” or “not sure”—best
†Not applicable. described them.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 4
Refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status of the respondent’s household as defined by the U.S.
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. Census Bureau. Categories include “central city of an MSA (Urban),” “in MSA but not in central city (Suburban),” and “not
1
The term “anywhere” is not used in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire; students were simply asked how MSA (Rural).”
many days during the previous 30 days they had at least one drink of alcohol. 5
In the question about drinking alcohol at school, “on school property” was not defined for survey respondents. Data on
2
Before 1999, Asian students and Pacific Islander students were not categorized separately, and students could not be alcohol use at school were not collected from 2013 onward.
classified as Two or more races. Because the response categories changed in 1999, caution should be used in comparing NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
data on race from 1993 and 1997 with data from later years. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS), 1993 through 2017. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
 Table 232.40. Percentage of students in grades 9–12 who reported using marijuana at least one time during the previous 30 days, by location and selected student characteristics: Selected
years, 1993 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Location and student characteristic 1993 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Anywhere (including on school property)1
Total ........................................................... 17.7 (1.22) 26.2 (1.11) 26.7 (1.30) 23.9 (0.77) 22.4 (1.09) 20.2 (0.84) 19.7 (0.97) 20.8 (0.70) 23.1 (0.80) 23.4 (1.08) 21.7 (1.22) 19.8 (0.84)
Sex
Male ............................................................... 20.6 (1.61) 30.2 (1.46) 30.8 (1.92) 27.9 (0.81) 25.1 (1.25) 22.1 (0.98) 22.4 (1.02) 23.4 (0.80) 25.9 (1.01) 25.0 (1.14) 23.2 (1.46) 20.0 (0.89)
Female ............................................................ 14.6 (1.02) 21.4 (1.04) 22.6 (0.96) 20.0 (0.87) 19.3 (0.96) 18.2 (0.99) 17.0 (1.13) 17.9 (0.87) 20.1 (0.95) 21.9 (1.28) 20.1 (1.33) 19.6 (1.14)
Race/ethnicity
White .............................................................. 17.3 (1.41) 25.0 (1.56) 26.4 (1.59) 24.4 (1.04) 21.7 (1.20) 20.3 (1.11) 19.9 (1.28) 20.7 (0.93) 21.7 (1.09) 20.4 (1.36) 19.9 (1.67) 17.7 (1.12)
Black .............................................................. 18.6 (1.84) 28.2 (1.67) 26.4 (3.49) 21.8 (2.12) 23.9 (1.58) 20.4 (1.11) 21.5 (1.64) 22.2 (1.44) 25.1 (1.35) 28.9 (1.30) 27.1 (1.57) 25.3 (1.24)
Hispanic .......................................................... 19.4 (1.33) 28.6 (2.06) 28.2 (2.29) 24.6 (0.81) 23.8 (1.16) 23.0 (1.22) 18.5 (1.41) 21.6 (1.04) 24.4 (1.27) 27.6 (1.50) 24.5 (1.49) 23.4 (1.85)
Asian2 ............................................................. — (†) — (†) 13.5 (2.04) 10.9 (2.12) 9.5 (2.21) 6.7 (1.64) 9.4 (1.63) 7.5 (1.40) 13.6 (3.75) 16.4 (2.99) 8.2 (1.58) 7.3 (1.79)
Pacific Islander2 .............................................. — (†) — (†) 33.8 (4.11) 21.9 (4.07) 28.1 (6.47) 12.4! (3.87) 28.7 (6.14) 24.8 (5.50) 31.1 (7.08) 23.4! (7.35) 17.4 (4.88) 16.1 (4.08)
American Indian/Alaska Native ........................ 17.4 (4.77) 44.2 (4.31) 36.2 (6.55) 36.4 (5.48) 32.8 (5.29) 30.3 (4.36) 27.4 (3.50) 31.6 (5.26) 47.4 (3.20) 35.5 (6.37) 26.9 (5.20) 29.7 (6.30)
Two or more races2 ......................................... — (†) — (†) 29.1 (4.00) 31.8 (3.22) 28.3 (5.57) 16.9 (2.43) 20.5 (2.73) 21.7 (2.33) 26.8 (2.10) 28.8 (2.55) 23.5 (2.18) 20.3 (2.27)
Sexual orientation3
Heterosexual ................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 20.7 (1.29) 19.1 (0.83)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Gay, lesbian, or bisexual .................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 32.0 (1.64) 30.6 (1.68)
Not sure .......................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 26.0 (2.28) 18.9 (2.76)
Grade
9th .................................................................. 13.2 (1.10) 23.6 (1.95) 21.7 (1.84) 19.4 (1.25) 18.5 (1.52) 17.4 (1.16) 14.7 (1.02) 15.5 (0.97) 18.0 (1.11) 17.7 (1.13) 15.2 (0.98) 13.1 (1.07)
10th ................................................................ 16.5 (1.79) 25.0 (1.29) 27.8 (2.21) 24.8 (1.12) 22.0 (1.47) 20.2 (1.27) 19.3 (1.12) 21.1 (1.11) 21.6 (1.15) 23.5 (1.89) 20.0 (1.87) 18.7 (0.93)
11th ................................................................ 18.4 (1.77) 29.3 (1.81) 26.7 (2.47) 25.8 (1.33) 24.1 (1.56) 21.0 (1.24) 21.4 (1.49) 23.2 (1.52) 25.5 (1.44) 25.5 (1.37) 24.8 (1.27) 22.6 (1.23)
12th ................................................................ 22.0 (1.40) 26.6 (2.09) 31.5 (2.81) 26.9 (1.77) 25.8 (1.19) 22.8 (1.23) 25.1 (1.96) 24.6 (1.49) 28.0 (1.08) 27.7 (1.58) 27.6 (1.93) 25.7 (1.43)
Urbanicity4
Urban .............................................................. — (†) 26.8 (1.50) 27.5 (2.32) 25.6 (1.23) 23.4 (1.65) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban ........................................................ — (†) 27.0 (1.05) 26.1 (1.60) 22.5 (0.96) 22.8 (1.90) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural ............................................................... — (†) 21.9 (3.23) 28.0 (4.36) 26.2 (2.49) 19.9 (2.80) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
On school property5
Total ........................................................... 5.6 (0.65) 7.0 (0.52) 7.2 (0.73) 5.4 (0.37) 5.8 (0.68) 4.5 (0.32) 4.5 (0.46) 4.6 (0.35) 5.9 (0.39) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Sex
Male ............................................................... 7.8 (0.83) 9.0 (0.68) 10.1 (1.30) 8.0 (0.54) 7.6 (0.88) 6.0 (0.44) 5.9 (0.61) 6.3 (0.54) 7.5 (0.56) — (†) — (†) — (†)

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 179

Female ............................................................ 3.3 (0.48) 4.6 (0.56) 4.4 (0.40) 2.9 (0.28) 3.7 (0.48) 3.0 (0.31) 3.0 (0.39) 2.8 (0.32) 4.1 (0.32) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Race/ethnicity
White .............................................................. 5.0 (0.72) 5.8 (0.69) 6.5 (0.84) 4.8 (0.45) 4.5 (0.66) 3.8 (0.41) 4.0 (0.63) 3.8 (0.38) 4.5 (0.42) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Black .............................................................. 7.3 (1.23) 9.1 (1.07) 7.2 (1.10) 6.1 (0.60) 6.6 (0.89) 4.9 (0.65) 5.0 (0.73) 5.6 (0.64) 6.7 (0.77) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Hispanic .......................................................... 7.5 (1.10) 10.4 (1.03) 10.7 (1.21) 7.4 (0.58) 8.2 (0.72) 7.7 (0.76) 5.4 (0.80) 6.5 (0.76) 7.7 (0.54) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Asian2 ............................................................. — (†) — (†) 4.3 (0.71) 4.7! (1.56) 4.3! (1.38) ‡ (†) 2.7! (1.06) 2.0 (0.54) 4.5 (1.34) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Pacific Islander2 .............................................. — (†) — (†) 11.0 (3.21) 6.4! (2.46) 9.1! (3.17) ‡ (†) 13.4! (5.38) 9.0 (2.40) 12.5! (4.94) — (†) — (†) — (†)
American Indian/Alaska Native ........................ ‡ (†) 16.2! (5.56) ‡ (†) 21.5! (6.55) 11.4! (4.42) 9.2 (1.85) 8.2 (2.30) 2.9! (1.25) 20.9 (4.05) — (†) — (†) — (†)

Alcohol, Illicit Drugs, and Cigarettes

Two or more races2 ......................................... — (†) — (†) 7.8 (1.81) 5.2 (1.24) 11.4! (5.49) 3.6 (0.91) 3.6! (1.08) 5.4 (1.34) 8.1 (1.79) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Grade
9th ..................................................................
4.4 (0.40) 8.1 (0.90) 6.6 (0.97) 5.5 (0.62) 6.6 (1.03) 5.0 (0.59) 4.0 (0.52) 4.3 (0.38) 5.4 (0.65) — (†) — (†) — (†)
10th ................................................................ 6.5 (0.94) 6.4 (0.73) 7.6 (1.14) 5.8 (0.51) 5.2 (0.70) 4.6 (0.54) 4.8 (0.60) 4.6 (0.50) 6.2 (0.63) — (†) — (†) — (†)
11th ................................................................ 6.5 (1.07) 7.9 (1.17) 7.0 (0.72) 5.1 (0.48) 5.6 (0.71) 4.1 (0.49) 4.1 (0.73) 5.0 (0.55) 6.2 (0.70) — (†) — (†) — (†)
12th ................................................................ 5.1 (0.78) 5.7 (0.61) 7.3 (1.14) 4.9 (0.71) 5.0 (0.75) 4.1 (0.45) 5.1 (0.73) 4.6 (0.49) 5.4 (0.39) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Urbanicity4
Urban .............................................................. — (†) 8.0 (1.11) 8.5 (1.03) 6.8 (0.56) 6.8 (1.05) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Suburban ........................................................ — (†) 7.0 (0.67) 6.4 (1.03) 4.7 (0.46) 6.0 (1.03) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Rural ............................................................... — (†) 4.9! (2.02) 8.1 (1.57) 5.3 (0.93) 3.9 (0.64) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)

—Not available. 3
Students were asked which sexual orientation—“heterosexual (straight),” “gay or lesbian,” “bisexual,” or “not sure”—best
†Not applicable. described them.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 4
Refers to the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) status of the respondent’s household as defined by the U.S.
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. Census Bureau. Categories include “central city of an MSA (Urban),” “in MSA but not in central city (Suburban),” and “not
1
The term “anywhere” is not used in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) questionnaire; students were simply asked how MSA (Rural).”
many times during the previous 30 days they had used marijuana. 5
In the question about using marijuana at school, “on school property” was not defined for survey respondents. Data on
2
Before 1999, Asian students and Pacific Islander students were not categorized separately, and students could not be marijuana use at school were not collected from 2013 onward.
classified as Two or more races. Because the response categories changed in 1999, caution should be used in comparing NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
data on race from 1993, 1995, and 1997 with data from later years. SOURCE: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Adolescent and School Health, Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS), 1993 through 2017. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
 Table 233.40. Percentage
Percentageofofstudents
studentssuspended
suspendedand
andexpelled
expelledfrom
frompublic
publicelementary
elementaryand
andsecondary
secondaryschools,
schools,bybysex,
sex,race/ethnicity,
race/ethnicity,and
andstate:
state:2013–14
2013–14

180 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Percent receiving out-of-school suspensions1 Percent expelled2

Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

Sex Race/ethnicity3 Sex Race/ethnicity3
American American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
State Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian Islander 4
Native races Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
United States .... 5.28 7.25 3.20 3.43 13.68 4.54 1.11 4.53 6.74 5.26 0.22 0.32 0.12 0.20 0.44 0.15 0.03 0.12 0.37 0.31
Alabama .................... 7.98 10.50 5.30 4.51 15.25 2.97 1.58 4.03 3.87 5.90 0.19 0.28 0.09 0.09 0.36 0.06 0.00 0.14–0.43 0.02–0.05 0.49
Alaska ....................... 5.06 7.24 2.72 3.47 8.81 4.80 2.03 6.49 8.48 4.82 0.08 0.13 0.03 0.05 0.21 0.16 0.00 0.03–0.09 0.12 0.11
Arizona ...................... 5.18 7.45 2.78 3.90 11.54 5.50 1.54 4.81 8.90 5.02 0.04 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.00–0.01 0.10 0.04 0.05
Arkansas ................... 7.00 9.63 4.25 4.47 17.87 3.82 1.45 3.11 4.83 4.34 0.18 0.25 0.09 0.17 0.23 0.10 0.07 0.04–0.11 0.46 0.10
California ................... 3.99 5.74 2.14 3.25 11.24 4.03 1.18 4.80 7.11 3.43 0.14 0.22 0.06 0.13 0.35 0.14 0.04 0.13 0.26 0.12

Colorado .................... 4.41 6.27 2.45 3.13 11.04 5.84 1.35 3.64 6.80 4.87 0.15 0.24 0.06 0.11 0.41 0.18 0.06 0.35 0.38 0.15
Connecticut ............... 3.94 5.23 2.57 1.99 9.02 6.61 0.82 (4) 6.23 3.31 0.22 0.36 0.08 0.16 0.49 0.27 0.04 0.00 0.26 0.16
Delaware ................... 8.48 10.72 6.05 4.43 15.64 5.83 1.68 6.08 9.18 6.25 0.09 0.12 0.05 0.06 0.15 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03–0.09
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

District of Columbia ... 12.44 15.52 9.37 0.90 15.98 4.26 1.52 10.00 9.86 3.83 0.15 0.18 0.12 0.01–0.04 0.19 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.41–4.23 0.00
Florida ....................... 5.04 7.06 2.90 3.67 9.89 3.86 1.00 2.92 4.65 4.91 0.01 0.01 # # 0.01 # 0.00 0.00 0.01–0.03 0.01

Georgia ...................... 7.29 9.86 4.59 3.52 13.38 4.46 1.28 6.53 4.57 6.71 0.16 0.23 0.08 0.11 0.26 0.06 0.02 0.86 0.19 0.19
Hawaii ....................... 3.47 4.76 2.06 2.54 4.53 2.96 2.05 5.58 6.16 2.22 # 0.01 # 0.00 0.00 0.01–0.02 0.00–0.01 0.00–0.01 0.00 0.00
Idaho ......................... 2.57 3.82 1.25 2.37 3.61 3.43 1.27 2.38 4.66 2.33 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.05 0.13 0.10 0.03–0.08 0.00 0.22 0.02–0.05
Illinois ........................ 6.83 9.02 4.51 2.88 21.91 5.45 0.87 3.56 4.57 5.78 0.13 0.18 0.08 0.11 0.35 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.18 0.19
Indiana ...................... 6.79 9.35 4.09 4.50 20.58 6.21 1.44 2.78 5.93 10.00 0.51 0.69 0.31 0.38 1.26 0.53 0.10 0.70 0.63 0.53

Iowa .......................... 2.60 3.68 1.45 1.96 11.03 2.99 1.08 2.57 4.27 4.66 0.04 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.09 0.04 0.01–0.03 0.00 0.00 0.03
Kansas ...................... 4.04 5.73 2.24 2.82 14.03 4.40 1.22 3.41 6.21 5.51 0.16 0.24 0.08 0.13 0.34 0.16 0.05 0.12–0.35 0.32 0.29
Kentucky ................... 4.87 6.91 2.71 4.08 12.21 3.08 0.90 3.12 5.67 5.82 0.05 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.12–0.35 0.06
Louisiana ................... 8.38 11.08 5.54 4.70 12.61 4.22 1.83 5.68 6.44 5.90 0.62 0.89 0.34 0.31 1.00 0.17 0.07 0.22–0.66 0.49 0.36
Maine ........................ 3.45 4.96 1.84 3.36 6.62 4.56 1.26 2.08 3.51 2.75 0.11 0.16 0.05 0.11 0.14 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25

Maryland ................... 5.19 6.95 3.34 2.89 9.26 3.34 0.76 2.69 5.86 4.56 0.09 0.13 0.05 0.02 0.20 0.03 0.00–0.01 0.08–0.24 0.16 0.04

Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Massachusetts ........... 4.28 5.92 2.55 2.61 10.46 8.60 1.26 2.13 5.94 5.34 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.04 0.00–0.01 0.00 0.04–0.13 0.09
Michigan .................... 7.34 9.91 4.62 4.51 19.23 6.60 1.69 3.22 7.96 7.48 0.14 0.21 0.07 0.12 0.27 0.14 0.04 0.00 0.12 0.12
2017

Minnesota .................. 3.30 4.57 1.95 2.00 12.29 4.04 1.11 2.69 9.50 4.00 0.10 0.15 0.05 0.08 0.21 0.10 0.03 0.00 0.20 0.17
Mississippi ................. 9.67 12.83 6.35 4.77 14.80 4.08 1.76 3.85 6.03 3.77 0.29 0.42 0.14 0.15 0.43 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.09–0.27 0.45

Missouri ..................... 5.74 7.86 3.48 3.87 17.02 4.38 1.62 2.90 5.96 5.33 0.35 0.45 0.23 0.34 0.37 0.51 0.01–0.02 0.41 0.47 0.45
Montana .................... 3.66 5.12 2.10 2.54 4.44 2.85 1.14 1.99 11.84 2.26 0.14 0.19 0.09 0.07 0.07–0.21 0.11 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.61
Nebraska ................... 4.27 5.95 2.48 2.88 16.20 4.68 1.83 3.26 9.23 6.82 0.30 0.43 0.17 0.17 1.37 0.35 0.17 0.00 0.64 0.54
Nevada ...................... 4.60 6.38 2.70 3.52 10.87 4.42 1.55 3.33 6.47 4.41 0.42 0.61 0.21 0.22 1.23 0.43 0.14 0.24 0.31 0.38
New Hampshire ......... 4.88 6.95 2.67 4.29 19.21 14.21 2.22 7.51 7.30 3.71 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

New Jersey ................ 4.44 5.95 2.84 2.21 12.79 5.59 0.80 1.26 3.70 3.10 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 # 0.00 0.00 0.03
New Mexico ............... 6.25 8.20 4.19 4.82 10.22 6.78 2.83 2.52 6.03 8.55 0.58 0.80 0.35 0.36 1.24 0.69 0.33 0.00 0.29 1.13
New York ................... 3.22 4.36 2.01 2.68 7.05 2.29 0.49 1.20 4.00 4.23 0.09 0.13 0.05 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.01 0.00 0.13 0.14
North Carolina ............ 6.67 9.19 4.00 3.77 13.42 4.92 1.17 4.68 11.57 7.01 0.06 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.11 0.04 0.01 0.06–0.17 0.09 0.08
North Dakota ............. 2.21 3.09 1.27 1.49 5.21 2.50 0.74 0.31–0.93 8.13 0.50 0.09 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.61 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.41 0.00

Ohio ........................... 7.14 9.71 4.42 4.68 18.70 6.79 1.47 3.47 7.73 9.24 1.76 2.49 0.99 1.53 2.83 1.31 0.28 1.84 2.58 2.23
Oklahoma .................. 5.64 7.86 3.29 4.33 16.99 5.75 1.22 4.22 4.42 4.29 1.07 1.46 0.65 0.72 3.68 0.98 0.12 0.63 0.84 1.29
Oregon ...................... 4.12 6.03 2.11 3.86 9.24 4.46 1.22 4.18 6.45 4.52 0.20 0.31 0.09 0.20 0.26 0.22 0.04 0.23 0.45 0.21
Pennsylvania .............. 5.62 7.52 3.61 3.01 17.13 7.53 1.28 4.23 4.43 7.30 0.11 0.16 0.06 0.08 0.19 0.18 0.01 0.08–0.23 0.21 0.17
Rhode Island .............. 6.24 8.57 3.75 4.28 12.41 9.29 2.93 4.69 9.33 6.95 0.04 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.08–0.23 0.11

See notes at end of table.

5
 Table
Table 233.40.
233.40. Percentage
Percentageofofstudents
studentssuspended
suspendedand
andexpelled
expelledfrom
frompublic
publicelementary
elementaryand
andsecondary
secondaryschools,
schools,bybysex, race/ethnicity,
sex, and
race/ethnicity, andstate:
state:2013–14—Continued
2013–14—Continued

6
Percent receiving out-of-school suspensions1 Percent expelled2

Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Sex Race/ethnicity3 Sex Race/ethnicity3
American American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
State Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian Islander 4
Native races Total Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
South Carolina ........... 10.29 13.68 6.72 6.17 17.88 5.88 1.94 5.43 9.22 8.56 0.38 0.57 0.19 0.23 0.68 0.15 0.09 0.00 0.65 0.28
South Dakota ............. 2.70 3.77 1.55 1.93 7.03 3.95 1.43 0.76–2.27 6.20 2.88 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.11 0.02–0.05 0.00 0.76–2.27 0.09 0.00
Tennessee ................. 6.70 8.97 4.30 3.55 17.10 4.22 1.69 2.87 5.19 4.52 0.43 0.63 0.22 0.25 1.01 0.29 0.08 0.40 0.22 0.34
Texas ......................... 4.77 6.53 2.91 2.49 12.14 4.57 0.91 3.60 4.38 3.51 0.15 0.23 0.07 0.12 0.30 0.14 0.03 0.11 0.36 0.12
Utah ........................... 1.70 2.53 0.82 1.32 4.29 3.00 1.19 2.52 5.17 1.72 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.01–0.03 0.07 0.01–0.02

Vermont ..................... 3.88 5.48 2.17 3.79 6.59 3.49 0.68 0.90–2.70 12.60 2.83 0.05 0.08 0.03 0.05 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Virginia ...................... 5.68 7.80 3.43 3.74 12.72 3.40 0.82 3.81 4.65 4.95 0.06 0.10 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.01 0.05–0.16 0.15 0.08
Washington ................ 4.58 6.68 2.34 3.89 10.52 5.35 1.44 6.42 9.31 5.34 0.33 0.49 0.15 0.26 0.55 0.45 0.11 0.48 0.84 0.39
West Virginia .............. 7.30 10.27 4.12 7.11 13.60 4.35 1.04 3.60 4.53 5.72 0.17 0.27 0.06 0.17 0.33 0.15 0.05–0.16 0.00 0.32–0.97 0.07
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Wisconsin .................. 3.96 5.46 2.36 2.27 17.03 4.22 0.76 3.01 6.53 4.82 0.12 0.18 0.06 0.08 0.53 0.11 0.02 0.00 0.21 0.07
Wyoming ................... 3.12 4.61 1.51 2.92 6.05 3.79 1.69 3.17 5.18 3.03 0.11 0.19 0.03 0.10 0.09–0.28 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.24 0.06–0.17

#Rounds to zero. 4
Connecticut Pacific Islander data are suppressed and excluded from the Pacific Islander U.S. total pending further data
1
An out-of-school suspension is an instance in which a student is temporarily removed from his or her regular school for quality review.
disciplinary purposes for at least half a day (but less than the remainder of the school year) to another setting (e.g., home NOTE: The percentage of students receiving a disciplinary action is calculated by dividing the cumulative number of
or behavior center). students receiving that type of disciplinary action for the entire 2013–14 school year by the student enrollment based on
2
Expulsions are actions taken by a local education agency that result in the removal of a student from his or her regular a count of students taken on a single day between September 27 and December 31. Percentages based on suspension
school for disciplinary purposes, with or without the continuation of educational services, for the remainder of the school or expulsion counts of between 1 and 3 students are displayed as ranges to protect student privacy. Race categories
year or longer in accordance with local education agency policy. Expulsions also include removals resulting from violations exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
of the Gun Free Schools Act that are modified to less than 365 days. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, Civil Rights Data Collection, “2013–14 Discipline
3
Data by race/ethnicity exclude students with disabilities served only under Section 504 (not receiving services under Estimations by Discipline Type” and “2013–14 Estimations for Enrollment.” (This table was prepared January 2018.)
IDEA).

Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 181
2017
182 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Discipline, Safety and Security, and Juvenile Justice

Table 233.50. Percentage of public schools with various safety and security measures: Selected years, 1999­–2000 through 2015–16
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

School safety and security measures 1999–2000 2003–04 2005–06 2007–08 2009–10 2013–141 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Controlled access during school hours
Buildings (e.g., locked or monitored doors) ............................ 74.6 (1.35) 83.0 (1.04) 84.9 (0.89) 89.5 (0.80) 91.7 (0.80) 93.3 (0.95) 94.1 (0.64)
Grounds (e.g., locked or monitored gates) ............................. 33.7 (1.26) 36.2 (1.08) 41.1 (1.25) 42.6 (1.41) 46.0 (1.26) 42.7 (1.53) 49.9 (1.53)
Visitors required to sign or check in ....................................... 96.6 (0.54) 98.3 (0.40) 97.6 (0.42) 98.7 (0.37) 99.3 (0.27) 98.6 (0.49) 93.5 (0.69)
Classrooms equipped with locks so that doors can be
locked from inside ........................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 66.7 (1.34)

Student dress, IDs, and school supplies

Required students to wear uniforms ...................................... 11.8 (0.82) 13.8 (0.85) 13.8 (0.78) 17.5 (0.70) 18.9 (1.02) 20.4 (1.27) 21.5 (1.36)
Enforced a strict dress code .................................................. 47.4 (1.50) 55.1 (1.24) 55.3 (1.18) 54.8 (1.20) 56.9 (1.56) 58.5 (1.60) 53.1 (1.22)
Required students to wear badges or picture IDs ................... 3.9 (0.32) 6.4 (0.64) 6.2 (0.47) 7.6 (0.60) 6.9 (0.57) 8.9 (0.81) 7.0 (0.53)
Required faculty and staff to wear badges or
picture IDs ....................................................................... 25.4 (1.39) 48.0 (1.21) 47.9 (1.12) 58.3 (1.37) 62.9 (1.14) 68.0 (1.65) 67.9 (1.36)
Required clear book bags or banned book bags on
school grounds ................................................................ 5.9 (0.50) 6.2 (0.63) 6.4 (0.43) 6.0 (0.48) 5.5 (0.53) 6.3 (0.81) 3.9 (0.44)
Provided school lockers to students ...................................... 46.5 (1.07) 49.5 (1.24) 50.5 (1.08) 48.9 (1.17) 52.1 (1.10) 49.9 (1.35) 50.4 (1.24)

Drug testing
Athletes ................................................................................. — (†) 4.2 (0.44) 5.0 (0.46) 6.4 (0.48) 6.0 (0.52) 6.6 (0.59) 7.2 (0.55)
Students in extracurricular activities (other than athletes) ...... — (†) 2.6 (0.37) 3.4 (0.32) 4.5 (0.51) 4.6 (0.47) 4.3 (0.47) 6.0 (0.53)
Any other students ................................................................ — (†) — (†) 3.0 (0.34) 3.0 (0.42) 3.0 (0.26) 3.5 (0.44) — (†)

Metal detectors, dogs, and sweeps

Random metal detector checks on students .......................... 7.2 (0.54) 5.6 (0.55) 4.9 (0.40) 5.3 (0.37) 5.2 (0.42) 4.2 (0.48) 4.5 (0.48)
Students required to pass through metal detectors daily ....... 0.9 (0.16) 1.1 (0.16) 1.1 (0.18) 1.3 (0.20) 1.4 (0.24) 2.0 (0.40) 1.8 (0.32)
Random dog sniffs to check for drugs ................................... 20.6 (0.75) 21.3 (0.77) 23.0 (0.79) 21.5 (0.59) 22.9 (0.71) 24.1 (0.97) 24.6 (0.85)
Random sweeps2 for contraband (e.g., drugs or weapons) .... 11.8 (0.54) 12.8 (0.58) 13.1 (0.76) 11.4 (0.71) 12.1 (0.68) 11.4 (0.86) 11.9 (0.78)

Communication systems and technology

Provided telephones in most classrooms ............................... 44.6 (1.80) 60.8 (1.48) 66.9 (1.30) 71.6 (1.16) 74.0 (1.13) 78.7 (1.34) 79.3 (1.14)
Provided electronic notification system for schoolwide
emergency ....................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) 43.2 (1.26) 63.1 (1.40) 81.6 (1.12) 73.0 (1.35)
Provided structured anonymous threat reporting system3 ...... — (†) — (†) — (†) 31.2 (1.22) 35.9 (1.19) 46.5 (1.63) 43.9 (1.58)
Had silent alarms directly connected to law enforcement ...... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 27.1 (1.23)
Used security cameras to monitor the school ........................ 19.4 (0.88) 36.0 (1.28) 42.8 (1.29) 55.0 (1.37) 61.1 (1.16) 75.1 (1.31) 80.6 (0.96)
Provided two-way radios to any staff ..................................... — (†) 71.2 (1.18) 70.9 (1.22) 73.1 (1.15) 73.3 (1.33) 74.2 (1.42) 73.3 (1.22)
Limited access to social networking sites from school
computers ....................................................................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 93.4 (0.59) 91.9 (0.80) 89.1 (0.88)
Prohibited use of cell phones and text messaging
devices ............................................................................ — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 90.9 (0.67) 75.9 (1.07) 65.8 (1.36)

—Not available. 2
Does not include random dog sniffs.
†Not applicable. 3
For example, a system for reporting threats through online submission, telephone hotline,
1
Data for 2013–14 were collected using the Fast Response Survey System (FRSS), while or written submission via drop box.
data for all other years were collected using the School Survey on Crime and Safety NOTE: Responses were provided by the principal or the person most knowledgeable about
(SSOCS). The 2013–14 FRSS survey was designed to allow comparisons with SSOCS crime and safety issues at the school.
data. However, respondents to the 2013–14 survey could choose either to complete the SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
survey on paper (and mail it back) or to complete the survey online, whereas respondents 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, and 2015–16 School Survey on Crime
to SSOCS did not have the option of completing the survey online. The 2013–14 survey also and Safety (SSOCS), 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2016; and Fast Response Survey
relied on a smaller sample. The smaller sample size and difference in survey administration System (FRSS), “School Safety and Discipline: 2013–14,” FRSS 106, 2014. (This table was
may have impacted the 2013–14 results. prepared September 2017.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 183
State Regulations

Table 234.10. Age range for compulsory school attendance and special education services, and policies on year-round schools and
kindergarten programs, by state: Selected years, 2000 through 2018
Year-round
Compulsory attendance schools, 2008 Kindergarten programs, 2018
Compulsory Has School districts
special Has policy districts required to offer
education on year- with year-
services, round round Full-day Attendance
State 2000 2002 2004 2006 2010 2015 2017 20041 schools schools Program program required
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Alabama .............................. 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 7 to 17 6 to 17 3 6 to 17 3 6 to 21 Yes X X
Alaska ............................. … 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 2
7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 3 to 22 Yes
Arizona ................................ 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 3 to 21 — — X
Arkansas ............................. 5 to 17 2,3 5 to 17 2,3 5 to 17 2,3 5 to 17 2,3 5 to 17 2,3 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 21 X Yes X X X
California ............................. 6 to 18 2 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 Birth to 21 4 X Yes X
Colorado .............................. — — 7 to 16 7 to 16 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 3 to 21 Yes X
Connecticut ......................... 7 to 16 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 5 to 18 3 5 to 18 3 5 to 18 3 5 to 18 3 3 to 21 — X X
Delaware ............................. 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 2 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 Birth to 20 Yes X X X
District of Columbia ............. — 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 — — — X X X
Florida ................................. 6 to 16 5 6 to 16 5 6 to 16 5 6 to 16 5 6 to 16 5 6 to 16 6 to 16 3 to 21 X Yes X
Georgia ................................ 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 Birth to 21 6 Yes X
Hawaii ................................. 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 Birth to 19 (7) X X X
Idaho ................................... 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 3 to 21 Yes
Illinois .................................. 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 3 to 21 X Yes X ()
8

Indiana ................................ 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 7 to 18 3 to 22 Yes X

Iowa .................................... 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 9 6 to 16 9 Birth to 21 X Yes X (10)
Kansas ................................ 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 7 to 18 3 to 21 11 — X
Kentucky ............................. 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 18 12 6 to 18 Birth to 21 Yes X
Louisiana ............................. 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 17 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 7 to 18 3 to 21 13 Yes X X X 14
Maine .................................. 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 17 2 7 to 17 2 7 to 17 2 7 to 17 7 to 17 5 to 19 13,15 — X (10)
Maryland ............................. 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 3 5 to 17 5 to 18 Birth to 21 X — X X X
Massachusetts .................... 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 6 to 16 16 3 to 21 6 (17) — X (10)
Michigan ............................. 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 Birth to 25 X Yes
Minnesota ............................ 7 to 18 2 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 17 7 to 17 Birth to 21 X Yes
Mississippi ........................... 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 Birth to 20 — X X (10)
Missouri .............................. 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 17 7 to 17 2,3
7 to 17 2,3
Birth to 20 Yes 18
X
Montana .............................. 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 3 to 18 13 — X (8)
Nebraska ............................. 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 Birth to 20 Yes X
Nevada ................................ 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 17 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 7 to 18 Birth to 21 4 Yes X X 14
New Hampshire ................... 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 21 —
New Jersey .......................... 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 5 to 21 — (19) (19)
New Mexico ......................... 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 2 5 to 18 2 5 to 18 2 5 to 18 5 to 18 3 to 21 X Yes X X
New York ............................. 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 20 6 to 16 20 6 to 16 20 6 to 16 20 Birth to 20 — ( )
20
(20)
North Carolina ...................... 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 5 to 20 X Yes X X
North Dakota ....................... 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 7 to 16 3 to 21 No X
Ohio ..................................... 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 21 X — X X
Oklahoma ............................ 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 Birth to 21 13 Yes X X X
Oregon ................................ 7 to 18 7 to 18 7 to 18 2 7 to 18 7 to 18 7 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 20 Yes X
Pennsylvania ....................... 8 to 17 8 to 17 8 to 17 2 8 to 17 2 8 to 17 2 8 to 17 8 to 17 6 to 21 X 18 — 18
Rhode Island ........................ 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 18 2 5 to 18 2 3 to 21 — X X X
South Carolina ..................... 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 16 5 to 17 3 5 to 17 3 5 to 17 5 to 17 3 to 21 21 — X X X
South Dakota ....................... 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 18 2 6 to 18 2 6 to 18 2 Birth to 21 X — X X 22
Tennessee ........................... 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 3 6 to 17 3 6 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 21 4 X Yes X X X
Texas ................................... 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 19 3 to 21 X Yes X
Utah .................................... 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 22 Yes X
Vermont ............................... 7 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 3 to 21 — 18 X
Virginia ................................ 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 5 to 18 2 5 to 18 2,3 5 to 18 5 to 18 2 to 21 X Yes X X
Washington .......................... 8 to 17 2 8 to 17 2 8 to 16 2 8 to 18 8 to 18 8 to 18 8 to 18 3 to 21 21 Yes X X
West Virginia ........................ 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 16 6 to 17 6 to 17 6 to 17 5 to 21 23 X Yes X X X
Wisconsin ............................ 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 6 to 18 3 to 21 Yes X X 24
Wyoming ............................. 6 to 16 2 6 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 7 to 16 2 3 to 21 — X (25) (10)

—Not available. 19
Abbott Districts are required to offer full-day kindergarten and students are required to
X Denotes that the state has a policy. A blank denotes that the state does not have a policy. attend.
1
Most states have a provision whereby education is provided up to a certain age or 20
Local boards of education can require school attendance until age 17 unless employed.
completion of secondary school, whichever comes first. In Syracuse, New York City, Rochester, Utica, Buffalo, Cohoes, Watervliet, and Yonkers,
2
Child may be exempted from compulsory attendance if he/she meets state requirements districts are required to offer full-day kindergarten and children are required to attend
for early withdrawal with or without meeting conditions for a diploma or equivalency. full-day kindergarten.
3
Parent/guardian may delay child’s entry until a later age per state law/regulation. 21
Student may complete school year if 21st birthday occurs while attending school.
4
Student may continue in the program if 22nd birthday falls before the end of the school year. 22
All children must attend kindergarten before age 7.
5
Attendance is compulsory until age 18 for Manatee County students, unless they earn a 23
Children with severe disabilities may begin receiving services at age 3.
high school diploma prior to reaching their 18th birthday. 24
Children must attend in districts that offer kindergarten.
6
Through age 21 or until child graduates with a high school or special education diploma 25
School districts must establish and maintain relationships with a district that offers full-
or equivalent. day kindergarten.
7
Some schools operate on a multitrack system; the schools are open year round, but NOTE: The Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) Amendments of 1986 make it
different cohorts start and end at different times. mandatory for all states receiving EHA funds to serve all 3- to 18-year-old disabled children.
8
District must offer either a half-day or full-day program. SOURCE: Council of Chief State School Officers, Key State Education Policies on
9
Children enrolled in preschool programs (who must be 4 years old on or before PK–12 Education, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008; Education Commission of the
September 15) are considered to be of compulsory school attendance age. States (ECS), ECS StateNotes, Compulsory School Age Requirements, retrieved August
10
Not specified in statute, rules, or regulations. 9, 2010, from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/86/62/8662.pdf; ECS StateNotes,
11
To be determined by rules and regulations adopted by the state board. Special Education: State Special Education Definitions, Ages Served, retrieved August 9,
12
All districts adopted a policy to raise the upper compulsory school age from 16 to 18. 2010, from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/52/29/5229.pdf; ECS StateNotes,
The policy took effect for most districts in the 2015–16 school year. Compulsory School Age Requirements, retrieved May 19, 2015, from http://www.ecs.
13
Children from birth through age 2 are eligible for additional services. org/clearinghouse/01/18/68/11868.pdf; ECS StateNotes, Age Requirements for Free and
14
Attendance is required unless the student otherwise satisfactorily passes an academic Compulsory Education, retrieved July 2, 2018, from https://www.ecs.org/age-requirements-
readiness screening upon enrollment in grade 1. for-free-and-compulsory-education/; ESC StateNotes, Does the state require the district to
15
Must be age 5 before October 15 and not age 20 before start of school year. offer kindergarten and if so, full day or half day? What exemptions exist for districts?, retrieved
16
Each school committee is permitted to establish its own minimum age for school July 2, 2018, from http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/MBQuest2RTanw?rep=KK3Q1805; ESC
attendance, provided that it is not older than the mandatory minimum age established StateNotes, Does the state require children to attend kindergarten?, retrieved July 2, 2018,
by the state. from http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/MBQuest2RTanw?rep=KK3Q1804; and supplemental
17
Policies about year-round schools are decided locally. information retrieved from various state websites. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
18
State did not participate in 2008 online survey. Data are from 2006.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 234.20. Minimum amount of instructional time per year and policies on textbooks, by state: Selected years, 2000 through 2018

184 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Minimum amount of instructional time per year Policies on textbooks, 2014

State Regulations
In days In hours Textbook selection level Free
Local textbooks
education provided to
State 2000 2006 2011 2014 2018 2018 State agency students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Alabama .................................. 175 175 180 180 1 180 1 1,080 X X
Alaska ..................................... 180 180 170 2 180 3 180 1 740 (K–3); 900 (4–12) X X
Arizona .................................... — 180 180 1 180 1 180 356 (K); 712 (1–3); 890 (4–6); 1,000 (7–8); 720 (9–12)
4
X X5
Arkansas ................................. 178 178 178 2 178 3 178 3 † X6 X
California ................................. 175 180 180/175 7 180/175 7 180 8 600 (K); 840 (1–3); 900 (4–8); 1,080 (9–12) X9 X

Colorado .................................. [ ]
10
160 160 160 160 435/870 (K); 968 (1–5); 1,056 (6–12)
2 2 2
X
Connecticut ............................. 180 180 180 180 180 450/900 (K); 900 (1–12) X X
Delaware ................................. [10] † † † † 1,060 (K–11); 1,032 (12) X X
District of Columbia ................. 180 11 180 178 180 180 † X
Florida ..................................... 180 180 180 180 180 1 720 (K–3); 900 (4–12) X X

Georgia .................................... 180 11 180 180 180 180 † X X

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Hawaii ..................................... 184 179 180 12 180 12 180 2,12 1,08012 X X 13

Idaho ....................................... 180 † † † † 450 (K); 810 (1–3); 900 (4–8); 990 (9–12)
3 3 3 3
X X
Illinois ...................................... 180 14 176 176 180 3 180 3 † X [15]
Indiana .................................... 180 180 180 180 180 † X

Iowa ........................................ 180 180 180 180 180 1 1,080 X

Kansas .................................... 186 186 (K–11); 181 (12) 186 (K–11); 181 (12) 186 (K–11); 181 (12) 186 (K–11); 181 (12) 1 465 (K); 1,116 (1–11); 1,086 (12) X
Kentucky ................................. 175 175 175 2 170 2
170 2 1,062 X X 16
Louisiana ................................. 175 177 177 2 177 2,17 177 1,17 1,062 X X
Maine ...................................... 175 175 175 2 175 2 175 17 † X X

Maryland ................................. 180 180 180 180 180 1,080; 1,170 (9–12) X X
Massachusetts ........................ 180 180 180 180 180 425 (K); 900 (1–5); 990 (6–12) X X
Michigan ................................. 180 † 165 175 180 1,098 X X 18
Minnesota ................................ [10] [10] † † 165 (1–11) 425/850 (K); 935 (1–6); 1,020 (7–12) X X
Mississippi ............................... 180 180 180 180 180 † X X

Missouri .................................. 174 174 174/142 19

174/142 19
174/142 19
522 (K); 1,044 (1–12) X X
Montana .................................. 180 90 (K); 180 (K–12) † † † 360/7203 (K); 7203 (1–3); 1,0803,17 (4–12) X X
Nebraska ................................. [10] † † † † 400 (K); 1,032 (1–8); 1,080 (9–12) X X
Nevada .................................... 180 180 180 180 180 † X X 13
New Hampshire ....................... 180 180 180 180 180 1,17 450 (K); 945 (Elementary); 990 (Middle); 99017 (High) X X

New Jersey .............................. 180 180 180 180 180 † X X

New Mexico ............................. 180 180 180 † † 450/990 (K); 990 (1–6); 1,080 (7–12) X X
New York ................................. 180 11 180 180 180 180 † X X
North Carolina .......................... 180 180 180 185 185 1 1,025 X X
North Dakota ........................... 173 173 175 2 175 2 175 2 † X X 18

Ohio ......................................... 182 182 182 3 † † 455/910 (K); 910 (1–6); 1,001 (7–12) X X
Oklahoma ................................ 180 180 180 3 180 180 1 1,0803 X X
Oregon .................................... [10] † † † † 450/900 (K); 900 (1–8); 990 (9–11); 966 (12) X X
Pennsylvania ........................... 180 180 180 180 180 1 450 (K); 900 (1–8); 990 (9–12) X X
Rhode Island ............................ 180 180 180 180 180 1 1,080 X X 18

South Carolina ......................... 180 180 180 2 180 2 180 2 † X

South Dakota ........................... — † † † † 437.5 (K); 875 (1–5); 962.517 (6–12) X X
Tennessee ............................... 180 180 180 2 180 2 180 2 † X X
Texas ....................................... 187 180 180 180 † 1,260 X X
Utah ........................................ 180 180 180 180 180 3 450 (K); 810 (1); 990 (2–12) X [20]

See notes at end of table.

 Table 234.20. Minimum amount of instructional time per year and policies on textbooks, by state: Selected years, 2000 through 2018—Continued
Minimum amount of instructional time per year Policies on textbooks, 2014
In days In hours Textbook selection level Free
Local textbooks
education provided to
State 2000 2006 2011 2014 2018 2018 State agency students
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Vermont ................................... 175 175 175 175 175 2 † X X
Virginia .................................... 180 180 180 180 180 1 540 (K); 990 (1–12) X X
Washington .............................. 180 14 180 180 180 180 1,000 (K–8); 1,080 (9–12) X [ ]
21

West Virginia ............................ 180 180 180 180 180 † X X

Wisconsin ................................ 180 180 180 † † 437 (K); 1,050 (1–6); 1,137 (7–12) X
Wyoming ................................. 175 175 180 175 175 450 (K); 900 (Elementary); 1,050 (Middle/Jr. High); 1,100 (Secondary) X X

—Not available. 16
Fees permitted for students in grades 9–12, but students who qualify for free or reduced-price lunch are exempted.
†Not applicable. 17
Instructional time for graduating seniors may be reduced.
X Denotes that the state has a policy. A blank denotes that the state does not have a policy. 18
Refundable or security deposits permitted.
1
Or an equivalent number of hours or minutes of instruction per year. 19
174 days required for a 5-day week; 142 days required for a 4-day week.
2
Does not include time for in-service or staff development or parent-teacher conferences. 20
Local districts may select textbooks not on the state recommended list provided the textbooks meet specific criteria and
3
Includes time for in-service or staff development or parent-teacher conferences. the selection is based on recommendations by the district’s curriculum materials review committee.
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

4
Students must enroll in at least four subjects in addition to meeting the hour requirement. 21
A district may provide free textbooks to students when, in its judgment, the best interests of the district will be served.
5
Fees permitted at the high school level for nonrequired or supplementary textbooks. NOTE: Minimum number of instructional days refers to the actual number of days that pupils have contact with a teacher.
6
State Department of Education prepares a list of suggestions, but the districts choose. Some states allow for different types of school calendars by setting instructional time in both days and hours, while others
7
Through 2014–15, districts were allowed to shorten the 180-day instructional year to 175 days without fiscal penalty. use only days or only hours. For states in which the number of days or hours varies by grade, the relevant grade(s) appear
8
Charter schools and select districts are required to have 175 days. in parentheses. For states that specify minimum hours both for part-day kindergarten and for full-day kindergarten, a slash
9
Statewide textbook adoption is only at the elementary level. Adoption practices have been suspended until the 2015–16 separates the part-day hours from the full-day hours.
school year. SOURCE: Council of Chief State School Officers, Key State Education Policies on PK–12 Education, 2000 and 2006; Education
10
No statewide policy; varies by district. Commission of the States, StateNotes, Number of Instructional Days/Hours in the School Year (August 2011 and October
11
1996 data. 2014 revisions), retrieved September 22, 2011, from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/95/05/9505.pdf and May 19, 2015,
12
Does not apply to charter and multitrack schools. from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/15/05/11505.pdf; State Textbook Adoption (September 2013 edition), retrieved
13
Fees for lost or damaged books permitted. May 19, 2015, from http://www.ecs.org/clearinghouse/01/09/23/10923.pdf; Minimum number of days or hours per school
14
1998 data. year, retrieved July 2, 2018, from http://ecs.force.com/mbdata/mbquest2ci?rep=IT1801-2; and supplemental information
15
Fees permitted, but if 5 percent or more of the voters in a district petition the school board, a majority of the district’s retrieved from various state websites. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
voters may decide to furnish free textbooks to students.

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 185

State Regulations
 Table 235.10. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: Selected years, 1919–20 through 2015–16

186 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Revenues
Revenues (in thousands) Revenues per pupil
Local (including intermediate sources below the state level) Local (including intermediate sources below the state level)
Property Other public Property Other public
School year Total Federal State Total taxes revenue Private1 Total Federal State Total taxes revenue Private1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Current dollars
1919–20 ............... $970,121 $2,475 $160,085 $807,561 — — — $45 # $7 $37 — — —
1929–30 ............... 2,088,557 7,334 353,670 1,727,553 — — — 81 # 14 67 — — —
1939–40 ............... 2,260,527 39,810 684,354 1,536,363 — — — 89 $2 27 60 — — —
1949–50 ............... 5,437,044 155,848 2,165,689 3,115,507 — — — 217 6 86 124 — — —
1959–60 ............... 14,746,618 651,639 5,768,047 8,326,932 — — — 419 19 164 237 — — —
1969–70 ............... 40,266,922 3,219,557 16,062,776 20,984,589 — — — 884 71 353 461 — — —
1979–80 ............... 96,881,164 9,503,537 45,348,814 42,028,813 — — — 2,326 228 1,089 1,009 — — —
1989–90 ............... 208,547,573 12,700,784 98,238,633 97,608,157 $74,867,627 $17,084,494 $5,656,036 5,144 313 2,423 2,408 $1,847 $421 $140
1994–95 ............... 273,149,449 18,582,157 127,729,576 126,837,717 97,978,129 21,560,162 7,299,425 6,192 421 2,896 2,875 2,221 489 165
1995–96 ............... 287,702,844 19,104,019 136,670,754 131,928,071 101,785,858 22,522,345 7,619,869 6,416 426 3,048 2,942 2,270 502 170
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1996–97 ............... 305,065,192 20,081,287 146,435,584 138,548,321 106,545,881 24,288,693 7,713,747 6,688 440 3,211 3,038 2,336 533 169
1997–98 ............... 325,925,708 22,201,965 157,645,372 146,078,370 111,184,150 26,676,244 8,217,977 7,066 481 3,418 3,167 2,410 578 178
1998–99 ............... 347,377,993 24,521,817 169,298,232 153,557,944 119,483,487 25,348,879 8,725,578 7,464 527 3,638 3,300 2,567 545 187
1999–2000 ........... 372,943,802 27,097,866 184,613,352 161,232,584 124,735,516 27,628,923 8,868,145 7,959 578 3,940 3,441 2,662 590 189
2000–01 ............... 401,356,120 29,100,183 199,583,097 172,672,840 132,575,925 30,889,273 9,207,643 8,503 616 4,228 3,658 2,809 654 195
2001–02 ............... 419,501,976 33,144,633 206,541,793 179,815,551 141,095,685 28,924,825 9,795,041 8,800 695 4,333 3,772 2,960 607 205
2002–03 ............... 440,111,653 37,515,909 214,277,407 188,318,337 148,511,786 29,579,240 10,227,310 9,134 779 4,447 3,908 3,082 614 212
2003–04 ............... 462,026,099 41,923,435 217,384,191 202,718,474 160,602,055 31,651,489 10,464,930 9,518 864 4,478 4,176 3,309 652 216
2004–05 ............... 487,753,525 44,809,532 228,553,579 214,390,414 167,909,883 35,433,486 11,047,044 9,996 918 4,684 4,394 3,441 726 226
2005–06 ............... 520,621,788 47,553,778 242,151,076 230,916,934 178,279,408 41,111,066 11,526,460 10,600 968 4,930 4,702 3,630 837 235
2006–07 ............... 555,710,762 47,150,608 263,608,741 244,951,413 188,287,298 44,806,422 11,857,694 11,281 957 5,351 4,972 3,822 910 241
2007–08 ............... 584,683,686 47,788,467 282,622,523 254,272,697 196,521,569 45,314,965 12,436,163 11,879 971 5,742 5,166 3,993 921 253
2008–09 ............... 592,422,033 56,670,261 276,525,603 259,226,169 205,821,844 41,195,313 12,209,012 12,032 1,151 5,616 5,265 4,180 837 248
2009–10 ............... 596,390,664 75,997,858 258,863,973 261,528,833 210,837,095 38,771,186 11,920,551 12,089 1,540 5,247 5,301 4,274 786 242
2010–11 ............... 604,228,585 75,549,471 266,786,402 261,892,711 211,649,523 38,558,755 11,684,433 12,218 1,528 5,395 5,296 4,280 780 236
2011–12 ............... 597,885,111 60,921,462 269,043,077 267,920,572 215,830,316 40,290,007 11,800,249 12,075 1,230 5,434 5,411 4,359 814 238
2012–13 ............... 603,769,917 55,860,888 273,215,485 274,693,545 221,970,384 41,129,568 11,593,592 12,137 1,123 5,492 5,522 4,462 827 233
2013–14 ............... 623,649,738 54,505,981 288,637,122 280,506,635 227,019,185 41,943,022 11,544,428 12,469 1,090 5,771 5,608 4,539 839 231
2014–15 ............... 647,679,130 55,002,853 301,529,692 291,146,585 235,870,943 43,978,246 11,297,396 12,884 1,094 5,998 5,792 4,692 875 225
2015–16 ............... 678,378,476 55,981,180 318,572,978 303,824,317 246,997,299 45,300,714 11,526,305 13,474 1,112 6,328 6,035 4,906 900 229
Constant 2017–18 dollars2
1919–20 ............... $12,630,509 $32,223 $2,084,230 $10,514,056 — — — $585 $1 $97 $487 — — —
1929–30 ............... 30,275,474 106,313 5,126,758 25,042,403 — — — 1,179 4 200 975 — — —
1939–40 ............... 40,135,637 706,826 12,150,699 27,278,111 — — — 1,578 28 478 1,073 — — —
1949–50 ............... 56,963,728 1,632,814 22,689,851 32,641,063 — — — 2,268 65 904 1,300 — — —
1959–60 ............... 124,528,446 5,502,793 48,708,520 70,317,133 — — — 3,540 156 1,384 1,999 — — —
1969–70 ............... 264,494,250 21,147,738 105,508,732 137,837,780 — — — 5,807 464 2,316 3,026 — — —
1979–80 ............... 309,645,843 30,374,643 144,941,195 134,330,005 — — — 7,434 729 3,480 3,225 — — —
1989–90 ............... 407,529,633 24,819,017 191,971,325 190,739,292 $146,301,279 $33,385,369 $11,052,644 10,052 612 4,735 4,705 $3,609 $823 $273
1994–95 ............... 450,610,873 30,654,728 210,713,717 209,242,429 161,633,166 35,567,502 12,041,761 10,215 695 4,777 4,743 3,664 806 273
1995–96 ............... 462,048,905 30,680,931 219,492,346 211,875,628 163,467,429 36,170,740 12,237,460 10,304 684 4,895 4,725 3,646 807 273
1996–97 ............... 476,342,322 31,355,812 228,651,016 216,335,494 166,365,465 37,925,443 12,044,587 10,444 687 5,013 4,743 3,647 831 264
1997–98 ............... 499,997,787 34,059,705 241,841,424 224,096,658 170,565,953 40,923,629 12,607,076 10,840 738 5,243 4,858 3,698 887 273
1998–99 ............... 523,838,971 36,978,403 255,298,301 231,562,267 180,178,676 38,225,596 13,157,995 11,256 795 5,486 4,976 3,872 821 283
1999–2000 ........... 546,612,089 39,716,497 270,582,027 236,313,565 182,820,952 40,494,850 12,997,763 11,666 848 5,775 5,043 3,902 864 277
2000–01 ............... 568,768,925 41,238,388 282,832,771 244,697,765 187,875,711 43,773,740 13,048,315 12,049 874 5,992 5,184 3,980 927 276
2001–02 ............... 584,141,529 46,152,718 287,602,074 250,386,736 196,470,706 40,276,786 13,639,244 12,253 968 6,033 5,252 4,121 845 286
2002–03 ............... 599,661,432 51,116,219 291,957,497 256,587,715 202,350,449 40,302,340 13,934,926 12,445 1,061 6,059 5,325 4,200 836 289
2003–04 ............... 616,043,075 55,898,664 289,849,481 270,294,930 214,138,949 42,202,553 13,953,427 12,691 1,152 5,971 5,568 4,412 869 287

See notes at end of table.

 Table 235.10. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds: Selected years, 1919–20 through 2015–16—Continued
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Revenues (in thousands) Revenues per pupil

Local (including intermediate sources below the state level) Local (including intermediate sources below the state level)
Property Other public Property Other public
School year Total Federal State Total taxes revenue Private1 Total Federal State Total taxes revenue Private1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2004–05 ............... 631,347,845 58,001,429 295,839,603 277,506,812 217,342,444 45,865,082 14,299,287 12,939 1,189 6,063 5,687 4,454 940 293
2005–06 ............... 649,170,830 59,295,493 301,941,675 287,933,661 222,299,170 51,261,982 14,372,510 13,218 1,207 6,148 5,863 4,526 1,044 293
2006–07 ............... 675,456,253 57,310,700 320,411,596 297,733,956 228,859,761 54,461,385 14,412,810 13,711 1,163 6,504 6,044 4,646 1,106 293
2007–08 ............... 685,280,367 56,010,624 331,248,623 298,021,120 230,333,727 53,111,548 14,575,845 13,923 1,138 6,730 6,055 4,680 1,079 296
2008–09 ............... 684,788,404 65,505,898 319,639,575 299,642,931 237,912,172 47,618,203 14,112,557 13,908 1,330 6,492 6,086 4,832 967 287
2009–10 ............... 682,769,418 87,005,073 296,356,759 299,407,586 241,373,867 44,386,644 13,647,074 13,840 1,764 6,007 6,069 4,893 900 277
2010–11 ............... 678,125,905 84,789,192 299,414,452 293,922,261 237,534,317 43,274,502 13,113,443 13,713 1,715 6,055 5,944 4,803 875 265
2011–12 ............... 651,905,351 66,425,850 293,351,713 292,127,787 235,331,062 43,930,298 12,866,428 13,166 1,342 5,925 5,900 4,753 887 260
2012–13 ............... 647,545,794 59,911,039 293,024,765 294,609,990 238,064,177 44,111,636 12,434,177 13,017 1,204 5,890 5,922 4,786 887 250
2013–14 ............... 658,579,177 57,558,758 304,803,139 296,217,279 239,734,099 44,292,171 12,191,009 13,167 1,151 6,094 5,922 4,793 886 244
2014–15 ............... 679,009,924 57,663,558 316,115,873 305,230,494 247,280,951 46,105,647 11,843,895 13,507 1,147 6,288 6,072 4,919 917 236
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2015–16 ............... 706,430,597 58,296,099 331,746,521 316,387,977 257,211,064 47,173,976 12,002,937 14,032 1,158 6,589 6,284 5,109 937 238
Percentage distribution
1919–20 ............... 100.0 0.3 16.5 83.2 — — — 100.0 0.3 16.5 83.2 — — —
1929–30 ............... 100.0 0.4 16.9 82.7 — — — 100.0 0.4 16.9 82.7 — — —
1939–40 ............... 100.0 1.8 30.3 68.0 — — — 100.0 1.8 30.3 68.0 — — —
1949–50 ............... 100.0 2.9 39.8 57.3 — — — 100.0 2.9 39.8 57.3 — — —
1959–60 ............... 100.0 4.4 39.1 56.5 — — — 100.0 4.4 39.1 56.5 — — —
1969–70 ............... 100.0 8.0 39.9 52.1 — — — 100.0 8.0 39.9 52.1 — — —
1979–80 ............... 100.0 9.8 46.8 43.4 — — — 100.0 9.8 46.8 43.4 — — —
1989–90 ............... 100.0 6.1 47.1 46.8 35.9 8.2 2.7 100.0 6.1 47.1 46.8 35.9 8.2 2.7
1994–95 ............... 100.0 6.8 46.8 46.4 35.9 7.9 2.7 100.0 6.8 46.8 46.4 35.9 7.9 2.7
1995–96 ............... 100.0 6.6 47.5 45.9 35.4 7.8 2.6 100.0 6.6 47.5 45.9 35.4 7.8 2.6
1996–97 ............... 100.0 6.6 48.0 45.4 34.9 8.0 2.5 100.0 6.6 48.0 45.4 34.9 8.0 2.5
1997–98 ............... 100.0 6.8 48.4 44.8 34.1 8.2 2.5 100.0 6.8 48.4 44.8 34.1 8.2 2.5
1998–99 ............... 100.0 7.1 48.7 44.2 34.4 7.3 2.5 100.0 7.1 48.7 44.2 34.4 7.3 2.5

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 187

1999–2000 ........... 100.0 7.3 49.5 43.2 33.4 7.4 2.4 100.0 7.3 49.5 43.2 33.4 7.4 2.4
2000–01 ............... 100.0 7.3 49.7 43.0 33.0 7.7 2.3 100.0 7.3 49.7 43.0 33.0 7.7 2.3
2001–02 ............... 100.0 7.9 49.2 42.9 33.6 6.9 2.3 100.0 7.9 49.2 42.9 33.6 6.9 2.3
2002–03 ............... 100.0 8.5 48.7 42.8 33.7 6.7 2.3 100.0 8.5 48.7 42.8 33.7 6.7 2.3
2003–04 ............... 100.0 9.1 47.1 43.9 34.8 6.9 2.3 100.0 9.1 47.1 43.9 34.8 6.9 2.3
2004–05 ............... 100.0 9.2 46.9 44.0 34.4 7.3 2.3 100.0 9.2 46.9 44.0 34.4 7.3 2.3
2005–06 ............... 100.0 9.1 46.5 44.4 34.2 7.9 2.2 100.0 9.1 46.5 44.4 34.2 7.9 2.2
2006–07 ............... 100.0 8.5 47.4 44.1 33.9 8.1 2.1 100.0 8.5 47.4 44.1 33.9 8.1 2.1
2007–08 ............... 100.0 8.2 48.3 43.5 33.6 7.8 2.1 100.0 8.2 48.3 43.5 33.6 7.8 2.1
2008–09 ............... 100.0 9.6 46.7 43.8 34.7 7.0 2.1 100.0 9.6 46.7 43.8 34.7 7.0 2.1
2009–10 ............... 100.0 12.7 43.4 43.9 35.4 6.5 2.0 100.0 12.7 43.4 43.9 35.4 6.5 2.0
2010–11 ............... 100.0 12.5 44.2 43.3 35.0 6.4 1.9 100.0 12.5 44.2 43.3 35.0 6.4 1.9
2011–12 ............... 100.0 10.2 45.0 44.8 36.1 6.7 2.0 100.0 10.2 45.0 44.8 36.1 6.7 2.0
2012–13 ............... 100.0 9.3 45.3 45.5 36.8 6.8 1.9 100.0 9.3 45.3 45.5 36.8 6.8 1.9
2013–14 ............... 100.0 8.7 46.3 45.0 36.4 6.7 1.9 100.0 8.7 46.3 45.0 36.4 6.7 1.9
2014–15 ............... 100.0 8.5 46.6 45.0 36.4 6.8 1.7 100.0 8.5 46.6 45.0 36.4 6.8 1.7
2015–16 ............... 100.0 8.3 47.0 44.8 36.4 6.7 1.7 100.0 8.3 47.0 44.8 36.4 6.7 1.7

—Not available. NOTE: Beginning in 1989–90, revenues for state education agencies were excluded and new survey collection procedures were

Revenues
#Rounds to zero. initiated; data may not be entirely comparable with figures for earlier years. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
1
Includes revenues from gifts, and tuition and fees from patrons. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United
2
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of State School Systems, 1959–60 and 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures
Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1979–80; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education
Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
188 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Revenues

Table 235.20. Revenues for public elementary and secondary schools, by source of funds and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16
[In current dollars]

Federal State Local (including intermediate sources below the state level)
Property taxes Private2
Total Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent
State or jurisdiction (in thousands) (in thousands) Per pupil of total (in thousands) of total (in thousands)1 of total (in thousands) of total (in thousands) of total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ..... $678,378,476 $55,981,180 $1,112 8.3 $318,572,978 47.0 $303,824,317 44.8 $246,997,299 36.4 $11,526,305 1.7
Alabama ..................... 7,586,636 846,066 1,138 11.2 4,148,799 54.7 2,591,770 34.2 1,180,586 15.6 336,395 4.4
Alaska ......................... 2,497,340 309,593 2,337 12.4 1,614,053 64.6 573,693 23.0 315,349 12.6 18,950 0.8
Arizona ........................ 10,225,235 1,292,800 1,175 12.6 4,694,392 45.9 4,238,042 41.4 3,050,055 29.8 239,647 2.3
Arkansas ..................... 5,383,382 624,286 1,269 11.6 2,750,455 51.1 2,008,641 37.3 1,734,495 32.2 155,758 2.9
California ..................... 85,779,627 7,269,632 1,153 8.5 50,967,666 59.4 27,542,328 32.1 22,245,864 25.9 381,615 0.4
Colorado ..................... 10,237,008 722,600 804 7.1 4,475,646 43.7 5,038,762 49.2 4,136,015 40.4 370,648 3.6
Connecticut ................. 11,697,383 504,641 938 4.3 4,718,878 40.3 6,473,865 55.3 6,319,778 54.0 88,414 0.8
Delaware .................... 2,190,905 182,544 1,354 8.3 1,257,941 57.4 750,420 34.3 470,779 21.5 13,874 0.6
District of Columbia .... 2,274,302 226,209 2,692 9.9 † † 2,048,093 90.1 674,087 29.6 11,205 0.5
Florida ......................... 27,929,250 3,230,709 1,157 11.6 10,963,798 39.3 13,734,743 49.2 11,469,114 41.1 910,541 3.3
Georgia ....................... 19,617,068 1,867,232 1,063 9.5 8,993,752 45.8 8,756,085 44.6 5,796,092 29.5 469,418 2.4
Hawaii ......................... 3,031,312 261,130 1,435 8.6 2,711,156 89.4 59,026 1.9 0 0.0 29,856 1.0
Idaho ........................... 2,413,672 256,288 877 10.6 1,576,287 65.3 581,097 24.1 493,347 20.4 32,417 1.3
Illinois .......................... 27,704,831 2,332,394 1,142 8.4 6,687,655 24.1 18,684,782 67.4 16,511,399 59.6 483,316 1.7
Indiana ........................ 12,437,534 999,058 954 8.0 6,909,225 55.6 4,529,251 36.4 2,974,623 23.9 330,352 2.7
Iowa ............................ 6,657,857 484,041 953 7.3 3,583,116 53.8 2,590,700 38.9 2,099,098 31.5 144,446 2.2
Kansas ........................ 6,297,498 530,976 1,071 8.4 3,976,653 63.1 1,789,870 28.4 1,085,804 17.2 150,278 2.4
Kentucky ..................... 7,634,758 887,650 1,293 11.6 4,179,014 54.7 2,568,095 33.6 1,902,851 24.9 91,822 1.2
Louisiana .................... 8,930,136 1,135,961 1,581 12.7 3,883,978 43.5 3,910,197 43.8 1,665,949 18.7 58,402 0.7
Maine .......................... 2,809,790 197,509 1,088 7.0 1,106,375 39.4 1,505,907 53.6 1,432,495 51.0 35,805 1.3
Maryland ..................... 14,420,623 841,914 957 5.8 6,334,951 43.9 7,243,758 50.2 3,530,471 24.5 112,895 0.8
Massachusetts ............ 17,962,854 899,926 934 5.0 6,788,790 37.8 10,274,138 57.2 9,605,910 53.5 251,583 1.4
Michigan ..................... 19,835,653 1,761,671 1,147 8.9 11,937,148 60.2 6,136,833 30.9 5,264,843 26.5 268,971 1.4
Minnesota ................... 12,725,423 714,029 826 5.6 8,506,328 66.8 3,505,065 27.5 2,281,970 17.9 337,833 2.7
Mississippi .................. 4,712,456 691,584 1,420 14.7 2,412,932 51.2 1,607,939 34.1 1,347,859 28.6 110,007 2.3
Missouri ...................... 11,147,752 961,637 1,046 8.6 3,676,108 33.0 6,510,008 58.4 5,077,976 45.6 346,984 3.1
Montana ..................... 1,781,468 224,601 1,546 12.6 850,640 47.7 706,227 39.6 458,776 25.8 60,363 3.4
Nebraska .................... 4,351,337 361,692 1,145 8.3 1,438,008 33.0 2,551,637 58.6 2,279,210 52.4 158,136 3.6
Nevada ........................ 4,683,088 416,596 891 8.9 1,668,136 35.6 2,598,356 55.5 1,164,070 24.9 32,133 0.7
New Hampshire .......... 3,055,956 173,966 954 5.7 1,005,148 32.9 1,876,842 61.4 1,789,048 58.5 46,015 1.5
New Jersey ................. 29,671,607 1,246,800 885 4.2 12,666,167 42.7 15,758,639 53.1 14,899,431 50.2 572,986 1.9
New Mexico ................ 3,987,279 547,463 1,631 13.7 2,792,814 70.0 647,002 16.2 529,255 13.3 54,050 1.4
New York ..................... 65,776,757 3,312,702 1,245 5.0 27,460,780 41.7 35,003,275 53.2 32,234,178 49.0 309,184 0.5
North Carolina ............. 14,072,129 1,635,705 1,059 11.6 8,735,404 62.1 3,701,020 26.3 3,142,297 22.3 177,705 1.3
North Dakota ............... 1,705,036 155,462 1,431 9.1 985,340 57.8 564,234 33.1 386,975 22.7 67,024 3.9
Ohio ............................ 24,956,848 1,925,720 1,122 7.7 11,202,038 44.9 11,829,089 47.4 9,708,788 38.9 645,070 2.6
Oklahoma ................... 6,270,084 721,312 1,041 11.5 3,030,336 48.3 2,518,436 40.2 1,902,720 30.3 286,976 4.6
Oregon ........................ 7,377,456 563,698 978 7.6 3,861,421 52.3 2,952,336 40.0 2,419,040 32.8 140,728 1.9
Pennsylvania ............... 29,892,129 2,037,997 1,187 6.8 11,238,423 37.6 16,615,708 55.6 13,187,328 44.1 389,443 1.3
Rhode Island ............... 2,485,803 191,437 1,348 7.7 1,029,125 41.4 1,265,241 50.9 1,223,469 49.2 26,271 1.1
South Carolina ............ 9,442,258 894,762 1,172 9.5 4,505,718 47.7 4,041,777 42.8 3,054,687 32.4 247,121 2.6
South Dakota .............. 1,461,886 201,311 1,499 13.8 444,457 30.4 816,118 55.8 698,961 47.8 43,037 2.9
Tennessee ................... 9,596,867 1,100,272 1,099 11.5 4,434,856 46.2 4,061,738 42.3 1,948,690 20.3 406,834 4.2
Texas .......................... 58,954,734 6,223,101 1,174 10.6 24,104,698 40.9 28,626,935 48.6 26,193,418 44.4 1,022,964 1.7
Utah ............................ 5,447,070 454,465 701 8.3 2,975,371 54.6 2,017,234 37.0 1,567,901 28.8 226,293 4.2
Vermont ...................... 1,724,527 114,588 1,304 6.6 1,540,670 89.3 69,270 4.0 166 # 23,895 1.4
Virginia ........................ 15,927,348 1,058,006 824 6.6 6,297,600 39.5 8,571,742 53.8 5,214,229 32.7 237,672 1.5
Washington ................. 14,830,244 1,098,846 1,011 7.4 9,218,360 62.2 4,513,039 30.4 3,841,555 25.9 312,653 2.1
West Virginia ............... 3,433,438 356,760 1,286 10.4 1,906,257 55.5 1,170,422 34.1 1,080,075 31.5 23,133 0.7
Wisconsin ................... 11,309,921 808,271 931 7.1 5,150,347 45.5 5,351,302 47.3 4,881,439 43.2 219,070 1.9
Wyoming ..................... 2,042,925 123,566 1,305 6.0 1,175,770 57.6 743,590 36.4 524,783 25.7 16,118 0.8

Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .... 70,851 61,430 — 86.7 9,199 13.0 221 0.3 0 0.0 11 #
Guam ...................... 321,973 65,316 2,119 20.3 0 0.0 256,658 79.7 0 0.0 200 0.1
Northern Marianas .. 74,136 34,561 — 46.6 38,718 52.2 856 1.2 0 0.0 403 0.5
Puerto Rico ............. 2,876,676 952,863 2,509 33.1 1,923,752 66.9 62 # 0 0.0 62 #
U.S. Virgin Islands ... 186,961 26,986 1,955 14.4 0 0.0 159,975 85.6 0 0.0 16 #

—Not available. NOTE: Excludes revenues for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals
†Not applicable. because of rounding.
#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
1
Includes other categories of revenue not separately shown. Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2015–16. (This table
2
Includes revenues from gifts, and tuition and fees from patrons. was prepared September 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 189
Revenues

Table 235.40. Public elementary and secondary revenues and expenditures, by locale, source of revenue, and purpose of expenditure:
2015–16
Source of revenue City, City, City, Suburban, Suburban, Suburban, Town, Town, Town, Rural, Rural, Rural,
and purpose of expenditure Total large midsize small large midsize small fringe distant remote fringe distant remote
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Revenue amounts (in millions of
current dollars)
Total revenue1 .......................................... $685,009 $127,233 $47,847 $48,255 $258,440 $23,581 $12,831 $16,562 $32,934 $19,941 $48,682 $34,316 $14,275
Federal ................................................. 55,603 12,880 4,906 4,327 15,953 1,716 936 1,287 3,136 2,225 3,798 2,848 1,571
Title I................................................. 14,010 4,018 1,215 1,088 3,519 412 216 275 808 531 859 709 360
Child Nutrition Act ............................. 16,120 3,693 1,348 1,223 4,718 542 278 366 981 556 1,152 900 362
Children with disabilities (IDEA) ......... 11,174 1,873 953 885 4,095 384 217 265 584 356 844 517 198
Impact aid ........................................ 1,325 135 87 75 162 23 9 64 48 205 125 100 293
Bilingual education ........................... 335 95 35 29 120 8 6 6 11 7 12 4 2
Indian education ............................... 94 11 3 3 7 2 3 2 10 14 6 9 26
Math, science, and professional
development .............................. 1,465 312 136 122 364 52 28 32 100 70 106 93 51
Safe and drug-free schools ............... 82 18 5 7 13 2 1 2 7 7 8 8 5
Vocational and technical education ... 543 114 43 44 165 18 12 12 33 25 44 23 10
Other and unclassified ...................... 10,454 2,612 1,081 850 2,790 274 167 264 555 455 642 487 264

State .................................................... 322,657 57,828 23,802 24,041 111,980 11,893 6,457 8,732 17,807 10,345 24,131 18,552 7,059
Special education programs ............. 19,838 3,621 1,585 1,383 7,971 668 295 459 875 483 1,392 815 290
Compensatory and basic skills .......... 5,215 934 405 462 1,828 260 78 96 268 127 383 266 105
Bilingual education ........................... 1,116 105 57 69 709 61 10 5 31 12 43 10 4
Gifted and talented ........................... 1,151 38 71 76 704 38 9 11 33 9 128 27 6
Vocational education ........................ 1,236 49 82 86 469 53 25 23 95 59 169 92 34
Other ................................................ 294,100 53,080 21,603 21,964 100,299 10,814 6,040 8,137 16,505 9,655 22,017 17,343 6,620

Local 1 ................................................... 306,749 56,525 19,139 19,888 130,506 9,972 5,438 6,543 11,991 7,372 20,752 12,915 5,645
Property tax2 ..................................... 195,662 27,471 11,816 12,839 89,594 5,599 3,791 4,602 8,375 5,391 13,132 9,003 4,047
Parent government contribution2 ....... 54,056 18,364 3,241 2,644 20,955 2,565 556 501 814 175 2,954 938 308
Private (fees from individuals) ........... 14,694 1,476 873 887 6,471 566 276 415 746 439 1,293 885 363
Other1 ............................................... 42,337 9,215 3,209 3,518 13,485 1,242 815 1,025 2,057 1,367 3,374 2,089 927

Percentage distribution of revenue

Total revenue ........................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Federal ................................................. 8.1 10.1 10.3 9.0 6.2 7.3 7.3 7.8 9.5 11.2 7.8 8.3 11.0
State .................................................... 47.1 45.5 49.7 49.8 43.3 50.4 50.3 52.7 54.1 51.9 49.6 54.1 49.5
Local .................................................... 44.8 44.4 40.0 41.2 50.5 42.3 42.4 39.5 36.4 37.0 42.6 37.6 39.5

Expenditure amounts (in millions of

current dollars)
Total expenditures ................................... $692,508 $130,695 $48,294 $48,768 $259,390 $23,567 $12,834 $17,061 $33,704 $20,108 $48,902 $34,386 $14,628
Current expenditures for schools .......... 585,806 107,526 40,771 41,192 220,825 20,452 11,242 14,265 28,602 16,979 42,057 29,628 12,156
Instruction ........................................ 355,892 67,500 23,844 24,704 135,354 12,289 6,762 8,609 17,085 10,034 25,210 17,514 6,969
Support services, students ................ 33,699 5,011 2,643 2,602 13,902 1,224 687 786 1,527 969 2,395 1,403 543
Support services, instructional
staff ........................................... 27,768 4,810 2,492 2,208 10,376 1,049 505 623 1,342 797 1,833 1,191 525
Administration .................................. 44,598 7,502 3,099 3,038 16,195 1,485 870 1,174 2,411 1,473 3,362 2,749 1,230
Operation and maintenance .............. 52,814 9,713 3,551 3,705 19,673 1,852 1,025 1,296 2,614 1,617 3,811 2,738 1,214
Transportation .................................. 24,796 4,141 1,541 1,479 9,346 867 489 640 1,230 649 2,149 1,647 615
Food service ..................................... 23,254 4,279 1,721 1,685 7,609 831 446 595 1,395 828 1,820 1,441 604
Other................................................. 22,986 4,572 1,879 1,771 8,368 855 459 541 999 611 1,477 945 457

Other current expenditures ................... 30,175 7,864 2,060 1,985 10,689 801 400 649 1,129 704 1,871 1,260 710
Interest on school debt ......................... 18,263 4,330 1,210 1,179 6,955 554 321 498 740 355 1,230 693 197
Capital outlay ....................................... 58,263 10,975 4,253 4,412 20,922 1,761 871 1,649 3,233 2,071 3,744 2,806 1,565

Percentage distribution of current

expenditures for schools
All current expenditures for schools ......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Instruction............................................. 60.8 62.8 58.5 60.0 61.3 60.1 60.1 60.4 59.7 59.1 59.9 59.1 57.3
Support services .................................. 10.5 9.1 12.6 11.7 11.0 11.1 10.6 9.9 10.0 10.4 10.1 8.8 8.8
Administration....................................... 7.6 7.0 7.6 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.7 8.2 8.4 8.7 8.0 9.3 10.1
Operation and maintenance ................. 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 8.9 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.5 9.1 9.2 10.0
Transportation....................................... 4.2 3.9 3.8 3.6 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.3 3.8 5.1 5.6 5.1
Food service and other ......................... 7.9 8.2 8.8 8.4 7.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.4 8.5 7.8 8.1 8.7

Per student amounts (in current dollars)

Current expenditure per student .............. $11,669 $12,509 $11,212 $11,469 $11,960 $11,069 $11,181 $11,055 $10,609 $10,438 $11,081 $11,010 $12,645
Instruction expenditure per student ...... 7,089 7,853 6,557 6,878 7,331 6,651 6,725 6,672 6,337 6,169 6,642 6,508 7,249

1
Excludes revenues from other in-state school systems. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
2
Property tax and parent government contributions are determined on the basis of Core of Data (CCD), “Local Education Agency (School District) Finance Survey (F33),”
independence or dependence of the local school system and are mutually exclusive. 2015–16; and Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE), “Public School
NOTE: Total includes data for some school districts not identified by locale. Detail may File,” 2015–16. (This table was prepared May 2019.)
not sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

190 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Expenditures

Table 236.10. Summary of expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related programs, by purpose: Selected
years, 1919–20 through 2015–16
Current
Current expenditures for public elementary and secondary education expenditures
Total Admin- Plant Plant main- Fixed Other school for other Capital Interest on
School year expenditures Total istration Instruction operation tenance charges services3 programs1 outlay 2 school debt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Amounts in thousands of current dollars
1919–20 ............... $1,036,151 $861,120 $36,752 $632,556 $115,707 $30,432 $9,286 $36,387 $3,277 $153,543 $18,212
1929–30 ............... 2,316,790 1,843,552 78,680 1,317,727 216,072 78,810 50,270 101,993 9,825 370,878 92,536
1939–40 ............... 2,344,049 1,941,799 91,571 1,403,285 194,365 73,321 50,116 129,141 13,367 257,974 130,909
1949–50 ............... 5,837,643 4,687,274 220,050 3,112,340 427,587 214,164 261,469 451,663 35,614 1,014,176 100,578
1959–60 ............... 15,613,254 12,329,388 528,408 8,350,738 1,085,036 422,586 909,323 1,033,297 132,566 2,661,786 489,514
1969–70 ............... 40,683,429 34,217,773 1,606,646 23,270,158 2,537,257 974,941 3,266,920 2,561,856 635,803 4,659,072 1,170,782
1979–80 ............... 95,961,561 86,984,142 4,263,757 53,257,937 9,744,785 (4) 11,793,934 7,923,729 597,585 6,506,167 1,873,666
1989–90 ............... 212,769,564 188,229,359 16,346,991 5 113,550,405 5 20,261,415 5
()
4
— 38,070,548 5 2,982,543 17,781,342 3,776,321
1999–2000............ 381,838,155 323,888,508 25,079,298 5 199,968,138 5 31,190,295 5 (4 ) — 67,650,776 5 5,457,015 43,357,186 9,135,445
2000–01 ............... 410,811,185 348,360,841 26,689,182 5 214,333,003 5 34,034,158 5 (4 ) — 73,304,498 5 6,063,700 46,220,704 10,165,940
2005–06 ............... 528,268,772 449,131,342 34,197,083 5 273,760,798 5 44,313,835 5 (4 ) — 96,859,626 5 7,415,575 57,375,299 14,346,556
2006–07 ............... 562,194,807 476,814,206 36,213,814 5 290,678,482 5 46,828,916 5 (4 ) — 103,092,995 5 7,804,253 62,863,465 14,712,882
2007–08 ............... 597,313,726 506,884,219 38,203,341 5 308,238,664 5 49,362,661 5 (4 ) — 111,079,554 5 8,307,720 66,426,299 15,695,488
2008–09 ............... 610,326,007 518,922,842 38,811,325 5 316,075,710 5 50,559,027 5 (4 ) — 113,476,779 5 8,463,793 65,890,367 17,049,004
2009–10 ............... 607,018,292 524,715,242 38,972,700 5 321,213,401 5 50,023,919 5 (4 ) — 114,505,223 5 8,355,761 56,714,992 17,232,297
2010–11 ............... 604,355,852 527,291,339 39,154,833 5 322,536,983 5 50,214,709 5 (4 ) — 115,384,813 5 8,161,474 50,968,815 17,934,224
2011–12 ............... 601,993,584 527,207,246 39,491,926 5 320,994,474 5 49,834,165 5 (4 ) — 116,886,681 5 8,188,640 48,793,436 17,804,262
2012–13 ............... 606,813,352 535,795,823 40,349,598 5 325,682,380 5
50,674,499 5
()
4
— 119,089,346 5 8,031,416 45,720,570 17,265,542
2013–14 ................ 625,018,277 553,501,209 41,538,042 5 336,426,927 5
53,051,141 5
()
4
— 122,485,100 5 7,926,285 46,438,323 17,152,459
2014–15 ............... 651,135,383 575,331,825 43,328,198 5 349,453,258 5 54,200,172 5 (4 ) — 128,350,197 5 7,713,966 50,610,125 17,479,466
2015-16 ................ 677,541,010 596,135,643 45,247,664 5 363,047,760 5 55,045,308 5 (4 ) — 132,794,911 5 7,913,839 55,989,047 17,502,481
Amounts in thousands of constant 2017–18 dollars6
1919–20 ............... $13,490,188 $11,211,369 $478,493 $8,235,575 $1,506,450 $396,210 $120,899 $473,741 $42,665 $1,999,056 $237,111
1929–30 ............... 33,583,913 26,723,911 1,140,536 19,101,614 3,132,154 1,142,420 728,708 1,478,478 142,422 5,376,203 1,341,391
1939–40 ............... 41,618,569 34,476,624 1,625,842 24,915,313 3,450,949 1,301,814 889,809 2,292,897 237,331 4,580,326 2,324,288
1949–50 ............... 61,160,791 49,108,403 2,305,457 32,607,882 4,479,815 2,243,789 2,739,402 4,732,058 373,127 10,625,488 1,053,752
1959–60 ............... 131,846,791 104,116,044 4,462,164 70,518,164 9,162,633 3,568,546 7,678,817 8,725,721 1,119,459 22,477,566 4,133,722
1969–70 ............... 267,230,086 224,760,301 10,553,293 152,850,595 16,666,034 6,403,924 21,458,843 16,827,613 4,176,287 30,603,227 7,690,310
1979–80 ............... 306,706,662 278,013,567 13,627,568 170,219,866 31,145,705 ( 4) 37,695,074 25,325,354 1,909,966 20,794,626 5,988,500
1989–90 ............... 415,779,963 367,825,146 31,944,190 5 221,892,560 5 39,593,494 5 (4 ) — 74,394,903 5 5,828,285 34,747,102 7,379,432
1999–2000 ........... 559,648,264 474,713,276 36,757,944 5 293,087,058 5 45,714,641 5 (4 ) — 99,153,631 5 7,998,177 63,547,275 13,389,537
2000–01 ............... 582,167,867 493,668,371 37,821,716 5 303,735,126 5 48,230,414 5 (4 ) — 103,881,113 5 8,592,978 65,500,185 14,406,334
2005–06 ............... 658,705,965 560,028,360 42,640,837 5 341,356,295 5 55,255,561 5 (4 ) — 120,775,667 5 9,246,588 71,542,089 17,888,928
2006–07 ............... 683,337,490 579,558,934 44,017,228 5 353,314,370 5 56,919,689 5 (4 ) — 125,307,647 5 9,485,927 76,409,390 17,883,239
2007–08 ............... 700,083,445 594,095,255 44,776,347 5 361,272,102 5 57,855,663 5 (4 ) — 130,191,143 5 9,737,089 77,855,154 18,395,947
2008–09................ 705,483,843 599,829,724 44,862,520 5 365,356,062 5 58,441,844 5 (4 ) — 131,169,298 5 9,783,410 76,163,540 19,707,168
2009–10 ............... 694,936,308 600,712,825 44,617,344 5 367,736,619 5 57,269,176 5 (4 ) — 131,089,686 5 9,565,975 64,929,356 19,728,152
2010–11 ............... 678,268,736 591,779,212 43,943,480 5 361,983,344 5 56,355,982 5 (4 ) — 129,496,407 5 9,159,624 57,202,315 20,127,585
2011–12 ............... 656,385,033 574,841,584 43,060,109 5 349,997,034 5 54,336,791 5 (4 ) — 127,447,651 5 8,928,501 53,202,031 19,412,917
2012–13 ............... 650,809,890 574,643,290 43,275,115 5 349,295,732 5 54,348,615 5 (4 ) — 127,723,828 5 8,613,728 49,035,505 18,517,367
2013–14 ............... 660,024,365 584,501,762 43,864,509 5 355,269,561 5 56,022,434 5 (4 ) — 129,345,258 5 8,370,222 49,039,246 18,113,135
2014–15 ............... 682,633,369 603,162,894 45,424,154 5 366,357,691 5 56,822,048 5 (4 ) — 134,559,002 5 8,087,121 53,058,336 18,325,017
2015–16 ............... 705,558,501 620,786,882 47,118,733 5 378,060,412 5 57,321,527 5 (4 ) — 138,286,210 5 8,241,090 58,304,291 18,226,238
Percentage distribution
1919–20 ............... 100.0 83.1 3.5 61.0 11.2 2.9 0.9 3.5 0.3 14.8 1.8
1929–30 ............... 100.0 79.6 3.4 56.9 9.3 3.4 2.2 4.4 0.4 16.0 4.0
1939–40 ............... 100.0 82.8 3.9 59.9 8.3 3.1 2.1 5.5 0.6 11.0 5.6
1949–50 ............... 100.0 80.3 3.8 53.3 7.3 3.7 4.5 7.7 0.6 17.4 1.7
1959–60 ............... 100.0 79.0 3.4 53.5 6.9 2.7 5.8 6.6 0.8 17.0 3.1
1969–70 ............... 100.0 84.1 3.9 57.2 6.2 2.4 8.0 6.3 1.6 11.5 2.9
1979–80 ............... 100.0 90.6 4.4 55.5 10.2 ( 4) 12.3 8.3 0.6 6.8 2.0
1989–90 ............... 100.0 88.5 7.7 5 53.4 5 9.5 5 (4 ) — 17.9 5 1.4 8.4 1.8
1999–2000............ 100.0 84.8 6.6 5 52.4 5 8.2 5
(4 ) — 17.7 5 1.4 11.4 2.4
2000–01 ............... 100.0 84.8 6.5 5 52.2 5 8.3 5
(4 ) — 17.8 5 1.5 11.3 2.5
2005–06 ............... 100.0 85.0 6.5 5 51.8 5 8.4 5 (4 ) — 18.3 5 1.4 10.9 2.7
2006–07 ............... 100.0 84.8 6.4 5 51.7 5 8.3 5 (4 ) — 18.3 5 1.4 11.2 2.6
2007–08 ............... 100.0 84.9 6.4 5 51.6 5 8.3 5
(4 ) — 18.6 5 1.4 11.1 2.6
2008–09................ 100.0 85.0 6.4 5 51.8 5 8.3 5 (4 ) — 18.6 5 1.4 10.8 2.8
2009–10 ............... 100.0 86.4 6.4 5 52.9 5 8.2 5 (4 ) — 18.9 5 1.4 9.3 2.8
2010–11 ............... 100.0 87.2 6.5 5 53.4 5 8.3 5 (4 ) — 19.1 5 1.4 8.4 3.0
2011–12 ............... 100.0 87.6 6.6 5 53.3 5 8.3 5 (4 ) — 19.4 5 1.4 8.1 3.0
2012–13 ............... 100.0 88.3 6.6 5 53.7 5 8.4 5 (4 ) — 19.6 5 1.3 7.5 2.8
2013–14 ............... 100.0 88.6 6.6 5 53.8 5 8.5 5
(4 ) — 19.6 5 1.3 7.4 2.7
2014–15 ............... 100.0 88.4 6.7 5 53.7 5 8.3 5
(4 ) — 19.7 5 1.2 7.8 2.7
2015–16 ............... 100.0 88.0 6.7 5 53.6 5 8.1 5 (4 ) — 19.6 5 1.2 8.3 2.6

—Not available. NOTE: Beginning in 1959–60, includes Alaska and Hawaii. Beginning in 1989–90, state
1
Includes expenditures for summer schools, adult education, community colleges, and administration expenditures were excluded from both “total” and “current” expenditures.
community services. Beginning in 1989–90, extensive changes were made in the data collection procedures.
²Prior to 1969–70, excludes capital outlay by state and local school housing authorities. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Prior to 1959–60, items included under “other school services” were listed under “auxiliary SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial
services,” a more comprehensive classification that also included community services. Survey of Education in the United States, 1919–20 through 1949–50; Statistics of State
4
Plant operation also includes plant maintenance. School Systems, 1959–60 and 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary
5
Data not comparable to figures prior to 1989–90. and Secondary Education, 1979–80; and Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public
6
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 191
Expenditures

Table 236.15. Current expenditures and current expenditures per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools: 1989–90 through
2028–29
Current expenditures in constant 2017–18 dollars2
Per pupil in average
Current expenditures in unadjusted dollars1 Total current expenditures Per pupil in fall enrollment daily attendance (ADA)
Per pupil in Annual Annual Annual
Per pupil in fall average daily percentage Per pupil percentage Per pupil percentage
School year Total, in billions enrollment attendance (ADA) In billions change enrolled change in ADA change
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1989–90 ...................... $188.2 $4,643 $4,980 $367.8 3.8 $9,073 2.9 $9,731 2.3
1990–91 ...................... 202.0 4,902 5,258 374.3 1.8 9,082 0.1 9,742 0.1
1991–92 ...................... 211.2 5,023 5,421 379.2 1.3 9,018 -0.7 9,733 -0.1
1992–93 ...................... 220.9 5,160 5,584 384.7 1.4 8,982 -0.4 9,721 -0.1
1993–94 ...................... 231.5 5,327 5,767 392.9 2.1 9,040 0.6 9,787 0.7

1994–95 ...................... 243.9 5,529 5,989 402.3 2.4 9,121 0.9 9,880 0.9
1995–96 ...................... 255.1 5,689 6,147 409.7 1.8 9,137 0.2 9,872 -0.1
1996–97 ...................... 270.2 5,923 6,393 421.9 3.0 9,249 1.2 9,982 1.1
1997–98 ...................... 285.5 6,189 6,676 438.0 3.8 9,495 2.7 10,241 2.6
1998–99 ...................... 302.9 6,508 7,013 456.7 4.3 9,814 3.4 10,576 3.3

1999–2000 .................. 323.9 6,912 7,394 474.7 3.9 10,131 3.2 10,837 2.5
2000–01 ...................... 348.4 7,380 7,904 493.7 4.0 10,458 3.2 11,200 3.4
2001–02 ...................... 368.4 7,727 8,259 513.0 3.9 10,760 2.9 11,500 2.7
2002–03 ...................... 387.6 8,044 8,610 528.1 3.0 10,960 1.9 11,731 2.0
2003–04 ...................... 403.4 8,310 8,900 537.9 1.8 11,081 1.1 11,867 1.2

2004–05 ...................... 425.0 8,711 9,316 550.2 2.3 11,275 1.8 12,059 1.6
2005–06 ...................... 449.1 9,145 9,778 560.0 1.8 11,403 1.1 12,193 1.1
2006–07 ...................... 476.8 9,679 10,336 579.6 3.5 11,765 3.2 12,563 3.0
2007–08 ...................... 506.9 10,298 10,982 594.1 2.5 12,070 2.6 12,871 2.5
2008–09 ...................... 518.9 10,540 11,239 599.8 1.0 12,183 0.9 12,991 0.9

2009–10 ...................... 524.7 10,636 11,427 600.7 0.1 12,177 -0.1 13,082 0.7
2010–11 ...................... 527.3 10,663 11,433 591.8 -1.5 11,967 -1.7 12,832 -1.9
2011–12 ...................... 527.2 10,648 11,362 574.8 -2.9 11,610 -3.0 12,389 -3.5
2012–13 ...................... 535.8 10,771 11,509 574.6 # 11,552 -0.5 12,344 -0.4
2013–14 ...................... 553.5 11,066 11,819 584.5 1.7 11,686 1.2 12,481 1.1

2014–15 ...................... 575.3 11,445 12,224 603.2 3.2 11,998 2.7 12,816 2.7
2015–16 ...................... 596.1 11,841 12,617 620.8 2.9 12,330 2.8 13,139 2.5
2016–173 ..................... 614.7 12,140 12,990 628.5 1.2 12,420 0.7 13,280 1.1
2017–183 ..................... 638.4 12,590 13,470 638.4 1.6 12,590 1.4 13,470 1.4
2018–193 ..................... 661.5 13,040 13,940 647.2 1.4 12,760 1.3 13,640 1.3

2019–203 ..................... 680.1 13,440 14,370 650.2 0.5 12,850 0.7 13,740 0.7
2020–213 ..................... 702.1 13,860 14,820 657.3 1.1 12,970 1.0 13,870 1.0
2021–223 ..................... 725.3 14,300 15,300 663.5 0.9 13,090 0.9 13,990 0.9
2022–233 ..................... 748.0 14,740 15,770 668.8 0.8 13,180 0.7 14,090 0.7
2023–243 ..................... 770.5 15,180 16,230 673.1 0.6 13,260 0.6 14,180 0.6

2024–253 ..................... 792.5 15,620 16,700 676.8 0.6 13,340 0.6 14,260 0.6
2025–263 ..................... 815.1 16,080 17,200 681.3 0.7 13,440 0.8 14,380 0.8
2026–273 ..................... 839.3 16,580 17,730 686.8 0.8 13,560 0.9 14,510 0.9
2027–283 ..................... 867.4 17,110 18,300 694.4 1.1 13,700 1.0 14,650 1.0
2028–293 ..................... 890.2 17,520 18,730 700.9 0.9 13,790 0.7 14,750 0.7

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
1
Unadjusted (or “current”) dollars have not been adjusted to compensate for inflation. Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through
2
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor 2016–17; National Elementary and Secondary Enrollment Projection Model, 1972 through
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. 2028; and Public Elementary and Secondary Education Current Expenditure Projection
3
Projected. Model, 1973–74 through 2028–29. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
NOTE: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and
enterprise operations. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 236.20. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related programs, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990­–91 through

192 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

2015–16

Expenditures
Expenditures (in thousands of current dollars) Percentage distribution of current expenditures for public schools
Function and subfunction 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Total expenditures ... $229,429,715 $410,811,185 $528,268,772 $604,355,852 $606,813,352 $625,018,277 $651,135,383 $677,541,000 † † † † † † † †
Current expenditures for
public schools ............... 202,037,752 348,360,841 449,131,342 527,291,339 535,795,823 553,501,209 575,331,825 596,135,643 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Salaries .......................... 132,730,931 1 224,305,806 273,142,308 311,541,792 311,649,709 318,705,822 328,252,700 339,723,532 65.70 64.39 60.82 59.08 58.17 57.58 57.05 56.99
Employee benefits ......... 33,954,456 1 57,976,490 87,888,909 111,750,200 117,974,476 123,655,529 130,868,877 136,790,632 16.81 16.64 19.57 21.19 22.02 22.34 22.75 22.95
Purchased services ........ 16,380,643 1 31,778,754 43,195,665 53,498,786 55,789,458 58,171,703 61,118,818 64,571,862 8.11 9.12 9.62 10.15 10.41 10.51 10.62 10.83
Tuition ............................ 1,192,505 1 2,458,366 3,828,079 4,988,203 5,097,767 5,296,241 5,572,087 5,743,719 0.59 0.71 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.96
Supplies ......................... 14,805,956 1 28,262,078 36,637,037 40,417,163 40,662,095 42,895,737 43,793,547 43,716,529 7.33 8.11 8.16 7.67 7.59 7.75 7.61 7.33
Other .............................. 2,973,261 1
3,579,347 4,439,345 5,095,195 4,622,319 4,776,178 5,725,796 5,589,370 1.47 1.03 0.99 0.97 0.86 0.86 1.00 0.94
Instruction ...................... 122,223,362 214,333,003 273,760,798 322,536,983 325,682,380 336,426,927 349,453,258 363,047,760 60.50 61.53 60.95 61.17 60.78 60.78 60.74 60.90
Salaries ...................... 90,742,284 154,512,089 186,905,065 212,998,609 212,563,444 217,274,753 223,044,251 230,473,355 44.91 44.35 41.61 40.39 39.67 39.25 38.77 38.66
Employee benefits ..... 22,347,524 39,522,678 59,032,817 75,248,811 79,502,797 83,946,609 88,840,559 92,810,720 11.06 11.35 13.14 14.27 14.84 15.17 15.44 15.57
Purchased services .... 2,722,639 6,430,708 10,083,561 14,694,620 14,757,780 15,177,204 16,559,278 18,047,613 1.35 1.85 2.25 2.79 2.75 2.74 2.88 3.03
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Tuition ........................ 1,192,505 2,458,366 3,828,079 4,988,203 5,097,767 5,296,241 5,572,087 5,743,719 0.59 0.71 0.85 0.95 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.96
Supplies ..................... 4,584,754 10,377,554 12,731,138 13,135,284 12,415,970 13,344,523 14,060,733 14,547,019 2.27 2.98 2.83 2.49 2.32 2.41 2.44 2.44
Textbooks ............... — — 2,537,332 2,324,846 2,129,590 2,321,424 2,438,331 2,540,299 — — 0.56 0.44 0.40 0.42 0.42 0.43
Other .......................... 633,656 1,031,608 1,180,138 1,471,457 1,344,623 1,387,596 1,376,350 1,425,335 0.31 0.30 0.26 0.28 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.24
Student support2 ............ 8,926,010 17,292,756 23,336,224 29,368,646 29,916,535 30,754,056 32,363,375 34,014,096 4.42 4.96 5.20 5.57 5.58 5.56 5.63 5.71
Salaries ...................... 6,565,965 12,354,464 15,833,312 19,367,865 19,331,709 19,823,136 20,658,101 21,598,398 3.25 3.55 3.53 3.67 3.61 3.58 3.59 3.62
Employee benefits ..... 1,660,082 3,036,037 4,859,310 6,533,691 7,062,770 7,315,689 7,872,711 8,360,300 0.82 0.87 1.08 1.24 1.32 1.32 1.37 1.40
Purchased services .... 455,996 1,328,600 1,958,934 2,583,714 2,790,029 2,850,087 3,024,871 3,202,463 0.23 0.38 0.44 0.49 0.52 0.51 0.53 0.54
Supplies ..................... 191,482 421,838 497,201 521,729 536,040 564,419 599,269 628,105 0.09 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11
Other .......................... 52,485 151,817 187,468 361,647 195,987 200,727 208,422 224,831 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Instructional staff
services3 .................. 8,467,142 15,926,856 21,923,223 24,893,140 24,940,915 25,354,104 26,953,637 28,014,688 4.19 4.57 4.88 4.72 4.65 4.58 4.68 4.70
Salaries ...................... 5,560,129 9,790,767 13,005,332 14,490,521 14,478,409 14,685,427 15,490,102 16,082,232 2.75 2.81 2.90 2.75 2.70 2.65 2.69 2.70
Employee benefits ..... 1,408,217 2,356,440 3,898,171 4,933,118 5,098,479 5,234,451 5,640,401 5,898,941 0.70 0.68 0.87 0.94 0.95 0.95 0.98 0.99
Purchased services .... 622,487 2,003,598 2,944,703 3,438,979 3,484,764 3,444,243 3,659,324 3,942,599 0.31 0.58 0.66 0.65 0.65 0.62 0.64 0.66
Supplies ..................... 776,863 1,566,954 1,867,878 1,810,950 1,666,377 1,786,877 1,950,698 1,875,189 0.38 0.45 0.42 0.34 0.31 0.32 0.34 0.31
Other .......................... 99,445 209,097 207,139 219,573 212,886 203,106 213,112 215,727 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
General administration ... 5,791,253 7,108,291 8,920,041 10,494,526 10,825,907 11,117,393 11,535,748 12,051,604 2.87 2.04 1.99 1.99 2.02 2.01 2.01 2.02
Salaries ...................... 2,603,562 3,351,554 3,860,883 4,401,697 4,472,689 4,622,952 4,746,838 4,882,609 1.29 0.96 0.86 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.82
Employee benefits ..... 777,381 1,000,698 1,479,556 1,856,221 1,951,275 1,915,512 2,036,756 2,089,012 0.38 0.29 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.35 0.35
Purchased services .... 1,482,427 2,099,032 2,735,714 3,236,857 3,450,629 3,585,418 3,735,708 4,037,141 0.73 0.60 0.61 0.61 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.68
Supplies ..................... 172,898 206,137 225,230 228,417 232,774 237,184 249,401 265,647 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Other .......................... 754,985 450,870 618,657 771,334 718,540 756,327 767,045 777,195 0.37 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.13 0.14 0.13 0.13
School administration .... 11,695,344 19,580,890 25,277,042 28,660,307 29,523,691 30,420,650 31,792,450 33,196,060 5.79 5.62 5.63 5.44 5.51 5.50 5.53 5.57
Salaries ...................... 8,935,903 14,817,213 18,181,910 20,191,545 20,574,974 21,132,933 21,921,938 22,757,965 4.42 4.25 4.05 3.83 3.84 3.82 3.81 3.82
Employee benefits ..... 2,257,783 3,689,689 5,622,342 6,972,708 7,426,690 7,718,180 8,194,129 8,633,445 1.12 1.06 1.25 1.32 1.39 1.39 1.42 1.45
Purchased services .... 247,750 611,638 862,664 931,765 944,190 973,307 1,067,751 1,158,928 0.12 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19
Supplies ..................... 189,711 369,257 474,816 426,864 432,107 435,766 443,385 474,181 0.09 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Other .......................... 64,197 93,093 135,311 137,426 145,730 160,463 165,248 171,541 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Operation and
maintenance ............ 21,290,655 34,034,158 44,313,835 50,214,709 50,674,499 53,051,141 54,200,172 55,045,308 10.54 9.77 9.87 9.52 9.46 9.58 9.42 9.23
Salaries ...................... 8,849,559 13,461,242 16,021,701 17,604,634 17,468,535 17,846,272 18,205,576 18,735,694 4.38 3.86 3.57 3.34 3.26 3.22 3.16 3.14
Employee benefits ..... 2,633,075 3,778,520 5,840,665 7,195,927 7,473,129 7,694,270 8,024,419 8,293,959 1.30 1.08 1.30 1.36 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39
Purchased services .... 5,721,125 9,642,217 11,913,734 13,351,922 14,015,338 15,022,138 15,514,037 15,895,813 2.83 2.77 2.65 2.53 2.62 2.71 2.70 2.67
Supplies ..................... 3,761,738 6,871,845 10,147,971 11,638,187 11,349,828 12,078,609 12,047,041 11,728,035 1.86 1.97 2.26 2.21 2.12 2.18 2.09 1.97
Other .......................... 325,157 280,334 389,764 424,039 367,669 409,852 409,098 391,807 0.16 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Student transportation ... 8,678,954 14,052,654 18,850,234 22,370,807 23,237,941 23,845,036 23,961,692 24,325,894 4.30 4.03 4.20 4.24 4.34 4.31 4.16 4.08
Salaries ...................... 3,285,127 5,406,092 6,701,455 7,527,611 7,525,466 7,683,616 7,897,110 8,198,056 1.63 1.55 1.49 1.43 1.40 1.39 1.37 1.38
Employee benefits ..... 892,985 1,592,127 2,535,296 3,124,937 3,249,580 3,296,150 3,412,883 3,599,972 0.44 0.46 0.56 0.59 0.61 0.60 0.59 0.60
Purchased services .... 3,345,232 5,767,462 7,547,730 9,153,621 9,580,324 9,926,270 10,063,360 10,392,864 1.66 1.66 1.68 1.74 1.79 1.79 1.75 1.74
Supplies ..................... 961,447 1,159,350 1,867,495 2,370,182 2,656,230 2,695,508 2,356,982 1,886,842 0.48 0.33 0.42 0.45 0.50 0.49 0.41 0.32
Other .......................... 194,163 127,623 198,259 194,456 226,340 243,492 231,357 248,160 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

See notes at end of table.

 Table 236.20. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related programs, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990­–91 through
2015–16—Continued
Expenditures (in thousands of current dollars) Percentage distribution of current expenditures for public schools
Function and subfunction 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Other support
services4 .................. 5,587,837 11,439,134 14,463,815 17,246,807 18,054,249 19,034,045 20,885,114 21,595,076 2.77 3.28 3.22 3.27 3.37 3.44 3.63 3.62
Salaries ...................... 2,900,394 5,521,381 6,577,129 8,139,084 8,323,191 8,618,767 9,104,041 9,565,073 1.44 1.58 1.46 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.60
Employee benefits ..... 980,859 1,594,540 2,483,366 3,295,052 3,497,220 3,694,720 3,912,721 4,061,910 0.49 0.46 0.55 0.62 0.65 0.67 0.68 0.68
Purchased services .... 798,922 2,783,176 3,455,292 3,876,650 4,317,682 4,671,337 4,853,416 5,120,351 0.40 0.80 0.77 0.74 0.81 0.84 0.84 0.86
Supplies ..................... 294,527 626,889 793,997 876,293 964,937 1,097,951 1,163,493 1,241,221 0.15 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.21
Other .......................... 613,135 913,148 1,154,031 1,059,728 951,218 951,270 1,851,443 1,606,520 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.32 0.27
Food services ................. 8,430,490 13,816,635 17,263,582 20,394,768 21,835,757 22,342,085 23,064,706 23,643,250 4.17 3.97 3.84 3.87 4.08 4.04 4.01 3.97
Salaries ...................... — 4,966,092 5,841,522 6,482,085 6,607,619 6,699,499 6,873,015 7,098,376 — 1.43 1.30 1.23 1.23 1.21 1.19 1.19
Employee benefits ..... — 1,381,923 2,061,344 2,492,673 2,609,835 2,731,484 2,818,033 2,923,479 — 0.40 0.46 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49
Purchased services .... — 923,091 1,464,511 2,058,018 2,270,476 2,335,017 2,460,967 2,566,875 — 0.26 0.33 0.39 0.42 0.42 0.43 0.43
Supplies ..................... — 6,420,201 7,727,182 9,118,886 10,110,849 10,333,931 10,628,481 10,753,015 — 1.84 1.72 1.73 1.89 1.87 1.85 1.80
Other .......................... — 125,327 169,023 243,105 236,978 242,155 284,209 301,505 — 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05
Enterprise operations5 .... 946,705 776,463 1,022,549 1,110,646 1,103,949 1,155,773 1,121,673 1,201,907 0.47 0.22 0.23 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.19 0.20
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Salaries ...................... — 124,913 213,999 338,141 303,674 318,467 311,727 331,775 — 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06
Employee benefits ..... — 23,837 76,042 97,063 102,699 108,464 116,266 118,893 — 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Purchased services .... — 189,230 228,823 172,641 178,246 186,682 180,106 207,215 — 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Supplies ..................... — 242,052 304,129 290,372 296,981 320,969 294,064 317,276 — 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05
Other .......................... — 196,430 199,556 212,430 222,349 221,191 219,510 226,748 — 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Current expenditures for
other programs ........... 3,295,717 6,063,700 7,415,575 8,161,474 8,031,416 7,926,285 7,713,966 7,913,839 † † † † † † † †
Community services ...... 964,370 2,426,189 3,015,207 3,269,802 3,132,422 3,187,692 3,279,485 3,426,859 † † † † † † † †
Private school
programs ................. 527,609 1,026,695 1,389,204 1,427,539 1,471,013 1,431,807 1,590,684 1,662,359 † † † † † † † †
Adult education .............. 1,365,523 1,838,265 2,001,459 2,013,156 1,829,564 1,804,646 1,815,963 1,946,215 † † † † † † † †
Community colleges ...... 5,356 351 0 34,045 30,107 30,906 28,238 29,113 † † † † † † † †
Other .............................. 432,858 772,200 1,009,704 1,416,931 1,568,310 1,471,234 999,597 849,293 † † † † † † † †
Capital outlay6 .................... 19,771,478 46,220,704 57,375,299 50,968,815 45,720,570 46,438,323 50,610,125 55,989,047 † † † † † † † †
Public schools ................ 19,655,496 46,078,494 57,281,425 50,888,951 45,555,651 46,297,257 50,448,404 55,841,130 † † † † † † † †
Other current

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 193

expenditures ............ 115,982 142,210 93,874 79,864 164,919 141,066 161,722 147,917 † † † † † † † †
Interest on school debt ...... 4,324,768 10,165,940 14,346,556 17,934,224 17,265,542 17,152,459 17,479,466 17,502,481 † † † † † † † †

—Not available. 5
Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time).
†Not applicable. Includes very small amounts for direct program support made by state education agencies for local school districts.
1
Includes estimated data for subfunctions of food services and enterprise operations. 6
Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors.
2
Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services. NOTE: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
4
Includes business support services concerned with paying, transporting, exchanging, and maintaining goods and services Public Education Financial Survey,” 1990–91 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
for local education agencies; central support services, including planning, research, evaluation, information, staff, and data
processing services; and other support services.

Expenditures
 Table 236.25. Current expenditures for public elementary and secondary education, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16

194 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

[In thousands of current dollars]

Expenditures
State or jurisdiction 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
United States .. $34,217,773 $86,984,142 $188,229,359 $323,888,508 $425,047,565 $449,131,342 $476,814,206 $506,884,219 $518,922,842 $524,715,242 $527,291,339 $527,207,246 $535,795,823 $553,501,209 $575,331,825 $596,135,643
Alabama ..................... 422,730 1,146,713 2,275,233 4,176,082 5,164,406 5,699,076 6,245,031 6,832,439 6,683,843 6,670,517 6,592,925 6,386,517 6,532,358 6,742,829 6,806,467 6,885,677
Alaska ........................ 81,374 377,947 828,051 1,183,499 1,442,269 1,529,645 1,634,316 1,918,375 2,007,319 2,084,019 2,201,270 2,292,205 2,395,354 2,418,000 2,648,552 2,319,662
Arizona ....................... 281,941 949,753 2,258,660 4,288,739 6,579,957 7,130,341 7,815,720 8,403,221 8,726,755 8,482,552 8,340,211 7,976,089 8,164,529 8,187,607 8,370,884 8,551,673
Arkansas .................... 235,083 666,949 1,404,545 2,380,331 3,546,999 3,808,011 3,997,701 4,156,368 4,240,839 4,459,910 4,578,136 4,606,995 4,637,169 4,778,074 4,813,321 4,872,214
California .................... 3,831,595 9,172,158 21,485,782 38,129,479 50,918,654 53,436,103 57,352,599 61,570,555 60,080,929 58,248,662 57,526,835 57,975,189 58,323,458 61,050,894 65,953,946 72,003,129
Colorado ..................... 369,218 1,243,049 2,451,833 4,401,010 5,994,440 6,368,289 6,579,053 7,338,766 7,187,267 7,429,302 7,409,462 7,341,585 7,506,978 7,924,319 8,260,461 8,648,369
Connecticut ................ 588,710 1,227,892 3,444,520 5,402,836 7,080,396 7,517,025 7,855,459 8,336,789 8,708,294 8,853,337 9,094,036 9,344,999 9,543,010 10,050,439 10,321,511 10,551,327
Delaware .................... 108,747 269,108 520,953 937,630 1,299,349 1,405,465 1,437,707 1,489,594 1,518,786 1,549,812 1,613,304 1,751,143 1,761,559 1,816,383 1,860,732 1,941,408
District of Columbia .... 141,138 298,448 639,983 780,192 1,067,500 1,057,166 1,130,006 1,282,437 1,352,905 1,451,870 1,482,202 1,466,888 1,557,117 1,605,030 1,668,528 1,775,833
Florida ........................ 961,273 2,766,468 8,228,531 13,885,988 19,042,877 20,897,327 22,887,024 24,224,114 23,328,028 23,349,314 23,870,090 22,732,752 23,214,634 24,363,817 25,123,548 25,621,239
Georgia ....................... 599,371 1,608,028 4,505,962 9,158,624 12,528,856 13,739,263 14,828,715 16,030,039 15,976,945 15,730,409 15,527,907 15,623,633 15,536,733 15,921,673 16,530,506 17,283,295
Hawaii ........................ 141,324 351,889 700,012 1,213,695 1,648,086 1,805,521 2,045,198 2,122,779 2,225,438 2,136,144 2,141,561 2,187,480 2,178,284 2,316,586 2,344,496 2,502,117
Idaho .......................... 103,107 313,927 627,794 1,302,817 1,618,215 1,694,827 1,777,491 1,891,505 1,957,740 1,961,857 1,881,746 1,854,556 1,925,676 1,949,963 2,015,654 2,097,992
Illinois ......................... 1,896,067 4,579,355 8,125,493 14,462,773 18,658,428 19,244,908 20,326,591 21,874,484 23,495,271 24,695,773 24,554,467 25,012,915 25,783,911 27,289,963 28,545,089 29,253,457
Indiana ....................... 809,105 1,851,292 4,074,578 7,110,930 9,108,931 9,241,986 9,497,077 9,281,709 9,680,895 9,921,243 9,687,949 9,978,491 9,811,166 9,841,337 9,970,350 10,144,064
Iowa ........................... 527,086 1,186,659 2,004,742 3,264,336 3,808,200 4,039,389 4,231,932 4,499,236 4,731,463 4,794,308 4,855,871 4,971,944 5,143,771 5,354,843 5,526,877 5,663,444
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Kansas ....................... 362,593 830,133 1,848,302 2,971,814 3,718,153 4,039,417 4,339,477 4,633,517 4,806,603 4,731,676 4,741,372 4,871,381 4,895,863 5,083,374 5,136,532 5,065,968
Kentucky .................... 353,265 1,054,459 2,134,011 3,837,794 4,812,591 5,213,620 5,424,621 5,822,550 5,886,890 6,091,814 6,211,453 6,360,799 6,354,306 6,375,119 6,583,287 6,750,052
Louisiana .................... 503,217 1,303,902 2,838,283 4,391,189 5,554,766 5,554,278 6,040,368 6,814,455 7,276,651 7,393,452 7,522,098 7,544,782 7,492,539 7,721,469 7,960,448 8,027,058
Maine ......................... 155,907 385,492 1,048,195 1,604,438 2,056,266 2,119,408 2,258,764 2,308,071 2,350,447 2,370,085 2,377,878 2,330,842 2,357,739 2,441,064 2,538,313 2,579,299
Maryland .................... 721,794 1,783,056 3,894,644 6,545,135 8,682,586 9,381,613 10,210,303 11,211,176 11,591,965 11,883,677 11,885,333 11,850,634 12,108,546 12,314,446 12,620,036 12,774,063
Massachusetts ........... 907,341 2,638,734 4,760,390 8,564,039 11,357,857 11,747,010 12,383,447 13,182,987 13,937,097 13,356,373 13,962,366 14,151,659 14,627,898 15,183,018 15,723,617 16,374,676
Michigan .................... 1,799,945 4,642,847 8,025,621 13,994,294 16,353,921 16,681,981 17,013,259 17,053,521 17,217,584 17,227,515 16,786,444 16,485,178 16,354,807 16,493,575 16,849,135 16,977,163
Minnesota ................... 781,243 1,786,768 3,474,398 6,140,442 7,310,284 7,686,638 8,060,410 8,426,264 9,182,281 8,927,288 8,944,867 9,053,021 9,354,376 9,723,759 10,222,017 10,687,048
Mississippi .................. 262,760 756,018 1,472,710 2,510,376 3,243,888 3,550,261 3,692,358 3,898,401 3,967,232 3,990,876 3,887,981 3,972,787 4,006,798 4,071,006 4,145,632 4,234,977
Missouri ..................... 642,030 1,504,988 3,288,738 5,655,531 7,115,207 7,592,485 7,957,705 8,526,641 8,827,224 8,923,448 8,691,887 8,719,925 8,905,756 9,125,949 9,390,061 9,545,816
Montana ..................... 127,176 358,118 641,345 994,770 1,193,182 1,254,360 1,320,112 1,392,449 1,436,062 1,498,252 1,518,818 1,504,531 1,523,696 1,576,937 1,601,097 1,652,848
Nebraska .................... 231,612 581,615 1,233,431 1,926,500 2,512,914 2,672,629 2,825,608 2,970,323 3,053,575 3,213,646 3,345,530 3,462,575 3,563,939 3,654,376 3,805,871 3,911,805
Nevada ....................... 87,273 281,901 712,898 1,875,467 2,722,264 2,959,728 3,311,471 3,515,004 3,606,035 3,592,994 3,676,997 3,574,233 3,577,346 3,738,777 3,880,472 4,092,457
New Hampshire .......... 101,370 295,400 821,671 1,418,503 2,021,144 2,139,113 2,246,692 2,399,330 2,490,623 2,576,956 2,637,911 2,643,256 2,655,077 2,720,225 2,764,233 2,833,893
New Jersey ................. 1,343,564 3,638,533 8,119,336 13,327,645 19,669,576 20,869,993 22,448,262 24,357,079 23,446,911 24,261,392 23,639,281 24,391,278 25,417,320 25,733,921 25,993,208 26,825,114
New Mexico ................ 183,736 515,451 1,020,148 1,890,274 2,554,638 2,729,707 2,904,474 3,057,061 3,186,252 3,217,328 3,127,463 3,039,461 3,099,308 3,189,842 3,309,622 3,343,152
New York .................... 4,111,839 8,760,500 18,090,978 28,433,240 38,866,853 41,149,457 43,679,908 46,443,426 48,635,363 50,251,461 51,574,134 52,460,494 52,938,586 55,080,662 56,862,010 59,161,439
North Carolina ............. 676,193 1,880,862 4,342,826 7,713,293 9,835,550 10,476,056 11,248,336 11,482,912 12,598,382 12,200,362 12,322,555 12,303,426 12,666,607 12,685,461 13,210,839 13,466,942
North Dakota .............. 97,895 228,483 459,391 638,946 832,157 857,774 838,221 886,317 928,528 1,000,095 1,049,772 1,098,090 1,174,364 1,287,133 1,373,266 1,451,309
Ohio ............................ 1,639,805 3,836,576 7,994,379 12,974,575 17,167,866 17,829,599 18,251,361 18,892,374 19,387,318 19,801,670 19,988,921 19,701,810 19,506,123 19,714,149 20,231,423 20,484,182
Oklahoma ................... 339,105 1,055,844 1,905,332 3,382,581 4,161,024 4,406,002 4,750,536 4,932,913 5,082,062 5,192,124 5,036,031 5,170,978 5,329,897 5,451,048 5,560,047 5,606,044
Oregon ....................... 403,844 1,126,812 2,297,944 3,896,287 4,458,028 4,773,751 5,039,632 5,409,630 5,529,831 5,401,667 5,430,888 5,389,273 5,395,742 5,647,470 5,969,321 6,238,574
Pennsylvania .............. 1,912,644 4,584,320 9,496,788 14,120,112 18,711,100 19,631,006 20,404,304 21,157,430 21,831,816 22,733,518 23,485,203 23,190,198 23,712,931 24,264,551 25,109,991 26,045,127
Rhode Island ............... 145,443 362,046 801,908 1,393,143 1,825,900 1,934,429 2,039,633 2,134,609 2,139,317 2,136,582 2,149,366 2,167,450 2,121,403 2,182,976 2,242,486 2,283,927
South Carolina ............ 367,689 997,984 2,322,618 4,087,355 5,312,739 5,696,629 6,023,043 6,453,817 6,626,763 6,566,165 6,465,486 6,619,072 6,950,410 7,163,995 7,437,182 7,669,725
South Dakota .............. 109,375 238,332 447,074 737,998 916,563 948,671 977,006 1,037,875 1,080,054 1,115,861 1,126,503 1,100,100 1,125,929 1,182,721 1,211,080 1,253,268
Tennessee .................. 473,226 1,319,303 2,790,808 4,931,734 6,446,691 6,681,445 6,975,099 7,540,306 7,768,063 7,894,661 8,225,374 8,345,584 8,531,675 8,606,624 8,736,367 8,886,994
Texas .......................... 1,518,181 4,997,689 12,763,954 25,098,703 31,919,107 33,851,773 36,105,784 39,033,235 40,688,181 42,621,886 42,864,291 41,067,619 42,066,035 44,330,579 47,527,971 49,577,688
Utah ........................... 179,981 518,251 1,130,135 2,102,655 2,627,022 2,778,236 2,987,810 3,444,936 3,638,775 3,635,085 3,704,133 3,779,760 3,944,736 4,094,074 4,290,876 4,539,291
Vermont ...................... 78,921 189,811 546,901 870,198 1,177,478 1,237,442 1,300,149 1,356,165 1,413,329 1,432,683 1,424,507 1,497,093 1,549,228 1,602,256 1,638,720 1,671,433
Virginia ....................... 704,677 1,881,519 4,621,071 7,757,598 10,705,162 11,470,735 12,465,858 13,125,666 13,505,290 13,193,633 12,968,457 13,403,576 13,868,587 13,955,249 14,384,705 14,677,698
Washington ................. 699,984 1,825,782 3,550,819 6,399,885 7,870,979 8,239,716 8,752,007 9,331,539 9,940,325 9,832,913 10,040,312 10,040,607 10,216,676 10,911,929 11,470,245 12,483,668
West Virginia ............... 249,404 678,386 1,316,637 2,086,937 2,527,767 2,651,491 2,742,344 2,841,962 2,998,657 3,328,177 3,388,294 3,275,246 3,188,181 3,194,770 3,226,918 3,169,684
Wisconsin ................... 777,288 1,908,523 3,929,920 6,852,178 8,435,359 8,745,195 9,029,660 9,366,134 9,696,228 9,966,244 10,333,016 9,704,932 9,758,650 9,920,370 10,054,346 10,122,041
Wyoming .................... 69,584 226,067 509,084 683,918 863,423 965,350 1,124,564 1,191,736 1,268,407 1,334,655 1,398,444 1,432,216 1,439,041 1,466,579 1,509,532 1,556,321
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .... — — 21,838 42,395 58,163 58,539 57,093 63,105 65,436 70,305 75,355 80,105 65,039 71,709 63,693 58,675
Guam ...................... 16,652 — 101,130 — — 210,119 219,881 229,243 235,711 235,639 266,952 290,575 279,077 286,844 293,713 309,238
Northern Marianas .. — — 20,476 49,832 58,400 57,694 55,048 51,241 62,787 62,210 84,657 68,775 61,029 62,502 65,304 75,562
Puerto Rico ............. — — 1,045,407 2,086,414 2,865,945 3,082,295 3,268,200 3,433,229 3,502,757 3,464,044 3,519,547 3,351,423 3,676,880 3,510,706 3,247,136 2,970,386
U.S. Virgin Islands ... — — 128,065 135,174 137,793 146,872 157,446 196,533 201,326 220,234 204,932 183,333 161,955 175,022 158,652 160,559

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems,
NOTE: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and enterprise operations. Beginning in 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1979–80; and Common Core of Data
1989–90, expenditures for state administration are excluded. Data are not adjusted for changes in the purchasing power of (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
the dollar due to inflation. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
 Table 236.30. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related programs, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16
[In thousands of current dollars]

Total expenditures
Current expenditures for elementary and secondary programs
Elementary/ Support services
secondary Current
current Support General School Operation Student Other expenditures
expendi- services, Student Instructional adminis- adminis- and transpor- support Food Enterprise for other Capital Interest on
State or jurisdiction Total tures, total Instruction total support4 staff5 tration tration maintenance tation services services operations3 programs1 outlay2 school debt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
United States .. $677,541,010 $596,135,643 $363,047,760 $208,242,726 $34,014,096 $28,014,688 $12,051,604 $33,196,060 $55,045,308 $24,325,894 $21,595,076 $23,643,250 $1,201,907 $7,913,839 $55,989,047 $17,502,481
Alabama ................... 7,856,051 6,885,677 3,919,656 2,475,754 421,961 292,758 178,814 426,114 649,901 352,271 153,937 490,267 0 124,414 668,290 177,670
Alaska ...................... 2,620,322 2,319,662 1,251,726 983,880 181,082 181,634 32,821 142,072 275,954 76,143 94,174 74,113 9,944 7,484 255,045 38,131
Arizona ..................... 9,997,061 8,551,673 4,596,134 3,493,628 645,612 419,285 168,755 476,477 1,046,981 360,351 376,167 460,670 1,240 88,287 1,127,031 230,069
Arkansas .................. 5,572,087 4,872,214 2,734,078 1,871,259 260,137 406,672 124,677 254,517 496,288 178,775 150,193 261,194 5,683 29,441 539,198 131,234
California .................. 82,409,982 72,003,129 42,606,846 26,391,879 4,214,535 4,519,905 844,317 4,755,681 7,170,206 1,566,446 3,320,789 2,820,626 183,777 834,963 6,851,854 2,720,037
Colorado ................... 10,037,994 8,648,369 4,872,737 3,431,287 452,660 523,542 145,684 629,144 792,313 249,626 638,317 297,862 46,483 76,878 893,515 419,232
Connecticut ............. 11,738,548 10,551,327 6,654,475 3,571,233 677,863 332,539 234,445 614,056 912,979 526,161 273,190 236,847 88,773 149,930 919,215 118,075
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Delaware .................. 2,128,885 1,941,408 1,217,984 657,149 81,493 37,224 29,701 120,669 206,701 95,464 85,896 66,275 0 50,772 113,368 23,337
District of Columbia .. 2,352,758 1,775,833 984,313 725,257 79,734 61,941 150,447 120,929 137,502 117,401 57,304 63,880 2,383 42,862 393,478 140,585
Florida ...................... 28,897,234 25,621,239 15,763,102 8,586,268 1,140,143 1,626,893 237,029 1,423,931 2,508,146 967,758 682,369 1,271,869 0 569,722 1,983,369 722,904
Georgia ..................... 19,355,863 17,283,295 10,690,729 5,599,235 830,729 876,666 207,874 1,078,367 1,285,541 789,287 530,771 942,532 50,798 31,444 1,842,276 198,848
Hawaii ...................... 2,733,092 2,502,117 1,468,044 901,508 240,765 80,451 17,736 168,086 268,754 67,598 58,118 132,566 0 14,326 216,649 0
Idaho ........................ 2,429,358 2,097,992 1,244,728 744,678 117,285 109,587 50,993 120,489 197,121 94,036 55,167 108,513 73 4,873 269,299 57,193
Illinois ....................... 32,479,656 29,253,457 18,155,294 10,322,927 2,003,953 1,080,972 1,115,078 1,496,218 2,334,267 1,282,111 1,010,328 775,237 0 166,268 2,160,045 899,886
Indiana ..................... 11,669,049 10,144,064 5,831,669 3,819,141 513,635 402,497 218,024 650,556 1,164,296 611,214 258,919 493,254 0 160,818 1,058,051 306,115
Iowa ......................... 6,722,070 5,663,444 3,431,757 1,974,496 331,962 326,435 146,620 323,122 476,397 198,311 171,649 251,204 5,987 36,062 895,778 126,786
Kansas ..................... 6,285,438 5,065,968 3,027,649 1,792,129 317,618 211,087 141,621 294,252 490,787 201,331 135,433 246,190 0 4,417 989,773 225,280
Kentucky .................. 7,725,201 6,750,052 3,909,722 2,398,596 325,340 371,904 155,325 393,334 594,814 380,277 177,602 424,641 17,093 76,160 717,626 181,362
Louisiana .................. 8,776,666 8,027,058 4,518,231 3,072,282 484,084 406,831 234,294 508,399 745,495 457,123 236,055 436,157 387 41,437 595,689 112,482
Maine ....................... 2,736,938 2,579,299 1,516,283 956,620 175,215 136,138 86,258 136,806 261,276 127,171 33,756 106,085 312 27,897 82,730 47,012
Maryland .................. 14,098,518 12,774,063 8,028,897 4,373,888 602,547 664,711 95,845 860,159 1,112,998 662,195 375,433 371,278 0 34,569 1,132,311 157,576
Massachusetts ......... 17,133,936 16,374,676 10,492,714 5,435,668 1,196,664 732,437 255,630 709,066 1,399,278 731,142 411,450 446,294 0 64,378 460,085 234,797
Michigan .................. 19,310,076 16,977,163 9,766,683 6,582,559 1,326,828 870,792 377,305 940,568 1,479,551 693,596 893,918 627,921 0 281,606 1,229,437 821,870

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 195

Minnesota ................. 13,293,413 10,687,048 6,949,478 3,235,010 303,588 529,703 395,803 427,535 724,037 588,106 266,240 456,441 46,119 481,685 1,769,854 354,826
Mississippi ................ 4,565,341 4,234,977 2,414,582 1,561,278 219,997 199,156 143,287 255,440 438,972 195,144 109,282 258,863 254 24,616 256,520 49,229
Missouri ................... 11,040,542 9,545,816 5,651,864 3,444,594 427,176 439,181 343,589 559,116 954,453 485,917 235,163 449,358 0 246,346 906,207 342,173
Montana ................... 1,870,966 1,652,848 970,897 603,092 109,494 60,592 52,103 92,120 166,220 76,673 45,889 73,657 5,203 10,581 185,847 21,690
Nebraska .................. 4,603,453 3,911,805 2,486,681 1,158,242 178,618 130,421 115,046 182,607 329,957 116,152 105,442 165,719 101,164 1,849 601,757 88,042
Nevada ..................... 4,518,144 4,092,457 2,398,324 1,531,850 217,928 238,758 64,303 301,486 396,992 161,444 150,937 162,050 232 21,440 234,840 169,407
New Hampshire ........ 3,019,784 2,833,893 1,804,284 959,722 218,076 92,490 100,114 158,416 230,448 125,507 34,669 69,887 0 6,681 137,225 41,986
New Jersey ............... 29,093,257 26,825,114 16,132,662 9,839,684 2,746,074 853,808 539,639 1,336,945 2,615,120 1,112,664 635,434 602,924 249,844 242,549 1,377,448 648,146
New Mexico .............. 3,879,350 3,343,152 1,902,034 1,276,925 345,700 88,942 78,728 202,151 348,475 106,794 106,134 161,916 2,276 2,008 534,031 159
New York .................. 64,011,611 59,161,439 41,924,498 16,048,444 1,855,207 1,505,823 946,473 2,207,977 4,935,741 2,921,798 1,675,426 1,188,496 0 1,677,937 2,164,480 1,007,755
North Carolina ........... 14,432,888 13,466,942 8,395,193 4,335,770 655,787 460,175 245,991 860,517 1,118,188 549,873 445,239 735,980 0 63,132 887,583 15,231
North Dakota ........... 1,879,094 1,451,309 869,633 474,505 58,233 49,903 62,190 74,523 124,394 60,011 45,252 68,714 38,458 10,791 391,521 25,473
Ohio .......................... 23,319,945 20,484,182 11,954,341 7,838,117 1,385,266 838,277 649,307 1,177,890 1,785,591 970,927 1,030,859 690,598 1,126 436,360 1,844,170 555,234
Oklahoma ................. 6,328,465 5,606,044 3,125,438 2,067,921 387,298 236,415 164,843 313,641 597,342 173,861 194,521 355,212 57,473 26,158 643,052 53,211
Oregon ..................... 7,297,297 6,238,574 3,650,480 2,362,984 460,542 247,660 87,416 400,070 491,601 272,635 403,061 222,206 2,903 29,711 686,106 342,906
Pennsylvania ........... 29,492,243 26,045,127 16,083,136 8,984,548 1,442,409 880,455 795,951 1,166,707 2,412,682 1,301,027 985,316 868,478 108,965 600,230 1,905,689 941,197
Rhode Island ............. 2,505,425 2,283,927 1,393,738 827,947 234,930 88,121 34,437 110,772 176,142 95,485 88,061 61,320 922 62,020 117,460 42,018

Expenditures
South Carolina .......... 9,146,055 7,669,725 4,236,976 3,001,124 592,084 471,858 81,022 501,042 757,833 291,335 305,950 411,392 20,233 65,863 1,077,812 332,655
South Dakota ............ 1,485,135 1,253,268 730,833 446,851 69,685 46,304 43,009 61,431 131,206 45,306 49,910 69,227 6,357 7,270 192,658 31,938
Tennessee ............... 9,755,925 8,886,994 5,465,563 2,928,706 394,133 522,178 197,776 543,295 730,030 334,240 207,053 492,725 0 83,091 560,285 225,555
Texas ........................ 61,451,166 49,577,688 28,970,556 17,774,316 2,428,238 2,531,483 720,361 2,833,825 5,209,183 1,408,117 2,643,108 2,832,816 0 341,350 8,305,503 3,226,626
Utah ......................... 5,424,995 4,539,291 2,868,057 1,418,789 167,486 182,472 46,476 291,624 415,902 133,624 181,205 230,305 22,139 18,005 716,217 151,483

See notes at end of table.

 Table 236.30. Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary education and other related programs, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16—Continued

196 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

[In thousands of current dollars]

Expenditures
Total expenditures
Current expenditures for elementary and secondary programs
Elementary/ Support services
secondary Current
current Support General School Operation Student Other expenditures
expendi- services, Student Instructional adminis- adminis- and transpor- support Food Enterprise for other Capital Interest on
State or jurisdiction Total tures, total Instruction total support4 staff5 tration tration maintenance tation services services operations3 programs1 outlay2 school debt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Vermont .................... 1,735,331 1,671,433 1,061,379 563,594 128,615 72,186 35,162 107,192 129,284 54,367 36,788 44,914 1,546 10,540 43,357 10,001
Virginia ..................... 16,028,532 14,677,698 8,944,628 5,164,697 746,367 973,858 237,216 869,099 1,340,453 762,128 235,577 565,773 2,599 75,142 1,161,318 114,373
Washington ............... 15,163,088 12,483,668 7,211,513 4,779,816 862,959 854,021 245,289 746,560 1,068,272 461,461 541,256 371,910 120,428 49,143 2,194,714 435,564
West Virginia ............. 3,421,900 3,169,684 1,824,705 1,143,057 160,783 133,100 55,143 170,886 332,389 232,043 58,712 201,923 0 46,952 190,082 15,182
Wisconsin ................ 11,690,833 10,122,041 6,018,974 3,724,119 502,608 525,980 290,818 512,271 930,911 427,186 534,344 378,863 85 346,566 1,054,892 167,334
Wyoming .................. 2,020,051 1,556,321 923,865 585,703 92,971 88,469 30,820 87,907 145,943 76,281 63,312 46,107 647 6,816 454,305 2,608
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .... 67,309 58,675 29,612 11,233 34 4,302 936 4,118 0 568 1,275 17,830 0 1,800 6,833 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Guam ...................... 329,509 309,238 142,690 148,333 29,188 17,080 4,853 17,750 48,055 8,306 23,099 18,215 0 0 10,519 9,752
Northern Marianas .. 78,783 75,562 36,419 26,183 6,861 6,428 1,972 3,725 4,536 1,330 1,330 12,960 0 2,850 371 0
Puerto Rico ............ 3,071,992 2,970,386 1,188,311 1,389,070 325,798 174,241 84,598 130,663 512,128 82,140 79,501 393,005 0 76,403 25,203 0
U.S. Virgin Islands ... 162,386 160,559 94,624 55,611 13,814 3,461 7,458 8,885 7,407 7,175 7,411 10,172 152 1,394 433 0

1
Includes expenditures for adult education, community colleges, private school programs funded by local and state education 4
Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services.
agencies, and community services. 5
Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers.
2
Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors. NOTE: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time). SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
Also includes small amounts for direct program support made by state education agencies for local school districts. Public Education Financial Survey,” 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)

 Table 236.50. Expenditures for instruction in public elementary and secondary schools, by subfunction and state or jurisdiction: 2014–15 and 2015–16
[In thousands of current dollars]

2014–15 2015–16
Employee Purchased Employee Purchased
State or jurisdiction Total Salaries benefits services1 Supplies Tuition and other Total Salaries benefits services1 Supplies Tuition and other
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ............... $349,453,258 $223,044,251 $88,840,559 $16,559,278 $14,060,733 $6,948,438 $363,047,760 $230,473,355 $92,810,720 $18,047,613 $14,547,019 $7,169,054
Alabama ............................... 3,872,177 2,486,747 964,905 144,100 257,225 19,200 3,919,656 2,477,404 965,949 169,353 285,000 21,950
Alaska .................................. 1,489,304 693,933 666,738 57,105 60,744 10,784 1,251,726 711,182 414,485 58,577 56,348 11,134
Arizona ................................. 4,487,506 3,040,265 916,617 297,427 199,391 33,805 4,596,134 3,126,187 934,003 309,608 194,855 31,482
Arkansas .............................. 2,701,703 1,829,292 518,679 121,267 197,297 35,168 2,734,078 1,846,357 524,988 126,960 197,711 38,062
California .............................. 39,213,957 25,433,552 8,958,204 1,959,137 2,035,673 827,392 42,606,846 27,148,052 10,154,297 2,228,377 2,185,023 891,098
Colorado ............................... 4,665,976 3,222,468 898,454 117,985 300,310 126,758 4,872,737 3,348,613 953,906 133,253 304,275 132,690
Connecticut .......................... 6,526,503 3,833,099 1,862,292 207,769 114,555 508,789 6,654,475 3,909,375 1,885,230 220,157 112,589 527,124
Delaware .............................. 1,149,485 705,383 352,172 13,330 49,110 29,490 1,217,984 732,116 382,812 13,611 55,002 34,444
District of Columbia .............. 900,908 623,929 130,180 41,453 22,667 82,679 984,313 687,092 139,236 41,723 24,852 91,410
Florida .................................. 15,420,047 9,093,724 2,711,823 2,930,569 579,077 104,853 15,763,102 9,227,638 2,794,944 3,131,946 487,810 120,763
Georgia ................................. 10,213,889 6,689,671 2,494,344 366,574 606,976 56,324 10,690,729 6,932,398 2,674,848 399,785 625,381 58,319
Hawaii .................................. 1,377,713 894,305 338,738 51,694 71,774 21,202 1,468,044 948,100 381,962 55,103 73,434 9,444
Idaho .................................... 1,198,556 820,405 288,933 43,961 43,767 1,491 1,244,728 850,063 299,870 45,633 47,744 1,418
Illinois ................................... 17,612,116 9,965,876 5,858,828 1,002,755 419,835 364,823 18,155,294 10,057,461 6,270,188 1,024,980 444,020 358,645
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Indiana ................................. 5,735,162 3,574,920 1,859,846 101,594 190,184 8,619 5,831,669 3,622,089 1,893,369 104,080 202,779 9,352
Iowa ..................................... 3,367,129 2,357,489 779,276 92,699 104,785 32,880 3,431,757 2,414,681 786,969 90,387 104,827 34,894
Kansas ................................. 3,077,236 2,175,821 647,283 94,674 135,740 23,719 3,027,649 2,153,182 624,906 89,900 135,838 23,823
Kentucky .............................. 3,788,481 2,597,950 995,038 59,334 121,763 14,396 3,909,722 2,653,544 1,049,594 61,715 130,899 13,970
Louisiana .............................. 4,488,043 2,742,976 1,331,045 135,515 225,173 53,334 4,518,231 2,781,019 1,326,846 144,108 206,561 59,697
Maine ................................... 1,491,376 937,483 406,804 25,823 32,386 88,881 1,516,283 964,407 394,300 39,953 36,233 81,389
Maryland .............................. 7,882,693 4,940,005 2,221,890 232,136 200,822 287,840 8,028,897 5,029,476 2,283,910 250,071 187,431 278,008
Massachusetts ..................... 10,009,583 6,415,874 2,478,063 89,398 254,192 772,055 10,492,714 6,656,111 2,641,926 95,886 277,803 820,988
Michigan .............................. 9,686,774 5,259,496 3,242,438 906,122 259,632 19,087 9,766,683 5,176,562 3,368,889 947,726 254,201 19,306
Minnesota ............................. 6,619,067 4,499,275 1,503,059 339,174 197,255 80,303 6,949,478 4,641,312 1,642,237 367,612 207,138 91,179
Mississippi ............................ 2,357,120 1,624,328 541,001 64,756 106,373 20,663 2,414,582 1,667,459 552,238 72,636 102,866 19,384
Missouri ............................... 5,542,173 3,826,042 1,146,422 172,822 366,253 30,634 5,651,864 3,890,461 1,178,624 191,790 358,768 32,221
Montana ............................... 942,042 625,968 188,777 56,859 65,515 4,923 970,897 643,783 195,581 58,266 68,008 5,259
Nebraska .............................. 2,430,511 1,588,320 574,865 128,546 118,079 20,701 2,486,681 1,637,339 583,658 131,445 112,253 21,987
Nevada ................................. 2,255,867 1,480,410 583,389 42,110 145,680 4,276 2,398,324 1,565,794 640,137 47,619 140,144 4,631
New Hampshire .................... 1,756,353 1,060,633 472,500 47,213 36,592 139,415 1,804,284 1,070,727 499,636 48,479 35,651 149,791
New Jersey ........................... 15,639,896 9,543,271 4,256,870 601,928 478,059 759,768 16,132,662 9,674,517 4,594,280 636,802 455,518 771,545

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 197

New Mexico .......................... 1,890,194 1,278,415 440,845 66,080 104,541 313 1,902,034 1,284,541 443,881 67,436 105,846 331
New York .............................. 39,941,146 23,422,021 13,181,503 1,954,045 691,050 692,527 41,924,498 24,955,914 13,224,238 2,330,671 729,050 684,624
North Carolina ....................... 8,219,015 5,685,089 1,878,685 265,190 390,051 0 8,395,193 5,810,078 1,895,980 284,479 404,208 449
North Dakota ........................ 817,363 555,689 204,526 23,076 28,840 5,232 869,633 590,288 221,357 23,072 28,732 6,183
Ohio ...................................... 11,824,870 7,488,983 2,725,876 711,778 449,802 448,431 11,954,341 7,526,394 2,775,349 725,767 459,953 466,877
Oklahoma ............................. 3,063,208 2,141,680 679,060 65,286 164,994 12,188 3,125,438 2,163,799 696,168 59,181 193,959 12,330
Oregon ................................. 3,480,025 2,010,753 1,128,280 122,514 178,334 40,145 3,650,480 2,144,702 1,138,171 130,150 197,142 40,315
Pennsylvania ........................ 15,439,796 9,105,193 4,836,293 678,116 491,423 328,771 16,083,136 9,192,617 5,305,250 783,388 474,936 326,944
Rhode Island ......................... 1,376,735 857,109 410,935 13,317 22,128 73,246 1,393,738 870,708 420,972 11,913 23,693 66,453
South Carolina ...................... 4,103,458 2,774,511 983,740 160,296 161,416 23,495 4,236,976 2,842,958 1,027,856 174,223 168,222 23,717
South Dakota ........................ 708,499 475,667 144,489 28,944 47,056 12,342 730,833 492,308 148,723 28,656 48,482 12,665
Tennessee ............................ 5,369,137 3,581,742 1,206,926 122,743 447,399 10,326 5,465,563 3,665,541 1,205,593 127,147 454,033 13,249
Texas .................................... 27,490,783 21,014,720 3,509,535 924,910 1,719,679 321,939 28,970,556 22,035,575 3,664,960 1,003,668 1,928,691 337,661
Utah ..................................... 2,710,146 1,662,727 762,359 89,796 181,827 13,437 2,868,057 1,748,837 810,108 101,254 192,319 15,539
Vermont ................................ 1,037,584 594,644 282,120 57,925 20,459 82,435 1,061,379 599,678 291,342 61,557 21,518 87,283
Virginia ................................. 8,755,906 5,911,978 2,320,287 179,955 334,467 9,219 8,944,628 6,054,755 2,366,965 188,634 321,229 13,045
Washington ........................... 6,603,006 4,371,176 1,526,690 386,895 259,107 59,138 7,211,513 4,685,619 1,732,671 445,329 284,788 63,107
West Virginia ......................... 1,845,599 1,138,412 554,776 39,552 108,143 4,716 1,824,705 1,122,269 526,003 39,033 131,236 6,164
Wisconsin ............................. 5,978,996 3,812,581 1,632,340 90,694 220,874 222,507 6,018,974 3,856,289 1,623,439 90,922 225,236 223,087

Expenditures
Wyoming .............................. 898,443 578,250 241,819 32,338 42,260 3,776 923,865 585,983 257,877 33,597 42,785 3,623
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa .............. 30,680 20,784 4,335 940 1,005 3,616 29,612 21,780 4,591 450 985 1,806
Guam ................................ 146,165 106,308 38,700 926 230 0 142,690 105,474 36,814 166 236 0
Northern Marianas ............ 30,646 21,544 4,447 2,872 308 1,474 36,419 25,031 4,666 3,424 2,054 1,244
Puerto Rico ....................... 1,330,000 999,279 237,820 74,461 17,972 468 1,188,311 886,323 240,157 44,651 16,900 280
U.S. Virgin Islands ............. 94,478 63,964 25,586 2,142 2,787 0 94,624 63,079 26,493 2,136 2,915 0

Includes purchased professional services of teachers or others who provide instruction for students.
1
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
NOTE: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Public Education Financial Survey,” 2014–15 and 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
198 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education
Expenditures

Table 236.55. Total and current expenditures per pupil in public elementary and secondary schools: Selected years, 1919–20 through
2015–16
Expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance Expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment1
Unadjusted dollars2 Constant 2017–18 dollars3 Unadjusted dollars2 Constant 2017–18 dollars3
Annual percent
Total Current Total Current Total Current Total Current change in current
School year expenditure4 expenditure expenditure4 expenditure expenditure4 expenditure expenditure4 expenditure expenditure
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1919–20 ................... $64 $53 $833 $694 $48 $40 $623 $520 —
1929–30 ................... 108 87 1,573 1,257 90 72 1,302 1,041 —
1931–32 ................... 97 81 1,667 1,395 82 69 1,411 1,181 —
1933–34 ................... 76 67 1,428 1,264 65 57 1,213 1,074 —
1935–36 ................... 88 74 1,588 1,342 74 63 1,343 1,135 —
1937–38 ................... 100 84 1,727 1,453 86 72 1,482 1,247 —
1939–40 ................... 106 88 1,877 1,564 92 76 1,627 1,356 —
1941–42 ................... 110 98 1,751 1,565 94 84 1,499 1,340 —
1943–44 ................... 125 117 1,775 1,666 105 99 1,496 1,404 —
1945–46 ................... 146 136 1,984 1,855 124 116 1,690 1,581 —
1947–48 ................... 205 181 2,182 1,933 179 158 1,905 1,688 —
1949–50 ................... 260 210 2,728 2,204 231 187 2,421 1,956 —
1951–52 ................... 314 246 2,969 2,323 275 215 2,599 2,034 —
1953–54 ................... 351 265 3,238 2,443 312 236 2,880 2,173 —
1955–56 ................... 387 294 3,572 2,716 354 269 3,265 2,482 —
1957–58 ................... 447 341 3,888 2,964 408 311 3,546 2,703 —
1959–60 ................... 471 375 3,978 3,168 440 350 3,716 2,959 —
1961–62 ................... 517 419 4,269 3,459 485 393 4,006 3,245 —
1963–64 ................... 559 460 4,495 3,703 520 428 4,184 3,447 —
1965–66 ................... 654 538 5,084 4,181 607 499 4,720 3,882 —
1967–68 ................... 786 658 5,738 4,803 732 612 5,338 4,468 —
1969–70 ................... 955 816 6,273 5,360 879 751 5,775 4,934 —
1970–71 ................... 1,049 911 6,555 5,691 970 842 6,060 5,261 6.6
1971–72 ................... 1,128 990 6,800 5,968 1,034 908 6,237 5,473 4.0
1972–73 ................... 1,211 1,077 7,017 6,242 1,117 993 6,473 5,758 5.2
1973–74 ................... 1,364 1,207 7,258 6,424 1,244 1,101 6,618 5,858 1.7
1974–75 ................... 1,545 1,365 7,401 6,537 1,423 1,257 6,818 6,022 2.8
1975–76 ................... 1,697 1,504 7,594 6,727 1,563 1,385 6,992 6,195 2.9
1976–77 ................... 1,816 1,638 7,678 6,923 1,674 1,509 7,076 6,379 3.0
1977–78 ................... 2,002 1,823 7,933 7,221 1,842 1,677 7,296 6,642 4.1
1978–79 ................... 2,210 2,020 8,005 7,319 2,029 1,855 7,351 6,721 1.2
1979–80 ................... 2,491 2,272 7,960 7,261 2,290 2,088 7,318 6,675 -0.7
1980–81 ................... 2,742 5 2,502 7,855 5 7,166 2,529 5 2,307 7,245 5 6,609 -1.0
1981–82 ................... 2,973 5 2,726 7,840 5 7,187 2,754 5 2,525 7,262 5 6,657 0.7
1982–83 ................... 3,203 5 2,955 8,098 5 7,471 2,966 5 2,736 7,499 5 6,918 3.9
1983–84 ................... 3,471 5 3,173 8,462 5 7,736 3,216 5 2,940 7,839 5 7,167 3.6
1984–85 ................... 3,722 5 3,470 8,731 5 8,141 3,456 5 3,222 8,107 5 7,559 5.5
1985–86 ................... 4,020 5 3,756 9,166 5 8,563 3,724 5 3,479 8,492 5 7,934 5.0
1986–87 ................... 4,308 5 3,970 9,610 5 8,857 3,995 5 3,682 8,911 5 8,213 3.5
1987–88 ................... 4,654 5 4,240 9,969 5 9,082 4,310 5 3,927 9,232 5 8,411 2.4
1988–89 ................... 5,108 4,645 10,458 9,509 4,737 4,307 9,698 8,818 4.8
1989–90 ................... 5,547 4,980 10,840 9,731 5,172 4,643 10,106 9,073 2.9
1990–91 ................... 5,882 5,258 10,898 9,742 5,484 4,902 10,160 9,082 0.1
1991–92 ................... 6,072 5,421 10,901 9,733 5,626 5,023 10,101 9,018 -0.7
1992–93 ................... 6,279 5,584 10,932 9,721 5,802 5,160 10,102 8,982 -0.4
1993–94 ................... 6,489 5,767 11,012 9,787 5,994 5,327 10,171 9,040 0.6
1994–95 ................... 6,723 5,989 11,091 9,880 6,206 5,529 10,238 9,121 0.9
1995–96 ................... 6,959 6,147 11,177 9,872 6,441 5,689 10,344 9,137 0.2
1996–97 ................... 7,297 6,393 11,394 9,982 6,761 5,923 10,558 9,249 1.2
1997–98 ................... 7,701 6,676 11,813 10,241 7,139 6,189 10,952 9,495 2.7
1998–99 ................... 8,115 7,013 12,238 10,576 7,531 6,508 11,357 9,814 3.4
1999–2000 ............... 8,589 7,394 12,589 10,837 8,030 6,912 11,769 10,131 3.2
2000–01 ................... 9,180 7,904 13,009 11,200 8,572 7,380 12,147 10,458 3.2
2001–02 ................... 9,611 8,259 13,383 11,500 8,993 7,727 12,522 10,760 2.9
2002–03 ................... 9,950 8,610 13,557 11,731 9,296 8,044 12,666 10,960 1.9
2003–04 ................... 10,308 8,900 13,744 11,867 9,625 8,310 12,834 11,081 1.1
2004–05 ................... 10,779 9,316 13,952 12,059 10,078 8,711 13,045 11,275 1.8
2005–06 ................... 11,338 9,778 14,137 12,193 10,603 9,145 13,221 11,403 1.1
2006–07 ................... 12,015 10,336 14,604 12,563 11,252 9,679 13,676 11,765 3.2
2007–08 ................... 12,759 10,982 14,954 12,871 11,965 10,298 14,023 12,070 2.6
2008–09 ................... 13,033 11,239 15,065 12,991 12,222 10,540 14,128 12,183 0.9
2009–10 ................... 13,035 11,427 14,923 13,082 12,133 10,636 13,890 12,177 -0.1
2010–11 ................... 12,926 11,433 14,506 12,832 12,054 10,663 13,528 11,967 -1.7
2011–12 ................... 12,796 11,362 13,952 12,389 11,991 10,648 13,075 11,610 -3.0
2012–13 ................... 12,859 11,509 13,791 12,344 12,033 10,771 12,906 11,552 -0.5
2013–14 ................... 13,174 11,819 13,912 12,481 12,335 11,066 13,026 11,686 1.2
2014–15 ................... 13,668 12,224 14,329 12,816 12,796 11,445 13,415 11,998 2.7
2015–16 ................... 14,170 12,617 14,756 13,139 13,298 11,841 13,847 12,330 2.8

—Not available. services, food services, and enterprise operations. Total expenditures include current
1
Data for 1919–20 to 1953–54 are based on school-year enrollment. expenditures, capital outlay, and interest on debt. Beginning in 1988–89, extensive changes
2
Unadjusted (or “current”) dollars have not been adjusted to compensate for inflation. were made in the data collection procedures.
3
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. Survey of Education in the United States, 1919–20 through 1955–56; Statistics of State
4
Excludes “Other current expenditures,” such as community services, private school School Systems, 1957–58 through 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public
programs, adult education, and other programs not allocable to expenditures per student Elementary and Secondary Education, 1970–71 through 1986–87; and Common Core
at public schools. of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1987–88 through 2015–16.
5
Estimated. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
NOTE: Beginning in 1980–81, state administration expenditures are excluded from both
“total” and “current” expenditures. Current expenditures include instruction, support

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 236.60. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990–91 through
2015–16
Expenditures per pupil in current dollars Expenditures per pupil in constant 2017–18 dollars1
Function and subfunction 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total expenditures ....................... $5,484 $8,572 $10,603 $12,054 $11,991 $12,033 $12,335 $12,796 $13,298 $10,160 $12,147 $13,221 $13,528 $13,075 $12,906 $13,026 $13,415 $13,847
Current expenditures for
public schools ................................. 4,902 7,380 9,145 10,663 10,648 10,771 11,066 11,445 11,841 9,082 10,458 11,403 11,967 11,610 11,552 11,686 11,998 12,330

Salaries ............................................. 3,220 2

4,752 5,561 6,300 6,233 6,265 6,372 6,530 6,748 5,967 2
6,734 6,935 7,070 6,796 6,719 6,729 6,846 7,027
Employee benefits ............................. 824 2 1,228 1,790 2,260 2,309 2,372 2,472 2,603 2,717 1,526 2 1,741 2,231 2,536 2,518 2,543 2,611 2,729 2,829
Purchased services ........................... 397 2 673 880 1,082 1,097 1,121 1,163 1,216 1,283 736 2 954 1,097 1,214 1,197 1,203 1,228 1,275 1,336
Tuition ............................................... 29 2 52 78 101 101 102 106 111 114 54 2 74 97 113 110 110 112 116 119
Supplies ............................................ 359 2 599 746 817 809 817 858 871 868 666 2 848 930 917 883 877 906 913 904
Other ................................................. 72 2 76 90 103 98 93 95 114 111 134 2 107 113 116 107 100 101 119 116
Instruction ......................................... 2,965 4,541 5,574 6,522 6,483 6,547 6,726 6,951 7,211 5,494 6,435 6,950 7,320 7,069 7,022 7,103 7,288 7,509
Salaries ......................................... 2,202 3,273 3,806 4,307 4,256 4,273 4,344 4,437 4,578 4,079 4,639 4,745 4,834 4,641 4,583 4,587 4,652 4,767
Employee benefits ......................... 542 837 1,202 1,522 1,554 1,598 1,678 1,767 1,843 1,005 1,187 1,499 1,708 1,695 1,714 1,772 1,853 1,920
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Purchased services ....................... 66 136 205 297 294 297 303 329 358 122 193 256 333 320 318 320 345 373
Tuition ........................................... 29 52 78 101 101 102 106 111 114 54 74 97 113 110 110 112 116 119
Supplies ........................................ 111 220 259 266 251 250 267 280 289 206 312 323 298 274 268 282 293 301
Textbooks .................................. — — — 47 44 43 46 49 50 — — — 53 48 46 49 51 53
Other ............................................. 15 22 24 30 27 27 28 27 28 28 31 30 33 29 29 29 29 29

Student support 3 ............................... 217 366 475 594 589 601 615 644 676 401 519 592 667 642 645 649 675 704
Salaries ......................................... 159 262 322 392 383 389 396 411 429 295 371 402 440 418 417 419 431 447
Employee benefits ......................... 40 64 99 132 137 142 146 157 166 75 91 123 148 149 152 154 164 173
Purchased services ....................... 11 28 40 52 54 56 57 60 64 20 40 50 59 59 60 60 63 66
Supplies ........................................ 5 9 10 11 10 11 11 12 12 9 13 13 12 11 12 12 12 13
Other ............................................. 1 3 4 7 4 4 4 4 4 2 5 5 8 5 4 4 4 5

Instructional staff services4 ............... 205 337 446 503 498 501 507 536 556 381 478 557 565 543 538 535 562 579
Salaries ......................................... 135 207 265 293 289 291 294 308 319 250 294 330 329 316 312 310 323 333
Employee benefits ......................... 34 50 79 100 100 102 105 112 117 63 71 99 112 110 110 111 118 122

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 199

Purchased services ....................... 15 42 60 70 69 70 69 73 78 28 60 75 78 75 75 73 76 82
Supplies ........................................ 19 33 38 37 35 33 36 39 37 35 47 47 41 38 36 38 41 39
Other ............................................. 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 4

General administration ...................... 141 151 182 212 213 218 222 229 239 260 213 226 238 233 233 235 241 249
Salaries ......................................... 63 71 79 89 88 90 92 94 97 117 101 98 100 96 96 98 99 101
Employee benefits ......................... 19 21 30 38 39 39 38 41 41 35 30 38 42 42 42 40 42 43
Purchased services ....................... 36 44 56 65 67 69 72 74 80 67 63 69 73 73 74 76 78 84
Supplies ........................................ 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5
Other ............................................. 18 10 13 16 15 14 15 15 15 34 14 16 18 16 15 16 16 16

School administration ........................ 284 415 515 580 584 593 608 632 659 526 588 642 650 637 637 642 663 687
Salaries ......................................... 217 314 370 408 408 414 423 436 452 402 445 462 458 445 444 446 457 471
Employee benefits ......................... 55 78 114 141 145 149 154 163 171 101 111 143 158 158 160 163 171 179
Purchased services ....................... 6 13 18 19 20 19 19 21 23 11 18 22 21 21 20 21 22 24
Supplies ........................................ 5 8 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 11 12 10 9 9 9 9 10
Other ............................................. 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

Expenditures
Operation and maintenance .............. 517 721 902 1,015 1,006 1,019 1,061 1,078 1,093 957 1,022 1,125 1,140 1,097 1,093 1,120 1,130 1,139
Salaries ......................................... 215 285 326 356 352 351 357 362 372 398 404 407 400 384 377 377 380 388
Employee benefits ......................... 64 80 119 146 148 150 154 160 165 118 113 148 163 161 161 162 167 172
Purchased services ....................... 139 204 243 270 271 282 300 309 316 257 289 302 303 296 302 317 324 329
Supplies ........................................ 91 146 207 235 227 228 241 240 233 169 206 258 264 248 245 255 251 243
Other ............................................. 8 6 8 9 8 7 8 8 8 15 8 10 10 9 8 9 9 8

See notes at end of table.

 Table 236.60. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by function and subfunction: Selected years, 1990–91 through

200 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

2015–16—Continued

Expenditures
Expenditures per pupil in current dollars Expenditures per pupil in constant 2017–18 dollars1
Function and subfunction 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 1990–91 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Student transportation ....................... 211 298 384 452 463 467 477 477 483 390 422 479 508 505 501 503 500 503
Salaries ......................................... 80 115 136 152 151 151 154 157 163 148 162 170 171 165 162 162 165 170
Employee benefits ......................... 22 34 52 63 64 65 66 68 72 40 48 64 71 70 70 70 71 74
Purchased services ....................... 81 122 154 185 190 193 198 200 206 150 173 192 208 207 207 210 210 215
Supplies ........................................ 23 25 38 48 53 53 54 47 37 43 35 47 54 58 57 57 49 39
Other ............................................. 5 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 9 4 5 4 5 5 5 5 5

Other support services5 ..................... 136 242 294 349 361 363 381 415 429 251 343 367 391 393 389 402 436 447
Salaries ......................................... 70 117 134 165 165 167 172 181 190 130 166 167 185 180 179 182 190 198
Employee benefits ......................... 24 34 51 67 69 70 74 78 81 44 48 63 75 75 75 78 82 84
Purchased services ....................... 19 59 70 78 85 87 93 97 102 36 84 88 88 93 93 99 101 106
Supplies ........................................ 7 13 16 18 19 19 22 23 25 13 19 20 20 20 21 23 24 26
Other ............................................. 15 19 23 21 23 19 19 37 32 28 27 29 24 25 21 20 39 33
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Food services .................................... 205 293 352 412 428 439 447 459 470 379 415 438 463 467 471 472 481 489
Salaries ......................................... — 105 119 131 133 133 134 137 141 — 149 148 147 145 142 141 143 147
Employee benefits ......................... — 29 42 50 51 52 55 56 58 — 41 52 57 56 56 58 59 60
Purchased services ....................... — 20 30 42 44 46 47 49 51 — 28 37 47 48 49 49 51 53
Supplies ........................................ — 136 157 184 196 203 207 211 214 — 193 196 207 213 218 218 222 222
Other ............................................. — 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 6 — 4 4 6 5 5 5 6 6

Enterprise operations6 ....................... 23 16 21 22 22 22 23 22 24 43 23 26 25 24 24 24 23 25

Salaries ......................................... — 3 4 7 6 6 6 6 7 — 4 5 8 7 7 7 7 7
Employee benefits ......................... — 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 — 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Purchased services ....................... — 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 4 — 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4
Supplies ........................................ — 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 — 7 8 7 6 6 7 6 7
Other ............................................. — 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 — 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Capital outlay7 ...................................... 477 976 1,166 1,029 984 916 926 1,004 1,109 884 1,383 1,454 1,155 1,073 982 977 1,052 1,155

Interest on school debt ......................... 105 215 292 363 360 347 343 348 348 194 305 364 407 392 372 362 365 362

—Not available. for local education agencies; central support services, including planning, research, evaluation, information, staff, and data
1
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of processing services; and other support services.
Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. 6
Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time).
2
Includes estimated data for subfunctions of food services and enterprise operations. 7
Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors.
3
Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services. NOTE: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
4
Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
5
Includes business support services concerned with paying, transporting, exchanging, and maintaining goods and services Public Education Financial Survey,” 1990–91 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
 Table 236.65. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16
Unadjusted dollars1
State or jurisdiction 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
United States ...................... $751 $2,088 $4,643 $6,912 $9,145 $9,679 $10,298 $10,540 $10,636 $10,663 $10,648 $10,771 $11,066 $11,445 $11,841
Alabama ...................................... 512 1,520 3,144 5,638 7,683 8,398 9,197 8,964 8,907 8,726 8,577 8,773 9,036 9,146 9,258
Alaska ......................................... 1,059 4,267 7,577 8,806 11,476 12,324 14,641 15,363 15,829 16,663 17,475 18,217 18,466 20,191 17,510
Arizona ........................................ 674 1,865 3,717 5,030 6,515 7,316 7,727 8,022 7,870 7,782 7,383 7,495 7,427 7,590 7,772
Arkansas ..................................... 511 1,472 3,229 5,277 8,030 8,391 8,677 8,854 9,281 9,496 9,536 9,538 9,752 9,805 9,900
California ..................................... 833 2,227 4,502 6,314 8,301 8,952 9,706 9,503 9,300 9,146 9,220 9,258 9,671 10,449 11,420
Colorado ...................................... 686 2,258 4,357 6,215 8,166 8,286 9,152 8,782 8,926 8,786 8,594 8,693 9,036 9,292 9,619
Connecticut ................................. 911 2,167 7,463 9,753 13,072 13,659 14,610 15,353 15,698 16,224 16,855 17,321 18,401 19,020 19,615
Delaware ..................................... 833 2,587 5,326 8,310 11,621 11,760 12,153 12,109 12,222 12,467 13,580 13,653 13,793 13,882 14,397
District of Columbia ..................... 947 2,811 7,872 10,107 13,752 15,511 16,353 19,698 20,910 20,793 19,847 20,451 20,537 20,610 21,135
Florida ......................................... 683 1,834 4,597 5,831 7,812 8,567 9,084 8,867 8,863 9,030 8,520 8,623 8,955 9,113 9,176
Georgia ........................................ 539 1,491 4,000 6,437 8,595 9,102 9,718 9,649 9,432 9,259 9,272 9,121 9,236 9,476 9,835
Hawaii ......................................... 792 2,086 4,130 6,530 9,876 11,316 11,800 12,400 11,855 11,924 11,973 11,790 12,400 12,855 13,748
Idaho ........................................... 573 1,548 2,921 5,315 6,469 6,648 6,951 7,118 7,100 6,821 6,626 6,761 6,577 6,929 7,178
Illinois .......................................... 816 2,241 4,521 7,133 9,113 9,596 10,353 11,097 11,739 11,742 12,011 12,443 13,213 13,935 14,327
Indiana ........................................ 661 1,708 4,270 7,192 8,929 9,080 8,867 9,254 9,479 9,251 9,588 9,421 9,396 9,529 9,691
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Iowa ............................................ 798 2,164 4,190 6,564 8,355 8,791 9,520 9,704 9,748 9,795 10,027 10,291 10,647 10,938 11,148
Kansas ........................................ 699 1,963 4,290 6,294 8,640 9,243 9,894 10,204 9,972 9,802 10,021 10,011 10,240 10,329 10,216
Kentucky ..................................... 502 1,557 3,384 5,921 7,668 7,941 8,740 8,786 8,957 9,228 9,327 9,274 9,411 9,560 9,831
Louisiana ..................................... 589 1,629 3,625 5,804 8,486 8,937 10,006 10,625 10,701 10,799 10,726 10,539 10,853 11,106 11,169
Maine .......................................... 649 1,692 4,903 7,667 10,841 11,644 11,761 12,183 12,525 12,576 12,335 12,694 13,267 13,976 14,202
Maryland ..................................... 809 2,293 5,573 7,731 10,909 11,989 13,257 13,737 14,007 13,946 13,875 14,086 14,217 14,431 14,523
Massachusetts ............................ 791 2,548 5,766 8,816 12,087 12,784 13,690 14,534 13,956 14,612 14,844 15,321 15,886 16,450 16,986
Michigan ..................................... 841 2,495 5,090 8,110 9,575 9,876 10,075 10,373 10,447 10,577 10,477 10,515 10,649 10,956 11,051
Minnesota .................................... 855 2,296 4,698 7,190 9,159 9,589 10,060 10,983 10,665 10,674 10,781 11,065 11,427 11,924 12,364
Mississippi ................................... 457 1,568 2,934 5,014 7,173 7,459 7,890 8,064 8,104 7,926 8,097 8,117 8,265 8,445 8,692
Missouri ...................................... 596 1,724 4,071 6,187 8,273 8,848 9,532 9,617 9,721 9,461 9,514 9,702 9,938 10,231 10,385
Montana ...................................... 728 2,264 4,240 6,314 8,626 9,191 9,786 10,120 10,565 10,719 10,569 10,662 10,941 11,078 11,374
Nebraska ..................................... 700 2,025 4,553 6,683 9,324 10,068 10,565 10,846 11,339 11,704 11,492 11,743 11,877 12,174 12,379
Nevada ........................................ 706 1,908 3,816 5,760 7,177 7,796 8,187 8,321 8,376 8,411 8,130 8,026 8,275 8,451 8,753
New Hampshire ........................... 666 1,732 4,786 6,860 10,396 11,036 11,951 12,583 13,072 13,548 13,774 14,050 14,601 14,969 15,535
New Jersey .................................. 924 2,825 7,546 10,337 14,954 16,163 17,620 16,973 17,379 16,855 17,982 18,523 18,780 18,559 19,041
New Mexico ................................. 665 1,870 3,446 5,825 8,354 8,849 9,291 9,648 9,621 9,250 9,013 9,164 9,403 9,724 9,959
New York ..................................... 1,194 2,950 7,051 9,846 14,615 15,546 16,794 17,746 18,167 18,857 19,396 19,529 20,156 20,744 22,231

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 201

North Carolina .............................. 570 1,635 4,018 6,045 7,396 7,878 7,798 8,463 8,225 8,267 8,160 8,342 8,287 8,529 8,717
North Dakota ............................... 662 1,941 3,899 5,667 8,728 8,671 9,324 9,802 10,519 10,898 11,246 11,615 12,383 12,884 13,358
Ohio ............................................. 677 1,894 4,531 7,065 9,692 9,937 10,340 10,669 11,224 11,395 11,323 11,276 11,434 11,730 11,933
Oklahoma .................................... 554 1,810 3,293 5,395 6,941 7,430 7,683 7,878 7,929 7,631 7,763 7,914 7,995 8,075 8,091
Oregon ........................................ 843 2,412 4,864 7,149 8,645 8,958 9,565 9,611 9,268 9,516 9,485 9,572 9,959 10,457 10,823
Pennsylvania ............................... 815 2,328 5,737 7,772 10,723 10,905 11,741 12,299 12,729 13,096 13,091 13,445 13,824 14,405 15,165
Rhode Island ................................ 807 2,340 5,908 8,904 12,609 13,453 14,459 14,719 14,723 14,948 15,172 14,889 15,372 15,797 16,082
South Carolina ............................. 567 1,597 3,769 6,130 8,120 8,507 9,060 9,228 9,080 8,908 9,102 9,444 9,608 9,831 10,045
South Dakota ............................... 656 1,781 3,511 5,632 7,775 8,064 8,535 8,543 9,020 8,931 8,593 8,630 9,036 9,103 9,335
Tennessee ................................... 531 1,523 3,405 5,383 7,004 7,129 7,820 7,992 8,117 8,330 8,348 8,588 8,662 8,776 8,876
Texas ........................................... 551 1,740 3,835 6,288 7,480 7,850 8,350 8,562 8,788 8,685 8,213 8,285 8,602 9,081 9,352
Utah ............................................ 595 1,556 2,577 4,378 5,464 5,709 5,978 6,612 6,452 6,440 6,312 6,432 6,546 6,751 7,006
Vermont ....................................... 790 1,930 5,770 8,323 12,805 13,629 14,421 15,096 15,666 14,707 16,651 17,286 18,066 18,769 19,023
Virginia ........................................ 654 1,824 4,690 6,841 9,452 10,214 10,664 10,928 10,594 10,363 10,656 10,960 10,955 11,235 11,435
Washington .................................. 853 2,387 4,382 6,376 7,984 8,524 9,058 9,585 9,497 9,619 9,604 9,714 10,305 10,684 11,484
West Virginia ................................ 621 1,749 4,020 7,152 9,440 9,727 10,059 10,606 11,774 11,978 11,579 11,264 11,371 11,512 11,424
Wisconsin .................................... 793 2,225 5,020 7,806 9,993 10,372 10,791 11,183 11,507 11,947 11,233 11,186 11,345 11,538 11,664
Wyoming ..................................... 805 2,369 5,239 7,425 11,437 13,266 13,856 14,628 15,232 15,815 15,988 15,815 15,903 16,047 16,431
Other jurisdictions

Expenditures
American Samoa ...................... — — 1,781 2,739 3,561 3,481 — — — — — — — — —
Guam........................................ 766 — 3,817 — 6,781 — — — — 8,443 9,300 8,949 8,585 9,431 10,033
Northern Marianas ................... — — 3,356 5,120 4,924 4,707 4,535 5,753 5,676 7,623 6,246 5,733 5,875 — —
Puerto Rico .............................. — — 1,605 3,404 5,470 6,006 6,520 6,955 7,021 7,429 7,403 8,460 8,281 7,902 7,821
U.S. Virgin Islands .................... — — 6,043 6,478 8,768 9,669 12,358 12,768 14,215 13,226 11,669 10,661 11,705 11,141 11,631

See notes at end of table.

 Table 236.65. Current expenditure per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through 2015–16—Continued

202 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

Constant 2017–18 dollars2

Expenditures
State or jurisdiction 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
United States ...................... $4,934 $6,675 $9,073 $10,131 $11,403 $11,765 $12,070 $12,183 $12,177 $11,967 $11,610 $11,552 $11,686 $11,998 $12,330
Alabama ...................................... 3,361 4,860 6,143 8,263 9,580 10,208 10,779 10,361 10,197 9,793 9,352 9,409 9,542 9,589 9,640
Alaska ......................................... 6,957 13,638 14,807 12,907 14,310 14,980 17,160 17,758 18,121 18,701 19,054 19,538 19,500 21,168 18,234
Arizona ........................................ 4,430 5,961 7,264 7,372 8,124 8,893 9,057 9,273 9,010 8,734 8,050 8,038 7,843 7,957 8,094
Arkansas ..................................... 3,356 4,704 6,310 7,735 10,013 10,199 10,170 10,235 10,625 10,657 10,398 10,230 10,298 10,279 10,310
California ..................................... 5,474 7,116 8,798 9,255 10,351 10,881 11,376 10,984 10,647 10,265 10,053 9,930 10,213 10,954 11,893
Colorado ...................................... 4,506 7,217 8,514 9,109 10,183 10,071 10,727 10,151 10,218 9,861 9,371 9,323 9,542 9,741 10,017
Connecticut ................................. 5,982 6,926 14,583 14,294 16,299 16,603 17,124 17,747 17,972 18,208 18,378 18,577 19,431 19,940 20,426
Delaware ..................................... 5,475 8,267 10,408 12,179 14,491 14,294 14,244 13,997 13,993 13,992 14,807 14,643 14,566 14,553 14,992
District of Columbia ..................... 6,220 8,986 15,382 14,813 17,147 18,854 19,167 22,770 23,939 23,336 21,640 21,933 21,687 21,607 22,009
Florida ......................................... 4,484 5,862 8,983 8,546 9,741 10,413 10,646 10,249 10,146 10,135 9,290 9,248 9,456 9,554 9,555
Georgia ........................................ 3,539 4,766 7,816 9,435 10,718 11,063 11,390 11,154 10,799 10,391 10,110 9,783 9,753 9,935 10,242
Hawaii ......................................... 5,202 6,668 8,071 9,571 12,315 13,755 13,830 14,333 13,572 13,382 13,054 12,645 13,094 13,477 14,317
Idaho ........................................... 3,765 4,949 5,708 7,790 8,067 8,080 8,147 8,227 8,129 7,656 7,225 7,251 6,946 7,265 7,475
Illinois .......................................... 5,358 7,163 8,834 10,455 11,364 11,664 12,135 12,827 13,439 13,178 13,096 13,345 13,953 14,609 14,920
Indiana ........................................ 4,343 5,459 8,345 10,541 11,133 11,037 10,393 10,697 10,852 10,382 10,454 10,105 9,922 9,990 10,092
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Iowa ............................................ 5,243 6,917 8,187 9,621 10,418 10,686 11,157 11,217 11,159 10,992 10,933 11,037 11,243 11,467 11,609
Kansas ........................................ 4,590 6,274 8,383 9,224 10,773 11,234 11,597 11,795 11,416 11,001 10,927 10,737 10,813 10,829 10,638
Kentucky ..................................... 3,297 4,977 6,612 8,678 9,562 9,652 10,243 10,156 10,255 10,356 10,170 9,947 9,938 10,022 10,238
Louisiana ..................................... 3,872 5,206 7,083 8,507 10,581 10,863 11,728 12,281 12,251 12,120 11,695 11,304 11,460 11,643 11,631
Maine .......................................... 4,264 5,408 9,582 11,238 13,518 14,153 13,785 14,082 14,339 14,114 13,449 13,614 14,010 14,653 14,789
Maryland ..................................... 5,315 7,328 10,891 11,331 13,602 14,572 15,538 15,879 16,036 15,652 15,129 15,107 15,013 15,129 15,123
Massachusetts ............................ 5,194 8,143 11,268 12,921 15,071 15,539 16,046 16,800 15,977 16,399 16,185 16,432 16,776 17,246 17,688
Michigan ..................................... 5,527 7,976 9,946 11,886 11,939 12,004 11,808 11,990 11,960 11,871 11,423 11,277 11,245 11,486 11,508
Minnesota .................................... 5,615 7,340 9,180 10,538 11,421 11,656 11,791 12,695 12,210 11,979 11,755 11,867 12,067 12,501 12,875
Mississippi ................................... 3,000 5,013 5,733 7,348 8,944 9,066 9,247 9,321 9,277 8,896 8,829 8,705 8,727 8,853 9,052
Missouri ...................................... 3,915 5,510 7,954 9,068 10,316 10,754 11,172 11,116 11,129 10,618 10,373 10,406 10,495 10,726 10,814
Montana ...................................... 4,779 7,235 8,285 9,254 10,756 11,172 11,470 11,698 12,096 12,030 11,524 11,435 11,554 11,614 11,844
Nebraska ..................................... 4,596 6,471 8,897 9,795 11,626 12,238 12,382 12,537 12,981 13,135 12,531 12,594 12,543 12,762 12,890
Nevada ........................................ 4,636 6,099 7,456 8,442 8,949 9,476 9,595 9,618 9,590 9,440 8,865 8,608 8,738 8,860 9,115
New Hampshire ........................... 4,375 5,536 9,352 10,054 12,963 13,414 14,007 14,545 14,965 15,205 15,019 15,069 15,418 15,693 16,177
New Jersey .................................. 6,068 9,030 14,746 15,151 18,647 19,646 20,652 19,619 19,896 18,916 19,607 19,866 19,832 19,457 19,828
New Mexico ................................. 4,368 5,978 6,734 8,538 10,417 10,756 10,889 11,152 11,014 10,381 9,828 9,828 9,929 10,194 10,371
New York ..................................... 7,845 9,430 13,778 14,431 18,224 18,896 19,684 20,513 20,798 21,164 21,148 20,945 21,284 21,747 23,150
North Carolina .............................. 3,746 5,227 7,852 8,860 9,222 9,575 9,140 9,782 9,416 9,278 8,897 8,947 8,751 8,942 9,077
North Dakota ............................... 4,351 6,205 7,620 8,306 10,883 10,539 10,928 11,330 12,043 12,231 12,262 12,457 13,076 13,507 13,911
Ohio ............................................. 4,444 6,055 8,854 10,354 12,085 12,078 12,119 12,332 12,849 12,789 12,346 12,093 12,075 12,297 12,427
Oklahoma .................................... 3,637 5,784 6,435 7,907 8,655 9,031 9,005 9,106 9,078 8,565 8,464 8,488 8,442 8,466 8,426
Oregon ........................................ 5,539 7,710 9,506 10,478 10,780 10,888 11,210 11,109 10,610 10,680 10,342 10,266 10,516 10,963 11,271
Pennsylvania ............................... 5,355 7,442 11,211 11,392 13,371 13,255 13,761 14,217 14,572 14,698 14,274 14,420 14,598 15,102 15,792
Rhode Island ................................ 5,299 7,480 11,545 13,051 15,722 16,352 16,947 17,014 16,855 16,776 16,543 15,969 16,233 16,561 16,747
South Carolina ............................. 3,726 5,105 7,366 8,985 10,125 10,340 10,619 10,667 10,395 9,997 9,925 10,128 10,146 10,306 10,460
South Dakota ............................... 4,310 5,691 6,861 8,255 9,695 9,802 10,003 9,875 10,326 10,024 9,370 9,255 9,542 9,543 9,721
Tennessee ................................... 3,487 4,868 6,654 7,889 8,734 8,666 9,165 9,238 9,293 9,349 9,102 9,210 9,148 9,201 9,243
Texas ........................................... 3,620 5,560 7,494 9,216 9,327 9,541 9,786 9,897 10,060 9,747 8,955 8,885 9,083 9,520 9,738
Utah ............................................ 3,910 4,973 5,036 6,417 6,814 6,939 7,007 7,643 7,387 7,228 6,882 6,899 6,912 7,078 7,296
Vermont ....................................... 5,186 6,169 11,276 12,198 15,967 16,565 16,903 17,449 17,935 16,506 18,156 18,539 19,078 19,677 19,809
Virginia ........................................ 4,299 5,831 9,164 10,027 11,785 12,415 12,499 12,632 12,129 11,630 11,618 11,754 11,569 11,778 11,908
Washington .................................. 5,604 7,629 8,564 9,345 9,956 10,361 10,616 11,080 10,873 10,796 10,472 10,419 10,882 11,200 11,959
West Virginia ................................ 4,082 5,589 7,855 10,482 11,771 11,823 11,789 12,260 13,480 13,443 12,625 12,081 12,008 12,069 11,897
Wisconsin .................................... 5,209 7,111 9,809 11,442 12,460 12,607 12,648 12,927 13,174 13,408 12,248 11,997 11,981 12,096 12,146
Wyoming ..................................... 5,288 7,572 10,238 10,883 14,260 16,125 16,240 16,909 17,438 17,749 17,432 16,961 16,794 16,824 17,111
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ...................... — — 3,481 4,015 4,441 4,231 — — — — — — — — —
Guam ....................................... 5,035 — 7,459 — 8,455 — — — — 9,476 10,141 9,598 9,065 9,887 10,448
Northern Marianas ................... — — 6,559 7,505 6,139 5,721 5,315 6,650 6,498 8,556 6,810 6,148 6,204 — —
Puerto Rico .............................. — — 3,137 4,988 6,821 7,300 7,642 8,039 8,038 8,338 8,071 9,074 8,745 8,284 8,144
U.S. Virgin Islands .................... — — 11,808 9,495 10,934 11,752 14,485 14,759 16,274 14,843 12,723 11,433 12,360 11,679 12,111

—Not available. NOTE: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and enterprise operations. Expenditures
1
Unadjusted (or “current”) dollars have not been adjusted to compensate for inflation. for state administration are excluded in all years except 1969–70 and 1979–80. Beginning in 1989–90, extensive changes
2
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department were made in the data collection procedures.
of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. The CPI does not account for differences in inflation rates from state to state. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems, 1969–70;
Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1979–80; and Common Core of Data (CCD),
“National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
 Table 236.70. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through
2015–16
Unadjusted dollars1
State or jurisdiction 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
United States ...................... $816 $2,272 $4,980 $7,394 $9,778 $10,336 $10,982 $11,239 $11,427 $11,433 $11,362 $11,509 $11,819 $12,224 $12,617
Alabama ...................................... 544 1,612 3,327 5,758 7,980 8,743 9,345 9,385 9,554 9,296 8,927 9,486 9,543 9,690 9,870
Alaska ......................................... 1,123 4,728 8,431 9,668 12,537 13,508 16,002 16,822 17,350 18,352 19,134 19,982 20,254 22,161 19,242
Arizona ........................................ 720 1,971 4,053 5,478 7,637 8,038 8,630 8,732 8,756 8,646 8,224 8,388 8,278 8,426 8,572
Arkansas ..................................... 568 1,574 3,485 5,628 8,748 9,152 9,460 9,651 10,237 10,332 10,397 9,853 10,622 10,756 10,837
California ..................................... 867 2,268 4,391 6,401 8,416 9,029 9,673 9,439 9,680 9,540 9,608 9,686 10,094 10,924 11,937
Colorado ...................................... 738 2,421 4,720 6,702 8,938 9,110 9,977 9,611 9,747 9,709 9,415 9,572 9,924 10,349 10,619
Connecticut ................................. 951 2,420 7,837 10,122 13,461 14,143 15,063 15,840 16,133 16,932 17,472 17,859 19,029 19,731 20,380
Delaware ..................................... 900 2,861 5,799 8,809 12,330 12,612 12,789 12,753 12,928 13,228 14,253 14,129 14,203 14,556 15,150
District of Columbia ..................... 1,018 3,259 8,955 11,935 17,877 18,285 20,807 19,766 21,283 21,304 20,399 20,333 21,629 21,362 22,260
Florida ......................................... 732 1,889 4,997 6,383 8,376 9,055 9,711 9,452 9,363 9,394 8,825 8,925 9,189 9,295 9,337
Georgia ........................................ 588 1,625 4,275 6,903 9,164 9,615 10,263 10,178 9,855 9,577 9,492 9,437 9,529 9,809 10,185
Hawaii ......................................... 841 2,322 4,448 7,090 10,747 12,364 12,774 13,397 12,887 12,603 12,735 12,585 13,219 13,849 14,728
Idaho ........................................... 603 1,659 3,078 5,644 6,861 7,074 7,402 7,567 7,481 7,155 7,041 7,273 7,215 7,409 7,607
Illinois .......................................... 909 2,587 5,118 8,084 10,282 10,816 11,624 12,489 13,083 13,180 13,459 13,808 14,682 15,473 15,909
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Indiana ........................................ 728 1,882 4,606 7,652 9,558 9,727 9,569 9,946 10,160 9,924 10,220 10,037 10,078 10,202 10,379
Iowa ............................................ 844 2,326 4,453 6,925 8,460 8,789 9,128 10,482 10,524 10,565 10,748 10,915 11,359 11,698 11,846
Kansas ........................................ 771 2,173 4,752 6,962 9,905 10,280 11,065 11,485 10,859 10,700 10,712 10,789 11,180 11,106 10,815
Kentucky ..................................... 545 1,701 3,745 6,784 8,975 9,303 9,940 10,054 10,376 10,469 10,700 10,269 10,248 10,659 10,912
Louisiana ..................................... 648 1,792 3,903 6,256 8,568 9,650 10,797 11,410 11,492 11,500 11,352 11,118 11,415 11,697 11,775
Maine .......................................... 692 1,824 5,373 8,247 11,760 12,628 13,177 13,558 14,090 14,406 14,000 14,347 14,926 15,839 16,060
Maryland ..................................... 918 2,598 6,275 8,273 11,719 12,836 14,122 14,612 14,937 14,876 14,746 15,010 15,109 15,403 15,478
Massachusetts ............................ 859 2,819 6,237 9,375 12,629 13,263 14,373 15,249 14,632 15,334 15,607 16,111 16,646 17,311 18,026
Michigan ..................................... 904 2,640 5,546 8,886 10,598 10,932 11,155 11,493 11,661 11,560 11,462 11,495 11,678 12,048 12,243
Minnesota .................................... 904 2,387 4,971 7,499 9,761 10,185 10,663 11,602 11,366 11,368 11,424 11,754 12,140 12,707 13,169
Mississippi ................................... 501 1,664 3,094 5,356 7,699 7,988 8,448 8,610 8,670 8,436 8,623 8,685 8,926 9,129 9,380
Missouri ...................................... 709 1,936 4,507 6,764 8,834 9,266 10,007 10,341 10,468 10,348 10,370 10,555 10,764 11,079 11,233
Montana ...................................... 782 2,476 4,736 6,990 9,653 10,244 10,541 10,881 11,463 11,599 11,290 11,493 11,840 11,999 12,379
Nebraska ..................................... 736 2,150 4,842 7,360 10,170 10,711 11,217 11,457 11,920 12,324 12,114 12,374 12,502 12,825 13,700
Nevada ........................................ 769 2,088 4,117 6,148 7,720 8,372 8,891 8,865 8,869 9,035 8,677 8,525 8,734 8,939 9,233
New Hampshire ........................... 723 1,916 5,304 7,082 10,698 11,347 12,280 12,912 13,424 13,964 14,215 14,463 15,013 15,380 15,934
New Jersey .................................. 1,016 3,191 8,139 10,903 15,362 16,650 18,174 17,466 18,060 17,654 18,197 19,020 19,282 19,296 20,055

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 203

New Mexico ................................. 707 2,034 3,515 5,835 8,426 8,876 9,377 9,727 9,716 9,356 9,069 9,230 9,546 9,891 9,954
New York ..................................... 1,327 3,462 8,062 10,957 16,095 17,182 18,423 19,373 19,965 20,517 20,881 21,172 22,048 22,771 23,678
North Carolina .............................. 612 1,754 4,290 6,505 7,940 8,373 8,415 9,167 8,930 8,943 8,828 9,041 8,948 9,245 9,347
North Dakota ............................... 690 1,920 4,189 6,078 9,239 9,203 9,637 10,113 10,976 11,356 11,643 12,090 12,952 13,552 14,002
Ohio ............................................. 730 2,075 5,045 7,816 10,306 10,792 11,374 11,905 12,307 12,484 12,271 12,284 12,447 12,285 12,488
Oklahoma .................................... 604 1,926 3,508 5,770 7,449 7,968 8,270 8,423 8,511 8,165 8,281 8,450 8,526 8,633 8,624
Oregon ........................................ 925 2,692 5,474 8,129 9,294 9,762 10,487 10,673 10,476 10,497 10,386 10,370 10,739 11,356 11,856
Pennsylvania ............................... 882 2,535 6,228 8,380 11,530 11,995 12,493 12,989 13,678 14,072 13,973 14,378 14,789 15,405 15,997
Rhode Island ................................ 891 2,601 6,368 9,646 13,917 14,674 15,843 16,211 16,243 16,346 16,498 16,187 16,702 17,151 17,332
South Carolina ............................. 613 1,752 4,082 6,545 8,795 9,226 9,823 10,007 9,887 9,735 9,823 10,200 10,408 10,670 10,829
South Dakota ............................... 690 1,908 3,731 6,037 8,273 8,506 9,047 9,457 9,683 9,431 9,095 9,138 9,539 9,637 9,897
Tennessee ................................... 566 1,635 3,664 5,837 7,580 7,843 8,459 8,676 8,810 9,146 9,235 9,370 9,431 9,549 9,719
Texas ........................................... 624 1,916 4,150 6,771 8,085 8,484 9,029 9,260 9,528 9,418 8,862 8,951 9,273 9,789 10,067
Utah ............................................ 626 1,657 2,764 4,692 5,809 6,116 6,841 7,081 6,877 6,851 6,787 7,023 7,156 7,375 7,659
Vermont ....................................... 807 1,997 6,227 8,799 13,377 14,219 15,089 16,073 16,586 16,661 17,575 18,372 19,032 19,793 20,196
Virginia ........................................ 708 1,970 4,672 6,491 10,046 10,913 11,410 11,696 11,383 11,123 11,385 11,748 11,716 11,810 12,022
Washington .................................. 915 2,568 4,702 6,914 8,702 9,233 9,846 10,423 10,242 10,402 10,413 10,553 11,199 11,648 12,533
West Virginia ................................ 670 1,920 4,360 7,637 9,756 10,080 10,605 11,122 12,378 12,505 11,982 11,665 11,800 12,414 12,299
Wisconsin .................................... 883 2,477 5,524 8,299 10,484 10,813 11,370 11,773 12,194 12,515 11,750 11,768 11,963 12,227 12,312

Expenditures
Wyoming ..................................... 856 2,527 5,577 7,944 12,415 14,219 14,936 15,658 16,535 17,126 17,228 17,135 17,165 17,445 17,796
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ...................... — — 1,908 2,807 3,842 3,909 4,309 4,468 4,881 4,877 5,154 4,870 5,504 5,120 5,235
Guam........................................ 820 — 4,234 — 7,095 7,450 8,084 8,264 8,393 9,280 10,112 9,431 9,914 10,120 10,335
Northern Marianas ................... — — 3,007 5,720 5,307 5,356 5,162 6,397 6,284 8,495 7,068 6,381 6,548 6,921 8,127
Puerto Rico .............................. — — 1,750 3,859 5,897 6,152 6,937 7,329 7,426 8,560 7,798 8,701 8,822 8,025 8,124
U.S. Virgin Islands .................... — — 6,767 7,238 9,637 10,548 12,358 12,768 14,215 13,014 11,669 10,661 14,372 14,849 15,087

See notes at end of table.

 Table 236.70. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1969–70 through

204 CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education

2015–16—Continued

Expenditures
Constant 2017–18 dollars2
State or jurisdiction 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16
1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
United States ...................... $5,360 $7,261 $9,731 $10,837 $12,193 $12,563 $12,871 $12,991 $13,082 $12,832 $12,389 $12,344 $12,481 $12,816 $13,139
Alabama ...................................... 3,573 5,152 6,502 8,440 9,950 10,627 10,952 10,848 10,937 10,433 9,734 10,174 10,078 10,159 10,278
Alaska ......................................... 7,374 15,110 16,476 14,170 15,633 16,419 18,755 19,444 19,863 20,596 20,863 21,431 21,389 23,233 20,037
Arizona ........................................ 4,730 6,299 7,921 8,029 9,523 9,769 10,115 10,094 10,024 9,703 8,967 8,996 8,742 8,834 8,926
Arkansas ..................................... 3,728 5,032 6,810 8,249 10,909 11,124 11,088 11,155 11,719 11,595 11,336 10,567 11,217 11,277 11,285
California ..................................... 5,696 7,248 8,580 9,381 10,494 10,975 11,337 10,910 11,082 10,707 10,476 10,388 10,659 11,452 12,431
Colorado ...................................... 4,847 7,737 9,224 9,822 11,145 11,073 11,694 11,109 11,159 10,897 10,266 10,266 10,480 10,850 11,058
Connecticut ................................. 6,248 7,735 15,314 14,835 16,785 17,191 17,655 18,309 18,469 19,002 19,051 19,154 20,095 20,686 21,222
Delaware ..................................... 5,912 9,144 11,332 12,911 15,375 15,330 14,990 14,741 14,801 14,846 15,540 15,154 14,999 15,260 15,777
District of Columbia ..................... 6,689 10,416 17,499 17,493 22,291 22,225 24,386 22,847 24,366 23,909 22,242 21,808 22,840 22,395 23,180
Florida ......................................... 4,810 6,038 9,765 9,355 10,445 11,007 11,382 10,926 10,719 10,543 9,623 9,572 9,704 9,745 9,724
Georgia ........................................ 3,862 5,194 8,353 10,118 11,426 11,686 12,029 11,765 11,282 10,748 10,349 10,121 10,063 10,283 10,606
Hawaii ......................................... 5,521 7,421 8,693 10,392 13,400 15,028 14,972 15,485 14,753 14,144 13,886 13,497 13,959 14,518 15,337
Idaho ........................................... 3,962 5,303 6,014 8,272 8,556 8,598 8,676 8,747 8,565 8,030 7,678 7,800 7,619 7,767 7,921
Illinois .......................................... 5,974 8,267 10,001 11,848 12,821 13,147 13,624 14,436 14,978 14,792 14,675 14,809 15,504 16,221 16,567
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Indiana ........................................ 4,782 6,017 9,001 11,215 11,918 11,823 11,215 11,497 11,632 11,138 11,144 10,765 10,643 10,695 10,809
Iowa ............................................ 5,545 7,436 8,701 10,150 10,548 10,682 10,698 12,116 12,048 11,857 11,719 11,706 11,995 12,264 12,336
Kansas ........................................ 5,064 6,945 9,285 10,204 12,351 12,495 12,969 13,276 12,432 12,008 11,680 11,571 11,806 11,643 11,262
Kentucky ..................................... 3,581 5,437 7,319 9,943 11,190 11,308 11,650 11,621 11,879 11,749 11,667 11,014 10,822 11,174 11,363
Louisiana ..................................... 4,256 5,728 7,628 9,169 10,684 11,730 12,654 13,189 13,156 12,907 12,377 11,924 12,055 12,263 12,262
Maine .......................................... 4,549 5,828 10,499 12,087 14,664 15,349 15,444 15,672 16,130 16,167 15,265 15,387 15,762 16,605 16,725
Maryland ..................................... 6,032 8,303 12,263 12,126 14,612 15,601 16,552 16,890 17,101 16,695 16,078 16,099 15,955 16,148 16,118
Massachusetts ............................ 5,643 9,011 12,188 13,741 15,747 16,121 16,846 17,626 16,752 17,209 17,017 17,279 17,579 18,148 18,772
Michigan ..................................... 5,937 8,439 10,838 13,024 13,215 13,288 13,074 13,285 13,350 12,974 12,497 12,328 12,332 12,631 12,750
Minnesota .................................... 5,935 7,629 9,713 10,991 12,171 12,379 12,498 13,411 13,012 12,758 12,456 12,607 12,820 13,321 13,713
Mississippi ................................... 3,290 5,318 6,045 7,849 9,600 9,709 9,901 9,952 9,925 9,467 9,402 9,315 9,426 9,571 9,768
Missouri ...................................... 4,654 6,189 8,807 9,914 11,016 11,262 11,728 11,954 11,984 11,613 11,306 11,320 11,367 11,615 11,698
Montana ...................................... 5,135 7,915 9,256 10,245 12,036 12,451 12,354 12,577 13,123 13,017 12,310 12,326 12,503 12,579 12,891
Nebraska ..................................... 4,837 6,872 9,461 10,787 12,681 13,019 13,147 13,243 13,647 13,831 13,208 13,271 13,203 13,445 14,267
Nevada ........................................ 5,054 6,674 8,046 9,011 9,626 10,176 10,420 10,247 10,154 10,140 9,461 9,143 9,223 9,371 9,615
New Hampshire ........................... 4,749 6,123 10,365 10,381 13,340 13,792 14,393 14,925 15,368 15,671 15,499 15,512 15,854 16,124 16,593
New Jersey .................................. 6,675 10,200 15,905 15,979 19,155 20,237 21,301 20,189 20,675 19,813 19,842 20,399 20,362 20,229 20,884
New Mexico ................................. 4,644 6,500 6,868 8,552 10,506 10,788 10,990 11,244 11,123 10,500 9,888 9,900 10,081 10,369 10,366
New York ..................................... 8,715 11,066 15,753 16,059 20,069 20,884 21,593 22,393 22,857 23,026 22,768 22,707 23,283 23,873 24,657
North Carolina .............................. 4,022 5,607 8,384 9,534 9,901 10,178 9,863 10,597 10,224 10,037 9,626 9,697 9,449 9,693 9,734
North Dakota ............................... 4,530 6,137 8,186 8,908 11,520 11,186 11,295 11,690 12,566 12,745 12,695 12,967 13,677 14,207 14,581
Ohio ............................................. 4,795 6,631 9,858 11,456 12,850 13,117 13,331 13,761 14,089 14,011 13,380 13,175 13,144 12,879 13,004
Oklahoma .................................... 3,970 6,157 6,855 8,456 9,288 9,685 9,693 9,736 9,744 9,164 9,030 9,063 9,003 9,051 8,981
Oregon ........................................ 6,074 8,604 10,697 11,914 11,589 11,865 12,292 12,337 11,993 11,781 11,324 11,122 11,341 11,905 12,346
Pennsylvania ............................... 5,792 8,101 12,170 12,283 14,377 14,580 14,642 15,014 15,660 15,793 15,236 15,421 15,617 16,150 16,659
Rhode Island ................................ 5,854 8,313 12,443 14,138 17,353 17,836 18,569 18,739 18,596 18,345 17,988 17,361 17,637 17,981 18,048
South Carolina ............................. 4,023 5,600 7,976 9,593 10,967 11,215 11,513 11,567 11,319 10,926 10,710 10,940 10,991 11,186 11,276
South Dakota ............................... 4,531 6,097 7,291 8,848 10,316 10,339 10,603 10,931 11,085 10,584 9,917 9,800 10,073 10,103 10,306
Tennessee ................................... 3,718 5,227 7,159 8,555 9,452 9,533 9,914 10,029 10,086 10,264 10,069 10,049 9,959 10,011 10,121
Texas ........................................... 4,100 6,123 8,110 9,925 10,082 10,312 10,583 10,704 10,908 10,570 9,663 9,600 9,792 10,262 10,483
Utah ............................................ 4,113 5,295 5,401 6,878 7,244 7,434 8,018 8,185 7,873 7,689 7,401 7,532 7,557 7,732 7,976
Vermont ....................................... 5,302 6,383 12,168 12,897 16,679 17,283 17,685 18,579 18,988 18,698 19,163 19,704 20,098 20,751 21,032
Virginia ........................................ 4,649 6,296 9,129 9,514 12,527 13,264 13,374 13,520 13,031 12,483 12,414 12,600 12,373 12,382 12,519
Washington .................................. 6,012 8,208 9,189 10,133 10,851 11,223 11,540 12,048 11,725 11,675 11,354 11,318 11,826 12,211 13,051
West Virginia ................................ 4,401 6,138 8,521 11,193 12,165 12,253 12,429 12,856 14,171 14,034 13,064 12,511 12,461 13,014 12,808
Wisconsin .................................... 5,798 7,916 10,794 12,163 13,072 13,143 13,326 13,609 13,961 14,046 12,812 12,621 12,633 12,818 12,821
Wyoming ..................................... 5,622 8,076 10,899 11,643 15,480 17,283 17,506 18,099 18,930 19,221 18,785 18,377 18,127 18,289 18,532
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ...................... — — 3,728 4,114 4,791 4,751 5,050 5,164 5,588 5,473 5,620 5,223 5,812 5,368 5,452
Guam........................................ 5,384 — 8,275 — 8,846 9,055 9,475 9,553 9,609 10,415 11,026 10,115 10,470 10,610 10,762
Northern Marianas ................... — — 5,877 8,384 6,618 6,511 6,050 7,394 7,194 9,534 7,706 6,844 6,915 7,256 8,463
Puerto Rico .............................. — — 3,419 5,656 7,354 7,477 8,131 8,472 8,501 9,607 8,502 9,332 9,316 8,414 8,460
U.S. Virgin Islands .................... — — 13,224 10,608 12,016 12,821 14,485 14,759 16,274 14,606 12,723 11,433 15,177 15,568 15,711

—Not available. were made in the data collection procedures. There are discrepancies in average daily attendance reporting practices from
1
Unadjusted (or “current”) dollars have not been adjusted to compensate for inflation. state to state.
2
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index (CPI), prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems,
of Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis. The CPI does not account for differences in inflation rates from state to state. 1969–70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, 1979–80; and Common Core of Data
NOTE: Current expenditures include instruction, support services, food services, and enterprise operations. Expenditures (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 1989–90 through 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
for state administration are excluded in all years except 1969–70 and 1979–80. Beginning in 1989–90, extensive changes
 Table 236.75. Total and current expenditures per pupil in fall enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by function and state or jurisdiction: 2015–16
Current expenditures, capital expenditures, and interest on school debt per pupil
Current expenditures
Support services
General School Operation Student Other
Student Instructional adminis- adminis- and transpor- support Food Enterprise Capital Interest on
State or jurisdiction Total1 Total Instruction Total support4 staff5 tration tration maintenance tation services services operations3 outlay 2 school debt
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
United States ...................... $13,298 $11,841 $7,211 $4,136 $676 $556 $239 $659 $1,093 $483 $429 $470 $24 $1,109 $348
Alabama ...................................... 10,395 9,258 5,270 3,329 567 394 240 573 874 474 207 659 0 898 239
Alaska ......................................... 19,723 17,510 9,449 7,427 1,367 1,371 248 1,072 2,083 575 711 559 75 1,925 288
Arizona ........................................ 9,004 7,772 4,177 3,175 587 381 153 433 952 328 342 419 1 1,023 209
Arkansas ..................................... 11,262 9,900 5,556 3,802 529 826 253 517 1,008 363 305 531 12 1,095 267
California ..................................... 12,938 11,420 6,758 4,186 668 717 134 754 1,137 248 527 447 29 1,087 431
Colorado ...................................... 11,078 9,619 5,419 3,816 503 582 162 700 881 278 710 331 52 992 466
Connecticut ................................. 21,542 19,615 12,370 6,639 1,260 618 436 1,142 1,697 978 508 440 165 1,707 219
Delaware ..................................... 15,411 14,397 9,032 4,873 604 276 220 895 1,533 708 637 491 0 841 173
District of Columbia ..................... 27,476 21,135 11,715 8,632 949 737 1,791 1,439 1,636 1,397 682 760 28 4,668 1,673
Florida ......................................... 10,145 9,176 5,645 3,075 408 583 85 510 898 347 244 456 0 710 259
Georgia ........................................ 10,997 9,835 6,084 3,186 473 499 118 614 732 449 302 536 29 1,048 113
Hawaii ......................................... 14,938 13,748 8,066 4,953 1,323 442 97 924 1,477 371 319 728 0 1,190 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Idaho ........................................... 8,295 7,178 4,259 2,548 401 375 174 412 674 322 189 371 0 921 196
Illinois .......................................... 15,825 14,327 8,892 5,056 981 529 546 733 1,143 628 495 380 0 1,057 441
Indiana ........................................ 10,992 9,691 5,571 3,649 491 385 208 621 1,112 584 247 471 0 1,009 292
Iowa ............................................ 13,161 11,148 6,755 3,887 653 643 289 636 938 390 338 494 12 1,763 250
Kansas ........................................ 12,666 10,216 6,106 3,614 641 426 286 593 990 406 273 496 0 1,996 454
Kentucky ..................................... 11,140 9,831 5,694 3,493 474 542 226 573 866 554 259 618 25 1,044 264
Louisiana ..................................... 12,154 11,169 6,287 4,275 674 566 326 707 1,037 636 328 607 1 829 157
Maine .......................................... 14,916 14,202 8,349 5,267 965 750 475 753 1,439 700 186 584 2 455 259
Maryland ..................................... 15,989 14,523 9,128 4,973 685 756 109 978 1,265 753 427 422 0 1,287 179
Massachusetts ............................ 17,706 16,986 10,884 5,639 1,241 760 265 736 1,451 758 427 463 0 477 244
Michigan ..................................... 12,386 11,051 6,358 4,285 864 567 246 612 963 451 582 409 0 799 535
Minnesota .................................... 14,816 12,364 8,040 3,743 351 613 458 495 838 680 308 528 53 2,042 410
Mississippi ................................... 9,319 8,692 4,956 3,205 452 409 294 524 901 401 224 531 1 526 101
Missouri ...................................... 11,740 10,385 6,148 3,747 465 478 374 608 1,038 529 256 489 0 983 372
Montana ...................................... 12,801 11,374 6,681 4,150 753 417 359 634 1,144 528 316 507 36 1,278 149
Nebraska ..................................... 14,561 12,379 7,869 3,665 565 413 364 578 1,044 368 334 524 320 1,904 279
Nevada ........................................ 9,618 8,753 5,130 3,276 466 511 138 645 849 345 323 347 0 502 362
New Hampshire ........................... 16,516 15,535 9,891 5,261 1,195 507 549 868 1,263 688 190 383 0 751 230

CHAPTER 2: Elementary and Secondary Education 205

New Jersey .................................. 20,478 19,041 11,451 6,984 1,949 606 383 949 1,856 790 451 428 177 977 460
New Mexico ................................. 11,550 9,959 5,666 3,804 1,030 265 235 602 1,038 318 316 482 7 1,591 0
New York ..................................... 23,419 22,231 15,754 6,031 697 566 356 830 1,855 1,098 630 447 0 809 379
North Carolina .............................. 9,301 8,717 5,434 2,806 424 298 159 557 724 356 288 476 0 574 10
North Dakota ............................... 17,196 13,358 8,004 4,368 536 459 572 686 1,145 552 417 632 354 3,603 234
Ohio ............................................. 13,310 11,933 6,964 4,566 807 488 378 686 1,040 566 601 402 1 1,054 323
Oklahoma .................................... 9,096 8,091 4,511 2,985 559 341 238 453 862 251 281 513 83 928 77
Oregon ........................................ 12,608 10,823 6,333 4,100 799 430 152 694 853 473 699 386 5 1,190 595
Pennsylvania ............................... 16,821 15,165 9,365 5,231 840 513 463 679 1,405 758 574 506 63 1,108 548
Rhode Island ................................ 16,734 16,082 9,814 5,830 1,654 621 242 780 1,240 672 620 432 6 356 296
South Carolina ............................. 11,892 10,045 5,549 3,931 775 618 106 656 993 382 401 539 26 1,411 436
South Dakota ............................... 11,008 9,335 5,444 3,328 519 345 320 458 977 337 372 516 47 1,435 238
Tennessee ................................... 9,660 8,876 5,459 2,925 394 522 198 543 729 334 207 492 0 559 225
Texas ........................................... 11,526 9,352 5,465 3,353 458 478 136 535 983 266 499 534 0 1,566 609
Utah ............................................ 8,345 7,006 4,427 2,190 259 282 72 450 642 206 280 355 34 1,105 234
Vermont ....................................... 19,629 19,023 12,080 6,414 1,464 822 400 1,220 1,471 619 419 511 18 493 114
Virginia ........................................ 12,428 11,435 6,968 4,024 581 759 185 677 1,044 594 184 441 2 904 89
Washington .................................. 13,904 11,484 6,634 4,397 794 786 226 687 983 425 498 342 111 2,019 401
West Virginia ................................ 12,161 11,424 6,577 4,120 579 480 199 616 1,198 836 212 728 0 682 55
Wisconsin .................................... 13,070 11,664 6,936 4,291 579 606 335 590 1,073 492 616 437 0 1,213 193
Wyoming ..................................... 21,254 16,431 9,754 6,184 982 934 325 928 1,541 805 668 487 7 4,795 28

Expenditures
Other jurisdictions
American Samoa ...................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Guam........................................ 10,691 10,033 4,630 4,813 947 554 157 576 1,559 270 749 591 0 341 316
Northern Marianas ................... — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Puerto Rico .............................. 7,884 7,821 3,129 3,657 858 459 223 344 1,348 216 209 1,035 0 63 0
U.S. Virgin Islands .................... 11,662 11,631 6,854 4,028 1,001 251 540 644 537 520 537 737 11 31 0

—Not available. 5
Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers.
1
Excludes “Other current expenditures,” such as community services, private school programs, adult education, and other NOTE: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. “0” indicates none or less than $0.50. Detail may not sum to
programs not allocable to expenditures per pupil in public schools. totals because of rounding.
2
Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National
3
Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time). Public Education Financial Survey,” 2015–16. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
4
Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services.
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CHAPTER 3
Postsecondary Education
Postsecondary education includes academic, career and funding for postsecondary education. Information on
technical, and continuing professional education programs employment outcomes for college graduates is shown in
after high school. American colleges and universities and chapter 5. Chapter 7 contains data on college libraries.
career/technical institutions offer a diverse array of Further information on survey methodologies is presented
postsecondary educational experiences. For example, a in Appendix A: Guide to Sources and in the publications
community college normally offers the first 2 years of a cited in the table source notes. See chapter 5 for information
standard college curriculum as well as a selection of on adults’ participation in nonpostsecondary education,
terminal career and technical education programs. A such as adult secondary education classes (e.g., to prepare
university typically offers a full undergraduate course of for the GED test) or English as a Second Language (ESL)
study leading to a bachelor’s degree, as well as programs classes.
leading to advanced degrees. A specialized career/technical
institution offers training programs of varying lengths that Enrollment
are designed to prepare students for specific careers.
This chapter provides an overview of the latest statistics Fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary insti-
on postsecondary education, including data on various tutions increased 26 percent between 1997 and 2007 (table
types of postsecondary institutions and programs. However, 303.10 and figure 12). Fall enrollment in degree-granting
to maintain comparability over time, most of the data in the postsecondary institutions was 8 percent higher in 2017
Digest are for degree-granting institutions, which are (19.8 million) than in 2007 (18.3 million). The overall
defined as postsecondary institutions that grant an change between 2007 and 2017 reflects an increase of
associate’s or higher degree and whose students are eligible 15 percent between 2007 and 2010, followed by a decrease
to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.1 of 6 percent between 2010 and 2017. Similarly, the number
Degree-granting institutions include almost all 2- and of full-time students was higher in 2010 than 2007, but then
4-year colleges and universities; they exclude institutions fell 8 percent from 2010 to 2017. The number of part-time
offering only career and technical programs of less than students rose 15 percent from 2007 to 2011, and then fell
2 years’ duration and continuing education programs. The 4 percent from 2011 to 2017. The number of female stu-
degree-granting institution classification currently used by dents was 7 percent higher in 2017 than in 2007, while the
the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) number of male students was 10 percent higher. Although
includes approximately the same set of institutions as the male enrollment increased by a larger percentage than
higher education institution classification that was used by female enrollment between 2007 and 2017, the majority
NCES prior to 1996–97.2 This chapter highlights historical (57 percent) of students in 2017 were female. Male and
data that enable the reader to observe long-range trends in female enrollments were both higher in 2017 than in 2007,
college education in America. but there were increases during the early part of this period
Other chapters provide related information on followed by decreases during the most recent part of the
postsecondary education. Data on price indexes and on the period (a decrease of 5 percent for males and 6 percent for
number of degrees held by the general population are shown females from 2010 to 2017). In addition to the students
in chapter 1. Chapter 4 contains tabulations on federal enrolled in degree-granting institutions, about 373,000 stu-
dents attended non-degree-granting, Title IV eligible post-
1
Title IV programs, which are administered by the U.S. Department of
Education, provide financial aid to postsecondary students. secondary institutions in fall 2017 (table 303.20). These
2
Included in the current degree-granting classification are some institu- institutions are postsecondary institutions that do not award
tions (primarily 2-year colleges) that were not previously designated as associate’s or higher degrees; they include, for example,
higher education institutions. Excluded from the current degree-granting
classification are a few institutions that were previously designated as institutions that offer only career and technical programs of
higher education institutions even though they did not award an associate’s less than 2 years’ duration.
or higher degree. The former higher education classification was defined
as including institutions that were accredited by an agency or association Enrollment trends can be affected both by changes in
that was recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or recognized population and by changing rates of enrollment. The num-
directly by the Secretary of Education. The former higher education insti- ber of 18- to 24-year-olds in the population was 30.6 mil-
tutions offered courses that led to an associate’s or higher degree or were
accepted for credit toward a degree. lion in 2017, about 3 percent higher than in 2007

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018 207

208 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

(table 101.10). The percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds increased each year from 1985 to 1992, rising 18 percent
enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions was before stabilizing between 1992 and 1998. Undergraduate
40 percent in 2017, which was higher than the percentage in enrollment increased every year between 1998 and 2007.
2007 (39 percent) (table 302.60). The 2017 enrollment rates Undergraduate enrollment was 7 percent higher in 2017
for female 18- to 24-year-olds (44 percent) was higher than (16.8 million) than in 2007 (15.6 million). This overall
for their male peers (37 percent), but neither of their rates change reflects a 16 percent increase in undergraduate
were measurably different from their respective 2007 rates. enrollment between 2007 and 2010 (when undergraduate
The enrollment rate for Hispanic 18- to 24-year-olds rose enrollment reached 18.1 million), followed by a 7 percent
from 27 percent in 2007 to 36 percent in 2017. In 2017, the decrease between 2010 and 2017. Postbaccalaureate
enrollment rate for White 18- to 24-year-olds was 41 per- enrollment increased 34 percent between 1970 and 1984,
cent, and the enrollment rate for Black 18- to 24-year-olds with most of this increase occurring in the early and mid-
was 36 percent; neither of these rates was measurably dif- 1970s (table 303.80). Postbaccalaureate enrollment increased
ferent from the corresponding rate in 2007. from 1985 to 2017, rising a total of 82 percent. During the
Like enrollment in degree-granting institutions for the last decade of this period, between 2007 and 2017,
United States as a whole, the number of students enrolled in postbaccalaureate enrollment rose 14 percent, from
degree-granting institutions located within individual states 2.6 million to 3.0 million. Unlike undergraduate enrollment,
generally has been lower in recent years (table 304.10 and which was lower in 2017 than in 2010, postbaccalaureate
figure 13). Overall, fall enrollment in degree-granting insti- enrollment was higher in 2017 than in 2010.
tutions declined 4 percent between 2012 and 2017. Simi- Since fall 1988, the number of female students in post-
larly, fall 2017 enrollment was lower than fall 2012 baccalaureate programs has exceeded the number of male
enrollment in the majority of states (42). The largest students (table 303.80). Between 2007 and 2017, the num-
declines were in Iowa (-28 percent) and Arizona (-20 per- ber of full-time male postbaccalaureate students increased
cent). In contrast, enrollment was higher in 2017 than in by 17 percent, compared with a 21 percent increase in the
2012 in eight states and the District of Columbia. The larg- number of full-time female postbaccalaureate students.
est increases were in New Hampshire (80 percent),3 fol- Among part-time postbaccalaureate students, the number of
lowed by Utah (24 percent), Idaho (22 percent), District of males enrolled in 2017 was 5 percent higher than in 2007,
Columbia (6 percent), and Texas (6 percent). The enroll- while the number of females was 8 percent higher.
ment declines in Iowa and Arizona between 2012 and 2017 Nineteen percent of undergraduates in 2015–16 reported
resulted primarily from declines among private for-profit having a disability (table 311.10). In 2015–16, the percent-
institutions, while the enrollment increases in New Hamp- age of undergraduates who reported having a disability was
shire, Utah, and Idaho during the same period resulted pri- 19 percent for male students and 20 percent for female stu-
marily from increases among private nonprofit institutions dents. There were some differences in the percentages of
(tables 304.15, 304.21, and 304.22). undergraduates with disabilities by characteristics such as
Between fall 2007 and fall 2017, the percentage increase veteran status, age, dependency status, and race/ethnicity.
in the number of students enrolled in degree-granting insti- For example, 26 percent of undergraduates who were veter-
tutions was higher for students under age 25 than for older ans reported having a disability, compared with 19 percent
students; and this pattern is expected to continue in the of undergraduates who were not veterans. The percentage
coming years (table 303.40 and figure 14). The enrollment of undergraduates having a disability was higher among
of students under age 25 was 11 percent higher in 2017 than those age 30 and over (23 percent) than among 15- to
in 2007, while the enrollment of those age 25 and over was 23-year-olds (18 percent). Among dependent undergradu-
5 percent higher. NCES projects that enrollment for stu- ates, 17 percent reported having a disability, which was
dents under age 25 will be 6 percent higher in 2028 than in lower than the percentages for independent undergraduates
2017, while the enrollment of students age 25 and over will who were married (21 percent) or unmarried (24 percent).
be 2 percent lower. A lower percentage of Asian undergraduates (15 percent)
Enrollment trends have differed at the undergraduate had a disability than White, Hispanic, and Black undergrad-
and postbaccalaureate levels. Undergraduate enrollment uates (21, 18, and 17 percent, respectively). The percentage
increased 47 percent between fall 1970 and fall 1983, when of postbaccalaureate students who reported having a dis-
it reached 10.8 million (table 303.70).4 Undergraduate ability (12 percent) was lower than the percentage for
enrollment dipped to 10.6 million in 1984 and 1985, but then undergraduates (19 percent).
The percentage of American college students who are
Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and Black has been
3
Enrollment growth in New Hampshire was primarily driven by increases
in online enrollment at Southern New Hampshire University. increasing (table 306.30). From fall 1976 to fall 2017, the
4
Fall 1983 and fall 1984 data on undergraduate enrollment are not included percentage of Hispanic students rose from 4 percent to
in the current version of table 303.70. For the fall 1983 and fall 1984 data, 19 percent of all U.S. residents enrolled in degree-granting
see the Digest of Education Statistics 2016 version of table 303.70, available
at https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_303.70.asp. postsecondary institutions, and the percentage of Asian/

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 209

Pacific Islander students rose from 2 percent to 7 percent. from 9 to 10 percent. The proportion of staff who were not
The percentage of Black students increased from 10 percent engaged in teaching—that is, staff in any occupational
in 1976 to 14 percent in 2017, but the 2017 percentage category except the faculty and graduate assistant
reflects a decrease since 2011, when Black students made categories—decreased from 52 percent in 2007 to
up 15 percent of all enrolled U.S. residents. The percentage 51 percent in 2017. The full-time-equivalent (FTE) student/
of American Indian/Alaska Native students in 2017 FTE staff ratio at degree-granting institutions in 2017 (5.0)
(0.7 percent) was about the same as in 1976 (0.7 percent). was lower than in 2009 (5.4) (table 314.10 and figure 15).
During the same period, the percentage of White students Also, the FTE student/FTE faculty ratio was lower in 2017
fell from 84 percent to 56 percent. About 4 percent of stu- (14.0) than in 2009 (15.9).
dents in 2017 were of Two or more races. Race/ethnicity is Degree-granting postsecondary institutions differ in
not reported for nonresident aliens, who made up 5 percent their practices of employing part-time and full-time staff. In
of total enrollment in 2017 (table 306.10). fall 2017, some 48 percent of the employees at public 2-year
Of the 19.8 million students enrolled in degree-granting institutions were employed full time, compared with
postsecondary institutions in fall 2017, some 18 percent 68 percent at public 4-year institutions, 69 percent at pri-
took at least one distance education course as part of a pro- vate nonprofit 4-year institutions, and 71 percent at private
gram that included a mix of in-person and distance educa- nonprofit 2-year institutions (table 314.30). The percentage
tion courses (table 311.15). In addition, 16 percent of of faculty employed full time was higher at public 4-year
students took their college program exclusively through institutions (66 percent) than at private nonprofit 4-year
distance education courses. The remaining 66 percent of institutions (55 percent), private for-profit 4-year institu-
students took no distance education courses. About 11 per- tions (16 percent), private nonprofit 2-year institutions
cent of students at public institutions took their coursework (47 percent), private for-profit 2-year institutions (36 per-
exclusively through distance education courses, compared
cent), and public 2-year institutions (32 percent). In recent
with 19 percent of students at private nonprofit institutions
years, the number of full-time staff has been growing at a
and 60 percent of students at private for-profit institutions.
faster rate than the number of part-time staff (table 314.20).
About 13 percent of undergraduates took their coursework
Between 2007 and 2017, the number of full-time staff
exclusively through distance education courses, compared
increased by 11 percent, while the number of part-time staff
with 29 percent of postbaccalaureate students.
was 8 percent higher in 2017 than in 2007. Most of the
Despite the sizable numbers of small degree-granting increase in part-time staff was due to increases in the num-
colleges, most students attend larger colleges and universi- ber of part-time faculty (8 percent) and graduate assistants
ties. In fall 2017, some 42 percent of institutions had fewer
(17 percent) during this time period.
than 1,000 students; however, these campuses enrolled
3 percent of all college students (table 317.40). While In fall 2017, some 8 percent of faculty at degree-granting
13 percent of campuses enrolled 10,000 or more students, institutions were Black (based on a faculty count that
they accounted for 61 percent of total college enrollment. excludes nonresident aliens and other persons whose race/
ethnicity was unknown), 8 percent were Asian, 5 percent
In fall 2017, the five institutions with the highest enroll-
were Hispanic, 0.5 percent were American Indian/Alaska
ment (including distance education as well as in-person
Native, 1 percent were of Two or more races, and 0.2 per-
enrollment) were University of Phoenix, with 104,000 stu-
dents; Western Governors University, with 98,600 students; cent were Pacific Islander (table 314.40). About 77 percent
Southern New Hampshire University with 91,000 students; of all faculty were White; 39 percent were White males and
Grand Canyon University, with 83,300 students; and Ivy 38 percent were White females. Staff who were Black, His-
Tech Community College, with 75,500 students (table panic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska
312.10). Enrollments in the four largest universities were Native, or of Two or more races made up 29 percent of
primarily students enrolled in distance learning only. graduate assistants and 31 percent of other staff in nonfac-
ulty positions in 2017. The proportion of total staff who
Faculty, Staff, and Salaries were Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American
Indian/Alaska Native, and of Two or more races was simi-
Approximately 3.9 million people were employed in lar at public 4-year institutions (28 percent), public 2-year
degree-granting postsecondary institutions in fall 2017, institutions (28 percent), and private nonprofit 4-year insti-
including 1.5 million faculty, 0.4 million graduate assistants, tutions (26 percent), but the proportion was higher at pri-
and 2.0 million other staff (table 314.20). Out of the vate for-profit 4-year institutions (33 percent), private
1.5 million faculty in 2017, 0.8 million were full-time and nonprofit 2-year institutions (37 percent), and private for-
0.7 million were part-time faculty. From 2007 to 2017, the profit 2-year institutions (43 percent).
proportion of staff who were faculty rose about one On average, full-time faculty and instructional staff
percentage point to 39 percent. During the same period, the spent 58 percent of their time teaching in 2003 (web-only
proportion of staff who were graduate assistants increased table 315.30). Research and scholarship accounted for

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

210 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

20 percent of their time, and 22 percent was spent on other institutions, bachelor’s degrees by 2,445 institutions, mas-
activities (administration, professional growth, etc.). ter’s degrees by 1,924 institutions, and doctor’s degrees by
Faculty salaries generally lost purchasing power during 1,016 institutions (table 318.60). In addition to degree-
the 1970s. In constant 2017–18 dollars, average salaries for granting institutions, 2,189 non-degree-granting institu-
faculty on 9-month contracts declined by 16 percent during tions offered postsecondary education in 2017–18 but did
the period from 1970–71 ($79,400 in constant 2017–18 not grant degrees at the associate’s or higher level (web-
dollars) to 1980–81 ($66,700) (table 316.10). During the only table 317.30).
1980s, average salaries rose and recouped most of the Growing numbers of people are completing postsecond-
losses. Between 1990–91 and 2017–18, there was a further ary degrees. Between 2006–07 and 2016–17, the number of
increase in average faculty salaries, resulting in an average associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees that
salary in 2017–18 ($86,700) that was 9 percent higher than were conferred rose (table 318.10). During this period, the
the average salary in 1970–71. The average salary for male number of associate’s degrees increased by 38 percent from
faculty in 2017–18 ($94,200) was 4 percent higher than in 728,000 to 1,006,000, the number of bachelor’s degrees
2007–08 ($90,200). The average salary for female faculty increased by 28 percent from 1,525,000 to 1,956,000, the
in 2017–18 ($78,100) was 5 percent higher than the salary number of master’s degrees increased by 32 percent from
in 2007–08 ($74,300). The average salary for male faculty 611,000 to 805,000, and the number of doctor’s degrees
was higher than the average salary for female faculty in all increased by 25 percent from 145,000 to 181,000. The
years for which data are available. In 2017–18, average doctor’s degree total includes most degrees formerly clas-
salaries for male faculty were 21 percent higher than for sified as first-professional, such as M.D. (medical), D.D.S.
female faculty, the same percentage as in 2007–08. (dental), and J.D. (law) degrees. In addition to degrees
The percentage of faculty with tenure has declined since awarded at the associate’s and higher levels, 945,000 cer-
1993–94. Of those faculty at institutions with tenure sys- tificates were awarded by postsecondary institutions par-
tems, 46 percent of full-time faculty had tenure in 2017–18, ticipating in federal Title IV financial aid programs in
compared with 56 percent in 1993–94 (table 316.80). The 2016–17 (table 320.20).
percentage of institutions with tenure systems in 2017–18 Since the mid-1980s, more females than males have
(55 percent) was lower than in 1993–94 (63 percent). Part earned associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees (table
of this change was due to the expansion in the number of 318.10). Beginning in 2005–06, the number of females
for-profit institutions (table 317.10), relatively few of which earning doctor’s degrees has also exceeded the number of
have tenure systems (1.6 percent in 2017–18) (table males. Between 2006–07 and 2016–17, the number of asso-
316.80). This pattern among institutions has shifted in more ciate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees awarded to males
recent years. The percent of institutions with tenure systems increased at a higher rate than the number awarded to
increased from 49 percent in 2007–08 to 55 percent in females. The number of associate’s degrees awarded to
2017–18. The percentage of public institutions with a ten- males increased by 43 percent during this period, while the
ure system increased from 71 percent in 2007–08 to 75 per- number awarded to females increased by 35 percent. The
cent in 2017–18. At institutions with tenure systems, there number of bachelor’s degrees awarded to males increased
were differences between males and females in the percent- by 29 percent (from 650,000 to 836,000, an increase of
age of full-time instructional faculty having tenure: 54 per- 186,000 degrees), while the number of bachelor’s degrees
cent of males had tenure in 2017–18, compared with awarded to females increased by 28 percent (from 875,000
41 percent of females. In 2017–18, about 50 percent of full- to 1,120,000, an increase of 245,000 degrees). The number
time instructional faculty had tenure at public institutions of master’s degrees awarded to males increased by 35 per-
with tenure systems, compared with 44 percent at private cent, while the number awarded to females increased by
nonprofit institutions with tenure systems and 18 percent at 30 percent. In contrast, the number of doctor’s degrees
private for-profit institutions with tenure systems. increased at a higher rate for females than males between
2006–07 and 2016–17. The number of females earning doc-
tor’s degrees increased 32 percent, while the number of
Degrees males earning doctor’s degrees increased 19 percent.
During the 2017–18 academic year, 4,313 accredited Of the 1,956,000 bachelor’s degrees conferred in
institutions offered degrees at the associate’s level or above 2016–17, the greatest numbers of degrees were conferred
(table 317.10). These included 1,626 public institutions, in the fields of business (381,000), health professions and
1,689 private nonprofit institutions, and 998 private for- related programs (238,000), social sciences and history
profit institutions. Of the 4,313 degree-granting institutions, (159,000), psychology (117,000), biological and biomedi-
2,828 were 4-year institutions that awarded degrees at the cal sciences (117,000), engineering (116,000), communica-
bachelor’s or higher level, and 1,485 were 2-year institu- tion, journalism, and related programs (94,000), and visual
tions that offered associate’s degrees as their highest award. and performing arts (91,000) (table 322.10). At the master’s
In 2016–17, associate’s degrees were awarded by 2,701 degree level, the greatest numbers of degrees were con-

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 211

ferred in the fields of business (187,000), education of degrees in liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and
(146,000), and health professions and related programs humanities decreased 7 percent. The number of degrees in
(119,000) (table 323.10). At the doctor’s degree level, the visual and performing arts was 5 percent lower in 2016–17
greatest numbers of degrees were conferred in the fields of than in 2011–12.
health professions and related programs (77,700), legal pro- Among first-time students who were seeking a bache-
fessions and studies (35,100), education (12,700), engineer- lor’s degree or its equivalent and attending a 4-year institu-
ing (10,400), biological and biomedical sciences (8,100), tion full time in 2011, about 42 percent completed a
psychology (6,700), and physical sciences and science bachelor’s degree or its equivalent at that institution within
technologies (6,000) (table 324.10). 4 years, while 57 percent did so within 5 years, and 60 per-
In recent years, the numbers of bachelor’s degrees con- cent did so within 6 years (web-only table 326.10). These
ferred have followed patterns that differed significantly by graduation rates were calculated as the total number of
field of study. While the number of bachelor’s degrees con- completers within the specified time to degree attainment
ferred increased by 28 percent overall between 2006–07 divided by the cohort of students who first enrolled at that
and 2016–17, there was substantial variation among the institution in 2011. Graduation rates were higher at private
different fields of study, as well as shifts in the patterns of nonprofit institutions than at public or private for-profit
change during this time period (table 322.10 and figure 16). institutions. For example, the 6-year graduation rate for the
For example, the number of degrees conferred in foreign 2011 cohort at private nonprofit institutions was 66 percent,
languages increased 7 percent between 2006–07 and compared with 60 percent at public institutions and 21 per-
2011–12, but then decreased 19 percent between 2011–12 cent at private for-profit institutions. Graduation rates also
and 2016–17. Also, the number of degrees in social sciences varied by race/ethnicity. At 4-year institutions overall, the
and history increased by 9 percent between 2006–07 and 6-year graduation rate for Asian students in the 2011 cohort
2011–12, but then decreased 11 percent between 2011–12 was 74 percent, compared with 64 percent for Whites,
and 2016–17. In a number of other major fields, the number 57 percent for students of Two or more races, 55 percent for
of bachelor’s degrees increased by higher percentages in the Hispanics, 49 percent for Pacific Islanders, 40 percent for
second half of the 10-year period than in the first half. The Blacks, and 38 percent for American Indians/Alaska
number of bachelor’s degrees conferred in the combined Natives.
fields of engineering and engineering technologies increased
21 percent between 2006–07 and 2011–12, and then increased Finances and Financial Aid
a further 36 percent between 2011–12 and 2016–17. Com-
puter and information sciences was 12 percent higher in For the 2017–18 academic year, annual current dollar
2011–12 than in 2006–07, and then increased 51 percent prices for undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and board were
between 2011–12 and 2016–17. Some other major fields had estimated to be $17,797 at public institutions, $46,014 at
smaller increases between 2011–12 and 2016–17 than private nonprofit institutions, and $26,261 at private for-
between 2006–07 and 2011–12. For example, the number of profit institutions (table 330.10). Between 2007–08 and
degrees conferred in agriculture and natural resources 2017–18, prices for undergraduate tuition, fees, room, and
increased by 34 percent between 2006–07 and 2011–12 and board at public institutions rose 31 percent, and prices at
then by 22 percent between 2011–12 and 2016–17. The private nonprofit institutions rose 23 percent, after adjust-
number of degrees conferred in health professions and ment for inflation. The price for undergraduate tuition, fees,
related programs increased by 61 percent between 2006–07 room, and board at private for-profit institutions decreased
and 2011–12 and then by 45 percent between 2011–12 and 9 percent between 2007–08 and 2017–18, after adjustment
2016–17. Also, the number of degrees conferred in public for inflation.
administration and social services increased by 28 percent In 2015–16, about 86 percent of full-time undergraduate
between 2006–07 and 2011–12 and then by 19 percent students received financial aid (grants, loans, work-study,
between 2011–12 and 2016–17. Other fields with large or aid of multiple types) (table 331.10). About 70 percent of
numbers of degrees (over 10,000 in 2016–17) that showed full-time undergraduates received federal financial aid in
increases of 25 percent or more between 2011–12 and 2015–16, and 67 percent received aid from nonfederal
2016–17 included parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness sources. (Many students receive aid from both federal and
studies (37 percent), and mathematics and statistics (28 per- nonfederal sources.) Section 484(r) of the Higher Educa-
cent). Some other fields with sizable numbers of degrees did tion Act of 1965, as amended, suspends a student’s eligibil-
not have increases during the 2011–12 to 2016–17 period. ity for Title IV federal financial aid if the student is
For example, the number of degrees in philosophy and reli- convicted of certain drug-related offenses that were com-
gious studies decreased 23 percent between 2011–12 and mitted while the student was receiving Title IV aid. For
2016–17. Also, the number of degrees in English language 2016–17, less than 0.01 percent of postsecondary students
and literature/letters decreased 23 percent; the number of had their eligibility to receive aid suspended due to a con-
degrees in education decreased 19 percent; and the number viction (table C).

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

212 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Table C. Suspension of eligibility for Title IV federal student higher than the share from state appropriations (18 percent),
financial aid due to a drug-related conviction or failure while the share from state appropriations in 2007–08
to report conviction status on aid application form: (25 percent) was higher than that from tuition and fees
2007–08 through 2016–17 (18 percent) (table 333.10). In 2016–17, tuition and fees
Suspension of eligibility constituted the largest revenue category at private nonprofit
For full award year 2-year and 4-year institutions, private for-profit 2- and
No Due to 4-year institutions, and public 4-year institutions
suspension For part of Due to failure to
Award year of eligibility award year conviction report (tables 333.10, 333.40, and 333.55). At public 2-year
2007–08
institutions, tuition and fees constituted the third-largest
Number ................ 14,610,371 361 2,832 2,433 revenue category, below state and local appropriations.
Percent ................. 99.96 # 0.02 0.02
2008–09
Average total expenditures per full-time-equivalent
Number ................ 16,410,285 398 1,064 724 (FTE) student in 2016–17—shown in constant 2017–18
Percent ................. 99.99 # 0.01 #
dollars throughout this paragraph—varied by institution
2009–10
Number ................ 19,487,370 666 1,751 879 control and level, as did changes in average total expendi-
Percent ................. 99.98 # 0.01 # tures per FTE student between 2009–10 and 2016–17
2010–11 (after adjustment for inflation). In 2016–17, average total
Number ................ 21,114,404 606 1,284 406
Percent ................. 99.99 # 0.01 # expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) student at
2011–12 public degree-granting institutions were $35,900 (table
Number ................ 21,947,204 404 968 732
Percent ................. 99.99 # # # 334.10). These 2016–17 total expenditures per FTE stu-
2012–13 dent were 20 percent higher than in 2009–10. In 2016–17,
Number ................ 21,803,176 322 778 432 public 4-year institutions had average total expenditures
Percent ................. 99.99 # # #
2013–14 per FTE student of $45,000, compared with $16,500 at
Number ................ 21,192,389 257 572 535 public 2-year institutions. At private nonprofit institutions,
Percent ................. 99.99 # # #
2014–15
total expenditures per FTE student in 2016–17 ($58,300)
Number ................ 20,560,709 242 474 504 were 11 percent higher than in 2009–10 (table 334.30). In
Percent ................. 99.99 # # # 2016–17, total expenditures per FTE student at private
2015–16
Number ................ 19,756,619 273 564 308 nonprofit institutions averaged $58,800 at 4-year institu-
Percent ................. 99.99 # # # tions and $21,100 at 2-year institutions. The expenditures
2016–17 per FTE student at private for-profit institutions in 2016–17
Number ................ 18,739,769 254 657 375
Percent ................. 99.99 # # # ($16,800) were 9 percent higher than in 2009–10 (table
#Rounds to zero. 334.50). In 2016–17, total expenditures per FTE student at
NOTE: It is not possible to determine whether a student who lost eligibility due to a drug
conviction otherwise would have received Title IV aid, since there are other reasons why private for-profit institutions averaged $16,500 at 4-year
an applicant may not receive aid. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Federal Student Aid, Free Application for Federal
institutions and $18,000 at 2-year institutions. This differ-
Student Aid (FAFSA), unpublished data. ence in expenditures per FTE student between 4-year and
2-year private for-profit institutions was relatively small
In 2016–17, total revenue was $391 billion at public
compared with the differences between 4-year and 2-year
institutions, $243 billion at private nonprofit institutions,
institutions in the public and private nonprofit sectors.
and $16 billion at private for-profit institutions
(tables 333.10, 333.40, and 333.55 and figures 17, 18, and At the end of fiscal year 2017, the market value of the
19). The category of student tuition and fees typically endowment funds of colleges and universities was
accounts for a significant percentage of total revenue and $598 billion, reflecting an increase of 10 percent compared
was the largest single revenue source at both private with the beginning of the fiscal year, when the total was
nonprofit and for-profit institutions in 2016–17 (30 and $544 billion (web-only table 333.90). At the end of fiscal
91 percent, respectively). Tuition and fees accounted for year 2017, the 120 institutions with the largest endow-
20 percent of revenue at public institutions in 2016–17. ments accounted for $443 billion, or about three-fourths of
the national total. The five institutions with the largest
Public institutions typically report Pell grants as revenue
endowments in 2017 were Harvard University ($37 bil-
from federal grants, while private institutions report Pell
lion), Yale University ($27 billion), the University of
grants as revenue from tuition and fees; this difference in
Texas System ($26 billion), Stanford University ($25 bil-
reporting contributes to the smaller percentage of revenue
lion), and Princeton University ($23 billion).
reported as tuition and fees at public institutions compared
with private institutions. At public institutions, the share of
revenue from tuition and fees in 2016–17 (20 percent) was

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 213

Figure 12. Enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree-granting postsecondary institutions: 1960–61 through
2017–18
Fall enrollment, in millions
25

20
Total
15

10 Public institutions

5
Private institutions
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning

Degrees, in millions
2.0

1.6
Bachelor’s

1.2

0.8 Associate’s

Master’s
0.4
Doctor’s

0.0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning

Total expenditures, in billions of constant 2017–18 dollars

$400
350

300
250
Public institutions
200
150
100
Private institutions
50
0
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2017
School year beginning

NOTE: Expenditure data for the school year beginning in 2017 (2017–18) are estimated. Degree data for the school year beginning in 2017 are projected. Doctor’s degrees include Ph.D.,
Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees prior to 2010–11.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Opening Fall Enrollment in Higher Education, 1960 through 1965; Financial Statistics of Higher Education,
1959–60 through 1964–65; Earned Degrees Conferred, 1959–60 through 1964–65; Degrees Conferred Projection Model, 1980–81 through 2028–29; Higher Education General Information
Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education,” “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred,” and “Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education” surveys,
1965–66 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:87–99), and “Finance
Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY87–99); IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions component; and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment and Finance components.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

214 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Figure 13. Percentage change in total enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state: Fall 2012 to fall 2017

WA
NH ME
MT ND
OR MN VT
ID MA
SD WI NY
WY MI
RI
IA PA CT
NE NJ
NV
OH
UT IL IN DE
CA CO WV
VA MD
KS MO KY DC
NC
TN
AZ OK
NM AR SC

MS AL GA
TX LA
AK
FL
HI

Percent change
Increase of 5 percent or more (4 states & DC) Decrease of less than 5 percent (18 states)
Increase of less than 5 percent (4 states) Decrease of 5 percent or more (24 states)

NOTE: Graphic display was generated using unrounded data.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2013 and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component.

Figure 14. Fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by age of student: 1970 through 2028
Fall enrollment, in millions
14 Actual Projected

12

10

8 Under 25 years old

4 25 years old and older

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2028
Year
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities”
surveys, 1970 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October,
selected years 1970 through 2017.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 215

Figure 15. Ratio of full-time-equivalent (FTE) students to total FTE staff and to FTE faculty in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by control of institution: 1999, 2009, and 2017
FTE students per FTE staff member
35
1999 2009 2017

30
26.4
25
22.1
20.7
20
17.2
15.9 15.8 15.5
14.8 14.0
15
11.9 11.1
10.2 9.8 10.3 9.2
10

4.9 5.4 5.0 5.3 5.9 5.4

5 3.7 3.7 3.6

0
Total staff Faculty Total staff Faculty Total staff Faculty Total staff Faculty

All degree-granting Public Private nonprofit Private for-profit

postsecondary institutions
Control of institution and type of staff
NOTE: Graphic display was generated using unrounded data.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:99) and
“Fall Staff Survey” (IPEDS-S:99); IPEDS Spring 2010 and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; IPEDS Winter 2009–10, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; and IPEDS
Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section.

Figure 16. Number of bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions in selected fields of study: 2006–07, 2011–12,
and 2016–17
Field of study
76,809
Biological and biomedical sciences 95,850
116,759
327,850
Business 367,235
381,353
Communication, journalism, and 78,442
88,754
communications technologies 98,393
42,164
Computer and information sciences 47,406
71,420
105,683
Education 105,656
85,118
81,868
Engineering and engineering technologies 98,654
133,761
101,898
Health professions and related programs 163,675 2006–07
238,014
Homeland security, law enforcement, 39,216 2011–12
54,091
and firefighting 59,581
90,073
2016–17
Psychology 109,099
116,861
164,229
Social sciences and history 178,534
159,099
85,210
Visual and performing arts 95,806
91,262

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000

Number of bachelor’s degrees

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2007, Fall 2012, and Fall 2017,
Completions component.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

216 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Figure 17. Percentage distribution of total revenues of public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of funds:
2016–17
Percent
Total revenues = $390.8 billion
100

16.9 Investment return, gifts, and other1

80
12.8 Hospitals

7.3 Auxiliary enterprises2

60 7.0 Local governments3

22.6 State governments 4

40

13.2 Federal government 5,6

20

20.3 Tuition and fees2,6

0
Source of funds
1
In addition to the categories listed, includes capital grants and gifts, additions to permanent endowments, and operating and nonoperating revenues not included elsewhere.
2
After deducting discounts and allowances.
3
Revenues from local governments include operating grants and contracts (including private grants and contracts), nonoperating appropriations, and nonoperating grants.
4
Revenues from state governments include operating grants and contracts, nonoperating appropriations, nonoperating grants, and capital appropriations.
5
Revenues from the federal government include operating grants and contracts, funds for independent operations, nonoperating appropriations, and nonoperating grants.
6
Public institutions typically report Pell grants as revenues from federal grants and as allowances that reduce tuition revenues.
NOTE: Graphic display was generated using unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Finance component.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 217

Figure 18. Percentage distribution of total revenues of private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of
funds: 2016–17
Percent
Total revenues = $242.6 billion
100
7.9 Educational activities and other

20.1 Investment return

80

11.0 Hospitals
60
7.4 Auxiliary enterprises

11.7 Private gifts, grants, and contracts

40 0.9 State and local governments1

10.4 Federal government 2,3

20
30.5 Tuition and fees3

0
Source of funds
1
Includes appropriations, grants, and contracts.
2
Includes appropriations, grants, contracts, and independent operations.
3
Private institutions typically report Pell grants as tuition revenues rather than as revenues from federal grants.
NOTE: Graphic display was generated using unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Finance component.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

218 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Figure 19. Percentage distribution of total revenues of private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by source of
funds: 2016–17
Percent
Total revenues = $15.8 billion
100
3.4 Educational activities, investment return, gifts, and other
1.6 Auxiliary enterprises
0.3 3.3
State and local governments1
Federal government1,2

80

60

91.4 Tuition and fees2

40

20

0
Source of funds
1
Includes appropriations, grants, and contracts.
2
Private institutions typically report Pell grants as tuition revenues rather than as revenues from federal grants.
NOTE: Graphic display was generated using unrounded data. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Finance component.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 219
Overview and Historical

Table 301.10. Enrollment, staff, and degrees/certificates conferred in degree-granting and non-degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control and level of institution, sex of student, type of staff, and level of degree: Fall 2017 and 2016–17
Degree-granting institutions Non-degree-granting institutions
Private Private
Level of institution, sex of student,
type of staff, and level of degree Total1 Total Public Total Nonprofit For-profit Total Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enrollment, fall 2017
Total ............................................................. 20,138,477 19,765,598 14,560,155 5,205,443 4,106,477 1,098,966 372,879 109,399 263,480 16,813 246,667
4-year institutions ................................................. 13,823,919 13,823,640 8,853,477 4,970,163 4,058,087 912,076 279 5 274 274 0
Males ..................................................................... 6,004,627 6,004,570 3,988,930 2,015,640 1,707,724 307,916 57 4 53 53 0
Females .................................................................. 7,819,292 7,819,070 4,864,547 2,954,523 2,350,363 604,160 222 1 221 221 0

2-year institutions ................................................. 6,057,268 5,941,958 5,706,678 235,280 48,390 186,890 115,310 60,129 55,181 5,696 49,485
Males ..................................................................... 2,623,571 2,563,062 2,488,990 74,072 12,716 61,356 60,509 35,196 25,313 1,493 23,820
Females .................................................................. 3,433,697 3,378,896 3,217,688 161,208 35,674 125,534 54,801 24,933 29,868 4,203 25,665
Less-than-2-year institutions ................................ 257,290 † † † † † 257,290 49,265 208,025 10,843 197,182
Males ..................................................................... 79,776 † † † † † 79,776 23,954 55,822 3,838 51,984
Females .................................................................. 177,514 † † † † † 177,514 25,311 152,203 7,005 145,198
Staff, fall 2017
Total ............................................................. 3,976,901 3,914,542 2,564,974 1,349,568 1,209,311 140,257 62,359 22,290 40,069 3,885 36,184
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ......... 1,575,699 1,543,569 971,183 572,386 486,183 86,203 32,130 11,912 20,218 1,706 18,512
Instruction .............................................................. 1,457,188 1,425,058 896,737 528,321 442,256 86,065 32,130 11,912 20,218 1,706 18,512
Research ................................................................ 89,445 89,445 54,731 34,714 34,620 94 † † † † †
Public service ......................................................... 29,066 29,066 19,715 9,351 9,307 44 † † † † †
Graduate assistants .............................................. 377,156 377,156 295,798 81,358 80,946 412 † † † † †
Librarians, curators, and archivists ....................... 41,668 41,497 23,608 17,889 16,874 1,015 171 44 127 52 75
Student and academic affairs and other
education services .......................................... 187,318 181,731 119,178 62,553 51,128 11,425 5,587 2,496 3,091 378 2,713
Management ........................................................ 265,913 259,986 149,283 110,703 100,152 10,551 5,927 1,264 4,663 436 4,227
Business and financial operations ......................... 217,145 214,461 144,115 70,346 65,006 5,340 2,684 545 2,139 143 1,996
Computer, engineering, and science ...................... 236,232 235,674 161,842 73,832 71,728 2,104 558 345 213 32 181
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media .................... 185,158 184,650 111,867 72,783 67,294 5,489 508 304 204 44 160
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ............... 110,470 109,889 74,699 35,190 34,909 281 581 385 196 78 118
Service occupations .............................................. 244,162 241,200 161,481 79,719 77,576 2,143 2,962 1,540 1,422 473 949
Sales and related occupations .............................. 15,231 13,210 4,755 8,455 4,386 4,069 2,021 83 1,938 75 1,863
Office and administrative support ......................... 426,485 418,537 278,567 139,970 129,505 10,465 7,948 2,618 5,330 428 4,902
Natural resources, construction, and
maintenance ................................................... 74,977 74,000 54,501 19,499 18,938 561 977 507 470 27 443
Production, transportation, and material moving ... 19,287 18,982 14,097 4,885 4,686 199 305 247 58 13 45
Degrees/certificates conferred, 2016–17
Total ............................................................. 4,892,714 4,643,736 3,172,249 1,471,487 1,087,671 383,816 248,978 61,386 187,592 12,344 175,248
Less-than-1-year and 1- to less-than-4-year
certificates ...................................................... 944,940 696,019 568,715 127,304 22,832 104,472 248,921 61,386 187,535 12,344 175,191
4-year institutions .................................................. 140,313 140,266 98,273 41,993 11,514 30,479 47 5 42 42 0
Males ............................................................ 60,517 60,507 47,651 12,856 4,451 8,405 10 4 6 6 0
Females ......................................................... 79,796 79,759 50,622 29,137 7,063 22,074 37 1 36 36 0
2-year institutions .................................................. 620,449 555,753 470,442 85,311 11,318 73,993 64,696 33,109 31,587 2,585 29,002
Males ............................................................ 288,741 258,691 232,379 26,312 3,524 22,788 30,050 16,188 13,862 794 13,068
Females ......................................................... 331,708 297,062 238,063 58,999 7,794 51,205 34,646 16,921 17,725 1,791 15,934
Less-than-2-year institutions ................................. 184,178 † † † † † 184,178 28,272 155,906 9,717 146,189
Males ............................................................ 55,455 † † † † † 55,455 11,344 44,111 3,735 40,376
Females ......................................................... 128,723 † † † † † 128,723 16,928 111,795 5,982 105,813

Associate’s degrees .............................................. 1,005,706 1,005,649 861,859 143,790 56,563 87,227 57 0 57 0 57

4-year institutions .................................................. 291,497 291,497 191,928 99,569 44,868 54,701 0 0 0 0 0
Males ............................................................ 111,294 111,294 76,345 34,949 17,079 17,870 0 0 0 0 0
Females ......................................................... 180,203 180,203 115,583 64,620 27,789 36,831 0 0 0 0 0
2-year institutions .................................................. 714,152 714,152 669,931 44,221 11,695 32,526 0 0 0 0 0
Males ............................................................ 282,865 282,865 267,971 14,894 2,877 12,017 0 0 0 0 0
Females ......................................................... 431,287 431,287 401,960 29,327 8,818 20,509 0 0 0 0 0
Less-than-2-year institutions ................................. 57 † † † † † 57 0 57 0 57
Males ............................................................ 3 † † † † † 3 0 3 0 3
Females ......................................................... 54 † † † † † 54 0 54 0 54

Bachelor’s degrees ............................................... 1,956,032 1,956,032 1,275,756 680,276 566,379 113,897 0 0 0 0 0

Males ..................................................................... 836,045 836,045 559,822 276,223 232,487 43,736 0 0 0 0 0
Females .................................................................. 1,119,987 1,119,987 715,934 404,053 333,892 70,161 0 0 0 0 0

Master’s degrees .................................................. 804,684 804,684 374,387 430,297 360,352 69,945 0 0 0 0 0

Males ..................................................................... 326,892 326,892 159,463 167,429 145,315 22,114 0 0 0 0 0
Females .................................................................. 477,792 477,792 214,924 262,868 215,037 47,831 0 0 0 0 0

Doctor’s degrees ................................................... 181,352 181,352 91,532 89,820 81,545 8,275 0 0 0 0 0

Males ..................................................................... 84,646 84,646 44,169 40,477 37,639 2,838 0 0 0 0 0
Females .................................................................. 96,706 96,706 47,363 49,343 43,906 5,437 0 0 0 0 0

†Not applicable. offerings, though still classified at a lower level; therefore, a small number of associate’s
1
Includes both degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions. degrees are shown as awarded by non-degree-granting institutions.
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
programs. Degree-granting institutions grant degrees at the associate’s or higher level, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
while non-degree-granting institutions grant only awards below that level. The non-degree- component; Spring 2018, Human Resources component; and Fall 2017, Completions
granting classification includes some institutions transitioning to higher level program component. (This table was prepared April 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 301.20. Historical summary of faculty, enrollment, degrees conferred, and finances in degree-granting postsecondary institutions: Selected years, 1869–70 through 2016–17

220 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Selected characteristic 1869–70 1879–80 1889–90 1899–1900 1909–10 1919–20 1929–30 1939–40 1949–50 1959–60 1969–70 1979–80 1989–90 1999–2000 2009–10 2016–17

Overview and Historical

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Total institutions1 .................... 563 811 998 977 951 1,041 1,409 1,708 1,851 2,004 2,525 3,152 3,535 4,084 4,495 4,360

Total faculty2 ........................... 5,553 3 11,522 3 15,809 23,868 36,480 48,615 82,386 146,929 246,722 380,554 450,000 4 675,000 4 824,220 5 1,027,830 5 1,439,074 5 1,546,081 5
Males .................................. 4,887 3 7,328 3 12,704 3 19,151 29,132 35,807 60,017 106,328 186,189 296,773 346,000 4 479,000 4 534,254 5 602,469 5 761,002 5 783,495 5
Females .............................. 666 3 4,194 3 3,105 3 4,717 7,348 12,808 22,369 40,601 60,533 83,781 104,000 4 196,000 4 289,966 5 425,361 5 678,072 5 762,586 5

Total fall enrollment6 ............... 52,286 115,817 156,756 237,592 355,213 597,880 1,100,737 1,494,203 2,444,900 3,639,847 8,004,660 11,569,899 13,538,560 14,791,224 20,313,594 19,846,904
Males .................................. 41,160 3 77,972 3 100,453 3 152,254 214,648 3 314,938 619,935 893,250 1,721,572 2,332,617 4,746,201 5,682,877 6,190,015 6,490,646 8,732,953 8,638,422
Females .............................. 11,126 3 37,845 3 56,303 3 85,338 140,565 3 282,942 480,802 600,953 723,328 1,307,230 3,258,459 5,887,022 7,348,545 8,300,578 11,580,641 11,208,482

Degrees conferred
Associate’s, total ..................... — — — — — — — — — — 206,023 400,910 455,102 564,933 848,856 1,005,649
Males .................................. — — — — — — — — — — 117,432 183,737 191,195 224,721 322,747 394,159
Females .............................. — — — — — — — — — — 88,591 217,173 263,907 340,212 526,109 611,490
Bachelor’s, total7 ..................... 9,371 12,896 15,539 27,410 37,199 48,622 122,484 186,500 432,058 392,440 792,316 929,417 1,051,344 1,237,875 1,649,919 1,956,032
Males .................................. 7,993 10,411 12,857 22,173 28,762 31,980 73,615 109,546 328,841 254,063 451,097 473,611 491,696 530,367 706,660 836,045
Females .............................. 1,378 2,485 2,682 5,237 8,437 16,642 48,869 76,954 103,217 138,377 341,219 455,806 559,648 707,508 943,259 1,119,987
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Master’s, total8 ........................ — 879 1,015 1,583 2,113 4,279 14,969 26,731 58,183 74,435 213,589 305,196 330,152 463,185 693,313 804,684
Males .................................. — 868 821 1,280 1,555 2,985 8,925 16,508 41,220 50,898 130,799 156,882 158,052 196,129 275,317 326,892
Females .............................. — 11 194 303 558 1,294 6,044 10,223 16,963 23,537 82,790 148,314 172,100 267,056 417,996 477,792
Doctor’s, total9 ........................ 1 54 149 382 443 615 2,299 3,290 6,420 9,829 59,486 95,631 103,508 118,736 158,590 181,352
Males .................................. 1 51 147 359 399 522 1,946 2,861 5,804 8,801 53,792 69,526 63,963 64,930 76,610 84,646
Females .............................. 0 3 2 23 44 93 353 429 616 1,028 5,694 26,105 39,545 53,806 81,980 96,706
In thousands of current dollars
Finances
Revenue10 ............................... — — — — $76,883 $199,922 $554,511 $715,211 $2,374,645 $5,785,537 $21,515,242 $58,519,982 $139,635,477 $282,261,000 $496,720,000 $649,151,000
Educational and general
income ............................. — — $21,464 $35,084 67,917 172,929 483,065 571,288 1,833,845 4,688,352 16,486,177 — — — — —
Expenditures11 ........................ — — — — — — 507,142 674,688 2,245,661 5,601,376 21,043,113 56,913,588 134,655,571 236,784,000 446,479,000 583,575,000
Value of physical property ....... — — 95,426 253,599 457,594 747,333 2,065,049 2,753,780 12 4,799,964 13,548,548 42,093,580 83,733,387 164,635,000 — — —
Market value of endowment
funds ................................ — — 78,788 13 194,998 13 323,661 13 569,071 13 1,372,068 13 1,686,283 13 2,601,223 13 5,322,080 13 11,206,632 20,743,045 67,978,726 — 355,910,203 598,295,000
In thousands of constant 2017–18 dollars14
Finances
Revenue10 ............................... — — — — — — $8,038,126 $12,698,565 $24,879,076 $48,856,215 $141,323,387 $187,038,103 $272,866,252 $413,702,000 $568,662,000 $663,784,000
Educational and general
income ............................. — — — — — — 7,002,453 10,143,213 19,213,133 39,590,989 108,289,852 — — — — —
Expenditures11 ........................ — — — — — — 7,351,470 11,979,079 23,527,715 47,301,059 138,222,196 181,903,842 263,134,855 347,047,000 511,145,000 596,730,000
Value of physical property ....... — — — — — — 29,934,705 48,893,339 12 50,289,063 114,411,293 276,492,697 267,623,696 321,718,638 — — —
Market value of endowment
funds ................................ — — — — — — 19,889,335 13 29,939,940 13 27,252,926 13 44,942,532 13 73,611,033 66,297,693 132,839,452 — 407,458,764 611,782,000

—Not available. 12
Includes unexpended plant funds.
1
Prior to 1979–80, excludes branch campuses. 13
Book value. Includes other nonexpendable funds.
2
Total number of different individuals (not reduced to full-time equivalent). Beginning in 1959-60, data are for the first term 14
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of
of the academic year. Labor, adjusted to a school-year basis.
3
Estimated. NOTE: Data through 1989–90 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions.
4
Estimated number of senior instructional staff based on actual enrollment data for the designated year and enrollment/staff Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The
ratios for the prior staff survey. Excludes graduate assistants. degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges
5
Because of revised survey procedures, data may not be directly comparable with figures prior to 1989–90. Excludes and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
graduate assistants. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial Survey of Education in the United
6
Data for 1869–70 to 1939–40 are for resident degree-credit students who enrolled at any time during the academic year. States; Education Directory, Colleges and Universities; Faculty and Other Professional Staff in Institutions of Higher Education;
7
From 1869–70 to 1959–60, bachelor’s degrees include degrees formerly classified as first-professional, such as M.D., Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities; Earned Degrees Conferred; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education;
D.D.S., and law degrees. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education,” “Degrees and Other
8
Figures for years prior to 1969–70 are not precisely comparable with later data. Formal Awards Conferred,” and “Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education” surveys; Integrated Postsecondary
9
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most degrees formerly classified as first- Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:89–99), “Fall Staff Survey” (IPEDS-S:89–99), “Finance
professional, such as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees. Survey” (IPEDS-F:FY90–00), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–00), and “Institutional Characteristics Survey” (IPEDS-
10
Data for 1929–30 through 1989–90 are current-fund revenues only. Data for 1999–2000 include total revenues for private IC:89–99); IPEDS Winter 2009–10 and Spring 2017, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; IPEDS Spring 2010
institutions and current-fund revenues for public institutions. Data for later years are for total revenues. and Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment component; IPEDS Fall 2010 and Fall 2017, Completions component; and IPEDS Spring
11
Data for 1929–30 and 1939–40 include current-fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Data for 1949–50 through 2011 and Spring 2018, Finance component. (This table was prepared April 2019.)
1989–90 are current-fund expenditures only. Data for 1999–2000 include total expenditures for private institutions and
current-fund expenditures for public institutions. Data for later years are for total expenditures.
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 221
Enrollment Rates

Table 302.10. Recent high school completers and their enrollment in college, by sex and level of institution: 1960 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Percent of recent high school completers1 enrolled in college2

Number of high school completers1
(in thousands) Total Males Females
4-year 4-year 4-year
2-year college or 2-year college or 2-year college or
Year Total Males Females Total college university Total college university Total college university
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1960 ........ 1,679 (44.5) 756 (32.3) 923 (30.1) 45.1 (2.16) — (†) — (†) 54.0 (3.23) — (†) — (†) 37.9 (2.85) — (†) — (†)
1961 ........ 1,763 (46.7) 790 (33.7) 973 (31.8) 48.0 (2.12) — (†) — (†) 56.3 (3.14) — (†) — (†) 41.3 (2.81) — (†) — (†)
1962 ........ 1,838 (44.3) 872 (32.0) 966 (30.4) 49.0 (2.08) — (†) — (†) 55.0 (3.00) — (†) — (†) 43.5 (2.84) — (†) — (†)
1963 ........ 1,741 (44.9) 794 (32.6) 947 (30.5) 45.0 (2.12) — (†) — (†) 52.3 (3.16) — (†) — (†) 39.0 (2.82) — (†) — (†)
1964 ........ 2,145 (43.6) 997 (32.3) 1,148 (28.9) 48.3 (1.92) — (†) — (†) 57.2 (2.79) — (†) — (†) 40.7 (2.58) — (†) — (†)
1965 ........ 2,659 (48.5) 1,254 (35.7) 1,405 (32.5) 50.9 (1.73) — (†) — (†) 57.3 (2.49) — (†) — (†) 45.3 (2.37) — (†) — (†)
1966 ........ 2,612 (45.7) 1,207 (34.4) 1,405 (29.5) 50.1 (1.74) — (†) — (†) 58.7 (2.53) — (†) — (†) 42.7 (2.35) — (†) — (†)
1967 ........ 2,525 (38.5) 1,142 (28.9) 1,383 (24.7) 51.9 (1.44) — (†) — (†) 57.6 (2.12) — (†) — (†) 47.2 (1.95) — (†) — (†)
1968 ........ 2,606 (38.0) 1,184 (28.7) 1,422 (24.2) 55.4 (1.41) — (†) — (†) 63.2 (2.04) — (†) — (†) 48.9 (1.93) — (†) — (†)
1969 ........ 2,842 (36.6) 1,352 (27.3) 1,490 (24.2) 53.3 (1.36) — (†) — (†) 60.1 (1.93) — (†) — (†) 47.2 (1.88) — (†) — (†)
1970 ........ 2,758 (38.1) 1,343 (26.6) 1,415 (27.3) 51.7 (1.38) — (†) — (†) 55.2 (1.97) — (†) — (†) 48.5 (1.93) — (†) — (†)
1971 ........ 2,875 (38.7) 1,371 (27.1) 1,504 (27.6) 53.5 (1.35) — (†) — (†) 57.6 (1.94) — (†) — (†) 49.8 (1.87) — (†) — (†)
1972 ........ 2,964 (38.5) 1,423 (27.5) 1,542 (26.9) 49.2 (1.33) — (†) — (†) 52.7 (1.92) — (†) — (†) 46.0 (1.84) — (†) — (†)
1973 ........ 3,058 (37.7) 1,460 (28.0) 1,599 (25.0) 46.6 (1.31) 14.9 (0.94) 31.6 (1.22) 50.0 (1.90) 14.6 (1.34) 35.4 (1.82) 43.4 (1.80) 15.2 (1.30) 28.2 (1.63)
1974 ........ 3,101 (39.3) 1,491 (28.2) 1,611 (27.3) 47.6 (1.30) 15.2 (0.94) 32.4 (1.22) 49.4 (1.88) 16.6 (1.40) 32.8 (1.77) 45.9 (1.80) 13.9 (1.25) 32.0 (1.69)
1975 ........ 3,185 (39.3) 1,513 (27.8) 1,672 (27.7) 50.7 (1.29) 18.2 (0.99) 32.6 (1.21) 52.6 (1.86) 19.0 (1.47) 33.6 (1.76) 49.0 (1.78) 17.4 (1.35) 31.6 (1.65)
1976 ........ 2,986 (40.5) 1,451 (29.4) 1,535 (27.8) 48.8 (1.33) 15.6 (0.96) 33.3 (1.25) 47.2 (1.90) 14.5 (1.34) 32.7 (1.79) 50.3 (1.85) 16.6 (1.38) 33.8 (1.75)
1977 ........ 3,141 (41.0) 1,483 (29.8) 1,659 (27.9) 50.6 (1.30) 17.5 (0.98) 33.1 (1.22) 52.1 (1.88) 17.2 (1.42) 35.0 (1.80) 49.3 (1.78) 17.8 (1.36) 31.5 (1.66)
1978 ........ 3,163 (40.0) 1,485 (29.4) 1,677 (26.8) 50.1 (1.29) 17.0 (0.97) 33.1 (1.22) 51.1 (1.88) 15.6 (1.37) 35.5 (1.80) 49.3 (1.77) 18.3 (1.37) 31.0 (1.64)
1979 ........ 3,160 (40.3) 1,475 (29.4) 1,685 (27.4) 49.3 (1.29) 17.5 (0.98) 31.8 (1.20) 50.4 (1.89) 16.9 (1.42) 33.5 (1.79) 48.4 (1.77) 18.1 (1.36) 30.3 (1.63)
1980 ........ 3,088 (39.6) 1,498 (28.5) 1,589 (27.5) 49.3 (1.31) 19.4 (1.03) 29.9 (1.20) 46.7 (1.87) 17.1 (1.41) 29.7 (1.71) 51.8 (1.82) 21.6 (1.50) 30.2 (1.67)
1981 ........ 3,056 (42.4) 1,491 (30.6) 1,565 (29.3) 53.9 (1.31) 20.5 (1.06) 33.5 (1.24) 54.8 (1.87) 20.9 (1.53) 33.9 (1.78) 53.1 (1.83) 20.1 (1.47) 33.0 (1.73)
1982 ........ 3,100 (41.0) 1,509 (29.4) 1,592 (28.6) 50.6 (1.38) 19.1 (1.09) 31.5 (1.28) 49.1 (1.98) 17.5 (1.50) 31.6 (1.84) 52.0 (1.93) 20.6 (1.56) 31.4 (1.79)
1983 ........ 2,963 (42.2) 1,389 (30.8) 1,573 (28.6) 52.7 (1.41) 19.2 (1.11) 33.5 (1.33) 51.9 (2.06) 20.2 (1.66) 31.7 (1.92) 53.4 (1.93) 18.4 (1.50) 35.1 (1.85)
1984 ........ 3,012 (37.0) 1,429 (29.1) 1,584 (22.2) 55.2 (1.39) 19.4 (1.11) 35.8 (1.34) 56.0 (2.02) 17.7 (1.55) 38.4 (1.98) 54.5 (1.92) 21.0 (1.57) 33.5 (1.82)
1985 ........ 2,668 (40.7) 1,287 (29.1) 1,381 (28.3) 57.7 (1.47) 19.6 (1.18) 38.1 (1.45) 58.6 (2.11) 19.9 (1.71) 38.8 (2.09) 56.8 (2.05) 19.3 (1.63) 37.5 (2.00)
1986 ........ 2,786 (39.2) 1,332 (28.9) 1,454 (26.4) 53.8 (1.45) 19.2 (1.15) 34.5 (1.39) 55.8 (2.09) 21.3 (1.73) 34.5 (2.00) 51.9 (2.02) 17.3 (1.53) 34.6 (1.92)
1987 ........ 2,647 (41.5) 1,278 (30.2) 1,369 (28.4) 56.8 (1.48) 18.9 (1.17) 37.9 (1.45) 58.3 (2.12) 17.3 (1.63) 41.0 (2.12) 55.3 (2.07) 20.3 (1.67) 35.0 (1.98)
1988 ........ 2,673 (47.7) 1,334 (34.6) 1,339 (32.8) 58.9 (1.60) 21.9 (1.34) 37.1 (1.57) 57.1 (2.27) 21.3 (1.88) 35.8 (2.20) 60.7 (2.24) 22.4 (1.91) 38.3 (2.23)
1989 ........ 2,450 (44.8) 1,204 (31.7) 1,246 (31.7) 59.6 (1.58) 20.7 (1.30) 38.9 (1.57) 57.6 (2.27) 18.3 (1.77) 39.3 (2.24) 61.6 (2.19) 23.1 (1.90) 38.5 (2.20)
1990 ........ 2,362 (43.0) 1,173 (30.6) 1,189 (30.2) 60.1 (1.60) 20.1 (1.31) 40.0 (1.61) 58.0 (2.29) 19.6 (1.85) 38.4 (2.26) 62.2 (2.24) 20.6 (1.87) 41.6 (2.28)
1991 ........ 2,276 (41.1) 1,140 (29.0) 1,136 (29.0) 62.5 (1.62) 24.9 (1.44) 37.7 (1.62) 57.9 (2.33) 22.9 (1.98) 35.0 (2.25) 67.1 (2.22) 26.8 (2.09) 40.3 (2.32)
1992 ........ 2,397 (40.5) 1,216 (29.1) 1,180 (28.1) 61.9 (1.58) 23.0 (1.37) 38.9 (1.59) 60.0 (2.24) 22.1 (1.89) 37.8 (2.21) 63.8 (2.23) 23.9 (1.98) 40.0 (2.27)
1993 ........ 2,342 (41.4) 1,120 (30.6) 1,223 (27.7) 62.6 (1.59) 22.8 (1.38) 39.8 (1.61) 59.9 (2.33) 22.9 (2.00) 37.0 (2.30) 65.2 (2.17) 22.8 (1.91) 42.4 (2.25)
1994 ........ 2,517 (41.1) 1,244 (30.1) 1,273 (27.9) 61.9 (1.54) 21.0 (1.29) 40.9 (1.56) 60.6 (2.21) 23.0 (1.90) 37.5 (2.19) 63.2 (2.15) 19.1 (1.75) 44.1 (2.22)
1995 ........ 2,599 (41.0) 1,238 (30.0) 1,361 (27.7) 61.9 (1.41) 21.5 (1.19) 40.4 (1.43) 62.6 (2.04) 25.3 (1.83) 37.4 (2.04) 61.3 (1.96) 18.1 (1.55) 43.2 (1.99)
1996 ........ 2,660 (40.5) 1,297 (29.5) 1,363 (27.7) 65.0 (1.42) 23.1 (1.26) 41.9 (1.47) 60.1 (2.09) 21.5 (1.76) 38.5 (2.08) 69.7 (1.91) 24.6 (1.79) 45.1 (2.07)
1997 ........ 2,769 (41.8) 1,354 (31.0) 1,415 (27.9) 67.0 (1.37) 22.8 (1.23) 44.3 (1.45) 63.6 (2.01) 21.4 (1.71) 42.2 (2.06) 70.3 (1.87) 24.1 (1.75) 46.2 (2.04)
1998 ........ 2,810 (43.9) 1,452 (31.0) 1,358 (31.0) 65.6 (1.38) 24.4 (1.25) 41.3 (1.43) 62.4 (1.96) 24.4 (1.73) 38.0 (1.96) 69.1 (1.93) 24.3 (1.79) 44.8 (2.08)
1999 ........ 2,897 (41.5) 1,474 (29.9) 1,423 (28.8) 62.9 (1.38) 21.0 (1.16) 41.9 (1.41) 61.4 (1.95) 21.0 (1.63) 40.5 (1.97) 64.4 (1.95) 21.1 (1.66) 43.3 (2.02)
2000 ........ 2,756 (45.3) 1,251 (33.6) 1,505 (29.7) 63.3 (1.41) 21.4 (1.20) 41.9 (1.45) 59.9 (2.13) 23.1 (1.83) 36.8 (2.10) 66.2 (1.88) 20.0 (1.59) 46.2 (1.98)
2001 ........ 2,549 (44.1) 1,277 (32.0) 1,273 (30.3) 61.8 (1.41) 19.6 (1.15) 42.1 (1.43) 60.1 (2.00) 18.6 (1.59) 41.4 (2.01) 63.5 (1.97) 20.6 (1.66) 42.8 (2.02)
2002 ........ 2,796 (42.7) 1,412 (31.3) 1,384 (29.0) 65.2 (1.31) 21.6 (1.14) 43.6 (1.37) 62.1 (1.88) 20.4 (1.57) 41.7 (1.92) 68.4 (1.82) 22.8 (1.65) 45.6 (1.95)
2003 ........ 2,677 (42.2) 1,306 (29.9) 1,372 (29.7) 63.9 (1.35) 21.5 (1.16) 42.5 (1.39) 61.2 (1.97) 21.9 (1.67) 39.3 (1.97) 66.5 (1.86) 21.0 (1.61) 45.5 (1.96)
2004 ........ 2,752 (40.0) 1,327 (29.1) 1,425 (27.3) 66.7 (1.31) 22.4 (1.16) 44.2 (1.38) 61.4 (1.95) 21.8 (1.65) 39.6 (1.96) 71.5 (1.74) 23.1 (1.63) 48.5 (1.93)
2005 ........ 2,675 (40.8) 1,262 (31.5) 1,414 (24.9) 68.6 (1.31) 24.0 (1.21) 44.6 (1.40) 66.5 (1.94) 24.7 (1.77) 41.8 (2.03) 70.4 (1.77) 23.4 (1.64) 47.0 (1.94)
2006 ........ 2,692 (44.6) 1,328 (32.7) 1,363 (30.1) 66.0 (1.33) 24.7 (1.21) 41.3 (1.39) 65.8 (1.90) 24.9 (1.73) 40.9 (1.97) 66.1 (1.87) 24.5 (1.70) 41.7 (1.95)
2007 ........ 2,955 (42.6) 1,511 (30.0) 1,444 (30.3) 67.2 (1.26) 24.1 (1.15) 43.1 (1.33) 66.1 (1.78) 22.7 (1.57) 43.4 (1.86) 68.3 (1.79) 25.5 (1.67) 42.8 (1.90)
2008 ........ 3,151 (42.8) 1,640 (29.6) 1,511 (30.9) 68.6 (1.21) 27.7 (1.16) 40.9 (1.28) 65.9 (1.71) 24.9 (1.56) 41.0 (1.77) 71.6 (1.69) 30.6 (1.73) 40.9 (1.85)
2009 ........ 2,937 (45.0) 1,407 (32.8) 1,531 (30.6) 70.1 (1.23) 27.7 (1.21) 42.4 (1.33) 66.0 (1.84) 25.1 (1.69) 40.9 (1.91) 73.8 (1.64) 30.1 (1.71) 43.8 (1.85)
2010 ........ 3,160 (91.8) 1,679 (64.6) 1,482 (58.4) 68.1 (1.49) 26.7 (1.52) 41.4 (1.61) 62.8 (1.88) 28.5 (2.03) 34.3 (1.97) 74.0 (2.31) 24.6 (2.32) 49.5 (2.59)
2011 ........ 3,079 (88.3) 1,611 (60.6) 1,468 (58.4) 68.2 (1.45) 25.9 (1.49) 42.3 (1.44) 64.7 (2.16) 24.7 (1.79) 40.0 (2.10) 72.2 (1.98) 27.3 (2.17) 44.9 (2.37)
2012 ........ 3,203 (96.2) 1,622 (70.1) 1,581 (54.0) 66.2 (1.59) 28.8 (1.57) 37.5 (1.60) 61.3 (2.17) 26.9 (2.20) 34.4 (2.15) 71.3 (2.11) 30.7 (2.09) 40.6 (2.21)
2013 ........ 2,977 (84.4) 1,524 (62.9) 1,453 (57.0) 65.9 (1.58) 23.8 (1.44) 42.1 (1.76) 63.5 (2.20) 24.5 (2.14) 39.0 (2.48) 68.4 (2.17) 23.0 (2.15) 45.3 (2.21)
2014 ........ 2,868 (78.5) 1,423 (58.1) 1,445 (57.5) 68.4 (1.67) 24.6 (1.56) 43.7 (1.81) 64.0 (2.32) 21.2 (2.07) 42.8 (2.69) 72.6 (2.50) 28.0 (2.35) 44.6 (2.57)
2015 ........ 2,965 (87.5) 1,448 (64.6) 1,516 (56.6) 69.2 (1.54) 25.2 (1.48) 44.0 (1.61) 65.8 (2.27) 24.3 (2.00) 41.5 (2.27) 72.5 (2.18) 26.2 (2.08) 46.4 (2.42)
2016 ........ 3,137 (102.3) 1,517 (70.6) 1,620 (66.7) 69.8 (1.64) 23.7 (1.56) 46.0 (1.85) 67.5 (2.12) 25.3 (2.26) 42.2 (2.47) 71.9 (2.40) 22.3 (1.99) 49.6 (2.46)
2017 ........ 2,870 (95.9) 1,345 (60.2) 1,525 (71.3) 66.7 (1.68) 22.6 (1.50) 44.2 (1.83) 61.1 (2.57) 23.9 (2.36) 37.2 (2.32) 71.7 (2.29) 21.4 (2.09) 50.3 (2.70)

—Not available. because of varying survey procedures and coverage. Prior to 2010, standard errors
†Not applicable. were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather than the more
1
Individuals ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school or completed a GED or other precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Detail may not sum to totals
high school equivalency credential. because of rounding.
2
Enrollment in college as of October of each year for individuals ages 16 to 24 who had SOURCE: American College Testing Program, unpublished tabulations, derived from
completed high school earlier in the calendar year. statistics collected by the Census Bureau, 1960 through 1969. U.S. Department of
NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 1970 through 2017.
High school completion data in this table differ from figures appearing in other tables (This table was prepared July 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

222 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Enrollment Rates

Table 302.20. Percentage of recent high school completers enrolled in college, by race/ethnicity: 1960 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

3-year moving averages3

Percent of recent high school completers 1
Percent of recent high school completers1
enrolled in college2 (annual data) enrolled in college2 Difference between percent enrolled
White- White- White-
Year Total White Black Hispanic Asian4 Total White Black Hispanic Asian4 Black Hispanic Asian4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
19605 ......... 45.1 (2.16) 45.8 (2.24) — (†) — (†) — (†) 46.6 (1.52) 47.7 (1.58) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19615 ......... 48.0 (2.12) 49.5 (2.22) — (†) — (†) — (†) 47.4 (1.22) 48.7 (1.28) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19625 ......... 49.0 (2.08) 50.6 (2.19) — (†) — (†) — (†) 47.4 (1.22) 48.6 (1.27) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19635 ......... 45.0 (2.12) 45.6 (2.21) — (†) — (†) — (†) 47.5 (1.18) 48.5 (1.23) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19645 ......... 48.3 (1.92) 49.2 (2.01) — (†) — (†) — (†) 48.5 (1.10) 49.2 (1.15) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19655 ......... 50.9 (1.73) 51.7 (1.81) — (†) — (†) — (†) 49.9 (1.03) 51.0 (1.08) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19665 ......... 50.1 (1.74) 51.7 (1.82) — (†) — (†) — (†) 51.0 (1.01) 52.1 (1.06) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19675 ......... 51.9 (1.44) 53.0 (1.52) — (†) — (†) — (†) 52.5 (0.82) 53.8 (0.87) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19685 ......... 55.4 (1.41) 56.6 (1.50) — (†) — (†) — (†) 53.6 (0.81) 55.0 (0.86) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19695 ......... 53.3 (1.36) 55.2 (1.43) — (†) — (†) — (†) 53.5 (0.80) 54.6 (0.85) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19705 ......... 51.7 (1.38) 52.0 (1.46) — (†) — (†) — (†) 52.9 (0.79) 53.8 (0.83) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19715 ......... 53.5 (1.35) 54.0 (1.42) — (†) — (†) — (†) 51.5 (0.78) 51.9 (0.83) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1972 .......... 49.2 (1.33) 49.7 (1.45) 44.6 (4.74) 45.0 (12.85) — (†) 49.7 (0.77) 50.5 (0.83) 38.4 (3.26) 49.9 (8.76) — (†) 12.1 (3.36) ‡ (†) — (†)
1973 .......... 46.6 (1.31) 47.8 (1.43) 32.5 (4.40) 54.1 (11.89) — (†) 47.8 (0.76) 48.2 (0.83) 41.4 (2.68) 48.8 (7.04) — (†) 6.8! (2.81) ‡ (†) — (†)
1974 .......... 47.6 (1.30) 47.2 (1.42) 47.2 (4.69) 46.9 (11.79) — (†) 48.3 (0.75) 48.7 (0.82) 40.5 (2.69) 53.1 (6.72) — (†) 8.3! (2.82) ‡ (†) — (†)
1975 .......... 50.7 (1.29) 51.1 (1.40) 41.7 (4.81) 58.0 (11.14) — (†) 49.1 (0.75) 49.1 (0.82) 44.5 (2.78) 52.7 (6.44) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
1976 .......... 48.8 (1.33) 48.8 (1.45) 44.4 (4.94) 52.7 (10.52) — (†) 50.1 (0.75) 50.3 (0.82) 45.3 (2.78) 53.6 (6.18) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
1977 .......... 50.6 (1.30) 50.8 (1.42) 49.5 (4.70) 50.8 (10.43) — (†) 49.9 (0.75) 50.1 (0.83) 46.8 (2.73) 48.8 (6.18) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
1978 .......... 50.1 (1.29) 50.5 (1.42) 46.4 (4.55) 42.0 (11.06) — (†) 50.0 (0.75) 50.4 (0.82) 47.5 (2.69) 46.1 (6.14) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
1979 .......... 49.3 (1.29) 49.9 (1.42) 46.7 (4.73) 45.0 (10.37) — (†) 49.6 (0.75) 50.1 (0.82) 45.2 (2.65) 46.3 (6.32) — (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†)
1980 .......... 49.3 (1.31) 49.8 (1.44) 42.7 (4.48) 52.3 (11.39) — (†) 50.8 (0.75) 51.5 (0.83) 44.0 (2.64) 49.6 (6.25) — (†) 7.5! (2.76) ‡ (†) — (†)
1981 .......... 53.9 (1.31) 54.9 (1.45) 42.7 (4.48) 52.1 (10.73) — (†) 51.3 (0.76) 52.4 (0.84) 40.3 (2.53) 48.7 (6.13) — (†) 12.2 (2.66) ‡ (†) — (†)
1982 .......... 50.6 (1.38) 52.7 (1.54) 35.8 (4.39) 43.2 (10.37) — (†) 52.4 (0.80) 54.2 (0.90) 38.8 (2.61) 49.4 (6.44) — (†) 15.4 (2.76) ‡ (†) — (†)
1983 .......... 52.7 (1.41) 55.0 (1.57) 38.2 (4.41) 54.2 (11.69) — (†) 52.8 (0.81) 55.5 (0.90) 38.0 (2.50) 46.7 (6.16) — (†) 17.5 (2.66) ‡ (†) — (†)
1984 .......... 55.2 (1.39) 59.0 (1.57) 39.8 (4.21) 44.3 (10.00) — (†) 55.1 (0.82) 57.9 (0.92) 39.9 (2.58) 49.3 (6.38) — (†) 18.0 (2.74) ‡ (†) — (†)
1985 .......... 57.7 (1.47) 60.1 (1.64) 42.2 (4.86) 51.0 (9.79) — (†) 55.5 (0.83) 58.6 (0.93) 39.5 (2.59) 46.1 (5.20) — (†) 19.1 (2.75) 12.5! (5.28) — (†)
1986 .......... 53.8 (1.45) 56.8 (1.64) 36.9 (4.44) 44.0 (8.88) — (†) 56.1 (0.85) 58.5 (0.96) 43.5 (2.75) 42.3 (5.21) — (†) 15.0 (2.91) 16.2! (5.30) — (†)
1987 .......... 56.8 (1.48) 58.6 (1.68) 52.2 (4.90) 33.5 (8.28) — (†) 56.5 (0.85) 58.8 (0.96) 44.2 (2.69) 45.0 (5.06) — (†) 14.6 (2.86) 13.8! (5.15) — (†)
1988 .......... 58.9 (1.60) 61.1 (1.82) 44.4 (4.98) 57.1 (9.60) — (†) 58.4 (0.94) 60.1 (1.07) 49.7 (3.02) 48.5 (5.67) — (†) 10.4! (3.20) 11.6! (5.77) — (†)
1989 .......... 59.6 (1.58) 60.7 (1.79) 53.4 (5.07) 55.1 (9.21) 81.1 (10.23) 59.5 (0.90) 61.6 (1.02) 48.0 (2.87) 52.7 (5.54) 81.4 (6.36) 13.6 (3.04) ‡ (†) -19.8! (6.44)
1990 .......... 60.1 (1.60) 63.0 (1.80) 46.8 (5.08) 42.7 (10.82) 81.7 (8.12) 60.7 (0.92) 63.0 (1.04) 48.9 (2.97) 52.5 (5.70) 81.4 (6.36) 14.0 (3.14) ‡ (†) -18.5! (6.44)
1991 .......... 62.5 (1.62) 65.4 (1.82) 46.4 (5.24) 57.2 (9.57) 78.9 (9.04) 61.5 (0.92) 64.2 (1.05) 47.2 (2.93) 52.6 (5.52) 80.6 (5.21) 17.0 (3.11) 11.7! (5.62) -16.3! (5.31)
1992 .......... 61.9 (1.58) 64.3 (1.84) 48.2 (4.91) 55.0 (8.50) 81.7 (7.00) 62.3 (0.92) 64.2 (1.06) 50.0 (2.97) 58.2 (5.04) 80.9 (4.58) 14.2 (3.16) ‡ (†) -16.7 (4.70)
1993 .......... 62.6 (1.59) 62.9 (1.86) 55.6 (5.27) 62.2 (8.21) 86.2 (6.63) 62.1 (0.91) 63.9 (1.04) 51.3 (2.96) 55.7 (4.97) 82.5 (4.30) 12.6 (3.14) ‡ (†) -18.6 (4.42)
1994 .......... 61.9 (1.54) 64.5 (1.74) 50.8 (5.20) 49.1 (9.00) 78.3 (8.55) 62.1 (0.89) 64.0 (1.03) 52.4 (2.97) 55.0 (4.63) 82.2 (4.25) 11.5 (3.14) ‡ (†) -18.2 (4.37)
1995 .......... 61.9 (1.41) 64.3 (1.65) 51.2 (4.22) 53.7 (4.94) 83.0 (6.94) 63.0 (0.81) 65.4 (0.94) 52.9 (2.40) 51.6 (3.19) 82.7 (4.47) 12.5 (2.58) 13.8 (3.33) -17.3 (4.57)
1996 .......... 65.0 (1.42) 67.4 (1.66) 56.0 (4.03) 50.8 (5.79) 85.3 (5.21) 64.7 (0.82) 66.6 (0.97) 55.4 (2.41) 57.6 (2.96) 82.7 (3.59) 11.3 (2.60) 9.0! (3.11) -16.0 (3.72)
1997 .......... 67.0 (1.37) 68.2 (1.64) 58.5 (4.11) 65.6 (4.52) 80.5 (6.09) 65.9 (0.80) 68.1 (0.94) 58.8 (2.35) 55.3 (2.93) 83.0 (3.49) 9.3 (2.53) 12.8 (3.08) -15.0 (3.62)
1998 .......... 65.6 (1.38) 68.5 (1.61) 61.9 (4.04) 47.4 (4.92) 85.5 (5.71) 65.2 (0.80) 67.7 (0.94) 59.8 (2.31) 51.9 (2.79) 83.8 (3.28) 7.9! (2.49) 15.7 (2.94) -16.1 (3.41)
1999 .......... 62.9 (1.38) 66.3 (1.63) 58.9 (3.85) 42.3 (4.76) 78.3 (5.73) 64.0 (0.80) 66.8 (0.94) 58.6 (2.31) 47.4 (2.84) 81.1 (3.40) 8.3! (2.50) 19.5 (2.99) -14.3 (3.53)
2000 .......... 63.3 (1.41) 65.7 (1.66) 54.9 (4.10) 52.9 (5.03) 81.0 (6.29) 62.7 (0.82) 65.4 (0.96) 56.4 (2.33) 48.6 (2.96) 81.3 (3.44) 9.1 (2.52) 16.9 (3.11) -15.8 (3.57)
2001 .......... 61.8 (1.41) 64.3 (1.63) 55.0 (3.96) 51.7 (5.33) 73.8 (8.71) 63.5 (0.78) 66.3 (0.92) 56.4 (2.26) 52.8 (2.78) 78.4 (3.87) 10.0 (2.44) 13.5 (2.93) -12.0! (3.97)
2002 .......... 65.2 (1.31) 69.1 (1.55) 59.4 (3.90) 53.6 (4.46) 63.7 (6.51) 63.7 (0.78) 66.5 (0.92) 57.3 (2.33) 54.8 (2.75) 71.9 (4.05) 9.3 (2.50) 11.7 (2.90) ‡ (†)
20036 ......... 63.9 (1.35) 66.2 (1.61) 57.5 (4.25) 58.6 (4.61) 84.1 (5.10) 65.3 (0.77) 68.0 (0.91) 59.9 (2.29) 57.7 (2.66) 74.2 (3.51) 8.1! (2.46) 10.3 (2.81) ‡ (†)
20046 ......... 66.7 (1.31) 68.8 (1.57) 62.5 (3.77) 61.8 (4.76) 75.6 (6.13) 66.4 (0.77) 69.4 (0.91) 58.8 (2.34) 57.7 (2.60) 81.6 (3.37) 10.6 (2.51) 11.7 (2.75) -12.2 (3.49)
20056 ......... 68.6 (1.31) 73.2 (1.52) 55.7 (4.15) 54.0 (4.18) 86.7 (5.99) 67.1 (0.76) 70.2 (0.90) 58.2 (2.35) 57.5 (2.52) 80.9 (3.64) 12.0 (2.52) 12.6 (2.67) -10.7! (3.75)
20066 ......... 66.0 (1.33) 68.5 (1.60) 55.5 (4.33) 57.9 (4.18) 82.3 (5.32) 67.2 (0.75) 70.4 (0.89) 55.6 (2.35) 58.5 (2.43) 85.1 (3.64) 14.7 (2.51) 11.9 (2.59) -14.7 (3.74)
20076 ......... 67.2 (1.26) 69.5 (1.49) 55.7 (3.78) 64.0 (4.22) 88.8 (6.26) 67.3 (0.73) 70.0 (0.87) 55.7 (2.27) 62.0 (2.33) 85.8 (3.45) 14.3 (2.43) 8.0! (2.48) -15.8 (3.56)
20086 ......... 68.6 (1.21) 71.7 (1.44) 55.7 (3.78) 63.9 (3.72) 88.4 (5.08) 68.6 (0.71) 70.8 (0.86) 60.3 (2.15) 62.3 (2.25) 90.1 (3.01) 10.5 (2.31) 8.6 (2.41) -19.2 (3.13)
20096 ......... 70.1 (1.23) 71.3 (1.53) 69.5 (3.51) 59.3 (3.80) 92.1 (3.90) 68.9 (0.70) 71.2 (0.86) 62.4 (2.09) 60.9 (2.14) 88.1 (2.85) 8.8 (2.26) 10.3 (2.31) -16.9 (2.98)
20106 ......... 68.1 (1.49) 70.5 (1.68) 62.0 (4.81) 59.7 (4.18) 84.7 (5.27) 68.8 (0.71) 70.1 (0.90) 66.1 (2.01) 62.3 (2.01) 87.4 (2.78) ‡ (†) 7.8 (2.21) -17.3 (2.92)
20116 ......... 68.2 (1.45) 68.3 (1.86) 67.1 (4.01) 66.6 (3.50) 86.1 (4.25) 67.5 (0.89) 68.2 (1.03) 62.1 (2.86) 66.1 (2.17) 83.9 (2.79) 6.1! (3.04) ‡ (†) -15.7 (2.97)
20126 ......... 66.2 (1.59) 65.7 (1.94) 56.4 (4.84) 70.3 (3.22) 81.5 (5.15) 66.8 (0.94) 67.6 (1.12) 60.5 (2.64) 65.9 (1.99) 82.3 (3.59) 7.1! (2.87) ‡ (†) -14.7 (3.76)
20136 ......... 65.9 (1.58) 68.8 (1.90) 56.7 (5.59) 59.8 (3.62) 80.1 (6.52) 66.8 (0.98) 67.4 (1.26) 60.7 (3.09) 65.5 (2.06) 83.6 (3.20) 6.7! (3.34) ‡ (†) -16.2 (3.44)
20146 ......... 68.4 (1.67) 67.7 (2.25) 70.2 (4.56) 65.2 (4.08) 90.9 (3.91) 67.8 (1.00) 69.3 (1.17) 60.6 (3.40) 64.7 (2.16) 84.2 (3.16) 8.8! (3.59) ‡ (†) -14.9 (3.37)
20156 ......... 69.2 (1.54) 71.3 (1.74) 55.6 (5.69) 68.9 (3.64) 83.2 (4.65) 69.1 (1.07) 69.6 (1.32) 60.8 (3.41) 69.0 (2.05) 88.5 (2.48) 8.8! (3.66) ‡ (†) -18.9 (2.81)
20166 ......... 69.8 (1.64) 69.7 (2.34) 57.3 (6.11) 72.0 (3.24) 91.9 (3.65) 68.6 (1.02) 70.1 (1.28) 57.5 (3.44) 67.6 (2.20) 85.7 (2.60) 12.6 (3.67) ‡ (†) -15.7 (2.90)
20176 ......... 66.7 (1.68) 69.1 (2.09) 59.4 (4.79) 61.0 (3.98) 82.7 (5.20) 68.3 (1.22) 69.4 (1.60) 58.4 (3.94) 67.1 (2.69) 87.0 (3.22) 11.0! (4.26) ‡ (†) -17.6 (3.60)

—Not available. 4
Prior to 2003, Asian data include Pacific Islanders.
†Not applicable. 5
Prior to 1972, White data include persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 6
After 2002, White, Black, and Asian data exclude persons of Two or more races.
30 and 50 percent. NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population.
‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is Includes enrollment in 2-year colleges and in 4-year colleges and universities. Race
50 percent or greater. categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity except where otherwise noted. Total
1
Individuals ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school or completed a GED or other includes persons of other racial/ethnic groups not separately shown. Prior to 2010,
high school equivalency credential. standard errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather
2
Enrollment in college as of October of each year for individuals ages 16 to 24 who had than the more precise replicate weight methodology used in later years. Some data have
completed high school earlier in the calendar year. been revised from previously published figures.
3
A 3-year moving average is a weighted average of the year indicated, the year immediately SOURCE: American College Testing Program, unpublished tabulations, derived from
preceding, and the year immediately following. For the first and final years of available statistics collected by the Census Bureau, 1960 through 1969. U.S. Department of
data, a 2-year moving average is used: The moving average for 1960 reflects an average Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 1970 through
of 1960 and 1961; for Black and Hispanic data, the moving average for 1972 reflects an 2017. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
average of 1972 and 1973; for Asian data, the moving average for 2003 reflects an average
of 2003 and 2004; and the moving average for 2017 reflects an average of 2016 and 2017.
Moving averages are used to produce more stable estimates.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 302.40. Number of high schools with 12th-graders and percentage of high school graduates attending 4-year colleges, by selected high school characteristics: Selected years,
1998–99 through 2011–12
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Number of high schools with 12th-graders Percent of graduates attending 4-year colleges
1998–99 2002–03 2006–07 2010–11
Graduation rate of graduates graduates graduates graduates
12th-graders in attending in attending in attending in attending in
Selected high school characteristic 1998–99 2002–03 2006–07 2010–11 2010–111 1999–2000 2003–04 2007–08 2011–12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Public high schools ................................................................. 20,000 (230) 22,500 (400) 24,100 (540) 23,300 (330) 88.7 (0.90) 35.4 (0.43) 35.0 (0.61) 39.5 (0.91) 39.4 (0.59)

Percent of students who are Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander,

American Indian/Alaska Native, or of Two or more races
Less than 5 percent ............................................................................... 6,400 (170) 6,100 (220) 5,200 (270) 3,600 (140) 94.7 (1.19) 41.3 (0.67) 42.6 (0.96) 46.8 (1.54) 43.9 (1.40)
5 to 19 percent ...................................................................................... 4,800 (180) 5,200 (270) 5,400 (320) 5,700 (310) 92.4 (2.55) 36.6 (0.88) 38.0 (1.77) 48.4 (2.06) 44.9 (1.02)
20 to 49 percent .................................................................................... 4,000 (170) 4,700 (180) 6,200 (440) 5,900 (270) 91.2 (1.14) 32.5 (0.92) 34.1 (1.27) 35.0 (1.89) 39.6 (1.31)
50 percent or more ............................................................................... 4,800 (150) 6,500 (280) 7,300 (430) 8,100 (320) 81.7 (1.58) 28.7 (0.89) 25.8 (1.43) 30.8 (2.00) 33.0 (1.17)
Percent of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch
School does not participate ................................................................... 2,400 (130) 2,400 (230) 2,800 (320) 1,900 (250) 72.8 (7.11) 30.0 (1.75) 23.2 (2.26) 25.4 (4.12) 27.6 (5.24)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

0 to 25 percent ...................................................................................... 8,600 (180) 6,800 (230) 6,700 (360) 5,100 (220) 93.3 (1.02) 42.6 (0.67) 46.9 (0.78) 52.1 (1.63) 50.7 (1.42)
26 to 50 percent .................................................................................... 4,800 (160) 6,700 (220) 7,300 (350) 6,800 (230) 92.8 (0.91) 33.4 (0.81) 36.7 (1.08) 41.5 (1.44) 42.5 (1.00)
51 to 75 percent .................................................................................... 2,300 (140) 4,000 (270) 4,100 (290) 5,100 (260) 90.3 (1.06) 29.1 (1.57) 27.3 (1.58) 33.2 (1.91) 35.8 (1.35)
76 to 100 percent .................................................................................. 2,000 (100) 2,600 (260) 3,300 (360) 4,300 (230) 82.3 (1.93) 22.2 (1.35) 20.7 (2.79) 26.0 (2.93) 29.1 (1.66)

School locale
City ........................................................................................................ — (†) 4,500 (240) 4,800 (300) 5,100 (220) 81.3 (3.11) — (†) 32.5 (1.61) 36.1 (2.73) 38.6 (1.53)
Suburb .................................................................................................. — (†) 4,800 (200) 5,400 (360) 4,800 (160) 86.1 (1.50) — (†) 40.3 (1.11) 41.2 (2.35) 42.2 (1.42)
Town ..................................................................................................... — (†) 3,700 (200) 3,900 (310) 3,300 (260) 89.9 (2.21) — (†) 31.1 (1.65) 35.2 (2.28) 35.3 (1.76)
Rural ..................................................................................................... — (†) 9,500 (390) 10,000 (460) 10,100 (260) 93.4 (0.67) — (†) 35.2 (1.28) 41.9 (1.47) 39.8 (0.88)

Private high schools ................................................................ 7,600 (240) 8,200 (260) 8,900 (280) 8,900 (310) 92.4 (1.34) 55.6 (1.74) 56.2 (1.77) 66.5 (1.57) 64.3 (2.10)

Percent of students who are Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander,

American Indian/Alaska Native, or of Two or more races
Less than 5 percent ............................................................................... 2,700 (150) 2,500 (180) 2,100 (160) 1,600 (190) 96.1 (1.72) 53.3 (2.85) 54.4 (3.31) 68.2 (3.81) 58.0 (6.31)
5 to 19 percent ...................................................................................... 2,500 (130) 2,900 (170) 3,500 (200) 3,100 (230) 95.1 (1.90) 63.6 (2.37) 64.2 (2.71) 70.3 (2.24) 67.9 (3.40)
20 to 49 percent .................................................................................... 1,400 (100) 1,700 (140) 2,000 (190) 2,200 (200) 90.4 (2.33) 55.3 (3.29) 56.7 (3.70) 58.7 (3.39) 69.4 (3.89)
50 percent or more ............................................................................... 1,000 (110) 1,100 (140) 1,400 (130) 1,900 (190) 87.1 (3.49) 41.6 (5.34) 38.3 (4.52) 65.3 (3.37) 57.6 (5.18)

Percent of students approved for free or reduced-price lunch

School does not participate ................................................................... 6,700 (230) 7,100 (250) 7,300 (280) 7,400 (280) 93.3 (1.27) 57.0 (1.74) 56.2 (2.00) 68.3 (1.77) 66.5 (2.29)
0 to 25 percent ...................................................................................... 700 (70) 600 (80) 700 (100) 600 (80) 96.8 (2.45) 53.8 (5.69) 66.2 (4.35) 73.2 (4.64) 74.6 (5.23)
26 to 100 percent .................................................................................. ‡ (†) 400 (80) 1,000 (130) 900 (140) 83.0 (5.65) ‡ (†) 38.9 (6.70) 46.7 (6.86) 37.8 (8.06)

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 223

School locale
City ........................................................................................................ — (†) — (†) 3,100 (170) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 71.8 (2.62) ‡ (†)
Suburb .................................................................................................. — (†) — (†) 2,800 (180) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 67.0 (2.99) ‡ (†)
Town ..................................................................................................... — (†) — (†) 1,000 (150) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 63.8 (5.02) ‡ (†)
Rural ..................................................................................................... — (†) — (†) 2,000 (190) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) — (†) — (†) 58.9 (3.54) ‡ (†)

—Not available. NOTE: Data are based on a sample survey and may not be strictly comparable with data reported elsewhere. Includes all
†Not applicable. schools, including combined schools, with students enrolled in the 12th grade. Some data have been revised from previously
‡Reporting standards not met. Data may be suppressed because the response rate is under 50 percent, there are too few published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

Enrollment Rates
cases for a reliable estimate, or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS),
1
The 12th-grade graduation rate is the number of students who graduated from grade 12 with a diploma during the 2010–11 “Public School Teacher Data File” and “Private School Teacher Data File,” 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2007–08, and 2011–12; and
school year divided by 12th-grade enrollment in October 2010. “Charter School Teacher Data File,” 1999–2000. (This table was prepared April 2014.)
224
466 CHAPTER
CHAPTER 3: 3: Postsecondary Education
Postsecondary Education
Enrollment
Enrollment Rates
Rates

Table 302.50. Estimated

Table Estimatedrate
rateofof2011–12
2011–12high
highschool
schoolgraduates attending
graduates degree-granting
attending postsecondary
degree-granting institutions,
postsecondary by state:
institutions, 20122012
by state:
Number of fall 2012 first-time freshmen
Number of graduates from graduating from high school in the previous Estimated rate of high school graduates
high schools located in the state 12 months going to college
State residents
State residents enrolled in insti-
enrolled in institutions tutions in their In their
State Total1 Public, 2011–12 Private, 2012–13 in any state2 home state3 In any state home state
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
United States ....................................... 3,457,955 3,149,185 308,770 2,132,264 4 1,729,792 61.7 50.0
Alabama ....................................................... 50,164 45,394 4,770 29,728 26,567 59.3 53.0
Alaska........................................................... 8,189 7,989 200 3,732 2,413 45.6 29.5
Arizona ......................................................... 66,218 63,208 3,010 35,181 31,132 53.1 47.0
Arkansas....................................................... 30,019 28,419 1,600 20,185 18,244 67.2 60.8
California ...................................................... 451,364 418,664 32,700 263,843 231,215 58.5 51.2
Colorado ....................................................... 52,607 50,087 2,520 31,139 23,268 59.2 44.2
Connecticut................................................... 44,751 38,681 6,070 31,662 17,396 70.8 38.9
Delaware ...................................................... 10,037 8,247 1,790 6,500 4,632 64.8 46.1
District of Columbia5 ..................................... 5,680 3,860 1,820 2,463 450 43.4 7.9
Florida........................................................... 171,404 151,964 19,440 107,716 94,985 62.8 55.4
Georgia......................................................... 99,952 90,582 9,370 66,494 55,399 66.5 55.4
Hawaii........................................................... 13,970 11,360 2,610 9,040 6,091 64.7 43.6
Idaho............................................................. 18,238 17,568 670 8,782 6,179 48.2 33.9
Illinois............................................................ 153,605 139,575 14,030 92,394 63,610 60.2 41.4
Indiana.......................................................... 70,767 65,667 5,100 44,612 38,812 63.0 54.8
Iowa .............................................................. 41,550 33,230 2,400 23,488 20,340 56.5 49.0
Kansas.......................................................... 34,078 31,898 2,180 22,239 19,058 65.3 55.9
Kentucky....................................................... 47,442 42,642 4,800 29,830 26,624 62.9 56.1
Louisiana ...................................................... 44,575 36,675 7,900 28,831 26,024 64.7 58.4
Maine............................................................ 16,103 13,473 2,630 8,681 5,829 53.9 36.2
Maryland....................................................... 67,781 58,811 8,970 41,033 25,773 60.5 38.0
Massachusetts.............................................. 76,177 65,157 11,020 53,836 36,132 70.7 47.4
Michigan ....................................................... 115,256 105,446 9,810 70,843 63,296 61.5 54.9
Minnesota ..................................................... 61,891 57,501 4,390 43,264 30,237 69.9 48.9
Mississippi .................................................... 29,748 26,158 3,590 23,436 21,752 78.8 73.1
Missouri ........................................................ 69,053 61,313 7,740 42,762 35,648 61.9 51.6
Montana........................................................ 10,140 9,750 390 5,907 4,598 58.3 45.3
Nebraska ...................................................... 22,844 20,464 2,380 14,750 11,969 64.6 52.4
Nevada ......................................................... 22,731 21,891 840 12,288 9,310 54.1 41.0
New Hampshire ............................................ 16,886 14,426 2,460 10,418 5,618 61.7 33.3
New Jersey................................................... 106,919 93,819 13,100 72,631 41,204 67.9 38.5
New Mexico .................................................. 21,375 20,315 1,060 14,831 12,903 69.4 60.4
New York ...................................................... 209,216 180,806 28,410 146,458 117,960 70.0 56.4
North Carolina .............................................. 101,097 93,977 7,120 62,531 55,578 61.9 55.0
North Dakota ................................................ 7,322 6,942 380 4,751 3,527 64.9 48.2
Ohio .............................................................. 135,885 123,135 12,750 81,428 69,039 59.9 50.8
Oklahoma ..................................................... 39,295 37,305 1,990 22,667 20,207 57.7 51.4
Oregon.......................................................... 37,301 34,261 3,040 17,509 13,343 46.9 35.8
Pennsylvania ................................................ 146,493 131,733 14,760 87,075 70,625 59.4 48.2
Rhode Island ................................................ 11,501 9,751 1,750 7,715 5,056 67.1 44.0
South Carolina.............................................. 44,452 41,442 3,010 29,023 26,154 65.3 58.8
South Dakota................................................ 8,456 8,196 260 5,825 4,443 68.9 52.5
Tennessee.................................................... 67,964 62,454 5,510 41,027 34,318 60.4 50.5
Texas............................................................ 306,591 292,531 14,060 176,871 156,566 57.7 51.1
Utah .............................................................. 32,757 31,157 1,600 16,650 15,101 50.8 46.1
Vermont ........................................................ 7,789 6,859 930 4,142 2,040 53.2 26.2
Virginia.......................................................... 89,866 83,336 6,530 58,035 47,582 64.6 52.9
Washington................................................... 71,165 65,205 5,960 34,168 25,854 48.0 36.3
West Virginia ................................................ 18,383 17,603 780 10,241 9,110 55.7 49.6
Wisconsin ..................................................... 71,225 62,705 8,520 41,715 33,972 58.6 47.7
Wyoming....................................................... 5,603 5,553 50 3,170 2,426 56.6 43.3

1Total includes public high school graduates for 2011–12 and private high school graduates for NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV
2012–13. Data on private high school graduates are not available for 2011–12. federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2AllU.S. resident students living in a particular state when admitted to an institution in any state. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common
Students may be enrolled in any state. Core of Data (CCD), “NCES Common Core of Data State Dropout and Completion Data File,”
3Students who attend institutions in their home state. Total includes 183 students attending U.S. 2011–12; Private School Universe Survey (PSS), 2013–14; and Integrated Postsecondary Edu-
Service Academies in their home state, not shown separately. cation Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2013, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared
4U.S. total includes some U.S. residents whose home state is unknown. January 2016.)
5A percentage of the private high school graduates are not residents of the District of Columbia.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018
 Table 302.60. Percentage of 18- to 24-year-olds enrolled in college, by level of institution and sex and race/ethnicity of student: 1970 through 2017
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Level of institution Sex Race/ethnicity Race/ethnicity, by sex

4-year American White Black Hispanic
Total, all 2-year college or Pacific Indian/ Two or
Year students college university Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian1 Islander Alaska Native more races Male Female Male Female Male Female
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
19702 ..... 25.7 (0.42) — (†) — (†) 32.1 (0.67) 20.3 (0.53) 27.1 (0.46) 15.5 (1.18) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
19712 ..... 26.2 (0.42) — (†) — (†) 32.5 (0.65) 20.8 (0.53) 27.2 (0.45) 18.2 (1.22) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†)
1972 ...... 25.5 (0.40) — (†) — (†) 30.2 (0.62) 21.2 (0.52) 27.2 (0.46) 18.3 (1.20) 13.4 (2.42) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 32.3 (0.69) 22.5 (0.60) 21.1 (1.87) 15.9 (1.55) 15.1 (3.77) 12.0 (3.13)
1973 ...... 24.0 (0.39) 6.9 (0.23) 17.1 (0.34) 27.7 (0.59) 20.5 (0.51) 25.5 (0.44) 15.9 (1.11) 16.1 (2.66) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 29.6 (0.67) 21.8 (0.58) 18.7 (1.75) 13.5 (1.42) 16.7 (3.88) 15.5 (3.66)
1974 ...... 24.6 (0.39) 7.6 (0.24) 17.0 (0.34) 27.7 (0.59) 21.7 (0.52) 25.8 (0.44) 17.6 (1.17) 18.0 (2.57) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.9 (0.66) 22.9 (0.59) 19.8 (1.82) 15.9 (1.51) 19.7 (3.85) 16.5 (3.44)
1975 ...... 26.3 (0.39) 9.0 (0.26) 17.3 (0.34) 29.0 (0.58) 23.7 (0.53) 27.4 (0.44) 20.4 (1.21) 20.4 (2.75) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 30.7 (0.66) 24.3 (0.60) 19.9 (1.78) 20.8 (1.65) 21.4 (4.10) 19.5 (3.71)
1976 ...... 26.7 (0.39) 6.4 (0.22) 20.2 (0.36) 28.2 (0.57) 25.2 (0.53) 27.6 (0.44) 22.5 (1.23) 20.0 (2.64) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 29.3 (0.64) 26.1 (0.61) 22.0 (1.82) 22.9 (1.68) 21.3 (4.02) 18.8 (3.48)
1977 ...... 26.1 (0.39) 6.8 (0.22) 19.4 (0.35) 28.1 (0.57) 24.3 (0.52) 27.2 (0.44) 21.1 (1.19) 17.2 (2.45) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 29.4 (0.64) 25.1 (0.60) 20.3 (1.74) 21.9 (1.63) 18.3 (3.66) 16.3 (3.28)
1978 ...... 25.3 (0.38) 6.6 (0.22) 18.7 (0.34) 27.1 (0.56) 23.6 (0.52) 26.5 (0.43) 20.1 (1.16) 15.2 (2.28) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.4 (0.63) 24.6 (0.59) 19.7 (1.72) 20.4 (1.57) 16.1 (3.42) 14.3 (3.05)
1979 ...... 25.0 (0.38) 6.3 (0.21) 18.7 (0.34) 25.9 (0.55) 24.2 (0.52) 26.3 (0.43) 19.8 (1.14) 16.7 (2.31) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 27.1 (0.62) 25.5 (0.60) 19.1 (1.69) 20.3 (1.55) 18.3 (3.47) 15.2 (3.08)
1980 ...... 25.7 (0.38) 7.1 (0.22) 18.6 (0.34) 26.4 (0.55) 25.0 (0.52) 27.3 (0.44) 19.4 (1.13) 16.1 (2.15) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.4 (0.63) 26.3 (0.60) 17.5 (1.62) 20.9 (1.57) 15.9 (3.05) 16.2 (3.04)
1981 ...... 26.1 (0.38) 7.5 (0.22) 18.6 (0.33) 27.1 (0.54) 25.2 (0.52) 27.7 (0.43) 19.9 (1.10) 16.6 (2.14) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.7 (0.62) 26.6 (0.60) 18.9 (1.60) 20.7 (1.52) 16.6 (3.08) 16.7 (2.97)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1982 ...... 26.6 (0.40) 7.7 (0.24) 18.9 (0.35) 27.2 (0.58) 26.0 (0.56) 28.1 (0.46) 19.9 (1.16) 16.8 (2.30) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 28.9 (0.67) 27.4 (0.64) 18.7 (1.66) 21.0 (1.61) 14.9 (3.19) 18.6 (3.29)
1983 ...... 26.2 (0.40) 7.4 (0.24) 18.8 (0.36) 27.3 (0.58) 25.1 (0.55) 27.9 (0.47) 19.2 (1.14) 17.3 (2.31) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 29.4 (0.67) 26.5 (0.64) 18.1 (1.63) 20.1 (1.59) 15.6 (3.21) 18.8 (3.31)
1984 ...... 27.1 (0.41) 7.3 (0.24) 19.8 (0.37) 28.6 (0.59) 25.6 (0.56) 28.9 (0.48) 20.3 (1.16) 17.9 (2.35) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 30.8 (0.69) 27.1 (0.66) 20.3 (1.70) 20.3 (1.60) 16.1 (3.27) 19.6 (3.35)
1985 ...... 27.8 (0.42) 7.4 (0.24) 20.4 (0.38) 28.4 (0.60) 27.2 (0.58) 30.0 (0.49) 19.6 (1.17) 16.9 (1.85) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 30.9 (0.71) 29.2 (0.68) 20.2 (1.74) 19.1 (1.58) 14.9 (2.46) 18.9 (2.75)
1986 ...... 27.9 (0.42) 7.6 (0.25) 20.3 (0.38) 28.2 (0.61) 27.6 (0.59) 29.7 (0.50) 21.9 (1.23) 17.6 (1.77) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 30.6 (0.73) 28.8 (0.69) 20.0 (1.75) 23.4 (1.72) 16.7 (2.37) 18.7 (2.65)
1987 ...... 29.6 (0.44) 8.1 (0.26) 21.5 (0.39) 30.6 (0.63) 28.7 (0.60) 31.9 (0.52) 22.8 (1.26) 17.5 (1.74) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 33.0 (0.75) 30.8 (0.72) 22.6 (1.86) 22.9 (1.72) 18.5 (2.47) 16.5 (2.44)
1988 ...... 30.3 (0.48) 8.8 (0.30) 21.5 (0.43) 30.2 (0.69) 30.4 (0.67) 33.2 (0.58) 21.2 (1.35) 17.0 (1.90) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 33.4 (0.83) 33.0 (0.80) 18.5 (1.90) 23.5 (1.91) 16.5 (2.60) 17.6 (2.77)
1989 ...... 30.9 (0.46) 8.0 (0.27) 22.9 (0.42) 30.2 (0.66) 31.6 (0.65) 34.2 (0.56) 23.4 (1.32) 16.1 (1.66) 46.1 (3.77) — (†) 15.7! (5.13) — (†) 34.1 (0.80) 34.4 (0.79) 19.7 (1.82) 26.7 (1.89) 14.6 (2.23) 17.6 (2.47)
1990 ...... 32.0 (0.47) 8.7 (0.28) 23.3 (0.43) 32.3 (0.68) 31.8 (0.66) 35.1 (0.57) 25.4 (1.37) 15.8 (1.67) 56.9 (3.56) — (†) 15.8! (5.07) — (†) 35.5 (0.82) 34.7 (0.80) 26.0 (2.03) 24.8 (1.85) 15.3 (2.31) 16.4 (2.42)
1991 ...... 33.3 (0.48) 9.7 (0.30) 23.6 (0.43) 32.8 (0.68) 33.6 (0.67) 36.8 (0.58) 23.5 (1.34) 17.9 (1.72) 57.1 (3.19) — (†) 15.9! (5.45) — (†) 36.5 (0.83) 37.0 (0.82) 23.2 (1.95) 23.8 (1.84) 14.0 (2.15) 22.2 (2.70)
1992 ...... 34.4 (0.49) 9.9 (0.31) 24.4 (0.44) 32.7 (0.68) 36.0 (0.69) 37.3 (0.59) 25.2 (1.36) 21.3 (1.87) 58.4 (3.27) — (†) 18.5! (6.17) — (†) 36.2 (0.83) 38.3 (0.83) 21.3 (1.87) 28.8 (1.96) 17.8 (2.47) 24.7 (2.80)
1993 ...... 34.0 (0.49) 9.8 (0.30) 24.2 (0.44) 33.6 (0.69) 34.4 (0.68) 36.8 (0.59) 24.5 (1.35) 21.7 (1.88) 61.2 (3.26) — (†) 18.9 (5.65) — (†) 36.5 (0.84) 37.1 (0.83) 22.9 (1.92) 26.0 (1.90) 19.7 (2.59) 23.7 (2.71)
1994 ...... 34.6 (0.48) 9.1 (0.29) 25.5 (0.44) 33.1 (0.67) 36.0 (0.68) 38.1 (0.59) 27.7 (1.38) 18.8 (1.58) 62.7 (3.31) — (†) 29.4 (6.65) — (†) 37.0 (0.84) 39.2 (0.84) 25.6 (1.95) 29.5 (1.94) 16.5 (2.04) 21.5 (2.44)
1995 ...... 34.3 (0.45) 8.9 (0.27) 25.4 (0.41) 33.1 (0.63) 35.5 (0.63) 37.9 (0.55) 27.5 (1.18) 20.7 (1.13) 54.6 (3.11) — (†) 27.6 (6.16) — (†) 37.0 (0.78) 38.8 (0.78) 26.0 (1.72) 28.7 (1.63) 18.7 (1.50) 23.0 (1.72)
1996 ...... 35.5 (0.47) 9.5 (0.29) 26.1 (0.43) 34.1 (0.66) 37.0 (0.67) 39.5 (0.59) 27.4 (1.23) 20.1 (1.18) 53.9 (2.47) — (†) 30.3 (5.24) — (†) 38.3 (0.83) 40.6 (0.84) 25.7 (1.77) 28.8 (1.70) 16.5 (1.52) 24.0 (1.81)
1997 ...... 36.8 (0.47) 9.9 (0.29) 27.0 (0.43) 35.0 (0.66) 38.7 (0.67) 40.6 (0.59) 29.8 (1.25) 22.4 (1.21) 55.1 (2.60) — (†) 27.1 (4.62) — (†) 39.3 (0.82) 41.8 (0.84) 25.4 (1.75) 33.7 (1.77) 19.2 (1.56) 26.1 (1.88)
1998 ...... 36.5 (0.46) 10.2 (0.29) 26.3 (0.42) 34.5 (0.65) 38.6 (0.66) 40.6 (0.59) 29.8 (1.24) 20.4 (1.11) 60.4 (2.49) — (†) 20.3 (4.90) — (†) 39.4 (0.82) 41.9 (0.84) 26.1 (1.76) 32.9 (1.73) 16.4 (1.41) 24.9 (1.73)
1999 ...... 35.6 (0.46) 9.1 (0.27) 26.5 (0.42) 34.1 (0.64) 37.0 (0.65) 39.4 (0.58) 30.4 (1.24) 18.7 (1.08) 55.7 (2.42) — (†) 19.5 (4.70) — (†) 38.3 (0.81) 40.6 (0.82) 28.9 (1.81) 31.6 (1.69) 15.8 (1.41) 21.9 (1.65)
2000 ...... 35.5 (0.45) 9.4 (0.27) 26.0 (0.41) 32.6 (0.62) 38.4 (0.65) 38.7 (0.57) 30.5 (1.21) 21.7 (1.12) 55.9 (2.42) — (†) 15.9 (4.30) — (†) 36.2 (0.79) 41.3 (0.81) 25.1 (1.67) 35.2 (1.72) 18.5 (1.45) 25.4 (1.71)
2001 ...... 36.3 (0.43) 9.8 (0.26) 26.6 (0.39) 33.6 (0.59) 39.0 (0.61) 39.5 (0.54) 31.4 (1.15) 21.7 (1.04) 61.3 (2.23) — (†) 23.3 (4.07) — (†) 37.2 (0.75) 41.9 (0.77) 26.7 (1.62) 35.5 (1.62) 17.4 (1.35) 26.1 (1.58)
2002 ...... 36.7 (0.43) 9.7 (0.26) 27.0 (0.39) 33.7 (0.59) 39.7 (0.61) 40.9 (0.55) 31.9 (1.18) 19.9 (0.94) 60.9 (2.10) — (†) 23.6 (3.96) — (†) 38.9 (0.77) 42.8 (0.78) 26.3 (1.63) 36.9 (1.68) 16.2 (1.17) 24.4 (1.51)
20033 ..... 37.8 (0.43) 10.2 (0.27) 27.7 (0.39) 34.3 (0.59) 41.3 (0.61) 41.6 (0.55) 32.3 (1.20) 23.5 (1.02) 61.2 (2.27) 43.3 (9.97) 17.7 (4.45) 41.6 (3.58) 38.5 (0.77) 44.5 (0.78) 28.2 (1.68) 36.0 (1.69) 18.3 (1.27) 29.4 (1.60)

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 225

20043 ..... 38.0 (0.42) 9.4 (0.25) 28.6 (0.39) 34.7 (0.59) 41.2 (0.61) 41.7 (0.55) 31.8 (1.18) 24.7 (1.02) 60.6 (2.24) 55.8 (8.99) 24.4 (4.52) 36.8 (3.44) 38.4 (0.76) 45.0 (0.78) 26.5 (1.63) 36.6 (1.67) 21.7 (1.33) 28.2 (1.56)
20053 ..... 38.9 (0.43) 9.6 (0.26) 29.2 (0.40) 35.3 (0.59) 42.5 (0.61) 42.8 (0.55) 33.1 (1.18) 24.8 (1.02) 61.0 (2.26) 50.6 (10.95) 27.8 (4.88) 41.8 (3.48) 39.4 (0.76) 46.1 (0.79) 28.2 (1.64) 37.6 (1.69) 20.7 (1.31) 29.5 (1.58)
20063 ..... 37.3 (0.42) 9.6 (0.25) 27.8 (0.39) 34.1 (0.58) 40.6 (0.60) 41.0 (0.54) 32.6 (1.16) 23.6 (0.99) 58.3 (2.28) 39.1 (8.36) 26.2 (5.18) 38.5 (3.51) 37.9 (0.75) 44.1 (0.78) 28.1 (1.60) 36.9 (1.65) 20.0 (1.29) 27.6 (1.52)
20073 ..... 38.8 (0.42) 10.9 (0.27) 27.9 (0.39) 35.5 (0.58) 42.1 (0.60) 42.6 (0.54) 33.1 (1.15) 26.6 (1.02) 57.2 (2.28) 37.1 (9.07) 24.7 (4.63) 39.2 (3.48) 39.6 (0.76) 45.7 (0.78) 32.2 (1.63) 34.0 (1.61) 20.7 (1.29) 33.0 (1.57)
20083 ..... 39.6 (0.42) 11.8 (0.28) 27.8 (0.38) 37.0 (0.58) 42.3 (0.60) 44.2 (0.54) 32.1 (1.13) 25.8 (1.01) 59.3 (2.32) 27.3! (8.92) 21.9 (4.22) 45.7 (3.55) 41.7 (0.76) 46.9 (0.78) 29.7 (1.61) 34.2 (1.59) 23.0 (1.35) 28.9 (1.50)
20093 ..... 41.3 (0.42) 11.7 (0.27) 29.6 (0.39) 38.4 (0.59) 44.2 (0.60) 45.0 (0.55) 37.7 (1.17) 27.5 (1.01) 65.2 (2.17) 33.4 (7.45) 29.8 (5.10) 39.3 (3.32) 42.3 (0.76) 47.7 (0.78) 33.2 (1.64) 41.9 (1.64) 24.2 (1.35) 31.0 (1.50)
20103 ..... 41.2 (0.57) 12.9 (0.36) 28.2 (0.53) 38.3 (0.78) 44.1 (0.84) 43.3 (0.81) 38.4 (1.66) 31.9 (1.15) 63.6 (2.70) 36.0 (8.36) 41.4 (6.60) 38.3 (4.38) 40.6 (1.00) 46.1 (1.17) 35.2 (2.13) 41.4 (2.16) 27.9 (1.57) 36.1 (1.60)
20113 ..... 42.0 (0.59) 12.0 (0.35) 30.0 (0.58) 39.1 (0.80) 44.9 (0.80) 44.7 (0.77) 37.1 (1.53) 34.8 (1.20) 60.1 (2.45) 37.8 (7.93) 23.5 (5.30) 38.8 (3.60) 42.4 (0.96) 47.1 (1.08) 34.0 (2.29) 39.9 (1.90) 31.0 (1.63) 39.4 (1.58)
20123 ..... 41.0 (0.62) 12.7 (0.38) 28.3 (0.58) 37.6 (0.79) 44.5 (0.86) 42.1 (0.83) 36.4 (1.62) 37.5 (1.18) 59.8 (2.61) 50.3 (9.60) 27.8 (4.43) 39.4 (3.64) 38.3 (1.06) 46.0 (1.08) 33.9 (2.04) 38.7 (2.33) 33.5 (1.58) 41.7 (1.73)

Enrollment Rates
20133 ..... 39.9 (0.63) 11.6 (0.36) 28.3 (0.57) 36.6 (0.85) 43.3 (0.80) 41.6 (0.90) 34.2 (1.58) 33.8 (1.24) 62.3 (2.62) 32.9 (8.26) 31.8 (5.58) 44.7 (3.99) 38.1 (1.11) 45.3 (1.11) 30.6 (2.13) 37.6 (2.18) 29.1 (1.72) 38.8 (1.58)
20143 ..... 40.0 (0.65) 10.6 (0.40) 29.4 (0.61) 37.3 (0.89) 42.8 (0.79) 42.2 (0.87) 32.6 (1.48) 34.7 (1.21) 65.2 (2.27) 41.0 (11.29) 35.4 (4.63) 31.6 (3.20) 40.2 (1.28) 44.2 (0.99) 28.5 (1.95) 36.6 (2.04) 30.3 (1.65) 39.4 (1.70)
20153 ..... 40.5 (0.70) 10.6 (0.35) 29.9 (0.69) 37.8 (0.91) 43.2 (0.93) 41.8 (0.88) 34.9 (1.54) 36.6 (1.31) 62.6 (2.65) 24.1! (7.29) 23.0 (4.45) 38.3 (3.86) 39.1 (1.16) 44.5 (1.10) 34.1 (2.21) 35.7 (2.17) 32.8 (1.76) 40.5 (1.91)
20163 ..... 41.2 (0.71) 10.1 (0.36) 31.1 (0.64) 38.6 (0.83) 43.9 (0.91) 42.1 (0.88) 36.2 (1.69) 39.2 (1.28) 57.6 (2.17) 20.7! (8.02) 18.6 (3.72) 42.3 (3.64) 39.8 (1.09) 44.5 (1.12) 33.0 (2.18) 39.4 (2.51) 34.9 (1.67) 43.6 (1.76)
20173 ..... 40.4 (0.66) 10.0 (0.37) 30.4 (0.64) 36.8 (0.84) 44.0 (0.91) 41.0 (0.76) 36.5 (1.71) 36.2 (1.50) 64.7 (2.49) 32.6! (10.94) 20.1 (4.47) 41.5 (3.66) 37.8 (1.05) 44.4 (1.12) 33.1 (2.45) 39.6 (2.18) 31.1 (1.82) 41.4 (2.02)

—Not available. NOTE: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Totals include other racial/ethnic
†Not applicable. groups not separately shown. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity except where otherwise noted. Prior
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. to 2010, standard errors were computed using generalized variance function methodology rather than the more precise
1
Prior to 2003, Asian data include Pacific Islanders. replicate weight methodology used in later years.
2
Prior to 1972, White and Black data include persons of Hispanic ethnicity. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 1970 through 2017.
3
After 2002, data for individual race categories exclude persons of Two or more races. (This table was prepared July 2018.)
226 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of
institution: Selected years, 1947 through 2028
Attendance status Sex of student Control of institution
Private
Total Percent Percent
Year enrollment Full-time Part-time part-time Male Female female Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
19471 ........................... 2,338,226 — — — 1,659,249 678,977 29.0 1,152,377 1,185,849 — —
19481 ........................... 2,403,396 — — — 1,709,367 694,029 28.9 1,185,588 1,217,808 — —
19491 ........................... 2,444,900 — — — 1,721,572 723,328 29.6 1,207,151 1,237,749 — —
19501 ........................... 2,281,298 — — — 1,560,392 720,906 31.6 1,139,699 1,141,599 — —
19511 ........................... 2,101,962 — — — 1,390,740 711,222 33.8 1,037,938 1,064,024 — —
19521 ........................... 2,134,242 — — — 1,380,357 753,885 35.3 1,101,240 1,033,002 — —
19531 ........................... 2,231,054 — — — 1,422,598 808,456 36.2 1,185,876 1,045,178 — —
19541 ........................... 2,446,693 — — — 1,563,382 883,311 36.1 1,353,531 1,093,162 — —
19551 ........................... 2,653,034 — — — 1,733,184 919,850 34.7 1,476,282 1,176,752 — —
19561 ........................... 2,918,212 — — — 1,911,458 1,006,754 34.5 1,656,402 1,261,810 — —
1957 ............................ 3,323,783 — — — 2,170,765 1,153,018 34.7 1,972,673 1,351,110 — —
1959 ............................ 3,639,847 2,421,016 1,218,831 2 33.5 2,332,617 1,307,230 35.9 2,180,982 1,458,865 — —
1961 ............................ 4,145,065 2,785,133 1,359,932 2 32.8 2,585,821 1,559,244 37.6 2,561,447 1,583,618 — —
1963 ............................ 4,779,609 3,183,833 1,595,776 2 33.4 2,961,540 1,818,069 38.0 3,081,279 1,698,330 — —
1964 ............................ 5,280,020 3,573,238 1,706,782 2 32.3 3,248,713 2,031,307 38.5 3,467,708 1,812,312 — —
1965 ............................ 5,920,864 4,095,728 1,825,136 2 30.8 3,630,020 2,290,844 38.7 3,969,596 1,951,268 — —
1966 ............................ 6,389,872 4,438,606 1,951,266 2 30.5 3,856,216 2,533,656 39.7 4,348,917 2,040,955 — —
1967 ............................ 6,911,748 4,793,128 2,118,620 2 30.7 4,132,800 2,778,948 40.2 4,816,028 2,095,720 2,074,041 21,679
1968 ............................ 7,513,091 5,210,155 2,302,936 30.7 4,477,649 3,035,442 40.4 5,430,652 2,082,439 2,061,211 21,228
1969 ............................ 8,004,660 5,498,883 2,505,777 31.3 4,746,201 3,258,459 40.7 5,896,868 2,107,792 2,087,653 20,139
1970 ............................ 8,580,887 5,816,290 2,764,597 32.2 5,043,642 3,537,245 41.2 6,428,134 2,152,753 2,134,420 18,333
1971 ............................ 8,948,644 6,077,232 2,871,412 32.1 5,207,004 3,741,640 41.8 6,804,309 2,144,335 2,121,913 22,422
1972 ............................ 9,214,860 6,072,389 3,142,471 34.1 5,238,757 3,976,103 43.1 7,070,635 2,144,225 2,123,245 20,980
1973 ............................ 9,602,123 6,189,493 3,412,630 35.5 5,371,052 4,231,071 44.1 7,419,516 2,182,607 2,148,784 33,823
1974 ............................ 10,223,729 6,370,273 3,853,456 37.7 5,622,429 4,601,300 45.0 7,988,500 2,235,229 2,200,963 34,266
1975 ............................ 11,184,859 6,841,334 4,343,525 38.8 6,148,997 5,035,862 45.0 8,834,508 2,350,351 2,311,448 38,903
1976 ............................ 11,012,137 6,717,058 4,295,079 39.0 5,810,828 5,201,309 47.2 8,653,477 2,358,660 2,314,298 44,362
1977 ............................ 11,285,787 6,792,925 4,492,862 39.8 5,789,016 5,496,771 48.7 8,846,993 2,438,794 2,386,652 52,142
1978 ............................ 11,260,092 6,667,657 4,592,435 40.8 5,640,998 5,619,094 49.9 8,785,893 2,474,199 2,408,331 65,868
1979 ............................ 11,569,899 6,794,039 4,775,860 41.3 5,682,877 5,887,022 50.9 9,036,822 2,533,077 2,461,773 71,304
1980 ............................ 12,096,895 7,097,958 4,998,937 41.3 5,874,374 6,222,521 51.4 9,457,394 2,639,501 2,527,787 111,714 3
1981 ............................ 12,371,672 7,181,250 5,190,422 42.0 5,975,056 6,396,616 51.7 9,647,032 2,724,640 2,572,405 152,235 3
1982 ............................ 12,425,780 7,220,618 5,205,162 41.9 6,031,384 6,394,396 51.5 9,696,087 2,729,693 2,552,739 176,954 3
1983 ............................ 12,464,661 7,261,050 5,203,611 41.7 6,023,725 6,440,936 51.7 9,682,734 2,781,927 2,589,187 192,740
1984 ............................ 12,241,940 7,098,388 5,143,552 42.0 5,863,574 6,378,366 52.1 9,477,370 2,764,570 2,574,419 190,151
1985 ............................ 12,247,055 7,075,221 5,171,834 42.2 5,818,450 6,428,605 52.5 9,479,273 2,767,782 2,571,791 195,991
1986 ............................ 12,503,511 7,119,550 5,383,961 43.1 5,884,515 6,618,996 52.9 9,713,893 2,789,618 2,572,479 217,139 4
1987 ............................ 12,766,642 7,231,085 5,535,557 43.4 5,932,056 6,834,586 53.5 9,973,254 2,793,388 2,602,350 191,038 4
1988 ............................ 13,055,337 7,436,768 5,618,569 43.0 6,001,896 7,053,441 54.0 10,161,388 2,893,949 2,673,567 220,382
1989 ............................ 13,538,560 7,660,950 5,877,610 43.4 6,190,015 7,348,545 54.3 10,577,963 2,960,597 2,731,174 229,423
1990 ............................ 13,818,637 7,820,985 5,997,652 43.4 6,283,909 7,534,728 54.5 10,844,717 2,973,920 2,760,227 213,693
1991 ............................ 14,358,953 8,115,329 6,243,624 43.5 6,501,844 7,857,109 54.7 11,309,563 3,049,390 2,819,041 230,349
1992 ............................ 14,487,359 8,162,118 6,325,241 43.7 6,523,989 7,963,370 55.0 11,384,567 3,102,792 2,872,523 230,269
1993 ............................ 14,304,803 8,127,618 6,177,185 43.2 6,427,450 7,877,353 55.1 11,189,088 3,115,715 2,888,897 226,818
1994 ............................ 14,278,790 8,137,776 6,141,014 43.0 6,371,898 7,906,892 55.4 11,133,680 3,145,110 2,910,107 235,003
1995 ............................ 14,261,781 8,128,802 6,132,979 43.0 6,342,539 7,919,242 55.5 11,092,374 3,169,407 2,929,044 240,363
1996 ............................ 14,367,520 8,302,953 6,064,567 42.2 6,352,825 8,014,695 55.8 11,120,499 3,247,021 2,942,556 304,465
1997 ............................ 14,502,334 8,438,062 6,064,272 41.8 6,396,028 8,106,306 55.9 11,196,119 3,306,215 2,977,614 328,601
1998 ............................ 14,506,967 8,563,338 5,943,629 41.0 6,369,265 8,137,702 56.1 11,137,769 3,369,198 3,004,925 364,273
1999 ............................ 14,849,691 8,803,139 6,046,552 40.7 6,515,164 8,334,527 56.1 11,375,739 3,473,952 3,055,029 418,923
2000 ............................ 15,312,289 9,009,600 6,302,689 41.2 6,721,769 8,590,520 56.1 11,752,786 3,559,503 3,109,419 450,084
2001 ............................ 15,927,987 9,447,502 6,480,485 40.7 6,960,815 8,967,172 56.3 12,233,156 3,694,831 3,167,330 527,501
2002 ............................ 16,611,711 9,946,359 6,665,352 40.1 7,202,116 9,409,595 56.6 12,751,993 3,859,718 3,265,476 594,242
2003 ............................ 16,911,481 10,326,133 6,585,348 38.9 7,260,264 9,651,217 57.1 12,858,698 4,052,783 3,341,048 711,735
2004 ............................ 17,272,044 10,610,177 6,661,867 38.6 7,387,262 9,884,782 57.2 12,980,112 4,291,932 3,411,685 880,247
2005 ............................ 17,487,475 10,797,011 6,690,464 38.3 7,455,925 10,031,550 57.4 13,021,834 4,465,641 3,454,692 1,010,949
2006 ............................ 17,754,230 10,957,538 6,796,692 38.3 7,572,265 10,181,965 57.3 13,175,350 4,578,880 3,512,929 1,065,951
2007 ............................ 18,258,138 11,270,929 6,987,209 38.3 7,819,938 10,438,200 57.2 13,500,894 4,757,244 3,571,395 1,185,849
2008 ............................ 19,081,686 11,734,636 7,347,050 38.5 8,177,714 10,903,972 57.1 13,970,862 5,110,824 3,660,827 1,449,997
2009 ............................ 20,313,594 12,605,355 7,708,239 37.9 8,732,953 11,580,641 57.0 14,810,768 5,502,826 3,767,672 1,735,154
2010 ............................ 21,019,438 13,087,182 7,932,256 37.7 9,045,759 11,973,679 57.0 15,142,171 5,877,267 3,854,482 2,022,785
2011 ............................ 21,010,590 13,002,531 8,008,059 38.1 9,034,256 11,976,334 57.0 15,116,303 5,894,287 3,926,819 1,967,468
2012 ............................ 20,644,478 12,734,404 7,910,074 38.3 8,919,006 11,725,472 56.8 14,884,667 5,759,811 3,951,388 1,808,423
2013 ............................ 20,376,677 12,596,610 7,780,067 38.2 8,861,197 11,515,480 56.5 14,746,848 5,629,829 3,971,390 1,658,439
2014 ............................ 20,209,092 12,454,464 7,754,628 38.4 8,797,530 11,411,562 56.5 14,654,660 5,554,432 3,997,249 1,557,183

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 227
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and control of
institution: Selected years, 1947 through 2028—Continued
Attendance status Sex of student Control of institution
Private
Total Percent Percent
Year enrollment Full-time Part-time part-time Male Female female Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
2015 ............................ 19,988,204 12,287,512 7,700,692 38.5 8,723,819 11,264,385 56.4 14,572,843 5,415,361 4,065,891 1,349,470
2016 ............................ 19,846,904 12,125,314 7,721,590 38.9 8,638,422 11,208,482 56.5 14,585,840 5,261,064 4,078,956 1,182,108
2017 ............................ 19,765,598 12,077,304 7,688,294 38.9 8,567,632 11,197,966 56.7 14,560,155 5,205,443 4,106,477 1,098,966
20185 ........................... 19,828,000 12,103,000 7,725,000 39.0 8,596,000 11,232,000 56.6 14,608,000 5,220,000 — —
20195 ........................... 19,904,000 12,135,000 7,768,000 39.0 8,628,000 11,276,000 56.7 14,665,000 5,239,000 — —
20205 ........................... 19,928,000 12,133,000 7,795,000 39.1 8,637,000 11,291,000 56.7 14,685,000 5,243,000 — —
20215 ........................... 19,956,000 12,129,000 7,828,000 39.2 8,644,000 11,312,000 56.7 14,708,000 5,248,000 — —
20225 ........................... 19,991,000 12,131,000 7,860,000 39.3 8,656,000 11,335,000 56.7 14,736,000 5,255,000 — —
20235 ........................... 20,040,000 12,145,000 7,895,000 39.4 8,676,000 11,364,000 56.7 14,774,000 5,266,000 — —
20245 ........................... 20,107,000 12,178,000 7,929,000 39.4 8,703,000 11,404,000 56.7 14,824,000 5,283,000 — —
20255 ........................... 20,177,000 12,220,000 7,957,000 39.4 8,733,000 11,444,000 56.7 14,876,000 5,301,000 — —
20265 ........................... 20,258,000 12,264,000 7,994,000 39.5 8,770,000 11,488,000 56.7 14,936,000 5,321,000 — —
20275 ........................... 20,295,000 12,272,000 8,023,000 39.5 8,788,000 11,507,000 56.7 14,965,000 5,329,000 — —
20285 ........................... 20,305,000 12,261,000 8,044,000 39.6 8,792,000 11,513,000 56.7 14,975,000 5,330,000 — —

—Not available. degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting
1
Degree-credit enrollment only. classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
2
Includes part-time resident students and all extension students (students attending more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
courses at sites separate from the primary reporting campus). In later years, part-time degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
student enrollment was collected as a distinct category. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial
3
Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting Survey of Education in the United States; Opening Fall Enrollment in Higher Education,
Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. 1963 through 1965; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment
4
Because of imputation techniques, data are not consistent with figures for other years. in Colleges and Universities” surveys, 1966 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary
5
Projected. Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Institutions Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

228 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.20. Total fall enrollment in all postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV programs and annual percentage change in
enrollment, by degree-granting status and control of institution: 1995 through 2017
All Title IV institutions1 Degree-granting institutions2 Non-degree-granting institutions3
Private Private Private
Year Total Public Nonprofit For-profit Total Public Total Nonprofit For-profit Total Public Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Enrollment
1995 .................... 14,836,338 11,312,491 2,977,794 546,053 14,261,781 11,092,374 3,169,407 2,929,044 240,363 574,557 220,117 48,750 305,690
1996 .................... 14,809,897 11,312,775 2,976,850 520,272 14,367,520 11,120,499 3,247,021 2,942,556 304,465 442,377 192,276 34,294 215,807
1997 .................... 14,900,416 11,370,755 3,012,106 517,555 14,502,334 11,196,119 3,306,215 2,977,614 328,601 398,082 174,636 34,492 188,954
1998 ................... 14,923,839 11,330,811 3,040,251 552,777 14,506,967 11,137,769 3,369,198 3,004,925 364,273 416,872 193,042 35,326 188,504
1999 ................... 15,262,888 11,556,731 3,088,233 617,924 14,849,691 11,375,739 3,473,952 3,055,029 418,923 413,197 180,992 33,204 199,001
2000 .................... 15,701,409 11,891,450 3,137,108 672,851 15,312,289 11,752,786 3,559,503 3,109,419 450,084 389,120 138,664 27,689 222,767
2001 .................... 16,334,134 12,370,079 3,198,354 765,701 15,927,987 12,233,156 3,694,831 3,167,330 527,501 406,147 136,923 31,024 238,200
2002 .................... 17,035,027 12,883,071 3,299,094 852,862 16,611,711 12,751,993 3,859,718 3,265,476 594,242 423,316 131,078 33,618 258,620
2003 .................... 17,330,775 12,965,502 3,372,647 992,626 16,911,481 12,858,698 4,052,783 3,341,048 711,735 419,294 106,804 31,599 280,891
2004 .................... 17,710,798 13,081,358 3,440,559 1,188,881 17,272,044 12,980,112 4,291,932 3,411,685 880,247 438,754 101,246 28,874 308,634
2005 .................... 17,921,804 13,115,177 3,484,013 1,322,614 17,487,475 13,021,834 4,465,641 3,454,692 1,010,949 434,329 93,343 29,321 311,665
2006 .................... 18,198,370 13,276,881 3,543,064 1,378,425 17,754,230 13,175,350 4,578,880 3,512,929 1,065,951 444,140 101,531 30,135 312,474
2007 .................... 18,677,469 13,603,772 3,595,466 1,478,231 18,258,138 13,500,894 4,757,244 3,571,395 1,185,849 419,331 102,878 24,071 292,382
2008 .................... 19,553,784 14,090,863 3,684,190 1,778,731 19,081,686 13,970,862 5,110,824 3,660,827 1,449,997 472,098 120,001 23,363 328,734
2009 .................... 20,853,423 14,936,402 3,793,751 2,123,270 20,313,594 14,810,768 5,502,826 3,767,672 1,735,154 539,829 125,634 26,079 388,116
2010 .................... 21,591,742 15,279,455 3,881,630 2,430,657 21,019,438 15,142,171 5,877,267 3,854,482 2,022,785 572,304 137,284 27,148 407,872
2011 .................... 21,573,798 15,251,185 3,954,173 2,368,440 21,010,590 15,116,303 5,894,287 3,926,819 1,967,468 563,208 134,882 27,354 400,972
2012 .................... 21,148,181 15,000,302 3,973,422 2,174,457 20,644,478 14,884,667 5,759,811 3,951,388 1,808,423 503,703 115,635 22,034 366,034
2013 .................... 20,848,050 14,856,309 3,990,858 2,000,883 20,376,677 14,746,848 5,629,829 3,971,390 1,658,439 471,373 109,461 19,468 342,444
2014 .................... 20,664,180 14,764,741 4,016,240 1,883,199 20,209,092 14,654,660 5,554,432 3,997,249 1,557,183 455,088 110,081 18,991 326,016
2015 .................... 20,400,164 14,682,321 4,088,450 1,629,393 19,988,204 14,572,843 5,415,361 4,065,891 1,349,470 411,960 109,478 22,559 279,923
2016 .................... 20,230,012 14,695,538 4,097,022 1,437,452 19,846,904 14,585,840 5,261,064 4,078,956 1,182,108 383,108 109,698 18,066 255,344
2017 .................... 20,138,477 14,669,554 4,123,290 1,345,633 19,765,598 14,560,155 5,205,443 4,106,477 1,098,966 372,879 109,399 16,813 246,667
Annual percentage change
1995 to 1996 ........ -0.2 # # -4.7 0.7 0.3 2.4 0.5 26.7 -23.0 -12.6 -29.7 -29.4
1996 to 1997 ........ 0.6 0.5 1.2 -0.5 0.9 0.7 1.8 1.2 7.9 -10.0 -9.2 0.6 -12.4
1997 to 1998 ........ 0.2 -0.4 0.9 6.8 # -0.5 1.9 0.9 10.9 4.7 10.5 2.4 -0.2
1998 to 1999 ........ 2.3 2.0 1.6 11.8 2.4 2.1 3.1 1.7 15.0 -0.9 -6.2 -6.0 5.6
1999 to 2000 ........ 2.9 2.9 1.6 8.9 3.1 3.3 2.5 1.8 7.4 -5.8 -23.4 -16.6 11.9
2000 to 2001 ........ 4.0 4.0 2.0 13.8 4.0 4.1 3.8 1.9 17.2 4.4 -1.3 12.0 6.9
2001 to 2002 ........ 4.3 4.1 3.1 11.4 4.3 4.2 4.5 3.1 12.7 4.2 -4.3 8.4 8.6
2002 to 2003 ........ 1.7 0.6 2.2 16.4 1.8 0.8 5.0 2.3 19.8 -1.0 -18.5 -6.0 8.6
2003 to 2004 ........ 2.2 0.9 2.0 19.8 2.1 0.9 5.9 2.1 23.7 4.6 -5.2 -8.6 9.9
2004 to 2005 ........ 1.2 0.3 1.3 11.2 1.2 0.3 4.0 1.3 14.8 -1.0 -7.8 1.5 1.0
2005 to 2006 ........ 1.5 1.2 1.7 4.2 1.5 1.2 2.5 1.7 5.4 2.3 8.8 2.8 0.3
2006 to 2007 ........ 2.6 2.5 1.5 7.2 2.8 2.5 3.9 1.7 11.2 -5.6 1.3 -20.1 -6.4
2007 to 2008 ........ 4.7 3.6 2.5 20.3 4.5 3.5 7.4 2.5 22.3 12.6 16.6 -2.9 12.4
2008 to 2009 ........ 6.6 6.0 3.0 19.4 6.5 6.0 7.7 2.9 19.7 14.3 4.7 11.6 18.1
2009 to 2010 ........ 3.5 2.3 2.3 14.5 3.5 2.2 6.8 2.3 16.6 6.0 9.3 4.1 5.1
2010 to 2011 ........ -0.1 -0.2 1.9 -2.6 # -0.2 0.3 1.9 -2.7 -1.6 -1.7 0.8 -1.7
2011 to 2012 ........ -2.0 -1.6 0.5 -8.2 -1.7 -1.5 -2.3 0.6 -8.1 -10.6 -14.3 -19.4 -8.7
2012 to 2013 ........ -1.4 -1.0 0.4 -8.0 -1.3 -0.9 -2.3 0.5 -8.3 -6.4 -5.3 -11.6 -6.4
2013 to 2014 ........ -0.9 -0.6 0.6 -5.9 -0.8 -0.6 -1.3 0.7 -6.1 -3.5 0.6 -2.5 -4.8
2014 to 2015 ........ -1.3 -0.6 1.8 -13.5 -1.1 -0.6 -2.5 1.7 -13.3 -9.5 -0.5 18.8 -14.1
2015 to 2016 ........ -0.8 0.1 0.2 -11.8 -0.7 0.1 -2.8 0.3 -12.4 -7.0 0.2 -19.9 -8.8
2016 to 2017 ........ -0.5 -0.2 0.6 -6.4 -0.4 -0.2 -1.1 0.7 -7.0 -2.7 -0.3 -6.9 -3.4

#Rounds to zero. 3
Data are for institutions that did not offer accredited 4-year or 2-year programs, but
1
Includes degree-granting and non-degree-granting institutions. were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes some institutions
2
Data for 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree- transitioning to higher level program offerings, though still classified at a lower level.
granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey”
colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. (IPEDS-EF:95–99); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 303.25. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 1970 through 2017
Private institutions
All institutions Public institutions All private institutions Nonprofit For-profit
Year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1970 ........................... 8,580,887 6,261,502 2,319,385 6,428,134 4,232,722 2,195,412 2,152,753 2,028,780 123,973 2,134,420 2,021,121 113,299 18,333 7,659 10,674
1971 ........................... 8,948,644 6,369,355 2,579,289 6,804,309 4,346,990 2,457,319 2,144,335 2,022,365 121,970 2,121,913 2,011,682 110,231 22,422 10,683 11,739
1972 ........................... 9,214,860 6,458,674 2,756,186 7,070,635 4,429,696 2,640,939 2,144,225 2,028,978 115,247 2,123,245 2,019,380 103,865 20,980 9,598 11,382
1973 ........................... 9,602,123 6,590,023 3,012,100 7,419,516 4,529,895 2,889,621 2,182,607 2,060,128 122,479 2,148,784 2,045,804 102,980 33,823 14,324 19,499
1974 ........................... 10,223,729 6,819,735 3,403,994 7,988,500 4,703,018 3,285,482 2,235,229 2,116,717 118,512 2,200,963 2,098,599 102,364 34,266 18,118 16,148
1975 ........................... 11,184,859 7,214,740 3,970,119 8,834,508 4,998,142 3,836,366 2,350,351 2,216,598 133,753 2,311,448 2,198,451 112,997 38,903 18,147 20,756
1976 ........................... 11,012,137 7,128,816 3,883,321 8,653,477 4,901,691 3,751,786 2,358,660 2,227,125 131,535 2,314,298 2,206,457 107,841 44,362 20,668 23,694
1977 ........................... 11,285,787 7,242,845 4,042,942 8,846,993 4,945,224 3,901,769 2,438,794 2,297,621 141,173 2,386,652 2,277,072 109,580 52,142 20,549 31,593
1978 ........................... 11,260,092 7,231,625 4,028,467 8,785,893 4,912,203 3,873,690 2,474,199 2,319,422 154,777 2,408,331 2,299,132 109,199 65,868 20,290 45,578
1979 ........................... 11,569,899 7,353,233 4,216,666 9,036,822 4,980,012 4,056,810 2,533,077 2,373,221 159,856 2,461,773 2,351,364 110,409 71,304 21,857 49,447
1980 ........................... 12,096,895 7,570,608 4,526,287 9,457,394 5,128,612 4,328,782 2,639,501 2,441,996 197,505 1 2,527,787 2,413,693 114,094 111,714 28,303 83,411 1
1981 ........................... 12,371,672 7,655,461 4,716,211 9,647,032 5,166,324 4,480,708 2,724,640 2,489,137 235,503 1 2,572,405 2,453,239 119,166 152,235 35,898 116,337 1
1982 ........................... 12,425,780 7,654,074 4,771,706 9,696,087 5,176,434 4,519,653 2,729,693 2,477,640 252,053 1 2,552,739 2,437,763 114,976 176,954 39,877 137,077 1
1983 ........................... 12,464,661 7,741,195 4,723,466 9,682,734 5,223,404 4,459,330 2,781,927 2,517,791 264,136 2,589,187 2,472,894 116,293 192,740 44,897 147,843
1984 ........................... 12,241,940 7,711,167 4,530,773 9,477,370 5,198,273 4,279,097 2,764,570 2,512,894 251,676 2,574,419 2,466,172 108,247 190,151 46,722 143,429
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1985 ........................... 12,247,055 7,715,978 4,531,077 9,479,273 5,209,540 4,269,733 2,767,782 2,506,438 261,344 2,571,791 2,463,000 108,791 195,991 43,438 152,553
1986 ........................... 12,503,511 7,823,963 4,679,548 9,713,893 5,300,202 4,413,691 2,789,618 2,523,761 265,857 2 2,572,479 2,470,981 101,498 217,139 52,780 164,359 2
1987 ........................... 12,766,642 7,990,420 4,776,222 9,973,254 5,432,200 4,541,054 2,793,388 2,558,220 235,168 2 2,602,350 2,512,248 90,102 191,038 45,972 145,066 2
1988 ........................... 13,055,337 8,180,182 4,875,155 10,161,388 5,545,901 4,615,487 2,893,949 2,634,281 259,668 — — — — — —
1989 ........................... 13,538,560 8,387,671 5,150,889 10,577,963 5,694,303 4,883,660 2,960,597 2,693,368 267,229 — — — — — —
1990 ........................... 13,818,637 8,578,554 5,240,083 10,844,717 5,848,242 4,996,475 2,973,920 2,730,312 243,608 2,760,227 2,671,069 89,158 213,693 59,243 154,450
1991 ........................... 14,358,953 8,707,053 5,651,900 11,309,563 5,904,748 5,404,815 3,049,390 2,802,305 247,085 2,819,041 2,729,752 89,289 230,349 72,553 157,796
1992 ........................... 14,487,359 8,764,969 5,722,390 11,384,567 5,900,012 5,484,555 3,102,792 2,864,957 237,835 2,872,523 2,789,235 83,288 230,269 75,722 154,547
1993 ........................... 14,304,803 8,738,936 5,565,867 11,189,088 5,851,760 5,337,328 3,115,715 2,887,176 228,539 2,888,897 2,802,540 86,357 226,818 84,636 142,182
1994 ........................... 14,278,790 8,749,080 5,529,710 11,133,680 5,825,213 5,308,467 3,145,110 2,923,867 221,243 2,910,107 2,824,500 85,607 235,003 99,367 135,636
1995 ........................... 14,261,781 8,769,252 5,492,529 11,092,374 5,814,545 5,277,829 3,169,407 2,954,707 214,700 2,929,044 2,853,890 75,154 240,363 100,817 139,546
1996 ........................... 14,367,520 8,804,193 5,563,327 11,120,499 5,806,036 5,314,463 3,247,021 2,998,157 248,864 2,942,556 2,867,181 75,375 304,465 130,976 173,489
1997 ........................... 14,502,334 8,896,765 5,605,569 11,196,119 5,835,433 5,360,686 3,306,215 3,061,332 244,883 2,977,614 2,905,820 71,794 328,601 155,512 173,089
1998 ........................... 14,506,967 9,017,653 5,489,314 11,137,769 5,891,806 5,245,963 3,369,198 3,125,847 243,351 3,004,925 2,939,055 65,870 364,273 186,792 177,481
1999 ........................... 14,849,691 9,196,160 5,653,531 11,375,739 5,977,678 5,398,061 3,473,952 3,218,482 255,470 3,055,029 2,991,728 63,301 418,923 226,754 192,169
2000 ........................... 15,312,289 9,363,858 5,948,431 11,752,786 6,055,398 5,697,388 3,559,503 3,308,460 251,043 3,109,419 3,050,575 58,844 450,084 257,885 192,199
2001 ........................... 15,927,987 9,677,408 6,250,579 12,233,156 6,236,455 5,996,701 3,694,831 3,440,953 253,878 3,167,330 3,119,781 47,549 527,501 321,172 206,329
2002 ........................... 16,611,711 10,082,332 6,529,379 12,751,993 6,481,613 6,270,380 3,859,718 3,600,719 258,999 3,265,476 3,218,389 47,087 594,242 382,330 211,912
2003 ........................... 16,911,481 10,417,247 6,494,234 12,858,698 6,649,441 6,209,257 4,052,783 3,767,806 284,977 3,341,048 3,297,180 43,868 711,735 470,626 241,109
2004 ........................... 17,272,044 10,726,181 6,545,863 12,980,112 6,736,536 6,243,576 4,291,932 3,989,645 302,287 3,411,685 3,369,435 42,250 880,247 620,210 260,037
2005 ........................... 17,487,475 10,999,420 6,488,055 13,021,834 6,837,605 6,184,229 4,465,641 4,161,815 303,826 3,454,692 3,411,170 43,522 1,010,949 750,645 260,304
2006 ........................... 17,754,230 11,240,678 6,513,552 13,175,350 6,955,221 6,220,129 4,578,880 4,285,457 293,423 3,512,929 3,473,773 39,156 1,065,951 811,684 254,267

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 229

2007 ........................... 18,258,138 11,628,893 6,629,245 13,500,894 7,164,759 6,336,135 4,757,244 4,464,134 293,110 3,571,395 3,537,903 33,492 1,185,849 926,231 259,618
2008 ........................... 19,081,686 12,110,487 6,971,199 13,970,862 7,330,682 6,640,180 5,110,824 4,779,805 331,019 3,660,827 3,625,469 35,358 1,449,997 1,154,336 295,661
2009 ........................... 20,313,594 12,791,012 7,522,582 14,810,768 7,709,198 7,101,570 5,502,826 5,081,814 421,012 3,767,672 3,732,900 34,772 1,735,154 1,348,914 386,240
2010 ........................... 21,019,438 13,335,841 7,683,597 15,142,171 7,924,108 7,218,063 5,877,267 5,411,733 465,534 3,854,482 3,821,799 32,683 2,022,785 1,589,934 432,851

Total Fall Enrollment—General

2011 ........................... 21,010,590 13,499,440 7,511,150 15,116,303 8,048,145 7,068,158 5,894,287 5,451,295 442,992 3,926,819 3,886,964 39,855 1,967,468 1,564,331 403,137
2012 ........................... 20,644,478 13,476,638 7,167,840 14,884,667 8,092,602 6,792,065 5,759,811 5,384,036 375,775 3,951,388 3,913,690 37,698 1,808,423 1,470,346 338,077
2013 ........................... 20,376,677 13,406,033 6,970,644 14,746,848 8,120,437 6,626,411 5,629,829 5,285,596 344,233 3,971,390 3,939,199 32,191 1,658,439 1,346,397 312,042
2014 ........................... 20,209,092 13,494,414 6,714,678 14,654,660 8,257,108 6,397,552 5,554,432 5,237,306 317,126 3,997,249 3,966,873 30,376 1,557,183 1,270,433 286,750
2015 ........................... 19,988,204 13,488,743 6,499,461 14,572,843 8,348,539 6,224,304 5,415,361 5,140,204 275,157 4,065,891 4,015,882 50,009 1,349,470 1,124,322 225,148
2016 ........................... 19,846,904 13,754,486 6,092,418 14,585,840 8,742,931 5,842,909 5,261,064 5,011,555 249,509 4,078,956 4,028,401 50,555 1,182,108 983,154 198,954
2017 ........................... 19,765,598 13,823,640 5,941,958 14,560,155 8,853,477 5,706,678 5,205,443 4,970,163 235,280 4,106,477 4,058,087 48,390 1,098,966 912,076 186,890

—Not available. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year
1
Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from
Colleges of Technology. previously published figures.
2
Because of imputation techniques, data are not consistent with figures for other years. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education” surveys, 1970 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary
Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018,
Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
230 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, attendance status,
and sex of student: Selected years, 1970 through 2028
Level and control of Actual
institution, attendance
status, and sex of
student 1970 1975 19801 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Total ................... 8,580,887 11,184,859 12,096,895 12,247,055 13,818,637 14,261,781 15,312,289 17,487,475 21,019,438 20,376,677 20,209,092 19,988,204 19,846,904 19,765,598
Full-time ..................... 5,816,290 6,841,334 7,097,958 7,075,221 7,820,985 8,128,802 9,009,600 10,797,011 13,087,182 12,596,610 12,454,464 12,287,512 12,125,314 12,077,304
Males ........................ 3,504,095 3,926,753 3,689,244 3,607,720 3,807,752 3,807,392 4,111,093 4,803,388 5,838,383 5,682,322 5,619,778 5,558,447 5,472,798 5,424,575
Females ..................... 2,312,195 2,914,581 3,408,714 3,467,501 4,013,233 4,321,410 4,898,507 5,993,623 7,248,799 6,914,288 6,834,686 6,729,065 6,652,516 6,652,729
Part-time .................... 2,764,597 4,343,525 4,998,937 5,171,834 5,997,652 6,132,979 6,302,689 6,690,464 7,932,256 7,780,067 7,754,628 7,700,692 7,721,590 7,688,294
Males ........................ 1,539,547 2,222,244 2,185,130 2,210,730 2,476,157 2,535,147 2,610,676 2,652,537 3,207,376 3,178,875 3,177,752 3,165,372 3,165,624 3,143,057
Females ..................... 1,225,050 2,121,281 2,813,807 2,961,104 3,521,495 3,597,832 3,692,013 4,037,927 4,724,880 4,601,192 4,576,876 4,535,320 4,555,966 4,545,237

4-year ................. 6,261,502 7,214,740 7,570,608 7,715,978 8,578,554 8,769,252 9,363,858 10,999,420 13,335,841 13,406,033 13,494,414 13,488,743 13,754,486 13,823,640
Full-time ..................... 4,587,379 5,080,256 5,344,163 5,384,614 5,937,023 6,151,755 6,792,551 8,150,209 9,721,803 9,760,336 9,793,357 9,776,828 9,815,967 9,849,327
Males ........................ 2,732,796 2,891,192 2,809,528 2,781,412 2,926,360 2,929,177 3,115,252 3,649,622 4,355,153 4,402,528 4,419,130 4,414,743 4,414,959 4,410,727
Females ..................... 1,854,583 2,189,064 2,534,635 2,603,202 3,010,663 3,222,578 3,677,299 4,500,587 5,366,650 5,357,808 5,374,227 5,362,085 5,401,008 5,438,600
Part-time .................... 1,674,123 2,134,484 2,226,445 2,331,364 2,641,531 2,617,497 2,571,307 2,849,211 3,614,038 3,645,697 3,701,057 3,711,915 3,938,519 3,974,313
Males ........................ 936,189 1,092,461 1,017,813 1,034,804 1,124,780 1,084,753 1,047,917 1,125,935 1,424,721 1,460,229 1,484,380 1,491,001 1,586,069 1,593,843
Females ..................... 737,934 1,042,023 1,208,632 1,296,560 1,516,751 1,532,744 1,523,390 1,723,276 2,189,317 2,185,468 2,216,677 2,220,914 2,352,450 2,380,470

Public 4-year .............. 4,232,722 4,998,142 5,128,612 5,209,540 5,848,242 5,814,545 6,055,398 6,837,605 7,924,108 8,120,437 8,257,108 8,348,539 8,742,931 8,853,477
Full-time .................... 3,086,491 3,469,821 3,592,193 3,623,341 4,033,654 4,084,711 4,371,218 5,021,745 5,811,214 5,934,886 6,011,908 6,081,177 6,236,018 6,310,488
Males .................. 1,813,584 1,947,823 1,873,397 1,863,689 1,982,369 1,951,140 2,008,618 2,295,456 2,707,307 2,772,514 2,806,792 2,833,998 2,894,232 2,911,737
Females ............... 1,272,907 1,521,998 1,718,796 1,759,652 2,051,285 2,133,571 2,362,600 2,726,289 3,103,907 3,162,372 3,205,116 3,247,179 3,341,786 3,398,751
Part-time ................... 1,146,231 1,528,321 1,536,419 1,586,199 1,814,588 1,729,834 1,684,180 1,815,860 2,112,894 2,185,551 2,245,200 2,267,362 2,506,913 2,542,989
Males .................. 609,422 760,469 685,051 693,115 764,248 720,402 683,100 724,375 860,968 911,023 941,104 955,658 1,065,112 1,077,193
Females ............... 536,809 767,852 851,368 893,084 1,050,340 1,009,432 1,001,080 1,091,485 1,251,926 1,274,528 1,304,096 1,311,704 1,441,801 1,465,796
Private 4-year ............. 2,028,780 2,216,598 2,441,996 2,506,438 2,730,312 2,954,707 3,308,460 4,161,815 5,411,733 5,285,596 5,237,306 5,140,204 5,011,555 4,970,163
Full-time .................... 1,500,888 1,610,435 1,751,970 1,761,273 1,903,369 2,067,044 2,421,333 3,128,464 3,910,589 3,825,450 3,781,449 3,695,651 3,579,949 3,538,839
Males .................. 919,212 943,369 936,131 917,723 943,991 978,037 1,106,634 1,354,166 1,647,846 1,630,014 1,612,338 1,580,745 1,520,727 1,498,990
Females ............... 581,676 667,066 815,839 843,550 959,378 1,089,007 1,314,699 1,774,298 2,262,743 2,195,436 2,169,111 2,114,906 2,059,222 2,039,849
Part-time ................... 527,892 606,163 690,026 745,165 826,943 887,663 887,127 1,033,351 1,501,144 1,460,146 1,455,857 1,444,553 1,431,606 1,431,324
Males .................. 326,767 331,992 332,762 341,689 360,532 364,351 364,817 401,560 563,753 549,206 543,276 535,343 520,957 516,650
Females ............... 201,125 274,171 357,264 403,476 466,411 523,312 522,310 631,791 937,391 910,940 912,581 909,210 910,649 914,674
Nonprofit 4-year ........ 2,021,121 2,198,451 2,413,693 2,463,000 2,671,069 2,853,890 3,050,575 3,411,170 3,821,799 3,939,199 3,966,873 4,015,882 4,028,401 4,058,087
Full-time .............. 1,494,625 1,596,074 1,733,014 1,727,707 1,859,124 1,989,457 2,226,028 2,534,793 2,864,640 2,957,476 2,981,188 3,009,240 3,019,342 3,041,196
Males ............... 914,020 930,842 921,253 894,080 915,100 931,956 996,113 1,109,075 1,259,638 1,301,864 1,313,286 1,320,947 1,318,323 1,318,203
Females ........... 580,605 665,232 811,761 833,627 944,024 1,057,501 1,229,915 1,425,718 1,605,002 1,655,612 1,667,902 1,688,293 1,701,019 1,722,993
Part-time ............. 526,496 602,377 680,679 735,293 811,945 864,433 824,547 876,377 957,159 981,723 985,685 1,006,642 1,009,059 1,016,891
Males ............... 325,693 329,662 327,986 336,168 352,106 351,874 332,814 339,572 366,735 378,324 379,513 385,942 385,008 389,521
Females ........... 200,803 272,715 352,693 399,125 459,839 512,559 491,733 536,805 590,424 603,399 606,172 620,700 624,051 627,370
For-profit 4-year ........ 7,659 18,147 28,303 43,438 59,243 100,817 257,885 750,645 1,589,934 1,346,397 1,270,433 1,124,322 983,154 912,076

2-year ................. 2,319,385 3,970,119 4,526,287 4,531,077 5,240,083 5,492,529 5,948,431 6,488,055 7,683,597 6,970,644 6,714,678 6,499,461 6,092,418 5,941,958
Full-time ..................... 1,228,911 1,761,078 1,753,795 1,690,607 1,883,962 1,977,047 2,217,049 2,646,802 3,365,379 2,836,274 2,661,107 2,510,684 2,309,347 2,227,977
Males ........................ 771,299 1,035,561 879,716 826,308 881,392 878,215 995,841 1,153,766 1,483,230 1,279,794 1,200,648 1,143,704 1,057,839 1,013,848
Females ..................... 457,612 725,517 874,079 864,299 1,002,570 1,098,832 1,221,208 1,493,036 1,882,149 1,556,480 1,460,459 1,366,980 1,251,508 1,214,129
Part-time .................... 1,090,474 2,209,041 2,772,492 2,840,470 3,356,121 3,515,482 3,731,382 3,841,253 4,318,218 4,134,370 4,053,571 3,988,777 3,783,071 3,713,981
Males ........................ 603,358 1,129,783 1,167,317 1,175,926 1,351,377 1,450,394 1,562,759 1,526,602 1,782,655 1,718,646 1,693,372 1,674,371 1,579,555 1,549,214
Females ..................... 487,116 1,079,258 1,605,175 1,664,544 2,004,744 2,065,088 2,168,623 2,314,651 2,535,563 2,415,724 2,360,199 2,314,406 2,203,516 2,164,767

Public 2-year .............. 2,195,412 3,836,366 4,328,782 4,269,733 4,996,475 5,277,829 5,697,388 6,184,229 7,218,063 6,626,411 6,397,552 6,224,304 5,842,909 5,706,678
Full-time .................... 1,129,165 1,662,621 1,595,493 1,496,905 1,716,843 1,840,590 2,000,008 2,387,016 2,950,024 2,532,530 2,385,023 2,272,769 2,091,361 2,017,585
Males .................. 720,440 988,701 811,871 742,673 810,664 818,605 891,282 1,055,029 1,340,820 1,177,901 1,107,410 1,062,633 983,567 946,208
Females ............... 408,725 673,920 783,622 754,232 906,179 1,021,985 1,108,726 1,331,987 1,609,204 1,354,629 1,277,613 1,210,136 1,107,794 1,071,377
Part-time ................... 1,066,247 2,173,745 2,733,289 2,772,828 3,279,632 3,437,239 3,697,380 3,797,213 4,268,039 4,093,881 4,012,529 3,951,535 3,751,548 3,689,093
Males .................. 589,439 1,107,680 1,152,268 1,138,011 1,317,730 1,417,488 1,549,407 1,514,363 1,769,737 1,707,629 1,683,249 1,665,373 1,571,824 1,542,782
Females ............... 476,808 1,066,065 1,581,021 1,634,817 1,961,902 2,019,751 2,147,973 2,282,850 2,498,302 2,386,252 2,329,280 2,286,162 2,179,724 2,146,311
Private 2-year ............. 123,973 133,753 197,505 261,344 243,608 214,700 251,043 303,826 465,534 344,233 317,126 275,157 249,509 235,280
Full-time .................... 99,746 98,457 158,302 193,702 167,119 136,457 217,041 259,786 415,355 303,744 276,084 237,915 217,986 210,392
Males .................. 50,859 46,860 67,845 83,635 70,728 59,610 104,559 98,737 142,410 101,893 93,238 81,071 74,272 67,640
Females ............... 48,887 51,597 90,457 110,067 96,391 76,847 112,482 161,049 272,945 201,851 182,846 156,844 143,714 142,752
Part-time ................... 24,227 35,296 39,203 67,642 76,489 78,243 34,002 44,040 50,179 40,489 41,042 37,242 31,523 24,888
Males .................. 13,919 22,103 15,049 37,915 33,647 32,906 13,352 12,239 12,918 11,017 10,123 8,998 7,731 6,432
Females ............... 10,308 13,193 24,154 29,727 42,842 45,337 20,650 31,801 37,261 29,472 30,919 28,244 23,792 18,456
Nonprofit 2-year ........ 113,299 112,997 114,094 108,791 89,158 75,154 58,844 43,522 32,683 32,191 30,376 50,009 50,555 48,390
Full-time .............. 91,514 82,158 83,009 76,547 62,003 54,033 46,670 28,939 23,127 24,097 22,789 36,027 39,513 41,090
Males ............... 46,030 40,548 34,968 30,878 25,946 23,265 21,950 12,086 9,944 9,478 9,074 11,972 11,950 10,793
Females ........... 45,484 41,610 48,041 45,669 36,057 30,768 24,720 16,853 13,183 14,619 13,715 24,055 27,563 30,297
Part-time ............. 21,785 30,839 31,085 32,244 27,155 21,121 12,174 14,583 9,556 8,094 7,587 13,982 11,042 7,300
Males ............... 12,097 18,929 11,445 10,786 7,970 6,080 4,499 3,566 2,585 2,373 2,198 2,707 2,547 1,923
Females ........... 9,688 11,910 19,640 21,458 19,185 15,041 7,675 11,017 6,971 5,721 5,389 11,275 8,495 5,377
For-profit 2-year ........ 10,674 20,756 83,411 152,553 154,450 139,546 192,199 260,304 432,851 312,042 286,750 225,148 198,954 186,890

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 231
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, attendance status,
and sex of student: Selected years, 1970 through 2028—Continued
Level and control of Projected
institution, attendance
status, and sex of
student 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028
1 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Total ................... 19,828,000 19,904,000 19,928,000 19,956,000 19,991,000 20,040,000 20,107,000 20,177,000 20,258,000 20,295,000 20,305,000
Full-time ..................... 12,103,000 12,135,000 12,133,000 12,129,000 12,131,000 12,145,000 12,178,000 12,220,000 12,264,000 12,272,000 12,261,000
Males ........................ 5,434,000 5,447,000 5,444,000 5,437,000 5,434,000 5,439,000 5,453,000 5,472,000 5,493,000 5,499,000 5,494,000
Females ..................... 6,669,000 6,689,000 6,689,000 6,691,000 6,696,000 6,706,000 6,725,000 6,748,000 6,770,000 6,773,000 6,767,000
Part-time .................... 7,725,000 7,768,000 7,795,000 7,828,000 7,860,000 7,895,000 7,929,000 7,957,000 7,994,000 8,023,000 8,044,000
Males ........................ 3,163,000 3,181,000 3,193,000 3,207,000 3,222,000 3,237,000 3,250,000 3,261,000 3,276,000 3,289,000 3,298,000
Females ..................... 4,563,000 4,588,000 4,602,000 4,621,000 4,639,000 4,658,000 4,678,000 4,696,000 4,718,000 4,734,000 4,746,000

4-year ................. 13,864,000 13,912,000 13,924,000 13,938,000 13,956,000 13,985,000 14,030,000 14,079,000 14,134,000 14,155,000 14,157,000
Full-time ..................... 9,870,000 9,897,000 9,895,000 9,891,000 9,893,000 9,904,000 9,932,000 9,966,000 10,001,000 10,008,000 9,999,000
Males ........................ 4,418,000 4,429,000 4,427,000 4,421,000 4,419,000 4,423,000 4,434,000 4,449,000 4,467,000 4,471,000 4,467,000
Females ..................... 5,452,000 5,468,000 5,468,000 5,470,000 5,474,000 5,482,000 5,498,000 5,517,000 5,535,000 5,537,000 5,532,000
Part-time .................... 3,993,000 4,016,000 4,029,000 4,046,000 4,063,000 4,081,000 4,098,000 4,113,000 4,132,000 4,147,000 4,158,000
Males ........................ 1,604,000 1,613,000 1,619,000 1,626,000 1,634,000 1,641,000 1,648,000 1,653,000 1,661,000 1,668,000 1,673,000
Females ..................... 2,390,000 2,403,000 2,410,000 2,420,000 2,430,000 2,440,000 2,450,000 2,459,000 2,471,000 2,479,000 2,486,000

Public 4-year .............. 8,879,000 8,910,000 8,918,000 8,926,000 8,938,000 8,957,000 8,986,000 9,017,000 9,052,000 9,066,000 9,067,000
Full-time .................... 6,324,000 6,341,000 6,339,000 6,337,000 6,338,000 6,345,000 6,363,000 6,385,000 6,408,000 6,412,000 6,406,000
Males .................. 2,917,000 2,924,000 2,922,000 2,919,000 2,917,000 2,920,000 2,927,000 2,937,000 2,949,000 2,952,000 2,949,000
Females ............... 3,407,000 3,417,000 3,417,000 3,419,000 3,421,000 3,426,000 3,436,000 3,448,000 3,459,000 3,460,000 3,457,000
Part-time ................... 2,555,000 2,570,000 2,578,000 2,589,000 2,600,000 2,612,000 2,623,000 2,632,000 2,644,000 2,654,000 2,661,000
Males .................. 1,084,000 1,090,000 1,094,000 1,099,000 1,104,000 1,109,000 1,114,000 1,117,000 1,123,000 1,127,000 1,130,000
Females ............... 1,471,000 1,479,000 1,484,000 1,490,000 1,496,000 1,502,000 1,509,000 1,514,000 1,521,000 1,527,000 1,531,000
Private 4-year ............. 4,984,000 5,002,000 5,006,000 5,011,000 5,018,000 5,029,000 5,045,000 5,062,000 5,082,000 5,090,000 5,090,000
Full-time .................... 3,546,000 3,556,000 3,555,000 3,554,000 3,555,000 3,559,000 3,569,000 3,581,000 3,594,000 3,596,000 3,593,000
Males .................. 1,502,000 1,505,000 1,504,000 1,502,000 1,502,000 1,503,000 1,507,000 1,512,000 1,518,000 1,520,000 1,518,000
Females ............... 2,045,000 2,051,000 2,051,000 2,052,000 2,053,000 2,056,000 2,062,000 2,069,000 2,076,000 2,077,000 2,075,000
Part-time ................... 1,438,000 1,446,000 1,451,000 1,457,000 1,463,000 1,469,000 1,476,000 1,481,000 1,488,000 1,493,000 1,497,000
Males .................. 520,000 523,000 525,000 527,000 530,000 532,000 534,000 536,000 539,000 541,000 542,000
Females ............... 918,000 923,000 926,000 930,000 934,000 937,000 941,000 945,000 949,000 953,000 955,000
Nonprofit 4-year ........ — — — — — — — — — — —
Full-time .............. — — — — — — — — — — —
Males ............... — — — — — — — — — — —
Females ........... — — — — — — — — — — —
Part-time ............. — — — — — — — — — — —
Males ............... — — — — — — — — — — —
Females ........... — — — — — — — — — — —
For-profit 4-year ........ — — — — — — — — — — —

2-year ................. 5,965,000 5,991,000 6,004,000 6,019,000 6,035,000 6,054,000 6,077,000 6,098,000 6,124,000 6,140,000 6,148,000
Full-time ..................... 2,233,000 2,239,000 2,238,000 2,237,000 2,238,000 2,240,000 2,247,000 2,254,000 2,262,000 2,264,000 2,262,000
Males ........................ 1,016,000 1,018,000 1,018,000 1,016,000 1,016,000 1,017,000 1,019,000 1,023,000 1,027,000 1,028,000 1,027,000
Females ..................... 1,217,000 1,221,000 1,221,000 1,221,000 1,222,000 1,224,000 1,227,000 1,232,000 1,236,000 1,236,000 1,235,000
Part-time .................... 3,732,000 3,753,000 3,766,000 3,781,000 3,797,000 3,814,000 3,830,000 3,844,000 3,862,000 3,876,000 3,886,000
Males ........................ 1,559,000 1,568,000 1,574,000 1,581,000 1,588,000 1,596,000 1,602,000 1,607,000 1,615,000 1,621,000 1,626,000
Females ..................... 2,173,000 2,185,000 2,192,000 2,201,000 2,209,000 2,219,000 2,228,000 2,237,000 2,247,000 2,255,000 2,260,000

Public 2-year .............. 5,729,000 5,755,000 5,767,000 5,782,000 5,798,000 5,817,000 5,839,000 5,859,000 5,884,000 5,900,000 5,908,000
Full-time .................... 2,022,000 2,027,000 2,027,000 2,026,000 2,026,000 2,029,000 2,034,000 2,041,000 2,049,000 2,050,000 2,048,000
Males .................. 948,000 950,000 950,000 948,000 948,000 949,000 951,000 954,000 958,000 959,000 958,000
Females ............... 1,074,000 1,077,000 1,077,000 1,078,000 1,078,000 1,080,000 1,083,000 1,087,000 1,090,000 1,091,000 1,090,000
Part-time ................... 3,707,000 3,728,000 3,740,000 3,756,000 3,772,000 3,789,000 3,805,000 3,818,000 3,836,000 3,850,000 3,860,000
Males .................. 1,552,000 1,561,000 1,567,000 1,574,000 1,581,000 1,589,000 1,595,000 1,600,000 1,608,000 1,614,000 1,619,000
Females ............... 2,155,000 2,166,000 2,173,000 2,182,000 2,191,000 2,200,000 2,209,000 2,218,000 2,228,000 2,235,000 2,241,000
Private 2-year ............. 236,000 237,000 237,000 237,000 237,000 237,000 238,000 239,000 240,000 240,000 240,000
Full-time .................... 211,000 211,000 211,000 211,000 211,000 212,000 212,000 213,000 214,000 214,000 214,000
Males .................. 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 68,000 69,000 69,000
Females ............... 143,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 144,000 145,000 145,000 145,000 145,000
Part-time ................... 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 25,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000 26,000
Males .................. 6,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000
Females ............... 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000 19,000
Nonprofit 2-year ........ — — — — — — — — — — —
Full-time .............. — — — — — — — — — — —
Males ............... — — — — — — — — — — —
Females ........... — — — — — — — — — — —
Part-time ............. — — — — — — — — — — —
Males ............... — — — — — — — — — — —
Females ........... — — — — — — — — — — —
For-profit 2-year ........ — — — — — — — — — — —

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Large increase in private 2-year institutions in 1980 is due to the addition of schools Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. Universities” surveys, 1970 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

232 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.40. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex, and age: Selected years, 1970
through 2028
[In thousands]

Attendance status, Projected

sex, and age 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2028
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
All students .................... 8,581 12,097 13,819 15,312 17,487 19,082 20,314 21,019 21,011 20,644 20,377 20,209 19,988 19,847 19,766 19,828 19,904 19,928 20,305
14 to 17 years old ................... 263 257 153 131 187 195 215 202 221 242 256 239 214 214 221 227 224 226 226
18 and 19 years old ................ 2,579 2,852 2,777 3,258 3,444 3,808 4,009 4,057 3,956 3,782 3,720 3,720 3,732 3,738 3,749 4,028 4,055 3,996 3,978
20 and 21 years old ................ 1,885 2,395 2,593 3,005 3,563 3,645 3,916 4,103 4,269 4,235 4,183 4,163 4,148 4,204 4,166 4,464 4,476 4,529 4,589
22 to 24 years old ................... 1,469 1,947 2,202 2,600 3,114 3,440 3,571 3,759 3,793 3,951 3,964 3,910 3,785 3,736 3,750 3,764 3,731 3,719 3,776
25 to 29 years old ................... 1,091 1,843 2,083 2,044 2,469 2,837 3,082 3,254 3,272 3,155 3,050 3,084 3,165 3,192 3,188 3,065 3,076 3,051 2,969
30 to 34 years old ................... 527 1,227 1,384 1,333 1,438 1,607 1,735 1,805 1,788 1,684 1,606 1,586 1,600 1,589 1,560 1,388 1,413 1,441 1,473
35 years old and over ............. 767 1,577 2,627 2,942 3,272 3,550 3,785 3,840 3,712 3,597 3,597 3,507 3,344 3,174 3,131 2,893 2,928 2,966 3,295
Males ..................................... 5,044 5,874 6,284 6,722 7,456 8,178 8,733 9,046 9,034 8,919 8,861 8,798 8,724 8,638 8,568 8,596 8,628 8,637 8,792
14 to 17 years old .................. 125 106 66 58 68 92 103 94 104 119 125 117 94 83 74 84 83 84 84
18 and 19 years old ............... 1,355 1,368 1,298 1,464 1,523 1,702 1,795 1,820 1,782 1,707 1,661 1,673 1,684 1,688 1,666 1,731 1,742 1,714 1,707
20 and 21 years old ............... 1,064 1,219 1,259 1,411 1,658 1,693 1,866 1,948 1,985 1,960 1,955 1,960 1,954 1,945 1,914 2,025 2,031 2,056 2,079
22 to 24 years old .................. 1,004 1,075 1,129 1,222 1,410 1,553 1,599 1,723 1,769 1,864 1,846 1,789 1,746 1,739 1,731 1,761 1,743 1,736 1,759
25 to 29 years old .................. 796 983 1,024 908 1,057 1,221 1,378 1,410 1,404 1,353 1,356 1,379 1,382 1,366 1,358 1,325 1,333 1,324 1,282
30 to 34 years old .................. 333 564 605 581 591 690 707 731 700 661 634 643 655 670 660 613 625 638 657
35 years old and over ............. 366 559 902 1,077 1,149 1,227 1,285 1,320 1,290 1,255 1,283 1,237 1,208 1,148 1,164 1,057 1,071 1,086 1,226
Females ................................. 3,537 6,223 7,535 8,591 10,032 10,904 11,581 11,974 11,976 11,725 11,515 11,412 11,264 11,208 11,198 11,232 11,276 11,291 11,513
14 to 17 years old .................. 137 151 87 73 119 102 113 108 116 123 131 121 120 131 147 143 142 142 142
18 and 19 years old ............... 1,224 1,484 1,479 1,794 1,920 2,107 2,214 2,237 2,173 2,074 2,059 2,047 2,049 2,050 2,082 2,297 2,313 2,282 2,271
20 and 21 years old ............... 821 1,177 1,334 1,593 1,905 1,952 2,050 2,155 2,284 2,276 2,228 2,203 2,194 2,259 2,252 2,439 2,445 2,473 2,511
22 to 24 years old .................. 464 871 1,073 1,378 1,704 1,887 1,972 2,036 2,024 2,087 2,118 2,122 2,038 1,997 2,019 2,002 1,988 1,983 2,017
25 to 29 years old .................. 296 859 1,059 1,136 1,413 1,616 1,704 1,844 1,868 1,802 1,694 1,706 1,783 1,826 1,831 1,739 1,743 1,727 1,687
30 to 34 years old .................. 194 663 779 752 847 917 1,028 1,074 1,088 1,022 972 943 945 919 900 775 788 803 816
35 years old and over ............. 401 1,018 1,725 1,865 2,123 2,323 2,500 2,520 2,422 2,341 2,314 2,270 2,136 2,026 1,967 1,836 1,857 1,880 2,069

Full-time ................................ 5,816 7,098 7,821 9,010 10,797 11,735 12,605 13,087 13,003 12,734 12,597 12,454 12,288 12,125 12,077 12,103 12,135 12,133 12,261
14 to 17 years old .................. 246 231 134 121 152 168 179 170 185 207 210 200 182 186 188 178 176 177 177
18 and 19 years old ............... 2,374 2,544 2,471 2,823 3,026 3,356 3,481 3,496 3,351 3,226 3,199 3,174 3,188 3,161 3,206 3,314 3,335 3,285 3,272
20 and 21 years old ............... 1,649 2,007 2,137 2,452 2,976 3,039 3,241 3,364 3,427 3,386 3,327 3,326 3,290 3,365 3,350 3,592 3,602 3,646 3,693
22 to 24 years old .................. 904 1,181 1,405 1,714 2,122 2,345 2,511 2,585 2,580 2,603 2,650 2,597 2,568 2,502 2,500 2,401 2,382 2,374 2,411
25 to 29 years old .................. 426 641 791 886 1,174 1,368 1,506 1,605 1,600 1,555 1,528 1,525 1,519 1,478 1,471 1,363 1,368 1,357 1,320
30 to 34 years old .................. 113 272 383 418 547 571 657 745 763 711 664 626 601 583 558 519 528 539 550
35 years old and over ............. 104 221 500 596 800 889 1,030 1,122 1,096 1,047 1,018 1,005 941 852 805 736 745 754 838
Males ..................................... 3,504 3,689 3,808 4,111 4,803 5,227 5,632 5,838 5,793 5,708 5,682 5,620 5,558 5,473 5,425 5,434 5,447 5,444 5,494
14 to 17 years old ........... 121 95 55 51 53 73 77 71 85 102 106 100 81 71 64 61 60 61 61
18 and 19 years old ......... 1,261 1,219 1,171 1,252 1,339 1,514 1,570 1,574 1,510 1,461 1,423 1,402 1,414 1,416 1,427 1,438 1,447 1,423 1,417
20 and 21 years old ......... 955 1,046 1,035 1,156 1,398 1,405 1,536 1,586 1,586 1,537 1,542 1,549 1,546 1,552 1,535 1,658 1,663 1,684 1,702
22 to 24 years old ........... 686 717 768 834 982 1,104 1,169 1,215 1,217 1,254 1,270 1,236 1,208 1,173 1,160 1,134 1,123 1,119 1,134
25 to 29 years old ........... 346 391 433 410 506 596 661 715 727 728 734 732 709 689 683 650 654 650 629
30 to 34 years old ........... 77 142 171 186 225 248 279 301 299 278 257 242 251 253 251 221 226 231 238
35 years old and over ...... 58 80 174 222 300 287 341 376 369 349 351 360 349 320 305 271 274 278 314
Females ................................. 2,312 3,409 4,013 4,899 5,994 6,508 6,973 7,249 7,210 7,026 6,914 6,835 6,729 6,653 6,653 6,669 6,689 6,689 6,767
14 to 17 years old ........... 125 136 78 70 98 95 102 99 100 105 104 101 101 115 125 117 116 116 116
18 and 19 years old ......... 1,113 1,325 1,300 1,571 1,687 1,841 1,911 1,922 1,842 1,765 1,776 1,773 1,774 1,745 1,779 1,876 1,889 1,863 1,854
20 and 21 years old ......... 693 961 1,101 1,296 1,578 1,634 1,705 1,778 1,840 1,849 1,785 1,777 1,744 1,813 1,815 1,934 1,939 1,962 1,991
22 to 24 years old ........... 218 464 638 880 1,140 1,241 1,343 1,370 1,364 1,349 1,380 1,362 1,359 1,329 1,339 1,267 1,259 1,256 1,278
25 to 29 years old ........... 80 250 358 476 668 771 845 891 873 827 794 793 810 789 788 712 714 707 691
30 to 34 years old ........... 37 130 212 232 322 322 378 444 464 433 408 384 350 330 307 298 302 308 313
35 years old and over ...... 46 141 326 374 500 602 690 746 727 698 667 645 592 532 500 465 470 476 524
Part-time ............................... 2,765 4,999 5,998 6,303 6,690 7,347 7,708 7,932 8,008 7,910 7,780 7,755 7,701 7,722 7,688 7,725 7,768 7,795 8,044
14 to 17 years old .................. 16 26 19 10 36 27 36 32 36 35 47 38 32 28 33 49 48 49 49
18 and 19 years old ............... 205 308 306 435 417 453 528 561 604 556 521 546 545 577 543 714 720 710 706
20 and 21 years old ............... 236 388 456 553 586 606 675 738 842 850 855 836 858 839 816 872 874 883 897
22 to 24 years old .................. 564 765 796 886 992 1,095 1,059 1,174 1,212 1,348 1,314 1,313 1,217 1,235 1,250 1,362 1,350 1,344 1,365
25 to 29 years old .................. 665 1,202 1,291 1,158 1,296 1,469 1,576 1,648 1,672 1,600 1,522 1,560 1,646 1,715 1,718 1,702 1,708 1,694 1,649
30 to 34 years old .................. 414 954 1,001 915 891 1,036 1,079 1,060 1,025 973 942 960 1,000 1,006 1,002 869 885 902 922
35 years old and over ............. 663 1,356 2,127 2,345 2,472 2,661 2,754 2,718 2,616 2,550 2,579 2,502 2,404 2,322 2,327 2,157 2,184 2,212 2,457
Males ..................................... 1,540 2,185 2,476 2,611 2,653 2,951 3,101 3,207 3,241 3,211 3,179 3,178 3,165 3,166 3,143 3,163 3,181 3,193 3,298
14 to 17 years old ........... 4 12 11 7 15 20 25 23 20 17 20 18 13 12 11 23 23 23 23
18 and 19 years old ......... 94 149 127 212 184 188 226 245 273 246 239 271 270 272 239 293 296 291 289
20 and 21 years old ......... 108 172 224 255 260 288 330 362 398 423 413 411 408 393 379 367 368 372 377
22 to 24 years old ........... 318 359 361 388 428 449 430 508 552 610 576 553 538 566 571 627 620 617 625
25 to 29 years old ........... 450 592 591 498 551 624 718 695 677 625 622 646 673 677 674 675 679 674 653
30 to 34 years old ........... 257 422 435 395 365 442 428 430 401 383 377 401 405 417 409 391 399 408 420
35 years old and over ...... 309 479 728 855 850 940 944 944 921 906 932 877 859 829 859 786 797 808 912
Females ................................. 1,225 2,814 3,521 3,692 4,038 4,396 4,607 4,725 4,767 4,699 4,601 4,577 4,535 4,556 4,545 4,563 4,588 4,602 4,746
14 to 17 years old ........... 12 14 9 3 21 7 11 9 16 18 27 20 19 16 22 26 26 26 26
18 and 19 years old ......... 112 159 179 223 233 265 303 316 332 310 283 274 275 305 303 421 425 419 417
20 and 21 years old ......... 128 216 233 298 327 318 345 377 444 427 443 425 450 446 437 505 506 511 520
22 to 24 years old ........... 246 407 435 497 564 646 629 666 660 738 738 760 679 668 679 735 729 727 740
25 to 29 years old ........... 216 609 700 660 745 845 859 953 995 975 900 913 973 1,037 1,043 1,027 1,029 1,020 996
30 to 34 years old ........... 158 532 567 520 526 595 651 630 624 589 565 559 595 589 593 478 485 495 503
35 years old and over ...... 354 876 1,399 1,491 1,623 1,721 1,810 1,774 1,695 1,643 1,647 1,625 1,544 1,493 1,467 1,371 1,387 1,404 1,545

NOTE: Distributions by age are estimates based on samples of the civilian noninstitution- SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
alized population from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey. Data through Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges
1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting and Universities” surveys, 1970 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions
is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau,
colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Current Population Survey (CPS), October, selected years, 1970 through 2017. (This table
Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to was prepared March 2019.)
totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 233
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.45. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and age
of student: 2013, 2015, and 2017
Fall 2013 Fall 2015 Fall 2017
All levels All levels All levels Undergraduate Postbaccalaureate
Attendance status
and age of student Total Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
All students ..... 20,376,677 19,988,204 8,723,819 11,264,385 19,765,598 8,567,632 11,197,966 16,760,331 7,347,438 9,412,893 3,005,267 1,220,194 1,785,073
Under 18 ................. 878,766 1,053,854 435,452 618,402 1,230,419 505,272 725,147 1,230,274 505,211 725,063 145 61 84
18 and 19 ................ 4,265,916 4,341,382 1,954,795 2,386,587 4,445,555 1,993,633 2,451,922 4,444,557 1,993,324 2,451,233 998 309 689
20 and 21 ................ 4,086,686 4,078,990 1,849,082 2,229,908 4,096,516 1,844,860 2,251,656 4,060,204 1,832,005 2,228,199 36,312 12,855 23,457
22 to 24 ................... 3,431,880 3,324,891 1,540,990 1,783,901 3,203,272 1,470,664 1,732,608 2,542,471 1,208,997 1,333,474 660,801 261,667 399,134
25 to 29 ................... 2,856,287 2,778,912 1,227,002 1,551,910 2,692,386 1,167,425 1,524,961 1,729,875 751,827 978,048 962,511 415,598 546,913
30 to 34 ................... 1,641,631 1,511,847 644,424 867,423 1,420,422 597,540 822,882 944,490 389,185 555,305 475,932 208,355 267,577
35 to 39 ................... 1,033,809 973,402 384,395 589,007 932,331 366,423 565,908 633,621 245,676 387,945 298,710 120,747 177,963
40 to 49 ................... 1,346,668 1,190,153 428,681 761,472 1,088,176 388,820 699,356 725,529 259,807 465,722 362,647 129,013 233,634
50 to 64 ................... 717,355 627,528 214,632 412,896 559,156 191,846 367,310 371,156 128,129 243,027 188,000 63,717 124,283
65 and over ............. 66,202 66,683 28,234 38,449 67,037 28,485 38,552 53,499 22,676 30,823 13,538 5,809 7,729
Age unknown .......... 51,477 40,562 16,132 24,430 30,328 12,664 17,664 24,655 10,601 14,054 5,673 2,063 3,610
Full-time .................. 12,596,610 12,287,512 5,558,447 6,729,065 12,077,304 5,424,575 6,652,729 10,370,665 4,683,665 5,687,000 1,706,639 740,910 965,729
Under 18 ................ 185,285 206,770 83,135 123,635 220,615 86,145 134,470 220,568 86,120 134,448 47 25 22
18 and 19 ............... 3,549,171 3,612,294 1,612,557 1,999,737 3,694,625 1,643,721 2,050,904 3,693,798 1,643,481 2,050,317 827 240 587
20 and 21 ............... 3,245,703 3,241,515 1,470,848 1,770,667 3,267,248 1,475,119 1,792,129 3,234,486 1,463,359 1,771,127 32,762 11,760 21,002
22 to 24 ................. 2,240,365 2,156,073 1,033,642 1,122,431 2,068,941 983,363 1,085,578 1,539,873 769,542 770,331 529,068 213,821 315,247
25 to 29 ................. 1,497,997 1,442,151 681,881 760,270 1,373,147 637,181 735,966 761,146 353,711 407,435 612,001 283,470 328,531
30 to 34 ................. 724,235 649,695 296,410 353,285 592,027 266,736 325,291 361,656 156,144 205,512 230,371 110,592 119,779
35 to 39 ................. 408,932 368,319 151,776 216,543 338,942 139,040 199,902 221,706 87,573 134,133 117,236 51,467 65,769
40 to 49 ................. 483,716 403,959 151,610 252,349 350,641 129,828 220,813 228,966 83,439 145,527 121,675 46,389 75,286
50 to 64 ................. 226,402 177,157 64,530 112,627 148,810 53,926 94,884 91,789 33,202 58,587 57,021 20,724 36,297
65 and over ............ 9,105 10,556 4,747 5,809 8,979 3,957 5,022 5,176 2,322 2,854 3,803 1,635 2,168
Age unknown ......... 25,699 19,023 7,311 11,712 13,329 5,559 7,770 11,501 4,772 6,729 1,828 787 1,041
Part-time ................. 7,780,067 7,700,692 3,165,372 4,535,320 7,688,294 3,143,057 4,545,237 6,389,666 2,663,773 3,725,893 1,298,628 479,284 819,344
Under 18 ................ 693,481 847,084 352,317 494,767 1,009,804 419,127 590,677 1,009,706 419,091 590,615 98 36 62
18 and 19 ............... 716,745 729,088 342,238 386,850 750,930 349,912 401,018 750,759 349,843 400,916 171 69 102
20 and 21 ............... 840,983 837,475 378,234 459,241 829,268 369,741 459,527 825,718 368,646 457,072 3,550 1,095 2,455
22 to 24 ................. 1,191,515 1,168,818 507,348 661,470 1,134,331 487,301 647,030 1,002,598 439,455 563,143 131,733 47,846 83,887
25 to 29 ................. 1,358,290 1,336,761 545,121 791,640 1,319,239 530,244 788,995 968,729 398,116 570,613 350,510 132,128 218,382
30 to 34 ................. 917,396 862,152 348,014 514,138 828,395 330,804 497,591 582,834 233,041 349,793 245,561 97,763 147,798
35 to 39 ................. 624,877 605,083 232,619 372,464 593,389 227,383 366,006 411,915 158,103 253,812 181,474 69,280 112,194
40 to 49 ................. 862,952 786,194 277,071 509,123 737,535 258,992 478,543 496,563 176,368 320,195 240,972 82,624 158,348
50 to 64 ................. 490,953 450,371 150,102 300,269 410,346 137,920 272,426 279,367 94,927 184,440 130,979 42,993 87,986
65 and over ............ 57,097 56,127 23,487 32,640 58,058 24,528 33,530 48,323 20,354 27,969 9,735 4,174 5,561
Age unknown ......... 25,778 21,539 8,821 12,718 16,999 7,105 9,894 13,154 5,829 7,325 3,845 1,276 2,569
Percentage distribution of students with known age1
All students ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................. 4.3 5.3 5.0 5.5 6.2 5.9 6.5 7.4 6.9 7.7 # # #
18 and 19 ................ 21.0 21.8 22.4 21.2 22.5 23.3 21.9 26.6 27.2 26.1 # # #
20 and 21 ................ 20.1 20.4 21.2 19.8 20.8 21.6 20.1 24.3 25.0 23.7 1.2 1.1 1.3
22 to 24 ................... 16.9 16.7 17.7 15.9 16.2 17.2 15.5 15.2 16.5 14.2 22.0 21.5 22.4
25 to 29 ................... 14.1 13.9 14.1 13.8 13.6 13.6 13.6 10.3 10.2 10.4 32.1 34.1 30.7
30 to 34 ................... 8.1 7.6 7.4 7.7 7.2 7.0 7.4 5.6 5.3 5.9 15.9 17.1 15.0
35 to 39 ................... 5.1 4.9 4.4 5.2 4.7 4.3 5.1 3.8 3.3 4.1 10.0 9.9 10.0
40 to 49 ................... 6.6 6.0 4.9 6.8 5.5 4.5 6.3 4.3 3.5 5.0 12.1 10.6 13.1
50 to 64 ................... 3.5 3.1 2.5 3.7 2.8 2.2 3.3 2.2 1.7 2.6 6.3 5.2 7.0
65 and over ............. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4
Full-time .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................ 1.5 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 2.4 # # #
18 and 19 ............... 28.2 29.4 29.0 29.8 30.6 30.3 30.9 35.7 35.1 36.1 # # 0.1
20 and 21 ............... 25.8 26.4 26.5 26.4 27.1 27.2 27.0 31.2 31.3 31.2 1.9 1.6 2.2
22 to 24 ................. 17.8 17.6 18.6 16.7 17.1 18.1 16.3 14.9 16.4 13.6 31.0 28.9 32.7
25 to 29 ................. 11.9 11.8 12.3 11.3 11.4 11.8 11.1 7.3 7.6 7.2 35.9 38.3 34.1
30 to 34 ................. 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.3 4.9 4.9 4.9 3.5 3.3 3.6 13.5 14.9 12.4
35 to 39 ................. 3.3 3.0 2.7 3.2 2.8 2.6 3.0 2.1 1.9 2.4 6.9 7.0 6.8
40 to 49 ................. 3.8 3.3 2.7 3.8 2.9 2.4 3.3 2.2 1.8 2.6 7.1 6.3 7.8
50 to 64 ................. 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.9 0.7 1.0 3.3 2.8 3.8
65 and over ............ 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 # # 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
Part-time ................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................ 8.9 11.0 11.2 10.9 13.2 13.4 13.0 15.8 15.8 15.9 # # #
18 and 19 ............... 9.2 9.5 10.8 8.6 9.8 11.2 8.8 11.8 13.2 10.8 # # #
20 and 21 ............... 10.8 10.9 12.0 10.2 10.8 11.8 10.1 12.9 13.9 12.3 0.3 0.2 0.3
22 to 24 ................. 15.4 15.2 16.1 14.6 14.8 15.5 14.3 15.7 16.5 15.1 10.2 10.0 10.3
25 to 29 ................. 17.5 17.4 17.3 17.5 17.2 16.9 17.4 15.2 15.0 15.3 27.1 27.6 26.7
30 to 34 ................. 11.8 11.2 11.0 11.4 10.8 10.5 11.0 9.1 8.8 9.4 19.0 20.5 18.1
35 to 39 ................. 8.1 7.9 7.4 8.2 7.7 7.3 8.1 6.5 5.9 6.8 14.0 14.5 13.7
40 to 49 ................. 11.1 10.2 8.8 11.3 9.6 8.3 10.6 7.8 6.6 8.6 18.6 17.3 19.4
50 to 64 ................. 6.3 5.9 4.8 6.6 5.3 4.4 6.0 4.4 3.6 5.0 10.1 9.0 10.8
65 and over ............ 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.7

#Rounds to zero. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
1
Percentage distributions exclude students whose age is unknown. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2014, 2016, and 2018,
Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

234 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.50. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, control and level of institution,
attendance status, and age of student: 2017
Undergraduate Postbaccalaureate
Attendance status Public Private nonprofit Private for-profit Private Private
and age of student Total Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total Public nonprofit for-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
All students ... 16,760,331 13,100,953 7,394,275 5,706,678 2,817,017 2,768,627 48,390 842,361 655,471 186,890 3,005,267 1,459,202 1,289,460 256,605
Under 18 ............... 1,230,274 1,128,680 377,282 751,398 96,905 96,246 659 4,689 3,577 1,112 145 42 100 3
18 and 19 .............. 4,444,557 3,526,056 2,172,387 1,353,669 859,887 852,686 7,201 58,614 36,724 21,890 998 448 522 28
20 and 21 .............. 4,060,204 3,132,761 2,172,028 960,733 846,904 841,486 5,418 80,539 54,176 26,363 36,312 19,738 16,113 461
22 to 24 ................. 2,542,471 2,063,678 1,295,451 768,227 362,734 355,690 7,044 116,059 83,076 32,983 660,801 358,850 289,071 12,880
25 to 29 ................. 1,729,875 1,336,473 630,442 706,031 209,884 200,225 9,659 183,518 143,558 39,960 962,511 492,268 423,618 46,625
30 to 34 ................. 944,490 672,970 282,854 390,116 134,719 128,676 6,043 136,801 113,317 23,484 475,932 234,930 196,011 44,991
35 to 39 ................. 633,621 431,135 172,504 258,631 103,076 98,888 4,188 99,410 83,806 15,604 298,710 134,919 121,428 42,363
40 to 49 ................. 725,529 485,482 185,088 300,394 128,763 123,616 5,147 111,284 94,468 16,816 362,647 146,384 150,379 65,884
50 to 64 ................. 371,156 261,608 88,680 172,928 62,437 59,709 2,728 47,111 39,701 7,410 188,000 66,195 81,772 40,033
65 and over ........... 53,499 47,262 13,342 33,920 4,426 4,211 215 1,811 1,465 346 13,538 5,013 5,720 2,805
Age unknown ........ 24,655 14,848 4,217 10,631 7,282 7,194 88 2,525 1,603 922 5,673 415 4,726 532
Full-time ................ 10,370,665 7,516,055 5,498,470 2,017,585 2,299,345 2,258,255 41,090 555,265 385,963 169,302 1,706,639 812,018 782,941 111,680
Under 18 ............. 220,568 184,668 103,439 81,229 33,761 33,495 266 2,139 1,052 1,087 47 18 28 1
18 and 19 ............ 3,693,798 2,811,170 1,981,161 830,009 830,031 823,198 6,833 52,597 31,598 20,999 827 404 405 18
20 and 21 ............ 3,234,486 2,355,461 1,921,933 433,528 813,321 808,612 4,709 65,704 41,208 24,496 32,762 17,969 14,457 336
22 to 24 .............. 1,539,873 1,163,070 926,697 236,373 293,606 287,792 5,814 83,197 53,351 29,846 529,068 285,767 235,523 7,778
25 to 29 .............. 761,146 515,230 320,767 194,463 124,780 116,648 8,132 121,136 85,274 35,862 612,001 302,645 286,497 22,859
30 to 34 .............. 361,656 208,214 112,576 95,638 69,388 64,320 5,068 84,054 63,177 20,877 230,371 107,172 103,883 19,316
35 to 39 .............. 221,706 114,384 57,328 57,056 48,999 45,511 3,488 58,323 44,432 13,891 117,236 46,241 53,207 17,788
40 to 49 .............. 228,966 109,930 51,968 57,962 57,122 52,825 4,297 61,914 47,086 14,828 121,675 37,517 57,618 26,540
50 to 64 .............. 91,789 44,192 18,734 25,458 23,804 21,547 2,257 23,793 17,549 6,244 57,021 13,449 27,963 15,609
65 and over ......... 5,176 3,296 1,022 2,274 954 776 178 926 623 303 3,803 752 1,909 1,142
Age unknown ...... 11,501 6,440 2,845 3,595 3,579 3,531 48 1,482 613 869 1,828 84 1,451 293
Part-time ............... 6,389,666 5,584,898 1,895,805 3,689,093 517,672 510,372 7,300 287,096 269,508 17,588 1,298,628 647,184 506,519 144,925
Under 18 ............. 1,009,706 944,012 273,843 670,169 63,144 62,751 393 2,550 2,525 25 98 24 72 2
18 and 19 ............ 750,759 714,886 191,226 523,660 29,856 29,488 368 6,017 5,126 891 171 44 117 10
20 and 21 ............ 825,718 777,300 250,095 527,205 33,583 32,874 709 14,835 12,968 1,867 3,550 1,769 1,656 125
22 to 24 .............. 1,002,598 900,608 368,754 531,854 69,128 67,898 1,230 32,862 29,725 3,137 131,733 73,083 53,548 5,102
25 to 29 .............. 968,729 821,243 309,675 511,568 85,104 83,577 1,527 62,382 58,284 4,098 350,510 189,623 137,121 23,766
30 to 34 .............. 582,834 464,756 170,278 294,478 65,331 64,356 975 52,747 50,140 2,607 245,561 127,758 92,128 25,675
35 to 39 .............. 411,915 316,751 115,176 201,575 54,077 53,377 700 41,087 39,374 1,713 181,474 88,678 68,221 24,575
40 to 49 .............. 496,563 375,552 133,120 242,432 71,641 70,791 850 49,370 47,382 1,988 240,972 108,867 92,761 39,344
50 to 64 .............. 279,367 217,416 69,946 147,470 38,633 38,162 471 23,318 22,152 1,166 130,979 52,746 53,809 24,424
65 and over ......... 48,323 43,966 12,320 31,646 3,472 3,435 37 885 842 43 9,735 4,261 3,811 1,663
Age unknown ...... 13,154 8,408 1,372 7,036 3,703 3,663 40 1,043 990 53 3,845 331 3,275 239
Percentage distribution of students with known age1
All students ... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ............... 7.4 8.6 5.1 13.2 3.4 3.5 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 # # # #
18 and 19 .............. 26.6 26.9 29.4 23.8 30.6 30.9 14.9 7.0 5.6 11.8 # # # #
20 and 21 .............. 24.3 23.9 29.4 16.9 30.1 30.5 11.2 9.6 8.3 14.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.2
22 to 24 ................. 15.2 15.8 17.5 13.5 12.9 12.9 14.6 13.8 12.7 17.7 22.0 24.6 22.5 5.0
25 to 29 ................. 10.3 10.2 8.5 12.4 7.5 7.3 20.0 21.9 22.0 21.5 32.1 33.7 33.0 18.2
30 to 34 ................. 5.6 5.1 3.8 6.8 4.8 4.7 12.5 16.3 17.3 12.6 15.9 16.1 15.3 17.6
35 to 39 ................. 3.8 3.3 2.3 4.5 3.7 3.6 8.7 11.8 12.8 8.4 10.0 9.2 9.5 16.5
40 to 49 ................. 4.3 3.7 2.5 5.3 4.6 4.5 10.7 13.3 14.4 9.0 12.1 10.0 11.7 25.7
50 to 64 ................. 2.2 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.2 2.2 5.6 5.6 6.1 4.0 6.3 4.5 6.4 15.6
65 and over ........... 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.1
Full-time ................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ............. 2.1 2.5 1.9 4.0 1.5 1.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.6 # # # #
18 and 19 ............ 35.7 37.4 36.0 41.2 36.2 36.5 16.6 9.5 8.2 12.5 # # 0.1 #
20 and 21 ............ 31.2 31.4 35.0 21.5 35.4 35.9 11.5 11.9 10.7 14.5 1.9 2.2 1.8 0.3
22 to 24 .............. 14.9 15.5 16.9 11.7 12.8 12.8 14.2 15.0 13.8 17.7 31.0 35.2 30.1 7.0
25 to 29 .............. 7.3 6.9 5.8 9.7 5.4 5.2 19.8 21.9 22.1 21.3 35.9 37.3 36.7 20.5
30 to 34 .............. 3.5 2.8 2.0 4.7 3.0 2.9 12.3 15.2 16.4 12.4 13.5 13.2 13.3 17.3
35 to 39 .............. 2.1 1.5 1.0 2.8 2.1 2.0 8.5 10.5 11.5 8.2 6.9 5.7 6.8 16.0
40 to 49 .............. 2.2 1.5 0.9 2.9 2.5 2.3 10.5 11.2 12.2 8.8 7.1 4.6 7.4 23.8
50 to 64 .............. 0.9 0.6 0.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 5.5 4.3 4.6 3.7 3.3 1.7 3.6 14.0
65 and over ......... # # # 0.1 # # 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.0
Part-time ............... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ............. 15.8 16.9 14.5 18.2 12.3 12.4 5.4 0.9 0.9 0.1 # # # #
18 and 19 ............ 11.8 12.8 10.1 14.2 5.8 5.8 5.1 2.1 1.9 5.1 # # # #
20 and 21 ............ 12.9 13.9 13.2 14.3 6.5 6.5 9.8 5.2 4.8 10.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1
22 to 24 .............. 15.7 16.2 19.5 14.4 13.4 13.4 16.9 11.5 11.1 17.9 10.2 11.3 10.6 3.5
25 to 29 .............. 15.2 14.7 16.3 13.9 16.6 16.5 21.0 21.8 21.7 23.4 27.1 29.3 27.2 16.4
30 to 34 .............. 9.1 8.3 9.0 8.0 12.7 12.7 13.4 18.4 18.7 14.9 19.0 19.8 18.3 17.7
35 to 39 .............. 6.5 5.7 6.1 5.5 10.5 10.5 9.6 14.4 14.7 9.8 14.0 13.7 13.6 17.0
40 to 49 .............. 7.8 6.7 7.0 6.6 13.9 14.0 11.7 17.3 17.6 11.3 18.6 16.8 18.4 27.2
50 to 64 .............. 4.4 3.9 3.7 4.0 7.5 7.5 6.5 8.2 8.2 6.6 10.1 8.2 10.7 16.9
65 and over ......... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.8 0.7 0.8 1.1

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Percentage distributions exclude students whose age is unknown. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 235
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.55. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution, attendance status,
and age of student: 2017
Private (nonprofit and for-profit) institutions
All institutions Public institutions Nonprofit institutions For-profit institutions
Attendance status
and age of student Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
All students ..... 19,765,598 13,823,640 5,941,958 14,560,155 8,853,477 5,706,678 5,205,443 4,106,477 4,058,087 48,390 1,098,966 912,076 186,890
Under 18 ................. 1,230,419 477,250 753,169 1,128,722 377,324 751,398 101,697 97,005 96,346 659 4,692 3,580 1,112
18 and 19 ................ 4,445,555 3,062,795 1,382,760 3,526,504 2,172,835 1,353,669 919,051 860,409 853,208 7,201 58,642 36,752 21,890
20 and 21 ................ 4,096,516 3,104,002 992,514 3,152,499 2,191,766 960,733 944,017 863,017 857,599 5,418 81,000 54,637 26,363
22 to 24 ................... 3,203,272 2,395,018 808,254 2,422,528 1,654,301 768,227 780,744 651,805 644,761 7,044 128,939 95,956 32,983
25 to 29 ................... 2,692,386 1,936,736 755,650 1,828,741 1,122,710 706,031 863,645 633,502 623,843 9,659 230,143 190,183 39,960
30 to 34 ................... 1,420,422 1,000,779 419,643 907,900 517,784 390,116 512,522 330,730 324,687 6,043 181,792 158,308 23,484
35 to 39 ................... 932,331 653,908 278,423 566,054 307,423 258,631 366,277 224,504 220,316 4,188 141,773 126,169 15,604
40 to 49 ................... 1,088,176 765,819 322,357 631,866 331,472 300,394 456,310 279,142 273,995 5,147 177,168 160,352 16,816
50 to 64 ................... 559,156 376,090 183,066 327,803 154,875 172,928 231,353 144,209 141,481 2,728 87,144 79,734 7,410
65 and over ............. 67,037 32,556 34,481 52,275 18,355 33,920 14,762 10,146 9,931 215 4,616 4,270 346
Age unknown .......... 30,328 18,687 11,641 15,263 4,632 10,631 15,065 12,008 11,920 88 3,057 2,135 922
Full-time .................. 12,077,304 9,849,327 2,227,977 8,328,073 6,310,488 2,017,585 3,749,231 3,082,286 3,041,196 41,090 666,945 497,643 169,302
Under 18 ................ 220,615 138,033 82,582 184,686 103,457 81,229 35,929 33,789 33,523 266 2,140 1,053 1,087
18 and 19 ............... 3,694,625 2,836,784 857,841 2,811,574 1,981,565 830,009 883,051 830,436 823,603 6,833 52,615 31,616 20,999
20 and 21 ............... 3,267,248 2,804,515 462,733 2,373,430 1,939,902 433,528 893,818 827,778 823,069 4,709 66,040 41,544 24,496
22 to 24 ................. 2,068,941 1,796,908 272,033 1,448,837 1,212,464 236,373 620,104 529,129 523,315 5,814 90,975 61,129 29,846
25 to 29 ................. 1,373,147 1,134,690 238,457 817,875 623,412 194,463 555,272 411,277 403,145 8,132 143,995 108,133 35,862
30 to 34 ................. 592,027 470,444 121,583 315,386 219,748 95,638 276,641 173,271 168,203 5,068 103,370 82,493 20,877
35 to 39 ................. 338,942 264,507 74,435 160,625 103,569 57,056 178,317 102,206 98,718 3,488 76,111 62,220 13,891
40 to 49 ................. 350,641 273,554 77,087 147,447 89,485 57,962 203,194 114,740 110,443 4,297 88,454 73,626 14,828
50 to 64 ................. 148,810 114,851 33,959 57,641 32,183 25,458 91,169 51,767 49,510 2,257 39,402 33,158 6,244
65 and over ............ 8,979 6,224 2,755 4,048 1,774 2,274 4,931 2,863 2,685 178 2,068 1,765 303
Age unknown ......... 13,329 8,817 4,512 6,524 2,929 3,595 6,805 5,030 4,982 48 1,775 906 869
Part-time ................. 7,688,294 3,974,313 3,713,981 6,232,082 2,542,989 3,689,093 1,456,212 1,024,191 1,016,891 7,300 432,021 414,433 17,588
Under 18 ................ 1,009,804 339,217 670,587 944,036 273,867 670,169 65,768 63,216 62,823 393 2,552 2,527 25
18 and 19 ............... 750,930 226,011 524,919 714,930 191,270 523,660 36,000 29,973 29,605 368 6,027 5,136 891
20 and 21 ............... 829,268 299,487 529,781 779,069 251,864 527,205 50,199 35,239 34,530 709 14,960 13,093 1,867
22 to 24 ................. 1,134,331 598,110 536,221 973,691 441,837 531,854 160,640 122,676 121,446 1,230 37,964 34,827 3,137
25 to 29 ................. 1,319,239 802,046 517,193 1,010,866 499,298 511,568 308,373 222,225 220,698 1,527 86,148 82,050 4,098
30 to 34 ................. 828,395 530,335 298,060 592,514 298,036 294,478 235,881 157,459 156,484 975 78,422 75,815 2,607
35 to 39 ................. 593,389 389,401 203,988 405,429 203,854 201,575 187,960 122,298 121,598 700 65,662 63,949 1,713
40 to 49 ................. 737,535 492,265 245,270 484,419 241,987 242,432 253,116 164,402 163,552 850 88,714 86,726 1,988
50 to 64 ................. 410,346 261,239 149,107 270,162 122,692 147,470 140,184 92,442 91,971 471 47,742 46,576 1,166
65 and over ............ 58,058 26,332 31,726 48,227 16,581 31,646 9,831 7,283 7,246 37 2,548 2,505 43
Age unknown ......... 16,999 9,870 7,129 8,739 1,703 7,036 8,260 6,978 6,938 40 1,282 1,229 53
Percentage distribution of students with known age1
All students ..... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................. 6.2 3.5 12.7 7.8 4.3 13.2 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.6
18 and 19 ................ 22.5 22.2 23.3 24.2 24.6 23.8 17.7 21.0 21.1 14.9 5.4 4.0 11.8
20 and 21 ................ 20.8 22.5 16.7 21.7 24.8 16.9 18.2 21.1 21.2 11.2 7.4 6.0 14.2
22 to 24 ................... 16.2 17.3 13.6 16.7 18.7 13.5 15.0 15.9 15.9 14.6 11.8 10.5 17.7
25 to 29 ................... 13.6 14.0 12.7 12.6 12.7 12.4 16.6 15.5 15.4 20.0 21.0 20.9 21.5
30 to 34 ................... 7.2 7.2 7.1 6.2 5.9 6.8 9.9 8.1 8.0 12.5 16.6 17.4 12.6
35 to 39 ................... 4.7 4.7 4.7 3.9 3.5 4.5 7.1 5.5 5.4 8.7 12.9 13.9 8.4
40 to 49 ................... 5.5 5.5 5.4 4.3 3.7 5.3 8.8 6.8 6.8 10.7 16.2 17.6 9.0
50 to 64 ................... 2.8 2.7 3.1 2.3 1.8 3.0 4.5 3.5 3.5 5.6 8.0 8.8 4.0
65 and over ............. 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.2
Full-time .................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................ 1.8 1.4 3.7 2.2 1.6 4.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.6
18 and 19 ............... 30.6 28.8 38.6 33.8 31.4 41.2 23.6 27.0 27.1 16.6 7.9 6.4 12.5
20 and 21 ............... 27.1 28.5 20.8 28.5 30.8 21.5 23.9 26.9 27.1 11.5 9.9 8.4 14.5
22 to 24 ................. 17.1 18.3 12.2 17.4 19.2 11.7 16.6 17.2 17.2 14.2 13.7 12.3 17.7
25 to 29 ................. 11.4 11.5 10.7 9.8 9.9 9.7 14.8 13.4 13.3 19.8 21.6 21.8 21.3
30 to 34 ................. 4.9 4.8 5.5 3.8 3.5 4.7 7.4 5.6 5.5 12.3 15.5 16.6 12.4
35 to 39 ................. 2.8 2.7 3.3 1.9 1.6 2.8 4.8 3.3 3.3 8.5 11.4 12.5 8.2
40 to 49 ................. 2.9 2.8 3.5 1.8 1.4 2.9 5.4 3.7 3.6 10.5 13.3 14.8 8.8
50 to 64 ................. 1.2 1.2 1.5 0.7 0.5 1.3 2.4 1.7 1.6 5.5 5.9 6.7 3.7
65 and over ............ 0.1 0.1 0.1 # # 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2
Part-time ................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Under 18 ................ 13.2 8.6 18.1 15.2 10.8 18.2 4.5 6.2 6.2 5.4 0.6 0.6 0.1
18 and 19 ............... 9.8 5.7 14.2 11.5 7.5 14.2 2.5 2.9 2.9 5.1 1.4 1.2 5.1
20 and 21 ............... 10.8 7.6 14.3 12.5 9.9 14.3 3.5 3.5 3.4 9.8 3.5 3.2 10.6
22 to 24 ................. 14.8 15.1 14.5 15.6 17.4 14.4 11.1 12.1 12.0 16.9 8.8 8.4 17.9
25 to 29 ................. 17.2 20.2 14.0 16.2 19.6 13.9 21.3 21.8 21.9 21.0 20.0 19.9 23.4
30 to 34 ................. 10.8 13.4 8.0 9.5 11.7 8.0 16.3 15.5 15.5 13.4 18.2 18.3 14.9
35 to 39 ................. 7.7 9.8 5.5 6.5 8.0 5.5 13.0 12.0 12.0 9.6 15.2 15.5 9.8
40 to 49 ................. 9.6 12.4 6.6 7.8 9.5 6.6 17.5 16.2 16.2 11.7 20.6 21.0 11.3
50 to 64 ................. 5.3 6.6 4.0 4.3 4.8 4.0 9.7 9.1 9.1 6.5 11.1 11.3 6.6
65 and over ............ 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.2

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Percentage distributions exclude students whose age is unknown. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

236 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, sex of student, and other selected
characteristics: 2017
Total Undergraduate Postbaccalaureate
Level and control of institution and
attendance status of student Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total ............................................ 19,765,598 8,567,632 11,197,966 16,760,331 7,347,438 9,412,893 3,005,267 1,220,194 1,785,073
Full-time .............................................. 12,077,304 5,424,575 6,652,729 10,370,665 4,683,665 5,687,000 1,706,639 740,910 965,729
Part-time ............................................. 7,688,294 3,143,057 4,545,237 6,389,666 2,663,773 3,725,893 1,298,628 479,284 819,344

4-year .......................................... 13,823,640 6,004,570 7,819,070 10,818,373 4,784,376 6,033,997 3,005,267 1,220,194 1,785,073
Full-time .............................................. 9,849,327 4,410,727 5,438,600 8,142,688 3,669,817 4,472,871 1,706,639 740,910 965,729
Part-time ............................................. 3,974,313 1,593,843 2,380,470 2,675,685 1,114,559 1,561,126 1,298,628 479,284 819,344
2-year .......................................... 5,941,958 2,563,062 3,378,896 5,941,958 2,563,062 3,378,896 † † †
Full-time .............................................. 2,227,977 1,013,848 1,214,129 2,227,977 1,013,848 1,214,129 † † †
Part-time ............................................. 3,713,981 1,549,214 2,164,767 3,713,981 1,549,214 2,164,767 † † †

Public .......................................... 14,560,155 6,477,920 8,082,235 13,100,953 5,860,399 7,240,554 1,459,202 617,521 841,681
Full-time .............................................. 8,328,073 3,857,945 4,470,128 7,516,055 3,492,447 4,023,608 812,018 365,498 446,520
Part-time ............................................. 6,232,082 2,619,975 3,612,107 5,584,898 2,367,952 3,216,946 647,184 252,023 395,161
Public 4-year ....................................... 8,853,477 3,988,930 4,864,547 7,394,275 3,371,409 4,022,866 1,459,202 617,521 841,681
Full-time ............................................... 6,310,488 2,911,737 3,398,751 5,498,470 2,546,239 2,952,231 812,018 365,498 446,520
Part-time .............................................. 2,542,989 1,077,193 1,465,796 1,895,805 825,170 1,070,635 647,184 252,023 395,161
Public 2-year ....................................... 5,706,678 2,488,990 3,217,688 5,706,678 2,488,990 3,217,688 † † †
Full-time ............................................... 2,017,585 946,208 1,071,377 2,017,585 946,208 1,071,377 † † †
Part-time .............................................. 3,689,093 1,542,782 2,146,311 3,689,093 1,542,782 2,146,311 † † †

Private ......................................... 5,205,443 2,089,712 3,115,731 3,659,378 1,487,039 2,172,339 1,546,065 602,673 943,392
Full-time .............................................. 3,749,231 1,566,630 2,182,601 2,854,610 1,191,218 1,663,392 894,621 375,412 519,209
Part-time ............................................. 1,456,212 523,082 933,130 804,768 295,821 508,947 651,444 227,261 424,183
Private 4-year ...................................... 4,970,163 2,015,640 2,954,523 3,424,098 1,412,967 2,011,131 1,546,065 602,673 943,392
Full-time ............................................... 3,538,839 1,498,990 2,039,849 2,644,218 1,123,578 1,520,640 894,621 375,412 519,209
Part-time .............................................. 1,431,324 516,650 914,674 779,880 289,389 490,491 651,444 227,261 424,183
Private 2-year ...................................... 235,280 74,072 161,208 235,280 74,072 161,208 † † †
Full-time ............................................... 210,392 67,640 142,752 210,392 67,640 142,752 † † †
Part-time .............................................. 24,888 6,432 18,456 24,888 6,432 18,456 † † †
Nonprofit ............................................. 4,106,477 1,720,440 2,386,037 2,817,017 1,192,312 1,624,705 1,289,460 528,128 761,332
Full-time ............................................... 3,082,286 1,328,996 1,753,290 2,299,345 990,585 1,308,760 782,941 338,411 444,530
Part-time .............................................. 1,024,191 391,444 632,747 517,672 201,727 315,945 506,519 189,717 316,802
Nonprofit 4-year ................................... 4,058,087 1,707,724 2,350,363 2,768,627 1,179,596 1,589,031 1,289,460 528,128 761,332
Full-time ....................................... 3,041,196 1,318,203 1,722,993 2,258,255 979,792 1,278,463 782,941 338,411 444,530
Part-time ...................................... 1,016,891 389,521 627,370 510,372 199,804 310,568 506,519 189,717 316,802
Nonprofit 2-year ................................... 48,390 12,716 35,674 48,390 12,716 35,674 † † †
Full-time ....................................... 41,090 10,793 30,297 41,090 10,793 30,297 † † †
Part-time ...................................... 7,300 1,923 5,377 7,300 1,923 5,377 † † †
For-profit ............................................. 1,098,966 369,272 729,694 842,361 294,727 547,634 256,605 74,545 182,060
Full-time ............................................... 666,945 237,634 429,311 555,265 200,633 354,632 111,680 37,001 74,679
Part-time .............................................. 432,021 131,638 300,383 287,096 94,094 193,002 144,925 37,544 107,381
For-profit 4-year ................................... 912,076 307,916 604,160 655,471 233,371 422,100 256,605 74,545 182,060
Full-time ....................................... 497,643 180,787 316,856 385,963 143,786 242,177 111,680 37,001 74,679
Part-time ...................................... 414,433 127,129 287,304 269,508 89,585 179,923 144,925 37,544 107,381
For-profit 2-year ................................... 186,890 61,356 125,534 186,890 61,356 125,534 † † †
Full-time ....................................... 169,302 56,847 112,455 169,302 56,847 112,455 † † †
Part-time ...................................... 17,588 4,509 13,079 17,588 4,509 13,079 † † †

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
Title IV federal financial aid programs. component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 237
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.70. Total undergraduate fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and
control and level of institution: Selected years, 1970 through 2028
Males Females Private
Level and year Total Full-time Part-time Males Females Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Total, all levels
1970 ......................... 7,368,644 5,280,064 2,088,580 4,249,702 3,118,942 3,096,371 1,153,331 2,183,693 935,249 5,620,255 1,748,389 1,730,133 18,256
1975 ......................... 9,679,455 6,168,396 3,511,059 5,257,005 4,422,450 3,459,328 1,797,677 2,709,068 1,713,382 7,826,032 1,853,423 1,814,844 38,579
1980 ......................... 10,475,055 6,361,744 4,113,311 5,000,177 5,474,878 3,226,857 1,773,320 3,134,887 2,339,991 8,441,955 2,033,100 1,926,703 106,397
1985 ......................... 10,596,674 6,319,592 4,277,082 4,962,080 5,634,594 3,156,446 1,805,634 3,163,146 2,471,448 8,477,125 2,119,549 1,928,996 190,553
1986 ......................... 10,797,975 6,352,073 4,445,902 5,017,505 5,780,470 3,146,330 1,871,175 3,205,743 2,574,727 8,660,716 2,137,259 1,928,294 208,965
1987 ......................... 11,046,235 6,462,549 4,583,686 5,068,457 5,977,778 3,163,676 1,904,781 3,298,873 2,678,905 8,918,589 2,127,646 1,939,942 187,704
1988 ......................... 11,316,548 6,642,428 4,674,120 5,137,644 6,178,904 3,206,442 1,931,202 3,435,986 2,742,918 9,103,146 2,213,402 — —
1989 ......................... 11,742,531 6,840,696 4,901,835 5,310,990 6,431,541 3,278,647 2,032,343 3,562,049 2,869,492 9,487,742 2,254,789 — —
1990 ......................... 11,959,106 6,976,030 4,983,076 5,379,759 6,579,347 3,336,535 2,043,224 3,639,495 2,939,852 9,709,596 2,249,510 2,043,407 206,103
1991 ......................... 12,439,287 7,221,412 5,217,875 5,571,003 6,868,284 3,435,526 2,135,477 3,785,886 3,082,398 10,147,957 2,291,330 2,072,354 218,976
1992 ......................... 12,537,700 7,244,442 5,293,258 5,582,936 6,954,764 3,424,739 2,158,197 3,819,703 3,135,061 10,216,297 2,321,403 2,101,721 219,682
1993 ......................... 12,323,959 7,179,482 5,144,477 5,483,682 6,840,277 3,381,997 2,101,685 3,797,485 3,042,792 10,011,787 2,312,172 2,099,197 212,975
1994 ......................... 12,262,608 7,168,706 5,093,902 5,422,113 6,840,495 3,341,591 2,080,522 3,827,115 3,013,380 9,945,128 2,317,480 2,100,465 217,015
1995 ......................... 12,231,719 7,145,268 5,086,451 5,401,130 6,830,589 3,296,610 2,104,520 3,848,658 2,981,931 9,903,626 2,328,093 2,104,693 223,400
1996 ......................... 12,326,948 7,298,839 5,028,109 5,420,672 6,906,276 3,339,108 2,081,564 3,959,731 2,946,545 9,935,283 2,391,665 2,112,318 279,347
1997 ......................... 12,450,587 7,418,598 5,031,989 5,468,532 6,982,055 3,379,597 2,088,935 4,039,001 2,943,054 10,007,479 2,443,108 2,139,824 303,284
1998 ......................... 12,436,937 7,538,711 4,898,226 5,446,133 6,990,804 3,428,161 2,017,972 4,110,550 2,880,254 9,950,212 2,486,725 2,152,655 334,070
1999 ......................... 12,739,445 7,753,548 4,985,897 5,584,234 7,155,211 3,524,586 2,059,648 4,228,962 2,926,249 10,174,228 2,565,217 2,185,290 379,927
2000 ......................... 13,155,393 7,922,926 5,232,467 5,778,268 7,377,125 3,588,246 2,190,022 4,334,680 3,042,445 10,539,322 2,616,071 2,213,180 402,891
2001 ......................... 13,715,610 8,327,640 5,387,970 6,004,431 7,711,179 3,768,630 2,235,801 4,559,010 3,152,169 10,985,871 2,729,739 2,257,718 472,021
2002 ......................... 14,257,077 8,734,252 5,522,825 6,192,390 8,064,687 3,934,168 2,258,222 4,800,084 3,264,603 11,432,855 2,824,222 2,306,091 518,131
2003 ......................... 14,480,364 9,045,253 5,435,111 6,227,372 8,252,992 4,048,682 2,178,690 4,996,571 3,256,421 11,523,103 2,957,261 2,346,673 610,588
2004 ......................... 14,780,630 9,284,336 5,496,294 6,340,048 8,440,582 4,140,628 2,199,420 5,143,708 3,296,874 11,650,580 3,130,050 2,389,366 740,684
2005 ......................... 14,963,964 9,446,430 5,517,534 6,408,871 8,555,093 4,200,863 2,208,008 5,245,567 3,309,526 11,697,730 3,266,234 2,418,368 847,866
2006 ......................... 15,179,591 9,571,349 5,608,242 6,511,198 8,668,393 4,264,722 2,246,476 5,306,627 3,361,766 11,842,625 3,336,966 2,448,250 888,716
2007 ......................... 15,613,540 9,841,973 5,771,567 6,731,561 8,881,979 4,397,402 2,334,159 5,444,571 3,437,408 12,147,744 3,465,796 2,470,463 995,333
2008 ......................... 16,344,592 10,244,174 6,100,418 7,055,640 9,288,952 4,570,913 2,484,727 5,673,261 3,615,691 12,589,947 3,754,645 2,535,789 1,218,856
2009 ......................... 17,464,179 11,038,275 6,425,904 7,563,176 9,901,003 4,942,120 2,621,056 6,096,155 3,804,848 13,386,375 4,077,804 2,595,171 1,482,633
2010 ......................... 18,082,427 11,457,040 6,625,387 7,836,282 10,246,145 5,118,975 2,717,307 6,338,065 3,908,080 13,703,000 4,379,427 2,652,993 1,726,434
2011 ......................... 18,077,303 11,365,175 6,712,128 7,822,992 10,254,311 5,070,553 2,752,439 6,294,622 3,959,689 13,694,899 4,382,404 2,718,923 1,663,481
2012 ......................... 17,735,638 11,097,092 6,638,546 7,714,938 10,020,700 4,984,389 2,730,549 6,112,703 3,907,997 13,478,100 4,257,538 2,744,400 1,513,138
2013 ......................... 17,476,304 10,939,276 6,537,028 7,660,140 9,816,164 4,950,210 2,709,930 5,989,066 3,827,098 13,348,292 4,128,012 2,755,463 1,372,549
2014 ......................... 17,294,136 10,784,392 6,509,744 7,586,299 9,707,837 4,877,531 2,708,768 5,906,861 3,800,976 13,244,533 4,049,603 2,772,065 1,277,538
2015 ......................... 17,046,673 10,603,030 6,443,643 7,502,254 9,544,419 4,809,098 2,693,156 5,793,932 3,750,487 13,150,823 3,895,850 2,822,122 1,073,728
2016 ......................... 16,874,649 10,430,068 6,444,581 7,416,859 9,457,790 4,725,510 2,691,349 5,704,558 3,753,232 13,143,979 3,730,670 2,813,742 916,928
2017 ......................... 16,760,331 10,370,665 6,389,666 7,347,438 9,412,893 4,683,665 2,663,773 5,687,000 3,725,893 13,100,953 3,659,378 2,817,017 842,361
20181 ........................ 16,813,000 10,393,000 6,421,000 7,372,000 9,441,000 4,692,000 2,680,000 5,701,000 3,740,000 13,144,000 3,669,000 — —
20191 ........................ 16,877,000 10,421,000 6,456,000 7,399,000 9,478,000 4,703,000 2,696,000 5,718,000 3,761,000 13,195,000 3,682,000 — —
20201 ........................ 16,897,000 10,418,000 6,478,000 7,407,000 9,490,000 4,701,000 2,706,000 5,718,000 3,772,000 13,213,000 3,684,000 — —
20211 ........................ 16,920,000 10,415,000 6,506,000 7,412,000 9,508,000 4,695,000 2,718,000 5,720,000 3,788,000 13,234,000 3,686,000 — —
20221 ........................ 16,949,000 10,416,000 6,533,000 7,422,000 9,527,000 4,692,000 2,730,000 5,724,000 3,803,000 13,259,000 3,690,000 — —
20231 ........................ 16,990,000 10,428,000 6,562,000 7,440,000 9,551,000 4,696,000 2,743,000 5,732,000 3,818,000 13,293,000 3,697,000 — —
20241 ........................ 17,047,000 10,457,000 6,590,000 7,463,000 9,584,000 4,708,000 2,755,000 5,749,000 3,835,000 13,338,000 3,709,000 — —
20251 ........................ 17,106,000 10,493,000 6,613,000 7,488,000 9,618,000 4,725,000 2,763,000 5,769,000 3,850,000 13,385,000 3,722,000 — —
20261 ........................ 17,175,000 10,531,000 6,644,000 7,520,000 9,655,000 4,743,000 2,777,000 5,788,000 3,867,000 13,439,000 3,736,000 — —
20271 ........................ 17,206,000 10,538,000 6,668,000 7,536,000 9,670,000 4,748,000 2,788,000 5,790,000 3,880,000 13,465,000 3,741,000 — —
20281 ........................ 17,214,000 10,528,000 6,686,000 7,539,000 9,675,000 4,744,000 2,795,000 5,785,000 3,890,000 13,474,000 3,740,000 — —
2-year institutions2
1970 ......................... 2,318,956 1,228,909 1,090,047 1,374,426 944,530 771,298 603,128 457,611 486,919 2,194,983 123,973 113,299 10,674
1975 ......................... 3,965,726 1,761,009 2,204,717 2,163,604 1,802,122 1,035,531 1,128,073 725,478 1,076,644 3,831,973 133,753 112,997 20,756
1980 ......................... 4,525,097 1,753,637 2,771,460 2,046,642 2,478,455 879,619 1,167,023 874,018 1,604,437 4,327,592 197,505 114,094 83,411
1985 ......................... 4,531,077 1,690,607 2,840,470 2,002,234 2,528,843 826,308 1,175,926 864,299 1,664,544 4,269,733 261,344 108,791 152,553
1986 ......................... 4,679,548 1,696,261 2,983,287 2,060,932 2,618,616 824,551 1,236,381 871,710 1,746,906 4,413,691 265,857 101,498 164,359
1987 ......................... 4,776,222 1,708,669 3,067,553 2,072,823 2,703,399 820,167 1,252,656 888,502 1,814,897 4,541,054 235,168 90,102 145,066
1988 ......................... 4,875,155 1,743,592 3,131,563 2,089,689 2,785,466 818,593 1,271,096 924,999 1,860,467 4,615,487 259,668 — —
1989 ......................... 5,150,889 1,855,701 3,295,188 2,216,800 2,934,089 869,688 1,347,112 986,013 1,948,076 4,883,660 267,229 — —
1990 ......................... 5,240,083 1,883,962 3,356,121 2,232,769 3,007,314 881,392 1,351,377 1,002,570 2,004,744 4,996,475 243,608 89,158 154,450
1991 ......................... 5,651,900 2,074,530 3,577,370 2,401,910 3,249,990 961,397 1,440,513 1,113,133 2,136,857 5,404,815 247,085 89,289 157,796
1992 ......................... 5,722,349 2,080,005 3,642,344 2,413,266 3,309,083 951,816 1,461,450 1,128,189 2,180,894 5,484,514 237,835 83,288 154,547
1993 ......................... 5,565,561 2,043,319 3,522,242 2,345,396 3,220,165 928,216 1,417,180 1,115,103 2,105,062 5,337,022 228,539 86,357 142,182
1994 ......................... 5,529,609 2,031,713 3,497,896 2,323,161 3,206,448 911,589 1,411,572 1,120,124 2,086,324 5,308,366 221,243 85,607 135,636
1995 ......................... 5,492,098 1,977,046 3,515,052 2,328,500 3,163,598 878,215 1,450,285 1,098,831 2,064,767 5,277,398 214,700 75,154 139,546
1996 ......................... 5,562,780 2,072,215 3,490,565 2,358,792 3,203,988 916,452 1,442,340 1,155,763 2,048,225 5,314,038 248,742 75,253 173,489
1997 ......................... 5,605,569 2,095,171 3,510,398 2,389,711 3,215,858 931,394 1,458,317 1,163,777 2,052,081 5,360,686 244,883 71,794 173,089
1998 ......................... 5,489,314 2,085,906 3,403,408 2,333,334 3,155,980 936,421 1,396,913 1,149,485 2,006,495 5,245,963 243,351 65,870 177,481
1999 ......................... 5,653,256 2,167,242 3,486,014 2,413,322 3,239,934 979,203 1,434,119 1,188,039 2,051,895 5,397,786 255,470 63,301 192,169
2000 ......................... 5,948,104 2,217,044 3,731,060 2,558,520 3,389,584 995,839 1,562,681 1,221,205 2,168,379 5,697,061 251,043 58,844 192,199
2001 ......................... 6,250,529 2,374,490 3,876,039 2,675,193 3,575,336 1,066,281 1,608,912 1,308,209 2,267,127 5,996,651 253,878 47,549 206,329
2002 ......................... 6,529,198 2,556,032 3,973,166 2,753,405 3,775,793 1,135,669 1,617,736 1,420,363 2,355,430 6,270,199 258,999 47,087 211,912
2003 ......................... 6,493,862 2,650,337 3,843,525 2,689,928 3,803,934 1,162,555 1,527,373 1,487,782 2,316,152 6,208,885 284,977 43,868 241,109
2004 ......................... 6,545,570 2,683,489 3,862,081 2,697,507 3,848,063 1,166,554 1,530,953 1,516,935 2,331,128 6,243,344 302,226 42,250 259,976
2005 ......................... 6,487,826 2,646,763 3,841,063 2,680,299 3,807,527 1,153,759 1,526,540 1,493,004 2,314,523 6,184,000 303,826 43,522 260,304
2006 ......................... 6,513,303 2,643,162 3,870,141 2,701,970 3,811,333 1,159,733 1,542,237 1,483,429 2,327,904 6,219,880 293,423 39,156 254,267
2007 ......................... 6,628,936 2,694,608 3,934,328 2,775,166 3,853,770 1,191,058 1,584,108 1,503,550 2,350,220 6,335,826 293,110 33,492 259,618
2008 ......................... 6,970,947 2,832,412 4,138,535 2,935,799 4,035,148 1,250,063 1,685,736 1,582,349 2,452,799 6,639,928 331,019 35,358 295,661
2009 ......................... 7,522,581 3,243,952 4,278,629 3,197,338 4,325,243 1,446,372 1,750,966 1,797,580 2,527,663 7,101,569 421,012 34,772 386,240

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

238 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.70. Total undergraduate fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student, and
control and level of institution: Selected years, 1970 through 2028—Continued
Males Females Private
Level and year Total Full-time Part-time Males Females Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2010 ......................... 7,683,597 3,365,379 4,318,218 3,265,885 4,417,712 1,483,230 1,782,655 1,882,149 2,535,563 7,218,063 465,534 32,683 432,851
2011 ......................... 7,511,150 3,170,207 4,340,943 3,175,803 4,335,347 1,391,183 1,784,620 1,779,024 2,556,323 7,068,158 442,992 39,855 403,137
2012 ......................... 7,167,840 2,941,797 4,226,043 3,046,093 4,121,747 1,305,657 1,740,436 1,636,140 2,485,607 6,792,065 375,775 37,698 338,077
2013 ......................... 6,970,644 2,836,274 4,134,370 2,998,440 3,972,204 1,279,794 1,718,646 1,556,480 2,415,724 6,626,411 344,233 32,191 312,042
2014 ......................... 6,714,678 2,661,107 4,053,571 2,894,020 3,820,658 1,200,648 1,693,372 1,460,459 2,360,199 6,397,552 317,126 30,376 286,750
2015 ......................... 6,499,461 2,510,684 3,988,777 2,818,075 3,681,386 1,143,704 1,674,371 1,366,980 2,314,406 6,224,304 275,157 50,009 225,148
2016 ......................... 6,092,418 2,309,347 3,783,071 2,637,394 3,455,024 1,057,839 1,579,555 1,251,508 2,203,516 5,842,909 249,509 50,555 198,954
2017 ......................... 5,941,958 2,227,977 3,713,981 2,563,062 3,378,896 1,013,848 1,549,214 1,214,129 2,164,767 5,706,678 235,280 48,390 186,890
20181 ........................ 5,965,000 2,233,000 3,732,000 2,574,000 3,390,000 1,016,000 1,559,000 1,217,000 2,173,000 5,729,000 236,000 — —
20191 ........................ 5,991,000 2,239,000 3,753,000 2,586,000 3,406,000 1,018,000 1,568,000 1,221,000 2,185,000 5,755,000 237,000 — —
20201 ........................ 6,004,000 2,238,000 3,766,000 2,591,000 3,412,000 1,018,000 1,574,000 1,221,000 2,192,000 5,767,000 237,000 — —
20211 ........................ 6,019,000 2,237,000 3,781,000 2,597,000 3,422,000 1,016,000 1,581,000 1,221,000 2,201,000 5,782,000 237,000 — —
20221 ........................ 6,035,000 2,238,000 3,797,000 2,604,000 3,431,000 1,016,000 1,588,000 1,222,000 2,209,000 5,798,000 237,000 — —
20231 ........................ 6,054,000 2,240,000 3,814,000 2,612,000 3,442,000 1,017,000 1,596,000 1,224,000 2,219,000 5,817,000 237,000 — —
20241 ........................ 6,077,000 2,247,000 3,830,000 2,621,000 3,456,000 1,019,000 1,602,000 1,227,000 2,228,000 5,839,000 238,000 — —
20251 ........................ 6,098,000 2,254,000 3,844,000 2,630,000 3,468,000 1,023,000 1,607,000 1,232,000 2,237,000 5,859,000 239,000 — —
20261 ........................ 6,124,000 2,262,000 3,862,000 2,642,000 3,483,000 1,027,000 1,615,000 1,236,000 2,247,000 5,884,000 240,000 — —
20271 ........................ 6,140,000 2,264,000 3,876,000 2,649,000 3,491,000 1,028,000 1,621,000 1,236,000 2,255,000 5,900,000 240,000 — —
20281 ........................ 6,148,000 2,262,000 3,886,000 2,653,000 3,495,000 1,027,000 1,626,000 1,235,000 2,260,000 5,908,000 240,000 — —
4-year institutions
1970 ......................... 5,049,688 4,051,155 998,533 2,875,276 2,174,412 2,325,073 550,203 1,726,082 448,330 3,425,272 1,624,416 1,616,834 7,582
1975 ......................... 5,713,729 4,407,387 1,306,342 3,093,401 2,620,328 2,423,797 669,604 1,983,590 636,738 3,994,059 1,719,670 1,701,847 17,823
1980 ......................... 5,949,958 4,608,107 1,341,851 2,953,535 2,996,423 2,347,238 606,297 2,260,869 735,554 4,114,363 1,835,595 1,812,609 22,986
1985 ......................... 6,065,597 4,628,985 1,436,612 2,959,846 3,105,751 2,330,138 629,708 2,298,847 806,904 4,207,392 1,858,205 1,820,205 38,000
1986 ......................... 6,118,427 4,655,812 1,462,615 2,956,573 3,161,854 2,321,779 634,794 2,334,033 827,821 4,247,025 1,871,402 1,826,796 44,606
1987 ......................... 6,270,013 4,753,880 1,516,133 2,995,634 3,274,379 2,343,509 652,125 2,410,371 864,008 4,377,535 1,892,478 1,849,840 42,638
1988 ......................... 6,441,393 4,898,836 1,542,557 3,047,955 3,393,438 2,387,849 660,106 2,510,987 882,451 4,487,659 1,953,734 — —
1989 ......................... 6,591,642 4,984,995 1,606,647 3,094,190 3,497,452 2,408,959 685,231 2,576,036 921,416 4,604,082 1,987,560 — —
1990 ......................... 6,719,023 5,092,068 1,626,955 3,146,990 3,572,033 2,455,143 691,847 2,636,925 935,108 4,713,121 2,005,902 1,954,249 51,653
1991 ......................... 6,787,387 5,146,882 1,640,505 3,169,093 3,618,294 2,474,129 694,964 2,672,753 945,541 4,743,142 2,044,245 1,983,065 61,180
1992 ......................... 6,815,351 5,164,437 1,650,914 3,169,670 3,645,681 2,472,923 696,747 2,691,514 954,167 4,731,783 2,083,568 2,018,433 65,135
1993 ......................... 6,758,398 5,136,163 1,622,235 3,138,286 3,620,112 2,453,781 684,505 2,682,382 937,730 4,674,765 2,083,633 2,012,840 70,793
1994 ......................... 6,732,999 5,136,993 1,596,006 3,098,952 3,634,047 2,430,002 668,950 2,706,991 927,056 4,636,762 2,096,237 2,014,858 81,379
1995 ......................... 6,739,621 5,168,222 1,571,399 3,072,630 3,666,991 2,418,395 654,235 2,749,827 917,164 4,626,228 2,113,393 2,029,539 83,854
1996 ......................... 6,764,168 5,226,624 1,537,544 3,061,880 3,702,288 2,422,656 639,224 2,803,968 898,320 4,621,245 2,142,923 2,037,065 105,858
1997 ......................... 6,845,018 5,323,427 1,521,591 3,078,821 3,766,197 2,448,203 630,618 2,875,224 890,973 4,646,793 2,198,225 2,068,030 130,195
1998 ......................... 6,947,623 5,452,805 1,494,818 3,112,799 3,834,824 2,491,740 621,059 2,961,065 873,759 4,704,249 2,243,374 2,086,785 156,589
1999 ......................... 7,086,189 5,586,306 1,499,883 3,170,912 3,915,277 2,545,383 625,529 3,040,923 874,354 4,776,442 2,309,747 2,121,989 187,758
2000 ......................... 7,207,289 5,705,882 1,501,407 3,219,748 3,987,541 2,592,407 627,341 3,113,475 874,066 4,842,261 2,365,028 2,154,336 210,692
2001 ......................... 7,465,081 5,953,150 1,511,931 3,329,238 4,135,843 2,702,349 626,889 3,250,801 885,042 4,989,220 2,475,861 2,210,169 265,692
2002 ......................... 7,727,879 6,178,220 1,549,659 3,438,985 4,288,894 2,798,499 640,486 3,379,721 909,173 5,162,656 2,565,223 2,259,004 306,219
2003 ......................... 7,986,502 6,394,916 1,591,586 3,537,444 4,449,058 2,886,127 651,317 3,508,789 940,269 5,314,218 2,672,284 2,302,805 369,479
2004 ......................... 8,235,060 6,600,847 1,634,213 3,642,541 4,592,519 2,974,074 668,467 3,626,773 965,746 5,407,236 2,827,824 2,347,116 480,708
2005 ......................... 8,476,138 6,799,667 1,676,471 3,728,572 4,747,566 3,047,104 681,468 3,752,563 995,003 5,513,730 2,962,408 2,374,846 587,562
2006 ......................... 8,666,288 6,928,187 1,738,101 3,809,228 4,857,060 3,104,989 704,239 3,823,198 1,033,862 5,622,745 3,043,543 2,409,094 634,449
2007 ......................... 8,984,604 7,147,365 1,837,239 3,956,395 5,028,209 3,206,344 750,051 3,941,021 1,087,188 5,811,918 3,172,686 2,436,971 735,715
2008 ......................... 9,373,645 7,411,762 1,961,883 4,119,841 5,253,804 3,320,850 798,991 4,090,912 1,162,892 5,950,019 3,423,626 2,500,431 923,195
2009 ......................... 9,941,598 7,794,323 2,147,275 4,365,838 5,575,760 3,495,748 870,090 4,298,575 1,277,185 6,284,806 3,656,792 2,560,399 1,096,393
2010 ......................... 10,398,830 8,091,661 2,307,169 4,570,397 5,828,433 3,635,745 934,652 4,455,916 1,372,517 6,484,937 3,913,893 2,620,310 1,293,583
2011 ......................... 10,566,153 8,194,968 2,371,185 4,647,189 5,918,964 3,679,370 967,819 4,515,598 1,403,366 6,626,741 3,939,412 2,679,068 1,260,344
2012 ......................... 10,567,798 8,155,295 2,412,503 4,668,845 5,898,953 3,678,732 990,113 4,476,563 1,422,390 6,686,035 3,881,763 2,706,702 1,175,061
2013 ......................... 10,505,660 8,103,002 2,402,658 4,661,700 5,843,960 3,670,416 991,284 4,432,586 1,411,374 6,721,881 3,783,779 2,723,272 1,060,507
2014 ......................... 10,579,458 8,123,285 2,456,173 4,692,279 5,887,179 3,676,883 1,015,396 4,446,402 1,440,777 6,846,981 3,732,477 2,741,689 990,788
2015 ......................... 10,547,212 8,092,346 2,454,866 4,684,179 5,863,033 3,665,394 1,018,785 4,426,952 1,436,081 6,926,519 3,620,693 2,772,113 848,580
2016 ......................... 10,782,231 8,120,721 2,661,510 4,779,465 6,002,766 3,667,671 1,111,794 4,453,050 1,549,716 7,301,070 3,481,161 2,763,187 717,974
2017 ......................... 10,818,373 8,142,688 2,675,685 4,784,376 6,033,997 3,669,817 1,114,559 4,472,871 1,561,126 7,394,275 3,424,098 2,768,627 655,471
20181 ........................ 10,849,000 8,160,000 2,689,000 4,797,000 6,051,000 3,676,000 1,122,000 4,484,000 1,567,000 7,415,000 3,433,000 — —
20191 ........................ 10,885,000 8,182,000 2,704,000 4,813,000 6,073,000 3,685,000 1,128,000 4,497,000 1,576,000 7,441,000 3,445,000 — —
20201 ........................ 10,893,000 8,180,000 2,713,000 4,815,000 6,078,000 3,683,000 1,132,000 4,497,000 1,581,000 7,446,000 3,447,000 — —
20211 ........................ 10,902,000 8,177,000 2,724,000 4,816,000 6,086,000 3,678,000 1,137,000 4,499,000 1,587,000 7,452,000 3,450,000 — —
20221 ........................ 10,914,000 8,179,000 2,736,000 4,819,000 6,095,000 3,676,000 1,142,000 4,502,000 1,593,000 7,461,000 3,453,000 — —
20231 ........................ 10,936,000 8,188,000 2,748,000 4,828,000 6,108,000 3,680,000 1,148,000 4,508,000 1,600,000 7,476,000 3,460,000 — —
20241 ........................ 10,970,000 8,211,000 2,759,000 4,842,000 6,129,000 3,689,000 1,153,000 4,522,000 1,607,000 7,499,000 3,471,000 — —
20251 ........................ 11,008,000 8,239,000 2,769,000 4,858,000 6,150,000 3,702,000 1,156,000 4,537,000 1,613,000 7,525,000 3,483,000 — —
20261 ........................ 11,050,000 8,268,000 2,782,000 4,878,000 6,172,000 3,716,000 1,162,000 4,552,000 1,620,000 7,554,000 3,496,000 — —
20271 ........................ 11,066,000 8,274,000 2,792,000 4,887,000 6,179,000 3,720,000 1,166,000 4,554,000 1,626,000 7,565,000 3,501,000 — —
20281 ........................ 11,066,000 8,267,000 2,800,000 4,887,000 6,180,000 3,717,000 1,170,000 4,550,000 1,630,000 7,566,000 3,501,000 — —

—Not available. more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
1
Projected. degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Beginning in 1980, 2-year institutions include schools accredited by the Accrediting SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Universities” surveys, 1970 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 239
Total Fall Enrollment—General

Table 303.80. Total postbaccalaureate fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex of student,
and control of institution: 1970 through 2028
Males Females Private
Year Total Full-time Part-time Males Females Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1970 ......................... 1,212,243 536,226 676,017 793,940 418,303 407,724 386,216 128,502 289,801 807,879 404,364 404,287 77
1971 ......................... 1,204,390 564,236 640,154 789,131 415,259 428,167 360,964 136,069 279,190 796,516 407,874 407,804 70
1972 ......................... 1,272,421 583,299 689,122 810,164 462,257 436,533 373,631 146,766 315,491 848,031 424,390 424,278 112
1973 ......................... 1,342,452 610,935 731,517 833,453 508,999 444,219 389,234 166,716 342,283 897,104 445,348 445,205 143
1974 ......................... 1,425,001 643,927 781,074 856,847 568,154 454,706 402,141 189,221 378,933 956,770 468,231 467,950 281
1975 ......................... 1,505,404 672,938 832,466 891,992 613,412 467,425 424,567 205,513 407,899 1,008,476 496,928 496,604 324
1976 ......................... 1,577,546 683,825 893,721 904,551 672,995 459,286 445,265 224,539 448,456 1,033,115 544,431 541,064 3,367
1977 ......................... 1,569,084 698,902 870,182 891,819 677,265 462,038 429,781 236,864 440,401 1,004,013 565,071 561,384 3,687
1978 ......................... 1,575,693 704,831 870,862 879,931 695,762 458,865 421,066 245,966 449,796 998,608 577,085 573,563 3,522
1979 ......................... 1,571,922 714,624 857,298 862,754 709,168 456,197 406,557 258,427 450,741 989,991 581,931 578,425 3,506
1980 ......................... 1,621,840 736,214 885,626 874,197 747,643 462,387 411,810 273,827 473,816 1,015,439 606,401 601,084 5,317
1981 ......................... 1,617,150 732,182 884,968 866,785 750,365 452,364 414,421 279,818 470,547 998,669 618,481 613,557 4,924
1982 ......................... 1,600,718 736,813 863,905 860,890 739,828 453,519 407,371 283,294 456,534 983,014 617,704 613,350 4,354
1983 ......................... 1,618,666 747,016 871,650 865,425 753,241 455,540 409,885 291,476 461,765 985,616 633,050 628,111 4,939
1984 ......................... 1,623,869 750,735 873,134 856,761 767,108 452,579 404,182 298,156 468,952 983,879 639,990 634,109 5,881
1985 ......................... 1,650,381 755,629 894,752 856,370 794,011 451,274 405,096 304,355 489,656 1,002,148 648,233 642,795 5,438
1986 ......................... 1,705,536 767,477 938,059 867,010 838,526 452,717 414,293 314,760 523,766 1,053,177 652,359 644,185 8,174
1987 ......................... 1,720,407 768,536 951,871 863,599 856,808 447,212 416,387 321,324 535,484 1,054,665 665,742 662,408 3,334
1988 ......................... 1,738,789 794,340 944,449 864,252 874,537 455,337 408,915 339,003 535,534 1,058,242 680,547 — —
1989 ......................... 1,796,029 820,254 975,775 879,025 917,004 461,596 417,429 358,658 558,346 1,090,221 705,808 — —
1990 ......................... 1,859,531 844,955 1,014,576 904,150 955,381 471,217 432,933 373,738 581,643 1,135,121 724,410 716,820 7,590
1991 ......................... 1,919,666 893,917 1,025,749 930,841 988,825 493,849 436,992 400,068 588,757 1,161,606 758,060 746,687 11,373
1992 ......................... 1,949,659 917,676 1,031,983 941,053 1,008,606 502,166 438,887 415,510 593,096 1,168,270 781,389 770,802 10,587
1993 ......................... 1,980,844 948,136 1,032,708 943,768 1,037,076 508,574 435,194 439,562 597,514 1,177,301 803,543 789,700 13,843
1994 ......................... 2,016,182 969,070 1,047,112 949,785 1,066,397 513,592 436,193 455,478 610,919 1,188,552 827,630 809,642 17,988
1995 ......................... 2,030,062 983,534 1,046,528 941,409 1,088,653 510,782 430,627 472,752 615,901 1,188,748 841,314 824,351 16,963
1996 ......................... 2,040,572 1,004,114 1,036,458 932,153 1,108,419 512,100 420,053 492,014 616,405 1,185,216 855,356 830,238 25,118
1997 ......................... 2,051,747 1,019,464 1,032,283 927,496 1,124,251 510,845 416,651 508,619 615,632 1,188,640 863,107 837,790 25,317
1998 ......................... 2,070,030 1,024,627 1,045,403 923,132 1,146,898 505,492 417,640 519,135 627,763 1,187,557 882,473 852,270 30,203
1999 ......................... 2,110,246 1,049,591 1,060,655 930,930 1,179,316 508,930 422,000 540,661 638,655 1,201,511 908,735 869,739 38,996
2000 ......................... 2,156,896 1,086,674 1,070,222 943,501 1,213,395 522,847 420,654 563,827 649,568 1,213,464 943,432 896,239 47,193
2001 ......................... 2,212,377 1,119,862 1,092,515 956,384 1,255,993 531,260 425,124 588,602 667,391 1,247,285 965,092 909,612 55,480
2002 ......................... 2,354,634 1,212,107 1,142,527 1,009,726 1,344,908 566,930 442,796 645,177 699,731 1,319,138 1,035,496 959,385 76,111
2003 ......................... 2,431,117 1,280,880 1,150,237 1,032,892 1,398,225 589,190 443,702 691,690 706,535 1,335,595 1,095,522 994,375 101,147
2004 ......................... 2,491,414 1,325,841 1,165,573 1,047,214 1,444,200 598,727 448,487 727,114 717,086 1,329,532 1,161,882 1,022,319 139,563
2005 ......................... 2,523,511 1,350,581 1,172,930 1,047,054 1,476,457 602,525 444,529 748,056 728,401 1,324,104 1,199,407 1,036,324 163,083
2006 ......................... 2,574,639 1,386,189 1,188,450 1,061,067 1,513,572 614,706 446,361 771,483 742,089 1,332,725 1,241,914 1,064,679 177,235
2007 ......................... 2,644,598 1,428,956 1,215,642 1,088,377 1,556,221 632,619 455,758 796,337 759,884 1,353,150 1,291,448 1,100,932 190,516
2008 ......................... 2,737,094 1,490,462 1,246,632 1,122,074 1,615,020 656,213 465,861 834,249 780,771 1,380,915 1,356,179 1,125,038 231,141
2009 ......................... 2,849,415 1,567,080 1,282,335 1,169,777 1,679,638 689,977 479,800 877,103 802,535 1,424,393 1,425,022 1,172,501 252,521
2010 ......................... 2,937,011 1,630,142 1,306,869 1,209,477 1,727,534 719,408 490,069 910,734 816,800 1,439,171 1,497,840 1,201,489 296,351
2011 ......................... 2,933,287 1,637,356 1,295,931 1,211,264 1,722,023 722,265 488,999 915,091 806,932 1,421,404 1,511,883 1,207,896 303,987
2012 ......................... 2,908,840 1,637,312 1,271,528 1,204,068 1,704,772 724,017 480,051 913,295 791,477 1,406,567 1,502,273 1,206,988 295,285
2013 ......................... 2,900,373 1,657,334 1,243,039 1,201,057 1,699,316 732,112 468,945 925,222 774,094 1,398,556 1,501,817 1,215,927 285,890
2014 ......................... 2,914,956 1,670,072 1,244,884 1,211,231 1,703,725 742,247 468,984 927,825 775,900 1,410,127 1,504,829 1,225,184 279,645
2015 ......................... 2,941,531 1,684,482 1,257,049 1,221,565 1,719,966 749,349 472,216 935,133 784,833 1,422,020 1,519,511 1,243,769 275,742
2016 ......................... 2,972,255 1,695,246 1,277,009 1,221,563 1,750,692 747,288 474,275 947,958 802,734 1,441,861 1,530,394 1,265,214 265,180
2017 ......................... 3,005,267 1,706,639 1,298,628 1,220,194 1,785,073 740,910 479,284 965,729 819,344 1,459,202 1,546,065 1,289,460 256,605
20181 ........................ 3,015,000 1,710,000 1,305,000 1,224,000 1,791,000 742,000 482,000 968,000 823,000 1,464,000 1,551,000 — —
20191 ........................ 3,027,000 1,715,000 1,312,000 1,229,000 1,798,000 744,000 485,000 971,000 827,000 1,470,000 1,557,000 — —
20201 ........................ 3,031,000 1,715,000 1,316,000 1,231,000 1,800,000 744,000 487,000 971,000 830,000 1,472,000 1,559,000 — —
20211 ........................ 3,036,000 1,714,000 1,322,000 1,232,000 1,804,000 743,000 489,000 971,000 833,000 1,474,000 1,562,000 — —
20221 ........................ 3,042,000 1,714,000 1,327,000 1,234,000 1,808,000 742,000 491,000 972,000 836,000 1,477,000 1,565,000 — —
20231 ........................ 3,050,000 1,716,000 1,333,000 1,237,000 1,813,000 743,000 494,000 973,000 840,000 1,481,000 1,569,000 — —
20241 ........................ 3,060,000 1,721,000 1,339,000 1,240,000 1,820,000 745,000 496,000 976,000 843,000 1,486,000 1,574,000 — —
20251 ........................ 3,071,000 1,727,000 1,344,000 1,245,000 1,826,000 747,000 497,000 980,000 847,000 1,491,000 1,579,000 — —
20261 ........................ 3,083,000 1,733,000 1,350,000 1,250,000 1,833,000 750,000 500,000 983,000 850,000 1,497,000 1,586,000 — —
20271 ........................ 3,089,000 1,734,000 1,355,000 1,253,000 1,836,000 751,000 502,000 983,000 853,000 1,500,000 1,589,000 — —
20281 ........................ 3,091,000 1,733,000 1,359,000 1,253,000 1,838,000 750,000 503,000 982,000 856,000 1,501,000 1,590,000 — —

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Projected. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
NOTE: Data include unclassified graduate students. Data through 1995 are for institutions Universities” surveys, 1970 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through
institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions
aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher
education institutions that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from
previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 303.90. Fall enrollment and number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and religious affiliation of institution: Selected years, 1980 through 2017

240 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Total enrollment Enrollment, fall 2017 Number of institutions1

Total Fall Enrollment—General

Full-time Part-time
Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall
Control and religious affiliation of institution Fall 1980 Fall 1990 Fall 2000 Fall 2010 Fall 2015 Fall 2016 Total Males Females Males Females 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All institutions .......................................................... 12,096,895 13,818,637 15,312,289 21,019,438 19,988,204 19,846,904 19,765,598 5,424,575 6,652,729 3,143,057 4,545,237 3,226 3,501 4,056 4,589 4,298
Public institutions .............................................................. 9,457,394 10,844,717 11,752,786 15,142,171 14,572,843 14,585,840 14,560,155 3,857,945 4,470,128 2,619,975 3,612,107 1,493 1,548 1,676 1,652 1,626
Federal ........................................................................... 50,989 50,669 16,917 21,610 19,700 19,804 20,171 12,744 5,788 547 1,092 12 17 12 14 14
State .............................................................................. (2) 7,181,380 9,548,090 12,364,881 12,045,013 12,089,310 12,103,676 3,410,243 3,980,128 1,972,380 2,740,925 (2) 978 1,355 1,331 1,314
Local .............................................................................. ( ) 3,508,941 2,078,090 2,542,044 2,309,275 2,276,473 2,235,556
2
383,815 423,708 611,337 816,696 (2) 523 277 261 257
Other public ................................................................... 9,406,405 103,727 109,689 213,636 198,855 200,253 200,752 51,143 60,504 35,711 53,394 1,481 30 32 46 41

Private institutions ............................................................. 2,639,501 2,973,920 3,559,503 5,877,267 5,415,361 5,261,064 5,205,443 1,566,630 2,182,601 523,082 933,130 1,733 1,953 2,380 2,937 2,672
Independent nonprofit .................................................... 1,521,614 1,474,818 1,577,242 1,994,900 2,171,490 2,190,233 2,220,512 739,359 945,141 207,109 328,903 795 709 729 736 809
For-profit ........................................................................ 111,714 213,693 450,084 2,022,785 1,349,470 1,182,108 1,098,966 237,634 429,311 131,638 300,383 164 322 724 1,310 985

Religiously affiliated3 ...................................................... 1,006,173 1,285,409 1,532,177 1,859,582 1,894,401 1,888,723 1,885,965 589,637 808,149 184,335 303,844 774 922 927 891 878

Advent Christian Church ............................................. 143 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church .................... 1,091 88 34 1,536 1,579 1,547 1,462 741 685 22 14 3 1 1 3 3
African Methodist Episcopal ........................................ 4,541 3,220 5,980 2,674 4,359 5,379 5,887 1,382 1,505 1,362 1,638 6 5 6 5 6
American Baptist ........................................................ 6,131 10,800 15,410 15,120 13,397 12,801 12,500 4,049 5,356 1,063 2,032 11 15 17 18 17
American Evangelical Lutheran Church ....................... — — 743 1,340 1,373 1,295 1,394 646 690 22 36 — — 1 1 1

American Lutheran and Lutheran Church in America ... 3,092 — 1,460 — — — — — — — — 3 — 1 — —

American Lutheran ..................................................... 21,608 — — — — — — — — — — 13 — — — —
Assemblies of God Church .......................................... 7,814 8,307 14,272 15,806 16,599 17,780 19,241 5,848 7,756 2,510 3,127 10 11 14 16 13
Baptist ........................................................................ 38,231 99,510 107,610 174,538 108,717 111,744 111,158 34,438 46,988 12,762 16,970 33 69 68 69 64
Brethren Church ......................................................... 3,925 958 2,088 8,506 8,227 9,135 8,627 2,712 3,282 1,438 1,195 3 3 3 3 2

Brethren in Christ Church ........................................... 1,301 2,239 2,797 — — — — — — — — 1 1 1 — —

Christian and Missionary Alliance Church .................... 1,705 2,519 5,278 6,455 5,916 6,094 6,122 1,771 2,280 825 1,246 3 4 4 4 4
Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) .......................... 14,913 30,397 35,984 52,839 46,157 47,970 46,260 13,629 20,046 5,256 7,329 12 18 16 18 17
Christian Churches and Churches of Christ ................. 1,342 2,263 7,277 10,074 10,183 10,061 9,970 3,560 3,450 1,366 1,594 7 8 18 18 17
Christian Methodist Episcopal ..................................... 2,486 2,174 1,502 4,817 4,102 4,207 4,062 2,090 1,775 95 102 4 4 1 3 3

Christian Reformed Church ......................................... 5,408 4,488 5,999 5,625 5,748 5,710 5,714 2,486 2,628 317 283 3 2 3 3 3
Church of Christ (Scientist) ......................................... 2,773 2,557 — — — — — — — — — 6 8 — — —
Church of God of Prophecy ......................................... — 249 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — —
Church of God ............................................................ 6,082 5,627 12,540 16,731 17,745 17,768 16,962 4,857 7,655 1,997 2,453 9 9 7 7 9
Church of New Jerusalem ........................................... 170 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — —

Church of the Brethren ............................................... 8,482 4,463 4,187 6,154 6,379 6,484 6,401 2,649 3,166 247 339 6 5 4 5 6
Church of the Nazarene .............................................. 11,716 10,779 16,661 21,144 21,726 22,572 23,267 6,290 9,880 2,398 4,699 10 9 12 10 10
Churches of Christ ...................................................... 9,343 14,611 30,140 35,538 35,701 36,299 36,136 11,731 16,119 3,219 5,067 9 19 19 17 18
Cumberland Presbyterian ........................................... 594 746 1,112 4,652 6,585 6,142 6,007 1,947 2,349 646 1,065 2 2 2 2 2
Episcopal Church, Reformed ....................................... 67 — — — 1,282 1,242 1,286 70 320 111 785 1 — — — 2

Evangelical Christian .................................................. — — — — 80,494 77,375 76,649 16,333 23,045 15,267 22,004 — — — — 3
Evangelical Congregational Church ............................. 80 88 148 153 124 120 111 20 10 55 26 1 1 1 1 1
Evangelical Covenant Church of America .................... 1,401 1,035 2,387 3,233 3,225 3,122 3,011 754 1,265 318 674 1 1 1 1 2
Evangelical Free Church of America ............................ 833 2,355 4,022 2,926 2,490 2,391 2,409 705 421 773 510 1 2 3 2 2
Evangelical Lutheran Church ...................................... 743 49,210 49,085 56,162 50,249 49,863 49,960 19,577 25,487 1,716 3,180 3 33 34 33 27

Free Methodist ........................................................... 5,543 5,902 7,323 12,270 11,978 11,324 10,965 3,040 5,912 626 1,387 5 3 4 5 5
Free Will Baptist Church .............................................. 1,132 1,177 2,378 528 693 713 704 281 238 91 94 4 3 4 3 3
Friends United Meeting ............................................... 1,109 — — — — — — — — — — 1 — — — —
Friends ....................................................................... 5,157 5,844 10,898 13,876 11,651 11,636 11,356 4,173 5,039 858 1,286 5 6 8 7 7
General Baptist ........................................................... — — — — 1,450 1,469 1,303 293 357 290 363 — — — — 1

See notes at end of table.

 Table 303.90. Fall enrollment and number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and religious affiliation of institution: Selected years, 1980 through 2017—Continued
Total enrollment Enrollment, fall 2017 Number of institutions1
Full-time Part-time
Fall Fall Fall Fall Fall
Control and religious affiliation of institution Fall 1980 Fall 1990 Fall 2000 Fall 2010 Fall 2015 Fall 2016 Total Males Females Males Females 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
General Conference Mennonite Church ....................... 820 1,243 1,059 — — — — — — — — 2 2 1 — —
Greek Orthodox .......................................................... 204 148 132 220 193 195 170 116 46 6 2 1 1 1 1 1
Interdenominational .................................................... 1,254 11,103 9,788 33,778 41,813 41,113 41,173 12,680 17,305 5,346 5,842 4 17 14 31 34
Jewish ........................................................................ 5,738 12,217 14,182 12,755 14,758 13,846 14,064 10,203 2,523 383 955 24 63 62 36 34
Latter-Day Saints ........................................................ 39,172 42,274 44,680 53,514 82,143 84,046 91,403 25,222 26,066 17,013 23,102 4 4 4 4 4

Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod ............................. 11,727 13,827 18,866 28,255 38,050 36,542 36,263 8,331 14,513 4,429 8,990 15 14 13 12 12
Lutheran Church in America ....................................... 23,877 5,796 4,322 8,240 8,613 8,708 8,181 3,224 4,171 266 520 20 5 2 3 3
Mennonite Brethren Church ........................................ 1,344 1,864 2,390 4,136 4,071 4,291 4,875 1,146 2,271 420 1,038 3 3 3 3 2
Mennonite Church ...................................................... 4,008 2,859 3,553 4,263 4,193 4,131 3,886 1,269 1,819 255 543 6 5 5 6 6
Missionary Church Inc ................................................ 487 699 1,647 2,152 1,719 1,639 1,513 426 657 127 303 1 1 1 1 1

Moravian Church ........................................................ 2,434 2,511 2,939 3,095 3,348 3,513 3,430 788 1,834 178 630 2 2 2 2 2
Multiple Protestant denominations .............................. 5,526 211 4,690 5,350 4,881 4,758 4,766 1,120 1,546 1,206 894 8 1 7 6 6
North American Baptist ............................................... 155 — 124 120 201 207 229 13 14 142 60 1 — 1 1 1
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Original Free Will Baptist ............................................. — — — 3,855 3,371 3,430 3,451 625 916 558 1,352 — — — 1 1
Pentecostal Holiness Church ....................................... 767 566 976 1,272 1,630 1,684 1,623 751 629 110 133 3 3 2 3 2

Presbyterian ............................................................... — — — — 2,988 2,965 3,080 1,024 1,510 175 371 — — — — 3

Presbyterian U.S.A. ..................................................... 47,144 77,700 78,950 85,719 84,218 82,215 80,867 29,485 38,324 3,983 9,075 57 70 64 58 56
Presbyterian Church in America .................................. — 1,877 4,499 2,071 1,637 1,611 1,585 639 607 198 141 — 1 5 2 2
Protestant Episcopal ................................................... 5,396 4,559 5,479 5,006 3,523 3,687 3,719 1,706 1,717 150 146 12 9 12 11 8
Protestant, other ......................................................... 4,072 38,136 30,116 13,450 18,380 19,342 19,215 5,534 7,348 2,772 3,561 11 44 34 23 26

Reformed Church in America ...................................... 2,713 5,525 6,002 6,555 6,291 6,205 6,125 2,304 3,074 281 466 4 4 5 5 5
Reformed Presbyterian Church ................................... 2,014 1,556 2,355 2,982 2,561 2,585 2,393 1,049 967 214 163 4 2 2 3 3
Reorganized Latter-Day Saints Church ........................ 4,274 4,793 3,390 — — — — — — — — 2 1 2 — —
Roman Catholic .......................................................... 422,842 530,585 636,336 751,091 729,936 720,808 711,948 217,734 322,129 57,644 114,441 229 239 239 237 229
Russian Orthodox ....................................................... 47 38 106 60 77 75 89 66 5 16 2 1 1 1 1 1

Seventh-Day Adventists .............................................. 19,168 15,771 19,223 25,430 24,277 23,914 23,602 7,461 10,885 1,844 3,412 11 11 13 14 13
Southern Baptist ......................................................... 85,281 49,493 54,275 49,936 54,955 55,308 59,959 17,091 21,038 9,803 12,027 54 29 32 22 22
Undenominational ....................................................... — 6,758 23,573 27,748 33,487 35,365 36,005 8,180 12,702 5,966 9,157 — 14 16 16 20
Unitarian Universalist .................................................. 87 82 132 166 183 181 178 31 85 19 43 2 2 2 2 2
United Brethren Church .............................................. 545 601 938 1,260 1,252 1,295 1,321 427 648 94 152 1 1 1 1 1

United Church of Christ ............................................... 14,169 20,175 23,709 20,537 16,248 15,641 15,324 5,082 6,234 1,318 2,690 16 18 18 17 14
United Methodist ........................................................ 127,099 148,851 171,109 206,744 200,314 200,792 200,277 72,160 95,274 12,079 20,764 91 96 100 96 94

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 241

Wesleyan Church ........................................................ 3,583 5,311 11,128 20,670 19,726 19,240 18,608 5,158 10,342 1,019 2,089 5 4 4 6 8
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod ....................... 808 931 1,660 1,677 2,088 2,051 2,095 781 895 202 217 1 3 2 2 2
Other religiously affiliated ........................................... 462 5,743 2,534 4,778 5,147 5,097 5,624 1,739 2,351 469 1,065 1 9 4 11 12

Total Fall Enrollment—General

—Not available. colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from
1
Counts of institutions in this table may be lower than reported in other tables, because counts in this table include only previously published figures.
institutions reporting separate enrollment data. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
2
Included under “Other public.” Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Institutions of Higher Education” and “Institutional Characteristics” surveys, 1980;
3
Religious affiliation as reported by institution. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90) and “Institutional
NOTE: Data for 1980 and 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Characteristics Survey” (IPEDS-IC:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table
Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. was prepared April 2019.)
The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year
242 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1970 through
2017
Percent
change,
2012 to
State or jurisdiction 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 8,580,887 12,096,895 13,818,637 15,312,289 21,019,438 20,644,478 20,209,092 19,988,204 19,846,904 19,765,598 -4.3
Alabama .......................................... 103,936 164,306 218,589 233,962 327,606 310,311 305,028 302,959 304,052 306,822 -1.1
Alaska ............................................. 9,471 21,296 29,833 27,953 34,799 32,797 34,331 31,373 28,436 26,905 -18.0
Arizona ............................................ 109,619 202,716 264,148 342,490 793,871 736,465 674,746 650,422 608,086 591,626 -19.7
Arkansas ......................................... 52,039 77,347 90,425 115,172 175,848 176,458 169,571 168,402 167,235 164,082 -7.0
California ......................................... 1,257,245 1,791,088 1,808,740 2,256,708 2,714,699 2,621,606 2,697,168 2,687,410 2,700,445 2,714,051 3.5
Colorado .......................................... 123,395 162,916 227,131 263,872 369,450 363,170 353,949 348,159 352,255 360,236 -0.8
Connecticut ..................................... 124,700 159,632 168,604 161,243 199,384 201,658 201,928 199,666 198,010 197,534 -2.0
Delaware ......................................... 25,260 32,939 42,004 43,897 55,258 58,127 60,437 60,392 61,139 60,338 3.8
District of Columbia ......................... 77,158 86,675 79,551 72,689 91,992 90,150 90,053 93,972 93,040 95,999 6.5
Florida ............................................. 235,525 411,891 588,086 707,684 1,124,778 1,154,506 1,111,018 1,083,570 1,075,527 1,071,484 -7.2
Georgia ............................................ 126,511 184,159 251,786 346,204 568,916 545,360 530,963 530,711 533,073 538,124 -1.3
Hawaii ............................................. 36,562 49,009 56,436 60,182 78,073 78,456 73,505 69,332 65,843 64,125 -18.3
Idaho ............................................... 34,567 43,018 51,881 65,594 85,201 108,008 118,953 121,109 123,796 131,803 22.0
Illinois .............................................. 452,146 645,288 729,246 743,918 906,845 866,893 825,002 802,211 777,720 757,002 -12.7
Indiana ............................................ 192,668 247,253 284,832 314,334 459,493 447,263 436,455 426,364 419,284 398,804 -10.8
Iowa ................................................ 108,902 140,449 170,515 188,974 381,867 361,189 282,518 275,106 266,513 260,954 -27.8
Kansas ............................................ 102,485 136,605 163,733 179,968 214,849 213,855 226,290 219,994 215,832 213,962 0.1
Kentucky ......................................... 98,591 143,066 177,852 188,341 291,104 281,133 264,197 255,722 255,062 258,498 -8.1
Louisiana ......................................... 120,728 160,058 186,840 223,800 263,676 258,846 245,938 245,305 239,278 242,065 -6.5
Maine .............................................. 34,134 43,264 57,186 58,473 72,406 73,095 71,750 71,719 72,116 71,811 -1.8
Maryland ......................................... 149,607 225,180 259,700 273,745 377,967 374,496 365,597 364,225 366,809 364,207 -2.7
Massachusetts ................................ 303,809 418,415 417,833 421,142 507,753 514,119 511,060 510,512 505,722 503,508 -2.1
Michigan ......................................... 392,726 520,131 569,803 567,631 697,765 663,703 619,962 601,462 583,034 558,053 -15.9
Minnesota ........................................ 160,788 206,691 253,789 293,445 465,449 451,661 433,948 430,466 422,793 412,966 -8.6
Mississippi ....................................... 73,967 102,364 122,883 137,389 179,995 176,618 170,724 174,183 172,588 171,751 -2.8
Missouri .......................................... 183,930 233,378 289,899 321,348 444,750 441,186 419,935 409,999 401,098 383,489 -13.1
Montana .......................................... 30,062 35,177 35,876 42,240 53,282 53,254 51,942 50,799 50,918 50,642 -4.9
Nebraska ......................................... 66,915 89,488 112,831 112,117 144,692 139,558 135,825 136,091 136,098 135,864 -2.6
Nevada ............................................ 13,669 40,455 61,728 87,893 129,360 118,300 119,205 116,101 116,030 117,574 -0.6
New Hampshire ............................... 29,400 46,794 59,510 61,718 75,539 82,678 106,559 123,508 133,159 149,184 80.4
New Jersey ...................................... 216,121 321,610 324,286 335,945 444,092 439,966 436,249 423,759 421,386 419,037 -4.8
New Mexico ..................................... 44,461 58,629 85,500 110,739 162,552 156,424 146,246 138,248 134,607 129,494 -17.2
New York ......................................... 806,479 992,349 1,048,286 1,043,395 1,305,151 1,309,684 1,298,972 1,285,406 1,273,634 1,260,240 -3.8
North Carolina .................................. 171,925 287,537 352,138 404,652 585,792 578,265 569,955 562,442 561,415 563,831 -2.5
North Dakota ................................... 31,495 34,069 37,878 40,248 56,903 55,242 54,048 53,834 54,203 53,749 -2.7
Ohio ................................................. 376,267 488,938 557,690 549,553 745,115 710,379 680,558 664,623 658,043 649,687 -8.5
Oklahoma ........................................ 110,155 160,295 173,221 178,016 230,560 228,492 215,410 211,117 208,333 202,051 -11.6
Oregon ............................................ 122,177 157,458 165,741 183,065 251,708 254,926 245,547 240,649 236,851 229,936 -9.8
Pennsylvania ................................... 411,044 507,716 604,060 609,521 804,640 777,350 750,376 736,163 725,682 717,289 -7.7
Rhode Island .................................... 45,898 66,869 78,273 75,450 85,110 83,952 83,499 82,292 83,348 82,766 -1.4
South Carolina ................................. 69,518 132,476 159,302 185,931 257,064 259,617 254,629 249,655 246,563 246,388 -5.1
South Dakota ................................... 30,639 32,761 34,208 43,221 58,360 56,058 53,961 53,664 53,683 53,620 -4.3
Tennessee ....................................... 135,103 204,841 226,238 263,910 351,762 343,478 326,623 323,869 321,752 323,157 -5.9
Texas ............................................... 442,225 701,391 901,437 1,033,973 1,535,864 1,544,524 1,556,288 1,579,614 1,605,498 1,630,516 5.6
Utah ................................................ 81,687 92,159 121,303 163,776 255,653 267,309 274,926 292,995 311,450 332,334 24.3

Vermont ........................................... 22,209 30,628 36,398 35,489 45,572 44,697 43,980 43,865 44,719 43,855 -1.9
Virginia ............................................ 151,915 280,504 353,442 381,893 577,922 588,708 577,911 569,752 557,444 554,212 -5.9
Washington ...................................... 183,544 303,603 263,384 320,840 388,116 365,529 365,186 364,844 366,547 367,944 0.7
West Virginia .................................... 63,153 81,973 84,790 87,888 152,431 162,182 157,052 150,897 146,608 142,963 -11.9
Wisconsin ........................................ 202,058 269,086 299,774 307,179 384,181 369,738 358,924 350,255 341,717 340,770 -7.8
Wyoming ......................................... 15,220 21,147 31,326 30,004 38,298 37,812 35,461 34,205 33,365 33,015 -12.7
U.S. Service Academies 1 .................. 17,079 49,808 48,692 13,475 15,925 15,227 14,734 14,812 15,065 15,281 0.4

Other jurisdictions .................. 67,237 137,749 164,618 194,633 264,240 259,975 255,837 247,886 241,896 192,406 -26.0
American Samoa ............................. 0 976 1,219 297 2,193 1,795 1,276 1,285 1,253 1,095 -39.0
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 0 224 975 1,576 2,699 2,744 2,344 2,215 2,090 2,022 -26.3
Guam .............................................. 2,719 3,217 4,741 5,215 6,188 5,955 6,488 6,395 6,084 6,027 1.2
Marshall Islands ............................... 0 0 0 328 869 1,123 1,087 995 978 1,032 -8.1
Northern Marianas ........................... 0 0 661 1,078 1,137 1,178 1,186 1,157 1,038 1,216 3.2
Palau ............................................... 0 0 491 581 694 680 604 627 587 532 -21.8
Puerto Rico ...................................... 63,073 131,184 154,065 183,290 247,727 244,077 240,572 232,891 227,496 178,312 -26.9
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 1,445 2,148 2,466 2,268 2,733 2,423 2,280 2,321 2,370 2,170 -10.4

1
Data for 2000 and later years reflect a substantial reduction in the number of Department SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
of Defense institutions included in the IPEDS survey. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
NOTE: Data through 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Universities” surveys, 1970 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 243
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.15. Total fall enrollment in public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 1970
through 2017
Percent
change,
2012 to
State or jurisdiction 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 6,428,134 9,457,394 10,844,717 11,752,786 15,142,171 14,884,667 14,654,660 14,572,843 14,585,840 14,560,155 -2.2
Alabama .......................................... 87,884 143,674 195,939 207,435 267,083 251,045 246,989 247,450 251,038 254,071 1.2
Alaska ............................................. 8,563 20,561 27,792 26,559 32,303 30,595 29,892 28,429 27,352 25,850 -15.5
Arizona ............................................ 107,315 194,034 248,213 284,522 366,976 359,229 354,997 360,976 361,400 366,787 2.1
Arkansas ......................................... 43,599 66,068 78,645 101,775 155,780 157,224 151,399 150,165 149,298 146,697 -6.7
California ......................................... 1,123,529 1,599,838 1,594,710 1,927,771 2,223,163 2,129,152 2,167,818 2,202,258 2,228,592 2,246,844 5.5
Colorado .......................................... 108,562 145,598 200,653 217,897 269,433 272,444 268,041 265,828 272,668 278,909 2.4
Connecticut ..................................... 73,391 97,788 109,556 101,027 127,194 124,952 122,303 119,766 117,345 116,090 -7.1
Delaware ......................................... 21,151 28,325 34,252 34,194 39,935 41,113 41,012 40,611 41,816 42,321 2.9
District of Columbia ......................... 12,194 13,900 11,990 5,499 5,840 5,476 5,115 5,118 4,587 4,529 -17.3
Florida ............................................. 189,450 334,349 489,081 556,912 790,027 804,693 795,628 794,390 797,048 798,045 -0.8
Georgia ............................................ 101,900 140,158 196,413 271,755 436,047 422,189 413,711 417,860 422,159 428,586 1.5
Hawaii ............................................. 32,963 43,269 45,728 44,579 60,090 60,295 57,052 55,756 53,418 51,674 -14.3
Idaho ............................................... 27,072 34,491 41,315 53,751 64,204 78,781 76,806 72,339 74,667 75,792 -3.8
Illinois .............................................. 315,634 491,274 551,333 534,155 585,515 556,890 529,462 509,104 492,578 478,042 -14.2
Indiana ............................................ 136,739 189,224 223,953 240,023 337,705 333,769 328,442 321,501 319,581 301,562 -9.6
Iowa ................................................ 68,390 97,454 117,834 135,008 177,781 173,558 169,896 171,005 171,075 170,427 -1.8
Kansas ............................................ 88,215 121,987 149,117 159,976 185,623 183,914 183,084 179,532 180,170 179,856 -2.2
Kentucky ......................................... 77,240 114,884 147,095 151,973 229,725 223,100 213,043 205,908 205,431 202,266 -9.3
Louisiana ......................................... 101,127 136,703 158,290 189,213 224,811 220,971 210,943 212,098 208,254 210,691 -4.7
Maine .............................................. 25,405 31,878 41,500 40,662 50,903 50,555 48,354 47,408 47,763 46,999 -7.0
Maryland ......................................... 118,988 195,051 220,783 223,797 309,779 310,503 305,156 303,849 306,892 303,640 -2.2
Massachusetts ................................ 116,127 183,765 186,035 183,248 224,542 228,178 226,213 222,243 218,465 213,389 -6.5
Michigan ......................................... 339,625 454,147 487,359 467,861 562,448 540,242 514,712 501,411 492,771 478,735 -11.4
Minnesota ........................................ 130,567 162,379 199,211 218,617 276,176 272,290 259,695 256,187 253,239 249,385 -8.4
Mississippi ....................................... 64,968 90,661 109,038 125,355 161,493 157,995 152,092 155,334 153,082 152,319 -3.6
Missouri .......................................... 132,540 165,179 200,093 201,509 256,030 257,430 252,980 248,516 244,921 235,540 -8.5
Montana .......................................... 27,287 31,178 31,865 37,387 48,231 48,333 47,024 45,935 46,262 46,002 -4.8
Nebraska ......................................... 51,454 73,509 94,614 88,531 107,979 104,166 99,821 100,030 101,032 101,038 -3.0
Nevada ............................................ 13,576 40,280 61,242 83,120 113,103 103,619 106,028 104,418 106,196 107,864 4.1
New Hampshire ............................... 15,979 24,119 32,163 35,870 44,077 43,289 42,904 42,628 41,170 39,761 -8.1
New Jersey ...................................... 145,373 247,028 261,601 266,921 358,256 356,457 351,357 339,722 337,099 334,597 -6.1
New Mexico ..................................... 40,795 55,077 83,403 101,450 150,844 146,792 138,311 131,343 129,038 125,280 -14.7
New York ......................................... 449,437 563,251 616,884 583,417 723,500 722,274 721,850 709,243 700,875 697,458 -3.4
North Carolina .................................. 123,761 228,154 285,405 329,422 475,064 465,950 455,100 448,055 450,080 454,632 -2.4
North Dakota ................................... 30,192 31,709 34,690 36,014 48,904 48,929 48,292 48,191 47,964 47,574 -2.8
Ohio ................................................. 281,099 381,765 427,613 411,161 547,551 524,973 510,244 501,677 501,146 497,473 -5.2
Oklahoma ........................................ 91,438 137,188 151,073 153,699 197,641 195,118 182,449 179,008 177,629 174,140 -10.8
Oregon ............................................ 108,483 140,102 144,427 154,756 208,001 212,541 201,645 197,948 197,819 192,334 -9.5
Pennsylvania ................................... 232,982 292,499 343,478 339,229 432,923 425,890 413,591 408,522 406,346 400,943 -5.9
Rhode Island .................................... 25,527 35,052 42,350 38,458 43,224 43,204 42,765 41,320 41,369 41,018 -5.1
South Carolina ................................. 47,101 107,683 131,134 155,519 205,080 209,023 205,756 202,487 200,295 200,622 -4.0
South Dakota ................................... 23,936 24,328 26,596 34,857 44,569 44,185 44,132 44,254 44,305 44,630 1.0
Tennessee ....................................... 98,897 156,835 175,049 202,530 242,486 235,010 224,033 223,411 221,288 223,179 -5.0
Texas ............................................... 365,522 613,552 802,314 896,534 1,334,110 1,352,060 1,365,664 1,388,266 1,423,205 1,448,385 7.1
Utah ................................................ 49,588 59,598 86,108 123,046 179,061 171,001 167,716 170,689 175,308 180,034 5.3
Vermont ........................................... 12,536 17,984 20,910 20,021 27,524 26,501 25,643 25,383 25,736 25,300 -4.5
Virginia ............................................ 123,279 246,500 291,286 313,780 409,004 409,753 399,359 394,210 389,446 389,249 -5.0
Washington ...................................... 162,718 276,028 227,632 273,928 330,853 311,497 312,523 313,964 315,356 318,336 2.2
West Virginia .................................... 51,363 71,228 74,108 76,136 96,104 93,017 87,842 86,342 85,099 83,895 -9.8
Wisconsin ........................................ 170,374 235,179 253,529 249,737 301,259 293,416 286,726 282,250 278,300 279,533 -4.7
Wyoming ......................................... 15,220 21,121 30,623 28,715 36,292 35,859 34,316 33,693 32,802 32,551 -9.2
U.S. Service Academies 1 .................. 17,079 49,808 48,692 13,475 15,925 15,227 14,734 14,812 15,065 15,281 0.4

Other jurisdictions .................. 46,680 60,692 66,244 84,464 83,719 78,400 77,716 80,129 81,479 37,419 -52.3
American Samoa ............................. 0 976 1,219 297 2,193 1,795 1,276 1,285 1,253 1,095 -39.0
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 0 224 975 1,576 2,699 2,744 2,344 2,215 2,090 2,022 -26.3
Guam .............................................. 2,719 3,217 4,741 5,215 6,103 5,878 6,416 6,325 6,017 5,972 1.6
Marshall Islands ............................... 0 0 0 328 869 1,123 1,087 995 978 1,032 -8.1
Northern Marianas ........................... 0 0 661 1,078 1,137 1,178 1,186 1,157 1,038 1,216 3.2
Palau ............................................... 0 0 491 581 694 680 604 627 587 532 -21.8
Puerto Rico ...................................... 42,516 54,127 55,691 73,121 67,291 62,579 62,523 65,204 67,146 23,380 -62.6
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 1,445 2,148 2,466 2,268 2,733 2,423 2,280 2,321 2,370 2,170 -10.4

1
Data for 2000 and later years reflect a substantial reduction in the number of Department SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
of Defense institutions included in the IPEDS survey. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
NOTE: Data through 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Universities” surveys, 1970 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

244 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.21. Total fall enrollment in private nonprofit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years,
1980 through 2017
Percent
change,
2012 to
State or jurisdiction 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 2,527,787 2,760,227 3,109,419 3,854,482 3,951,388 3,971,390 3,997,249 4,065,891 4,078,956 4,106,477 3.9
Alabama .......................................... 19,233 20,421 22,649 25,136 26,109 25,239 26,032 25,967 24,956 26,149 0.2
Alaska ............................................. 735 1,647 908 732 715 764 693 621 660 625 -12.6
Arizona ............................................ 2,949 7,184 11,092 8,817 9,187 9,150 9,854 9,606 9,802 9,935 8.1
Arkansas ......................................... 9,557 10,078 12,640 16,654 17,152 16,919 16,995 17,554 17,446 17,009 -0.8
California ......................................... 183,700 201,222 252,449 285,898 297,250 306,964 307,516 304,296 304,789 309,256 4.0
Colorado .......................................... 16,156 19,254 27,548 32,938 33,765 34,530 34,372 35,400 34,269 34,081 0.9
Connecticut ..................................... 61,457 58,346 58,444 66,750 67,765 68,779 70,396 71,715 72,344 72,360 6.8
Delaware ......................................... 4,614 7,752 9,703 14,833 16,627 18,245 19,090 19,455 19,022 17,697 6.4
District of Columbia ......................... 70,894 64,645 64,212 78,215 79,000 78,908 78,502 79,276 78,938 81,099 2.7
Florida ............................................. 73,767 87,476 113,580 162,311 179,935 180,611 181,931 207,518 205,323 203,259 13.0
Georgia ............................................ 39,122 46,297 64,123 71,134 73,235 73,395 73,262 74,106 76,263 78,855 7.7
Hawaii ............................................. 5,740 10,708 13,727 14,273 14,292 13,087 11,969 10,586 9,799 10,159 -28.9
Idaho ............................................... 8,527 10,133 11,167 18,185 26,749 31,489 40,662 47,651 48,492 55,503 107.5
Illinois .............................................. 147,269 165,669 184,856 227,482 227,880 224,127 222,651 221,310 218,283 215,251 -5.5
Indiana ............................................ 54,641 56,929 67,307 88,928 88,916 88,834 90,580 90,752 91,604 89,985 1.2
Iowa ................................................ 42,693 51,851 51,625 57,430 56,221 56,283 56,114 54,078 53,475 52,870 -6.0
Kansas ............................................ 14,618 14,518 19,522 25,212 26,004 26,693 26,057 25,249 23,058 22,910 -11.9
Kentucky ......................................... 22,326 26,084 28,015 37,554 40,223 39,830 39,025 39,483 41,332 47,958 19.2
Louisiana ......................................... 22,980 26,183 29,963 27,667 28,881 28,065 27,052 26,345 25,676 26,436 -8.5
Maine .............................................. 10,258 14,348 16,837 19,578 21,121 21,329 21,394 22,424 22,737 23,468 11.1
Maryland ......................................... 30,035 38,557 46,529 54,894 54,917 53,856 52,822 53,063 53,881 54,647 -0.5
Massachusetts ................................ 234,007 231,232 236,050 275,565 278,907 280,088 280,138 284,065 284,513 287,987 3.3
Michigan ......................................... 65,984 82,444 96,669 124,307 114,676 108,166 98,367 95,107 87,297 76,764 -33.1
Minnesota ........................................ 42,292 51,502 62,870 73,504 71,446 71,366 71,004 70,666 70,356 70,653 -1.1
Mississippi ....................................... 10,556 12,034 11,625 15,398 16,058 16,046 16,376 16,873 17,856 17,576 9.5
Missouri .......................................... 66,440 86,202 109,784 153,918 154,169 152,442 149,771 147,328 146,452 139,898 -9.3
Montana .......................................... 3,482 4,011 4,853 5,051 4,921 4,926 4,918 4,864 4,621 4,603 -6.5
Nebraska ......................................... 15,979 17,885 21,608 32,940 32,783 33,400 33,707 34,233 33,747 33,854 3.3
Nevada ............................................ 175 339 586 3,370 3,421 3,546 3,762 4,214 4,057 4,266 24.7
New Hampshire ............................... 20,783 24,900 21,939 26,566 35,681 46,681 61,412 79,388 91,989 109,423 206.7
New Jersey ...................................... 73,757 59,011 62,049 75,980 74,391 73,483 73,908 73,636 73,822 73,693 -0.9
New Mexico ..................................... 3,552 1,796 4,258 1,120 1,334 1,503 1,568 1,617 1,658 1,590 19.2
New York ......................................... 407,101 406,510 424,379 526,357 535,236 533,749 528,729 530,798 530,938 524,187 -2.1
North Carolina .................................. 55,729 64,859 74,640 92,031 94,023 96,072 96,500 97,684 97,322 97,163 3.3
North Dakota ................................... 2,360 3,188 4,123 6,234 5,313 5,348 4,963 5,040 5,690 5,648 6.3
Ohio ................................................. 95,918 109,749 124,718 146,389 146,179 142,502 141,357 138,542 138,327 136,807 -6.4
Oklahoma ........................................ 21,149 18,492 21,094 22,657 24,032 25,117 24,740 25,996 26,227 23,919 -0.5
Oregon ............................................ 17,192 20,353 25,289 32,811 33,370 35,289 37,256 37,533 35,429 34,623 3.8
Pennsylvania ................................... 207,975 223,478 239,128 298,997 296,704 294,767 292,276 292,166 291,914 294,802 -0.6
Rhode Island .................................... 31,817 35,923 36,768 41,886 40,748 40,674 40,734 40,972 41,979 41,748 2.5
South Carolina ................................. 21,868 26,734 29,655 35,089 34,601 34,195 34,552 34,606 35,106 34,137 -1.3
South Dakota ................................... 8,433 6,188 5,660 9,044 7,273 7,153 7,137 7,221 7,223 7,060 -2.9
Tennessee ....................................... 44,711 47,344 55,809 77,764 82,816 83,912 83,412 83,352 84,426 84,459 2.0
Texas ............................................... 86,001 92,672 120,123 131,485 136,187 136,077 137,171 140,057 142,266 142,736 4.8
Utah ................................................ 32,561 34,387 35,986 61,310 81,270 85,599 100,548 117,009 131,527 147,610 81.6
Vermont ........................................... 12,644 15,488 15,131 17,433 17,679 17,222 17,915 18,103 18,683 18,411 4.1
Virginia ............................................ 33,269 57,142 50,979 110,720 128,323 130,794 134,602 135,037 132,850 132,988 3.6
Washington ...................................... 27,087 32,145 41,415 43,702 43,177 43,222 43,162 44,568 43,992 42,861 -0.7
West Virginia .................................... 10,440 9,822 9,800 12,952 7,683 8,505 8,679 8,665 8,809 8,583 11.7
Wisconsin ........................................ 33,254 45,095 55,535 65,281 63,043 62,427 61,556 59,584 57,168 58,452 -7.3
Wyoming ......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 22 60 512 563 464 †

Other jurisdictions .................. 70,702 164,618 194,633 137,375 138,661 134,587 131,649 127,194 122,016 118,286 -14.7
American Samoa ............................. 0 1,219 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 0 975 1,576 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Guam .............................................. 0 4,741 5,215 85 77 79 72 70 67 55 -28.6
Marshall Islands ............................... 0 0 328 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Northern Marianas ........................... 0 661 1,078 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Palau ............................................... 0 491 581 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Puerto Rico ...................................... 70,702 154,065 183,290 137,290 138,584 134,508 131,577 127,124 121,949 118,231 -14.7
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 0 2,466 2,268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Data through 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Universities” survey, 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS),
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018,
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 245
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.22. Total fall enrollment in private for-profit degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Selected years,
1980 through 2017
Percent
change,
2012 to
State or jurisdiction 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 111,714 213,693 450,084 2,022,785 1,808,423 1,658,439 1,557,183 1,349,470 1,182,108 1,098,966 -39.2
Alabama .......................................... 1,399 2,229 3,878 35,387 33,157 32,282 32,007 29,542 28,058 26,602 -19.8
Alaska ............................................. 0 394 486 1,764 1,487 2,526 3,746 2,323 424 430 -71.1
Arizona ............................................ 5,733 8,751 46,876 418,078 368,049 330,079 309,895 279,840 236,884 214,904 -41.6
Arkansas ......................................... 1,722 1,702 757 3,414 2,082 1,615 1,177 683 491 376 -81.9
California ......................................... 7,550 12,808 76,488 205,638 195,204 182,846 221,834 180,856 167,064 157,951 -19.1
Colorado .......................................... 1,162 7,224 18,427 67,079 56,961 52,577 51,536 46,931 45,318 47,246 -17.1
Connecticut ..................................... 387 702 1,772 5,440 8,941 9,156 9,229 8,185 8,321 9,084 1.6
Delaware ......................................... 0 0 0 490 387 378 335 326 301 320 -17.3
District of Columbia ......................... 1,881 2,916 2,978 7,937 5,674 5,002 6,436 9,578 9,515 10,371 82.8
Florida ............................................. 3,775 11,529 37,192 172,440 169,878 149,401 133,459 81,662 73,156 70,180 -58.7
Georgia ............................................ 4,879 9,076 10,326 61,735 49,936 46,324 43,990 38,745 34,651 30,683 -38.6
Hawaii ............................................. 0 0 1,876 3,710 3,869 4,406 4,484 2,990 2,626 2,292 -40.8
Idaho ............................................... 0 433 676 2,812 2,478 1,645 1,485 1,119 637 508 -79.5
Illinois .............................................. 6,745 12,244 24,907 93,848 82,123 72,278 72,889 71,797 66,859 63,709 -22.4
Indiana ............................................ 3,388 3,950 7,004 32,860 24,578 19,652 17,433 14,111 8,099 7,257 -70.5
Iowa ................................................ 302 830 2,341 146,656 131,410 114,811 56,508 50,023 41,963 37,657 -71.3
Kansas ............................................ 0 98 470 4,014 3,937 5,087 17,149 15,213 12,604 11,196 184.4
Kentucky ......................................... 5,856 4,673 8,353 23,825 17,810 14,771 12,129 10,331 8,299 8,274 -53.5
Louisiana ......................................... 375 2,367 4,624 11,198 8,994 8,169 7,943 6,862 5,348 4,938 -45.1
Maine .............................................. 1,128 1,338 974 1,925 1,419 1,481 2,002 1,887 1,616 1,344 -5.3
Maryland ......................................... 94 360 3,419 13,294 9,076 8,278 7,619 7,313 6,036 5,920 -34.8
Massachusetts ................................ 643 566 1,844 7,646 7,034 5,623 4,709 4,204 2,744 2,132 -69.7
Michigan ......................................... 0 0 3,101 11,010 8,785 7,664 6,883 4,944 2,966 2,554 -70.9
Minnesota ........................................ 2,020 3,076 11,958 115,769 107,925 103,831 103,249 103,613 99,198 92,928 -13.9
Mississippi ....................................... 1,147 1,811 409 3,104 2,565 2,672 2,256 1,976 1,650 1,856 -27.6
Missouri .......................................... 1,759 3,604 10,055 34,802 29,587 31,354 17,184 14,155 9,725 8,051 -72.8
Montana .......................................... 517 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 37 †
Nebraska ......................................... 0 332 1,978 3,773 2,609 2,650 2,297 1,828 1,319 972 -62.7
Nevada ............................................ 0 147 4,187 12,887 11,260 10,654 9,415 7,469 5,777 5,444 -51.7
New Hampshire ............................... 1,892 2,447 3,909 4,896 3,708 3,048 2,243 1,492 0 0 -100.0
New Jersey ...................................... 825 3,674 6,975 9,856 9,118 10,634 10,984 10,401 10,465 10,747 17.9
New Mexico ..................................... 0 301 5,031 10,588 8,298 7,571 6,367 5,288 3,911 2,624 -68.4
New York ......................................... 21,997 24,892 35,599 55,294 52,174 50,424 48,393 45,365 41,821 38,595 -26.0
North Carolina .................................. 3,654 1,874 590 18,697 18,292 18,823 18,355 16,703 14,013 12,036 -34.2
North Dakota ................................... 0 0 111 1,765 1,000 964 793 603 549 527 -47.3
Ohio ................................................. 11,255 20,328 13,674 51,175 39,227 34,371 28,957 24,404 18,570 15,407 -60.7
Oklahoma ........................................ 1,958 3,656 3,223 10,262 9,342 8,702 8,221 6,113 4,477 3,992 -57.3
Oregon ............................................ 164 961 3,020 10,896 9,015 7,481 6,646 5,168 3,603 2,979 -67.0
Pennsylvania ................................... 7,242 37,104 31,164 72,720 54,756 50,958 44,509 35,475 27,422 21,544 -60.7
Rhode Island .................................... 0 0 224 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
South Carolina ................................. 2,925 1,434 757 16,895 15,993 15,932 14,321 12,562 11,162 11,629 -27.3
South Dakota ................................... 0 1,424 2,704 4,747 4,600 3,704 2,692 2,189 2,155 1,930 -58.0
Tennessee ....................................... 3,295 3,845 5,571 31,512 25,652 24,983 19,178 17,106 16,038 15,519 -39.5
Texas ............................................... 1,838 6,451 17,316 70,269 56,277 55,712 53,453 51,291 40,027 39,395 -30.0
Utah ................................................ 0 808 4,744 15,282 15,038 7,987 6,662 5,297 4,615 4,690 -68.8
Vermont ........................................... 0 0 337 615 517 462 422 379 300 144 -72.1
Virginia ............................................ 735 5,014 17,134 58,198 50,632 47,046 43,950 40,505 35,148 31,975 -36.8
Washington ...................................... 488 3,607 5,497 13,561 10,855 9,963 9,501 6,312 7,199 6,747 -37.8
West Virginia .................................... 305 860 1,952 43,375 61,482 58,667 60,531 55,890 52,700 50,485 -17.9
Wisconsin ........................................ 653 1,150 1,907 17,641 13,279 12,333 10,642 8,421 6,249 2,785 -79.0
Wyoming ......................................... 26 703 1,289 2,006 1,953 1,462 1,085 0 0 0 -100.0

Other jurisdictions .................. 6,355 164,618 194,633 43,146 42,914 41,820 46,472 40,563 38,401 36,701 -14.5
American Samoa ............................. 0 1,219 297 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 0 975 1,576 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Guam .............................................. 0 4,741 5,215 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Marshall Islands ............................... 0 0 328 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Northern Marianas ........................... 0 661 1,078 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Palau ............................................... 0 491 581 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †
Puerto Rico ...................................... 6,355 154,065 183,290 43,146 42,914 41,820 46,472 40,563 38,401 36,701 -14.5
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 0 2,466 2,268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 †

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Data through 1990 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Universities” survey, 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS),
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018,
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant degrees.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

246 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.30. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state or jurisdiction: 2016
and 2017
2016 2017 Percent
Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time change,
2016 to
State or jurisdiction Total Males Females Males Females Total Males Females Males Females 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 19,846,904 5,472,798 6,652,516 3,165,624 4,555,966 19,765,598 5,424,575 6,652,729 3,143,057 4,545,237 -0.4
Alabama .......................................... 304,052 91,869 117,075 39,134 55,974 306,822 91,971 118,876 39,522 56,453 0.9
Alaska ............................................. 28,436 5,804 6,749 5,764 10,119 26,905 5,485 6,705 5,409 9,306 -5.4
Arizona ............................................ 608,086 149,953 217,019 90,974 150,140 591,626 141,890 196,826 94,483 158,427 -2.7
Arkansas ......................................... 167,235 45,947 59,049 24,338 37,901 164,082 44,881 58,763 23,410 37,028 -1.9
California ......................................... 2,700,445 661,370 818,752 558,869 661,454 2,714,051 665,826 828,188 555,106 664,931 0.5
Colorado .......................................... 352,255 94,597 106,882 61,370 89,406 360,236 95,560 109,193 64,269 91,214 2.3
Connecticut ..................................... 198,010 58,734 70,068 26,240 42,968 197,534 58,447 70,992 25,363 42,732 -0.2
Delaware ......................................... 61,139 16,446 21,321 8,069 15,303 60,338 15,918 21,376 7,965 15,079 -1.3
District of Columbia ......................... 93,040 25,872 36,932 11,713 18,523 95,999 25,965 38,178 12,279 19,577 3.2
Florida ............................................. 1,075,527 264,513 341,417 187,775 281,822 1,071,484 265,029 349,640 182,683 274,132 -0.4
Georgia ............................................ 533,073 145,625 197,781 72,421 117,246 538,124 144,085 194,698 75,754 123,587 0.9
Hawaii ............................................. 65,843 16,281 22,044 10,942 16,576 64,125 15,659 21,771 10,376 16,319 -2.6
Idaho ............................................... 123,796 28,030 31,668 25,865 38,233 131,803 27,695 32,239 29,016 42,853 6.5
Illinois .............................................. 777,720 208,187 240,800 128,548 200,185 757,002 201,415 235,665 123,824 196,098 -2.7
Indiana ............................................ 419,284 123,798 144,506 63,918 87,062 398,804 121,301 142,262 57,894 77,347 -4.9
Iowa ................................................ 266,513 75,093 81,293 42,315 67,812 260,954 73,515 79,679 41,613 66,147 -2.1
Kansas ............................................ 215,832 60,837 65,313 38,191 51,491 213,962 59,848 64,465 37,810 51,839 -0.9
Kentucky ......................................... 255,062 68,400 90,220 40,013 56,429 258,498 66,423 89,574 43,704 58,797 1.3
Louisiana ......................................... 239,278 67,137 92,613 29,644 49,884 242,065 66,521 94,282 29,526 51,736 1.2
Maine .............................................. 72,116 19,652 24,327 9,782 18,355 71,811 19,554 24,020 9,644 18,593 -0.4
Maryland ......................................... 366,809 88,209 102,926 75,132 100,542 364,207 87,127 101,742 74,525 100,813 -0.7
Massachusetts ................................ 505,722 160,457 191,157 58,698 95,410 503,508 161,236 192,429 57,419 92,424 -0.4
Michigan ......................................... 583,034 162,283 182,908 101,248 136,595 558,053 157,319 176,794 95,590 128,350 -4.3
Minnesota ........................................ 422,793 97,358 128,040 68,513 128,882 412,966 94,227 125,640 66,074 127,025 -2.3
Mississippi ....................................... 172,588 53,766 76,226 15,251 27,345 171,751 53,079 75,495 15,406 27,771 -0.5
Missouri .......................................... 401,098 110,500 132,952 63,196 94,450 383,489 105,983 129,698 58,390 89,418 -4.4
Montana .......................................... 50,918 17,921 18,148 5,860 8,989 50,642 17,412 17,980 5,869 9,381 -0.5
Nebraska ......................................... 136,098 40,770 47,377 19,743 28,208 135,864 40,250 47,186 20,028 28,400 -0.2
Nevada ............................................ 116,030 26,799 35,043 22,651 31,537 117,574 26,886 36,078 22,872 31,738 1.3
New Hampshire ............................... 133,159 30,734 40,043 21,604 40,778 149,184 29,337 38,914 28,460 52,473 12.0
New Jersey ...................................... 421,386 131,275 143,003 61,159 85,949 419,037 131,377 143,515 59,872 84,273 -0.6
New Mexico ..................................... 134,607 30,230 37,689 26,360 40,328 129,494 28,160 35,756 25,983 39,595 -3.8
New York ......................................... 1,273,634 403,885 489,740 151,476 228,533 1,260,240 404,517 491,225 146,062 218,436 -1.1
North Carolina .................................. 561,415 157,142 203,545 76,389 124,339 563,831 156,315 203,030 77,730 126,756 0.4
North Dakota ................................... 54,203 19,126 18,456 7,617 9,004 53,749 18,770 18,292 7,512 9,175 -0.8
Ohio ................................................. 658,043 195,593 222,299 95,433 144,718 649,687 192,586 220,051 94,259 142,791 -1.3
Oklahoma ........................................ 208,333 62,983 73,602 28,604 43,144 202,051 60,325 70,638 27,791 43,297 -3.0
Oregon ............................................ 236,851 67,340 79,757 40,403 49,351 229,936 64,710 78,544 38,723 47,959 -2.9
Pennsylvania ................................... 725,682 245,330 281,239 74,586 124,527 717,289 242,814 279,991 72,263 122,221 -1.2
Rhode Island .................................... 83,348 27,555 34,499 8,057 13,237 82,766 27,742 34,659 7,682 12,683 -0.7
South Carolina ................................. 246,563 74,791 96,087 26,722 48,963 246,388 74,099 97,014 26,898 48,377 -0.1
South Dakota ................................... 53,683 16,215 16,747 7,920 12,801 53,620 16,227 16,723 7,984 12,686 -0.1
Tennessee ....................................... 321,752 100,433 129,035 35,473 56,811 323,157 100,053 130,691 35,515 56,898 0.4
Texas ............................................... 1,605,498 385,277 453,885 316,371 449,965 1,630,516 387,682 465,777 318,677 458,380 1.6
Utah ................................................ 311,450 98,987 124,668 42,284 45,511 332,334 103,652 139,032 43,211 46,439 6.7
Vermont ........................................... 44,719 15,803 16,459 4,942 7,515 43,855 15,396 16,407 4,724 7,328 -1.9
Virginia ............................................ 557,444 153,600 187,260 87,620 128,964 554,212 153,205 188,215 86,818 125,974 -0.6
Washington ...................................... 366,547 115,231 136,553 49,439 65,324 367,944 115,274 138,436 49,055 65,179 0.4
West Virginia .................................... 146,608 35,486 39,744 38,763 32,615 142,963 34,776 39,523 36,927 31,737 -2.5
Wisconsin ........................................ 341,717 99,088 114,556 51,372 76,701 340,770 96,688 112,670 54,310 77,102 -0.3
Wyoming ......................................... 33,365 9,072 9,416 6,833 8,044 33,015 8,931 9,364 6,760 7,960 -1.0

U.S. Service Academies ................... 15,065 11,414 3,628 20 3 15,281 11,432 3,828 18 3 1.4

Other jurisdictions .................. 241,896 81,322 111,694 19,749 29,131 192,406 62,737 85,872 17,983 25,814 -20.5
American Samoa ............................. 1,253 240 462 171 380 1,095 205 410 164 316 -12.6
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 2,090 613 857 259 361 2,022 639 815 257 311 -3.3
Guam .............................................. 6,084 1,653 2,268 938 1,225 6,027 1,695 2,237 886 1,209 -0.9
Marshall Islands ............................... 978 322 350 165 141 1,032 331 336 196 169 5.5
Northern Marianas ........................... 1,038 335 493 77 133 1,216 354 559 124 179 17.1
Palau ............................................... 587 186 175 82 144 532 168 196 70 98 -9.4
Puerto Rico ...................................... 227,496 77,475 106,084 17,812 26,125 178,312 58,863 80,439 16,056 22,954 -21.6
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 2,370 498 1,005 245 622 2,170 482 880 230 578 -8.4

NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017 and Spring 2018,
published figures. Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 247
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.35. Total fall enrollment in public degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, sex, and state or
jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017
2016 2017 Percent
Full-time Part-time Full-time Part-time change,
2016 to
State or jurisdiction Total Males Females Males Females Total Males Females Males Females 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
United States .......................... 14,585,840 3,877,799 4,449,580 2,636,936 3,621,525 14,560,155 3,857,945 4,470,128 2,619,975 3,612,107 -0.2
Alabama .......................................... 251,038 73,274 94,720 32,974 50,070 254,071 74,204 96,245 32,969 50,653 1.2
Alaska ............................................. 27,352 5,581 6,175 5,653 9,943 25,850 5,289 6,133 5,306 9,122 -5.5
Arizona ............................................ 361,400 91,062 96,225 73,547 100,566 366,787 90,375 98,218 75,047 103,147 1.5
Arkansas ......................................... 149,298 39,189 50,847 23,199 36,063 146,697 38,360 50,747 22,243 35,347 -1.7
California ......................................... 2,228,592 510,644 592,774 520,618 604,556 2,246,844 516,544 605,663 517,870 606,767 0.8
Colorado .......................................... 272,668 73,900 76,952 51,478 70,338 278,909 74,706 78,038 54,672 71,493 2.3
Connecticut ..................................... 117,345 32,624 36,421 19,610 28,690 116,090 32,653 36,476 18,798 28,163 -1.1
Delaware ......................................... 41,816 12,761 17,104 4,268 7,683 42,321 12,727 17,222 4,488 7,884 1.2
District of Columbia ......................... 4,587 1,053 1,140 858 1,536 4,529 1,050 1,206 830 1,443 -1.3
Florida ............................................. 797,048 178,700 222,720 159,494 236,134 798,045 181,640 227,474 155,578 233,353 0.1
Georgia ............................................ 422,159 114,823 146,092 63,671 97,573 428,586 115,084 146,935 66,216 100,351 1.5
Hawaii ............................................. 53,418 12,462 16,004 9,795 15,157 51,674 12,080 15,581 9,201 14,812 -3.3
Idaho ............................................... 74,667 19,081 20,371 14,057 21,158 75,792 18,453 20,740 14,690 21,909 1.5
Illinois .............................................. 492,578 126,935 133,953 98,944 132,746 478,042 122,250 129,588 96,430 129,774 -3.0
Indiana ............................................ 319,581 88,510 98,074 57,463 75,534 301,562 87,402 96,787 51,562 65,811 -5.6
Iowa ................................................ 171,075 52,072 51,292 30,256 37,455 170,427 51,200 50,396 30,355 38,476 -0.4
Kansas ............................................ 180,170 50,679 54,294 31,582 43,615 179,856 49,807 53,755 31,850 44,444 -0.2
Kentucky ......................................... 205,431 55,491 69,530 34,317 46,093 202,266 53,145 68,233 34,491 46,397 -1.5
Louisiana ......................................... 208,254 58,079 76,449 27,875 45,851 210,691 57,500 77,266 27,979 47,946 1.2
Maine .............................................. 47,763 12,392 13,397 8,150 13,824 46,999 12,283 13,326 7,845 13,545 -1.6
Maryland ......................................... 306,892 71,715 81,254 67,254 86,669 303,640 70,761 79,773 66,368 86,738 -1.1
Massachusetts ................................ 218,465 59,944 64,631 36,135 57,755 213,389 59,644 64,619 34,183 54,943 -2.3
Michigan ......................................... 492,771 137,344 153,275 87,285 114,867 478,735 133,968 150,110 83,964 110,693 -2.8
Minnesota ........................................ 253,239 67,902 73,858 46,439 65,040 249,385 66,561 73,545 45,331 63,948 -1.5
Mississippi ....................................... 153,082 49,098 68,416 13,187 22,381 152,319 48,572 67,568 13,299 22,880 -0.5
Missouri .......................................... 244,921 69,207 81,029 38,147 56,538 235,540 66,018 78,943 36,025 54,554 -3.8
Montana .......................................... 46,262 16,312 15,903 5,640 8,407 46,002 15,834 15,819 5,648 8,701 -0.6
Nebraska ......................................... 101,032 29,765 31,843 17,027 22,397 101,038 29,570 31,906 17,199 22,363 #
Nevada ............................................ 106,196 23,511 29,822 22,234 30,629 107,864 23,908 30,673 22,445 30,838 1.6
New Hampshire ............................... 41,170 13,150 15,405 4,995 7,620 39,761 12,907 15,160 4,447 7,247 -3.4
New Jersey ...................................... 337,099 99,715 110,235 53,544 73,605 334,597 99,889 110,370 52,439 71,899 -0.7
New Mexico ..................................... 129,038 28,698 34,838 25,998 39,504 125,280 27,085 33,394 25,768 39,033 -2.9
New York ......................................... 700,875 214,562 247,231 97,252 141,830 697,458 215,895 248,886 95,192 137,485 -0.5
North Carolina .................................. 450,080 118,527 152,094 69,573 109,886 454,632 118,178 152,668 71,232 112,554 1.0
North Dakota ................................... 47,964 17,235 15,433 7,102 8,194 47,574 16,888 15,366 7,032 8,288 -0.8
Ohio ................................................. 501,146 142,011 156,078 82,578 120,479 497,473 140,358 154,832 82,121 120,162 -0.7
Oklahoma ........................................ 177,629 50,380 59,789 26,778 40,682 174,140 48,723 58,189 26,112 41,116 -2.0
Oregon ............................................ 197,819 55,457 59,223 38,068 45,071 192,334 53,352 58,974 36,449 43,559 -2.8
Pennsylvania ................................... 406,346 134,191 143,773 50,927 77,455 400,943 132,492 142,340 49,690 76,421 -1.3
Rhode Island .................................... 41,369 10,296 14,187 6,191 10,695 41,018 10,563 14,628 5,775 10,052 -0.8
South Carolina ................................. 200,295 60,169 74,345 23,705 42,076 200,622 59,898 74,953 24,044 41,727 0.2
South Dakota ................................... 44,305 14,131 13,706 6,610 9,858 44,630 14,200 13,520 6,747 10,163 0.7
Tennessee ....................................... 221,288 67,395 81,726 28,603 43,564 223,179 67,470 83,070 28,797 43,842 0.9
Texas ............................................... 1,423,205 323,662 371,683 300,137 427,723 1,448,385 326,483 381,540 303,580 436,782 1.8
Utah ................................................ 175,308 47,485 46,038 39,143 42,642 180,034 48,153 48,276 40,039 43,566 2.7
Vermont ........................................... 25,736 7,736 9,386 2,856 5,758 25,300 7,565 9,503 2,667 5,565 -1.7
Virginia ............................................ 389,446 109,813 126,682 64,134 88,817 389,249 109,603 127,093 64,099 88,454 -0.1
Washington ...................................... 315,356 98,720 111,310 45,825 59,501 318,336 99,257 113,978 45,683 59,418 0.9
West Virginia .................................... 85,099 29,530 32,365 8,628 14,576 83,895 28,668 32,107 8,647 14,473 -1.4
Wisconsin ........................................ 278,300 80,843 86,504 46,279 64,674 279,533 78,796 85,139 49,755 65,843 0.4
Wyoming ......................................... 32,802 8,569 9,356 6,833 8,044 32,551 8,502 9,329 6,760 7,960 -0.8

U.S. Service Academies ................... 15,065 11,414 3,628 20 3 15,281 11,432 3,828 18 3 1.4

Other jurisdictions .................. 81,479 30,260 39,434 5,037 6,748 37,419 14,492 15,929 3,141 3,857 -54.1
American Samoa ............................. 1,253 240 462 171 380 1,095 205 410 164 316 -12.6
Federated States of Micronesia ........ 2,090 613 857 259 361 2,022 639 815 257 311 -3.3
Guam .............................................. 6,017 1,630 2,243 930 1,214 5,972 1,673 2,217 880 1,202 -0.7
Marshall Islands ............................... 978 322 350 165 141 1,032 331 336 196 169 5.5
Northern Marianas ........................... 1,038 335 493 77 133 1,216 354 559 124 179 17.1
Palau ............................................... 587 186 175 82 144 532 168 196 70 98 -9.4
Puerto Rico ...................................... 67,146 26,436 33,849 3,108 3,753 23,380 10,640 10,516 1,220 1,004 -65.2
U.S. Virgin Islands ............................ 2,370 498 1,005 245 622 2,170 482 880 230 578 -8.4

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017 and Spring 2018,
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

248 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Total Fall Enrollment—State-Level

Table 304.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution and state or
jurisdiction: 2016 and 2017
2016 2017
Private 4-year Private 2-year Private 4-year Private 2-year
Public Public Public Public
State or jurisdiction 4-year 2-year Nonprofit For-profit Nonprofit For-profit 4-year 2-year Nonprofit For-profit Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ...................... 8,742,931 5,842,909 4,028,401 983,154 50,555 198,954 8,853,477 5,706,678 4,058,087 912,076 48,390 186,890
Alabama ...................................... 170,003 81,035 24,570 26,069 386 1,989 173,335 80,736 26,149 24,841 0 1,761
Alaska ......................................... 27,164 188 581 0 79 424 25,850 0 551 0 74 430
Arizona ........................................ 173,528 187,872 9,802 226,853 0 10,031 180,262 186,525 9,935 204,381 0 10,523
Arkansas ..................................... 100,926 48,372 16,268 372 1,178 119 100,048 46,649 15,713 323 1,296 53
California ..................................... 947,302 1,281,290 303,187 136,533 1,602 30,531 1,013,168 1,233,676 307,759 131,822 1,497 26,129
Colorado ...................................... 200,109 72,559 34,004 38,415 265 6,903 212,011 66,898 33,730 39,861 351 7,385
Connecticut ................................. 66,797 50,548 72,344 8,321 0 0 66,710 49,380 72,360 9,084 0 0
Delaware ..................................... 41,816 0 18,852 301 170 0 42,321 0 17,554 320 143 0
District of Columbia ..................... 4,587 0 78,938 9,036 0 479 4,529 0 81,099 9,984 0 387
Florida ......................................... 767,650 29,398 187,138 54,757 18,185 18,399 770,419 27,626 183,113 50,604 20,146 19,576
Georgia ........................................ 310,456 111,703 74,282 27,653 1,981 6,998 314,455 114,131 77,092 24,084 1,763 6,599
Hawaii ......................................... 28,003 25,415 9,799 2,109 0 517 27,535 24,139 10,159 1,670 0 622
Idaho ........................................... 52,474 22,193 48,492 197 0 440 52,432 23,360 55,503 79 0 429
Illinois .......................................... 188,405 304,173 217,912 61,812 371 5,047 184,631 293,411 214,830 59,655 421 4,054
Indiana ........................................ 240,671 78,910 91,022 5,560 582 2,539 226,076 75,486 89,437 4,403 548 2,854
Iowa ............................................ 80,266 90,809 53,475 41,703 0 260 80,185 90,242 52,870 37,550 0 107
Kansas ........................................ 100,613 79,557 23,058 11,321 0 1,283 100,731 79,125 22,910 10,154 0 1,042
Kentucky ..................................... 126,021 79,410 41,332 7,668 0 631 124,710 77,556 47,958 7,272 0 1,002
Louisiana ..................................... 142,238 66,016 25,308 852 368 4,496 144,430 66,261 25,955 56 481 4,882
Maine .......................................... 30,510 17,253 22,517 1,315 220 301 30,040 16,959 23,226 1,096 242 248
Maryland ..................................... 182,456 124,436 53,881 3,997 0 2,039 184,521 119,119 54,647 3,511 0 2,409
Massachusetts ............................ 125,983 92,482 283,391 2,180 1,122 564 125,770 87,619 286,894 1,914 1,093 218
Michigan ..................................... 335,074 157,697 87,297 1,845 0 1,121 327,750 150,985 76,764 1,411 0 1,143
Minnesota .................................... 133,441 119,798 70,279 98,811 77 387 132,119 117,266 70,563 92,658 90 270
Mississippi ................................... 82,010 71,072 17,856 322 0 1,328 80,730 71,589 17,576 359 0 1,497
Missouri ...................................... 154,208 90,713 145,598 4,948 854 4,777 148,708 86,832 139,725 4,929 173 3,122
Montana ...................................... 37,884 8,378 4,196 0 425 35 38,116 7,886 4,228 0 375 37
Nebraska ..................................... 61,079 39,953 33,597 1,161 150 158 60,740 40,298 33,822 903 32 69
Nevada ........................................ 95,323 10,873 3,770 2,589 287 3,188 97,144 10,720 3,994 1,862 272 3,582
New Hampshire ........................... 27,726 13,444 91,808 0 181 0 27,308 12,453 109,300 0 123 0
New Jersey .................................. 186,622 150,477 73,822 7,426 0 3,039 187,735 146,862 73,693 6,894 0 3,853
New Mexico ................................. 59,951 69,087 1,658 2,484 0 1,427 58,250 67,030 1,590 1,283 0 1,341
New York ..................................... 397,019 303,856 528,364 28,828 2,574 12,993 400,971 296,487 521,496 27,825 2,691 10,770
North Carolina .............................. 228,524 221,556 96,635 10,553 687 3,460 232,872 221,760 96,539 8,919 624 3,117
North Dakota ............................... 40,986 6,978 5,690 549 0 0 40,368 7,206 5,648 527 0 0
Ohio ............................................. 330,959 170,187 137,058 7,271 1,269 11,299 326,542 170,931 135,388 6,098 1,419 9,309
Oklahoma .................................... 119,452 58,177 25,033 2,405 1,194 2,072 117,915 56,225 23,338 1,464 581 2,528
Oregon ........................................ 104,572 93,247 35,429 2,620 0 983 104,604 87,730 34,589 2,209 34 770
Pennsylvania ............................... 279,720 126,626 284,077 11,295 7,837 16,127 277,568 123,375 288,749 8,544 6,053 13,000
Rhode Island ................................ 26,268 15,101 41,979 0 0 0 26,260 14,758 41,748 0 0 0
South Carolina ............................. 112,900 87,395 34,115 7,981 991 3,181 114,569 86,053 33,347 7,883 790 3,746
South Dakota ............................... 37,769 6,536 7,223 2,155 0 0 37,897 6,733 7,060 1,930 0 0
Tennessee ................................... 136,357 84,931 83,744 7,637 682 8,401 136,810 86,369 83,777 7,698 682 7,821
Texas ........................................... 726,130 697,075 140,325 18,833 1,941 21,194 737,542 710,843 140,815 18,175 1,921 21,220
Utah ............................................ 145,407 29,901 129,408 4,223 2,119 392 150,414 29,620 145,565 4,200 2,045 490
Vermont ....................................... 19,873 5,863 18,683 300 0 0 19,796 5,504 18,411 144 0 0
Virginia ........................................ 216,171 173,275 132,103 30,871 747 4,277 219,880 169,369 132,410 28,331 578 3,644
Washington .................................. 253,984 61,372 42,479 5,281 1,513 1,918 282,316 36,020 41,473 5,044 1,388 1,703
West Virginia ................................ 67,455 17,644 8,809 49,660 0 3,040 67,188 16,707 8,583 47,715 0 2,770
Wisconsin .................................... 190,658 87,642 57,168 6,082 0 167 189,518 90,015 58,452 2,407 0 378
Wyoming ..................................... 12,366 20,436 45 0 518 0 12,397 20,154 0 0 464 0

U.S. Service Academies ............... 15,065 0 † † † † 15,281 0 † † † †

Other jurisdictions .............. 72,839 8,640 121,212 18,876 804 19,525 29,524 7,895 117,928 18,879 358 17,822
American Samoa ......................... 1,253 0 0 0 0 0 1,095 0 0 0 0 0
Federated States of Micronesia .... 0 2,090 0 0 0 0 0 2,022 0 0 0 0
Guam .......................................... 3,875 2,142 67 0 0 0 3,917 2,055 55 0 0 0
Marshall Islands ........................... 0 978 0 0 0 0 0 1,032 0 0 0 0
Northern Marianas ....................... 1,038 0 0 0 0 0 1,216 0 0 0 0 0
Palau ........................................... 0 587 0 0 0 0 0 532 0 0 0 0
Puerto Rico .................................. 64,303 2,843 121,145 18,876 804 19,525 21,126 2,254 117,873 18,879 358 17,822
U.S. Virgin Islands ........................ 2,370 0 0 0 0 0 2,170 0 0 0 0 0

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017 and Spring 2018,
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 249
First-Time Students and Admissions

Table 305.10. Total fall enrollment of first-time degree/certificate-seeking students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
attendance status, sex of student, and level and control of institution: 1960 through 2028
Males Females 4-year 2-year
Year Total Full-time Part-time Total Full-time Part-time Total Full-time Part-time Public Private Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
19601 ............................ 923,069 — — 539,512 — — 383,557 — — 395,884 2 313,209 2 181,860 2 32,116 2
19611 ............................ 1,018,361 — — 591,913 — — 426,448 — — 438,135 2 336,449 2 210,101 2 33,676 2
19621 ............................ 1,030,554 — — 598,099 — — 432,455 — — 445,191 2 324,923 2 224,537 2 35,903 2
19631 ............................ 1,046,424 — — 604,282 — — 442,142 — — — — — —
19641 ............................ 1,224,840 — — 701,524 — — 523,316 — — 539,251 2 363,348 2 275,413 2 46,828 2
19651 ............................ 1,441,822 — — 829,215 — — 612,607 — — 642,233 2 398,792 2 347,788 2 53,009 2
1966 ............................. 1,554,337 — — 889,516 — — 664,821 — — 626,472 2 382,889 2 478,459 2 66,517 2
1967 ............................. 1,640,936 1,335,512 305,424 931,127 761,299 169,828 709,809 574,213 135,596 644,525 368,300 561,488 66,623
1968 ............................. 1,892,849 1,470,653 422,196 1,082,367 847,005 235,362 810,482 623,648 186,834 724,377 378,052 718,562 71,858
1969 ............................. 1,967,104 1,525,290 441,814 1,118,269 876,280 241,989 848,835 649,010 199,825 699,167 391,508 814,132 62,297
1970 ............................. 2,063,397 1,587,072 476,325 1,151,960 896,281 255,679 911,437 690,791 220,646 717,449 395,886 890,703 59,359
1971 ............................. 2,119,018 1,606,036 512,982 1,170,518 895,715 274,803 948,500 710,321 238,179 704,052 384,695 971,295 58,976
1972 ............................. 2,152,778 1,574,197 578,581 1,157,501 858,254 299,247 995,277 715,943 279,334 680,337 380,982 1,036,616 54,843
1973 ............................. 2,226,041 1,607,269 618,772 1,182,173 867,314 314,859 1,043,868 739,955 303,913 698,777 378,994 1,089,182 59,088
1974 ............................. 2,365,761 1,673,333 692,428 1,243,790 896,077 347,713 1,121,971 777,256 344,715 745,637 386,391 1,175,759 57,974
1975 ............................. 2,515,155 1,763,296 751,859 1,327,935 942,198 385,737 1,187,220 821,098 366,122 771,725 395,440 1,283,523 64,467
1976 ............................. 2,347,014 1,662,333 684,681 1,170,326 854,597 315,729 1,176,688 807,736 368,952 717,373 413,961 1,152,944 62,736
1977 ............................. 2,394,426 1,680,916 713,510 1,155,856 839,848 316,008 1,238,570 841,068 397,502 737,497 404,631 1,185,648 66,650
1978 ............................. 2,389,627 1,650,848 738,779 1,141,777 817,294 324,483 1,247,850 833,554 414,296 736,703 406,669 1,173,544 72,711
1979 ............................. 2,502,896 1,706,732 796,164 1,179,846 840,315 339,531 1,323,050 866,417 456,633 760,119 415,126 1,253,854 73,797
1980 ............................. 2,587,644 1,749,928 837,716 1,218,961 862,458 356,503 1,368,683 887,470 481,213 765,395 417,937 1,313,591 90,7213
1981 ............................. 2,595,421 1,737,714 857,707 1,217,680 851,833 365,847 1,377,741 885,881 491,860 754,007 419,257 1,318,436 103,721 3
1982 ............................. 2,505,466 1,688,620 816,846 1,199,237 837,223 362,014 1,306,229 851,397 454,832 730,775 404,252 1,254,193 116,246 3
1983 ............................. 2,443,703 1,678,071 765,632 1,159,049 824,609 334,440 1,284,654 853,462 431,192 728,244 403,882 1,189,869 121,708
1984 ............................. 2,356,898 1,613,185 743,713 1,112,303 786,099 326,204 1,244,595 827,086 417,509 713,790 402,959 1,130,311 109,838
1985 ............................. 2,292,222 1,602,038 690,184 1,075,736 774,858 300,878 1,216,486 827,180 389,306 717,199 398,556 1,060,275 116,192
1986 ............................. 2,219,208 1,589,451 629,757 1,046,527 768,856 277,671 1,172,681 820,595 352,086 719,974 391,673 990,973 116,588
1987 ............................. 2,246,359 1,626,719 619,640 1,046,615 779,226 267,389 1,199,744 847,493 352,251 757,833 405,113 979,820 103,593
1988 ............................. 2,378,803 1,698,927 679,876 1,100,026 807,319 292,707 1,278,777 891,608 387,169 783,358 425,907 1,048,914 120,624
1989 ............................. 2,341,035 1,656,594 684,441 1,094,750 791,295 303,455 1,246,285 865,299 380,986 762,217 413,836 1,048,529 116,453
1990 ............................. 2,256,624 1,617,118 639,506 1,045,191 771,372 273,819 1,211,433 845,746 365,687 727,264 400,120 1,041,097 88,143
1991 ............................. 2,277,920 1,652,983 624,937 1,068,433 798,043 270,390 1,209,487 854,940 354,547 717,697 392,904 1,070,048 97,271
1992 ............................. 2,184,113 1,603,737 580,376 1,013,058 760,290 252,768 1,171,055 843,447 327,608 697,393 408,306 993,074 85,340
1993 ............................. 2,160,710 1,608,274 552,436 1,007,647 762,240 245,407 1,153,063 846,034 307,029 702,273 410,688 973,545 74,204
1994 ............................. 2,133,205 1,603,106 530,099 984,558 751,081 233,477 1,148,647 852,025 296,622 709,042 405,917 952,468 65,778
1995 ............................. 2,168,831 1,646,812 522,019 1,001,052 767,185 233,867 1,167,779 879,627 288,152 731,836 419,025 954,595 63,375
1996 ............................. 2,274,319 1,739,852 534,467 1,046,662 805,982 240,680 1,227,657 933,870 293,787 741,164 427,442 989,536 116,177
1997 ............................. 2,219,255 1,733,512 485,743 1,026,058 806,054 220,004 1,193,197 927,458 265,739 755,362 442,397 923,954 97,542
1998 ............................. 2,212,593 1,775,412 437,181 1,022,656 825,577 197,079 1,189,937 949,835 240,102 792,772 460,948 858,417 100,456
1999 ............................. 2,357,590 1,849,741 507,849 1,094,539 865,545 228,994 1,263,051 984,196 278,855 819,503 474,223 955,499 108,365
2000 ............................. 2,427,551 1,918,093 509,458 1,123,948 894,432 229,516 1,303,603 1,023,661 279,942 842,228 498,532 952,175 134,616
2001 ............................. 2,497,078 1,989,179 507,899 1,152,837 926,393 226,444 1,344,241 1,062,786 281,455 866,619 508,030 988,726 133,703
2002 ............................. 2,570,611 2,053,065 517,546 1,170,609 945,938 224,671 1,400,002 1,107,127 292,875 886,297 517,621 1,037,267 129,426
2003 ............................. 2,591,754 2,102,394 489,360 1,175,856 965,075 210,781 1,415,898 1,137,319 278,579 918,602 537,726 1,004,428 130,998
2004 ............................. 2,630,243 2,147,546 482,697 1,190,268 981,591 208,677 1,439,975 1,165,955 274,020 925,249 562,485 1,009,082 133,427
2005 ............................. 2,657,338 2,189,884 467,454 1,200,055 995,610 204,445 1,457,283 1,194,274 263,009 953,903 606,712 977,224 119,499
2006 ............................. 2,707,205 2,220,184 487,021 1,228,703 1,015,786 212,917 1,478,502 1,204,398 274,104 990,077 598,266 1,013,419 105,443
2007 ............................. 2,777,168 2,295,518 481,650 1,268,137 1,053,375 214,762 1,509,031 1,242,143 266,888 1,023,789 633,772 1,016,636 102,971
2008 ............................. 3,022,736 2,425,987 596,749 1,388,441 1,114,724 273,717 1,634,295 1,311,263 323,032 1,053,829 672,372 1,186,640 109,895
2009 ............................. 3,156,882 2,534,440 622,442 1,464,424 1,177,119 287,305 1,692,458 1,357,321 335,137 1,090,980 658,808 1,275,974 131,120
2010 ............................. 3,156,727 2,533,636 623,091 1,461,016 1,171,090 289,926 1,695,711 1,362,546 333,165 1,110,601 674,573 1,238,491 133,062
2011 ............................. 3,091,496 2,479,155 612,341 1,424,140 1,140,843 283,297 1,667,356 1,338,312 329,044 1,131,091 656,864 1,195,083 108,458
2012 ............................. 2,994,187 2,408,063 586,124 1,387,316 1,115,266 272,050 1,606,871 1,292,797 314,074 1,128,344 642,716 1,137,927 85,200
2013 ............................. 2,985,366 2,415,969 569,397 1,383,852 1,117,525 266,327 1,601,514 1,298,444 303,070 1,144,102 633,184 1,126,978 81,102
2014 ............................. 2,925,998 2,383,328 542,670 1,355,164 1,100,005 255,159 1,570,834 1,283,323 287,511 1,170,639 612,162 1,070,625 72,572
2015 ............................. 2,882,949 2,368,283 514,666 1,338,853 1,096,976 241,877 1,544,096 1,271,307 272,789 1,190,206 599,242 1,031,117 62,384
2016 ............................. 2,882,991 2,369,021 513,970 1,333,598 1,093,968 239,630 1,549,393 1,275,053 274,340 1,259,214 581,098 981,029 61,650
2017 ............................. 2,880,171 2,377,035 503,136 1,323,424 1,091,425 231,999 1,556,747 1,285,610 271,137 1,285,506 588,659 951,618 54,388
20184 ............................ 2,889,000 — — 1,327,000 — — 1,561,000 — — — — — —
20194 ............................ 2,900,000 — — 1,332,000 — — 1,568,000 — — — — — —
20204 ............................ 2,903,000 — — 1,334,000 — — 1,570,000 — — — — — —
20214 ............................ 2,907,000 — — 1,335,000 — — 1,572,000 — — — — — —
20224 ............................ 2,912,000 — — 1,337,000 — — 1,576,000 — — — — — —
20234 ............................ 2,919,000 — — 1,340,000 — — 1,580,000 — — — — — —
20244 ............................ 2,929,000 — — 1,344,000 — — 1,585,000 — — — — — —
20254 ............................ 2,939,000 — — 1,348,000 — — 1,591,000 — — — — — —
20264 ............................ 2,951,000 — — 1,354,000 — — 1,597,000 — — — — — —
20274 ............................ 2,956,000 — — 1,357,000 — — 1,599,000 — — — — — —
20284 ............................ 2,958,000 — — 1,358,000 — — 1,600,000 — — — — — —

—Not available. classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
1
Excludes first-time degree/certificate-seeking students in occupational programs not more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
creditable towards a bachelor’s degree. degrees. Alaska and Hawaii are included in all years. Some data have been revised from
2
Data for 2-year branches of 4-year college systems are aggregated with the 4-year previously published figures.
institutions. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Biennial
3
Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting Survey of Education in the United States; Opening Fall Enrollment in Higher Education,
Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. 1963 through 1965; Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment
4
Projected. in Colleges and Universities” surveys, 1966 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and First-Time Freshmen Projection
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting Model, 1980 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

250 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
First-Time Students and Admissions

Table 305.20. Total fall enrollment of first-time degree/certificate-seeking students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
attendance status, sex of student, control of institution, and state or jurisdiction: Selected years, 2000 through 2017
Fall 2017
Full-time Part-time
Total, Total, Total, Total, Total,
State or jurisdiction fall 2000 fall 2010 fall 2014 fall 2015 fall 2016 Total Total Males Females Total Males Females Public Private
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States ........... 2,427,551 3,156,727 2,925,998 2,882,949 2,882,991 2,880,171 2,377,035 1,091,425 1,285,610 503,136 231,999 271,137 2,237,124 643,047
Alabama ........................... 43,411 52,990 51,148 50,151 50,108 50,295 44,750 19,695 25,055 5,545 2,684 2,861 44,773 5,522
Alaska .............................. 2,432 5,400 4,562 3,849 3,049 3,234 2,477 1,053 1,424 757 312 445 2,910 324
Arizona ............................. 46,646 76,832 72,960 67,751 65,784 62,844 46,669 20,626 26,043 16,175 7,218 8,957 49,369 13,475
Arkansas .......................... 22,695 29,321 27,407 27,388 27,276 26,781 24,361 10,889 13,472 2,420 1,023 1,397 23,166 3,615
California .......................... 246,128 402,832 391,838 383,920 394,845 388,587 271,120 123,444 147,676 117,467 60,396 57,071 345,024 43,563
Colorado ........................... 43,201 54,594 44,275 43,349 43,832 45,436 37,552 17,915 19,637 7,884 3,417 4,467 37,992 7,444
Connecticut ...................... 24,212 32,719 31,550 31,398 31,741 31,804 26,958 12,354 14,604 4,846 2,050 2,796 19,232 12,572
Delaware .......................... 7,636 8,947 9,526 9,352 9,727 10,051 8,309 3,543 4,766 1,742 669 1,073 8,445 1,606
District of Columbia .......... 9,150 10,747 9,978 11,075 9,012 10,617 9,822 3,531 6,291 795 272 523 526 10,091
Florida .............................. 109,931 176,040 157,545 157,687 158,956 160,518 122,913 52,613 70,300 37,605 15,944 21,661 119,162 41,356
Georgia ............................. 67,616 100,140 84,387 86,071 84,932 85,736 70,423 30,717 39,706 15,313 6,602 8,711 70,684 15,052
Hawaii .............................. 8,931 10,740 9,613 8,851 8,398 8,691 7,072 2,707 4,365 1,619 683 936 7,035 1,656
Idaho ................................ 10,669 12,668 12,373 14,179 14,520 15,233 13,044 5,670 7,374 2,189 948 1,241 9,799 5,434
Illinois ............................... 107,592 114,467 99,519 95,852 93,994 92,738 78,960 37,987 40,973 13,778 6,318 7,460 63,693 29,045
Indiana ............................. 59,320 82,406 68,495 66,876 64,028 62,696 55,955 25,968 29,987 6,741 3,271 3,470 46,101 16,595
Iowa ................................. 39,564 47,257 40,690 37,851 38,130 37,996 31,849 16,458 15,391 6,147 2,290 3,857 27,727 10,269
Kansas ............................. 31,424 33,544 33,797 32,268 32,597 32,450 27,419 13,807 13,612 5,031 2,252 2,779 27,037 5,413
Kentucky .......................... 34,140 43,735 39,048 37,623 36,378 37,257 32,643 14,284 18,359 4,614 2,087 2,527 30,445 6,812
Louisiana .......................... 45,383 43,144 40,871 40,740 40,261 39,753 35,385 15,022 20,363 4,368 1,819 2,549 33,951 5,802
Maine ............................... 9,231 12,203 11,253 11,357 11,727 11,597 10,420 5,034 5,386 1,177 483 694 7,771 3,826
Maryland .......................... 35,552 51,104 46,143 44,767 47,084 44,394 34,507 16,286 18,221 9,887 4,382 5,505 37,485 6,909
Massachusetts ................. 66,044 76,857 74,982 73,189 72,432 73,369 65,651 30,463 35,188 7,718 3,350 4,368 34,780 38,589
Michigan .......................... 84,998 101,063 89,320 89,224 86,314 83,053 66,761 31,632 35,129 16,292 7,595 8,697 72,879 10,174
Minnesota ......................... 63,893 55,723 46,249 45,323 45,102 44,662 38,767 18,682 20,085 5,895 2,647 3,248 33,851 10,811
Mississippi ........................ 30,356 37,034 31,376 31,185 32,088 30,407 28,683 12,768 15,915 1,724 788 936 28,281 2,126
Missouri ........................... 48,639 64,381 57,716 54,660 53,824 51,779 45,696 20,714 24,982 6,083 2,801 3,282 38,320 13,459
Montana ........................... 7,771 9,959 8,887 8,749 8,959 8,770 7,600 3,807 3,793 1,170 524 646 7,890 880
Nebraska .......................... 19,027 19,284 18,372 18,092 18,423 17,883 16,309 7,944 8,365 1,574 678 896 14,365 3,518
Nevada ............................. 10,490 18,572 16,337 15,917 16,112 17,169 13,006 5,490 7,516 4,163 1,917 2,246 15,995 1,174
New Hampshire ................ 13,143 13,613 15,378 17,097 15,728 18,388 12,485 5,560 6,925 5,903 2,158 3,745 7,867 10,521
New Jersey ....................... 52,233 71,296 67,144 65,232 65,178 65,109 57,303 27,651 29,652 7,806 3,549 4,257 53,708 11,401
New Mexico ...................... 15,261 22,353 17,311 18,045 19,085 18,375 14,247 6,383 7,864 4,128 1,792 2,336 17,755 620
New York .......................... 168,181 197,849 189,419 187,059 185,714 187,756 179,352 84,938 94,414 8,404 3,944 4,460 113,459 74,297
North Carolina ................... 69,343 92,627 92,331 88,995 88,547 88,257 72,872 32,289 40,583 15,385 6,787 8,598 68,379 19,878
North Dakota .................... 8,929 9,073 8,565 8,606 8,709 8,874 8,522 4,533 3,989 352 169 183 7,874 1,000
Ohio .................................. 98,823 123,063 102,731 100,029 101,393 99,539 87,318 41,570 45,748 12,221 5,563 6,658 74,688 24,851
Oklahoma ......................... 35,094 39,107 36,170 36,371 36,266 35,259 28,860 13,644 15,216 6,399 2,632 3,767 30,218 5,041
Oregon ............................. 26,946 35,442 29,640 30,765 31,324 31,432 25,085 11,436 13,649 6,347 3,016 3,331 26,601 4,831
Pennsylvania .................... 125,578 144,184 131,493 126,933 125,063 122,225 108,661 50,864 57,797 13,564 5,762 7,802 72,306 49,919
Rhode Island ..................... 13,789 15,698 15,447 15,004 14,942 14,602 13,742 6,330 7,412 860 351 509 6,664 7,938
South Carolina .................. 32,353 47,535 47,164 46,080 45,173 46,448 40,531 17,795 22,736 5,917 2,586 3,331 37,482 8,966
South Dakota .................... 8,597 10,074 8,372 8,473 8,316 8,622 8,053 4,168 3,885 569 210 359 7,273 1,349
Tennessee ........................ 43,327 59,279 53,074 56,498 56,605 58,399 54,714 23,979 30,735 3,685 1,432 2,253 42,477 15,922
Texas ................................ 181,813 228,503 238,283 234,131 235,197 242,911 177,626 80,519 97,107 65,285 30,355 34,930 213,055 29,856
Utah ................................. 24,953 35,126 28,221 31,884 32,141 34,898 29,337 12,367 16,970 5,561 2,782 2,779 25,825 9,073
Vermont ............................ 6,810 8,242 7,525 7,202 7,474 7,393 6,789 3,289 3,500 604 201 403 4,421 2,972
Virginia ............................. 52,661 83,166 81,473 80,362 79,020 79,355 66,565 30,846 35,719 12,790 5,774 7,016 63,125 16,230
Washington ....................... 36,287 41,124 42,543 46,370 47,853 48,447 42,521 19,291 23,230 5,926 2,604 3,322 40,094 8,353
West Virginia ..................... 15,659 23,020 22,357 18,866 18,874 18,068 16,047 7,535 8,512 2,021 1,162 859 14,347 3,721
Wisconsin ......................... 53,662 61,249 52,467 50,978 51,423 50,764 42,889 20,141 22,748 7,875 3,422 4,453 41,738 9,026
Wyoming .......................... 4,209 6,042 4,681 5,210 5,227 5,104 4,289 2,119 2,170 815 328 487 4,934 170

U.S. Service Academies .... 3,818 4,359 3,992 4,065 4,106 4,146 4,146 3,075 1,071 0 0 0 4,146 †

Other jurisdictions ... 39,609 52,222 50,781 43,746 48,706 31,584 28,939 13,137 15,802 2,645 1,152 1,493 7,879 23,705
American Samoa .............. 297 657 450 382 392 381 268 102 166 113 47 66 381 0
Federated States of
Micronesia .................. 786 653 558 708 760 647 572 274 298 75 38 37 647 0
Guam ............................... 770 1,043 813 1,101 985 1,275 922 375 547 353 161 192 1,272 3
Marshall Islands ................ 199 240 342 327 303 279 249 112 137 30 17 13 279 0
Northern Marianas ............ 333 360 302 290 305 336 287 118 169 49 29 20 336 0
Palau ................................ 147 114 164 200 148 142 131 60 71 11 4 7 142 0
Puerto Rico ....................... 36,773 48,672 47,759 40,347 45,468 28,216 26,230 11,986 14,244 1,986 850 1,136 4,514 23,702
U.S. Virgin Islands ............. 304 483 393 391 345 308 280 110 170 28 6 22 308 0

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2001 through Spring
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 305.40. Acceptance rates; number of applications, admissions, and enrollees; and enrollees’ SAT and ACT scores for degree-granting postsecondary institutions with first-year
undergraduates, by control and level of institution: 2017–18
All institutions Public institutions Private institutions
Acceptance rates, applications, admissions, Nonprofit For-profit
enrollees, and SAT and ACT scores Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Number of institutions reporting application data1 ......................... 3,844 2,384 1,460 1,584 709 875 2,260 1,675 585 1,379 1,287 92 881 388 493
Percentage distribution of institutions by their acceptance
of applications ........................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
No application criteria ....................................................................... 51.8 27.2 91.9 65.0 23.7 98.4 42.5 28.7 82.2 18.3 14.7 69.6 80.4 75.0 84.6
90.0 percent or more accepted ......................................................... 7.4 10.8 1.8 4.2 9.3 0.1 9.6 11.4 4.4 12.1 12.4 7.6 5.7 8.0 3.9
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 12.1 17.8 2.7 11.9 26.1 0.3 12.2 14.3 6.2 16.5 16.8 12.0 5.6 6.2 5.1
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 19.6 30.3 2.2 14.0 30.2 0.8 23.6 30.4 4.3 35.5 37.5 7.6 5.1 7.0 3.7
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 7.1 10.8 1.1 4.2 9.2 0.2 9.1 11.5 2.4 13.0 13.8 1.1 3.1 3.6 2.6
10.0 to 24.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 1.6 2.4 0.3 0.6 1.3 0.1 2.3 2.9 0.5 3.6 3.7 2.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
Less than 10.0 percent accepted ...................................................... 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.9 0.0 1.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Number of applications (in thousands) .......................................... 10,690 10,625 65 6,022 5,993 28 4,669 4,632 37 4,580 4,560 20 89 72 17
Percentage distribution of admissions by institutions’
acceptance of applications ..................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
No application criteria ....................................................................... † † † † † † † † † † † † † † †
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

90.0 percent or more accepted ......................................................... 4.8 4.8 16.9 5.5 5.5 21.4 4.0 3.9 13.4 3.8 3.8 5.0 10.0 6.8 23.5
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 19.0 19.0 17.3 22.6 22.6 8.6 14.4 14.3 23.8 14.4 14.4 14.7 13.3 8.3 34.8
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 39.1 39.1 35.0 41.0 40.9 59.5 36.7 36.8 16.5 36.1 36.2 10.3 67.1 77.3 24.0
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 25.3 25.3 30.2 25.9 25.9 9.9 24.6 24.4 45.5 24.9 24.7 69.8 9.3 7.6 16.2
10.0 to 24.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 7.8 7.8 0.7 4.6 4.6 0.6 11.9 11.9 0.7 12.1 12.1 0.1 0.3 # 1.5
Less than 10.0 percent accepted ...................................................... 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.0 8.5 8.6 0.0 8.7 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Number of admissions (in thousands) ........................................... 6,024 5,983 40 3,656 3,637 19 2,367 2,346 21 2,307 2,298 9 60 48 12
Percentage distribution of admissions by institutions’
acceptance of applications ..................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
No application criteria ....................................................................... † † † † † † † † † † † † † † †
90.0 percent or more accepted ......................................................... 8.1 7.9 26.7 8.6 8.4 31.4 7.3 7.2 22.4 7.1 7.1 11.0 13.9 9.7 30.5
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 27.5 27.5 22.9 30.3 30.4 10.3 23.1 23.0 34.1 23.3 23.3 27.8 16.1 10.3 38.7
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 44.1 44.2 34.8 42.7 42.7 52.8 46.4 46.6 18.5 45.9 46.0 14.5 64.7 75.9 21.3
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 17.4 17.4 15.5 17.0 17.0 5.2 18.1 18.0 24.7 18.4 18.3 46.7 5.2 4.2 9.2
10.0 to 24.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 2.4 2.4 0.2 1.4 1.4 0.2 3.9 3.9 0.2 4.0 4.0 0.0 0.1 # 0.3
Less than 10.0 percent accepted ...................................................... 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.2 1.3 0.0 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Number of enrollees (in thousands) ............................................... 1,604 1,586 18 1,078 1,069 9 526 517 9 506 503 3 21 14 7
Percentage distribution of admissions by institutions’
acceptance of applications ..................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
No application criteria ....................................................................... † † † † † † † † † † † † † † †
90.0 percent or more accepted ......................................................... 8.3 8.1 24.6 8.6 8.5 27.4 7.7 7.4 22.0 7.2 7.2 15.5 18.4 15.5 24.5
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 27.5 27.5 28.4 31.0 31.2 13.3 20.4 20.0 42.9 20.2 20.1 43.2 24.6 16.1 42.8
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 42.3 42.4 36.9 42.4 42.3 52.2 42.1 42.5 22.2 41.9 42.0 23.3 48.6 61.1 21.7

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 251

25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 16.8 16.9 9.9 15.7 15.8 7.0 19.2 19.3 12.7 19.7 19.7 17.9 8.3 7.3 10.6

First-Time Students and Admissions

10.0 to 24.9 percent accepted .......................................................... 3.6 3.7 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.2 6.9 7.1 0.2 7.2 7.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.3
Less than 10.0 percent accepted ...................................................... 1.3 1.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 3.6 3.7 0.0 3.8 3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
SAT scores of enrollees
Evidence-based reading and writing (ERW), 25th percentile2 ............ 511 512 441 505 506 453 515 515 424 515 515 424 506 506 —
ERW, 75th percentile2 ........................................................................ 609 610 548 602 603 553 614 614 542 614 614 542 609 609 —
Mathematics, 25th percentile2 ........................................................... 506 506 453 501 502 446 508 509 463 509 509 463 493 493 —
Mathematics, 75th percentile2 ........................................................... 606 606 547 601 602 539 609 609 558 609 609 558 588 588 —
ACT scores of enrollees
Composite, 25th percentile2 .............................................................. 20.5 20.6 15.6 20.0 20.1 16.0 20.9 20.9 15.2 20.9 20.9 15.2 20.4 20.4 —
Composite, 75th percentile2 .............................................................. 25.8 25.9 20.9 25.4 25.4 20.9 26.1 26.1 21.0 26.1 26.1 21.0 26.0 26.0 —
English, 25th percentile2 .................................................................... 19.6 19.7 12.8 19.0 19.1 14.0 20.0 20.1 11.2 20.0 20.1 11.2 20.3 20.3 —
English, 75th percentile2 .................................................................... 26.1 26.1 19.0 25.5 25.6 19.7 26.5 26.5 18.0 26.5 26.5 18.0 26.8 26.8 —
Mathematics, 25th percentile2 ........................................................... 19.4 19.5 14.4 19.2 19.2 15.6 19.6 19.7 12.8 19.6 19.7 12.8 18.8 18.8 —
Mathematics, 75th percentile2 ........................................................... 25.4 25.5 18.8 25.2 25.2 20.1 25.6 25.6 16.8 25.6 25.6 16.8 25.0 25.0 —

—Not available. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid
†Not applicable. programs. Excludes institutions not enrolling any first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates. Detail may not sum
#Rounds to zero. to totals because of rounding.
1
The total on this table differs slightly from other counts of institutions with first-year undergraduates because approximately SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
1.0 percent of these institutions did not report application information. System (IPEDS), Winter 2017–18, Admissions component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
2
Data are only for institutions that require test scores for admission. Relatively few 2-year institutions require test scores for
admission. The SAT evidence-based reading and writing (ERW) and mathematics scales range from 200 to 800. The ACT
composite, English, and mathematics scales range from 1 to 36.
 Table 306.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student:

252 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Selected years, 1976 through 2017

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Level of enrollment, sex, attendance Fall enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
status, and race/ethnicity or
nonresident alien status of student 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
All students, total ...................... 10,985.6 12,086.8 13,818.6 15,312.3 21,019.4 20,644.5 20,376.7 20,209.1 19,988.2 19,846.9 19,765.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 9,076.1 9,833.0 10,722.5 10,462.1 12,720.8 11,982.2 11,589.4 11,239.3 10,939.2 10,716.6 10,510.8 84.3 83.5 79.9 70.8 62.6 60.3 59.3 58.3 57.6 56.9 56.0
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 1,690.8 1,948.8 2,704.7 4,321.5 7,591.0 7,878.7 7,947.1 8,052.0 8,066.7 8,132.2 8,254.1 15.7 16.5 20.1 29.2 37.4 39.7 40.7 41.7 42.4 43.1 44.0
Black .............................................. 1,033.0 1,106.8 1,247.0 1,730.3 3,039.0 2,962.4 2,872.0 2,792.8 2,681.0 2,589.4 2,545.9 9.6 9.4 9.3 11.7 15.0 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.1 13.7 13.6
Hispanic .......................................... 383.8 471.7 782.4 1,461.8 2,748.8 2,980.3 3,093.2 3,191.9 3,297.7 3,428.0 3,540.6 3.6 4.0 5.8 9.9 13.5 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.4 18.2 18.9
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 197.9 286.4 572.4 978.2 1,281.6 1,258.2 1,259.7 1,272.2 1,284.3 1,306.7 1,329.7 1.8 2.4 4.3 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1
Asian ........................................... — — — — 1,217.6 1,194.7 1,198.7 1,213.8 1,229.0 1,253.5 1,277.7 — — — — 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.8
Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 64.0 63.5 61.0 58.5 55.3 53.2 52.0 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 76.1 83.9 102.8 151.2 196.2 173.0 162.2 152.9 146.1 142.3 137.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 325.4 504.8 560.0 642.2 657.6 665.8 700.2 — — — — 1.6 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.7
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 218.7 305.0 391.5 528.7 707.7 783.6 840.2 917.8 982.3 998.1 1,000.7 † † † † † † † † † † †
Male ................................................... 5,794.4 5,868.1 6,283.9 6,721.8 9,045.8 8,919.0 8,861.2 8,797.5 8,723.8 8,638.4 8,567.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 4,813.7 4,772.9 4,861.0 4,634.6 5,605.8 5,285.3 5,132.4 4,974.3 4,848.5 4,736.1 4,629.2 85.3 84.4 80.5 72.1 64.7 62.2 61.1 60.0 59.3 58.6 57.8
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 826.6 884.4 1,176.6 1,789.8 3,060.3 3,208.6 3,268.7 3,313.4 3,326.8 3,346.7 3,386.6 14.7 15.6 19.5 27.9 35.3 37.8 38.9 40.0 40.7 41.4 42.2
Black ........................................... 469.9 463.7 484.7 635.3 1,089.0 1,079.1 1,064.9 1,035.1 998.9 959.5 940.9 8.3 8.2 8.0 9.9 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.5 12.2 11.9 11.7
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Hispanic ...................................... 209.7 231.6 353.9 627.1 1,157.6 1,254.6 1,307.7 1,348.2 1,389.2 1,439.3 1,477.4 3.7 4.1 5.9 9.8 13.4 14.8 15.6 16.3 17.0 17.8 18.4
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 108.4 151.3 294.9 465.9 600.6 593.1 594.3 599.1 602.9 610.1 618.5 1.9 2.7 4.9 7.3 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.7
Asian ....................................... — — — — 572.1 564.7 567.1 573.0 577.8 586.4 595.3 — — — — 6.6 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.4
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 28.5 28.4 27.2 26.1 25.1 23.7 23.3 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 38.5 37.8 43.1 61.4 78.7 68.7 64.7 61.3 58.2 56.3 53.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 134.4 213.2 237.1 269.7 277.6 281.7 295.9 — — — — 1.6 2.5 2.8 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.7
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 154.1 210.8 246.3 297.3 379.6 425.1 460.1 509.9 548.6 555.6 551.8 † † † † † † † † † † †
Female ............................................... 5,191.2 6,218.7 7,534.7 8,590.5 11,973.7 11,725.5 11,515.5 11,411.6 11,264.4 11,208.5 11,198.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 4,262.4 5,060.1 5,861.5 5,827.5 7,115.0 6,696.8 6,457.0 6,265.0 6,090.7 5,980.5 5,881.6 83.1 82.6 79.3 69.7 61.1 58.9 58.0 56.9 56.2 55.6 54.7
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 864.2 1,064.4 1,528.1 2,531.7 4,530.7 4,670.1 4,678.4 4,738.6 4,739.9 4,785.4 4,867.5 16.9 17.4 20.7 30.3 38.9 41.1 42.0 43.1 43.8 44.4 45.3
Black ........................................... 563.1 643.0 762.3 1,095.0 1,949.9 1,883.3 1,807.1 1,757.7 1,682.1 1,630.0 1,605.0 11.0 10.5 10.3 13.1 16.7 16.6 16.2 16.0 15.5 15.1 14.9
Hispanic ...................................... 174.1 240.1 428.5 834.7 1,591.2 1,725.7 1,785.5 1,843.7 1,908.5 1,988.7 2,063.2 3.4 3.9 5.8 10.0 13.7 15.2 16.0 16.8 17.6 18.5 19.2
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 89.4 135.2 277.5 512.3 681.0 665.1 665.4 673.1 681.5 696.6 711.2 1.7 2.2 3.8 6.1 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6
Asian ....................................... — — — — 645.5 630.0 631.6 640.7 651.3 667.1 682.5 — — — — 5.5 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.3
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 35.5 35.1 33.7 32.4 30.2 29.5 28.8 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 37.6 46.1 59.7 89.7 117.5 104.4 97.5 91.6 88.0 86.0 83.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 191.0 291.6 322.9 372.5 379.9 384.1 404.3 — — — — 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 64.6 94.2 145.2 231.4 328.0 358.5 380.1 407.9 433.7 442.5 448.9 † † † † † † † † † † †
Full-time ............................................. 6,703.6 7,088.9 7,821.0 9,009.6 13,087.2 12,734.4 12,596.6 12,454.5 12,287.5 12,125.3 12,077.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 5,512.6 5,717.0 6,016.5 6,231.1 8,053.5 7,484.4 7,237.7 6,983.3 6,784.0 6,611.4 6,481.6 84.2 83.4 79.9 72.5 64.3 61.9 60.8 59.7 59.1 58.5 57.6
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 1,030.9 1,137.5 1,514.9 2,368.5 4,468.5 4,608.1 4,663.7 4,708.6 4,690.3 4,686.0 4,770.7 15.8 16.6 20.1 27.5 35.7 38.1 39.2 40.3 40.9 41.5 42.4
Black ........................................... 659.2 685.6 718.3 982.6 1,811.3 1,719.9 1,669.0 1,600.4 1,537.3 1,469.5 1,452.5 10.1 10.0 9.5 11.4 14.5 14.2 14.0 13.7 13.4 13.0 12.9
Hispanic ...................................... 211.1 247.0 394.7 710.3 1,501.0 1,631.7 1,701.8 1,747.9 1,786.2 1,843.3 1,915.2 3.2 3.6 5.2 8.3 12.0 13.5 14.3 14.9 15.6 16.3 17.0
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 117.7 162.0 347.4 591.2 820.8 814.6 821.2 832.1 843.8 857.4 871.5 1.8 2.4 4.6 6.9 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.6 7.7
Asian ....................................... — — — — 783.0 777.7 785.5 798.1 812.2 826.9 842.0 — — — — 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.1 7.3 7.5
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 37.8 36.9 35.7 34.0 31.6 30.4 29.5 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 43.0 43.0 54.4 84.4 118.3 102.1 94.2 88.0 82.8 80.5 76.2 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 217.2 339.7 377.5 440.3 440.2 435.4 455.4 — — — — 1.7 2.8 3.2 3.8 3.8 3.9 4.0
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 160.0 234.4 289.6 410.0 565.2 641.9 695.2 762.6 813.2 827.9 825.0 † † † † † † † † † † †
Part-time ............................................ 4,282.1 4,997.9 5,997.7 6,302.7 7,932.3 7,910.1 7,780.1 7,754.6 7,700.7 7,721.6 7,688.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 3,563.5 4,116.0 4,706.0 4,231.0 4,667.3 4,497.7 4,351.7 4,256.0 4,155.1 4,105.2 4,029.2 84.4 83.5 79.8 68.4 59.9 57.9 57.0 56.0 55.2 54.4 53.6
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 659.9 811.3 1,189.8 1,953.0 3,122.5 3,270.6 3,283.4 3,343.4 3,376.4 3,446.2 3,483.4 15.6 16.5 20.2 31.6 40.1 42.1 43.0 44.0 44.8 45.6 46.4
Black ........................................... 373.8 421.2 528.7 747.7 1,227.7 1,242.5 1,203.0 1,192.5 1,143.7 1,119.9 1,093.5 8.9 8.5 9.0 12.1 15.8 16.0 15.8 15.7 15.2 14.8 14.6
Hispanic ...................................... 172.7 224.8 387.7 751.5 1,247.9 1,348.6 1,391.4 1,444.0 1,511.5 1,584.7 1,625.4 4.1 4.6 6.6 12.2 16.0 17.4 18.2 19.0 20.1 21.0 21.6
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 80.2 124.4 225.1 387.1 460.8 443.7 438.5 440.2 440.5 449.3 458.3 1.9 2.5 3.8 6.3 5.9 5.7 5.7 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1
Asian ....................................... — — — — 434.6 417.0 413.2 415.7 416.9 426.5 435.7 — — — — 5.6 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.8
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 26.2 26.7 25.3 24.4 23.6 22.8 22.5 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 33.1 40.9 48.4 66.8 78.0 70.9 68.0 64.9 63.3 61.9 61.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 108.2 165.0 182.5 201.9 217.4 230.4 244.9 — — — — 1.4 2.1 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 58.7 70.6 101.8 118.7 142.5 141.7 145.0 155.2 169.1 170.2 175.7 † † † † † † † † † † †

See notes at end of table.

 Table 306.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student:
Selected years, 1976 through 2017—Continued
Level of enrollment, sex, attendance Fall enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
status, and race/ethnicity or
nonresident alien status of student 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Undergraduate, total .................. 9,419.0 10,469.1 11,959.1 13,155.4 18,082.4 17,735.6 17,476.3 17,294.1 17,046.7 16,874.6 16,760.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 7,740.5 8,480.7 9,272.6 8,983.5 10,895.9 10,249.1 9,898.1 9,582.5 9,303.8 9,085.6 8,876.9 83.4 82.7 79.0 69.8 61.6 59.3 58.2 57.2 56.4 55.7 54.8
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 1,535.3 1,778.5 2,467.7 3,884.0 6,788.1 7,036.0 7,094.6 7,182.3 7,177.8 7,218.9 7,308.4 16.6 17.3 21.0 30.2 38.4 40.7 41.8 42.8 43.6 44.3 45.2
Black .............................................. 943.4 1,018.8 1,147.2 1,548.9 2,677.1 2,593.2 2,504.7 2,426.7 2,316.5 2,226.4 2,180.5 10.2 9.9 9.8 12.0 15.1 15.0 14.7 14.5 14.1 13.7 13.5
Hispanic .......................................... 352.9 433.1 724.6 1,351.0 2,551.0 2,767.7 2,872.2 2,962.4 3,055.0 3,168.3 3,265.6 3.8 4.2 6.2 10.5 14.4 16.0 16.9 17.7 18.5 19.4 20.2
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 169.3 248.7 500.5 845.5 1,087.3 1,062.8 1,064.5 1,074.9 1,084.0 1,100.3 1,114.9 1.8 2.4 4.3 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.7 6.9
Asian ........................................... — — — — 1,029.8 1,006.2 1,010.3 1,022.9 1,034.8 1,053.2 1,068.8 — — — — 5.8 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.6
Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 57.5 56.6 54.1 52.1 49.2 47.1 46.1 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 69.7 77.9 95.5 138.5 179.1 157.6 147.4 138.6 132.2 128.6 124.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 293.7 454.7 505.8 579.6 590.1 595.2 623.4 — — — — 1.7 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 143.2 209.9 218.7 288.0 398.4 450.6 483.6 529.3 565.1 570.2 575.0 † † † † † † † † † † †
Male ................................................... 4,896.8 4,997.4 5,379.8 5,778.3 7,836.3 7,714.9 7,660.1 7,586.3 7,502.3 7,416.9 7,347.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 4,052.2 4,054.9 4,184.4 4,010.1 4,861.0 4,572.7 4,438.9 4,299.0 4,188.1 4,087.0 3,987.8 84.4 83.5 79.6 71.3 63.7 61.2 60.0 58.9 58.2 57.5 56.7
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 748.2 802.7 1,069.3 1,618.0 2,773.8 2,905.0 2,962.7 3,000.4 3,007.0 3,020.2 3,049.9 15.6 16.5 20.4 28.7 36.3 38.8 40.0 41.1 41.8 42.5 43.3
Black ........................................... 430.7 428.2 448.0 577.0 982.9 969.4 955.3 924.9 888.4 849.4 830.5 9.0 8.8 8.5 10.3 12.9 13.0 12.9 12.7 12.3 12.0 11.8
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Hispanic ...................................... 191.7 211.2 326.9 582.6 1,082.9 1,173.7 1,224.1 1,261.8 1,298.3 1,343.5 1,377.0 4.0 4.3 6.2 10.4 14.2 15.7 16.5 17.3 18.0 18.9 19.6
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 91.1 128.5 254.5 401.9 513.4 505.3 507.5 511.7 515.0 520.6 526.2 1.9 2.6 4.8 7.1 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.3 7.5
Asian ....................................... — — — — 487.4 479.7 482.9 488.1 492.3 499.2 505.2 — — — — 6.4 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.2
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 26.0 25.6 24.5 23.5 22.7 21.4 21.0 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 34.8 34.8 39.9 56.4 72.3 63.0 59.4 56.1 53.2 51.5 49.2 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 122.3 193.6 216.6 245.9 252.1 255.2 266.9 — — — — 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.8
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 96.4 139.8 126.1 150.2 201.5 237.2 258.5 286.8 307.2 309.6 309.7 † † † † † † † † † † †
Female ............................................... 4,522.1 5,471.7 6,579.3 7,377.1 10,246.1 10,020.7 9,816.2 9,707.8 9,544.4 9,457.8 9,412.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 3,688.3 4,425.8 5,088.2 4,973.3 6,035.0 5,676.3 5,459.2 5,283.5 5,115.7 4,998.6 4,889.1 82.4 81.9 78.4 68.7 60.1 57.9 56.9 55.8 55.1 54.3 53.4
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 787.0 975.8 1,398.5 2,266.0 4,014.3 4,131.0 4,131.8 4,181.9 4,170.8 4,198.7 4,258.5 17.6 18.1 21.6 31.3 39.9 42.1 43.1 44.2 44.9 45.7 46.6
Black ........................................... 512.7 590.6 699.2 971.9 1,694.2 1,623.8 1,549.4 1,501.7 1,428.2 1,376.9 1,349.9 11.5 10.9 10.8 13.4 16.9 16.6 16.2 15.9 15.4 15.0 14.8
Hispanic ...................................... 161.2 221.8 397.6 768.4 1,468.1 1,594.0 1,648.1 1,700.6 1,756.7 1,824.9 1,888.6 3.6 4.1 6.1 10.6 14.6 16.3 17.2 18.0 18.9 19.8 20.6
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 78.2 120.2 246.0 443.6 573.9 557.5 557.0 563.2 569.0 579.7 588.7 1.7 2.2 3.8 6.1 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.4
Asian ....................................... — — — — 542.4 526.5 527.4 534.7 542.5 554.0 563.7 — — — — 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 31.5 31.0 29.6 28.5 26.5 25.7 25.1 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 34.9 43.1 55.5 82.1 106.8 94.6 88.0 82.6 79.1 77.1 74.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 171.3 261.1 289.2 333.7 337.9 340.0 356.5 — — — — 1.7 2.7 3.0 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 46.8 70.1 92.6 137.8 196.9 213.4 225.1 242.5 257.9 260.5 265.3 † † † † † † † † † † †

Postbaccalaureate, total ........... 1,566.6 1,617.7 1,859.5 2,156.9 2,937.0 2,908.8 2,900.4 2,915.0 2,941.5 2,972.3 3,005.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 1,335.6 1,352.4 1,449.8 1,478.6 1,824.9 1,733.1 1,691.3 1,656.7 1,635.4 1,631.0 1,633.9 89.6 88.8 86.0 77.2 69.4 67.3 66.5 65.6 64.8 64.1 63.3
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 155.5 170.3 237.0 437.5 802.8 842.8 852.5 869.7 888.9 913.3 945.7 10.4 11.2 14.0 22.8 30.6 32.7 33.5 34.4 35.2 35.9 36.7
Black .............................................. 89.7 87.9 99.8 181.4 361.9 369.2 367.3 366.2 364.5 363.0 365.4 6.0 5.8 5.9 9.5 13.8 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.4 14.3 14.2

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 253

Hispanic .......................................... 30.9 38.6 57.9 110.8 197.8 212.6 221.0 229.4 242.7 259.6 275.0 2.1 2.5 3.4 5.8 7.5 8.3 8.7 9.1 9.6 10.2 10.7
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 28.6 37.7 72.0 132.7 194.3 195.4 195.2 197.3 200.3 206.3 214.8 1.9 2.5 4.3 6.9 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.1 8.3
Asian ........................................... — — — — 187.8 188.5 188.4 190.9 194.3 200.3 208.9 — — — — 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.9 8.1

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 6.5 6.9 6.8 6.4 6.1 6.1 5.9 — — — — 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 6.4 6.0 7.3 12.6 17.1 15.4 14.8 14.3 13.9 13.7 13.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 31.7 50.1 54.2 62.6 67.5 70.6 76.8 — — — — 1.2 1.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 75.5 95.1 172.7 240.7 309.3 333.0 356.5 388.5 417.2 428.0 425.7 † † † † † † † † † † †
Male ................................................... 897.6 870.7 904.2 943.5 1,209.5 1,204.1 1,201.1 1,211.2 1,221.6 1,221.6 1,220.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 761.6 718.1 676.6 624.5 744.9 712.6 693.5 675.2 660.3 649.0 641.4 90.7 89.8 86.3 78.4 72.2 70.1 69.4 68.3 67.4 66.5 65.6
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 78.4 81.7 107.4 171.9 286.5 303.6 306.0 313.0 319.8 326.5 336.7 9.3 10.2 13.7 21.6 27.8 29.9 30.6 31.7 32.6 33.5 34.4
Black ........................................... 39.2 35.5 36.7 58.3 106.1 109.7 109.6 110.2 110.5 110.0 110.4 4.7 4.4 4.7 7.3 10.3 10.8 11.0 11.1 11.3 11.3 11.3
Hispanic ...................................... 18.1 20.4 27.0 44.5 74.7 80.9 83.6 86.4 90.9 95.8 100.4 2.2 2.5 3.4 5.6 7.2 8.0 8.4 8.7 9.3 9.8 10.3
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 17.4 22.8 40.4 64.0 87.2 87.8 86.9 87.4 87.8 89.5 92.3 2.1 2.8 5.2 8.0 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 9.0 9.2 9.4
Asian ....................................... — — — — 84.7 85.0 84.2 84.9 85.5 87.2 90.1 — — — — 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.6 8.7 8.9 9.2
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 2.5 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.2 — — — — 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 3.7 3.0 3.2 5.0 6.4 5.7 5.3 5.3 5.0 4.8 4.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 12.0 19.6 20.6 23.7 25.5 26.5 29.1 — — — — 1.2 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.7 3.0
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 57.7 71.0 120.2 147.1 178.2 187.9 201.6 223.0 241.4 246.0 242.1 † † † † † † † † † † †

See notes at end of table.

 Table 306.10. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level of enrollment, sex, attendance status, and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student:

254 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Selected years, 1976 through 2017—Continued

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Level of enrollment, sex, attendance Fall enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
status, and race/ethnicity or
nonresident alien status of student 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Female ............................................... 669.1 747.0 955.4 1,213.4 1,727.5 1,704.8 1,699.3 1,703.7 1,720.0 1,750.7 1,785.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 574.1 634.3 773.2 854.1 1,080.0 1,020.5 997.8 981.5 975.0 982.0 992.5 88.1 87.7 85.6 76.3 67.7 65.4 64.6 63.8 63.1 62.6 62.0
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 77.2 88.6 129.6 265.7 516.4 539.1 546.5 556.8 569.2 586.8 608.9 11.9 12.3 14.4 23.7 32.3 34.6 35.4 36.2 36.9 37.4 38.0
Black ........................................... 50.5 52.4 63.1 123.1 255.8 259.5 257.7 256.0 254.0 253.0 255.1 7.7 7.2 7.0 11.0 16.0 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.4 16.1 15.9
Hispanic ...................................... 12.8 18.3 30.9 66.3 123.1 131.8 137.4 143.1 151.8 163.8 174.6 2.0 2.5 3.4 5.9 7.7 8.4 8.9 9.3 9.8 10.4 10.9
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 11.2 15.0 31.5 68.7 107.0 107.6 108.3 109.9 112.5 116.9 122.5 1.7 2.1 3.5 6.1 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.5 7.6
Asian ....................................... — — — — 103.1 103.5 104.2 106.0 108.8 113.1 118.8 — — — — 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 3.9 4.1 4.1 3.9 3.7 3.8 3.7 — — — — 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 2.7 3.0 4.1 7.6 10.7 9.8 9.5 9.0 8.9 8.9 9.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 19.7 30.5 33.6 38.8 42.0 44.1 47.7 — — — — 1.2 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 17.8 24.1 52.5 93.6 131.1 145.1 155.0 165.5 175.8 182.0 183.6 † † † † † † † † † † †

—Not available. earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions
†Not applicable. that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals
1
Race/ethnicity not collected. because of rounding.
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Because of underreporting and nonreporting of racial/ethnic SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
data, some figures are slightly lower than corresponding data in other tables. Data through 1990 are for institutions of higher Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities” surveys, 1976 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education
education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
 Table 306.20. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student: Selected years,
1976 through 2017
Level and control of institution and Fall enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
race/ethnicity or nonresident alien
status of student 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
All students, total ...................... 10,985.6 12,086.8 13,818.6 15,312.3 21,019.4 20,644.5 20,376.7 20,209.1 19,988.2 19,846.9 19,765.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 9,076.1 9,833.0 10,722.5 10,462.1 12,720.8 11,982.2 11,589.4 11,239.3 10,939.2 10,716.6 10,510.8 84.3 83.5 79.9 70.8 62.6 60.3 59.3 58.3 57.6 56.9 56.0
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 1,690.8 1,948.8 2,704.7 4,321.5 7,591.0 7,878.7 7,947.1 8,052.0 8,066.7 8,132.2 8,254.1 15.7 16.5 20.1 29.2 37.4 39.7 40.7 41.7 42.4 43.1 44.0
Black .............................................. 1,033.0 1,106.8 1,247.0 1,730.3 3,039.0 2,962.4 2,872.0 2,792.8 2,681.0 2,589.4 2,545.9 9.6 9.4 9.3 11.7 15.0 14.9 14.7 14.5 14.1 13.7 13.6
Hispanic .......................................... 383.8 471.7 782.4 1,461.8 2,748.8 2,980.3 3,093.2 3,191.9 3,297.7 3,428.0 3,540.6 3.6 4.0 5.8 9.9 13.5 15.0 15.8 16.5 17.4 18.2 18.9
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 197.9 286.4 572.4 978.2 1,281.6 1,258.2 1,259.7 1,272.2 1,284.3 1,306.7 1,329.7 1.8 2.4 4.3 6.6 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.9 7.1
Asian ........................................... — — — — 1,217.6 1,194.7 1,198.7 1,213.8 1,229.0 1,253.5 1,277.7 — — — — 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.8
Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 64.0 63.5 61.0 58.5 55.3 53.2 52.0 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 76.1 83.9 102.8 151.2 196.2 173.0 162.2 152.9 146.1 142.3 137.6 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.7
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 325.4 504.8 560.0 642.2 657.6 665.8 700.2 — — — — 1.6 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.7
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 218.7 305.0 391.5 528.7 707.7 783.6 840.2 917.8 982.3 998.1 1,000.7 † † † † † † † † † † †
Public ................................................. 8,641.0 9,456.4 10,844.7 11,752.8 15,142.2 14,884.7 14,746.8 14,654.7 14,572.8 14,585.8 14,560.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 7,094.5 7,656.1 8,385.4 7,963.4 9,182.1 8,636.4 8,363.3 8,119.6 7,910.7 7,787.3 7,641.2 83.5 82.7 79.2 69.8 62.5 60.0 58.8 57.7 56.7 55.8 54.8
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 1,401.2 1,596.2 2,199.2 3,446.3 5,507.1 5,748.8 5,849.1 5,947.5 6,035.3 6,165.0 6,294.0 16.5 17.3 20.8 30.2 37.5 40.0 41.2 42.3 43.3 44.2 45.2
Black ........................................... 831.2 876.1 976.4 1,319.2 1,988.8 1,937.6 1,886.5 1,840.2 1,775.1 1,739.6 1,722.8 9.8 9.5 9.2 11.6 13.5 13.5 13.3 13.1 12.7 12.5 12.4
Hispanic ...................................... 336.8 406.2 671.4 1,229.3 2,163.8 2,366.8 2,479.4 2,580.4 2,694.5 2,819.5 2,923.7 4.0 4.4 6.3 10.8 14.7 16.5 17.4 18.3 19.3 20.2 21.0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 165.7 239.7 461.0 770.5 968.7 942.6 944.9 955.9 970.1 990.5 1,008.7 2.0 2.6 4.4 6.8 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.1 7.2
Asian ....................................... — — — — 924.8 901.2 905.7 918.5 934.3 955.9 975.1 — — — — 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.0
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 43.9 41.4 39.2 37.4 35.8 34.6 33.6 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 67.5 74.2 90.4 127.3 150.8 131.8 124.4 117.8 113.7 110.7 107.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 235.0 370.0 414.0 453.2 482.0 504.8 530.8 — — — — 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.6 3.8
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 145.3 204.2 260.0 343.1 453.0 499.5 534.5 587.6 626.8 633.5 624.9 † † † † † † † † † † †
Private ................................................ 2,344.6 2,630.4 2,973.9 3,559.5 5,877.3 5,759.8 5,629.8 5,554.4 5,415.4 5,261.1 5,205.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 1,981.6 2,176.9 2,337.0 2,498.7 3,538.7 3,345.7 3,226.1 3,119.7 3,028.5 2,929.3 2,869.5 87.3 86.1 82.2 74.1 62.9 61.1 60.6 59.7 59.9 59.8 59.4
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 289.6 352.7 505.5 875.2 2,083.9 2,130.0 2,098.0 2,104.5 2,031.4 1,967.2 1,960.1 12.7 13.9 17.8 25.9 37.1 38.9 39.4 40.3 40.1 40.2 40.6
Black ........................................... 201.8 230.7 270.6 411.1 1,050.2 1,024.9 985.6 952.7 906.0 849.8 823.1 8.9 9.1 9.5 12.2 18.7 18.7 18.5 18.2 17.9 17.4 17.0
Hispanic ...................................... 47.0 65.6 111.0 232.5 585.0 613.5 613.8 611.4 603.2 608.5 616.8 2.1 2.6 3.9 6.9 10.4 11.2 11.5 11.7 11.9 12.4 12.8
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 32.2 46.7 111.5 207.7 312.8 315.6 314.8 316.4 314.2 316.2 321.0 1.4 1.8 3.9 6.2 5.6 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.6
Asian ....................................... — — — — 292.7 293.5 293.0 295.3 294.7 297.6 302.6 — — — — 5.2 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.3
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 20.1 22.2 21.8 21.1 19.5 18.6 18.4 — — — — 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 8.6 9.7 12.4 23.9 45.5 41.3 37.8 35.1 32.5 31.7 29.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 90.4 134.7 146.0 189.0 175.6 161.0 169.4 — — — — 1.6 2.5 2.7 3.6 3.5 3.3 3.5
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 73.4 100.8 131.4 185.6 254.7 284.1 305.7 330.2 355.5 364.6 375.8 † † † † † † † † † † †
4-year, total ................................ 7,106.5 7,565.4 8,578.6 9,363.9 13,335.8 13,476.6 13,406.0 13,494.4 13,488.7 13,754.5 13,823.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 5,999.0 6,274.5 6,768.1 6,658.0 8,399.5 8,143.2 7,954.2 7,829.1 7,713.4 7,715.0 7,637.6 86.6 85.7 82.0 74.6 66.0 63.7 62.8 61.8 61.2 60.0 59.2
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 931.0 1,049.9 1,486.1 2,266.1 4,328.0 4,643.5 4,703.8 4,843.0 4,897.2 5,135.5 5,274.4 13.4 14.3 18.0 25.4 34.0 36.3 37.2 38.2 38.8 40.0 40.8
Black .............................................. 603.7 634.3 722.8 995.4 1,840.0 1,845.6 1,799.2 1,778.7 1,740.5 1,724.0 1,703.2 8.7 8.7 8.8 11.2 14.5 14.4 14.2 14.0 13.8 13.4 13.2
Hispanic .......................................... 173.6 216.6 358.2 617.9 1,355.9 1,532.6 1,599.6 1,670.8 1,742.1 1,932.5 2,034.6 2.5 3.0 4.3 6.9 10.7 12.0 12.6 13.2 13.8 15.0 15.8
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 118.7 162.1 357.2 576.3 818.5 834.3 843.7 864.8 882.5 929.6 959.6 1.7 2.2 4.3 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.7 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4
Asian ........................................... — — — — 782.5 795.6 806.1 827.5 847.1 893.9 924.3 — — — — 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.5 6.7 7.0 7.2
Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 36.0 38.7 37.6 37.3 35.4 35.7 35.3 — — — — 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 255

American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 35.0 36.9 47.9 76.5 109.0 98.1 91.4 87.0 83.4 83.6 81.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.6
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 204.6 332.9 369.8 441.7 448.8 465.7 495.2 — — — — 1.6 2.6 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.8
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 176.5 240.9 324.3 439.7 608.3 689.9 748.0 822.4 878.1 904.0 911.6 † † † † † † † † † † †

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Public ................................................. 4,892.9 5,127.6 5,848.2 6,055.4 7,924.1 8,092.6 8,120.4 8,257.1 8,348.5 8,742.9 8,853.5 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 4,120.2 4,243.0 4,605.6 4,311.2 5,069.6 4,952.3 4,867.1 4,833.9 4,790.3 4,879.3 4,851.6 86.1 85.1 81.5 74.4 67.0 64.4 63.4 62.3 61.2 59.5 58.3
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 666.7 740.8 1,046.2 1,486.4 2,496.8 2,732.0 2,808.6 2,928.6 3,032.7 3,321.1 3,463.5 13.9 14.9 18.5 25.6 33.0 35.6 36.6 37.7 38.8 40.5 41.7
Black ........................................... 421.8 438.2 495.1 627.8 912.6 922.5 909.0 914.8 916.0 950.9 956.2 8.8 8.8 8.8 10.8 12.1 12.0 11.8 11.8 11.7 11.6 11.5
Hispanic ...................................... 129.3 156.4 262.5 420.0 869.5 1,007.0 1,063.4 1,133.0 1,199.5 1,379.5 1,471.0 2.7 3.1 4.6 7.2 11.5 13.1 13.9 14.6 15.3 16.8 17.7
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 87.5 117.2 250.6 381.3 522.8 535.0 544.7 563.1 579.4 623.7 648.4 1.8 2.4 4.4 6.6 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.8
Asian ....................................... — — — — 504.7 516.1 526.1 544.3 562.0 605.2 630.2 — — — — 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 18.1 19.0 18.6 18.7 17.4 18.5 18.3 — — — — 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 28.2 29.0 38.0 57.2 69.5 61.3 58.1 56.0 54.6 55.3 55.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 122.4 206.2 233.4 261.9 283.2 311.6 332.8 — — — — 1.6 2.7 3.0 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 106.0 143.8 196.4 257.8 357.8 408.2 444.8 494.6 525.6 542.6 538.3 † † † † † † † † † † †
Private ................................................ 2,213.6 2,437.8 2,730.3 3,308.5 5,411.7 5,384.0 5,285.6 5,237.3 5,140.2 5,011.6 4,970.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 1,878.8 2,031.5 2,162.5 2,346.9 3,330.0 3,190.9 3,087.1 2,995.2 2,923.1 2,835.7 2,786.0 87.7 86.8 83.1 75.1 64.5 62.5 62.0 61.0 61.1 61.0 60.6
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 264.3 309.2 439.8 779.7 1,831.2 1,911.4 1,895.2 1,914.3 1,864.5 1,814.4 1,810.9 12.3 13.2 16.9 24.9 35.5 37.5 38.0 39.0 38.9 39.0 39.4
Black ........................................... 182.0 196.1 227.7 367.6 927.4 923.1 890.3 864.0 824.5 773.1 747.0 8.5 8.4 8.7 11.8 18.0 18.1 17.9 17.6 17.2 16.6 16.3
Hispanic ...................................... 44.3 60.2 95.7 197.9 486.3 525.6 536.2 537.8 542.7 553.0 563.6 2.1 2.6 3.7 6.3 9.4 10.3 10.8 11.0 11.3 11.9 12.3
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 31.2 44.9 106.6 195.0 295.7 299.3 299.0 301.7 303.0 305.9 311.2 1.5 1.9 4.1 6.2 5.7 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.6 6.8
Asian ....................................... — — — — 277.8 279.5 280.0 283.1 285.1 288.7 294.2 — — — — 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.2 6.4
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 17.9 19.8 19.0 18.6 18.0 17.2 17.0 — — — — 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 6.8 7.9 9.9 19.3 39.6 36.8 33.3 31.0 28.8 28.3 26.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 82.2 126.7 136.4 179.8 165.6 154.1 162.4 — — — — 1.6 2.5 2.7 3.7 3.5 3.3 3.5
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 70.5 97.1 127.9 181.9 250.6 281.7 303.2 327.8 352.5 361.5 373.2 † † † † † † † † † † †

See notes at end of table.

 Table 306.20. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution and race/ethnicity or nonresident alien status of student: Selected years,

256 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

1976 through 2017—Continued

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Level and control of institution and Fall enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
race/ethnicity or nonresident alien
status of student 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 1976 1980 1990 2000 2010 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2-year, total ................................ 3,879.1 4,521.4 5,240.1 5,948.4 7,683.6 7,167.8 6,970.6 6,714.7 6,499.5 6,092.4 5,942.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .................................................. 3,077.1 3,558.5 3,954.3 3,804.1 4,321.3 3,838.9 3,635.2 3,410.2 3,225.8 3,001.6 2,873.2 80.2 79.8 76.4 64.9 57.0 54.3 52.8 51.5 50.4 50.0 49.1
Total, selected races/ethnicities .......... 759.8 898.9 1,218.6 2,055.4 3,263.0 3,235.3 3,243.3 3,209.1 3,169.5 2,996.7 2,979.7 19.8 20.2 23.6 35.1 43.0 45.7 47.2 48.5 49.6 50.0 50.9
Black .............................................. 429.3 472.5 524.3 734.9 1,198.9 1,116.9 1,072.8 1,014.1 940.5 865.5 842.7 11.2 10.6 10.1 12.5 15.8 15.8 15.6 15.3 14.7 14.4 14.4
Hispanic .......................................... 210.2 255.1 424.2 843.9 1,393.0 1,447.7 1,493.5 1,521.1 1,555.6 1,495.4 1,506.0 5.5 5.7 8.2 14.4 18.4 20.5 21.7 23.0 24.3 24.9 25.7
Asian/Pacific Islander ...................... 79.2 124.3 215.2 401.9 463.1 424.0 416.0 407.5 401.9 377.1 370.1 2.1 2.8 4.2 6.9 6.1 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.3 6.3 6.3
Asian ........................................... — — — — 435.1 399.1 392.6 386.3 381.9 359.6 353.4 — — — — 5.7 5.6 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.0
Pacific Islander ............................ — — — — 28.0 24.8 23.4 21.2 19.9 17.5 16.7 — — — — 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 41.2 47.0 54.9 74.7 87.2 74.9 70.8 66.0 62.8 58.7 55.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Two or more races .......................... — — — — 120.8 171.9 190.2 200.5 208.7 200.0 205.0 — — — — 1.6 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.3 3.3 3.5
Nonresident alien1 .............................. 42.2 64.1 67.1 89.0 99.3 93.7 92.1 95.4 104.2 94.1 89.1 † † † † † † † † † † †
Public ................................................. 3,748.1 4,328.8 4,996.5 5,697.4 7,218.1 6,792.1 6,626.4 6,397.6 6,224.3 5,842.9 5,706.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 2,974.3 3,413.1 3,779.8 3,652.2 4,112.5 3,684.1 3,496.2 3,285.7 3,120.4 2,908.0 2,789.6 80.2 80.0 76.6 65.1 57.7 55.0 53.5 52.1 51.0 50.6 49.6
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 734.5 855.4 1,153.0 1,959.9 3,010.3 3,016.7 3,040.5 3,018.9 3,002.6 2,844.0 2,830.5 19.8 20.0 23.4 34.9 42.3 45.0 46.5 47.9 49.0 49.4 50.4
Black ........................................... 409.5 437.9 481.4 691.4 1,076.1 1,015.0 977.5 925.4 859.0 788.7 766.7 11.0 10.3 9.8 12.3 15.1 15.1 15.0 14.7 14.0 13.7 13.6
Hispanic ...................................... 207.5 249.8 408.9 809.2 1,294.3 1,359.8 1,415.9 1,447.5 1,495.1 1,439.9 1,452.7 5.6 5.9 8.3 14.4 18.2 20.3 21.7 23.0 24.4 25.0 25.8
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 78.2 122.5 210.3 389.2 445.9 407.6 400.2 392.8 390.7 366.8 360.3 2.1 2.9 4.3 6.9 6.3 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.4
Asian ....................................... — — — — 420.2 385.2 379.6 374.2 372.3 350.7 344.9 — — — — 5.9 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.1 6.1 6.1
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 25.7 22.4 20.6 18.7 18.4 16.1 15.4 — — — — 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 39.3 45.2 52.4 70.1 81.3 70.4 66.3 61.9 59.1 55.3 52.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 112.7 163.8 180.6 191.3 198.8 193.2 198.0 — — — — 1.6 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.5
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 39.2 60.3 63.6 85.2 95.2 91.3 89.7 93.0 101.3 91.0 86.6 † † † † † † † † † † †
Private ................................................ 131.0 192.6 243.6 251.0 465.5 375.8 344.2 317.1 275.2 249.5 235.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White .............................................. 102.8 145.4 174.5 151.8 208.8 154.8 139.0 124.5 105.4 93.6 83.6 80.3 77.0 72.7 61.4 45.2 41.5 40.7 39.6 38.7 38.0 35.9
Total, selected races/ethnicities ....... 25.3 43.5 65.6 95.5 252.7 218.5 202.8 190.2 166.8 152.7 149.1 19.7 23.0 27.3 38.6 54.8 58.5 59.3 60.4 61.3 62.0 64.1
Black ........................................... 19.8 34.6 42.9 43.5 122.8 101.8 95.3 88.7 81.5 76.8 76.1 15.5 18.3 17.9 17.6 26.6 27.3 27.9 28.2 29.9 31.2 32.7
Hispanic ...................................... 2.6 5.3 15.3 34.7 98.7 87.9 77.6 73.6 60.5 55.5 53.3 2.1 2.8 6.4 14.0 21.4 23.5 22.7 23.4 22.2 22.5 22.9
Asian/Pacific Islander .................. 0.9 1.8 4.9 12.7 17.2 16.4 15.7 14.7 11.2 10.3 9.8 0.7 1.0 2.0 5.1 3.7 4.4 4.6 4.7 4.1 4.2 4.2
Asian ....................................... — — — — 14.9 13.9 13.0 12.1 9.6 8.9 8.4 — — — — 3.2 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.5 3.6 3.6
Pacific Islander ........................ — — — — 2.2 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 — — — — 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
American Indian/Alaska Native .... 1.8 1.8 2.5 4.5 5.9 4.5 4.5 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3
Two or more races ....................... — — — — 8.1 8.0 9.7 9.2 10.0 6.8 7.0 — — — — 1.8 2.1 2.8 2.9 3.7 2.8 3.0
Nonresident alien1 ........................... 3.0 3.7 3.5 3.8 4.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.9 3.1 2.6 † † † † † † † † † † †

—Not available. to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education
†Not applicable. institutions that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum
1
Race/ethnicity not collected. to totals because of rounding.
NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Because of underreporting and nonreporting of racial/ SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
ethnic data, some figures are slightly lower than corresponding data in other tables. Data through 1990 are for institutions Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and Universities” surveys, 1976 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education
of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90); and IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 257
Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

Table 306.30. Fall enrollment of U.S. residents in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity: Selected years, 1976
through 2028
Enrollment (in thousands) Percentage distribution
Asian/Pacific Islander Asian/Pacific Islander
American American
Indian/ Two or Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more Pacific Alaska more
Year Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
1976 ............ 10,767 9,076 1,033 384 198 — — 76 — 100.0 84.3 9.6 3.6 1.8 — — 0.7 —
1980 ............ 11,782 9,833 1,107 472 286 — — 84 — 100.0 83.5 9.4 4.0 2.4 — — 0.7 —
1990 ............ 13,427 10,722 1,247 782 572 — — 103 — 100.0 79.9 9.3 5.8 4.3 — — 0.8 —
1994 ............ 13,823 10,427 1,449 1,046 774 — — 127 — 100.0 75.4 10.5 7.6 5.6 — — 0.9 —
1995 ............ 13,807 10,311 1,474 1,094 797 — — 131 — 100.0 74.7 10.7 7.9 5.8 — — 1.0 —
1996 ............ 13,901 10,264 1,506 1,166 828 — — 138 — 100.0 73.8 10.8 8.4 6.0 — — 1.0 —
1997 ............ 14,037 10,266 1,551 1,218 859 — — 142 — 100.0 73.1 11.0 8.7 6.1 — — 1.0 —
1998 ............ 14,063 10,179 1,583 1,257 900 — — 144 — 100.0 72.4 11.3 8.9 6.4 — — 1.0 —
1999 ............ 14,361 10,329 1,649 1,324 914 — — 146 — 100.0 71.9 11.5 9.2 6.4 — — 1.0 —
2000 ............ 14,784 10,462 1,730 1,462 978 — — 151 — 100.0 70.8 11.7 9.9 6.6 — — 1.0 —
2001 ............ 15,363 10,775 1,850 1,561 1,019 — — 158 — 100.0 70.1 12.0 10.2 6.6 — — 1.0 —
2002 ............ 16,021 11,140 1,979 1,662 1,074 — — 166 — 100.0 69.5 12.4 10.4 6.7 — — 1.0 —
2003 ............ 16,314 11,281 2,068 1,716 1,076 — — 173 — 100.0 69.1 12.7 10.5 6.6 — — 1.1 —
2004 ............ 16,682 11,423 2,165 1,810 1,109 — — 176 — 100.0 68.5 13.0 10.8 6.6 — — 1.1 —
2005 ............ 16,903 11,495 2,215 1,882 1,134 — — 176 — 100.0 68.0 13.1 11.1 6.7 — — 1.0 —
2006 ............ 17,158 11,568 2,280 1,964 1,165 — — 181 — 100.0 67.4 13.3 11.4 6.8 — — 1.1 —
2007 ............ 17,635 11,761 2,384 2,081 1,218 — — 190 — 100.0 66.7 13.5 11.8 6.9 — — 1.1 —
2008 ............ 18,421 12,075 2,580 2,271 1,303 — — 193 — 100.0 65.5 14.0 12.3 7.1 — — 1.0 —
2009 ............ 19,631 12,669 2,884 2,537 1,335 — — 206 — 100.0 64.5 14.7 12.9 6.8 — — 1.0 —
2010 ............ 20,312 12,721 3,039 2,749 1,282 1,218 64 196 325 100.0 62.6 15.0 13.5 6.3 6.0 0.3 1.0 1.6
2011 ............ 20,270 12,402 3,079 2,893 1,277 1,211 66 186 433 100.0 61.2 15.2 14.3 6.3 6.0 0.3 0.9 2.1
2012 ............ 19,861 11,982 2,962 2,980 1,258 1,195 64 173 505 100.0 60.3 14.9 15.0 6.3 6.0 0.3 0.9 2.5
2013 ............ 19,537 11,589 2,872 3,093 1,260 1,199 61 162 560 100.0 59.3 14.7 15.8 6.4 6.1 0.3 0.8 2.9
2014 ............ 19,291 11,239 2,793 3,192 1,272 1,214 58 153 642 100.0 58.3 14.5 16.5 6.6 6.3 0.3 0.8 3.3
2015 ............ 19,006 10,939 2,681 3,298 1,284 1,229 55 146 658 100.0 57.6 14.1 17.4 6.8 6.5 0.3 0.8 3.5
2016 ............ 18,849 10,717 2,589 3,428 1,307 1,253 53 142 666 100.0 56.9 13.7 18.2 6.9 6.7 0.3 0.8 3.5
2017 18,765 10,511 2,546 3,541 1,330 1,278 52 138 700 100.0 56.0 13.6 18.9 7.1 6.8 0.3 0.7 3.7
2018 1 ........... 18,815 10,525 2,610 3,542 1,300 — — 135 702 100.0 55.9 13.9 18.8 6.9 — — 0.7 3.7
20191 ........... 18,853 10,507 2,623 3,578 1,307 — — 134 703 100.0 55.7 13.9 19.0 6.9 — — 0.7 3.7
20201 ........... 18,844 10,434 2,636 3,628 1,309 — — 133 703 100.0 55.4 14.0 19.3 6.9 — — 0.7 3.7
20211 ........... 18,837 10,365 2,649 3,674 1,314 — — 132 703 100.0 55.0 14.1 19.5 7.0 — — 0.7 3.7
20221 ........... 18,834 10,303 2,658 3,717 1,320 — — 132 703 100.0 54.7 14.1 19.7 7.0 — — 0.7 3.7
20231 ........... 18,844 10,244 2,671 3,765 1,329 — — 131 703 100.0 54.4 14.2 20.0 7.1 — — 0.7 3.7
20241 ........... 18,868 10,193 2,684 3,817 1,340 — — 130 704 100.0 54.0 14.2 20.2 7.1 — — 0.7 3.7
20251 ........... 18,892 10,142 2,697 3,872 1,348 — — 129 705 100.0 53.7 14.3 20.5 7.1 — — 0.7 3.7
20261 ........... 18,928 10,090 2,716 3,933 1,354 — — 128 706 100.0 53.3 14.4 20.8 7.2 — — 0.7 3.7
20271 ........... 18,921 10,009 2,734 3,988 1,357 — — 126 706 100.0 52.9 14.4 21.1 7.2 — — 0.7 3.7
20281 ........... 18,886 9,913 2,748 4,036 1,359 — — 125 705 100.0 52.5 14.5 21.4 7.2 — — 0.7 3.7

—Not available. more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
1
Projected. degrees. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised
NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Prior to 2010, institutions from previously published figures.
were not required to report separate data on Asians, Pacific Islanders, and students of SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
Two or more races. Projections for Asian and Pacific Islander enrollment are not available Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
due to the limited amount of historical data available upon which to base a projection Universities” surveys, 1976 and 1980; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
model. Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:90–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through Spring
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions by Race/
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting Ethnicity Projection Model, 1980 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 306.50. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution, level of enrollment, and race/ethnicity of student: 2017

258 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Public institutions Nonprofit institutions

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

4-year 4-year For-profit institutions
Research Research Doctoral/ Research Research Doctoral/
Level of enrollment Total, univer- univer- research univer- univer- research
and race/ethnicity all sity, sity, univer- Bacca- Special sity, sity, univer- Bacca- Special
of student institutions Total Total very high1 high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total Total very high1 high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
All students,
total .............. 19,765,598 14,560,155 8,853,477 2,844,803 1,366,233 628,300 2,487,434 1,433,586 93,121 5,706,678 4,106,477 4,058,087 633,342 326,266 442,414 1,596,806 668,707 390,552 48,390 1,098,966 912,076 186,890
White ............................ 10,510,784 7,641,235 4,851,639 1,545,924 829,505 313,999 1,415,455 697,155 49,601 2,789,596 2,401,698 2,381,969 282,619 189,168 255,240 1,009,164 421,408 224,370 19,729 467,851 404,019 63,832
Black ............................ 2,545,916 1,722,844 956,178 191,913 155,682 98,998 322,938 176,565 10,082 766,666 496,597 478,492 39,329 31,940 61,196 198,393 102,012 45,622 18,105 326,475 268,530 57,945
Hispanic ....................... 3,540,584 2,923,743 1,470,999 379,476 179,395 127,155 403,977 372,166 8,830 1,452,744 432,741 427,308 60,809 32,929 50,561 193,582 54,654 34,773 5,433 184,100 136,281 47,819
Asian ............................ 1,277,733 975,098 630,151 297,200 63,173 36,995 142,669 79,124 10,990 344,947 259,523 258,337 85,861 21,900 29,897 65,658 21,011 34,010 1,186 43,112 35,857 7,255
Pacific Islander ............. 52,015 33,622 18,250 4,376 2,012 928 5,511 5,286 137 15,372 10,537 10,297 669 643 1,037 5,140 1,734 1,074 240 7,856 6,743 1,113
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 137,632 107,889 55,089 9,690 9,048 2,284 16,096 10,187 7,784 52,800 19,578 18,682 1,208 932 1,838 7,951 3,023 3,730 896 10,165 8,047 2,118
Two or more races ....... 700,212 530,836 332,836 110,418 50,851 21,560 90,294 57,557 2,156 198,000 134,224 132,462 22,779 10,089 13,085 48,374 24,426 13,709 1,762 35,152 29,893 5,259
Nonresident alien7 ........ 1,000,722 624,888 538,335 305,806 76,567 26,381 90,494 35,546 3,541 86,553 351,579 350,540 140,068 38,665 29,560 68,544 40,439 33,264 1,039 24,255 22,706 1,549
Undergraduate ............. 16,760,331 13,100,953 7,394,275 2,160,020 1,104,197 522,304 2,144,761 1,427,893 35,100 5,706,678 2,817,017 2,768,627 305,582 209,878 272,366 1,147,851 635,351 197,599 48,390 842,361 655,471 186,890
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

White ........................ 8,876,872 6,823,692 4,034,096 1,187,296 670,482 256,102 1,210,698 692,732 16,786 2,789,596 1,699,556 1,679,827 141,945 131,053 161,248 732,397 398,371 114,813 19,729 353,624 289,792 63,832
Black ........................ 2,180,467 1,588,382 821,716 150,648 130,866 84,109 274,967 176,068 5,058 766,666 350,970 332,865 19,687 18,243 33,252 139,215 97,584 24,884 18,105 241,115 183,170 57,945
Hispanic ................... 3,265,599 2,786,825 1,334,081 323,972 157,479 112,222 365,160 371,980 3,268 1,452,744 319,380 313,947 36,346 20,526 34,499 150,716 52,511 19,349 5,433 159,394 111,575 47,819
Asian ........................ 1,068,832 879,728 534,781 246,133 51,415 31,289 125,373 78,994 1,577 344,947 158,605 157,419 50,456 14,316 18,635 42,455 19,880 11,677 1,186 30,499 23,244 7,255
Pacific Islander ......... 46,090 31,921 16,549 3,627 1,748 813 5,017 5,273 71 15,372 7,875 7,635 332 450 640 3,930 1,671 612 240 6,294 5,181 1,113
American Indian/
Alaska Native ..... 124,019 101,033 48,233 7,249 7,591 1,864 14,021 10,126 7,382 52,800 14,811 13,915 656 598 1,121 5,733 2,871 2,936 896 8,175 6,057 2,118
Two or more races .... 623,409 493,152 295,152 91,677 44,658 18,971 81,717 57,473 656 198,000 102,263 100,501 14,584 7,302 9,588 37,694 23,804 7,529 1,762 27,994 22,735 5,259
Nonresident alien .... 7
575,043 396,220 309,667 149,418 39,958 16,934 67,808 35,247 302 86,553 163,557 162,518 41,576 17,390 13,383 35,711 38,659 15,799 1,039 15,266 13,717 1,549
Postbaccalaureate ........ 3,005,267 1,459,202 1,459,202 684,783 262,036 105,996 342,673 5,693 58,021 † 1,289,460 1,289,460 327,760 116,388 170,048 448,955 33,356 192,953 † 256,605 256,605 †
White ........................ 1,633,912 817,543 817,543 358,628 159,023 57,897 204,757 4,423 32,815 † 702,142 702,142 140,674 58,115 93,992 276,767 23,037 109,557 † 114,227 114,227 †
Black ........................ 365,449 134,462 134,462 41,265 24,816 14,889 47,971 497 5,024 † 145,627 145,627 19,642 13,697 27,944 59,178 4,428 20,738 † 85,360 85,360 †
Hispanic ................... 274,985 136,918 136,918 55,504 21,916 14,933 38,817 186 5,562 † 113,361 113,361 24,463 12,403 16,062 42,866 2,143 15,424 † 24,706 24,706 †
Asian ........................ 208,901 95,370 95,370 51,067 11,758 5,706 17,296 130 9,413 † 100,918 100,918 35,405 7,584 11,262 23,203 1,131 22,333 † 12,613 12,613 †
Pacific Islander ......... 5,925 1,701 1,701 749 264 115 494 13 66 † 2,662 2,662 337 193 397 1,210 63 462 † 1,562 1,562 †
American Indian/
Alaska Native ..... 13,613 6,856 6,856 2,441 1,457 420 2,075 61 402 † 4,767 4,767 552 334 717 2,218 152 794 † 1,990 1,990 †
Two or more races .... 76,803 37,684 37,684 18,741 6,193 2,589 8,577 84 1,500 † 31,961 31,961 8,195 2,787 3,497 10,680 622 6,180 † 7,158 7,158 †
Nonresident alien7 .... 425,679 228,668 228,668 156,388 36,609 9,447 22,686 299 3,239 † 188,022 188,022 98,492 21,275 16,177 32,833 1,780 17,465 † 8,989 8,989 †
Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
U.S. resident
students,
total .............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White ............................ 56.0 54.8 58.3 60.9 64.3 52.2 59.1 49.9 55.4 49.6 64.0 64.2 57.3 65.8 61.8 66.0 67.1 62.8 41.7 43.5 45.4 34.4
Black ............................ 13.6 12.4 11.5 7.6 12.1 16.4 13.5 12.6 11.3 13.6 13.2 12.9 8.0 11.1 14.8 13.0 16.2 12.8 38.2 30.4 30.2 31.3
Hispanic ....................... 18.9 21.0 17.7 14.9 13.9 21.1 16.9 26.6 9.9 25.8 11.5 11.5 12.3 11.4 12.2 12.7 8.7 9.7 11.5 17.1 15.3 25.8
Asian ............................ 6.8 7.0 7.6 11.7 4.9 6.1 6.0 5.7 12.3 6.1 6.9 7.0 17.4 7.6 7.2 4.3 3.3 9.5 2.5 4.0 4.0 3.9
Pacific Islander ............. 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.6
American Indian/
Alaska Native ......... 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 8.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.9 0.9 0.9 1.1
Two or more races ....... 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.3 3.9 3.6 3.8 4.1 2.4 3.5 3.6 3.6 4.6 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.3 3.4 2.8
Undergraduate ............. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
White ........................ 54.8 53.7 56.9 59.1 63.0 50.7 58.3 49.7 48.2 49.6 64.1 64.5 53.8 68.1 62.3 65.9 66.8 63.2 41.7 42.8 45.2 34.4
Black ........................ 13.5 12.5 11.6 7.5 12.3 16.6 13.2 12.6 14.5 13.6 13.2 12.8 7.5 9.5 12.8 12.5 16.4 13.7 38.2 29.2 28.5 31.3
Hispanic ................... 20.2 21.9 18.8 16.1 14.8 22.2 17.6 26.7 9.4 25.8 12.0 12.0 13.8 10.7 13.3 13.6 8.8 10.6 11.5 19.3 17.4 25.8
Asian ........................ 6.6 6.9 7.5 12.2 4.8 6.2 6.0 5.7 4.5 6.1 6.0 6.0 19.1 7.4 7.2 3.8 3.3 6.4 2.5 3.7 3.6 3.9
Pacific Islander ......... 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.6
American Indian/
Alaska Native ..... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.7 21.2 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.6 1.9 1.0 0.9 1.1
Two or more races .... 3.9 3.9 4.2 4.6 4.2 3.8 3.9 4.1 1.9 3.5 3.9 3.9 5.5 3.8 3.7 3.4 4.0 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.8

See notes at end of table.

 Table 306.50. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution, level of enrollment, and race/ethnicity of student: 2017—Continued
Public institutions Nonprofit institutions
4-year 4-year For-profit institutions
Research Research Doctoral/ Research Research Doctoral/
Level of enrollment Total, univer- univer- research univer- univer- research
and race/ethnicity all sity, sity, univer- Bacca- Special sity, sity, univer- Bacca- Special
of student institutions Total Total very high1 high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total Total very high1 high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Postbaccalaureate ........ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 † 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 † 100.0 100.0 †
White ........................ 63.3 66.4 66.4 67.9 70.5 60.0 64.0 82.0 59.9 † 63.7 63.7 61.4 61.1 61.1 66.5 73.0 62.4 † 46.1 46.1 †
Black ........................ 14.2 10.9 10.9 7.8 11.0 15.4 15.0 9.2 9.2 † 13.2 13.2 8.6 14.4 18.2 14.2 14.0 11.8 † 34.5 34.5 †
Hispanic ................... 10.7 11.1 11.1 10.5 9.7 15.5 12.1 3.4 10.2 † 10.3 10.3 10.7 13.0 10.4 10.3 6.8 8.8 † 10.0 10.0 †
Asian ........................ 8.1 7.8 7.8 9.7 5.2 5.9 5.4 2.4 17.2 † 9.2 9.2 15.4 8.0 7.3 5.6 3.6 12.7 † 5.1 5.1 †
Pacific Islander ......... 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 † 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 † 0.6 0.6 †
American Indian/
Alaska Native ..... 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.6 1.1 0.7 † 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 † 0.8 0.8 †
Two or more races .... 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.6 2.7 † 2.9 2.9 3.6 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.0 3.5 † 2.9 2.9 †

†Not applicable. 7
Race/ethnicity not collected.
1
Research universities with a very high level of research activity. NOTE: Relative levels of research activity for research universities were determined by an analysis of research and development
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2
Research universities with a high level of research activity. expenditures, science and engineering research staffing, and doctoral degrees conferred, by field. Further information on the
3
Institutions that award at least 20 research/scholarship doctor’s degrees per year, but did not have a high level of research research index ranking may be obtained from http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/. Includes imputed Carnegie classifications
activity. for institutions with missing data. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV
4
Institutions that award at least 50 master’s degrees and fewer than 20 doctor’s degrees per year. federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
5
Institutions that primarily emphasize undergraduate education. In addition to institutions that primarily award bachelor’s SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
degrees, also includes institutions classified as 4-year in the IPEDS system, but classified as 2-year baccalaureate/associate’s Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
colleges in the Carnegie Classification system because they primarily award associate’s degrees.
6
Four-year institutions that award degrees primarily in single fields of study, such as medicine, business, fine arts, theology,
and engineering.

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 259

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups
 Table 306.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of student and state or jurisdiction: 2017

260 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Fall enrollment Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups

American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
State or jurisdiction Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
United States ............................ 19,765,598 10,510,784 2,545,916 3,540,584 1,277,733 52,015 137,632 700,212 1,000,722 100.0 56.0 13.6 18.9 6.8 0.3 0.7 3.7
Alabama ............................................ 306,822 190,307 80,781 11,270 5,914 337 1,945 7,323 8,945 100.0 63.9 27.1 3.8 2.0 0.1 0.7 2.5
Alaska ............................................... 26,905 16,061 784 2,188 1,674 210 2,768 2,663 557 100.0 61.0 3.0 8.3 6.4 0.8 10.5 10.1
Arizona .............................................. 591,626 288,582 74,989 146,506 22,452 2,862 13,976 22,059 20,200 100.0 50.5 13.1 25.6 3.9 0.5 2.4 3.9
Arkansas ........................................... 164,082 112,495 25,995 9,947 2,825 156 1,281 5,687 5,696 100.0 71.0 16.4 6.3 1.8 0.1 0.8 3.6
California ........................................... 2,714,051 762,119 170,689 1,086,402 400,209 12,573 10,996 123,058 148,005 100.0 29.7 6.7 42.3 15.6 0.5 0.4 4.8
Colorado ............................................ 360,236 224,785 26,561 63,006 13,323 997 3,287 15,828 12,449 100.0 64.6 7.6 18.1 3.8 0.3 0.9 4.6
Connecticut ....................................... 197,534 112,966 25,378 30,437 10,714 233 476 5,959 11,371 100.0 60.7 13.6 16.3 5.8 0.1 0.3 3.2
Delaware ........................................... 60,338 33,116 12,710 5,344 2,148 78 330 1,676 4,936 100.0 59.8 22.9 9.6 3.9 0.1 0.6 3.0
District of Columbia ........................... 95,999 42,086 24,312 8,740 6,604 133 246 2,953 10,925 100.0 49.5 28.6 10.3 7.8 0.2 0.3 3.5
Florida ............................................... 1,071,484 468,181 190,395 289,233 37,862 2,458 3,158 33,831 46,366 100.0 45.7 18.6 28.2 3.7 0.2 0.3 3.3
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Georgia .............................................. 538,124 258,774 168,240 41,389 28,802 729 1,674 15,535 22,981 100.0 50.2 32.7 8.0 5.6 0.1 0.3 3.0
Hawaii ............................................... 64,125 10,767 1,452 7,441 19,614 4,270 162 16,466 3,953 100.0 17.9 2.4 12.4 32.6 7.1 0.3 27.4
Idaho ................................................. 131,803 98,363 1,392 11,835 2,046 546 1,020 5,633 10,968 100.0 81.4 1.2 9.8 1.7 0.5 0.8 4.7
Illinois ................................................ 757,002 402,561 96,301 140,366 52,456 1,069 1,673 20,017 42,559 100.0 56.3 13.5 19.6 7.3 0.1 0.2 2.8
Indiana .............................................. 398,804 283,949 37,927 25,004 12,732 388 886 12,616 25,302 100.0 76.0 10.2 6.7 3.4 0.1 0.2 3.4
Iowa .................................................. 260,954 189,357 23,366 19,683 7,403 494 1,339 6,580 12,732 100.0 76.3 9.4 7.9 3.0 0.2 0.5 2.7
Kansas .............................................. 213,962 143,990 18,912 21,463 6,050 338 2,761 7,704 12,744 100.0 71.6 9.4 10.7 3.0 0.2 1.4 3.8
Kentucky ........................................... 258,498 202,919 21,834 9,742 4,627 259 610 7,814 10,693 100.0 81.9 8.8 3.9 1.9 0.1 0.2 3.2
Louisiana ........................................... 242,065 132,477 75,005 13,014 6,104 266 1,647 6,307 7,245 100.0 56.4 31.9 5.5 2.6 0.1 0.7 2.7
Maine ................................................ 71,811 59,882 2,915 2,219 1,947 81 637 2,559 1,571 100.0 85.3 4.2 3.2 2.8 0.1 0.9 3.6
Maryland ........................................... 364,207 163,824 101,313 33,357 27,511 914 1,006 14,554 21,728 100.0 47.8 29.6 9.7 8.0 0.3 0.3 4.2
Massachusetts .................................. 503,508 285,179 44,160 56,481 40,870 443 956 15,308 60,111 100.0 64.3 10.0 12.7 9.2 0.1 0.2 3.5
Michigan ........................................... 558,053 387,756 65,541 28,630 23,204 554 3,152 18,514 30,702 100.0 73.5 12.4 5.4 4.4 0.1 0.6 3.5
Minnesota .......................................... 412,966 272,607 61,165 22,466 22,816 645 3,007 14,115 16,145 100.0 68.7 15.4 5.7 5.7 0.2 0.8 3.6
Mississippi ......................................... 171,751 95,346 63,244 4,070 2,118 123 791 2,816 3,243 100.0 56.6 37.5 2.4 1.3 0.1 0.5 1.7
Missouri ............................................ 383,489 272,568 45,688 20,180 12,620 628 1,850 12,274 17,681 100.0 74.5 12.5 5.5 3.4 0.2 0.5 3.4
Montana ............................................ 50,642 40,419 463 2,043 804 103 3,566 1,751 1,493 100.0 82.2 0.9 4.2 1.6 0.2 7.3 3.6
Nebraska ........................................... 135,864 99,576 7,207 13,783 4,213 266 960 4,112 5,747 100.0 76.5 5.5 10.6 3.2 0.2 0.7 3.2
Nevada .............................................. 117,574 51,278 9,016 32,580 12,642 1,230 852 7,625 2,351 100.0 44.5 7.8 28.3 11.0 1.1 0.7 6.6
New Hampshire ................................. 149,184 107,305 18,209 11,623 4,159 475 882 3,193 3,338 100.0 73.6 12.5 8.0 2.9 0.3 0.6 2.2
New Jersey ........................................ 419,037 198,753 58,925 88,996 39,666 1,007 1,083 8,879 21,728 100.0 50.0 14.8 22.4 10.0 0.3 0.3 2.2
New Mexico ....................................... 129,494 41,941 3,807 62,026 2,659 294 12,337 2,942 3,488 100.0 33.3 3.0 49.2 2.1 0.2 9.8 2.3
New York ........................................... 1,260,240 597,970 170,655 224,315 122,028 2,266 4,280 30,624 108,102 100.0 51.9 14.8 19.5 10.6 0.2 0.4 2.7
North Carolina .................................... 563,831 326,741 126,761 45,274 19,895 918 6,164 18,566 19,512 100.0 60.0 23.3 8.3 3.7 0.2 1.1 3.4
North Dakota ..................................... 53,749 42,807 1,811 1,941 763 80 2,186 1,649 2,512 100.0 83.5 3.5 3.8 1.5 0.2 4.3 3.2
Ohio ................................................... 649,687 473,502 74,489 27,370 18,515 521 1,742 21,438 32,110 100.0 76.7 12.1 4.4 3.0 0.1 0.3 3.5
Oklahoma .......................................... 202,051 116,375 16,837 18,000 6,066 311 14,828 19,554 10,080 100.0 60.6 8.8 9.4 3.2 0.2 7.7 10.2
Oregon .............................................. 229,936 148,479 6,949 30,433 14,020 1,523 2,392 13,944 12,196 100.0 68.2 3.2 14.0 6.4 0.7 1.1 6.4
Pennsylvania ..................................... 717,289 473,072 80,264 52,367 40,612 763 1,435 21,587 47,189 100.0 70.6 12.0 7.8 6.1 0.1 0.2 3.2
Rhode Island ...................................... 82,766 53,749 6,036 10,873 3,899 73 302 2,996 4,838 100.0 69.0 7.7 14.0 5.0 0.1 0.4 3.8
South Carolina ................................... 246,388 155,107 60,910 11,756 4,527 302 880 7,756 5,150 100.0 64.3 25.2 4.9 1.9 0.1 0.4 3.2
South Dakota ..................................... 53,620 43,295 1,813 1,716 698 54 2,836 1,292 1,916 100.0 83.7 3.5 3.3 1.3 0.1 5.5 2.5
Tennessee ......................................... 323,157 219,394 60,449 14,818 8,522 314 963 9,632 9,065 100.0 69.9 19.2 4.7 2.7 0.1 0.3 3.1
Texas ................................................. 1,630,516 592,772 204,325 612,280 99,677 2,494 5,897 43,065 70,006 100.0 38.0 13.1 39.2 6.4 0.2 0.4 2.8
Utah .................................................. 332,334 250,132 14,924 33,929 9,361 2,429 2,536 11,752 7,271 100.0 76.9 4.6 10.4 2.9 0.7 0.8 3.6

See notes at end of table.

 Table 306.60. Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity of student and state or jurisdiction: 2017—Continued
Fall enrollment Percentage distribution of U.S. resident students (excludes nonresident aliens)
American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
State or jurisdiction Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Vermont ............................................. 43,855 34,851 1,619 2,443 1,219 41 210 1,576 1,896 100.0 83.1 3.9 5.8 2.9 0.1 0.5 3.8
Virginia .............................................. 554,212 315,195 108,854 47,665 36,743 1,282 2,014 22,761 19,698 100.0 59.0 20.4 8.9 6.9 0.2 0.4 4.3
Washington ........................................ 367,944 211,575 16,629 47,538 35,092 2,384 4,144 27,081 23,501 100.0 61.4 4.8 13.8 10.2 0.7 1.2 7.9
West Virginia ...................................... 142,963 107,463 14,124 8,637 2,462 604 609 4,750 4,314 100.0 77.5 10.2 6.2 1.8 0.4 0.4 3.4
Wisconsin .......................................... 340,770 261,365 18,209 23,089 13,437 356 2,358 9,788 12,168 100.0 79.5 5.5 7.0 4.1 0.1 0.7 3.0
Wyoming ........................................... 33,015 26,652 390 3,007 331 71 452 1,061 1,051 100.0 83.4 1.2 9.4 1.0 0.2 1.4 3.3
U.S. Service Academies ..................... 15,281 9,999 1,192 1,669 1,078 70 90 989 194 100.0 66.3 7.9 11.1 7.1 0.5 0.6 6.6

Other jurisdictions .................... 192,406 748 1,869 177,673 3,328 8,090 121 177 400 100.0 0.4 1.0 92.5 1.7 4.2 0.1 0.1
American Samoa ............................... 1,095 4 0 0 9 980 0 0 102 100.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 98.7 0.0 0.0
Federated States of Micronesia .......... 2,022 0 0 0 1 2,021 0 0 0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 # 100.0 0.0 0.0
Guam ................................................ 6,027 184 50 34 2,713 3,002 5 2 37 100.0 3.1 0.8 0.6 45.3 50.1 0.1 #
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Marshall Islands ................................. 1,032 1 0 0 1 1,030 0 0 0 100.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 99.8 0.0 0.0
Northern Marianas ............................. 1,216 14 2 1 488 512 0 139 60 100.0 1.2 0.2 0.1 42.2 44.3 0.0 12.0
Palau ................................................. 532 0 0 0 8 524 0 0 0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 98.5 0.0 0.0
Puerto Rico ........................................ 178,312 394 189 177,433 94 20 110 22 50 100.0 0.2 0.1 99.5 0.1 # 0.1 #
U.S. Virgin Islands .............................. 2,170 151 1,628 205 14 1 6 14 151 100.0 7.5 80.6 10.2 0.7 # 0.3 0.7

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
NOTE: Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 261

Enrollment of Racial/Ethnic Groups
262 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Full-Time-Equivalent Fall Enrollment

Table 307.10. Full-time-equivalent fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: 1967
through 2028
All institutions Public institutions Private institutions
4-year 2-year
Year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total Total Nonprofit For-profit Total Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1967 .................. 5,499,360 4,448,302 1,051,058 3,777,701 2,850,432 927,269 1,721,659 1,597,870 — — 123,789 — —
1968 .................. 5,977,768 4,729,522 1,248,246 4,248,639 3,128,057 1,120,582 1,729,129 1,601,465 — — 127,664 — —
1969 .................. 6,333,357 4,899,034 1,434,323 4,577,353 3,259,323 1,318,030 1,756,004 1,639,711 — — 116,293 — —
1970 .................. 6,737,819 5,145,422 1,592,397 4,953,144 3,468,569 1,484,575 1,784,675 1,676,853 — — 107,822 — —
1971 .................. 7,148,558 5,357,647 1,790,911 5,344,402 3,660,626 1,683,776 1,804,156 1,697,021 — — 107,135 — —
1972 .................. 7,253,757 5,406,833 1,846,924 5,452,854 3,706,238 1,746,616 1,800,903 1,700,595 — — 100,308 — —
1973 .................. 7,453,463 5,439,230 2,014,233 5,629,563 3,721,037 1,908,526 1,823,900 1,718,193 — — 105,707 — —
1974 .................. 7,805,452 5,606,247 2,199,205 5,944,799 3,847,543 2,097,256 1,860,653 1,758,704 — — 101,949 — —

1975 .................. 8,479,698 5,900,408 2,579,290 6,522,319 4,056,502 2,465,817 1,957,379 1,843,906 — — 113,473 — —
1976 .................. 8,312,502 5,848,001 2,464,501 6,349,903 3,998,450 2,351,453 1,962,599 1,849,551 — — 113,048 — —
1977 .................. 8,415,339 5,935,076 2,480,263 6,396,476 4,039,071 2,357,405 2,018,863 1,896,005 — — 122,858 — —
1978 .................. 8,348,482 5,932,357 2,416,125 6,279,199 3,996,126 2,283,073 2,069,283 1,936,231 — — 133,052 — —
1979 .................. 8,487,317 6,016,072 2,471,245 6,392,617 4,059,304 2,333,313 2,094,700 1,956,768 — — 137,932 — —

1980 .................. 8,819,013 6,161,372 2,657,641 6,642,294 4,158,267 2,484,027 2,176,719 2,003,105 — — 173,614 1 — —
1981 .................. 9,014,521 6,249,847 2,764,674 6,781,300 4,208,506 2,572,794 2,233,221 2,041,341 — — 191,880 1 — —
1982 .................. 9,091,648 6,248,923 2,842,725 6,850,589 4,220,648 2,629,941 2,241,059 2,028,275 — — 212,784 1 — —
1983 .................. 9,166,398 6,325,222 2,841,176 6,881,479 4,265,807 2,615,672 2,284,919 2,059,415 — — 225,504 — —
1984 .................. 8,951,695 6,292,711 2,658,984 6,684,664 4,237,895 2,446,769 2,267,031 2,054,816 — — 212,215 — —

1985 .................. 8,943,433 6,294,339 2,649,094 6,667,781 4,239,622 2,428,159 2,275,652 2,054,717 — — 220,935 — —
1986 .................. 9,064,165 6,360,325 2,703,842 6,778,045 4,295,494 2,482,551 2,286,122 2,064,831 — — 221,291 2 — —
1987 .................. 9,229,736 6,486,504 2,743,230 6,937,690 4,395,728 2,541,961 2,292,045 2,090,776 — — 201,269 2 — —
1988 .................. 9,464,271 6,664,146 2,800,125 7,096,905 4,505,774 2,591,131 2,367,366 2,158,372 — — 208,994 — —
1989 .................. 9,780,881 6,813,602 2,967,279 7,371,590 4,619,828 2,751,762 2,409,291 2,193,774 — — 215,517 — —
1990 .................. 9,983,436 6,968,008 3,015,428 7,557,982 4,740,049 2,817,933 2,425,454 2,227,959 2,177,668 50,291 197,495 72,785 124,710
1991 .................. 10,360,606 7,081,454 3,279,152 7,862,845 4,795,704 3,067,141 2,497,761 2,285,750 2,223,463 62,287 212,011 72,545 139,466
1992 .................. 10,436,776 7,129,379 3,307,397 7,911,701 4,797,884 3,113,817 2,525,075 2,331,495 2,267,373 64,122 193,580 66,647 126,933
1993 .................. 10,351,415 7,120,921 3,230,494 7,812,394 4,765,983 3,046,411 2,539,021 2,354,938 2,282,643 72,295 184,083 70,469 113,614
1994 .................. 10,348,072 7,137,341 3,210,731 7,784,396 4,749,524 3,034,872 2,563,676 2,387,817 2,301,063 86,754 175,859 69,578 106,281
1995 .................. 10,334,956 7,172,844 3,162,112 7,751,815 4,757,223 2,994,592 2,583,141 2,415,621 2,328,730 86,891 167,520 62,416 105,104
1996 .................. 10,481,886 7,234,541 3,247,345 7,794,895 4,767,117 3,027,778 2,686,991 2,467,424 2,353,561 113,863 219,567 63,954 155,613
1997 .................. 10,615,028 7,338,794 3,276,234 7,869,764 4,813,849 3,055,915 2,745,264 2,524,945 2,389,627 135,318 220,319 61,761 158,558
1998 .................. 10,698,775 7,467,828 3,230,947 7,880,135 4,868,857 3,011,278 2,818,640 2,598,971 2,436,188 162,783 219,669 56,834 162,835
1999 .................. 10,974,519 7,634,247 3,340,272 8,059,240 4,949,851 3,109,389 2,915,279 2,684,396 2,488,140 196,256 230,883 53,956 176,927
2000 .................. 11,267,025 7,795,139 3,471,886 8,266,932 5,025,588 3,241,344 3,000,093 2,769,551 2,549,676 219,875 230,542 51,503 179,039
2001 .................. 11,765,945 8,087,980 3,677,965 8,639,154 5,194,035 3,445,119 3,126,791 2,893,945 2,612,833 281,112 232,846 41,037 191,809
2002 .................. 12,331,319 8,439,064 3,892,255 9,061,411 5,406,283 3,655,128 3,269,908 3,032,781 2,699,702 333,079 237,127 40,110 197,017
2003 .................. 12,687,597 8,744,188 3,943,409 9,240,724 5,557,680 3,683,044 3,446,873 3,186,508 2,776,850 409,658 260,365 36,815 223,550
2004 .................. 13,000,994 9,018,024 3,982,970 9,348,081 5,640,650 3,707,431 3,652,913 3,377,374 2,837,251 540,123 275,539 34,202 241,337
2005 .................. 13,200,790 9,261,634 3,939,156 9,390,216 5,728,327 3,661,889 3,810,574 3,533,307 2,878,354 654,953 277,267 34,729 242,538
2006 .................. 13,401,696 9,456,480 3,945,216 9,502,028 5,824,962 3,677,066 3,899,668 3,631,518 2,936,261 695,257 268,150 31,203 236,947
2007 .................. 13,786,735 9,768,388 4,018,347 9,744,001 5,992,611 3,751,390 4,042,734 3,775,777 2,993,901 781,876 266,957 26,140 240,817
2008 .................. 14,377,990 10,153,074 4,224,916 10,061,076 6,138,686 3,922,390 4,316,914 4,014,388 3,058,910 955,478 302,526 28,072 274,454
2009 .................. 15,379,473 10,695,816 4,683,657 10,746,637 6,452,414 4,294,223 4,632,836 4,243,402 3,153,294 1,090,108 389,434 27,964 361,470
2010 .................. 15,947,474 11,129,239 4,818,235 11,018,756 6,635,799 4,382,957 4,928,718 4,493,440 3,235,149 1,258,291 435,278 26,920 408,358
2011 .................. 15,892,792 11,261,845 4,630,947 10,954,754 6,734,116 4,220,638 4,938,038 4,527,729 3,285,711 1,242,018 410,309 34,267 376,042
2012 .................. 15,593,434 11,229,774 4,363,660 10,781,798 6,764,184 4,017,614 4,811,636 4,465,590 3,309,242 1,156,348 346,046 32,684 313,362
2013 .................. 15,410,058 11,183,239 4,226,819 10,697,939 6,790,930 3,907,009 4,712,119 4,392,309 3,337,799 1,054,510 319,810 27,313 292,497
2014 .................. 15,263,179 11,238,618 4,024,561 10,624,163 6,891,984 3,732,179 4,639,016 4,346,634 3,363,101 983,533 292,382 25,808 266,574
2015 .................. 15,078,504 11,226,353 3,852,151 10,569,574 6,970,121 3,599,453 4,508,930 4,256,232 3,399,283 856,949 252,698 41,579 211,119
2016 .................. 14,937,939 11,356,540 3,581,399 10,572,028 7,221,134 3,350,894 4,365,911 4,135,406 3,410,337 725,069 230,505 43,900 186,605
2017 .................. 14,880,079 11,403,660 3,476,419 10,565,751 7,309,604 3,256,147 4,314,328 4,094,056 3,435,169 658,887 220,272 43,990 176,282
20183 ................. 14,919,000 11,432,000 3,487,000 10,594,000 7,328,000 3,266,000 4,325,000 4,104,000 — — 221,000 — —
20193 ................. 14,967,000 11,467,000 3,500,000 10,629,000 7,350,000 3,279,000 4,338,000 4,117,000 — — 221,000 — —
20203 ................. 14,975,000 11,471,000 3,504,000 10,635,000 7,352,000 3,283,000 4,340,000 4,118,000 — — 221,000 — —
20213 ................. 14,982,000 11,474,000 3,509,000 10,641,000 7,354,000 3,287,000 4,341,000 4,119,000 — — 221,000 — —
20223 ................. 14,996,000 11,482,000 3,514,000 10,652,000 7,359,000 3,293,000 4,344,000 4,122,000 — — 222,000 — —
20233 ................. 15,023,000 11,501,000 3,522,000 10,672,000 7,371,000 3,301,000 4,351,000 4,129,000 — — 222,000 — —
20243 ................. 15,069,000 11,535,000 3,534,000 10,705,000 7,393,000 3,312,000 4,364,000 4,141,000 — — 222,000 — —
20253 ................. 15,121,000 11,575,000 3,546,000 10,742,000 7,419,000 3,323,000 4,379,000 4,156,000 — — 223,000 — —
20263 ................. 15,178,000 11,618,000 3,560,000 10,783,000 7,446,000 3,336,000 4,395,000 4,171,000 — — 224,000 — —
20273 ................. 15,197,000 11,630,000 3,567,000 10,797,000 7,455,000 3,342,000 4,400,000 4,176,000 — — 224,000 — —
20283 ................. 15,194,000 11,626,000 3,568,000 10,796,000 7,452,000 3,344,000 4,398,000 4,174,000 — — 224,000 — —

—Not available. programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education
1
Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education
Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. institutions that did not grant degrees. Some data have been revised from previously
2
Because of imputation techniques, data are not consistent with figures for other published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
years. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Projected. Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
NOTE: Full-time-equivalent enrollment is the number of full-time students enrolled, plus Universities” surveys, 1967 through 1985; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
the full-time equivalent of the part-time students. Data through 1995 are for institutions System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); IPEDS Spring 2001 through
of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Enrollment in Degree-Granting Institutions
institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid Projection Model, 2000 through 2028. (This table was prepared March 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 263
Student Residence and Migration

Table 309.10. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016
State residents enrolled in institutions Ratio of in-state students Migration of students
Total
first-time To residents
enrollment To first-time enrolled
in institutions In their enrollment in any state Out of state Into state2 Net
State or jurisdiction located in the state In any state1 home state (col. 4/col. 2) (col. 4/col. 3) (col. 3 - col. 4) (col. 2 - col. 4) (col. 8 - col. 7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
United States ..................... 2,882,991 2,780,087 2,263,966 0.79 0.81 516,121 619,025 102,904
Alabama ..................................... 50,108 40,930 35,567 0.71 0.87 5,363 14,541 9,178
Alaska ........................................ 3,049 4,642 2,802 0.92 0.60 1,840 247 -1,593
Arizona ....................................... 65,784 50,827 45,187 0.69 0.89 5,640 20,597 14,957
Arkansas .................................... 27,276 23,816 20,632 0.76 0.87 3,184 6,644 3,460
California .................................... 394,845 391,236 348,909 0.88 0.89 42,327 45,936 3,609
Colorado ..................................... 43,832 42,380 32,304 0.74 0.76 10,076 11,528 1,452
Connecticut ................................ 31,741 36,288 20,790 0.65 0.57 15,498 10,951 -4,547
Delaware .................................... 9,727 8,426 5,781 0.59 0.69 2,645 3,946 1,301
District of Columbia .................... 9,012 3,292 760 0.08 0.23 2,532 8,252 5,720
Florida ........................................ 158,956 146,310 127,268 0.80 0.87 19,042 31,688 12,646
Georgia ....................................... 84,932 88,264 70,974 0.84 0.80 17,290 13,958 -3,332
Hawaii ........................................ 8,398 10,366 6,473 0.77 0.62 3,893 1,925 -1,968
Idaho .......................................... 14,520 11,899 8,741 0.60 0.73 3,158 5,779 2,621
Illinois ......................................... 93,994 113,160 77,641 0.83 0.69 35,519 16,353 -19,166
Indiana ....................................... 64,028 52,731 45,399 0.71 0.86 7,332 18,629 11,297
Iowa ........................................... 38,130 26,849 23,412 0.61 0.87 3,437 14,718 11,281
Kansas ....................................... 32,597 27,087 22,928 0.70 0.85 4,159 9,669 5,510
Kentucky .................................... 36,378 33,520 28,704 0.79 0.86 4,816 7,674 2,858
Louisiana .................................... 40,261 38,764 34,042 0.85 0.88 4,722 6,219 1,497
Maine ......................................... 11,727 10,492 7,445 0.63 0.71 3,047 4,282 1,235
Maryland .................................... 47,084 53,634 36,416 0.77 0.68 17,218 10,668 -6,550
Massachusetts ........................... 72,432 64,752 43,591 0.60 0.67 21,161 28,841 7,680
Michigan .................................... 86,314 84,957 74,952 0.87 0.88 10,005 11,362 1,357
Minnesota ................................... 45,102 49,999 35,204 0.78 0.70 14,795 9,898 -4,897
Mississippi .................................. 32,088 27,600 24,520 0.76 0.89 3,080 7,568 4,488
Missouri ..................................... 53,824 50,783 41,179 0.77 0.81 9,604 12,645 3,041
Montana ..................................... 8,959 7,340 5,824 0.65 0.79 1,516 3,135 1,619
Nebraska .................................... 18,423 16,906 13,823 0.75 0.82 3,083 4,600 1,517
Nevada ....................................... 16,112 18,299 14,090 0.87 0.77 4,209 2,022 -2,187
New Hampshire .......................... 15,728 11,351 6,221 0.40 0.55 5,130 9,507 4,377
New Jersey ................................. 65,178 93,783 58,978 0.90 0.63 34,805 6,200 -28,605
New Mexico ................................ 19,085 18,988 16,036 0.84 0.84 2,952 3,049 97
New York .................................... 185,714 176,804 144,077 0.78 0.81 32,727 41,637 8,910
North Carolina ............................. 88,547 84,392 72,738 0.82 0.86 11,654 15,809 4,155
North Dakota .............................. 8,709 5,991 4,450 0.51 0.74 1,541 4,259 2,718
Ohio ............................................ 101,393 95,021 80,533 0.79 0.85 14,488 20,860 6,372
Oklahoma ................................... 36,266 30,875 27,417 0.76 0.89 3,458 8,849 5,391
Oregon ....................................... 31,324 26,686 21,893 0.70 0.82 4,793 9,431 4,638
Pennsylvania .............................. 125,063 108,247 88,578 0.71 0.82 19,669 36,485 16,816
Rhode Island ............................... 14,942 8,424 5,491 0.37 0.65 2,933 9,451 6,518
South Carolina ............................ 45,173 39,488 34,137 0.76 0.86 5,351 11,036 5,685
South Dakota .............................. 8,316 6,697 5,129 0.62 0.77 1,568 3,187 1,619
Tennessee .................................. 56,605 54,577 45,794 0.81 0.84 8,783 10,811 2,028
Texas .......................................... 235,197 246,392 218,655 0.93 0.89 27,737 16,542 -11,195
Utah ........................................... 32,141 24,713 22,451 0.70 0.91 2,262 9,690 7,428
Vermont ...................................... 7,474 4,405 2,229 0.30 0.51 2,176 5,245 3,069
Virginia ....................................... 79,020 73,514 60,098 0.76 0.82 13,416 18,922 5,506
Washington ................................. 47,853 49,707 39,068 0.82 0.79 10,639 8,785 -1,854
West Virginia ............................... 18,874 13,168 11,446 0.61 0.87 1,722 7,428 5,706
Wisconsin ................................... 51,423 48,561 39,362 0.77 0.81 9,199 12,061 2,862
Wyoming .................................... 5,227 4,684 3,576 0.68 0.76 1,108 1,651 543
U.S. Service Academies .............. 4,106 † 251 3 0.06 † -251 3,855 4,106
State unknown4 .......................... † 18,070 † † † 18,070 † -18,070
Other jurisdictions ............. 48,706 49,552 47,792 0.98 0.96 1,760 914 -846
American Samoa ........................ 392 457 392 1.00 0.86 65 0 -65
Federated States of Micronesia ... 760 861 760 1.00 0.88 101 0 -101
Guam ......................................... 985 1,157 931 0.95 0.80 226 54 -172
Marshall Islands .......................... 303 300 287 0.95 0.96 13 16 3
Northern Marianas ...................... 305 388 305 1.00 0.79 83 0 -83
Palau .......................................... 148 144 122 0.82 0.85 22 26 4
Puerto Rico ................................. 45,468 45,592 44,661 0.98 0.98 931 807 -124
U.S. Virgin Islands ....................... 345 653 334 0.97 0.51 319 11 -308
Foreign countries ........................ † 87,022 † † † 87,022 † -87,022
Residence unknown ................... † 15,036 † † † 15,036 † -15,036

†Not applicable. NOTE: Includes all first-time postsecondary students enrolled at reporting institutions.
1
Students residing in a particular state when admitted to an institution anywhere—either Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV
in their home state or another state. federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published
2
Includes students coming to U.S. institutions from foreign countries and other figures.
jurisdictions. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Students whose residence is in the same state as the service academy. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment
4
Institution unable to determine student’s home state. component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

264 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Student Residence and Migration

Table 309.20. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in degree-granting postsecondary
institutions who graduated from high school in the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016
State residents enrolled in institutions Ratio of in-state students Migration of students
Total
first-time To residents
enrollment To first-time enrolled
in institutions In their enrollment in any state Out of state Into state2 Net
State or jurisdiction located in the state In any state1 home state (col. 4/col. 2) (col. 4/col. 3) (col. 3 - col. 4) (col. 2 - col. 4) (col. 8 - col. 7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
United States ..................... 2,221,870 2,166,518 1,737,094 0.78 0.80 429,424 484,776 55,352
Alabama ..................................... 41,568 32,801 29,007 0.70 0.88 3,794 12,561 8,767
Alaska ........................................ 2,186 3,321 2,005 0.92 0.60 1,316 181 -1,135
Arizona ....................................... 43,832 36,307 31,782 0.73 0.88 4,525 12,050 7,525
Arkansas .................................... 23,181 19,504 17,361 0.75 0.89 2,143 5,820 3,677
California .................................... 262,996 274,782 237,493 0.90 0.86 37,289 25,503 -11,786
Colorado ..................................... 33,359 33,290 24,499 0.73 0.74 8,791 8,860 69
Connecticut ................................ 25,456 30,743 16,388 0.64 0.53 14,355 9,068 -5,287
Delaware .................................... 8,017 6,705 4,501 0.56 0.67 2,204 3,516 1,312
District of Columbia .................... 7,938 2,470 454 0.06 0.18 2,016 7,484 5,468
Florida ........................................ 110,896 110,525 95,001 0.86 0.86 15,524 15,895 371
Georgia ....................................... 66,942 67,760 55,339 0.83 0.82 12,421 11,603 -818
Hawaii ........................................ 6,395 8,264 4,852 0.76 0.59 3,412 1,543 -1,869
Idaho .......................................... 10,822 8,626 6,295 0.58 0.73 2,331 4,527 2,196
Illinois ......................................... 72,358 91,993 59,562 0.82 0.65 32,431 12,796 -19,635
Indiana ....................................... 53,377 43,908 37,967 0.71 0.86 5,941 15,410 9,469
Iowa ........................................... 31,471 23,007 20,012 0.64 0.87 2,995 11,459 8,464
Kansas ....................................... 25,655 22,302 18,819 0.73 0.84 3,483 6,836 3,353
Kentucky .................................... 31,128 27,714 24,310 0.78 0.88 3,404 6,818 3,414
Louisiana .................................... 33,716 31,762 28,452 0.84 0.90 3,310 5,264 1,954
Maine ......................................... 9,771 8,518 5,837 0.60 0.69 2,681 3,934 1,253
Maryland .................................... 34,490 42,057 26,822 0.78 0.64 15,235 7,668 -7,567
Massachusetts ........................... 61,644 54,960 35,528 0.58 0.65 19,432 26,116 6,684
Michigan .................................... 69,530 67,904 59,683 0.86 0.88 8,221 9,847 1,626
Minnesota ................................... 37,219 42,353 28,720 0.77 0.68 13,633 8,499 -5,134
Mississippi .................................. 27,825 22,612 21,018 0.76 0.93 1,594 6,807 5,213
Missouri ..................................... 42,021 40,137 32,046 0.76 0.80 8,091 9,975 1,884
Montana ..................................... 6,918 5,322 4,138 0.60 0.78 1,184 2,780 1,596
Nebraska .................................... 16,027 14,719 12,012 0.75 0.82 2,707 4,015 1,308
Nevada ....................................... 12,058 13,509 10,182 0.84 0.75 3,327 1,876 -1,451
New Hampshire .......................... 10,703 9,665 4,973 0.46 0.51 4,692 5,730 1,038
New Jersey ................................. 47,311 74,952 42,814 0.90 0.57 32,138 4,497 -27,641
New Mexico ................................ 14,006 13,849 11,781 0.84 0.85 2,068 2,225 157
New York .................................... 151,418 145,443 116,195 0.77 0.80 29,248 35,223 5,975
North Carolina ............................. 70,797 65,702 57,385 0.81 0.87 8,317 13,412 5,095
North Dakota .............................. 7,443 4,842 3,680 0.49 0.76 1,162 3,763 2,601
Ohio ............................................ 84,313 77,791 66,016 0.78 0.85 11,775 18,297 6,522
Oklahoma ................................... 28,334 23,929 21,302 0.75 0.89 2,627 7,032 4,405
Oregon ....................................... 22,631 18,858 14,774 0.65 0.78 4,084 7,857 3,773
Pennsylvania .............................. 101,538 85,937 69,151 0.68 0.80 16,786 32,387 15,601
Rhode Island ............................... 13,200 7,054 4,412 0.33 0.63 2,642 8,788 6,146
South Carolina ............................ 36,904 30,642 27,154 0.74 0.89 3,488 9,750 6,262
South Dakota .............................. 7,299 5,722 4,347 0.60 0.76 1,375 2,952 1,577
Tennessee .................................. 48,022 46,153 39,047 0.81 0.85 7,106 8,975 1,869
Texas .......................................... 178,980 190,086 167,542 0.94 0.88 22,544 11,438 -11,106
Utah ........................................... 22,388 17,220 15,605 0.70 0.91 1,615 6,783 5,168
Vermont ...................................... 6,743 3,719 1,808 0.27 0.49 1,911 4,935 3,024
Virginia ....................................... 63,938 60,624 49,432 0.77 0.82 11,192 14,506 3,314
Washington ................................. 34,423 35,830 27,062 0.79 0.76 8,768 7,361 -1,407
West Virginia ............................... 14,306 10,518 9,352 0.65 0.89 1,166 4,954 3,788
Wisconsin ................................... 41,357 38,682 30,573 0.74 0.79 8,109 10,784 2,675
Wyoming .................................... 3,736 3,228 2,408 0.64 0.75 820 1,328 508
U.S. Service Academies .............. 3,284 † 196 3 0.06 † -196 3,088 3,284
State unknown4 .......................... † 8,197 † † † 8,197 † -8,197
Other jurisdictions ............. 37,596 38,835 37,382 0.99 0.96 1,453 214 -1,239
American Samoa ........................ 316 357 316 1.00 0.89 41 0 -41
Federated States of Micronesia ... 557 638 557 1.00 0.87 81 0 -81
Guam ......................................... 655 801 617 0.94 0.77 184 38 -146
Marshall Islands .......................... 258 263 253 0.98 0.96 10 5 -5
Northern Marianas ...................... 250 317 250 1.00 0.79 67 0 -67
Palau .......................................... 122 120 102 0.84 0.85 18 20 2
Puerto Rico ................................. 35,176 35,843 35,032 1.00 0.98 811 144 -667
U.S. Virgin Islands ....................... 262 496 255 0.97 0.51 241 7 -234
Foreign countries ........................ † 54,076 † † † 54,076 † -54,076
Residence unknown ................... † 37 † † † 37 † -37

†Not applicable. NOTE: Includes all first-time postsecondary students who graduated from high school
1
Students residing in a particular state when admitted to an institution anywhere—either in the previous 12 months and were enrolled at reporting institutions. Degree-granting
in their home state or another state. institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial
2
Includes students coming to U.S. institutions from foreign countries and other jurisdictions. aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
3
Students whose residence is in the same state as the service academy. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
4
Institution unable to determine student’s home state. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment
component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 265
Student Residence and Migration

Table 309.30. Residence and migration of all first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduates in 4-year degree-granting
postsecondary institutions who graduated from high school in the previous 12 months, by state or jurisdiction: Fall 2016
State residents enrolled in institutions Ratio of in-state students Migration of students
Total
first-time To residents
enrollment To first-time enrolled
in institutions In their enrollment in any state Out of state Into state2 Net
State or jurisdiction located in the state In any state1 home state (col. 4/col. 2) (col. 4/col. 3) (col. 3 - col. 4) (col. 2 - col. 4) (col. 8 - col. 7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
United States ..................... 1,607,730 1,556,453 1,148,695 0.71 0.74 407,758 459,035 51,277
Alabama ..................................... 28,063 19,531 16,175 0.58 0.83 3,356 11,888 8,532
Alaska ........................................ 2,115 3,137 1,935 0.91 0.62 1,202 180 -1,022
Arizona ....................................... 27,211 19,852 15,612 0.57 0.79 4,240 11,599 7,359
Arkansas .................................... 17,491 13,713 11,846 0.68 0.86 1,867 5,645 3,778
California .................................... 152,534 166,430 129,902 0.85 0.78 36,528 22,632 -13,896
Colorado ..................................... 27,047 26,866 18,659 0.69 0.69 8,207 8,388 181
Connecticut ................................ 19,303 24,444 10,269 0.53 0.42 14,175 9,034 -5,141
Delaware .................................... 7,942 6,623 4,483 0.56 0.68 2,140 3,459 1,319
District of Columbia .................... 7,926 2,291 448 0.06 0.20 1,843 7,478 5,635
Florida ........................................ 109,554 108,239 93,739 0.86 0.87 14,500 15,815 1,315
Georgia ....................................... 56,733 57,577 45,941 0.81 0.80 11,636 10,792 -844
Hawaii ........................................ 3,910 5,699 2,488 0.64 0.44 3,211 1,422 -1,789
Idaho .......................................... 8,894 6,618 4,542 0.51 0.69 2,076 4,352 2,276
Illinois ......................................... 46,414 65,595 34,007 0.73 0.52 31,588 12,407 -19,181
Indiana ....................................... 46,240 36,589 31,090 0.67 0.85 5,499 15,150 9,651
Iowa ........................................... 20,979 13,621 10,872 0.52 0.80 2,749 10,107 7,358
Kansas ....................................... 15,284 13,349 10,100 0.66 0.76 3,249 5,184 1,935
Kentucky .................................... 23,774 20,358 17,154 0.72 0.84 3,204 6,620 3,416
Louisiana .................................... 24,935 22,842 19,905 0.80 0.87 2,937 5,030 2,093
Maine ......................................... 7,659 6,493 3,864 0.50 0.60 2,629 3,795 1,166
Maryland .................................... 19,401 27,571 12,670 0.65 0.46 14,901 6,731 -8,170
Massachusetts ........................... 50,916 44,404 25,199 0.49 0.57 19,205 25,717 6,512
Michigan .................................... 52,957 51,272 43,458 0.82 0.85 7,814 9,499 1,685
Minnesota ................................... 25,326 30,839 17,837 0.70 0.58 13,002 7,489 -5,513
Mississippi .................................. 13,124 8,566 7,094 0.54 0.83 1,472 6,030 4,558
Missouri ..................................... 29,328 27,140 19,734 0.67 0.73 7,406 9,594 2,188
Montana ..................................... 6,208 4,440 3,484 0.56 0.78 956 2,724 1,768
Nebraska .................................... 11,901 10,454 8,250 0.69 0.79 2,204 3,651 1,447
Nevada ....................................... 10,798 11,988 8,951 0.83 0.75 3,037 1,847 -1,190
New Hampshire .......................... 8,439 7,234 2,814 0.33 0.39 4,420 5,625 1,205
New Jersey ................................. 29,875 57,262 25,576 0.86 0.45 31,686 4,299 -27,387
New Mexico ................................ 7,121 7,360 5,547 0.78 0.75 1,813 1,574 -239
New York .................................... 110,369 104,891 76,136 0.69 0.73 28,755 34,233 5,478
North Carolina ............................. 48,778 43,853 35,929 0.74 0.82 7,924 12,849 4,925
North Dakota .............................. 6,366 3,870 3,029 0.48 0.78 841 3,337 2,496
Ohio ............................................ 69,364 63,038 51,763 0.75 0.82 11,275 17,601 6,326
Oklahoma ................................... 19,642 15,681 13,427 0.68 0.86 2,254 6,215 3,961
Oregon ....................................... 15,744 12,355 8,447 0.54 0.68 3,908 7,297 3,389
Pennsylvania .............................. 83,714 68,216 52,094 0.62 0.76 16,122 31,620 15,498
Rhode Island ............................... 11,707 5,522 2,968 0.25 0.54 2,554 8,739 6,185
South Carolina ............................ 24,791 18,902 15,609 0.63 0.83 3,293 9,182 5,889
South Dakota .............................. 6,088 4,578 3,355 0.55 0.73 1,223 2,733 1,510
Tennessee .................................. 30,353 28,637 21,828 0.72 0.76 6,809 8,525 1,716
Texas .......................................... 108,148 120,213 98,693 0.91 0.82 21,520 9,455 -12,065
Utah ........................................... 19,318 14,064 12,658 0.66 0.90 1,406 6,660 5,254
Vermont ...................................... 6,483 3,382 1,566 0.24 0.46 1,816 4,917 3,101
Virginia ....................................... 43,571 40,895 30,062 0.69 0.74 10,833 13,509 2,676
Washington ................................. 30,723 31,955 23,532 0.77 0.74 8,423 7,191 -1,232
West Virginia ............................... 12,270 8,341 7,433 0.61 0.89 908 4,837 3,929
Wisconsin ................................... 36,162 33,170 25,582 0.71 0.77 7,588 10,580 2,992
Wyoming .................................... 1,453 1,467 743 0.51 0.51 724 710 -14
U.S. Service Academies .............. 3,284 † 196 3 0.06 † -196 3,088 3,284
State unknown4 .......................... † 5,026 † † † 5,026 † -5,026
Other jurisdictions ............. 29,271 30,354 29,098 0.99 0.96 1,256 173 -1,083
American Samoa ........................ 316 352 316 1.00 0.90 36 0 -36
Federated States of Micronesia ... † 39 † † † 39 0 -39
Guam ......................................... 437 576 399 0.91 0.69 177 38 -139
Marshall Islands .......................... † 9 † † † 9 0 -9
Northern Marianas ...................... 250 310 250 1.00 0.81 60 0 -60
Palau .......................................... † 10 † † † 10 0 -10
Puerto Rico ................................. 28,006 28,574 27,878 1.00 0.98 696 128 -568
U.S. Virgin Islands ....................... 262 484 255 0.97 0.53 229 7 -222
Foreign countries ........................ † 50,157 † † † 50,157 † -50,157
Residence unknown ................... † 37 † † † 37 † -37

†Not applicable. NOTE: Includes all first-time postsecondary students who graduated from high school
1
Students residing in a particular state when admitted to an institution anywhere—either in the previous 12 months and were enrolled at reporting institutions. Degree-granting
in their home state or another state. institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial
2
Includes students coming to U.S. institutions from foreign countries and other jurisdictions. aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
3
Students whose residence is in the same state as the service academy. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
4
Institution unable to determine student’s home state. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment
component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

266 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Study Abroad and Foreign Students

Table 310.10. Number of U.S. students studying abroad and percentage distribution, by sex, race/ethnicity, and other selected
characteristics: Selected years, 2000–01 through 2016–17
Sex, race/ethnicity, and other From 2006–07
selected characteristics 2000–01 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 to 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Percentage change in
Number of students number of students
Total .......................................... 154,168 241,791 262,416 260,327 270,604 273,996 283,332 289,408 304,467 313,415 325,339 332,727 37.6
Percentage-point
change in distribution
Percentage distribution of students of students
Sex ................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
Male .......................................... 35.0 34.9 34.9 35.8 36.5 35.6 35.2 34.7 34.7 33.4 33.5 32.7 -2.2
Female ....................................... 65.0 65.1 65.1 64.2 63.5 64.4 64.8 65.3 65.3 66.6 66.5 67.3 2.2
Race/ethnicity ................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
White ......................................... 84.3 81.9 81.8 80.5 78.7 77.8 76.4 76.3 74.3 72.9 71.6 70.8 -11.1
Black ......................................... 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.7 4.8 5.3 5.3 5.6 5.6 5.9 6.1 2.3
Hispanic ..................................... 5.4 6.0 5.9 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.6 7.6 8.3 8.8 9.7 10.2 4.2
Asian/Pacific Islander ................. 5.4 6.7 6.6 7.3 7.9 7.9 7.7 7.3 7.7 8.1 8.4 8.2 1.5
American Indian/Alaska Native ... 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 -0.1
Two or more races ..................... 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.5 3.0 3.6 4.1 3.9 4.3 3.1
Academic level .............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
Freshman ................................... 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.8 3.9 3.9 3.6 4.0 0.7
Sophomore ................................ 14.0 12.9 13.1 13.9 13.2 12.6 13.0 13.7 13.1 13.1 12.7 13.2 0.3
Junior ........................................ 38.9 36.6 35.9 36.8 35.8 35.8 36.0 34.7 33.9 33.1 32.9 33.0 -3.6
Senior ........................................ 20.0 21.3 21.3 21.6 21.8 23.4 24.4 24.7 25.3 26.4 27.7 27.4 6.1
Associate’s students ................... 0.9 2.7 2.2 1.1 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.1 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 -1.0
Bachelor’s, unspecified .............. 13.5 12.5 13.4 11.3 11.0 10.3 8.4 8.4 9.1 9.3 9.1 8.6 -3.9
Master’s level or higher .............. 8.3 10.5 10.5 11.8 14.0 13.5 13.5 13.5 12.7 12.1 12.1 12.3 1.8
Other academic level .................. 1.1 # 0.1 # 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
Host region .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
Sub-Saharan Africa1 ................... 2.5 3.5 3.6 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.4 3.4 3.9 4.0 0.5
Asia2 .......................................... 6.0 10.3 11.1 11.4 12.0 11.7 12.4 12.4 11.9 11.4 11.1 11.6 1.3
Europe3 ...................................... 63.3 57.4 56.3 54.5 53.5 54.6 53.3 53.3 53.3 54.5 54.4 54.4 -3.0
Latin America4 ............................ 14.5 15.0 15.3 15.4 15.0 14.6 15.8 15.7 16.2 16.0 16.3 15.5 0.5
Middle East and North Africa1,3 ... 1.6 1.8 2.2 2.5 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 0.3
North America4,5 ......................... 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 -0.1
Oceania ...................................... 6.0 5.7 5.3 5.5 5.0 4.8 4.5 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.4 -1.3
Multiple destinations .................. 5.6 5.6 5.7 6.0 6.5 6.8 6.4 7.3 7.7 7.9 7.6 7.5 1.9
Duration of stay ............................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 †
Summer term ............................. 33.7 38.7 38.1 35.8 37.8 37.7 37.1 37.8 38.1 39.0 38.0 38.5 -0.2
One semester ............................. 38.5 36.3 35.5 37.3 35.8 34.5 35.0 33.6 31.9 31.8 31.9 30.7 -5.6
8 weeks or less during
academic year ..................... 7.4 9.8 11.0 11.7 11.9 13.3 14.4 15.3 16.5 16.7 17.4 18.8 9.0
January term ............................. 7.0 6.8 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.1 7.0 7.1 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.1 0.3
Academic year ........................... 7.3 4.3 4.1 4.1 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.5 2.3 2.2 -2.1
One quarter ................................ 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.1 3.0 2.5 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 -1.2
Two quarters .............................. 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.3
Calendar year ............................. 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 #
Other .......................................... 0.8 0.1 # 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 # 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1

†Not applicable. 3
Cyprus and Turkey were classified as being in the Middle East prior to 2004–05 but in
#Rounds to zero. Europe for 2004–05 and later years. Data for 2000–01 have been revised for comparability.
1
North Africa was combined with the Middle East to create the “Middle East and North 4
Mexico and Central America are included in Latin America, not in North America.
Africa” category as of 2011–12, and the former “Africa” category was replaced by “Sub- 5
Includes Antarctica from 2002-03 onward.
Saharan Africa” (which excludes North Africa). Data for years prior to 2011–12 have been NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Race categories exclude persons
revised for comparability. of Hispanic ethnicity.
2
Asia excludes the Middle Eastern countries (Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, SOURCE: Institute of International Education, Open Doors: Report on International
Lebanon, Oman, the Palestinian Territories, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Educational Exchange, 2018. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
Emirates, and Yemen).

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 310.20. Foreign students enrolled in institutions of higher education in the United States, by continent, region, and selected countries of origin: Selected years, 1980–81 through
2017–18
1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2010–11 2015–16 2017–18
Continent, region, and
selected countries of origin Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total ........................................................ 311,880 100.0 343,780 100.0 407,272 100.0 453,787 100.00 547,873 100.0 564,766 100.0 723,249 100.0 1,043,839 100.0 1,094,792 100.0
Sub-Saharan Africa1 ........................................ 30,870 9.9 28,210 8.2 19,262 4.7 17,422 3.8 29,033 5.3 32,538 5.8 31,470 4.4 35,364 3.4 39,479 3.6
East Africa .................................................... 6,260 2.0 6,730 2.0 7,592 1.9 7,596 1.7 13,516 2.5 13,635 2.4 8,863 1.2 7,690 0.7 9,093 0.8
Central Africa ............................................... 1,130 0.4 1,540 0.4 1,647 0.4 1,346 0.3 1,859 0.3 2,825 0.5 2,831 0.4 3,311 0.3 3,562 0.3
Southern Africa ............................................ 1,480 0.5 2,360 0.7 2,835 0.7 2,657 0.6 3,304 0.6 2,232 0.4 5,330 0.7 6,263 0.6 6,429 0.6
West Africa ................................................... 22,000 7.1 17,580 5.1 7,178 1.8 5,818 1.3 10,346 1.9 13,846 2.5 14,446 2.0 18,100 1.7 20,395 1.9
Nigeria ......................................................... 17,350 5.6 13,710 4.0 3,714 0.9 2,093 0.5 3,820 0.7 6,192 1.1 7,148 1.0 10,674 1.0 12,693 1.2
Asia ................................................................. 94,640 30.3 156,830 45.6 229,825 56.4 259,893 57.3 302,058 55.1 327,785 58.0 461,790 63.8 689,525 66.1 758,076 69.2
East Asia ...................................................... 51,650 16.6 80,720 23.5 146,017 35.9 166,717 36.7 189,371 34.6 197,576 35.0 286,925 39.7 439,702 42.1 468,304 42.8
China ........................................................ 2,770 0.9 13,980 4.1 39,597 9.7 39,613 8.7 59,939 10.9 62,582 11.1 157,558 21.8 328,547 31.5 363,341 33.2
Hong Kong ................................................ 9,660 3.1 10,710 3.1 12,625 3.1 12,018 2.6 7,627 1.4 7,849 1.4 8,136 1.1 7,923 0.8 7,162 0.7
Japan ....................................................... 13,500 4.3 13,360 3.9 36,611 9.0 45,531 10.0 46,497 8.5 38,712 6.9 21,290 2.9 19,060 1.8 18,753 1.7
South Korea .............................................. 6,150 2.0 18,660 5.4 23,362 5.7 36,231 8.0 45,685 8.3 59,022 10.5 73,351 10.1 61,007 5.8 54,555 5.0
Taiwan ...................................................... 19,460 6.2 23,770 6.9 33,531 8.2 32,702 7.2 28,566 5.2 27,876 4.9 24,818 3.4 21,127 2.0 22,454 2.1
South and Central Asia ................................. 14,540 4.7 25,800 7.5 42,366 10.4 45,401 10.0 71,765 13.1 94,965 16.8 128,845 17.8 195,135 18.7 231,661 21.2
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Bangladesh .............................................. 1,180 0.4 1,930 0.6 2,533 0.6 3,360 0.7 4,114 0.8 2,581 0.5 2,873 0.4 6,513 0.6 7,496 0.7
India ......................................................... 9,250 3.0 16,070 4.7 28,857 7.1 31,743 7.0 54,664 10.0 76,503 13.5 103,895 14.4 165,918 15.9 196,271 17.9
Nepal ........................................................ 250 0.1 390 0.1 670 0.2 1,219 0.3 2,618 0.5 6,061 1.1 10,301 1.4 9,662 0.9 13,270 1.2
Pakistan ................................................... 2,990 1.0 5,440 1.6 7,725 1.9 6,427 1.4 6,948 1.3 5,759 1.0 5,045 0.7 6,141 0.6 7,537 0.7
Southeast Asia ............................................. 28,450 9.1 50,310 14.6 41,441 10.2 47,774 10.5 40,916 7.5 35,244 6.2 46,020 6.4 54,688 5.2 58,111 5.3
Indonesia .................................................. 3,250 1.0 8,210 2.4 9,524 2.3 12,820 2.8 11,625 2.1 7,575 1.3 6,942 1.0 8,727 0.8 8,650 0.8
Malaysia ................................................... 6,010 1.9 23,020 6.7 13,606 3.3 14,015 3.1 7,795 1.4 5,515 1.0 6,735 0.9 7,834 0.8 8,271 0.8
Singapore ................................................. 1,320 0.4 3,930 1.1 4,495 1.1 4,098 0.9 4,166 0.8 3,909 0.7 4,316 0.6 4,865 0.5 4,575 0.4
Thailand ................................................... 6,550 2.1 6,940 2.0 7,092 1.7 12,165 2.7 11,187 2.0 8,765 1.6 8,236 1.1 7,113 0.7 6,636 0.6
Vietnam .................................................... 6,490 2.1 3,270 1.0 1,396 0.3 922 0.2 2,022 0.4 4,597 0.8 14,888 2.1 21,403 2.1 24,325 2.2
Europe2 ............................................................ 28,650 9.2 38,910 11.3 55,422 13.6 76,855 16.9 93,784 17.1 84,697 15.0 84,296 11.7 91,915 8.8 92,655 8.5
France .......................................................... 2,570 0.8 3,680 1.1 5,633 1.4 5,710 1.3 7,273 1.3 6,640 1.2 8,098 1.1 8,764 0.8 8,802 0.8
Germany3 ..................................................... 3,310 1.1 4,730 1.4 7,003 1.7 9,017 2.0 10,128 1.8 8,829 1.6 9,458 1.3 10,145 1.0 10,042 0.9
Italy .............................................................. 1,250 0.4 1,890 0.5 2,393 0.6 2,780 0.6 3,490 0.6 3,224 0.6 4,308 0.6 5,155 0.5 5,789 0.5
Russia4 ......................................................... 630 0.2 83 # 1,206 0.3 5,589 1.2 6,858 1.3 4,801 0.9 4,692 0.6 5,444 0.5 5,518 0.5
Spain ........................................................... 950 0.3 1,740 0.5 4,304 1.1 4,809 1.1 4,156 0.8 3,455 0.6 4,330 0.6 6,640 0.6 7,489 0.7
Sweden ........................................................ 1,020 0.3 1,400 0.4 2,029 0.5 3,889 0.9 4,598 0.8 3,212 0.6 3,236 0.4 4,297 0.4 3,543 0.3
Turkey2 ......................................................... 2,600 0.8 2,460 0.7 4,078 1.0 7,678 1.7 10,983 2.0 11,622 2.1 12,184 1.7 10,691 1.0 10,520 1.0
United Kingdom ............................................ 4,440 1.4 5,940 1.7 7,298 1.8 7,799 1.7 8,139 1.5 8,274 1.5 8,947 1.2 11,599 1.1 11,460 1.0
Latin America .................................................. 49,810 16.0 45,480 13.2 47,318 11.6 47,253 10.4 63,634 11.6 64,769 11.5 64,169 8.9 84,908 8.1 79,920 7.3
Caribbean .................................................... 10,650 3.4 11,100 3.2 12,349 3.0 10,737 2.4 14,423 2.6 13,855 2.5 11,644 1.6 11,042 1.1 11,289 1.0
Central America ........................................... 12,970 4.2 12,740 3.7 15,949 3.9 14,220 3.1 16,764 3.1 19,709 3.5 20,361 2.8 24,983 2.4 24,002 2.2
Mexico ..................................................... 6,730 2.2 5,460 1.6 6,739 1.7 8,687 1.9 10,670 1.9 13,931 2.5 13,713 1.9 16,733 1.6 15,468 1.4
South America .............................................. 26,190 8.4 21,640 6.3 19,019 4.7 22,296 4.9 32,447 5.9 31,205 5.5 32,164 4.4 48,883 4.7 44,629 4.1
Brazil ........................................................ 2,870 0.9 2,840 0.8 3,898 1.0 5,497 1.2 8,846 1.6 7,009 1.2 8,777 1.2 19,370 1.9 14,620 1.3

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 267

Colombia .................................................. 3,930 1.3 4,010 1.2 3,183 0.8 3,462 0.8 6,765 1.2 6,835 1.2 6,456 0.9 7,815 0.7 7,976 0.7
Venezuela ................................................. 11,750 3.8 7,040 2.0 2,894 0.7 4,456 1.0 5,217 1.0 4,792 0.8 5,491 0.8 8,267 0.8 8,371 0.8

Study Abroad and Foreign Students

Middle East and North Africa1 ........................... 88,700 28.4 54,100 15.7 32,177 7.9 24,488 5.4 28,842 5.3 21,576 3.8 47,963 6.6 108,227 10.4 91,375 8.3
Middle East2 ................................................. 81,390 26.1 48,120 14.0 27,636 6.8 21,066 4.6 23,658 4.3 17,806 3.2 42,543 5.9 100,926 9.7 84,107 7.7
Iran .......................................................... 47,550 15.2 14,210 4.1 6,262 1.5 2,628 0.6 1,844 0.3 2,420 0.4 5,626 0.8 12,269 1.2 12,783 1.2
Kuwait ...................................................... 2,990 1.0 3,810 1.1 1,624 0.4 3,035 0.7 3,045 0.6 1,703 0.3 2,998 0.4 9,772 0.9 10,190 0.9
Saudi Arabia ............................................. 10,440 3.3 6,900 2.0 3,584 0.9 4,191 0.9 5,273 1.0 3,448 0.6 22,704 3.1 61,287 5.9 44,432 4.1
North Africa1 ................................................. 7,310 2.3 5,980 1.7 4,541 1.1 3,422 0.8 5,184 0.9 3,770 0.7 5,420 0.7 7,301 0.7 7,268 0.7
Egypt ........................................................ 1,860 0.6 2,270 0.7 1,777 0.4 1,490 0.3 2,255 0.4 1,509 0.3 2,181 0.3 3,442 0.3 3,701 0.3
North America5 ................................................ 14,790 4.7 16,030 4.7 18,949 4.7 23,644 5.2 25,888 4.7 28,699 5.1 27,941 3.9 26,973 2.6 25,909 2.4
Canada ........................................................ 14,320 4.6 15,410 4.5 18,350 4.5 23,005 5.1 25,279 4.6 28,202 5.0 27,546 3.8 26,973 2.6 25,909 2.4
Oceania ........................................................... 4,180 1.3 4,030 1.2 4,230 1.0 4,202 0.9 4,624 0.8 4,702 0.8 5,610 0.8 6,917 0.7 7,372 0.7
Australia ....................................................... 1,530 0.5 1,530 0.4 1,906 0.5 2,244 0.5 2,645 0.5 2,806 0.5 3,777 0.5 4,752 0.5 4,908 0.4
Unidentified6 .................................................... 240 0.1 190 0.1 89 # 30 # 10 # # # 10 # 10 # 6 #

#Rounds to zero. 6
Place of origin unknown or undeclared.
1
North Africa was combined with the Middle East to create the “Middle East and North Africa” category as of 2012–13, and NOTE: Includes foreign students enrolled in American Samoa, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Totals and
the former “Africa” category was replaced by “Sub-Saharan Africa” (which excludes North Africa). Data for years prior to subtotals include other countries not shown separately. Region totals may not sum to continent totals because some
2012–13 have been revised for comparability. continent totals include students who are not classified by country or region. Data are for “nonimmigrants” (i.e., students
2
Cyprus and Turkey were classified as being in the Middle East prior to 2004–05 but in Europe for 2004–05 and later years. who have not migrated to the United States). Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been
Data for years prior to 2004–05 have been revised for comparability. revised from previously published figures.
3
Data for 1980–81 and 1985–86 are for West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany before unification). SOURCE: Institute of International Education, Open Doors: Report on International Educational Exchange, selected years,
4
Data for 1980–81, 1985–86, and 1990–91 are for the former U.S.S.R. 1981 through 2018. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
5
Excludes Mexico and Central America, which are included in Latin America.
268
522 CHAPTER
CHAPTER 3:3: Postsecondary
Postsecondary Education
Education
Programs and Courses
Programs and Courses

Table 311.10. Numberand

311.10. Number andpercentage
percentagedistribution
distributionofofstudents
studentsenrolled
enrolledininpostsecondary
postsecondaryinstitutions,
institutions,bybylevel,
level,disability
disabilitystatus,
status, andselected
and selected
Pr ogr ams and Cour s es

studentcharacteristics:
student characteristics:2015–16
2015–16
[Standarderrors
[Standard errorsappear
appear in
in parentheses]
parentheses]

Undergraduate Postbaccalaureate
Students with Students without Students with Students without
Selected student characteristic All students disabilities1 disabilities All students disabilities1 disabilities
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number of students (in thousands) ................. 19,308 (—) 3,755 (—) 15,554 (—) 3,547 (—) 423 (—) 3,124 (—)
Percentage distribution of students
Total..................................................... 100.0 (†) 19.4 (0.21) 80.6 (0.21) 100.0 (†) 11.9 (0.45) 88.1 (0.45)
Sex
Male ............................................................. 100.0 (†) 19.2 (0.33) 80.8 (0.33) 100.0 (†) 9.9 (0.57) 90.1 (0.57)
Female......................................................... 100.0 (†) 19.6 (0.26) 80.4 (0.26) 100.0 (†) 13.3 (0.57) 86.7 (0.57)
Race/ethnicity of student
White............................................................ 100.0 (†) 20.8 (0.31) 79.2 (0.31) 100.0 (†) 13.0 (0.59) 87.0 (0.59)
Black ............................................................ 100.0 (†) 17.2 (0.50) 82.8 (0.50) 100.0 (†) 10.3 (0.94) 89.7 (0.94)
Hispanic ....................................................... 100.0 (†) 18.3 (0.47) 81.7 (0.47) 100.0 (†) 14.3 (1.53) 85.7 (1.53)
Asian............................................................ 100.0 (†) 15.2 (0.69) 84.8 (0.69) 100.0 (†) 6.2 (0.88) 93.8 (0.88)
Pacific Islander ............................................ 100.0 (†) 23.6 (4.44) 76.4 (4.44) 100.0 (†) 14.9 ! (6.07) 85.1 (6.07)
American Indian/Alaska Native.................... 100.0 (†) 27.8 (2.71) 72.2 (2.71) 100.0 (†) 11.8 ! (4.60) 88.2 (4.60)
Two or more races....................................... 100.0 (†) 22.1 (1.25) 77.9 (1.25) 100.0 (†) 19.7 (3.61) 80.3 (3.61)
Age
15 to 23........................................................ 100.0 (†) 17.6 (0.27) 82.4 (0.27) 100.0 (†) 8.1 (1.13) 91.9 (1.13)
24 to 29........................................................ 100.0 (†) 21.6 (0.55) 78.4 (0.55) 100.0 (†) 11.3 (0.67) 88.7 (0.67)
30 or older.................................................... 100.0 (†) 22.6 (0.48) 77.4 (0.48) 100.0 (†) 13.5 (0.66) 86.5 (0.66)
Attendance status2
Full-time, full-year ........................................ 100.0 (†) 17.3 (0.28) 82.7 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 12.0 (0.67) 88.0 (0.67)
Part-time or part-year................................... 100.0 (†) 20.8 (0.28) 79.2 (0.28) 100.0 (†) 11.9 (0.57) 88.1 (0.57)
Student housing status
On-campus .................................................. 100.0 (†) 15.8 (0.49) 84.2 (0.49) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Off-campus .................................................. 100.0 (†) 20.6 (0.31) 79.4 (0.31) — (†) — (†) — (†)
With parents or relatives .............................. 100.0 (†) 19.5 (0.45) 80.5 (0.45) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Attended more than one institution .............. 100.0 (†) 18.7 (0.55) 81.3 (0.55) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Dependency status
Dependent ................................................... 100.0 (†) 17.2 (0.28) 82.8 (0.28) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Independent, unmarried............................... 100.0 (†) 23.9 (0.55) 76.1 (0.55) 100.0 (†) 11.5 (0.61) 88.5 (0.61)
Independent, married................................... 100.0 (†) 20.5 (1.07) 79.5 (1.07) 100.0 (†) 10.3 (1.12) 89.7 (1.12)
Independent with dependents...................... 100.0 (†) 20.3 (0.41) 79.7 (0.41) 100.0 (†) 13.4 (0.74) 86.6 (0.74)
Veteran status
Veteran ........................................................ 100.0 (†) 25.8 (0.98) 74.2 (0.98) 100.0 (†) 17.1 (1.09) 82.9 (1.09)
Not veteran .................................................. 100.0 (†) 19.1 (0.22) 80.9 (0.22) 100.0 (†) 11.6 (0.47) 88.4 (0.47)
Field of study
Business/management ................................ 100.0 (†) 17.7 (0.46) 82.3 (0.46) 100.0 (†) 9.9 (0.97) 90.1 (0.97)
Education..................................................... 100.0 (†) 17.9 (0.92) 82.1 (0.92) 100.0 (†) 12.5 (1.25) 87.5 (1.25)
Engineering/computer science/mathematics. 100.0 (†) 19.6 (0.75) 80.4 (0.75) 100.0 (†) 6.8 (0.90) 93.2 (0.90)
Health .......................................................... 100.0 (†) 18.3 (0.40) 81.7 (0.40) 100.0 (†) 12.2 (0.90) 87.8 (0.90)
Humanities................................................... 100.0 (†) 21.5 (0.60) 78.5 (0.60) 100.0 (†) 14.1 (1.72) 85.9 (1.72)
Law .............................................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) 100.0 (†) 15.0 (2.33) 85.0 (2.33)
Life/physical sciences .................................. 100.0 (†) 17.9 (0.74) 82.1 (0.74) 100.0 (†) 11.6 (1.81) 88.4 (1.81)
Social/behavioral sciences .......................... 100.0 (†) 21.8 (0.82) 78.2 (0.82) 100.0 (†) 17.5 (1.90) 82.5 (1.90)
Vocational/technical..................................... 100.0 (†) 21.6 (1.36) 78.4 (1.36) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Undeclared .................................................. 100.0 (†) 21.7 (1.55) 78.3 (1.55) — (†) — (†) — (†)
Other............................................................ 100.0 (†) 20.2 (0.64) 79.8 (0.64) 100.0 (†) 12.5 (1.29) 87.5 (1.29)

—Not available. to addition of the examples, estimates of the percentage of students with this type of disability
†Not applicable. in 2015–16 and of the overall percentage of students with disabilities in 2015–16 cannot be
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 compared to estimates of the percentages in earlier years.
and 50 percent. 2Full-time, full-year includes students enrolled full time for 9 or more months. Part-time or
1Students with disabilities are those who reported having deafness or serious difficulty hear- part-year includes students enrolled part time for 9 or more months and students enrolled
ing; blindness or serious difficulty seeing; serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or less than 9 months either part time or full time.
making decisions because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition; or serious difficulty NOTE: Data are based on a sample survey of students who enrolled at any time during the
walking or climbing stairs. For 2015–16, the question about difficulty concentrating, remem- school year. Data exclude students attending institutions in Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum
bering, or making decisions was expanded to include examples of relevant conditions. Spe- to totals because of rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
cifically, students were instructed to “consider conditions including, but not limited to, a SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2015–16
serious learning disability, depression, ADD, or ADHD.” The percentage of students reporting National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:16). (This table was prepared May
difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions was 17 percent in 2015–16 (after 2018.)
the examples were added) and 8 percent in 2011–12 (before the examples were added). Due

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018
 Table 311.15. Number and percentage of students enrolled in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by distance education participation, location of student, level of enrollment, and
control and level of institution: Fall 2016 and fall 2017
Number of students Percent of students
Taking any distance education course(s) Taking any distance education course(s)
Exclusively distance education courses, Exclusively distance education courses,
Total, by location of student Total, by location of student
No any At least No any At least
distance distance one, but Outside distance distance one, but Outside
Year, level of enrollment, educa- educa- not all, of State of the educa- educa- not all, of State of the
and control and level of tion tion student’s Same Different not United Location tion tion student’s Same Different not United Location
institution Total courses course(s) courses Total state state known States unknown Total courses course(s) courses Total state state known States unknown
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Fall 2016
All students, total ..... 19,846,904 13,541,976 6,304,928 3,326,965 2,977,963 1,681,115 1,215,684 15,611 42,621 22,932 100.0 68.2 31.8 16.8 15.0 8.5 6.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
Public ................................ 14,585,840 10,202,578 4,383,262 2,835,550 1,547,712 1,303,698 202,598 9,893 16,250 15,273 100.0 69.9 30.1 19.4 10.6 8.9 1.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Private ............................... 5,261,064 3,339,398 1,921,666 491,415 1,430,251 377,417 1,013,086 5,718 26,371 7,659 100.0 63.5 36.5 9.3 27.2 7.2 19.3 0.1 0.5 0.1
Nonprofit ........................ 4,078,956 2,980,222 1,098,734 368,772 729,962 263,812 442,332 3,443 14,331 6,044 100.0 73.1 26.9 9.0 17.9 6.5 10.8 0.1 0.4 0.1
For-profit ........................ 1,182,108 359,176 822,932 122,643 700,289 113,605 570,754 2,275 12,040 1,615 100.0 30.4 69.6 10.4 59.2 9.6 48.3 0.2 1.0 0.1
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Fall 2017
All students, total ..... 19,765,598 13,114,062 6,651,536 3,548,036 3,103,500 1,771,852 1,155,197 15,539 142,841 18,071 100.0 66.3 33.7 18.0 15.7 9.0 5.8 0.1 0.7 0.1
4-year ............................... 13,823,640 9,104,456 4,719,184 2,388,821 2,330,363 1,070,036 1,095,665 11,430 139,343 13,889 100.0 65.9 34.1 17.3 16.9 7.7 7.9 0.1 1.0 0.1
2-year ............................... 5,941,958 4,009,606 1,932,352 1,159,215 773,137 701,816 59,532 4,109 3,498 4,182 100.0 67.5 32.5 19.5 13.0 11.8 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Public ................................ 14,560,155 9,869,414 4,690,741 3,033,556 1,657,185 1,390,179 225,567 11,280 17,578 12,581 100.0 67.8 32.2 20.8 11.4 9.5 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
4-year ............................ 8,853,477 6,039,424 2,814,053 1,900,127 913,926 694,501 189,249 7,224 14,112 8,840 100.0 68.2 31.8 21.5 10.3 7.8 2.1 0.1 0.2 0.1
2-year ............................ 5,706,678 3,829,990 1,876,688 1,133,429 743,259 695,678 36,318 4,056 3,466 3,741 100.0 67.1 32.9 19.9 13.0 12.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1
Private ............................... 5,205,443 3,244,648 1,960,795 514,480 1,446,315 381,673 929,630 4,259 125,263 5,490 100.0 62.3 37.7 9.9 27.8 7.3 17.9 0.1 2.4 0.1
Nonprofit ........................ 4,106,477 2,925,915 1,180,562 392,155 788,407 273,120 394,339 3,158 114,932 2,858 100.0 71.3 28.7 9.5 19.2 6.7 9.6 0.1 2.8 0.1
4-year ........................ 4,058,087 2,901,355 1,156,732 388,046 768,686 270,201 377,541 3,157 114,930 2,857 100.0 71.5 28.5 9.6 18.9 6.7 9.3 0.1 2.8 0.1
2-year ........................ 48,390 24,560 23,830 4,109 19,721 2,919 16,798 1 2 1 100.0 50.8 49.2 8.5 40.8 6.0 34.7 # # #
For-profit ........................ 1,098,966 318,733 780,233 122,325 657,908 108,553 535,291 1,101 10,331 2,632 100.0 29.0 71.0 11.1 59.9 9.9 48.7 0.1 0.9 0.2
4-year ........................ 912,076 163,677 748,399 100,648 647,751 105,334 528,875 1,049 10,301 2,192 100.0 17.9 82.1 11.0 71.0 11.5 58.0 0.1 1.1 0.2
2-year ........................ 186,890 155,056 31,834 21,677 10,157 3,219 6,416 52 30 440 100.0 83.0 17.0 11.6 5.4 1.7 3.4 # # 0.2
Undergraduate ................. 16,760,331 11,251,714 5,508,617 3,273,825 2,234,792 1,394,756 716,977 9,546 98,321 15,192 100.0 67.1 32.9 19.5 13.3 8.3 4.3 0.1 0.6 0.1
4-year ............................ 10,818,373 7,242,108 3,576,265 2,114,610 1,461,655 692,940 657,445 5,437 94,823 11,010 100.0 66.9 33.1 19.5 13.5 6.4 6.1 0.1 0.9 0.1
2-year ............................ 5,941,958 4,009,606 1,932,352 1,159,215 773,137 701,816 59,532 4,109 3,498 4,182 100.0 67.5 32.5 19.5 13.0 11.8 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
Public ............................. 13,100,953 8,878,747 4,222,206 2,888,930 1,333,276 1,175,665 128,505 7,140 10,587 11,379 100.0 67.8 32.2 22.1 10.2 9.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
4-year ........................ 7,394,275 5,048,757 2,345,518 1,755,501 590,017 479,987 92,187 3,084 7,121 7,638 100.0 68.3 31.7 23.7 8.0 6.5 1.2 # 0.1 0.1

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 269

2-year ........................ 5,706,678 3,829,990 1,876,688 1,133,429 743,259 695,678 36,318 4,056 3,466 3,741 100.0 67.1 32.9 19.9 13.0 12.2 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1
Private ........................... 3,659,378 2,372,967 1,286,411 384,895 901,516 219,091 588,472 2,406 87,734 3,813 100.0 64.8 35.2 10.5 24.6 6.0 16.1 0.1 2.4 0.1
Nonprofit .................... 2,817,017 2,082,341 734,676 275,000 459,676 137,490 236,605 1,583 82,643 1,355 100.0 73.9 26.1 9.8 16.3 4.9 8.4 0.1 2.9 #
4-year ..................... 2,768,627 2,057,781 710,846 270,891 439,955 134,571 219,807 1,582 82,641 1,354 100.0 74.3 25.7 9.8 15.9 4.9 7.9 0.1 3.0 #
2-year ..................... 48,390 24,560 23,830 4,109 19,721 2,919 16,798 1 2 1 100.0 50.8 49.2 8.5 40.8 6.0 34.7 # # #
For-profit .................... 842,361 290,626 551,735 109,895 441,840 81,601 351,867 823 5,091 2,458 100.0 34.5 65.5 13.0 52.5 9.7 41.8 0.1 0.6 0.3
4-year ..................... 655,471 135,570 519,901 88,218 431,683 78,382 345,451 771 5,061 2,018 100.0 20.7 79.3 13.5 65.9 12.0 52.7 0.1 0.8 0.3
2-year ..................... 186,890 155,056 31,834 21,677 10,157 3,219 6,416 52 30 440 100.0 83.0 17.0 11.6 5.4 1.7 3.4 # # 0.2

Programs and Courses

Postbaccalaureate ........... 3,005,267 1,862,348 1,142,919 274,211 868,708 377,096 438,220 5,993 44,520 2,879 100.0 62.0 38.0 9.1 28.9 12.5 14.6 0.2 1.5 0.1
Public ............................. 1,459,202 990,667 468,535 144,626 323,909 214,514 97,062 4,140 6,991 1,202 100.0 67.9 32.1 9.9 22.2 14.7 6.7 0.3 0.5 0.1
Private ........................... 1,546,065 871,681 674,384 129,585 544,799 214,514 97,062 4,140 6,991 1,202 100.0 56.4 43.6 8.4 35.2 13.9 6.3 0.3 0.5 0.1
Nonprofit .................... 1,289,460 843,574 445,886 117,155 328,731 135,630 157,734 1,575 32,289 1,503 100.0 65.4 34.6 9.1 25.5 10.5 12.2 0.1 2.5 0.1
For-profit .................... 256,605 28,107 228,498 12,430 216,068 26,952 183,424 278 5,240 174 100.0 11.0 89.0 4.8 84.2 10.5 71.5 0.1 2.0 0.1

#Rounds to zero. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017 and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
270 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 525
Programs and Courses Programs and Courses

Table
Table 311.22. Numberand
311.22. Number andpercentage
percentageofofundergraduate
undergraduatestudents
studentsenrolled
enrolledinindistance
distanceeducation
educationororonline
onlineclasses
classesand
anddegree
degreeprograms,
programs,
byby
selectedcharacteristics:
selected characteristics:Selected
Selectedyears,
years,2003–04
2003–04through
through2015–16
2015–16
[Standard
[Standarderrors
errorsappear
appear ininparentheses]
parentheses]

Percent of undergraduate students

taking distance education or online classes 2015–16
Number of
undergraduate students Percent of undergraduate
2003–04 2007–08 2011–12 (in thousands) students taking online classes
Entire degree Entire degree
Total, any program Total, any program Number
distance through distance through Total, Entire degree taking Entire degree
education distance education distance any online program is Total, all any online Total, any program is
Selected characteristic classes education1 classes education1 classes online1 students classes online classes online1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total .................................................... 15.6 (0.29) 4.9 (0.17) 20.6 (0.23) 3.8 (0.16) 32.0 (0.33) 6.5 (0.18) 19,308 8,319 43.1 (0.31) 10.8 (0.21)
Sex
Male ......................................................... 13.6 (0.31) 4.3 (0.19) 18.8 (0.31) 3.4 (0.16) 28.5 (0.45) 4.9 (0.24) 8,406 3,340 39.7 (0.42) 9.2 (0.27)
Female..................................................... 17.0 (0.40) 5.4 (0.23) 21.9 (0.28) 4.2 (0.22) 34.5 (0.39) 7.7 (0.21) 10,903 4,979 45.7 (0.42) 12.1 (0.28)
Race/ethnicity
White........................................................ 16.2 (0.33) 5.0 (0.19) 21.9 (0.29) 3.9 (0.19) 33.5 (0.41) 6.8 (0.21) 10,276 4,671 45.5 (0.39) 11.1 (0.27)
Black ........................................................ 14.9 (0.59) 4.9 (0.37) 19.9 (0.66) 5.1 (0.48) 32.7 (0.70) 9.1 (0.56) 3,006 1,278 42.5 (0.72) 14.9 (0.47)
Hispanic ................................................... 13.4 (0.54) 4.1 (0.27) 16.5 (0.53) 2.7 (0.23) 27.9 (0.57) 4.3 (0.24) 3,723 1,431 38.4 (0.68) 7.7 (0.32)
Asian........................................................ 14.0 (0.92) 5.2 (0.58) 18.1 (0.86) 2.9 (0.40) 26.0 (1.06) 2.9 (0.35) 1,399 544 38.9 (1.10) 7.8 (0.63)
Pacific Islander ........................................ 19.1 (2.37) 6.9 (1.69) 17.0 (1.89) 1.2 ! (0.53) 29.9 (3.18) 3.1 ! (1.29) 83 35 42.2 (4.02) 12.0 (2.44)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............... 15.5 (1.85) 6.2 (1.41) 21.9 (2.41) 1.8 ! (0.55) 32.6 (2.56) 7.0 (1.43) 160 76 47.5 (3.08) 12.2 (1.71)
Two or more races .................................. 16.5 (1.33) 5.1 (1.16) 20.4 (1.08) 3.6 (0.86) 30.6 (1.48) 5.5 (0.69) 661 283 42.8 (1.39) 10.4 (0.89)
Age
15 to 23.................................................... 11.7 (0.26) 3.1 (0.13) 15.2 (0.22) 1.4 (0.09) 26.5 (0.36) 3.2 (0.13) 11,368 4,157 36.6 (0.38) 3.5 (0.13)
24 to 29.................................................... 18.4 (0.46) 6.7 (0.41) 25.7 (0.56) 5.6 (0.45) 36.5 (0.67) 8.0 (0.41) 3,536 1,793 50.7 (0.69) 17.5 (0.52)
30 or older................................................ 22.4 (0.65) 8.3 (0.42) 30.0 (0.55) 9.0 (0.40) 40.9 (0.64) 13.0 (0.50) 4,404 2,369 53.8 (0.58) 24.9 (0.58)
Attendance status
Full-time, full-year2 ................................... 12.7 (0.32) 3.8 (0.20) 16.7 (0.33) 3.2 (0.29) 28.8 (0.41) 6.5 (0.20) 7,239 2,789 38.5 (0.44) 6.0 (0.28)
Part-time only, for only part of year ......... 18.7 (0.46) 6.9 (0.32) 24.8 (0.39) 5.2 (0.22) 35.3 (0.62) 7.4 (0.38) 5,059 2,398 47.4 (0.62) 14.7 (0.44)
Mixed attendance status3 ........................ 17.4 (0.53) 4.7 (0.23) 22.5 (0.42) 2.9 (0.20) 35.0 (0.62) 5.0 (0.28) 7,010 3,131 44.7 (0.47) 13.2 (0.38)
Undergraduate field of study
Business/management............................ 18.7 (0.58) 7.0 (0.43) 24.2 (0.55) 6.4 (0.45) 39.3 (0.75) 11.4 (0.45) 2,973 1,525 51.3 (0.72) 17.0 (0.67)
Computer/information science ................ 19.5 (0.96) 7.2 (0.71) 26.9 (1.53) 8.4 (1.17) 40.8 (1.37) 9.8 (0.81) 852 415 48.6 (1.60) 16.1 (1.10)
Education................................................. 17.1 (0.89) 4.6 (0.45) 22.8 (0.81) 3.2 (0.33) 33.8 (1.17) 6.4 (0.59) 841 384 45.7 (1.35) 9.7 (0.81)
Engineering ............................................. 12.1 (0.83) 3.3 (0.40) 16.1 (0.77) 2.3 (0.36) 23.2 (0.93) 2.3 (0.48) 1,140 380 33.3 (0.91) 5.1 (0.51)
Health ...................................................... 17.4 (0.48) 5.6 (0.30) 21.9 (0.60) 4.2 (0.33) 33.3 (0.67) 6.7 (0.43) 3,438 1,547 45.0 (0.72) 13.3 (0.53)
Humanities............................................... 14.0 (0.53) 3.9 (0.26) 19.7 (0.53) 2.6 (0.22) 30.8 (0.65) 4.1 (0.33) 3,083 1,274 41.3 (0.66) 7.8 (0.40)
Life sciences............................................ 11.0 (0.81) 2.7 (0.39) 15.8 (0.68) 1.8 (0.21) 26.7 (0.92) 3.3 (0.37) 1,413 540 38.2 (0.91) 5.0 (0.53)
Mathematics ............................................ 12.8 (2.48) 3.8 ! (1.42) 15.1 (2.51) ‡ (†) 20.4 (3.02) 2.2 ! (1.05) 118 50 42.2 (3.98) 9.7 (2.80)
Physical sciences .................................... 9.8 (2.02) 0.9 ! (0.41) 12.8 (1.56) 0.3 ! (0.16) 22.1 (1.93) 1.2 ! (0.46) 214 70 32.8 (2.45) 2.0 ! (0.67)
Social/behavioral sciences...................... 12.5 (0.63) 3.4 (0.33) 17.1 (0.68) 2.3 (0.31) 31.8 (0.93) 7.0 (0.48) 1,323 556 42.0 (1.05) 9.1 (0.54)
Vocational/technical................................. 13.1 (0.96) 4.2 (0.60) 18.5 (1.26) 3.3 (0.50) 22.3 (1.54) 2.8 (0.59) 594 188 31.7 (1.67) 6.0 (0.75)
Undeclared/no major ............................... 15.0 (0.61) 4.6 (0.34) 20.5 (0.56) 3.1 (0.45) 27.6 (1.16) 5.2 (0.81) 449 148 33.0 (1.71) 9.5 (1.12)
Other........................................................ 14.4 (0.68) 4.3 (0.29) 19.0 (0.69) 3.9 (0.38) 30.5 (0.83) 6.9 (0.50) 2,279 983 43.1 (0.93) 11.4 (0.55)
Had job during academic year4
Yes........................................................... 16.8 (0.34) 5.5 (0.22) 22.2 (0.25) 4.2 (0.16) 36.2 (0.42) 7.6 (0.24) 11,812 5,563 47.1 (0.39) 12.9 (0.28)
No ............................................................ 11.9 (0.32) 3.3 (0.17) 15.8 (0.37) 2.8 (0.25) 24.9 (0.42) 4.8 (0.20) 7,496 2,756 36.8 (0.44) 7.6 (0.25)
Dependency status
Dependent ............................................... 11.1 (0.24) 2.9 (0.13) 14.4 (0.24) 1.0 (0.08) 25.5 (0.36) 2.7 (0.12) 9,772 3,428 35.1 (0.37) 1.9 (0.10)
Independent, no dependents, not
married5 ............................................. 15.6 (0.50) 5.1 (0.37) 23.6 (0.56) 4.8 (0.30) 33.6 (0.64) 6.7 (0.33) 3,978 1,840 46.2 (0.69) 14.9 (0.45)
Independent, no dependents, married.... 19.6 (0.78) 6.9 (0.52) 28.6 (0.96) 7.2 (0.84) 37.4 (1.22) 10.1 (0.72) 953 528 55.4 (1.30) 20.8 (1.09)
Independent, with dependents, not
married5 ............................................. 20.5 (0.70) 6.9 (0.49) 25.3 (0.61) 7.4 (0.52) 38.2 (0.67) 10.7 (0.45) 2,618 1,375 52.5 (0.80) 22.9 (0.74)
Independent, with dependents, married.. 25.1 (0.79) 9.7 (0.53) 32.9 (0.71) 9.4 (0.51) 44.9 (0.92) 14.7 (0.75) 1,987 1,148 57.8 (0.89) 27.1 (0.84)
Control and level of institution
Public ....................................................... 16.2 (0.35) 4.7 (0.18) 21.5 (0.25) 2.7 (0.11) 33.2 (0.39) 4.0 (0.16) 14,491 6,362 43.9 (0.37) 6.3 (0.21)
4-year................................................... 13.5 (0.54) 3.8 (0.23) 18.4 (0.41) 2.2 (0.19) 32.7 (0.51) 4.3 (0.24) 6,786 2,956 43.6 (0.50) 6.1 (0.40)
2-year................................................... 18.2 (0.43) 5.4 (0.25) 23.9 (0.33) 3.1 (0.16) 33.9 (0.54) 3.8 (0.24) 7,640 3,400 44.5 (0.58) 6.6 (0.25)
Less-than-2-year ................................. 11.8 (1.19) 3.0 (0.66) 8.1 (1.66) 1.9 ! (0.73) 11.3 (2.24) ‡ (†) 66 6 9.4 (1.89) ‡ (†)
Private nonprofit ...................................... 12.3 (0.79) 4.1 (0.46) 14.3 (0.43) 2.9 (0.23) 21.0 (0.85) 4.5 (0.57) 2,955 1,060 35.9 (0.68) 17.8 (0.54)
4-year................................................... 12.3 (0.83) 4.1 (0.48) 14.2 (0.44) 2.8 (0.23) 21.3 (0.87) 4.6 (0.59) 2,857 1,033 36.2 (0.65) 17.7 (0.47)
2-year................................................... 11.2 (2.20) 3.1 ! (1.11) 19.4 (2.30) 5.9 (1.02) 12.7 (3.26) 0.5 ! (0.22) 95 26 27.5 ! (8.33) 21.2 ! (8.99)
Less-than-2-year ................................. 17.2 (2.63) 8.1 (1.35) 15.6 ! (4.69) 2.7 (0.66) 13.6 ! (5.68) # (†) 4 1 28.6 (1.46) 17.0 (2.97)
Private for-profit ....................................... 15.3 (1.08) 8.6 (1.06) 21.7 (1.18) 12.8 (1.24) 35.5 (0.83) 21.6 (0.82) 1,861 896 48.1 (0.94) 33.5 (1.22)
4-year................................................... 26.3 (2.25) 15.6 (2.26) 29.1 (1.95) 19.1 (1.92) 53.0 (1.26) 33.3 (1.30) 1,102 816 74.0 (1.38) 55.0 (1.96)
2-year................................................... 12.1 (1.64) 6.3 (1.25) 17.6 (1.49) 8.0 (1.34) 8.4 (1.28) 2.9 ! (1.01) 420 59 14.1 (1.05) 3.0 (0.46)
Less-than-2-year ................................. 5.4 (0.26) 1.9 (0.13) 6.2 (0.40) 1.8 (0.28) 3.9 (0.77) ‡ (†) 340 21 6.2 (0.70) 1.1 (0.22)

†Not applicable. NOTE: In 2011–12 and 2015–16, students were asked whether they took classes that were
#Rounds to zero. taught entirely online and, if so, whether their entire degree program was online. In 2003–
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 04 and 2007–08, students were asked about distance education, which was defined in
and 50 percent. 2007–08 as “primarily delivered using live, interactive audio or videoconferencing, pre-
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the recorded instructional videos, webcasts, CD-ROM, or DVD, or computer-based systems
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. delivered over the Internet.” The 2003–04 definition was very similar, with only minor
1Excludes students not in a degree or certificate program. differences in wording. In both years, distance education did not include correspondence
2Includes only students enrolled full-time for a full academic year (defined as 9 or more courses. Data exclude students attending institutions in Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to
months). totals because of rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
3Includes students enrolled part-time for a full academic year, as well as, students enrolled SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003–04,
full-time, but for only part of an academic year. 2007–08, 2011–12, and 2015–16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04,
4Excludes work study/assistantships. NPSAS:08, NPSAS:12, and NPSAS:16). (This table was prepared May 2018.)
5Includes separated.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018
526 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 271
Programs and Courses Programs and Courses

Table
Table 311.32. Numberand
311.32. Number andpercentage
percentageofof graduate
graduatestudents
students enrolled
enrolled in
in distance education or online classes and degree
degree programs,
programs, by
by selected
selected
characteristics: Selected
characteristics: Selected years,
years, 2003–04
2003–04through
through 2015–16
2015–16
[Standard
[Standarderrors
errorsappear parentheses]
appear in parentheses]

Percent of graduate students

taking distance education classes 2015–16
Number of
graduate students Percent of graduate
2003–04 2007–08 2011–12 (in thousands) students taking online classes
Entire degree Entire degree
Total, any program Total, any program Number
distance through distance through Total, Entire degree Total, all taking Entire degree
education distance education distance any online program is graduate any online Total, any program is
Selected characteristic classes education1 classes education1 classes online1 students classes online classes online1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total .................................................... 16.5 (0.76) 6.1 (0.58) 22.8 (0.76) 9.5 (0.68) 36.0 (0.74) 18.2 (0.63) 3,547 1,617 45.6 (0.72) 27.3 (0.75)
Sex
Male ......................................................... 15.4 (1.17) 4.9 (0.74) 20.6 (1.17) 7.8 (1.07) 31.5 (1.17) 15.9 (1.06) 1,446 591 40.8 (0.95) 24.6 (1.02)
Female..................................................... 17.3 (1.00) 7.0 (0.74) 24.2 (0.99) 10.6 (0.77) 39.0 (0.97) 19.8 (0.78) 2,101 1,026 48.9 (0.91) 29.3 (0.85)
Race/ethnicity
White........................................................ 17.7 (0.88) 6.7 (0.74) 23.6 (0.99) 9.6 (0.95) 36.9 (0.98) 18.2 (0.88) 2,105 942 44.8 (0.93) 26.0 (0.90)
Black ........................................................ 19.2 (2.44) 7.5 (1.72) 25.8 (2.94) 11.5 (2.11) 48.8 (2.12) 31.4 (1.66) 504 315 62.5 (2.22) 45.3 (2.17)
Hispanic ................................................... 13.1 (1.81) 5.0 (1.26) 23.7 (3.09) 9.4 ! (2.85) 34.6 (2.73) 17.9 (2.53) 326 161 49.5 (2.03) 31.2 (2.12)
Asian........................................................ 9.4 (1.40) 3.0 ! (1.01) 12.8 (1.10) 4.5 (0.68) 19.4 (1.67) 6.0 (1.13) 500 138 27.5 (1.71) 10.8 (1.33)
Pacific Islander ........................................ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 31.1 ! (9.43) 13.5 ! (6.20) 44.2 (11.10) ‡ (†) 8 5 64.1 (11.99) 33.4 ! (11.23)
American Indian/Alaska Native ............... 8.7 ! (3.54) ‡ (†) 16.7 ! (6.78) ‡ (†) 55.1 (12.39) 43.4 ! (15.26) 17 8 43.9 (9.31) 33.1 (7.59)
Two or more races .................................. 17.1 (4.46) 4.8 ! (2.33) 27.7 ! (8.38) 21.3 ! (9.56) 40.4 (4.24) 18.4 (3.84) 88 49 55.6 (4.48) 33.8 (4.20)
Age
15 to 23.................................................... 11.1 (1.73) 3.7 (0.77) 16.6 (2.64) 1.6 (0.40) 19.5 (1.45) 4.3 (0.76) 466 130 27.9 (1.82) 8.0 (1.32)
24 to 29.................................................... 13.6 (0.82) 3.6 (0.43) 16.1 (0.79) 5.7 (0.54) 30.8 (1.05) 14.4 (0.91) 1,387 525 37.8 (0.96) 16.8 (0.87)
30 or older................................................ 20.2 (1.21) 9.0 (1.06) 29.5 (1.39) 14.5 (1.31) 44.3 (1.21) 24.9 (1.01) 1,695 962 56.8 (1.02) 41.6 (1.00)
Attendance status
Full-time, full-year2 ................................... 12.0 (1.00) 3.4 (0.72) 16.4 (1.35) 6.5 (1.24) 31.7 (1.16) 17.4 (0.98) 1,279 408 31.9 (0.96) 15.2 (0.81)
Part-time only, for only part of year ......... 20.0 (1.01) 8.8 (0.97) 28.1 (1.17) 13.3 (1.07) 41.0 (1.21) 19.5 (1.21) 850 453 53.3 (1.54) 36.7 (1.72)
Mixed attendance status3 ........................ 15.6 (1.89) 4.1 (0.71) 23.6 (2.15) 6.8 (0.95) 36.9 (1.98) 17.9 (1.66) 1,418 756 53.3 (1.09) 33.1 (1.06)
Graduate field of study
Business/management ........................... 22.6 (2.30) 10.3 (1.98) 27.6 (2.90) 13.9 (2.68) 40.0 (2.09) 25.1 (1.82) 592 320 54.1 (1.65) 36.7 (1.84)
Education ................................................ 20.7 (1.74) 8.2 (1.29) 28.3 (1.67) 9.9 (1.36) 48.9 (1.65) 23.7 (1.47) 605 352 58.2 (1.73) 34.3 (1.82)
Health ...................................................... 12.6 (1.23) 3.9 (0.79) 22.0 (1.59) 8.9 (1.33) 36.5 (1.42) 16.5 (1.00) 694 325 46.8 (1.58) 26.6 (1.45)
Humanities .............................................. 12.9 (2.43) 2.9 ! (0.87) 15.7 (1.72) 3.1 (0.65) 28.1 (3.13) 12.1 (2.88) 281 99 35.3 (2.76) 18.2 (2.32)
Law .......................................................... 5.6 (1.15) ‡ (†) 6.1 (0.87) 1.7 ! (0.54) 10.3 (1.46) 2.5 (0.65) 132 21 15.9 (2.09) 8.0 (1.63)
Life and physical sciences ...................... — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) 13.9 (1.49) 5.3 (1.21) 197 39 19.9 (2.06) 9.1 (1.77)
Life sciences ..................................... 12.4 (2.51) 6.9 ! (2.14) 14.0 (2.15) 4.3 (1.14) — (†) — (†) — — — (†) — (†)
Mathematics, engineering, and
computer science .............................. 12.0 (2.03) 4.6 ! (1.48) 19.7 (3.06) 9.4 ! (2.96) 25.5 (1.78) 13.3 (1.42) 374 135 36.0 (1.87) 19.9 (1.56)
Social/behavioral sciences...................... 8.5 (1.42) 3.4 ! (1.11) 21.3 (3.66) 12.7 (3.68) 36.6 (2.22) 21.7 (1.89) 245 112 45.7 (2.98) 29.0 (3.28)
Other4....................................................... 19.0 (1.56) 4.6 (1.08) 22.2 (1.49) 9.4 (1.49) 38.6 (2.03) 19.2 (2.29) 427 214 50.2 (2.00) 32.7 (2.14)
Had job during academic year5
Yes ........................................................ 19.6 (0.97) 7.7 (0.78) 27.2 (0.89) 11.9 (0.79) 43.7 (0.91) 24.1 (0.79) 2,354 1,274 54.1 (0.90) 34.4 (0.98)
No .......................................................... 9.0 (0.81) 2.7 (0.41) 10.0 (1.36) 2.8 ! (1.27) 19.9 (1.12) 6.2 (0.78) 1,193 342 28.7 (1.08) 13.5 (0.75)
Dependency status
Dependent .............................................. — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — (†) — — — (†) — (†)
Independent, no dependents, not
married6 ............................................. 12.1 (0.75) 3.7 (0.39) 16.6 (0.90) 5.2 (0.59) 28.1 (0.88) 11.8 (0.67) 1,901 674 35.5 (0.90) 16.9 (0.86)
Independent, no dependents, married.... 15.5 (1.22) 5.0 (0.77) 22.3 (1.67) 10.1 (1.56) 36.1 (1.75) 19.5 (1.64) 503 247 49.1 (1.78) 27.6 (1.53)
Independent, with dependents, not
married6 ............................................. 21.3 (3.18) 9.4 (2.21) 26.8 (3.23) 10.8 (1.86) 52.0 (2.49) 32.5 (2.54) 312 198 63.5 (2.06) 45.7 (2.05)
Independent, with dependents, married.. 24.2 (1.72) 10.8 (1.46) 34.2 (1.76) 17.5 (2.14) 45.6 (1.60) 25.1 (1.52) 831 498 59.9 (1.48) 44.4 (1.52)
Control of institution
Public ....................................................... 15.2 (0.68) 4.8 (0.39) 23.1 (0.99) 8.9 (0.95) 32.8 (0.93) 11.8 (0.69) 1,665 708 42.5 (0.99) 21.2 (1.07)
Private nonprofit ...................................... 16.3 (1.25) 6.7 (1.03) 18.5 (0.74) 6.0 (0.41) 28.5 (1.16) 12.3 (1.03) 1,514 618 40.8 (1.17) 23.7 (1.11)
Private for-profit ....................................... 35.3 (8.12) 18.6 ! (6.64) 41.6 (5.47) 29.9 (5.89) 74.1 (2.09) 62.5 (2.49) 368 290 78.9 (1.26) 68.5 (1.99)

—Not available. 6Includes separated.

†Not applicable. NOTE: In 2011–12 and 2015–16, students were asked whether they took classes that were
!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 taught entirely online and, if so, whether their entire degree program was online. In 2003–04
and 50 percent. and 2007–08, students were asked about distance education, which was defined in 2007–08 as
‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the “primarily delivered using live, interactive audio or videoconferencing, prerecorded
coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. instructional videos, webcasts, CD-ROM, or DVD, or computer-based systems delivered
1Excludes students not in a degree or certificate program. over the Internet.” The 2003–04 definition was very similar, with only minor differences in
2Includes only students enrolled full time for a full academic year (defined as 9 or more wording. In both years, distance education did not include correspondence courses. Data
months). exclude students attending institutions in Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because
3Includes students enrolled part time for a full academic year as well as students enrolled of rounding. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
full time, but for only part of an academic year. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003–04,
4Includes students who are not in a degree program or have not declared a major. For 2007–08, 2011–12, and 2015–16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04,
2003–04 and 2007–08, includes physical sciences. NPSAS:08, NPSAS:12, and NPSAS:16). (This table was prepared May 2018.)
5Excludes work study/assistantships.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

272 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Programs and Courses

Table 311.33. Selected statistics for degree-granting postsecondary institutions that primarily offer online programs, by control of
institution and selected characteristics: Fall 2017 and 2016–17
Primarily online institutions1 Other institutions1
Percent
All of all
Selected characteristic institutions Total institutions Public Nonprofit For-profit Total Public Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Number of institutions, fall 20172 ........................ 4,298 103 2.4 9 31 63 4,195 1,617 1,656 922
Fall 2017 enrollment
Total enrollment ...................................................... 19,765,598 823,068 4.2 75,669 270,107 477,292 18,942,530 14,484,486 3,836,370 621,674
Full-time ............................................................. 12,077,304 428,223 3.5 19,269 158,580 250,374 11,649,081 8,308,804 2,923,706 416,571
Males .............................................................. 5,424,575 139,413 2.6 7,408 49,523 82,482 5,285,162 3,850,537 1,279,473 155,152
Females ........................................................... 6,652,729 288,810 4.3 11,861 109,057 167,892 6,363,919 4,458,267 1,644,233 261,419
Part-time ............................................................. 7,688,294 394,845 5.1 56,400 111,527 226,918 7,293,449 6,175,682 912,664 205,103
Males .............................................................. 3,143,057 145,369 4.6 25,978 44,158 75,233 2,997,688 2,593,997 347,286 56,405
Females ........................................................... 4,545,237 249,476 5.5 30,422 67,369 151,685 4,295,761 3,581,685 565,378 148,698
Undergraduate .................................................... 16,760,331 580,744 3.5 57,715 212,461 310,568 16,179,587 13,043,238 2,604,556 531,793
Full-time .......................................................... 10,370,665 311,200 3.0 16,421 124,013 170,766 10,059,465 7,499,634 2,175,332 384,499
Part-time ......................................................... 6,389,666 269,544 4.2 41,294 88,448 139,802 6,120,122 5,543,604 429,224 147,294
Postbaccalaureate ............................................... 3,005,267 242,324 8.1 17,954 57,646 166,724 2,762,943 1,441,248 1,231,814 89,881
Full-time .......................................................... 1,706,639 117,023 6.9 2,848 34,567 79,608 1,589,616 809,170 748,374 32,072
Part-time ......................................................... 1,298,628 125,301 9.6 15,106 23,079 87,116 1,173,327 632,078 483,440 57,809
White .................................................................. 10,510,784 455,265 4.3 49,940 172,455 232,870 10,055,519 7,591,295 2,229,243 234,981
Black .................................................................. 2,545,916 211,886 8.3 6,742 50,546 154,598 2,334,030 1,716,102 446,051 171,877
Hispanic .............................................................. 3,540,584 86,705 2.4 11,401 26,227 49,077 3,453,879 2,912,342 406,514 135,023
Asian ................................................................... 1,277,733 23,625 1.8 3,143 7,524 12,958 1,254,108 971,955 251,999 30,154
Pacific Islander .................................................... 52,015 4,889 9.4 283 1,383 3,223 47,126 33,339 9,154 4,633
American Indian/Alaska Native ............................ 137,632 6,648 4.8 556 1,913 4,179 130,984 107,333 17,665 5,986
Two or more races .............................................. 700,212 28,100 4.0 2,866 8,949 16,285 672,112 527,970 125,275 18,867
Nonresident alien ................................................ 1,000,722 5,950 0.6 738 1,110 4,102 994,772 624,150 350,469 20,153
4-year institutions ............................................... 13,823,640 800,346 5.8 75,195 251,544 473,607 13,023,294 8,778,282 3,806,543 438,469
Full-time .......................................................... 9,849,327 408,638 4.1 19,060 140,969 248,609 9,440,689 6,291,428 2,900,227 249,034
Part-time ......................................................... 3,974,313 391,708 9.9 56,135 110,575 224,998 3,582,605 2,486,854 906,316 189,435
2-year institutions ............................................... 5,941,958 22,722 0.4 474 18,563 3,685 5,919,236 5,706,204 29,827 183,205
Full-time .......................................................... 2,227,977 19,585 0.9 209 17,611 1,765 2,208,392 2,017,376 23,479 167,537
Part-time ......................................................... 3,713,981 3,137 0.1 265 952 1,920 3,710,844 3,688,828 6,348 15,668

Earned degrees conferred, 2016–17

Associate’s ............................................................. 1,005,649 25,951 2.6 743 4,888 20,320 979,698 861,116 51,675 66,907
Males .................................................................. 394,159 10,363 2.6 448 1,772 8,143 383,796 343,868 18,184 21,744
Females .............................................................. 611,490 15,588 2.5 295 3,116 12,177 595,902 517,248 33,491 45,163
Bachelor’s ............................................................... 1,956,032 91,230 4.7 8,957 25,691 56,582 1,864,802 1,266,799 540,688 57,315
Males .................................................................. 836,045 33,607 4.0 3,793 8,941 20,873 802,438 556,029 223,546 22,863
Females .............................................................. 1,119,987 57,623 5.1 5,164 16,750 35,709 1,062,364 710,770 317,142 34,452

Master’s ................................................................. 804,684 62,305 7.7 4,425 15,301 42,579 742,379 369,962 345,051 27,366
Males .................................................................. 326,892 19,787 6.1 1,795 5,505 12,487 307,105 157,668 139,810 9,627
Females .............................................................. 477,792 42,518 8.9 2,630 9,796 30,092 435,274 212,294 205,241 17,739

Doctor’s3 ................................................................. 181,352 4,991 2.8 48 221 4,722 176,361 91,484 81,324 3,553
Males .................................................................. 84,646 1,661 2.0 7 60 1,594 82,985 44,162 37,579 1,244
Females .............................................................. 96,706 3,330 3.4 41 161 3,128 93,376 47,322 43,745 2,309

First-time students’ rates of graduation from

and retention at first institution attended
Among full-time bachelor’s degree-seekers starting
at 4-year institutions in 2011, percent earning
bachelor’s degree
Within 4 years after start ..................................... 41.6 6.5 † 10.3 38.4 4.0 42.0 36.9 54.3 19.5
Within 5 years after start ..................................... 56.5 10.6 † 19.2 43.1 8.0 57.1 55.0 64.2 24.1
Within 6 years after start ..................................... 60.4 12.0 † 20.5 43.9 9.5 61.0 59.7 66.5 26.2
Among full-time degree/certificate-seekers starting
at 2-year institutions in 2014, percent
completing credential within 150 percent of
normal time ...................................................... 31.6 ‡ † 29.8 64.8 37.1 30.6 25.1 57.3 61.2

Among degree-seekers starting in 2016, percent

returning in 2017
Full-time entrants ................................................ 75.5 47.5 † 74.5 61.3 33.8 75.6 74.3 81.3 65.3
Part-time entrants ............................................... 45.4 43.9 † 50.8 43.4 42.5 45.4 45.6 44.4 38.1

†Not applicable. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases for a reliable estimate). in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic
1
Primarily online institutions have more than 90 percent of their students attending classes ethnicity.
exclusively online. Other institutions may have some online offerings, but they are not SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
primarily online. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
2
Includes only institutions reporting enrollment data in fall 2017. component; IPEDS, Fall 2017, Completions component; and IPEDS, Winter 2017–18,
3
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such Graduation Rates component. (This table was prepared May 2019.)
degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees
prior to 2010–11.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table
Table 311.40. Percentageof
311.40. Percentage offirst-year
first-yearundergraduate
undergraduatestudents
students who
who reported
reported taking
taking remedial
remedial education
education courses,
courses, by selected
by selected student
student and institution
and institution characteristics:
characteristics: Selected
Selected years,years, 2003–04
2003–04
through 2015–16
through 2015–16
[Standarderrors
[Standard errors appear
appear ininparentheses]
parentheses]

Percent of 2003–04 first-year Percent of 2007–08 first-year Percent of 2011–12 first-year 2015–16 first-year undergraduates1
undergraduates1 who took any undergraduates1 who took any undergraduates1 who took any Percent who took specific
remedial courses remedial courses remedial courses Students who took any remedial courses remedial courses in 2015–16
Total number of Percent who
Selected student or students2 Percent who took in 2015–16 Percent who
institution characteristic Ever In 2003–04 Ever In 2007–08 Ever In 2011–12 (in thousands) ever took (in thousands) took in 2015–16 Mathematics Reading/writing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total ......................................................... 34.8 (0.36) 19.2 (0.30) 36.2 (0.38) 20.0 (0.35) 32.6 (0.42) 19.7 (0.36) 7,706 43.0 (0.58) 1,482 19.2 (0.43) 14.0 (0.36) 8.8 (0.28)
Sex
Male ............................................................... 33.0 (0.53) 18.4 (0.46) 33.0 (0.53) 19.3 (0.51) 30.8 (0.61) 19.9 (0.55) 3,364 40.7 (0.82) 643 19.1 (0.67) 13.9 (0.58) 8.5 (0.38)
Female........................................................... 36.2 (0.54) 19.8 (0.39) 38.7 (0.51) 20.6 (0.46) 34.0 (0.52) 19.7 (0.46) 4,342 44.8 (0.66) 839 19.3 (0.50) 14.1 (0.41) 8.9 (0.36)
Race/ethnicity
White.............................................................. 31.7 (0.42) 17.8 (0.35) 31.3 (0.46) 17.7 (0.41) 29.4 (0.51) 17.7 (0.47) 3,683 38.3 (0.76) 620 16.8 (0.48) 12.6 (0.42) 7.0 (0.33)
Black .............................................................. 41.2 (1.00) 22.4 (0.76) 45.1 (0.99) 24.4 (0.86) 37.6 (0.89) 22.2 (0.75) 1,419 48.7 (1.05) 292 20.6 (0.78) 15.0 (0.74) 10.2 (0.62)
Hispanic ......................................................... 38.5 (0.91) 21.5 (0.72) 43.7 (1.12) 23.3 (0.84) 35.8 (0.99) 22.4 (0.81) 1,726 47.7 (0.97) 397 23.0 (0.98) 16.7 (0.82) 10.7 (0.60)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Asian.............................................................. 39.6 (1.72) 17.6 (1.56) 38.9 (2.05) 20.0 (1.90) 37.6 (2.25) 23.0 (1.75) 490 45.4 (1.83) 97 19.8 (1.48) 13.9 (1.28) 10.4 (1.11)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

Pacific Islander .............................................. 40.8 (5.11) 22.4 (4.55) 39.9 (4.63) 19.1 (3.90) 33.4 (5.16) 15.2 (3.50) 37 43.7 (6.07) ‡ 21.8 (5.04) 12.0 ! (3.73) 10.6 ! (4.44)
American Indian/Alaska Native...................... 44.8 (4.34) 23.7 (3.10) 47.9 (4.66) 29.7 (3.88) 34.9 (4.11) 19.8 (2.79) 79 50.1 (5.64) 19 23.8 (4.98) 12.0 (3.30) 13.9 (4.10)
Two or more races......................................... 33.9 (2.02) 20.9 (1.80) 32.3 (2.29) 20.4 (2.06) 29.8 (2.02) 19.0 (1.68) 271 41.1 (2.28) 49 18.1 (1.79) 12.8 (1.55) 8.4 (1.35)
Other.............................................................. 31.1 (2.78) 17.3 (2.34) 35.2 (6.00) 21.7 (5.11) — (†) — (†) — — (†) — — (†) — (†) — (†)
Age
15 to 23.......................................................... 33.7 (0.41) 21.5 (0.39) 34.5 (0.46) 22.0 (0.43) 31.0 (0.49) 21.1 (0.38) 4,678 41.0 (0.70) 912 19.5 (0.52) 14.5 (0.46) 9.8 (0.37)
24 to 29.......................................................... 35.0 (0.99) 16.0 (0.78) 39.7 (0.98) 19.5 (0.86) 34.4 (1.12) 17.2 (0.91) 1,332 47.4 (1.17) 252 18.9 (0.94) 13.9 (0.82) 6.6 (0.52)
30 or older...................................................... 37.6 (0.87) 15.6 (0.52) 38.1 (0.84) 15.2 (0.68) 35.4 (0.94) 18.4 (0.82) 1,696 45.1 (1.06) 318 18.8 (0.81) 13.0 (0.66) 7.5 (0.56)
Attendance status
Full-time, full-year3 ......................................... 31.4 (0.45) 19.1 (0.37) 31.4 (0.52) 19.4 (0.46) 28.1 (0.48) 17.6 (0.41) 3,254 36.7 (0.78) 550 16.9 (0.58) 12.5 (0.48) 8.5 (0.43)
Part-time only, for only part of year................ 37.5 (0.65) 17.9 (0.51) 39.8 (0.71) 19.0 (0.59) 37.4 (0.81) 21.3 (0.78) 3,033 47.7 (0.92) 616 20.3 (0.74) 14.5 (0.63) 8.1 (0.46)
Mixed attendance status4............................... 41.1 (0.97) 23.7 (0.85) 42.6 (0.98) 26.3 (0.93) 37.0 (0.95) 23.4 (0.74) 1,419 47.4 (0.97) 316 22.2 (0.83) 16.4 (0.69) 10.8 (0.59)
Student housing status
On-campus .................................................... 24.5 (0.70) 16.8 (0.56) 23.2 (0.84) 17.1 (0.76) 17.9 (0.78) 14.1 (0.67) 921 24.7 (1.26) 120 13.0 (0.89) 9.7 (0.82) 6.8 (0.64)
Off-campus .................................................... 35.9 (0.58) 17.0 (0.40) 37.2 (0.57) 17.8 (0.49) 34.0 (0.65) 19.6 (0.63) 3,810 45.9 (0.78) 720 18.9 (0.58) 13.6 (0.50) 8.2 (0.39)
With parents or relatives ................................ 37.9 (0.59) 24.5 (0.61) 39.6 (0.78) 25.2 (0.66) 35.3 (0.78) 22.2 (0.61) 2,293 47.6 (1.04) 545 23.7 (0.79) 17.7 (0.69) 11.2 (0.51)
Attended more than one institution ................ 36.5 (1.18) 18.3 (0.98) 36.1 (1.11) 20.2 (0.97) 32.7 (1.09) 17.0 (0.95) 682 36.0 (1.07) 97 14.2 (0.81) 9.9 (0.59) 6.4 (0.49)
Dependency status
Dependent ..................................................... 33.4 (0.45) 22.1 (0.41) 34.4 (0.51) 22.8 (0.46) 31.2 (0.53) 22.0 (0.42) 3,843 39.5 (0.77) 749 19.5 (0.55) 14.4 (0.50) 9.7 (0.41)
Independent................................................... 36.4 (0.61) 16.1 (0.39) 38.1 (0.59) 17.1 (0.51) 33.9 (0.57) 17.6 (0.52) 3,863 46.5 (0.76) 732 19.0 (0.55) 13.7 (0.47) 7.8 (0.36)
Veteran status

CHAPTER
Veteran .......................................................... 35.9 (2.33) 13.2 (1.52) 35.8 (2.36) 17.1 (2.08) 31.4 (2.21) 17.4 (1.74) 363 43.9 (2.08) 62 17.1 (1.53) 12.2 (1.38) 6.7 (0.99)

CHAPTER3:
Not veteran .................................................... 34.8 (0.38) 19.4 (0.31) 36.2 (0.38) 20.1 (0.36) 32.7 (0.42) 19.8 (0.37) 7,343 43.0 (0.58) 1,420 19.3 (0.43) 14.1 (0.37) 8.9 (0.30)
Field of study5
Business/management .................................. 36.4 (1.00) 19.6 (0.97) 37.0 (1.13) 21.7 (1.06) 32.7 (1.11) 19.8 (0.85) 996 42.6 (1.37) 182 18.2 (0.95) 13.8 (0.86) 9.2 (0.70)
Computer science.......................................... 33.7 (1.59) 19.2 (1.39) 34.7 (2.28) 19.8 (1.77) 29.3 (1.69) 17.4 (1.40) 329 41.0 (2.14) 64 19.4 (1.78) 14.8 (1.58) 8.9 (1.24)
Education....................................................... 41.5 (1.61) 23.1 (1.14) 40.3 (1.90) 23.0 (1.48) 36.0 (1.84) 21.6 (1.53) 289 46.6 (2.33) 64 22.1 (1.91) 18.2 (1.81) 8.8 (1.37)

3:Postsecondary
Engineering.................................................... 30.9 (1.79) 16.6 (1.41) 33.0 (1.81) 19.0 (1.57) 33.1 (1.88) 20.9 (1.63) 394 38.6 (2.02) 70 17.8 (1.66) 13.7 (1.54) 9.0 (1.11)

Postsecondary Education
Health ............................................................ 37.0 (0.83) 19.7 (0.68) 38.6 (2.49) 18.9 (4.49) 34.6 (0.74) 18.8 (0.70) 1,531 46.5 (1.09) 293 19.1 (0.87) 14.7 (0.75) 9.2 (0.68)

Programs
Programs and
Humanities..................................................... 34.0 (1.29) 18.8 (0.94) 31.2 (1.94) 20.5 (1.77) 36.6 (1.03) 23.9 (0.91) 1,421 46.8 (1.13) 292 20.5 (0.97) 14.4 (0.84) 9.0 (0.64)
Life sciences .................................................. 31.2 (1.81) 19.7 (1.72) 31.2 (6.21) 20.5 ! (8.64) 26.7 (1.71) 17.9 (1.11) 386 36.4 (2.03) 69 18.0 (1.56) 14.0 (1.53) 8.2 (1.16)
Mathematics .................................................. 23.0 (5.55) 11.0 ! (4.43) 41.1 (6.31) 15.6 ! (5.20) 14.3 ! (4.57) 8.4 ! (2.81) 29 36.4 (7.45) ‡ 13.2 ! (4.85) 12.1 ! (4.68) ‡ (†)
Physical sciences .......................................... 24.0 (4.39) 12.9 (3.49) 24.5 (4.31) 15.7 (3.92) 29.2 (4.72) 24.7 (4.59) 62 37.2 (6.96) ‡ 15.4 (3.50) 9.2 (2.47) 7.6 (2.27)
Social/behavioral sciences ............................ 33.2 (2.08) 19.4 (1.57) 35.0 (2.16) 23.4 (1.94) 27.7 (1.87) 19.8 (1.38) 341 42.4 (2.23) 66 19.2 (1.61) 13.9 (1.40) 9.6 (1.30)

and Courses
Vocational/technical....................................... 38.5 (2.11) 18.3 (1.60) 31.1 (1.93) 15.7 (1.78) 26.9 (1.94) 15.7 (1.59) 336 33.0 (2.32) 51 15.3 (1.64) 11.3 (1.41) 8.4 (1.16)

Education 273
Undeclared .................................................... 33.6 (0.67) 19.2 (0.59) 35.8 (1.29) 20.0 (1.14) 31.8 (2.10) 22.0 (1.86) 297 45.0 (2.56) 77 25.8 (2.15) 18.4 (1.97) 11.6 (1.57)

Courses
Other.............................................................. 33.3 (1.49) 18.0 (1.06) 34.6 (1.23) 18.5 (0.97) 29.3 (0.94) 16.7 (0.77) 930 42.6 (1.36) 174 18.7 (1.01) 12.8 (0.94) 8.0 (0.67)

See notes at end of table.

529
 Table
Table 311.40. Percentageof
311.40. Percentage offirst-year
first-yearundergraduate
undergraduatestudents
students who
who reported
reported taking
taking remedial
remedial education
education courses,
courses, by selected
by selected student
student and institution
and institution characteristics:
characteristics: Selected
Selected years,years, 2003–04
2003–04

274
530 CHAPTER
through 2015–16—Continued
through 2015–16—Continued

Programs
[Standarderrors
errors appear
appear ininparentheses]

Programs and
CHAPTER 3:
[Standard parentheses]

Percent of 2003–04 first-year Percent of 2007–08 first-year Percent of 2011–12 first-year 2015–16 first-year undergraduates1
undergraduates1 who took any undergraduates1 who took any undergraduates1 who took any Percent who took specific
remedial courses remedial courses remedial courses Students who took any remedial courses remedial courses in 2015–16

and Courses
3: Postsecondary
Total number of Percent who

Postsecondary Education
Courses
Selected student or students2 Percent who took in 2015–16 Percent who
institution characteristic Ever In 2003–04 Ever In 2007–08 Ever In 2011–12 (in thousands) ever took (in thousands) took in 2015–16 Mathematics Reading/writing
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Control and level of institution
Public less-than-2-year .................................. 30.6 (1.85) 10.9 (1.09) 31.9 (1.99) 9.0 (0.89) 30.2 (6.13) 12.2 ! (3.86) 55 33.0 (3.85) ‡ 10.9 (1.54) 8.4 (1.61) 6.9 (0.93)
Public 2-year.................................................. 41.4 (0.59) 23.0 (0.47) 41.8 (0.54) 23.7 (0.48) 40.3 (0.67) 25.6 (0.64) 4,275 52.5 (0.76) 1,082 25.3 (0.63) 18.6 (0.53) 10.8 (0.42)

Education
Public 4-year nondoctorate............................ 34.2 (1.77) 21.4 (1.12) 38.9 (1.24) 25.4 (1.14) 37.8 (2.12) 24.3 (1.30) 692 44.4 (1.92) 125 18.1 (1.28) 13.9 (1.09) 7.8 (0.77)
Public 4-year doctorate.................................. 25.7 (1.11) 16.3 (0.64) 25.0 (1.03) 17.8 (0.86) 21.9 (0.84) 15.6 (0.80) 819 26.2 (1.35) 96 11.7 (0.93) 9.0 (0.75) 5.7 (0.72)
Private nonprofit less-than-4-year.................. 31.3 (2.06) 12.9 (1.89) 30.3 (3.75) 10.2 (2.81) 22.3 (4.25) 9.4 ! (3.42) 76 23.7 (1.86) 4 5.7 ! (2.02) 5.1 ! (2.05) 4.1 ! (2.06)
Private nonprofit 4-year nondoctorate ........... 26.0 (1.16) 14.7 (0.78) 25.5 (1.74) 16.6 (1.46) 24.4 (1.66) 15.3 (1.23) 344 28.3 (1.88) 39 11.3 (0.93) 7.6 (0.91) 6.7 (0.71)
Private nonprofit 4-year doctorate ................. 18.3 (1.67) 11.6 (1.39) 22.1 (1.70) 12.6 (1.38) 14.6 (1.85) 9.6 (1.24) 396 21.8 (1.71) 36 9.2 (1.07) 5.0 (0.97) 6.2 (0.93)
Private for-profit less-than-2-year .................. 24.1 (0.50) 7.8 (0.23) 26.5 (1.02) 5.5 (0.51) 16.7 (0.74) 3.8 (0.56) 288 25.0 (1.10) 12 4.2 (0.69) 2.5 (0.49) 2.0 (0.50)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Private for-profit 2 years or more ................... 25.4 (1.63) 11.7 (1.04) 28.8 (1.46) 11.3 (1.20) 20.9 (0.74) 8.2 (0.37) 761 33.9 (1.61) 82 10.7 (0.70) 7.5 (0.58) 6.7 (0.54)
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

—Not available. 4Includes students enrolled part time for a full academic year as well as students enrolled full time, but for only part of an

†Not applicable. academic year.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. 5Excludes students not in a degree or certificate program.

‡Reporting standards not met. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is 50 percent or greater. NOTE: Percentages of students who took remedial courses are based on student reports. Data exclude students attending
1First-year student status was determined by accumulation of credits. Students attending postsecondary education part time, institutions in Puerto Rico. Detail may not sum to totals because of survey item nonresponse and rounding. Race categories
or not completing the credit accumulation requirements for second-year status, could be considered first-year students for exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
more than one year. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2003–04, 2007–08, 2011–12, and
2Numbers may not equal those reported in other tables, since these data are based on a sample survey of students who 2015–16 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS:04, NPSAS:08, NPSAS:12, and NPSAS:16). (This table was
enrolled at any time during the academic year. prepared June 2018.)
3Includes only students enrolled full time for a full academic year (defined as 9 or more months).
 Table
Table311.60. Enrollmentininpostsecondary
311.60. Enrollment postsecondaryeducation,
education,byby level
level of of enrollment,
enrollment, level
level of institution,
of institution, student
student age,age,
and and major
major field field of study:
of study: 2015–16
2015–16

532 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

[Standard errors
[Standard errorsappear parentheses]
appear in parentheses]

Programs and Courses

Undergraduate
All students 2-year and less-than-2-year institutions2 4-year institutions
Post-
Percentage distribution, by age Percentage distribution, by age Percentage distribution, by age baccalaureate
Total Total Total Total
Major field of study1 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Total ....................................................... 19,308 63.3 (0.32) 23.3 (0.26) 13.4 (0.23) 9,650 57.2 (0.56) 26.9 (0.45) 15.9 (0.37) 9,658 69.3 (0.40) 19.8 (0.32) 10.9 (0.26) 3,547
Agriculture and related sciences ....................... 159 74.8 (3.22) 16.5 (2.56) 8.6 (1.91) 78 60.1 (5.38) 24.9 (4.62) 15.0 (3.49) 81 88.9 (2.10) 8.6 (1.72) 2.5 ! (0.99) 17
Anthropology ..................................................... 48 70.3 (5.64) 19.6 (5.01) 10.1! (4.77) 12 59.7 (17.51) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 36 73.8 (5.28) 18.6 (4.93) 7.6 ! (3.42) 11
Architecture and related services ...................... 58 80.5 (4.08) 11.7 (3.14) 7.7! (3.50) 16 71.2 (8.57) ‡ (†) 14.9 ! (7.32) 42 84.1 (4.48) 10.9 ! (3.30) ‡ (†) 23
Area, ethnic, and gender studies....................... 38 76.5 (5.27) 10.1! (3.05) 13.4! (4.93) 11 68.8 (13.23) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 27 79.6 (4.89) 12.1 ! (3.74) 8.2 ! (3.74) 10
Biological and biomedical sciences ................... 686 87.3 (1.03) 10.4 (0.88) 2.4 (0.52) 203 80.0 (2.03) 14.6 (1.56) 5.3 (1.59) 484 90.3 (1.05) 8.6 (1.01) 1.1 (0.30) 106

Business, management, and marketing ............ 2,973 59.1 (0.79) 24.7 (0.61) 16.2 (0.56) 1,190 55.1 (1.61) 26.7 (1.34) 18.2 (0.94) 1,783 61.7 (1.00) 23.4 (0.75) 14.9 (0.71) 592
Communication and journalism ......................... 370 85.5 (1.23) 10.9 (1.11) 3.6 (0.56) 84 77.7 (3.16) 17.2 (2.84) 5.1 (1.39) 286 87.8 (1.30) 9.1 (1.14) 3.1 (0.67) 40
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017

Communications technologies/technicians........ 97 68.9 (3.18) 20.8 (2.93) 10.2 (1.99) 50 63.0 (5.03) 23.5 (4.80) 13.5 (3.15) 47 75.1 (3.65) 18.0 (3.31) 6.8 ! (2.12) ‡
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Computer and information sciences .................. 852 53.0 (1.46) 29.5 (1.26) 17.4 (1.00) 396 50.8 (2.24) 28.6 (2.06) 20.6 (1.67) 456 55.0 (1.76) 30.3 (1.43) 14.7 (1.13) 131
Construction trades ........................................... 85 41.6 (4.62) 41.5 (5.45) 16.9 (4.22) 74 40.2 (4.84) 41.3 (5.58) 18.5 (4.59) 11 50.6 (14.55) 43.0 ! (15.65) ‡ (†) ‡

Criminology........................................................ 35 76.8 (4.92) 19.6 (4.64) ‡ (†) 9 70.1 (9.57) 26.6 ! (9.21) ‡ (†) 26 79.0 (5.99) 17.2 ! (5.55) ‡ (†) ‡
Economics ......................................................... 113 91.7 (2.13) 8.2 (2.11) ‡ (†) 17 76.8 (9.97) 23.2 ! (9.96) ‡ (†) 96 94.4 (1.44) 5.5 (1.41) ‡ (†) 16
Education........................................................... 841 66.6 (1.16) 20.5 (0.96) 12.8 (0.90) 365 56.6 (2.21) 26.7 (1.81) 16.7 (1.75) 475 74.4 (1.25) 15.8 (1.12) 9.9 (0.90) 605
Engineering ....................................................... 799 82.6 (0.98) 13.2 (0.84) 4.2 (0.46) 244 70.9 (2.22) 21.8 (2.05) 7.3 (1.02) 555 87.7 (0.99) 9.5 (0.81) 2.8 (0.47) 188
Engineering technologies/technicians ............... 341 49.0 (2.33) 31.8 (2.08) 19.2 (1.89) 222 46.5 (3.21) 32.0 (2.78) 21.5 (2.63) 120 53.5 (3.36) 31.3 (3.46) 15.2 (2.41) 26

English language and literature/letters .............. 199 72.6 (4.22) 15.8 (1.93) 11.6 (3.23) 60 51.5 (9.53) 18.4 (3.70) 30.1 (7.76) 138 81.9 (2.55) 14.7 (2.31) 3.4 ! (1.06) 40
Family and consumer/human sciences ............. 193 61.3 (2.83) 20.5 (1.93) 18.2 (2.31) 99 52.1 (4.35) 23.8 (3.25) 24.1 (3.89) 94 71.1 (3.12) 17.0 (2.35) 11.9 (2.47) 12
Foreign languages and literatures ..................... 84 74.8 (3.95) 15.9 (3.40) 9.3 (2.50) 28 58.7 (8.24) 25.4 (7.04) 15.9 ! (6.35) 55 83.0 (3.78) 11.1 ! (3.40) 5.9 ! (1.94) 11
Geography......................................................... 20 61.6 (8.55) 22.4! (6.76) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 13 63.2 (7.94) 29.7 (8.31) 7.1 ! (2.78) ‡
Health professions and related sciences........... 3,438 50.0 (0.68) 32.0 (0.52) 18.0 (0.52) 2,067 48.0 (0.86) 33.7 (0.72) 18.3 (0.66) 1,371 53.0 (1.14) 29.5 (0.85) 17.5 (0.83) 694

History ............................................................... 112 71.8 (2.97) 21.0 (3.06) 7.2 (1.81) 27 70.5 (7.07) 27.3 (7.19) 2.2 ! (1.01) 85 72.2 (3.05) 19.0 (2.93) 8.8 (2.28) 25
International relations and affairs ...................... 38 89.2 (3.32) 9.2! (2.99) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 33 87.5 (3.71) 10.7 ! (3.39) ‡ (†) 12
Legal professions and studies ........................... 128 47.6 (3.84) 25.0 (2.84) 27.4 (3.80) 64 47.0 (5.95) 22.9 (4.54) 30.2 (6.45) 64 48.2 (5.31) 27.2 (3.43) 24.6 (5.15) 132
Liberal arts, sciences and humanities ............... 1,915 66.4 (0.86) 21.6 (0.83) 12.0 (0.64) 1,426 64.7 (1.12) 23.0 (1.06) 12.2 (0.74) 490 71.3 (1.35) 17.5 (1.37) 11.2 (1.24) 31
Library science .................................................. ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 11

Mathematics and statistics ................................ 118 83.5 (2.55) 13.0 (2.20) 3.5! (1.39) 35 78.2 (6.66) 14.8 ! (5.35) ‡ (†) 83 85.7 (2.42) 12.3 (2.37) 2.0 ! (0.79) 29
Mechanic and repair technologies..................... 272 54.2 (2.77) 28.7 (1.93) 17.1 (2.00) 240 54.8 (2.94) 27.9 (2.02) 17.3 (2.19) 32 50.0 (9.84) 34.6 (8.02) 15.4 ! (4.90) ‡

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 275

Military technologies .......................................... ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡
Multi/interdisciplinary studies............................. 259 66.8 (2.32) 22.2 (1.87) 11.1 (1.62) 117 63.9 (3.61) 25.5 (3.10) 10.6 (2.07) 142 69.2 (2.77) 19.4 (2.26) 11.4 (2.34) 29
Natural resources and conservation.................. 97 73.0 (3.38) 23.5 (3.47) 3.5! (1.07) 29 73.6 (5.57) 20.8 (5.23) 5.6 ! (2.61) 68 72.7 (4.13) 24.6 (4.31) 2.6 ! (1.24) 17

Parks, recreation, and fitness studies................ 302 84.7 (1.69) 11.7 (1.43) 3.6 (0.93) 98 75.9 (3.76) 15.5 (2.84) 8.6 ! (2.65) 204 88.9 (1.58) 9.9 (1.56) 1.2 (0.36) 26
Personal and culinary services.......................... 305 54.3 (2.18) 31.3 (1.78) 14.4 (1.49) 261 54.3 (2.36) 32.2 (1.97) 13.5 (1.66) 44 54.3 (4.94) 26.1 (3.76) 19.6 (3.63) ‡
Philosophy and religious studies ....................... 56 58.5 (7.65) 19.6 (4.71) 21.9! (7.00) 8 80.3 (11.32) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 48 54.8 (8.39) 20.7 (5.36) 24.5 ! (7.93) 19
Physical sciences .............................................. 214 82.1 (2.19) 14.7 (1.97) 3.3 (0.93) 76 75.1 (4.42) 19.8 (3.57) 5.0 ! (2.24) 139 85.9 (2.41) 11.9 (2.29) 2.3 ! (0.74) 46

Programs and Courses

Political science and government ...................... 144 85.7 (1.87) 10.5 (1.68) 3.7 (1.11) 28 86.0 (4.13) 8.7 ! (3.26) 5.3 ! (2.26) 116 85.6 (2.14) 11.0 (1.96) 3.4 ! (1.23) 25

Precision production .......................................... 102 49.4 (4.74) 30.8 (4.57) 19.8 (3.37) 89 49.2 (5.31) 34.4 (4.84) 16.4 (3.00) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡
Psychology ........................................................ 684 70.8 (1.41) 20.3 (1.27) 8.9 (0.79) 207 68.2 (2.96) 22.6 (2.84) 9.2 (1.46) 477 71.9 (1.59) 19.3 (1.41) 8.8 (0.89) 169
Public administration and social services .......... 231 51.3 (2.58) 26.2 (2.23) 22.5 (1.77) 90 47.9 (4.91) 32.0 (4.06) 20.0 (2.61) 141 53.5 (2.56) 22.5 (2.28) 24.0 (2.28) 138
Science technologies/technicians...................... 29 57.5 (7.71) 26.2 (6.66) 16.4 (4.50) 23 62.5 (8.59) 23.5 ! (7.40) 14.0 ! (5.26) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡
Security and protective services........................ 726 63.4 (1.38) 23.8 (1.13) 12.8 (0.96) 395 63.1 (1.97) 24.7 (1.77) 12.2 (1.50) 331 63.8 (1.75) 22.7 (1.31) 13.5 (1.27) 47

See notes at end of table.

 Table
Table311.60. Enrollmentininpostsecondary
311.60. Enrollment postsecondaryeducation,
education,byby level
level of of enrollment,
enrollment, level
level of institution,
of institution, student
student age,age,
and and major
major field field of study:
of study: 2015–16—Continued
2015–16—Continued

276 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

[Standard errors
[Standard errorsappear parentheses]
appear in parentheses]

Programs and Courses

Undergraduate
All students 2-year and less-than-2-year institutions2 4-year institutions
Post-
Percentage distribution, by age Percentage distribution, by age Percentage distribution, by age baccalaureate
Total Total Total Total
Major field of study1 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands) Under 25 25 to 35 Over 35 (in thousands)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Social sciences, other........................................ 85 62.5 (4.62) 20.6 (4.01) 16.9 (3.27) 52 55.9 (6.83) 22.7 (6.28) 21.4 (5.12) 34 72.7 (5.43) 17.4 (4.31) 9.9 ! (3.15) 5
Sociology ........................................................... 147 67.6 (2.97) 23.5 (3.08) 8.8 (1.53) 51 53.7 (6.80) 36.8 (7.05) 9.5 (2.84) 97 75.0 (2.80) 16.6 (2.36) 8.4 (1.67) 12
Theology and religious vocations ...................... 46 55.5 (8.71) 16.1 (3.77) 28.4! (9.31) ‡ ‡ (†) ‡ (†) ‡ (†) 43 53.8 (9.05) 16.1 (3.97) 30.1 ! (9.66) 73
Transportation and materials moving ................ 72 53.5 (5.59) 28.9 (6.36) 17.7 (4.22) 45 44.8 (6.85) 34.8 (8.85) 20.4 ! (7.16) 27 68.0 (5.41) 18.9 (5.20) 13.1 (2.80) ‡
Visual and performing arts................................. 745 75.4 (1.14) 17.9 (1.09) 6.7 (0.71) 283 69.9 (2.12) 20.3 (1.81) 9.8 (1.56) 462 78.8 (1.32) 16.4 (1.36) 4.8 (0.58) 72

Undecided ......................................................... 449 70.4 (1.99) 17.4 (1.60) 12.2 (1.47) 274 66.0 (2.58) 20.1 (2.25) 13.9 (2.08) 175 77.3 (2.62) 13.2 (1.88) 9.5 (1.77) †

†Not applicable. 2Also includes students attending more than one institution.

!Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent. NOTE: Because of different survey editing and processing procedures, enrollment data in this table may differ from those
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2017
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

‡Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is appearing in other tables. Includes students who enrolled at any time during the 2015–16 academic year. Data exclude
50 percent or greater. Puerto Rico. Data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
1For undergraduate students, the field of study categories include students who had already declared a major as well as SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 2015–16 National Postsecondary Student
students who had decided on, but not yet declared, an intended major. The “Undecided” category consists of undergraduate Aid Study (NPSAS:16). (This table was prepared May 2018.)
students who had neither declared nor decided on a major.

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 533

Programs and Courses
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 277
Large Institutions and Institutions Serving Specific Group

Table 312.10. Enrollment of the 120 largest degree-granting college and university campuses, by selected characteristics and institution:
Fall 2017
Total Total
Con- enroll- Con- enroll-
Institution State Rank1 trol2 Level ment Institution State Rank1 trol2 Level ment
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
University of Phoenix, Arizona ................................... AZ 1 PrivFp 4-year 103,975 George Mason University ........................................ VA 61 Public 4-year 35,984
Western Governors University ................................... UT 2 PrivNp 4-year 98,627 Kennesaw State University ...................................... GA 62 Public 4-year 35,846
Southern New Hampshire University ......................... NH 3 PrivNp 4-year 90,955 San Jose State University ....................................... CA 63 Public 4-year 35,835
Grand Canyon University ........................................... AZ 4 PrivFp 4-year 83,284 University of California, San Diego ........................... CA 64 Public 4-year 35,772
Ivy Tech Community College ..................................... IN 5 Public 2-year 75,486 University of Colorado, Boulder ............................... CO 65 Public 4-year 35,338
Liberty University ...................................................... VA 6 PrivNp 4-year 75,044 University of California, Irvine .................................. CA 66 Public 4-year 35,242
Lone Star College System ......................................... TX 7 Public 2-year 72,336 San Diego State University ...................................... CA 67 Public 4-year 35,158
Texas A & M University, College Station ..................... TX 8 Public 4-year 67,929 University of South Carolina, Columbia .................... SC 68 Public 4-year 34,731
University of Central Florida ...................................... FL 9 Public 4-year 66,059 East Los Angeles College ........................................ CA 69 Public 2-year 34,578
Ohio State University, Main Campus .......................... OH 10 Public 4-year 59,837 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University .... VA 70 Public 4-year 34,440
University of Maryland, University College ................. MD 11 Public 4-year 59,379 North Carolina State University at Raleigh ............... NC 71 Public 4-year 34,432
Houston Community College ..................................... TX 12 Public 2-year 57,120 Brigham Young University, Provo ............................. UT 72 PrivNp 4-year 34,334
Florida International University .................................. FL 13 Public 4-year 56,718 Excelsior College .................................................... NY 73 PrivNp 4-year 34,022
Miami Dade College .................................................. FL 14 Public 4-year 56,001 College of Southern Nevada .................................... NV 74 Public 4-year 33,914
Tarrant County College District .................................. TX 15 Public 2-year 52,957 Boston University .................................................... MA 75 PrivNp 4-year 33,355
University of Florida .................................................. FL 16 Public 4-year 52,669 Kaplan University, Davenport Campus ..................... IA 76 PrivFp 4-year 33,287
Brigham Young University, Idaho ............................... ID 17 PrivNp 4-year 51,881 Colorado State University, Fort Collins ..................... CO 77 Public 4-year 33,083
University of Minnesota, Twin Cities .......................... MN 18 Public 4-year 51,848 Georgia State University .......................................... GA 78 Public 4-year 32,816
University of Texas at Austin ...................................... TX 19 Public 4-year 51,525 University of Utah .................................................... UT 79 Public 4-year 32,800
Northern Virginia Community College ........................ VA 20 Public 2-year 51,190 University of Iowa ................................................... IA 80 Public 4-year 32,166
Arizona State University, Tempe ................................ AZ 21 Public 4-year 51,164 American River College ........................................... CA 81 Public 2-year 31,858
New York University .................................................. NY 22 PrivNp 4-year 51,123 Arizona State University, Skysong ........................... AZ 82 Public 4-year 31,702
Michigan State University ......................................... MI 23 Public 4-year 50,019 Collin County Community College District ................ TX 83 Public 2-year 31,609
Walden University ..................................................... MN 24 PrivFp 4-year 49,680 South Texas College ................................................ TX 84 Public 4-year 31,321
Rutgers University, New Brunswick ........................... NJ 25 Public 4-year 49,577 California State University, Sacramento ................... CA 85 Public 4-year 31,255
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ................ IL 26 Public 4-year 48,216 Harvard University .................................................. MA 86 PrivNp 4-year 31,120
Pennsylvania State University, Main Campus ............. PA 27 Public 4-year 47,119 Northern Arizona University ..................................... AZ 87 Public 4-year 31,051
University of Texas at Arlington ................................. TX 28 Public 4-year 46,497 Oregon State University .......................................... OR 88 Public 4-year 30,896
American Public University System ........................... WV 29 PrivFp 4-year 46,420 Louisiana State U. and Agricultural & Mechanical .... LA 89 Public 4-year 30,861
University of Washington, Seattle Campus ................. WA 30 Public 4-year 46,166 University of Missouri, Columbia ............................. MO 90 Public 4-year 30,844
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor .............................. MI 31 Public 4-year 46,002 University of Texas at San Antonio ........................... TX 91 Public 4-year 30,768
University of Southern California ............................... CA 32 PrivNp 4-year 45,687 Virginia Commonwealth University .......................... VA 92 Public 4-year 30,675
University of Houston ................................................ TX 33 Public 4-year 45,364 University at Buffalo ................................................ NY 93 Public 4-year 30,648
Valencia College ....................................................... FL 34 Public 4-year 44,834 Washington State University .................................... WA 94 Public 4-year 30,614
University of California, Los Angeles .......................... CA 35 Public 4-year 44,027 University of Illinois at Chicago ............................... IL 95 Public 4-year 30,539
University of Arizona ................................................. AZ 36 Public 4-year 43,751 San Jacinto Community College .............................. TX 96 Public 2-year 30,509
Indiana University, Bloomington ................................ IN 37 Public 4-year 43,710 University of Nevada, Las Vegas .............................. NV 97 Public 4-year 30,471
University of South Florida, Main Campus ................. FL 38 Public 4-year 43,540 Columbia University in the City of New York ............ NY 98 PrivNp 4-year 30,454
University of Wisconsin, Madison .............................. WI 39 Public 4-year 42,977 University of Massachusetts, Amherst ..................... MA 99 Public 4-year 30,340
Purdue University, Main Campus ............................... IN 40 Public 4-year 42,699 Florida Atlantic University ........................................ FL 100 Public 4-year 30,208
University of California, Berkeley ............................... CA 41 Public 4-year 41,891 Palm Beach State College ....................................... FL 101 Public 4-year 30,052
Florida State University ............................................. FL 42 Public 4-year 41,362 Mount San Antonio College ..................................... CA 102 Public 2-year 29,960
California State University, Northridge ....................... CA 43 Public 4-year 41,319 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ............... NC 103 Public 4-year 29,911
California State University, Fullerton .......................... CA 44 Public 4-year 40,905 Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis ... IN 104 Public 4-year 29,791
Austin Community College District ............................ TX 45 Public 2-year 40,803 Auburn University ................................................... AL 105 Public 4-year 29,776
Broward College ....................................................... FL 46 Public 4-year 40,754 Santa Monica College ............................................. CA 106 Public 4-year 29,760
University of Maryland, College Park ......................... MD 47 Public 4-year 40,521 San Francisco State University ................................ CA 107 Public 4-year 29,758
Temple University ..................................................... PA 48 Public 4-year 39,967 Salt Lake Community College ................................. UT 108 Public 2-year 29,620
Texas State University ............................................... TX 49 Public 4-year 38,666 Saint Petersburg College ......................................... FL 109 Public 4-year 29,548
University of Alabama ............................................... AL 50 Public 4-year 38,563 University of Kentucky ............................................ KY 110 Public 4-year 29,465
University of North Texas ........................................... TX 51 Public 4-year 38,276 Georgia Institute of Technology, Main Campus ......... GA 111 Public 4-year 29,376
California State University, Long Beach ..................... CA 52 Public 4-year 37,622 Ohio University, Main Campus ................................. OH 112 Public 4-year 29,369
University of Georgia ................................................. GA 53 Public 4-year 37,606 University of North Carolina at Charlotte .................. NC 113 Public 4-year 29,317
University of California, Davis .................................... CA 54 Public 4-year 37,380 East Carolina University .......................................... NC 114 Public 4-year 29,131
Utah Valley University ................................................ UT 55 Public 4-year 37,282 Kent State University at Kent ................................... OH 115 Public 4-year 28,972
University of Cincinnati, Main Campus ...................... OH 56 Public 4-year 37,155 El Paso Community College ..................................... TX 116 Public 2-year 28,750
Texas Tech University ................................................ TX 57 Public 4-year 36,996 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Campus ............ PA 117 Public 4-year 28,642
Ashford University ..................................................... CA 58 PrivFp 4-year 36,453 California State University, Los Angeles ................... CA 118 Public 4-year 28,531
Capella University ..................................................... MN 59 PrivFp 4-year 36,284 University of Oklahoma, Norman Campus ............... OK 119 Public 4-year 28,527
Iowa State University ................................................ IA 60 Public 4-year 36,158 West Virginia University ........................................... WV 120 Public 4-year 28,406

1
College and university campuses ranked by fall 2017 enrollment data. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
2
“PrivNp” stands for private nonprofit. “PrivFp” stands for private for-profit. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in component. (This table was prepared May 2019.)
Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes online and distance education courses.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

278 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Large Institutions and Institutions Serving Specific Group

Table 312.50. Fall enrollment and degrees conferred in degree-granting tribally controlled postsecondary institutions, by state and
institution: Selected years, fall 2000 through fall 2017, and 2015–16 and 2016–17

Degrees awarded to
Total fall enrollment American Indians/Alaska Natives
2000 2017 Associate’s Bachelor’s
Total Percent Total Percent
Ameri- Ameri- Ameri- Ameri-
can can can can
Level Indian/ Indian/ Indian/ Indian/
and Alaska Alaska Alaska Alaska 2015– 2016– 2015– 2016–
State and institution control1 Total Native Native 2005 2010 2013 2015 2016 Total Native Native 16 17 16 17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Tribally controlled
institutions ................... † 13,680 11,459 83.8 17,167 21,179 18,264 17,089 16,822 16,424 12,897 78.5 1,299 1,135 301 341
Alaska
Ilisagvik College ....................... 1 322 174 54.0 278 288 257 193 188 111 79 71.2 9 7 0 0
Arizona
Diné College ............................. 1 1,712 1,645 96.1 1,825 2,033 1,489 1,490 1,396 1,465 1,445 98.6 187 129 17 10
Tohono O’odham
Community College ............ 2 — — — 270 207 243 212 276 400 359 89.8 12 17 † †
Kansas
Haskell Indian Nations
University ........................... 1 918 918 100.0 918 958 742 799 820 806 806 100.0 115 93 86 102
Michigan
Bay Mills Community
College .............................. 2 360 228 63.3 406 607 531 541 467 448 248 55.4 22 21 † †
Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa
Community College ............ 2 — — — — — 106 102 104 98 52 53.1 5 6 † †
Saginaw Chippewa Tribal
College .............................. 2 — — — 123 153 117 116 141 154 114 74.0 10 15 † †
Minnesota
Fond du Lac Tribal and
Community College ............ 2 999 221 22.1 1,981 2,339 2,272 2,227 2,101 1,946 163 8.4 25 22 † †
Leech Lake Tribal College ......... 2 240 228 95.0 189 235 348 348 286 181 161 89.0 40 39 † †
White Earth Tribal and
Community College ............ 4 — — — 61 117 60 68 77 90 60 66.7 14 9 † †
Montana
Aaniiih Nakoda College ............ 2 295 266 90.2 175 214 139 219 149 122 110 90.2 15 28 † †
Blackfeet Community College ... 4 299 288 96.3 485 473 450 442 425 375 343 91.5 83 71 † †
Chief Dull Knife College ............ 2 461 365 79.2 554 433 201 218 168 186 169 90.9 35 20 † †
Fort Peck Community College ... 2 400 338 84.5 408 452 405 321 385 358 320 89.4 13 20 † †
Little Big Horn College .............. 2 320 303 94.7 259 380 329 248 225 243 232 95.5 40 21 † †
Salish Kootenai College ............ 3 1,042 881 84.5 1,142 1,158 840 784 859 809 579 71.6 53 55 33 30
Stone Child College .................. 1 38 38 100.0 344 332 404 540 544 554 487 87.9 7 17 0 0
Nebraska
Little Priest Tribal College ......... 2 141 121 85.8 109 148 144 132 132 141 118 83.7 8 10 † †
Nebraska Indian Community
College .............................. 2 170 146 85.9 107 177 199 158 175 180 174 96.7 13 4 † †
New Mexico
Institute of American Indian
and Alaska Native Culture
and Arts Development ........ 1 139 139 100.0 113 313 422 493 582 659 438 66.5 6 4 24 19
Navajo Technical University ...... 1 841 841 100.0 333 1,019 1,956 1,686 1,675 1,772 1,706 96.3 63 48 16 22
Southwestern Indian
Polytechnic Institute ........... 2 304 304 100.0 614 531 530 402 367 366 366 100.0 62 71 † †
North Dakota
Cankdeska Cikana Community
College .............................. 2 9 8 88.9 198 220 254 188 178 242 220 90.9 15 22 † †
Nueta Hidatsa Sahnish College .. 1 50 47 94.0 241 215 203 229 268 228 185 81.1 24 6 2 1
Sitting Bull College ................... 1 22 20 90.9 287 314 246 261 282 317 285 89.9 32 23 8 6
Turtle Mountain Community
College .............................. 3 686 608 88.6 615 969 602 555 584 567 544 95.9 75 62 10 9
United Tribes Technical
College ............................. 3 204 186 91.2 885 600 505 391 483 315 257 81.6 41 25 14 18
Oklahoma
College of the Muscogee
Nation ............................... 2 — — — — — 191 202 213 227 190 83.7 17 26 † †
South Dakota
Oglala Lakota College ............... 1 1,174 1,077 91.7 1,302 1,830 1,551 1,366 1,301 1,246 1,181 94.8 63 70 44 53
Sinte Gleska University ............. 3 900 757 84.1 1,123 2,473 689 581 568 581 521 89.7 39 28 12 19
Sisseton Wahpeton College ...... 2 250 192 76.8 290 261 194 132 142 197 162 82.2 8 9 † †
Washington
Northwest Indian College ......... 1 524 440 84.0 495 626 681 641 579 544 434 79.8 78 86 33 47
Wisconsin
College of the Menominee
Nation ................................ 3 371 283 76.3 532 615 661 433 394 285 233 81.8 28 27 2 5
Lac Courte Oreilles Ojibwa
Community College ............ 2 489 397 81.2 505 489 303 371 288 211 156 73.9 42 24 † †

—Not available. granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal
†Not applicable. financial aid programs. Totals include persons of other racial/ethnic groups not separately
1
1 = 4-year public; 2 = 2-year public; 3 = 4-year private nonprofit; and 4 = 2-year private identified. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
nonprofit. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: This table only includes institutions that were in operation during the 2017–18 Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2001 through Spring
academic year. They are all members of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Completions component.
and, with few exceptions, are tribally controlled and located on reservations. Degree- (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 279
Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Table 313.10. Fall enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by
institution: 2016, 2017, and 2016–17
Enrollment, fall 2017 Full-time- Degrees conferred, 2016–17 Total
Total equivalent expenditures,
enroll- Black enroll- 2016–17
Level and ment, fall enroll- ment, fall Asso- (in thousands of
Institution State control1 2016 Total ment 2017 ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s2 current dollars)3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total ................................................................... † † 292,083 298,138 226,843 255,865 5,511 33,500 7,966 2,490 $7,871,667
Alabama A&M University4 ............................................ AL 1 5,859 6,001 5,543 5,590 0 453 351 9 149,506
Alabama State University ............................................ AL 1 5,318 4,760 4,399 4,411 0 743 139 29 140,342
Bishop State Community College ................................ AL 2 3,028 3,233 1,992 2,120 269 † † † 34,764
Concordia College, Alabama ........................................ AL 3 340 389 352 372 37 36 0 0 9,784
Gadsden State Community College ............................. AL 2 5,109 4,979 952 3,309 638 † † † 50,356
H. Councill Trenholm State Technical College ............... AL 2 1,661 1,845 1,259 1,169 172 † † † 21,972
J.F. Drake State Community and Technical College ...... AL 2 829 752 394 496 98 † † † 10,851
Lawson State Community College, Birmingham Campus .. AL 2 3,128 3,248 2,623 2,237 263 † † † 46,769
Miles College .............................................................. AL 3 1,820 1,650 1,585 1,592 0 223 0 0 31,453
Oakwood University .................................................... AL 3 1,794 1,711 1,493 1,629 2 362 7 0 51,255
Selma University ......................................................... AL 3 172 324 315 269 8 15 5 0 4,078
Shelton State Community College ............................... AL 2 4,810 4,607 1,774 2,936 494 † † † 42,014
Stillman College .......................................................... AL 3 628 677 612 601 0 104 0 0 13,889
Talladega College ........................................................ AL 3 675 782 693 770 0 103 0 0 15,616
Tuskegee University4 ................................................... AL 3 2,851 3,289 3,162 3,182 0 453 106 80 124,884
Arkansas Baptist College ............................................ AR 3 878 593 553 534 67 29 0 0 15,785
Philander Smith College .............................................. AR 3 765 891 845 863 0 103 0 0 19,867
Shorter College ........................................................... AR 4 446 521 284 417 51 † † † 5,102
University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff4 ............................ AR 1 2,821 2,612 2,378 2,468 7 405 36 2 79,149
Delaware State University4 .......................................... DE 1 4,328 4,352 3,082 4,041 0 581 80 28 139,592
Howard University ....................................................... DC 3 8,966 9,392 7,948 8,932 0 1,355 308 482 794,802
University of the District of Columbia4 ......................... DC 1 4,318 4,247 2,781 2,974 239 387 110 0 141,861
Bethune-Cookman University ...................................... FL 3 3,934 4,143 3,669 3,983 0 498 44 0 97,090
Edward Waters College ............................................... FL 3 3,062 3,443 1,956 1,870 0 147 0 0 23,484
Florida A&M University4 ............................................... FL 1 9,619 9,913 8,253 9,071 48 1,555 252 327 281,562
Florida Memorial University ......................................... FL 3 1,339 1,250 992 1,185 0 191 23 0 35,573
Albany State University ............................................... GA 1 3,041 6,615 4,767 5,103 898 556 158 0 112,665
Clark Atlanta University ............................................... GA 3 3,884 3,992 3,618 3,779 0 430 244 43 92,813
Fort Valley State University4 ......................................... GA 1 2,679 2,752 2,518 2,441 0 366 104 0 77,225
Interdenominational Theological Center ...................... GA 3 280 295 289 179 0 0 39 12 7,731
Morehouse College ..................................................... GA 3 2,108 2,202 2,099 2,134 0 286 0 0 88,719
Morehouse School of Medicine ................................... GA 3 480 520 400 505 0 0 46 70 158,643
Paine College .............................................................. GA 3 502 426 384 366 0 79 0 0 14,347
Savannah State University .......................................... GA 1 4,955 4,429 3,654 4,051 11 580 75 0 102,627
Spelman College ......................................................... GA 3 2,125 2,137 2,071 2,106 0 450 0 0 96,384
Kentucky State University4 .......................................... KY 1 1,736 1,926 1,024 1,501 43 315 40 0 72,596
Simmons College of Kentucky ..................................... KY 3 203 216 209 172 18 7 0 0 2,910
Dillard University ......................................................... LA 3 1,261 1,290 1,250 1,235 0 172 0 0 45,519
Grambling State University .......................................... LA 1 4,863 5,191 4,723 4,478 0 550 261 9 94,123
Southern University and A&M College4 ........................ LA 1 5,877 6,118 5,659 5,439 0 735 296 19 141,334
Southern University at New Orleans ............................ LA 1 2,430 2,546 2,372 2,098 14 324 189 0 41,116
Southern University at Shreveport ...........................… LA 2 3,240 3,088 2,793 2,096 249 † † † 31,646
Xavier University of Louisiana ..................................... LA 3 2,997 3,044 2,194 2,947 0 324 50 143 108,577
Bowie State University ................................................ MD 1 5,669 6,148 5,167 5,320 0 713 313 9 105,670
Coppin State University ............................................... MD 1 2,939 2,893 2,275 2,353 0 421 78 2 88,737
Morgan State University .............................................. MD 1 7,689 7,747 5,956 7,173 0 970 306 54 238,528
University of Maryland, Eastern Shore4 ........................ MD 1 3,904 3,490 2,440 3,181 0 514 50 108 123,897
Alcorn State University4 ............................................... MS 1 3,420 3,716 3,362 3,324 7 451 192 0 93,852
Coahoma Community College ..................................... MS 2 2,064 1,954 1,858 1,611 273 † † † 34,557
Hinds Community College, Utica Campus .................... MS 2 693 688 657 656 84 † † † —
Jackson State University ............................................. MS 1 9,811 8,558 7,628 7,426 0 942 391 91 207,509
Mississippi Valley State University ............................... MS 1 2,455 2,385 2,270 2,023 0 322 91 0 54,445
Rust College ............................................................... MS 3 1,004 860 840 819 9 116 0 0 17,454
Tougaloo College ........................................................ MS 3 860 809 786 789 0 123 6 0 24,087
Harris-Stowe State University ..................................... MO 1 1,464 1,442 1,226 1,276 0 156 0 0 33,626
Lincoln University4 ...................................................... MO 1 2,738 2,619 1,279 2,154 67 266 46 0 56,068
Bennett College .......................................................... NC 3 474 493 449 437 0 73 0 0 15,898
Elizabeth City State University ..................................... NC 1 1,357 1,411 1,022 1,281 0 259 17 0 57,997
Fayetteville State University ........................................ NC 1 6,223 6,226 3,904 5,097 0 1,001 150 17 117,705
Johnson C. Smith University ........................................ NC 3 1,428 1,483 1,363 1,433 0 224 54 0 43,534
Livingstone College ..................................................... NC 3 1,204 1,150 1,074 1,144 2 151 0 0 29,486
North Carolina A&T State University4 ........................... NC 1 11,177 11,877 9,527 10,879 0 1,516 395 63 272,955
North Carolina Central University ................................. NC 1 8,094 8,097 6,231 7,204 0 1,120 481 177 202,753
Saint Augustine’s College ............................................ NC 3 944 974 926 966 0 137 0 0 29,793
Shaw University .......................................................... NC 3 1,844 1,660 1,465 1,590 0 183 24 0 48,269
Winston-Salem State University .................................. NC 1 5,151 5,098 3,805 4,644 0 1,131 101 26 145,185
Central State University ............................................... OH 1 1,741 1,784 1,672 1,740 0 219 9 0 54,833
Wilberforce University ................................................. OH 3 645 627 605 546 0 99 9 0 16,907
Langston University4 ................................................... OK 1 2,420 2,219 1,564 2,056 12 232 62 14 63,336
Cheyney University of Pennsylvania ............................ PA 1 746 755 655 719 0 148 16 0 39,331
Lincoln University ....................................................... PA 1 2,092 2,266 2,038 2,118 0 279 126 0 55,131

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

280 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Table 313.10. Fall enrollment, degrees conferred, and expenditures in degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by
institution: 2016, 2017, and 2016–17—Continued
Enrollment, fall 2017 Full-time- Degrees conferred, 2016–17 Total
Total equivalent expenditures,
enroll- Black enroll- 2016–17
Level and ment, fall enroll- ment, fall Asso- (in thousands of
Institution State control1 2016 Total ment 2017 ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s2 current dollars)3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Allen University ........................................................... SC 3 600 590 572 574 0 66 0 0 13,768
Benedict College ......................................................... SC 3 2,281 2,090 1,999 2,082 0 318 0 0 54,645
Claflin University ......................................................... SC 3 1,978 2,129 1,957 2,067 0 339 29 0 48,520
Clinton College ............................................................ SC 3 200 170 169 170 22 7 0 0 3,575
Denmark Technical College ......................................... SC 2 632 523 467 374 46 † † † 12,192
Morris College ............................................................ SC 3 754 747 731 737 0 111 0 0 19,114
South Carolina State University4 .................................. SC 1 2,905 2,942 2,800 2,683 0 357 97 7 73,594
Voorhees College ........................................................ SC 3 415 475 462 468 0 84 0 0 12,655
American Baptist College ............................................ TN 3 139 115 114 100 4 15 0 0 4,257
Fisk University ............................................................ TN 3 761 701 633 681 0 115 21 0 27,646
Lane College ............................................................... TN 3 1,427 1,420 1,391 1,390 1 163 0 0 24,560
Le Moyne-Owen College ............................................. TN 3 959 863 843 807 0 144 0 0 17,341
Meharry Medical College ............................................ TN 3 831 826 662 826 0 0 59 160 146,992
Tennessee State University4 ........................................ TN 1 8,760 8,177 5,518 6,914 101 1,063 440 73 190,120
Huston-Tillotson University ......................................... TX 3 1,012 1,102 697 1,045 47 135 4 0 21,253
Jarvis Christian College .............................................. TX 3 868 909 741 864 8 76 0 0 18,538
Paul Quinn College ...................................................... TX 3 436 519 387 503 0 26 0 0 10,217
Prairie View A&M University4 ....................................... TX 1 8,782 9,219 7,581 8,392 0 1,108 469 15 231,081
Saint Philip’s College .................................................. TX 2 11,604 12,050 1,130 5,109 998 † † † 78,771
Southwestern Christian College .................................. TX 3 147 159 147 155 17 3 0 0 4,888
Texas College ............................................................. TX 3 960 992 864 960 24 94 0 0 16,547
Texas Southern University ........................................... TX 1 8,862 10,237 7,839 9,094 0 1,002 361 287 210,191
Wiley College .............................................................. TX 3 1,279 1,323 1,115 1,241 0 272 0 0 25,722
Hampton University ..................................................... VA 3 4,646 4,618 4,265 4,393 0 621 130 99 184,308
Norfolk State University .............................................. VA 1 5,421 5,303 4,559 4,782 3 889 174 8 146,626
Virginia State University4 ............................................. VA 1 4,584 4,713 3,212 4,449 0 828 106 8 140,285
Virginia Union University ............................................. VA 3 1,815 1,674 1,615 1,603 0 177 129 13 37,499
Virginia University of Lynchburg .................................. VA 3 370 304 297 246 33 19 8 6 4,639
Bluefield State College ................................................ WV 1 1,362 1,379 117 1,212 91 199 0 0 20,786
West Virginia State University4 .................................... WV 1 3,514 3,879 374 2,654 0 358 11 0 53,199
University of the Virgin Islands4 ................................... VI 1 2,370 2,170 1,628 1,680 36 228 48 0 76,227

—Not available. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in
†Not applicable. Title IV federal financial aid programs. Excludes historically Black colleges and universities
1
1 = 4-year public; 2 = 2-year public; 3 = 4-year private nonprofit; and 4 = 2-year private that are not participating in Title IV programs. Historically Black colleges and universities
nonprofit. are degree-granting institutions established prior to 1964 with the principal mission of
2
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such educating Black Americans. Federal regulations, 20 U.S. Code, Section 1061 (2), allow
degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees for certain exceptions to the founding date. Totals include persons of other racial/ethnic
prior to 2010­­–11. groups not separately identified. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
3
Includes private and some public institutions reporting total expenses and deductions SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
under Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) reporting standards and public Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions
institutions reporting total expenses and deductions under Governmental Accounting component; Spring 2017 and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and Spring 2018,
Standards Board (GASB) 34/35 reporting standards. Finance component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
4
Land-grant institution.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 281
Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Table 313.20. Fall enrollment in degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by sex of student and level and control of
institution: Selected years, 1976 through 2017
Public Private
Total
Year enrollment Males Females 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
All students
1976 ...................... 222,613 104,669 117,944 206,676 15,937 156,836 143,528 13,308 65,777 63,148 2,629
1980 ...................... 233,557 106,387 127,170 218,009 15,548 168,217 155,085 13,132 65,340 62,924 2,416
1982 ...................... 228,371 104,897 123,474 212,017 16,354 165,871 151,472 14,399 62,500 60,545 1,955
1984 ...................... 227,519 102,823 124,696 212,844 14,675 164,116 151,289 12,827 63,403 61,555 1,848
1986 ...................... 223,275 97,523 125,752 207,231 16,044 162,048 147,631 14,417 61,227 59,600 1,627
1988 ...................... 239,755 100,561 139,194 223,250 16,505 173,672 158,606 15,066 66,083 64,644 1,439
1990 ...................... 257,152 105,157 151,995 240,497 16,655 187,046 171,969 15,077 70,106 68,528 1,578
1992 ...................... 279,541 114,622 164,919 261,089 18,452 204,966 188,143 16,823 74,575 72,946 1,629
1993 ...................... 282,856 116,397 166,459 262,430 20,426 208,197 189,032 19,165 74,659 73,398 1,261
1994 ...................... 280,071 114,006 166,065 259,997 20,074 206,520 187,735 18,785 73,551 72,262 1,289
1995 ...................... 278,725 112,637 166,088 259,409 19,316 204,726 186,278 18,448 73,999 73,131 868
1996 ...................... 273,018 109,498 163,520 253,654 19,364 200,569 182,063 18,506 72,449 71,591 858
1997 ...................... 269,167 106,865 162,302 248,860 20,307 194,674 175,297 19,377 74,493 73,563 930
1998 ...................... 273,472 108,752 164,720 248,931 24,541 198,603 174,776 23,827 74,869 74,155 714
1999 ...................... 274,321 108,301 166,020 249,156 25,165 199,826 175,364 24,462 74,495 73,792 703
2000 ...................... 275,680 108,164 167,516 250,710 24,970 199,725 175,404 24,321 75,955 75,306 649
2001 ...................... 289,985 112,874 177,111 260,547 29,438 210,083 181,346 28,737 79,902 79,201 701
2002 ...................... 299,041 115,466 183,575 269,020 30,021 218,433 189,183 29,250 80,608 79,837 771
2003 ...................... 306,727 117,795 188,932 274,326 32,401 228,096 196,077 32,019 78,631 78,249 382
2004 ...................... 308,939 118,129 190,810 276,136 32,803 231,179 198,810 32,369 77,760 77,326 434
2005 ...................... 311,768 120,023 191,745 272,666 39,102 235,875 197,200 38,675 75,893 75,466 427
2006 ...................... 308,774 118,865 189,909 272,770 36,004 234,505 198,676 35,829 74,269 74,094 175
2007 ...................... 306,742 118,672 188,070 270,554 36,188 234,034 197,939 36,095 72,708 72,615 93
2008 ...................... 313,491 121,874 191,617 274,568 38,923 235,824 197,025 38,799 77,667 77,543 124
2009 ...................... 322,860 125,728 197,132 280,133 42,727 246,595 204,016 42,579 76,265 76,117 148
2010 ...................... 326,614 127,437 199,177 283,099 43,515 249,146 205,774 43,372 77,468 77,325 143
2011 ...................... 323,648 126,160 197,488 281,150 42,498 246,685 204,363 42,322 76,963 76,787 176
2012 ...................... 312,438 121,719 190,719 273,033 39,405 237,782 198,568 39,214 74,656 74,465 191
2013 ...................... 303,191 119,299 183,892 264,454 38,737 230,325 191,918 38,407 72,866 72,536 330
2014 ...................... 294,316 115,837 178,479 256,936 37,380 222,876 185,899 36,977 71,440 71,037 403
2015 ...................... 293,304 115,818 177,486 256,295 37,009 221,276 184,503 36,773 72,028 71,792 236
2016 ...................... 292,083 114,705 177,378 254,839 37,244 220,292 183,494 36,798 71,791 71,345 446
2017 ...................... 298,138 115,324 182,814 260,650 37,488 225,179 188,212 36,967 72,959 72,438 521
Black students
1976 ...................... 190,305 84,492 105,813 179,848 10,457 129,770 121,851 7,919 60,535 57,997 2,538
1980 ...................... 190,989 81,818 109,171 181,237 9,752 131,661 124,236 7,425 59,328 57,001 2,327
1982 ...................... 182,639 78,874 103,765 171,942 10,697 126,368 117,562 8,806 56,271 54,380 1,891
1984 ...................... 180,803 76,819 103,984 171,401 9,402 124,445 116,845 7,600 56,358 54,556 1,802
1986 ...................... 178,628 74,276 104,352 167,971 10,657 123,555 114,502 9,053 55,073 53,469 1,604
1988 ...................... 194,151 78,268 115,883 183,402 10,749 133,786 124,438 9,348 60,365 58,964 1,401
1990 ...................... 208,682 82,897 125,785 198,237 10,445 144,204 134,924 9,280 64,478 63,313 1,165
1992 ...................... 228,963 91,949 137,014 217,614 11,349 159,585 149,754 9,831 69,378 67,860 1,518
1993 ...................... 231,198 93,110 138,088 219,431 11,767 161,444 150,867 10,577 69,754 68,564 1,190
1994 ...................... 230,162 91,908 138,254 218,565 11,597 161,098 150,682 10,416 69,064 67,883 1,181
1995 ...................... 229,418 91,132 138,286 218,379 11,039 159,925 149,661 10,264 69,493 68,718 775
1996 ...................... 224,201 88,306 135,895 213,309 10,892 156,851 146,753 10,098 67,350 66,556 794
1997 ...................... 222,331 86,641 135,690 210,741 11,590 153,039 142,326 10,713 69,292 68,415 877
1998 ...................... 223,745 87,163 136,582 211,822 11,923 154,244 142,985 11,259 69,501 68,837 664
1999 ...................... 226,592 87,987 138,605 213,779 12,813 156,292 144,166 12,126 70,300 69,613 687
2000 ...................... 227,239 87,319 139,920 215,172 12,067 156,706 145,277 11,429 70,533 69,895 638
2001 ...................... 238,638 90,718 147,920 224,417 14,221 164,354 150,831 13,523 74,284 73,586 698
2002 ...................... 247,292 93,538 153,754 231,834 15,458 172,203 157,507 14,696 75,089 74,327 762
2003 ...................... 253,257 95,703 157,554 236,753 16,504 180,104 163,977 16,127 73,153 72,776 377
2004 ...................... 257,545 96,750 160,795 241,030 16,515 184,708 168,619 16,089 72,837 72,411 426
2005 ...................... 256,584 96,891 159,693 238,030 18,554 186,047 167,916 18,131 70,537 70,114 423
2006 ...................... 255,144 96,507 158,637 238,440 16,704 185,894 169,365 16,529 69,250 69,075 175
2007 ...................... 253,241 96,214 157,027 236,571 16,670 185,170 168,592 16,578 68,071 67,979 92
2008 ...................... 258,402 98,633 159,769 240,132 18,270 186,446 168,299 18,147 71,956 71,833 123
2009 ...................... 264,092 100,590 163,502 243,956 20,136 194,088 174,099 19,989 70,004 69,857 147
2010 ...................... 265,908 101,605 164,303 245,158 20,750 193,840 173,233 20,607 72,068 71,925 143
2011 ...................... 263,435 100,526 162,909 242,881 20,554 192,042 171,664 20,378 71,393 71,217 176
2012 ...................... 251,527 96,079 155,448 232,897 18,630 183,018 164,578 18,440 68,509 68,319 190
2013 ...................... 241,485 92,491 148,994 223,491 17,994 175,308 157,640 17,668 66,177 65,851 326
2014 ...................... 231,889 88,469 143,420 214,631 17,258 167,246 150,383 16,863 64,643 64,248 395
2015 ...................... 228,062 86,857 141,205 211,698 16,364 163,508 147,376 16,132 64,554 64,322 232
2016 ...................... 223,512 84,153 139,359 207,379 16,133 160,053 144,176 15,877 63,459 63,203 256
2017 ...................... 226,843 83,921 142,922 210,660 16,183 162,701 146,802 15,899 64,142 63,858 284

NOTE: Historically Black colleges and universities are degree-granting institutions SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
established prior to 1964 with the principal mission of educating Black Americans. Federal Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Fall Enrollment in Colleges and
regulations, 20 U.S. Code, Section 1061 (2), allow for certain exceptions to the founding Universities,” 1976 through 1985 surveys; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
date. Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey” (IPEDS-EF:86–99); and IPEDS Spring 2001
degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared December
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting 2018.)
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes
more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant
degrees. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

282 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Historically Black Colleges and Universities

Table 313.30. Selected statistics on degree-granting historically Black colleges and universities, by control and level of institution:
Selected years, 1990 through 2017
Public Private
Selected statistics Total Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of institutions, fall 2017 ......................................... 102 51 40 11 51 50 1
Fall enrollment
Total enrollment, fall 1990 ..................................................... 257,152 187,046 171,969 15,077 70,106 68,528 1,578
Males ................................................................................. 105,157 76,541 70,220 6,321 28,616 28,054 562
Males, Black ................................................................... 82,897 57,255 54,041 3,214 25,642 25,198 444
Females ............................................................................. 151,995 110,505 101,749 8,756 41,490 40,474 1,016
Females, Black ............................................................... 125,785 86,949 80,883 6,066 38,836 38,115 721
Total enrollment, fall 2000 ..................................................... 275,680 199,725 175,404 24,321 75,955 75,306 649
Males ................................................................................. 108,164 78,186 68,322 9,864 29,978 29,771 207
Males, Black ................................................................... 87,319 60,029 56,017 4,012 27,290 27,085 205
Females ............................................................................. 167,516 121,539 107,082 14,457 45,977 45,535 442
Females, Black ............................................................... 139,920 96,677 89,260 7,417 43,243 42,810 433
Total enrollment, fall 2010 ..................................................... 326,614 249,146 205,774 43,372 77,468 77,325 143
Males ................................................................................. 127,437 95,883 78,528 17,355 31,554 31,482 72
Males, Black ................................................................... 101,605 72,629 65,512 7,117 28,976 28,904 72
Females ............................................................................. 199,177 153,263 127,246 26,017 45,914 45,843 71
Females, Black ............................................................... 164,303 121,211 107,721 13,490 43,092 43,021 71
Total enrollment, fall 2017 ..................................................... 298,138 225,179 188,212 36,967 72,959 72,438 521
Males ................................................................................. 115,324 86,251 70,905 15,346 29,073 28,802 271
Males, Black ................................................................... 83,921 59,075 53,189 5,886 24,846 24,709 137
Females ............................................................................. 182,814 138,928 117,307 21,621 43,886 43,636 250
Females, Black ............................................................... 142,922 103,626 93,613 10,013 39,296 39,149 147
Full-time enrollment, fall 2017 ........................................... 230,753 165,509 150,903 14,606 65,244 64,895 349
Males ............................................................................. 90,440 64,724 58,253 6,471 25,716 25,536 180
Females .......................................................................... 140,313 100,785 92,650 8,135 39,528 39,359 169
Part-time enrollment, fall 2017 ........................................... 67,385 59,670 37,309 22,361 7,715 7,543 172
Males ............................................................................. 24,884 21,527 12,652 8,875 3,357 3,266 91
Females .......................................................................... 42,501 38,143 24,657 13,486 4,358 4,277 81

Earned degrees conferred, 2016–17

Associate’s ............................................................................ 5,511 5,161 1,577 3,584 350 299 51
Males ................................................................................. 1,931 1,774 384 1,390 157 143 14
Males, Black ................................................................... 730 591 144 447 139 125 14
Females ............................................................................. 3,580 3,387 1,193 2,194 193 156 37
Females, Black ............................................................... 1,773 1,601 556 1,045 172 138 34
Bachelor’s .............................................................................. 33,500 24,242 24,242 † 9,258 9,258 †
Males ................................................................................. 11,949 8,614 8,614 † 3,335 3,335 †
Males, Black ................................................................... 9,273 6,415 6,415 † 2,858 2,858 †
Females ............................................................................. 21,551 15,628 15,628 † 5,923 5,923 †
Females, Black ............................................................... 17,802 12,446 12,446 † 5,356 5,356 †
Master’s ................................................................................ 7,966 6,621 6,621 † 1,345 1,345 †
Males ................................................................................. 2,536 2,080 2,080 † 456 456 †
Males, Black ................................................................... 1,595 1,258 1,258 † 337 337 †
Females ............................................................................. 5,430 4,541 4,541 † 889 889 †
Females, Black ............................................................... 4,001 3,286 3,286 † 715 715 †
Doctor’s1 ................................................................................ 2,490 1,382 1,382 † 1,108 1,108 †
Males ................................................................................. 936 529 529 † 407 407 †
Males, Black ................................................................... 535 264 264 † 271 271 †
Females ............................................................................. 1,554 853 853 † 701 701 †
Females, Black ............................................................... 1,004 508 508 † 496 496 †
Financial statistics, 2016–172 In thousands of current dollars
Total revenue ......................................................................... $8,341,989 $5,324,964 $4,954,777 $370,187 $3,017,025 $3,011,199 $5,826
Student tuition and fees ..................................................... 1,929,697 1,004,729 961,280 43,449 924,968 922,429 2,539
Federal government3 .......................................................... 1,893,492 1,200,772 1,069,488 131,285 692,720 691,315 1,406
State governments ............................................................. 2,029,053 1,933,657 1,803,068 130,589 95,396 95,396 0
Local governments ............................................................. 115,404 85,381 42,276 43,105 30,023 29,870 153
Private gifts and grants4 ..................................................... 338,656 99,439 90,283 9,156 239,217 238,672 546
Investment return (gain or loss) .......................................... 390,202 67,368 66,927 441 322,834 322,834 0
Auxiliary (essentially self-supporting) enterprises ............... 962,867 602,739 597,036 5,703 360,128 359,615 513
Hospitals and other sources ............................................... 682,617 330,879 324,419 6,460 351,738 351,069 669
Total expenditures ................................................................. 7,871,667 5,091,253 4,727,363 363,891 2,780,413 2,775,312 5,102
Instruction .......................................................................... 2,326,854 1,599,945 1,454,073 145,872 726,909 725,220 1,689
Research ............................................................................ 481,571 318,668 318,668 0 162,904 162,904 0
Academic support .............................................................. 652,979 463,748 435,472 28,276 189,231 188,800 431
Institutional support ........................................................... 1,422,110 740,462 673,533 66,929 681,649 679,760 1,889
Auxiliary (essentially self-supporting) enterprises ............... 1,094,600 769,776 762,686 7,090 324,824 323,929 895
Other expenditures ............................................................. 1,893,552 1,198,655 1,082,931 115,724 694,897 694,699 198

†Not applicable. are degree-granting institutions established prior to 1964 with the principal mission of
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such educating Black Americans. Federal regulations, 20 U.S. Code, Section 1061 (2), allow
degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees for certain exceptions to the founding date. Federal, state, and local governments revenue
prior to 2010–11. includes appropriations, grants, and contracts. Totals include persons of other racial/
2
Totals (column 2) of public and private institutions together are approximate because ethnic groups not separately identified. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
public and private nonprofit institutions fill out different survey forms with different SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
accounting concepts. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey”
3
Includes independent operations. (IPEDS-EF:90); IPEDS Spring 2001, Spring 2011, and Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
4
Includes contributions from affiliated entities. component; IPEDS Spring 2018, Finance component; and IPEDS Fall 2017, Completions
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Historically Black colleges and universities

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 283
Staff

Table 314.10. Total and full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff and FTE student/FTE staff ratios in postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV
programs, by degree-granting status, control of institution, and primary occupation: Fall 1999, fall 2009, and fall 2017
Fall 1999 Fall 2009 Fall 2017
Full-time-equivalent Full-time-equivalent Full-time-equivalent
Total (FTE) Total (FTE) Total (FTE)
FTE FTE FTE
students students students
Degree-granting status, control of per FTE per FTE per FTE
institution, and primary occupation Number Percent Total staff Number Percent Total staff Number Percent Total staff
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
All postsecondary institutions ...... 2,964,535 100.0 2,299,290 4.9 3,795,744 100.0 2,885,823 5.5 3,976,901 100.0 3,036,815 5.0
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) .................................. 1,072,202 36.2 765,284 14.8 1,476,716 38.9 992,148 16.0 1,575,699 39.6 1,084,046 14.0
Graduate assistants ................................ 242,525 8.2 80,842 139.8 343,204 9.0 114,401 138.6 377,156 9.5 125,719 120.8
Other staff .............................................. 1,649,808 55.7 1,453,164 7.8 1,975,824 52.1 1,779,273 8.9 2,024,046 50.9 1,827,051 8.3

Degree-granting institutions1
Total ............................................... 2,902,479 100.0 2,252,050 4.9 3,724,661 100.0 2,829,757 5.4 3,914,542 100.0 2,988,567 5.0
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) .................................. 1,037,529 35.7 741,426 14.8 1,439,074 38.6 965,793 15.9 1,543,569 39.4 1,061,968 14.0
Graduate assistants ................................ 240,995 8.3 80,332 136.6 343,204 9.2 114,401 134.4 377,156 9.6 125,719 118.4
Other staff .............................................. 1,623,955 56.0 1,430,292 7.7 1,942,383 52.1 1,749,563 8.8 1,993,817 50.9 1,800,880 8.3

Public .................................................. 1,999,704 100.0 1,524,881 5.3 2,442,693 100.0 1,832,312 5.9 2,564,974 100.0 1,941,114 5.4
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 718,585 35.9 511,400 15.8 913,788 37.4 623,675 17.2 971,183 37.9 680,510 15.5
Graduate assistants ......................... 201,611 10.1 67,204 119.9 275,878 11.3 91,959 116.9 295,798 11.5 98,599 107.2
Other staff ....................................... 1,079,508 54.0 946,277 8.5 1,253,027 51.3 1,116,678 9.6 1,297,993 50.6 1,162,004 9.1

Private nonprofit .................................. 847,615 100.0 688,914 3.7 1,074,042 100.0 856,067 3.7 1,209,311 100.0 956,840 3.6
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 288,663 34.1 213,130 11.9 408,382 38.0 287,116 11.1 486,183 40.2 341,153 10.2
Graduate assistants ......................... 37,421 4.4 12,474 203.8 67,057 6.2 22,352 142.3 80,946 6.7 26,982 128.9
Other staff ....................................... 521,531 61.5 463,310 5.5 598,603 55.7 546,599 5.8 642,182 53.1 588,705 5.9

Private for-profit .................................. 55,160 100.0 38,255 9.8 207,926 100.0 141,378 10.3 140,257 100.0 90,613 9.2
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 30,281 54.9 16,896 22.1 116,904 56.2 55,002 26.4 86,203 61.5 40,305 20.7
Graduate assistants ......................... 1,963 3.6 654 570.3 269 0.1 90 16,188.6 412 0.3 137 6,081.3
Other staff ....................................... 22,916 41.5 20,705 18.0 90,753 43.6 86,286 16.8 53,642 38.2 50,171 16.6

Non-degree-granting institutions2
Total ............................................... 62,056 100.0 47,239 6.9 71,083 100.0 56,066 8.5 62,359 100.0 48,248 6.5
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) .................................. 34,673 55.9 23,858 13.7 37,642 53.0 26,355 18.1 32,130 51.5 22,077 14.2
Graduate assistants ................................ 1,530 2.5 510 641.0 0 0.0 0 † 0 0.0 0 †
Other staff .............................................. 25,853 41.7 22,872 14.3 33,441 47.0 29,710 16.1 30,229 48.5 26,171 11.9

Public .................................................. 29,220 100.0 21,583 5.8 21,599 100.0 15,728 6.0 22,290 100.0 16,200 4.6
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 18,085 61.9 12,040 10.4 13,266 61.4 8,510 11.0 11,912 53.4 7,546 9.9
Graduate assistants ......................... 487 1.7 162 774.0 0 0.0 0 † 0 0.0 0 †
Other staff ....................................... 10,648 36.4 9,380 13.4 8,333 38.6 7,218 13.0 10,378 46.6 8,654 8.7

Private nonprofit .................................. 4,712 100.0 3,677 6.4 5,087 100.0 4,141 5.7 3,885 100.0 3,082 5.2
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 2,365 50.2 1,674 14.0 2,442 48.0 1,834 12.8 1,706 43.9 1,225 13.2
Graduate assistants ......................... 78 1.7 26 902.1 0 0.0 0 † 0 0.0 0 †
Other staff ....................................... 2,269 48.2 1,976 11.9 2,645 52.0 2,307 10.2 2,179 56.1 1,857 8.7

Private for-profit .................................. 28,124 100.0 21,980 8.1 44,397 100.0 36,197 9.9 36,184 100.0 28,966 7.6
Faculty (instruction/research/
public service) ........................... 14,223 50.6 10,143 17.5 21,934 49.4 16,011 22.5 18,512 51.2 13,306 16.6
Graduate assistants ......................... 965 3.4 322 552.8 0 0.0 0 † 0 0.0 0 †
Other staff ....................................... 12,936 46.0 11,515 15.4 22,463 50.6 20,186 17.8 17,672 48.8 15,660 14.1

†Not applicable. employees; these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. By definition, all
1
Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title graduate assistants are part time. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
IV federal financial aid programs. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
2
Data are for institutions that did not offer accredited 4-year or 2-year degree programs, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Enrollment Survey”
but were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes some institutions (IPEDS-EF:99) and “Fall Staff Survey” (IPEDS-S:99); IPEDS Spring 2010 and Spring 2018,
transitioning to higher level program offerings, though still classified at a lower level. Fall Enrollment component; IPEDS Winter 2009–10, Human Resources Component, Fall
NOTE: Full-time-equivalent staff is the full-time staff, plus the full-time equivalent of the Staff Section; and IPEDS Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section.
part-time staff. Data for 2009 and 2017 include institutions with fewer than 15 full-time (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

284 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Staff

Table 314.20. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by sex, employment status, control and level of institution, and
primary occupation: Selected years, fall 1991 through fall 2017

Sex, employment Percent

status, control and change,
level of institution, and 2007 to
primary occupation 1991 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 2017 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
All institutions ... 2,545,235 2,662,075 2,752,504 2,902,479 3,083,353 3,187,907 3,379,087 3,561,730 3,724,661 3,841,819 3,896,053 3,914,284 3,906,240 3,914,542 9.9
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 144,755 147,445 151,363 160,793 152,038 184,913 196,324 217,039 230,438 238,677 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 826,252 931,706 989,813 1,037,529 1,113,183 1,173,593 1,290,426 1,371,587 1,439,074 1,524,469 1,545,381 1,552,256 1,546,081 1,543,569 12.5
Graduate assistants .... 197,751 215,909 222,724 240,995 261,136 292,061 317,141 329,001 343,204 355,916 363,416 366,868 375,204 377,156 14.6
Other .......................... 1,376,477 1,367,015 1,388,604 1,463,162 1,556,996 1,537,340 1,575,196 1,644,103 1,711,945 1,722,757 1,987,256 1,995,160 1,984,955 1,993,817 †

Males ......................... 1,227,591 1,274,676 1,315,311 1,375,114 1,451,773 1,496,867 1,581,498 1,650,641 1,710,021 1,754,919 1,772,803 1,776,928 1,775,229 1,773,654 7.5
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 85,423 82,127 81,931 84,425 79,348 91,604 95,223 102,066 106,842 109,336 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 525,599 562,893 587,420 608,007 644,514 663,723 714,453 744,047 761,002 789,567 791,971 789,405 783,495 777,821 4.5
Graduate assistants .... 119,125 123,962 125,873 133,066 142,120 156,881 167,529 173,128 181,328 188,305 191,501 193,202 196,170 196,077 13.3
Other .......................... 497,444 505,694 520,087 549,616 585,791 584,659 604,293 631,400 660,849 667,711 789,331 794,321 795,564 799,756 †
Females ..................... 1,317,644 1,387,399 1,437,193 1,527,365 1,631,580 1,691,040 1,797,589 1,911,089 2,014,640 2,086,900 2,123,250 2,137,356 2,131,011 2,140,888 12.0
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 59,332 65,318 69,432 76,368 72,690 93,309 101,101 114,973 123,596 129,341 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 300,653 368,813 402,393 429,522 468,669 509,870 575,973 627,540 678,072 734,902 753,410 762,851 762,586 765,748 22.0
Graduate assistants .... 78,626 91,947 96,851 107,929 119,016 135,180 149,612 155,873 161,876 167,611 171,915 173,666 179,034 181,079 16.2
Other .......................... 879,033 861,321 868,517 913,546 971,205 952,681 970,903 1,012,703 1,051,096 1,055,046 1,197,925 1,200,839 1,189,391 1,194,061 †

Full-time .................... 1,812,912 1,801,371 1,828,507 1,926,836 2,043,208 2,083,142 2,179,864 2,281,516 2,382,305 2,435,988 2,472,434 2,507,787 2,506,784 2,525,579 10.7
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 139,116 140,990 144,529 154,584 146,523 178,691 190,078 209,812 222,143 231,559 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 535,623 550,822 568,719 593,375 617,868 630,092 675,624 703,757 729,152 762,114 791,378 807,109 813,978 821,168 16.7
Other .......................... 1,138,173 1,109,559 1,115,259 1,178,877 1,278,817 1,274,359 1,314,162 1,367,947 1,431,010 1,442,315 1,681,056 1,700,678 1,692,806 1,704,411 †
Part-time ................... 732,323 860,704 923,997 975,643 1,040,145 1,104,765 1,199,223 1,280,214 1,342,356 1,405,831 1,423,619 1,406,497 1,399,456 1,388,963 8.5
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 5,639 6,455 6,834 6,209 5,515 6,222 6,246 7,227 8,295 7,118 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 290,629 380,884 421,094 444,154 495,315 543,501 614,802 667,830 709,922 762,355 754,003 745,147 732,103 722,401 8.2
Graduate assistants .... 197,751 215,909 222,724 240,995 261,136 292,061 317,141 329,001 343,204 355,916 363,416 366,868 375,204 377,156 14.6
Other .......................... 238,304 257,456 273,345 284,285 278,179 262,981 261,034 276,156 280,935 280,442 306,200 294,482 292,149 289,406 †
Public 4-year ............. 1,341,914 1,383,476 1,418,661 1,474,830 1,558,576 1,569,870 1,656,709 1,742,370 1,804,332 1,843,314 1,884,854 1,925,674 1,966,008 1,987,634 14.1
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 63,674 60,590 61,984 64,479 60,245 70,397 74,241 81,162 84,214 84,918 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 358,376 384,399 404,109 418,500 438,459 450,123 486,691 518,930 539,946 575,624 601,126 622,283 646,584 654,601 26.1
Graduate assistants .... 144,344 178,342 182,481 196,802 218,260 239,600 257,578 266,451 275,878 285,905 287,839 291,770 293,954 295,783 11.0
Other .......................... 775,520 760,145 770,087 795,049 841,612 809,750 838,199 875,827 904,294 896,867 995,889 1,011,621 1,025,470 1,037,250 †
Private 4-year ........... 734,509 770,004 786,634 865,434 912,924 988,895 1,073,764 1,158,196 1,230,409 1,297,376 1,318,760 1,323,899 1,308,587 1,313,563 13.4
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 57,148 62,314 62,580 70,082 65,739 84,306 90,415 102,906 111,616 118,220 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 232,893 262,660 278,541 300,756 325,713 364,166 430,305 473,455 498,403 540,018 550,512 558,262 550,073 552,420 16.7
Graduate assistants .... 23,989 33,853 36,064 38,757 41,611 52,101 59,147 62,550 67,326 70,011 75,537 75,079 81,241 81,351 30.1
Other .......................... 420,479 411,177 409,449 455,839 479,861 488,322 493,897 519,285 553,064 569,127 692,711 690,558 677,273 679,792 †
Public 2-year ............. 441,414 482,454 512,086 524,874 578,394 593,466 610,978 619,455 638,361 642,455 642,430 622,754 591,066 577,340 -6.8
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 20,772 21,806 22,822 21,699 22,566 25,872 26,770 27,363 27,827 27,562 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 222,532 272,434 290,451 300,085 332,665 341,643 354,497 357,596 373,842 378,535 367,608 348,708 327,655 316,582 -11.5
Graduate assistants .... 29,216 3,401 3,561 4,809 1,215 323 374 0 0 0 13 13 9 15 †
Other .......................... 168,894 184,813 195,252 198,281 221,948 225,628 229,337 234,496 236,692 236,358 274,809 274,033 263,402 260,743 †
Private 2-year ........... 27,398 26,141 35,123 37,341 33,459 35,676 37,636 41,709 51,559 58,674 50,009 41,957 40,579 36,005 -13.7
Executive/
administrative/
managerial ........... 3,161 2,735 3,977 4,533 3,488 4,338 4,898 5,608 6,781 7,977 (1) (1) (1) (1) †
Faculty (instruction/
research/
public service) ...... 12,451 12,213 16,712 18,188 16,346 17,661 18,933 21,606 26,883 30,292 26,135 23,003 21,769 19,966 -7.6
Graduate assistants .... 202 313 618 627 50 37 42 0 0 0 27 6 0 7 †
Other .......................... 11,584 10,880 13,816 13,993 13,575 13,640 13,763 14,495 17,895 20,405 23,847 18,948 18,810 16,032 †

†Not applicable. degrees. Beginning in 2007, includes institutions with fewer than 15 full-time employees;
1
Included in other. Primary occupations were reclassified as of fall 2013; only the faculty these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. By definition, all graduate assistants
and graduate assistant categories are comparable with data from earlier years. are part time. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
NOTE: Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Staff Survey”
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The degree-granting (IPEDS-S:91–99); IPEDS Winter 2001–02 through Winter 2011–12, Human Resources
classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, but it includes component, Fall Staff section; and IPEDS Spring 2014 through Spring 2018, Human
more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not grant Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

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 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 285
Staff

Table 314.30. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status, sex, control and level of institution, and
primary occupation: Fall 2017
Full-time and part-time Full-time Part-time
Total Females Total
Percent Percent
Control and level of institution Percentage of all of all
and primary occupation Number distribution Males Number employees Number employees Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
All institutions ................................................. 3,914,542 100.0 1,773,654 2,140,888 54.7 2,525,579 64.5 1,129,426 1,396,153 1,388,963 644,228 744,735
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 1,543,569 39.4 777,821 765,748 49.6 821,168 53.2 440,842 380,326 722,401 336,979 385,422
Instruction ............................................................. 1,425,058 36.4 712,123 712,935 50.0 724,060 50.8 385,907 338,153 700,998 326,216 374,782
Research ............................................................... 89,445 2.3 51,680 37,765 42.2 75,668 84.6 44,304 31,364 13,777 7,376 6,401
Public service ........................................................ 29,066 0.7 14,018 15,048 51.8 21,440 73.8 10,631 10,809 7,626 3,387 4,239
Graduate assistants .................................................. 377,156 9.6 196,077 181,079 48.0 † † † † 377,156 196,077 181,079
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 41,497 1.1 12,358 29,139 70.2 35,460 85.5 10,752 24,708 6,037 1,606 4,431
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 181,731 4.6 58,563 123,168 67.8 123,003 67.7 36,250 86,753 58,728 22,313 36,415
Management ............................................................. 259,986 6.6 113,571 146,415 56.3 253,115 97.4 110,861 142,254 6,871 2,710 4,161
Business and financial operations ............................ 214,461 5.5 58,083 156,378 72.9 200,946 93.7 54,492 146,454 13,515 3,591 9,924
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 235,674 6.0 142,683 92,991 39.5 216,282 91.8 133,963 82,319 19,392 8,720 10,672
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 184,650 4.7 82,419 102,231 55.4 149,906 81.2 65,670 84,236 34,744 16,749 17,995
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 109,889 2.8 32,999 76,890 70.0 90,729 82.6 27,824 62,905 19,160 5,175 13,985
Service occupations .................................................. 241,200 6.2 139,878 101,322 42.0 199,942 82.9 117,473 82,469 41,258 22,405 18,853
Sales and related occupations .................................. 13,210 0.3 4,600 8,610 65.2 10,756 81.4 3,958 6,798 2,454 642 1,812
Office and administrative support ............................. 418,537 10.7 71,079 347,458 83.0 339,319 81.1 49,681 289,638 79,218 21,398 57,820
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 74,000 1.9 67,993 6,007 8.1 69,686 94.2 64,883 4,803 4,314 3,110 1,204
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 18,982 0.5 15,530 3,452 18.2 15,267 80.4 12,777 2,490 3,715 2,753 962
Public 4-year ................................................... 1,987,634 100.0 919,911 1,067,723 53.7 1,349,439 67.9 618,585 730,854 638,195 301,326 336,869
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 654,601 32.9 343,275 311,326 47.6 432,308 66.0 239,316 192,992 222,293 103,959 118,334
Instruction ............................................................. 583,627 29.4 304,378 279,249 47.8 372,703 63.9 206,171 166,532 210,924 98,207 112,717
Research ............................................................... 54,622 2.7 31,172 23,450 42.9 45,958 84.1 26,659 19,299 8,664 4,513 4,151
Public service ........................................................ 16,352 0.8 7,725 8,627 52.8 13,647 83.5 6,486 7,161 2,705 1,239 1,466
Graduate assistants .................................................. 295,783 14.9 153,220 142,563 48.2 † † † † 295,783 153,220 142,563
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 18,397 0.9 5,630 12,767 69.4 16,914 91.9 5,229 11,685 1,483 401 1,082
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 69,106 3.5 21,797 47,309 68.5 52,913 76.6 15,783 37,130 16,193 6,014 10,179
Management ............................................................. 117,602 5.9 52,983 64,619 54.9 114,265 97.2 51,616 62,649 3,337 1,367 1,970
Business and financial operations ............................ 127,318 6.4 34,345 92,973 73.0 118,576 93.1 31,952 86,624 8,742 2,393 6,349
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 146,092 7.4 87,926 58,166 39.8 133,892 91.6 82,783 51,109 12,200 5,143 7,057
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 88,375 4.4 37,351 51,024 57.7 76,796 86.9 32,467 44,329 11,579 4,884 6,695
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 73,122 3.7 22,371 50,751 69.4 61,985 84.8 19,666 42,319 11,137 2,705 8,432
Service occupations .................................................. 128,423 6.5 70,502 57,921 45.1 110,287 85.9 61,428 48,859 18,136 9,074 9,062
Sales and related occupations .................................. 2,908 0.1 1,044 1,864 64.1 2,222 76.4 862 1,360 686 182 504
Office and administrative support ............................. 204,688 10.3 34,178 170,510 83.3 172,438 84.2 25,391 147,047 32,250 8,787 23,463
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 48,451 2.4 44,741 3,710 7.7 45,927 94.8 42,882 3,045 2,524 1,859 665
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 12,768 0.6 10,548 2,220 17.4 10,916 85.5 9,210 1,706 1,852 1,338 514
Public 2-year ................................................... 577,340 100.0 245,506 331,834 57.5 279,745 48.5 113,404 166,341 297,595 132,102 165,493
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 316,582 54.8 144,896 171,686 54.2 102,866 32.5 46,222 56,644 213,716 98,674 115,042
Instruction ............................................................. 313,110 54.2 143,550 169,560 54.2 102,280 32.7 46,028 56,252 210,830 97,522 113,308
Research ............................................................... 109 # 45 64 58.7 100 91.7 42 58 9 3 6
Public service ........................................................ 3,363 0.6 1,301 2,062 61.3 486 14.5 152 334 2,877 1,149 1,728
Graduate assistants .................................................. 15 # 9 6 40.0 † † † † 15 9 6
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 5,211 0.9 1,172 4,039 77.5 3,544 68.0 820 2,724 1,667 352 1,315
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 50,072 8.7 17,698 32,374 64.7 21,415 42.8 6,366 15,049 28,657 11,332 17,325
Management ............................................................. 31,681 5.5 12,963 18,718 59.1 30,578 96.5 12,541 18,037 1,103 422 681
Business and financial operations ............................ 16,797 2.9 4,301 12,496 74.4 15,026 89.5 3,780 11,246 1,771 521 1,250
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 15,750 2.7 10,568 5,182 32.9 13,265 84.2 9,088 4,177 2,485 1,480 1,005
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 23,492 4.1 8,959 14,533 61.9 16,000 68.1 5,739 10,261 7,492 3,220 4,272
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 1,577 0.3 534 1,043 66.1 767 48.6 311 456 810 223 587
Service occupations .................................................. 33,058 5.7 22,960 10,098 30.5 22,902 69.3 16,552 6,350 10,156 6,408 3,748
Sales and related occupations .................................. 1,847 0.3 481 1,366 74.0 973 52.7 289 684 874 192 682
Office and administrative support ............................. 73,879 12.8 14,420 59,459 80.5 46,331 62.7 6,115 40,216 27,548 8,305 19,243
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 6,050 1.0 5,498 552 9.1 5,329 88.1 4,957 372 721 541 180
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 1,329 0.2 1,047 282 21.2 749 56.4 624 125 580 423 157
Private nonprofit 4-year ................................. 1,201,512 100.0 548,797 652,715 54.3 825,095 68.7 370,333 454,762 376,417 178,464 197,953
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 482,640 40.2 251,373 231,267 47.9 266,963 55.3 147,010 119,953 215,677 104,363 111,314
Instruction ............................................................. 438,734 36.5 225,987 212,747 48.5 230,145 52.5 125,453 104,692 208,589 100,534 108,055
Research ............................................................... 34,608 2.9 20,424 14,184 41.0 29,523 85.3 17,569 11,954 5,085 2,855 2,230
Public service ........................................................ 9,298 0.8 4,962 4,336 46.6 7,295 78.5 3,988 3,307 2,003 974 1,029
Graduate assistants .................................................. 80,939 6.7 42,676 38,263 47.3 † † † † 80,939 42,676 38,263
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 16,763 1.4 5,277 11,486 68.5 14,258 85.1 4,522 9,736 2,505 755 1,750
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 49,705 4.1 15,240 34,465 69.3 37,049 74.5 10,801 26,248 12,656 4,439 8,217
Management ............................................................. 99,373 8.3 42,831 56,542 56.9 97,129 97.7 41,985 55,144 2,244 846 1,398
Business and financial operations ............................ 64,790 5.4 17,835 46,955 72.5 62,047 95.8 17,206 44,841 2,743 629 2,114
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 71,596 6.0 42,483 29,113 40.7 67,000 93.6 40,471 26,529 4,596 2,012 2,584
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 67,088 5.6 33,817 33,271 49.6 51,965 77.5 25,466 26,499 15,123 8,351 6,772
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 34,878 2.9 9,979 24,899 71.4 27,792 79.7 7,760 20,032 7,086 2,219 4,867
Service occupations .................................................. 77,381 6.4 44,893 32,488 42.0 65,230 84.3 38,486 26,744 12,151 6,407 5,744
Sales and related occupations .................................. 3,898 0.3 1,375 2,523 64.7 3,226 82.8 1,178 2,048 672 197 475
Office and administrative support ............................. 128,908 10.7 19,993 108,915 84.5 111,056 86.2 15,995 95,061 17,852 3,998 13,854
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 18,876 1.6 17,250 1,626 8.6 17,912 94.9 16,620 1,292 964 630 334
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 4,677 0.4 3,775 902 19.3 3,468 74.2 2,833 635 1,209 942 267

See notes at end of table.

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286 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Staff

Table 314.30. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status, sex, control and level of institution, and
primary occupation: Fall 2017—Continued
Full-time and part-time Full-time Part-time
Total Females Total
Percent Percent
Control and level of institution Percentage of all of all
and primary occupation Number distribution Males Number employees Number employees Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Private nonprofit 2-year ................................. 7,799 100.0 2,922 4,877 62.5 5,509 70.6 1,979 3,530 2,290 943 1,347
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 3,543 45.4 1,394 2,149 60.7 1,675 47.3 626 1,049 1,868 768 1,100
Instruction ............................................................. 3,522 45.2 1,389 2,133 60.6 1,660 47.1 623 1,037 1,862 766 1,096
Research ............................................................... 12 0.2 3 9 75.0 9 75.0 1 8 3 2 1
Public service ........................................................ 9 0.1 2 7 77.8 6 66.7 2 4 3 0 3
Graduate assistants .................................................. 7 0.1 6 1 14.3 † † † † 7 6 1
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 111 1.4 30 81 73.0 70 63.1 20 50 41 10 31
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 1,423 18.2 423 1,000 70.3 1,356 95.3 399 957 67 24 43
Management ............................................................. 779 10.0 351 428 54.9 759 97.4 340 419 20 11 9
Business and financial operations ............................ 216 2.8 62 154 71.3 186 86.1 57 129 30 5 25
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 132 1.7 106 26 19.7 123 93.2 98 25 9 8 1
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 206 2.6 109 97 47.1 164 79.6 83 81 42 26 16
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 31 0.4 5 26 83.9 12 38.7 3 9 19 2 17
Service occupations .................................................. 195 2.5 153 42 21.5 116 59.5 91 25 79 62 17
Sales and related occupations .................................. 488 6.3 144 344 70.5 483 99.0 143 340 5 1 4
Office and administrative support ............................. 597 7.7 81 516 86.4 507 84.9 71 436 90 10 80
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 62 0.8 52 10 16.1 54 87.1 46 8 8 6 2
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 9 0.1 6 3 33.3 4 44.4 2 2 5 4 1
Private for-profit 4-year ................................. 112,051 100.0 46,244 65,807 58.7 49,740 44.4 19,412 30,328 62,311 26,832 35,479
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 69,780 62.3 30,389 39,391 56.5 11,373 16.3 5,141 6,232 58,407 25,248 33,159
Instruction ............................................................. 69,689 62.2 30,351 39,338 56.4 11,322 16.2 5,121 6,201 58,367 25,230 33,137
Research ............................................................... 62 0.1 21 41 66.1 47 75.8 18 29 15 3 12
Public service ........................................................ 29 # 17 12 41.4 4 13.8 2 2 25 15 10
Graduate assistants .................................................. 412 0.4 166 246 59.7 † † † † 412 166 246
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 781 0.7 193 588 75.3 526 67.3 127 399 255 66 189
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 9,223 8.2 2,842 6,381 69.2 8,304 90.0 2,412 5,892 919 430 489
Management ............................................................. 7,958 7.1 3,386 4,572 57.5 7,838 98.5 3,340 4,498 120 46 74
Business and financial operations ............................ 4,413 3.9 1,321 3,092 70.1 4,268 96.7 1,287 2,981 145 34 111
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 1,880 1.7 1,421 459 24.4 1,811 96.3 1,373 438 69 48 21
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 4,623 4.1 1,892 2,731 59.1 4,232 91.5 1,684 2,548 391 208 183
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 174 0.2 68 106 60.9 127 73.0 58 69 47 10 37
Service occupations .................................................. 1,688 1.5 1,087 601 35.6 1,196 70.9 787 409 492 300 192
Sales and related occupations .................................. 2,744 2.4 1,103 1,641 59.8 2,675 97.5 1,081 1,594 69 22 47
Office and administrative support ............................. 7,821 7.0 1,948 5,873 75.1 6,931 88.6 1,757 5,174 890 191 699
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 373 0.3 288 85 22.8 338 90.6 265 73 35 23 12
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 181 0.2 140 41 22.7 121 66.9 100 21 60 40 20
Private for-profit 2-year ................................. 28,206 100.0 10,274 17,932 63.6 16,051 56.9 5,713 10,338 12,155 4,561 7,594
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 16,423 58.2 6,494 9,929 60.5 5,983 36.4 2,527 3,456 10,440 3,967 6,473
Instruction ............................................................. 16,376 58.1 6,468 9,908 60.5 5,950 36.3 2,511 3,439 10,426 3,957 6,469
Research ............................................................... 32 0.1 15 17 53.1 31 96.9 15 16 1 0 1
Public service ........................................................ 15 0.1 11 4 26.7 2 13.3 1 1 13 10 3
Graduate assistants .................................................. 0 0.0 0 0 † † † † † † † †
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 234 0.8 56 178 76.1 148 63.2 34 114 86 22 64
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 2,202 7.8 563 1,639 74.4 1,966 89.3 489 1,477 236 74 162
Management ............................................................. 2,593 9.2 1,057 1,536 59.2 2,546 98.2 1,039 1,507 47 18 29
Business and financial operations ............................ 927 3.3 219 708 76.4 843 90.9 210 633 84 9 75
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 224 0.8 179 45 20.1 191 85.3 150 41 33 29 4
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 866 3.1 291 575 66.4 749 86.5 231 518 117 60 57
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 107 0.4 42 65 60.7 46 43.0 26 20 61 16 45
Service occupations .................................................. 455 1.6 283 172 37.8 211 46.4 129 82 244 154 90
Sales and related occupations .................................. 1,325 4.7 453 872 65.8 1,177 88.8 405 772 148 48 100
Office and administrative support ............................. 2,644 9.4 459 2,185 82.6 2,056 77.8 352 1,704 588 107 481
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 188 0.7 164 24 12.8 126 67.0 113 13 62 51 11
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 18 0.1 14 4 22.2 9 50.0 8 1 9 6 3

†Not applicable. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
#Rounds to zero. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Human Resources
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)
Title IV federal financial aid programs. By definition, all graduate assistants are part time.
Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 287
Staff

Table 314.40. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, employment status, control and level of
institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2017
Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Two or more races
American
Indian/ Two or Race/ Non-
Sex, employment status, control and level of Pacific Alaska more ethnicity resident
institution, and primary occupation Total White Total Percent 1
Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races unknown alien2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
All institutions ................................................. 3,914,542 2,564,739 987,131 27.8 374,922 288,989 246,696 8,167 20,111 48,246 163,809 198,863
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 1,543,569 1,086,081 325,133 23.0 106,836 77,168 116,394 2,879 7,041 14,815 76,747 55,608
Instruction ............................................................. 1,425,058 1,024,678 298,782 22.6 102,511 72,290 100,900 2,758 6,691 13,632 71,684 29,914
Research ............................................................... 89,445 41,001 19,305 32.0 2,113 3,377 12,658 79 200 878 4,158 24,981
Public service ........................................................ 29,066 20,402 7,046 25.7 2,212 1,501 2,836 42 150 305 905 713
Graduate assistants .................................................. 377,156 170,799 71,084 29.4 15,711 20,773 25,693 657 941 7,309 20,541 114,732
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 41,497 31,800 8,207 20.5 3,022 2,274 2,051 63 258 539 1,186 304
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 181,731 119,554 53,174 30.8 23,307 17,259 7,694 644 1,461 2,809 6,823 2,180
Management ............................................................. 259,986 195,243 57,173 22.7 26,515 15,864 10,343 475 1,248 2,728 6,356 1,214
Business and financial operations ............................ 214,461 144,492 61,447 29.8 23,699 18,886 14,344 448 1,092 2,978 6,923 1,599
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 235,674 153,776 61,227 28.5 14,933 15,995 25,761 394 1,057 3,087 7,636 13,035
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 184,650 129,920 45,990 26.1 21,151 14,582 5,821 575 1,030 2,831 7,415 1,325
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 109,889 69,154 32,053 31.7 11,348 7,892 11,047 156 399 1,211 5,582 3,100
Service occupations .................................................. 241,200 127,136 103,048 44.8 52,460 36,820 8,530 683 1,919 2,636 8,918 2,098
Sales and related occupations .................................. 13,210 7,924 4,752 37.5 2,331 1,561 460 53 93 254 495 39
Office and administrative support ............................. 418,537 262,962 140,271 34.8 62,882 50,873 16,616 949 2,743 6,208 12,054 3,250
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 74,000 53,737 17,528 24.6 7,661 6,994 1,423 149 653 648 2,421 314
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 18,982 12,161 6,044 33.2 3,066 2,048 519 42 176 193 712 65
Males ................................................................ 1,773,654 1,166,570 410,580 26.0 140,429 120,843 117,761 3,548 8,669 19,330 77,293 119,211
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 777,821 550,559 154,990 22.0 42,302 37,917 63,721 1,192 3,378 6,480 37,740 34,532
Instruction ............................................................. 712,123 517,879 141,537 21.5 40,591 35,604 55,025 1,134 3,243 5,940 35,083 17,624
Research ............................................................... 51,680 22,750 10,221 31.0 872 1,601 7,235 34 80 399 2,208 16,501
Public service ........................................................ 14,018 9,930 3,232 24.6 839 712 1,461 24 55 141 449 407
Graduate assistants .................................................. 196,077 82,866 32,998 28.5 6,138 9,538 13,269 390 397 3,266 10,483 69,730
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 12,358 9,640 2,226 18.8 714 772 518 18 58 146 370 122
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 58,563 38,522 16,642 30.2 6,901 5,728 2,476 229 474 834 2,421 978
Management ............................................................. 113,571 87,899 22,202 20.2 9,637 6,233 4,505 254 525 1,048 2,879 591
Business and financial operations ............................ 58,083 40,493 14,924 26.9 5,254 4,927 3,575 123 285 760 2,106 560
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 142,683 96,504 33,642 25.8 8,040 9,596 13,266 266 629 1,845 4,629 7,908
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 82,419 59,280 18,919 24.2 9,527 5,586 2,036 268 443 1,059 3,597 623
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 32,999 19,574 9,582 32.9 2,596 2,268 4,189 55 122 352 2,210 1,633
Service occupations .................................................. 139,878 77,668 56,011 41.9 29,001 19,451 4,577 391 1,143 1,448 5,181 1,018
Sales and related occupations .................................. 4,600 2,761 1,645 37.3 784 583 155 17 30 76 180 14
Office and administrative support ............................. 71,079 40,625 26,479 39.5 10,598 10,157 3,786 180 448 1,310 2,730 1,245
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 67,993 50,016 15,577 23.7 6,644 6,383 1,250 136 597 567 2,198 202
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 15,530 10,163 4,743 31.8 2,293 1,704 438 29 140 139 569 55
Females ............................................................ 2,140,888 1,398,169 576,551 29.2 234,493 168,146 128,935 4,619 11,442 28,916 86,516 79,652
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 765,748 535,522 170,143 24.1 64,534 39,251 52,673 1,687 3,663 8,335 39,007 21,076
Instruction ............................................................. 712,935 506,799 157,245 23.7 61,920 36,686 45,875 1,624 3,448 7,692 36,601 12,290
Research ............................................................... 37,765 18,251 9,084 33.2 1,241 1,776 5,423 45 120 479 1,950 8,480
Public service ........................................................ 15,048 10,472 3,814 26.7 1,373 789 1,375 18 95 164 456 306
Graduate assistants .................................................. 181,079 87,933 38,086 30.2 9,573 11,235 12,424 267 544 4,043 10,058 45,002
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 29,139 22,160 5,981 21.3 2,308 1,502 1,533 45 200 393 816 182
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 123,168 81,032 36,532 31.1 16,406 11,531 5,218 415 987 1,975 4,402 1,202
Management ............................................................. 146,415 107,344 34,971 24.6 16,878 9,631 5,838 221 723 1,680 3,477 623
Business and financial operations ............................ 156,378 103,999 46,523 30.9 18,445 13,959 10,769 325 807 2,218 4,817 1,039
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 92,991 57,272 27,585 32.5 6,893 6,399 12,495 128 428 1,242 3,007 5,127
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 102,231 70,640 27,071 27.7 11,624 8,996 3,785 307 587 1,772 3,818 702
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 76,890 49,580 22,471 31.2 8,752 5,624 6,858 101 277 859 3,372 1,467
Service occupations .................................................. 101,322 49,468 47,037 48.7 23,459 17,369 3,953 292 776 1,188 3,737 1,080
Sales and related occupations .................................. 8,610 5,163 3,107 37.6 1,547 978 305 36 63 178 315 25
Office and administrative support ............................. 347,458 222,337 113,792 33.9 52,284 40,716 12,830 769 2,295 4,898 9,324 2,005
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 6,007 3,721 1,951 34.4 1,017 611 173 13 56 81 223 112
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 3,452 1,998 1,301 39.4 773 344 81 13 36 54 143 10

Full-time ........................................................... 2,525,579 1,697,742 684,618 28.7 262,617 200,901 172,490 5,114 13,833 29,663 75,420 67,799
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 821,168 573,560 178,947 23.8 45,427 39,099 82,142 1,200 3,460 7,619 23,439 45,222
Instruction ............................................................. 724,060 524,402 156,986 23.0 42,256 35,132 68,622 1,113 3,202 6,661 19,530 23,142
Research ............................................................... 75,668 34,070 16,765 33.0 1,838 2,824 11,170 60 149 724 3,350 21,483
Public service ........................................................ 21,440 15,088 5,196 25.6 1,333 1,143 2,350 27 109 234 559 597
Graduate assistants .................................................. † † † † † † † † † † † †
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 35,460 27,270 7,033 20.5 2,548 1,963 1,791 44 207 480 899 258
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 123,003 81,460 36,572 31.0 16,461 11,387 5,139 466 1,077 2,042 3,766 1,205
Management ............................................................. 253,115 190,001 55,882 22.7 25,962 15,545 10,029 461 1,222 2,663 6,067 1,165
Business and financial operations ............................ 200,946 134,719 58,519 30.3 22,769 17,924 13,556 419 1,035 2,816 6,266 1,442
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 216,282 141,774 55,885 28.3 13,574 14,319 23,855 360 963 2,814 6,753 11,870
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 149,906 105,359 38,511 26.8 17,708 12,234 4,907 484 839 2,339 5,004 1,032
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 90,729 56,461 27,196 32.5 9,831 6,832 9,025 135 341 1,032 4,801 2,271
Service occupations .................................................. 199,942 103,558 88,240 46.0 44,926 31,723 7,342 562 1,601 2,086 6,515 1,629
Sales and related occupations .................................. 10,756 6,303 4,075 39.3 2,053 1,360 344 47 76 195 357 21
Office and administrative support ............................. 339,319 216,464 112,261 34.2 51,746 40,008 12,593 773 2,278 4,863 9,154 1,440
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 69,686 51,019 16,502 24.4 7,200 6,681 1,321 132 594 574 1,978 187
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 15,267 9,794 4,995 33.8 2,412 1,826 446 31 140 140 421 57

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

288 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Staff

Table 314.40. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, employment status, control and level of
institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2017—Continued
Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Two or more races
American
Indian/ Two or Race/ Non-
Sex, employment status, control and level of Pacific Alaska more ethnicity resident
institution, and primary occupation Total White Total Percent 1
Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races unknown alien2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Part-time .......................................................... 1,388,963 866,997 302,513 25.9 112,305 88,088 74,206 3,053 6,278 18,583 88,389 131,064
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 722,401 512,521 146,186 22.2 61,409 38,069 34,252 1,679 3,581 7,196 53,308 10,386
Instruction ............................................................. 700,998 500,276 141,796 22.1 60,255 37,158 32,278 1,645 3,489 6,971 52,154 6,772
Research ............................................................... 13,777 6,931 2,540 26.8 275 553 1,488 19 51 154 808 3,498
Public service ........................................................ 7,626 5,314 1,850 25.8 879 358 486 15 41 71 346 116
Graduate assistants .................................................. 377,156 170,799 71,084 29.4 15,711 20,773 25,693 657 941 7,309 20,541 114,732
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 6,037 4,530 1,174 20.6 474 311 260 19 51 59 287 46
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 58,728 38,094 16,602 30.4 6,846 5,872 2,555 178 384 767 3,057 975
Management ............................................................. 6,871 5,242 1,291 19.8 553 319 314 14 26 65 289 49
Business and financial operations ............................ 13,515 9,773 2,928 23.1 930 962 788 29 57 162 657 157
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 19,392 12,002 5,342 30.8 1,359 1,676 1,906 34 94 273 883 1,165
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 34,744 24,561 7,479 23.3 3,443 2,348 914 91 191 492 2,411 293
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 19,160 12,693 4,857 27.7 1,517 1,060 2,022 21 58 179 781 829
Service occupations .................................................. 41,258 23,578 14,808 38.6 7,534 5,097 1,188 121 318 550 2,403 469
Sales and related occupations .................................. 2,454 1,621 677 29.5 278 201 116 6 17 59 138 18
Office and administrative support ............................. 79,218 46,498 28,010 37.6 11,136 10,865 4,023 176 465 1,345 2,900 1,810
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 4,314 2,718 1,026 27.4 461 313 102 17 59 74 443 127
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 3,715 2,367 1,049 30.7 654 222 73 11 36 53 291 8

Public 4-year ................................................... 1,987,634 1,268,832 500,998 28.3 177,464 147,011 137,921 3,581 10,603 24,418 75,914 141,890
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 654,601 451,513 140,757 23.8 36,512 32,951 61,302 1,070 3,025 5,897 27,560 34,771
Instruction ............................................................. 583,627 413,049 126,770 23.5 34,451 30,187 53,068 990 2,795 5,279 24,029 19,779
Research ............................................................... 54,622 26,136 11,018 29.7 1,146 2,098 7,091 58 147 478 2,936 14,532
Public service ........................................................ 16,352 12,328 2,969 19.4 915 666 1,143 22 83 140 595 460
Graduate assistants .................................................. 295,783 136,058 54,598 28.6 12,170 16,625 19,026 458 806 5,513 14,919 90,208
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 18,397 13,989 3,792 21.3 1,295 1,139 913 21 145 279 475 141
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 69,106 45,727 19,890 30.3 8,352 6,507 3,088 254 642 1,047 2,378 1,111
Management ............................................................. 117,602 88,538 26,062 22.7 12,241 7,028 4,770 205 656 1,162 2,357 645
Business and financial operations ............................ 127,318 85,899 36,691 29.9 13,547 11,397 9,093 252 711 1,691 3,809 919
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 146,092 97,183 35,506 26.8 7,963 9,412 15,410 214 641 1,866 4,656 8,747
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 88,375 60,847 23,579 27.9 10,499 7,824 3,106 246 541 1,363 3,255 694
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 73,122 46,695 20,518 30.5 7,650 4,707 7,006 83 309 763 4,315 1,594
Service occupations .................................................. 128,423 66,267 56,228 45.9 29,005 19,231 5,195 293 1,087 1,417 4,818 1,110
Sales and related occupations .................................. 2,908 1,937 845 30.4 345 302 112 12 27 47 118 8
Office and administrative support ............................. 204,688 130,502 67,366 34.0 31,098 24,105 7,566 360 1,441 2,796 5,112 1,708
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 48,451 35,583 11,051 23.7 4,814 4,282 958 91 453 453 1,635 182
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 12,768 8,094 4,115 33.7 1,973 1,501 376 22 119 124 507 52
Public 2-year ................................................... 577,340 400,650 152,906 27.6 65,630 52,499 22,852 1,511 4,629 5,785 19,832 3,952
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 316,582 236,217 65,105 21.6 27,311 19,603 12,963 670 1,982 2,576 13,230 2,030
Instruction ............................................................. 313,110 233,980 64,063 21.5 26,643 19,413 12,863 667 1,934 2,543 13,121 1,946
Research ............................................................... 109 76 29 27.6 6 9 10 0 3 1 3 1
Public service ........................................................ 3,363 2,161 1,013 31.9 662 181 90 3 45 32 106 83
Graduate assistants .................................................. 15 10 5 33.3 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 5,211 3,900 1,178 23.2 488 373 215 19 53 30 112 21
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 50,072 31,999 16,318 33.8 7,007 5,924 1,991 179 556 661 1,495 260
Management ............................................................. 31,681 22,822 8,123 26.2 4,284 2,448 788 57 275 271 653 83
Business and financial operations ............................ 16,797 10,617 5,719 35.0 2,555 1,997 793 43 146 185 364 97
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 15,750 10,589 4,674 30.6 1,504 1,678 1,118 38 128 208 352 135
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 23,492 15,033 7,569 33.5 3,718 2,550 651 122 228 300 788 102
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 1,577 1,220 262 17.7 109 74 41 6 15 17 92 3
Service occupations .................................................. 33,058 18,036 13,733 43.2 6,733 5,305 843 109 413 330 936 353
Sales and related occupations .................................. 1,847 1,419 401 22.0 161 134 53 3 26 24 23 4
Office and administrative support ............................. 73,879 43,640 27,777 38.9 10,863 11,620 3,241 247 692 1,114 1,615 847
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 6,050 4,268 1,639 27.7 708 655 119 12 90 55 126 17
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 1,329 880 403 31.4 189 135 35 5 25 14 46 0
Private nonprofit 4-year ................................. 1,201,512 806,364 285,028 26.1 108,499 75,859 79,261 2,526 3,984 14,899 57,349 52,771
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 482,640 342,758 93,159 21.4 29,010 18,922 38,156 857 1,507 4,707 28,011 18,712
Instruction ............................................................. 438,734 322,146 81,901 20.3 27,430 17,011 31,017 819 1,446 4,178 26,591 8,096
Research ............................................................... 34,608 14,734 8,210 35.8 949 1,258 5,539 21 45 398 1,218 10,446
Public service ........................................................ 9,298 5,878 3,048 34.1 631 653 1,600 17 16 131 202 170
Graduate assistants .................................................. 80,939 34,493 16,373 32.2 3,498 4,119 6,645 197 134 1,780 5,571 24,502
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 16,763 13,125 2,943 18.3 1,124 668 877 19 54 201 554 141
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 49,705 34,948 11,862 25.3 5,626 3,077 2,057 145 194 763 2,095 800
Management ............................................................. 99,373 76,045 19,947 20.8 8,689 5,413 4,314 162 271 1,098 2,906 475
Business and financial operations ............................ 64,790 44,579 17,114 27.7 6,935 4,822 4,080 132 193 952 2,523 574
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 71,596 44,632 20,324 31.3 5,298 4,655 9,009 136 266 960 2,552 4,088
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 67,088 50,709 12,786 20.1 6,006 3,523 1,891 184 229 953 3,066 527
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 34,878 21,046 11,187 34.7 3,552 3,102 3,967 66 72 428 1,144 1,501
Service occupations .................................................. 77,381 41,765 31,925 43.3 16,262 11,739 2,425 269 398 832 3,058 633
Sales and related occupations .................................. 3,898 2,535 1,136 30.9 443 446 137 20 11 79 205 22
Office and administrative support ............................. 128,908 83,025 40,331 32.7 19,099 13,175 5,276 283 527 1,971 4,884 668
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 18,876 13,617 4,515 24.9 2,080 1,822 340 44 98 131 629 115
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 4,677 3,087 1,426 31.6 877 376 87 12 30 44 151 13

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 289
Staff

Table 314.40. Employees in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, employment status, control and level of
institution, and primary occupation: Fall 2017—Continued
Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Two or more races
American
Indian/ Two or Race/ Non-
Sex, employment status, control and level of Pacific Alaska more ethnicity resident
institution, and primary occupation Total White Total Percent 1
Black Hispanic Asian Islander Native races unknown alien2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Private nonprofit 2-year ................................. 7,799 4,772 2,755 36.6 1,654 651 149 18 135 148 265 7
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 3,543 2,483 884 26.3 582 151 66 7 43 35 170 6
Instruction ............................................................. 3,522 2,474 873 26.1 581 151 66 7 33 35 169 6
Research ............................................................... 12 6 5 45.5 1 0 0 0 4 0 1 0
Public service ........................................................ 9 3 6 66.7 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0
Graduate assistants .................................................. 7 3 1 25.0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 0
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 111 90 17 15.9 7 4 1 0 4 1 4 0
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 1,423 558 832 59.9 480 233 30 3 24 62 33 0
Management ............................................................. 779 546 210 27.8 104 55 26 3 14 8 23 0
Business and financial operations ............................ 216 144 71 33.0 27 25 6 1 6 6 1 0
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 132 96 32 25.0 6 11 8 0 5 2 4 0
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 206 162 44 21.4 29 10 0 0 2 3 0 0
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 31 29 2 6.5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Service occupations .................................................. 195 122 73 37.4 39 19 1 0 12 2 0 0
Sales and related occupations .................................. 488 117 366 75.8 245 92 4 3 1 21 5 0
Office and administrative support ............................. 597 391 192 32.9 118 41 7 1 17 8 13 1
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 62 25 28 52.8 14 7 0 0 7 0 9 0
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 9 6 3 33.3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Private for-profit 4-year ................................. 112,051 68,778 33,949 33.0 15,768 9,464 5,446 412 602 2,257 9,142 182
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 69,780 43,887 18,981 30.2 9,908 3,993 3,272 215 391 1,202 6,863 49
Instruction ............................................................. 69,689 43,830 18,951 30.2 9,903 3,986 3,255 215 391 1,201 6,861 47
Research ............................................................... 62 37 23 38.3 3 6 14 0 0 0 0 2
Public service ........................................................ 29 20 7 25.9 2 1 3 0 0 1 2 0
Graduate assistants .................................................. 412 235 107 31.3 43 25 21 1 1 16 48 22
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 781 538 206 27.7 76 66 36 3 2 23 36 1
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 9,223 5,206 3,295 38.8 1,420 1,119 436 50 33 237 719 3
Management ............................................................. 7,958 5,664 1,944 25.6 783 634 348 33 21 125 340 10
Business and financial operations ............................ 4,413 2,767 1,435 34.2 480 463 331 16 29 116 207 4
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 1,880 1,142 610 34.8 134 210 205 5 13 43 64 64
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 4,623 2,847 1,528 34.9 636 527 146 21 24 174 246 2
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 174 100 53 34.6 12 7 27 1 3 3 19 2
Service occupations .................................................. 1,688 703 887 55.8 349 435 53 9 8 33 98 0
Sales and related occupations .................................. 2,744 1,327 1,300 49.5 758 357 107 9 18 51 114 3
Office and administrative support ............................. 7,821 4,143 3,298 44.3 1,129 1,410 438 44 54 223 358 22
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 373 133 218 62.1 17 188 5 2 3 3 22 0
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 181 86 87 50.3 23 30 21 3 2 8 8 0
Private for-profit 2-year ................................. 28,206 15,343 11,495 42.8 5,907 3,505 1,067 119 158 739 1,307 61
Faculty (instruction/research/public service) ............ 16,423 9,223 6,247 40.4 3,513 1,548 635 60 93 398 913 40
Instruction ............................................................. 16,376 9,199 6,224 40.4 3,503 1,542 631 60 92 396 913 40
Research ............................................................... 32 12 20 62.5 8 6 4 0 1 1 0 0
Public service ........................................................ 15 12 3 20.0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Graduate assistants .................................................. 0 0 0 † 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Librarians, curators, and archivists ........................... 234 158 71 31.0 32 24 9 1 0 5 5 0
Student and academic affairs and other education
services .............................................................. 2,202 1,116 977 46.7 422 399 92 13 12 39 103 6
Management ............................................................. 2,593 1,628 887 35.3 414 286 97 15 11 64 77 1
Business and financial operations ............................ 927 486 417 46.2 155 182 41 4 7 28 19 5
Computer, engineering, and science ......................... 224 134 81 37.7 28 29 11 1 4 8 8 1
Community, social service, legal, arts, design,
entertainment, sports, and media ...................... 866 322 484 60.0 263 148 27 2 6 38 60 0
Healthcare practitioners and technicians ................. 107 64 31 32.6 23 2 6 0 0 0 12 0
Service occupations .................................................. 455 243 202 45.4 72 91 13 3 1 22 8 2
Sales and related occupations .................................. 1,325 589 704 54.4 379 230 47 6 10 32 30 2
Office and administrative support ............................. 2,644 1,261 1,307 50.9 575 522 88 14 12 96 72 4
Natural resources, construction, and maintenance .. 188 111 77 41.0 28 40 1 0 2 6 0 0
Production, transportation, and material moving ...... 18 8 10 55.6 3 4 0 0 0 3 0 0

†Not applicable. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in
1
Combined total of staff who were Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Title IV federal financial aid programs. By definition, all graduate assistants are part time.
Indian/Alaska Native, and of Two or more races as a percentage of total staff, excluding Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
race/ethnicity unknown and nonresident alien. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
2
Race/ethnicity not collected. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Human Resources
component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

290 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Faculty and Instructional Staff

Table 315.10. Number of faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by employment status, sex, control, and level of
institution: Selected years, fall 1970 through fall 2017
Employment status Sex Control Level
Private
Percent Percent
Year Total Full-time Part-time full-time Males Females female Public Total Nonprofit For-profit 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1970 .......................... 474,000 369,000 104,000 77.8 — — — 314,000 160,000 — — 382,000 92,000
19711 ......................... 492,000 379,000 113,000 77.0 — — — 333,000 159,000 — — 387,000 105,000
1972 .......................... 500,000 380,000 120,000 76.0 — — — 343,000 157,000 — — 384,000 116,000
19731 ......................... 527,000 389,000 138,000 73.8 — — — 365,000 162,000 — — 401,000 126,000
19741 ......................... 567,000 406,000 161,000 71.6 — — — 397,000 170,000 — — 427,000 140,000
19751 ......................... 628,000 440,000 188,000 70.1 — — — 443,000 185,000 — — 467,000 161,000
1976 .......................... 633,000 434,000 199,000 68.6 — — — 449,000 184,000 — — 467,000 166,000
1977 .......................... 678,000 448,000 230,000 66.1 — — — 492,000 186,000 — — 485,000 193,000
19791 ......................... 675,000 445,000 230,000 65.9 — — — 488,000 187,000 — — 494,000 182,000
19801 ......................... 686,000 450,000 236,000 65.6 — — — 495,000 191,000 — — 494,000 192,000
1981 .......................... 705,000 461,000 244,000 65.4 — — — 509,000 196,000 — — 493,000 212,000
19821 ......................... 710,000 462,000 248,000 65.1 — — — 506,000 204,000 — — 493,000 217,000
1983 .......................... 724,000 471,000 254,000 65.1 — — — 512,000 212,000 — — 504,000 220,000
19841 ......................... 717,000 462,000 255,000 64.4 — — — 505,000 212,000 — — 504,000 213,000
19851 ......................... 715,000 459,000 256,000 64.2 — — — 503,000 212,000 — — 504,000 211,000
19861 ......................... 722,000 459,000 263,000 63.6 — — — 510,000 212,000 — — 506,000 216,000
19872 ......................... 793,070 523,420 269,650 66.0 529,413 263,657 33.2 552,749 240,321 — — 547,505 245,565
19892 ......................... 824,220 524,426 299,794 63.6 534,254 289,966 35.2 577,298 246,922 — — 583,700 240,520
19912 ......................... 826,252 535,623 290,629 64.8 525,599 300,653 36.4 580,908 245,344 236,066 9,278 591,269 234,983
19932 ......................... 915,474 545,706 369,768 59.6 561,123 354,351 38.7 650,434 265,040 254,130 10,910 625,969 289,505
19952 ......................... 931,706 550,822 380,884 59.1 562,893 368,813 39.6 656,833 274,873 260,900 13,973 647,059 284,647
19972 ......................... 989,813 568,719 421,094 57.5 587,420 402,393 40.7 694,560 295,253 271,257 23,996 682,650 307,163
19992 ......................... 1,037,529 593,375 444,154 57.2 608,007 429,522 41.4 718,585 318,944 288,663 30,281 719,256 318,273
20012 ......................... 1,113,183 617,868 495,315 55.5 644,514 468,669 42.1 771,124 342,059 306,487 35,572 764,172 349,011
20032 ......................... 1,173,593 630,092 543,501 53.7 663,723 509,870 43.4 791,766 381,827 330,097 51,730 814,289 359,304
20052 ......................... 1,290,426 675,624 614,802 52.4 714,453 575,973 44.6 841,188 449,238 361,523 87,715 916,996 373,430
20072 ......................... 1,371,587 703,757 667,830 51.3 744,047 627,540 45.8 876,526 495,061 386,688 108,373 992,385 379,202
20092 ......................... 1,439,074 729,152 709,922 50.7 761,002 678,072 47.1 913,788 525,286 408,382 116,904 1,038,349 400,725
20112 ......................... 1,524,469 762,114 762,355 50.0 789,567 734,902 48.2 954,159 570,310 432,630 137,680 1,115,642 408,827
20132 ......................... 1,545,381 791,378 754,003 51.2 791,971 753,410 48.8 968,734 576,647 449,072 127,575 1,151,638 393,743
20152 ......................... 1,552,256 807,109 745,147 52.0 789,405 762,851 49.1 970,991 581,265 472,638 108,627 1,180,545 371,711
20162 ......................... 1,546,081 813,978 732,103 52.6 783,495 762,586 49.3 974,239 571,842 476,872 94,970 1,196,657 349,424
20172 ......................... 1,543,569 821,168 722,401 53.2 777,821 765,748 49.6 971,183 572,386 486,183 86,203 1,207,021 336,548

—Not available. did not grant degrees. Beginning in 2007, includes institutions with fewer than 15 full-time
1
Estimated on the basis of enrollment. For methodological details on estimates, see National employees; these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. Some data have been
Center for Education Statistics, Projections of Education Statistics to 2000. revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
2
Because of revised survey methods, data are not directly comparable with figures for SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
years prior to 1987. Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), Employees in Institutions of Higher
NOTE: Includes faculty members with the title of professor, associate professor, assistant Education, 1970 and 1972, and “Staff Survey” 1976; Projections of Education Statistics
professor, instructor, lecturer, assisting professor, adjunct professor, or interim professor (or to 2000; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Staff Survey”
the equivalent). Excluded are graduate students with titles such as graduate or teaching (IPEDS-S:87–99); IPEDS Winter 2001–02 through Winter 2011–12, Human Resources
fellow who assist senior faculty. Data through 1995 are for institutions of higher education, component, Fall Staff section; IPEDS Spring 2014 and Spring 2016 through Spring 2018,
while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant Human Resources component, Fall Staff section; and U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity
associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The Commission, Higher Education Staff Information Survey (EEO-6), 1977, 1981, and 1983.
degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, (This table was prepared November 2018.)
but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education institutions that

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 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 291
Faculty and Instructional Staff

Table 315.20. Full-time faculty in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity, sex, and academic rank: Fall 2015, fall
2016, and fall 2017
Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Two or more races
Asian/Pacific Islander
American
Indian/ Two or Race/ Non-
Pacific Alaska more ethnicity resident
Year, sex, and academic rank Total White Total Percent 1
Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races unknown alien2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
20153
Total .................................. 807,109 575,752 167,372 22.5 44,106 35,811 77,456 76,298 1,158 3,530 6,469 22,359 41,626
Professors ................................. 182,388 147,095 31,171 17.5 6,731 5,957 16,938 16,734 204 599 946 2,486 1,636
Associate professors .................. 158,082 116,754 35,132 23.1 9,090 6,978 17,285 17,067 218 608 1,171 3,070 3,126
Assistant professors .................. 173,409 115,226 40,251 25.9 10,874 7,634 19,432 19,132 300 639 1,672 6,577 11,355
Instructors ................................. 99,915 73,052 21,673 22.9 7,264 6,890 5,696 5,467 229 862 961 3,563 1,627
Lecturers ................................... 40,894 30,488 7,635 20.0 2,074 2,367 2,690 2,653 37 142 362 1,256 1,515
Other faculty .............................. 152,421 93,137 31,510 25.3 8,073 5,985 15,415 15,245 170 680 1,357 5,407 22,367

2016 3
Total .................................. 813,978 574,515 172,618 23.1 44,466 37,406 80,004 78,855 1,149 3,543 7,199 22,370 44,475
Professors ................................. 182,604 145,831 32,428 18.2 6,843 6,215 17,737 17,546 191 612 1,021 2,507 1,838
Associate professors .................. 157,586 115,571 35,704 23.6 9,076 7,104 17,695 17,479 216 598 1,231 3,145 3,166
Assistant professors .................. 175,800 115,193 41,984 26.7 11,122 8,130 20,222 19,926 296 622 1,888 6,546 12,077
Instructors ................................. 100,688 73,113 22,308 23.4 7,212 7,282 5,841 5,626 215 867 1,106 3,576 1,691
Lecturers ................................... 41,401 30,817 7,570 19.7 1,974 2,423 2,569 2,526 43 150 454 1,386 1,628
Other faculty .............................. 155,899 93,990 32,624 25.8 8,239 6,252 15,940 15,752 188 694 1,499 5,210 24,075
Males ........................................ 440,387 309,853 90,021 22.5 19,096 19,022 46,794 46,204 590 1,721 3,388 11,910 28,603
Professors .............................. 123,780 98,336 22,292 18.5 4,044 3,957 13,266 13,135 131 376 649 1,726 1,426
Associate professors .............. 86,464 62,971 19,675 23.8 4,307 3,864 10,605 10,495 110 288 611 1,825 1,993
Assistant professors ............... 85,529 54,774 19,832 26.6 4,200 3,956 10,594 10,447 147 274 808 3,395 7,528
Instructors .............................. 43,786 32,005 9,285 22.5 2,592 3,270 2,537 2,438 99 430 456 1,585 911
Lecturers ............................... 18,494 13,903 3,104 18.3 860 1,013 982 965 17 61 188 677 810
Other faculty .......................... 82,334 47,864 15,833 24.9 3,093 2,962 8,810 8,724 86 292 676 2,702 15,935
Females ..................................... 373,591 264,662 82,597 23.8 25,370 18,384 33,210 32,651 559 1,822 3,811 10,460 15,872
Professors .............................. 58,824 47,495 10,136 17.6 2,799 2,258 4,471 4,411 60 236 372 781 412
Associate professors .............. 71,122 52,600 16,029 23.4 4,769 3,240 7,090 6,984 106 310 620 1,320 1,173
Assistant professors ............... 90,271 60,419 22,152 26.8 6,922 4,174 9,628 9,479 149 348 1,080 3,151 4,549
Instructors .............................. 56,902 41,108 13,023 24.1 4,620 4,012 3,304 3,188 116 437 650 1,991 780
Lecturers ............................... 22,907 16,914 4,466 20.9 1,114 1,410 1,587 1,561 26 89 266 709 818
Other faculty .......................... 73,565 46,126 16,791 26.7 5,146 3,290 7,130 7,028 102 402 823 2,508 8,140

20173
Total .................................. 821,168 573,560 178,947 23.8 45,427 39,099 83,342 82,142 1,200 3,460 7,619 23,439 45,222
Professors ................................. 184,023 145,624 33,895 18.9 6,931 6,518 18,764 18,571 193 631 1,051 2,710 1,794
Associate professors .................. 157,820 114,978 36,492 24.1 9,151 7,241 18,249 18,014 235 569 1,282 3,306 3,044
Assistant professors .................. 178,858 115,706 43,707 27.4 11,505 8,565 20,980 20,700 280 628 2,029 6,875 12,570
Instructors ................................. 98,793 71,061 22,506 24.1 7,068 7,430 6,035 5,802 233 851 1,122 3,374 1,852
Lecturers ................................... 42,866 31,763 8,054 20.2 1,981 2,693 2,729 2,691 38 153 498 1,480 1,569
Other faculty .............................. 158,808 94,428 34,293 26.6 8,791 6,652 16,585 16,364 221 628 1,637 5,694 24,393
Males ........................................ 440,842 306,914 92,679 23.2 19,423 19,690 48,348 47,759 589 1,689 3,529 12,410 28,839
Professors .............................. 123,615 97,303 23,099 19.2 4,125 4,104 13,861 13,733 128 380 629 1,871 1,342
Associate professors .............. 86,158 62,389 19,919 24.2 4,300 3,902 10,805 10,692 113 269 643 1,935 1,915
Assistant professors ............... 86,151 54,381 20,502 27.4 4,344 4,109 10,904 10,771 133 295 850 3,554 7,714
Instructors .............................. 42,882 31,062 9,357 23.2 2,585 3,293 2,558 2,458 100 429 492 1,473 990
Lecturers ............................... 19,090 14,288 3,300 18.8 838 1,153 1,056 1,038 18 58 195 696 806
Other faculty .......................... 82,946 47,491 16,502 25.8 3,231 3,129 9,164 9,067 97 258 720 2,881 16,072
Females ..................................... 380,326 266,646 86,268 24.4 26,004 19,409 34,994 34,383 611 1,771 4,090 11,029 16,383
Professors .............................. 60,408 48,321 10,796 18.3 2,806 2,414 4,903 4,838 65 251 422 839 452
Associate professors .............. 71,662 52,589 16,573 24.0 4,851 3,339 7,444 7,322 122 300 639 1,371 1,129
Assistant professors ............... 92,707 61,325 23,205 27.5 7,161 4,456 10,076 9,929 147 333 1,179 3,321 4,856
Instructors .............................. 55,911 39,999 13,149 24.7 4,483 4,137 3,477 3,344 133 422 630 1,901 862
Lecturers ............................... 23,776 17,475 4,754 21.4 1,143 1,540 1,673 1,653 20 95 303 784 763
Other faculty .......................... 75,862 46,937 17,791 27.5 5,560 3,523 7,421 7,297 124 370 917 2,813 8,321

1
Combined total of faculty who were Black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, American employees; these institutions did not report staff data prior to 2007. Race categories
Indian/Alaska Native, and of Two or more races as a percentage of total faculty, excluding exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Some data have been revised from previously
race/ethnicity unknown and nonresident alien. published figures.
2
Race/ethnicity not collected. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Only instructional faculty were classified by academic rank. Primarily research and primarily Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2016 through Spring
public service faculty, as well as faculty without ranks, appear under “other faculty.” 2018 Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was prepared November
NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate 2018.)
in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes institutions with fewer than 15 full-time

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292 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.10. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
academic rank, control and level of institution, and sex: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2017–18
Academic rank Public institutions Private institutions
Sex and Associate Assistant
academic year All faculty Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer No rank Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Current dollars
Total
1970–71 ............ $12,710 $17,958 $13,563 $11,176 $9,360 $11,196 $12,333 $12,953 $13,121 $12,644 $11,619 $11,824 $8,664
1975–76 ............ 16,659 22,649 17,065 13,986 13,672 12,906 15,196 16,942 17,400 15,820 15,921 16,116 10,901
1980–81 ............ 23,302 30,753 23,214 18,901 15,178 17,301 22,334 23,745 24,373 22,177 22,093 22,325 15,065
1982–83 ............ 27,196 35,540 26,921 22,056 17,601 20,072 25,557 27,488 28,293 25,567 26,393 26,691 16,595
1984–85 ............ 30,447 39,743 29,945 24,668 20,230 22,334 27,683 30,646 31,764 27,864 29,910 30,247 18,510
1985–86 ............ 32,392 42,268 31,787 26,277 20,918 23,770 29,088 32,750 34,033 29,590 31,402 31,732 19,436
1987–88 ............ 35,897 47,040 35,231 29,110 22,728 25,977 31,532 36,231 37,840 32,209 35,049 35,346 21,867
1989–90 ............ 40,133 52,810 39,392 32,689 25,030 28,990 34,559 40,416 42,365 35,516 39,464 39,817 24,601
1990–91 ............ 42,165 55,540 41,414 34,434 26,332 30,097 36,395 42,317 44,510 37,055 41,788 42,224 24,088
1991–92 ............ 43,851 57,433 42,929 35,745 30,916 30,456 37,783 43,641 45,638 38,959 44,376 44,793 25,673
1992–93 ............ 44,714 58,788 43,945 36,625 28,499 30,543 37,771 44,197 46,515 38,935 45,985 46,427 26,105
1993–94 ............ 46,364 60,649 45,278 37,630 28,828 32,729 40,584 45,920 48,019 41,040 47,465 47,880 28,435
1994–95 ............ 47,811 62,709 46,713 38,756 29,665 33,198 41,227 47,432 49,738 42,101 48,741 49,379 25,613
1995–96 ............ 49,309 64,540 47,966 39,696 30,344 34,136 42,996 48,837 51,172 43,295 50,466 50,819 31,915
1996–97 ............ 50,829 66,659 49,307 40,687 31,193 34,962 44,200 50,303 52,718 44,584 52,112 52,443 32,628
1997–98 ............ 52,335 68,731 50,828 41,830 32,449 35,484 45,268 51,638 54,114 45,919 54,039 54,379 33,592
1998–99 ............ 54,097 71,322 52,576 43,348 33,819 36,819 46,250 53,319 55,948 47,285 55,981 56,284 34,821
1999–2000 ........ 55,888 74,410 54,524 44,978 34,918 38,194 47,389 55,011 57,950 48,240 58,013 58,323 35,925
2001–02 ............ 59,742 80,792 58,724 48,796 46,959 41,798 46,569 58,524 62,013 50,837 62,818 63,088 33,139
2002–03 ............ 61,330 83,466 60,471 50,552 48,304 42,622 46,338 60,014 63,486 52,330 64,533 64,814 34,826
2003–04 ............ 62,579 85,333 61,746 51,798 49,065 43,648 47,725 60,874 64,340 53,076 66,666 66,932 36,322
2004–05 ............ 64,234 88,158 63,558 53,308 49,730 44,514 48,942 62,346 66,053 53,932 68,755 68,995 37,329
2005–06 ............ 66,172 91,208 65,714 55,106 50,883 45,896 50,425 64,158 67,951 55,405 71,016 71,263 38,549
2006–07 ............ 68,479 94,649 68,056 57,079 53,272 47,306 52,180 66,443 70,287 57,459 73,358 73,575 41,138
2007–08 ............ 71,101 98,595 70,830 59,293 55,356 49,389 54,377 68,988 72,852 59,672 76,169 76,378 43,402
2008–09 ............ 73,587 102,336 73,445 61,544 56,918 51,316 56,408 71,236 75,244 61,432 79,191 79,454 43,542
2009–10 ............ 74,620 103,682 74,125 62,245 57,791 52,185 56,803 72,178 76,147 62,264 80,379 80,597 44,748
2010–11 ............ 75,481 104,961 75,107 63,136 58,003 52,584 56,549 72,715 76,857 62,359 81,897 82,098 45,146
2011–12 ............ 76,567 107,090 76,177 64,011 58,350 53,359 56,898 73,496 77,843 62,553 83,540 83,701 47,805
2012–13 ............ 77,278 108,074 77,029 64,673 57,674 53,072 58,752 73,877 78,012 62,907 84,932 85,096 44,978
2013–14 ............ 78,733 109,998 78,693 66,093 58,240 54,566 59,161 75,491 79,897 63,714 86,178 86,390 44,598
2014–15 ............ 80,157 112,825 80,335 67,589 59,208 55,335 58,305 76,811 81,372 64,116 87,605 88,212 38,168
2015–16 ............ 82,224 115,539 82,147 69,378 60,911 57,306 60,341 78,869 83,389 66,018 89,867 90,309 31,296
2016–17 ............ 84,737 119,159 84,244 71,748 63,613 58,770 61,785 81,392 85,803 67,664 92,458 92,642 53,017
2017–18 ............ 86,701 121,764 86,035 73,394 65,351 60,685 62,756 83,211 87,745 68,733 94,818 94,940 57,030
Males
1975–76 ............ 17,414 22,902 17,209 14,174 14,430 13,579 15,761 17,661 18,121 16,339 16,784 16,946 11,378
1980–81 ............ 24,499 31,082 23,451 19,227 15,545 18,281 23,170 24,873 25,509 22,965 23,493 23,669 16,075
1982–83 ............ 28,664 35,956 27,262 22,586 18,160 21,225 26,541 28,851 29,661 26,524 28,159 28,380 17,346
1984–85 ............ 32,182 40,269 30,392 25,330 21,159 23,557 28,670 32,240 33,344 28,891 32,028 32,278 19,460
1985–86 ............ 34,294 42,833 32,273 27,094 21,693 25,238 30,267 34,528 35,786 30,758 33,656 33,900 20,412
1987–88 ............ 38,112 47,735 35,823 30,086 23,645 27,652 32,747 38,314 39,898 33,477 37,603 37,817 22,641
1989–90 ............ 42,763 53,650 40,131 33,781 25,933 31,162 35,980 42,959 44,834 37,081 42,312 42,595 25,218
1990–91 ............ 45,065 56,549 42,239 35,636 27,388 32,398 38,036 45,084 47,168 38,787 45,019 45,319 25,937
1991–92 ............ 46,848 58,494 43,814 36,969 33,359 32,843 39,422 46,483 48,401 40,811 47,733 48,042 26,825
1992–93 ............ 47,866 59,972 44,855 37,842 29,583 32,512 39,365 47,175 49,392 40,725 49,518 49,837 27,402
1993–94 ............ 49,579 61,857 46,229 38,794 29,815 34,796 42,251 48,956 50,989 42,938 51,076 51,397 30,783
1994–95 ............ 51,228 64,046 47,705 39,923 30,528 35,082 43,103 50,629 52,874 44,020 52,653 53,036 29,639
1995–96 ............ 52,814 65,949 49,037 40,858 30,940 36,135 44,624 52,163 54,448 45,209 54,364 54,649 33,301
1996–97 ............ 54,465 68,214 50,457 41,864 31,738 36,932 45,688 53,737 56,162 46,393 56,185 56,453 34,736
1997–98 ............ 56,115 70,468 52,041 43,017 33,070 37,481 46,822 55,191 57,744 47,690 58,293 58,576 36,157
1998–99 ............ 58,048 73,260 53,830 44,650 34,741 38,976 47,610 57,038 59,805 48,961 60,392 60,641 38,040
1999–2000 ........ 60,084 76,478 55,939 46,414 35,854 40,202 48,788 58,984 62,030 50,033 62,631 62,905 38,636
2001–02 ............ 64,320 83,356 60,300 50,518 48,844 44,519 48,049 62,835 66,577 52,360 67,871 68,100 33,395
2002–03 ............ 66,126 86,191 62,226 52,441 50,272 45,469 47,412 64,564 68,322 53,962 69,726 69,976 34,291
2003–04 ............ 67,485 88,262 63,466 53,649 50,985 46,214 48,973 65,476 69,248 54,623 72,021 72,250 35,604
2004–05 ............ 69,337 91,290 65,394 55,215 51,380 46,929 50,102 67,130 71,145 55,398 74,318 74,540 34,970
2005–06 ............ 71,569 94,733 67,654 57,099 52,519 48,256 51,811 69,191 73,353 56,858 76,941 77,143 38,215
2006–07 ............ 74,050 98,348 70,077 59,090 55,051 49,487 53,701 71,659 75,890 58,960 79,428 79,599 41,196
2007–08 ............ 76,957 102,605 72,943 61,374 57,134 51,795 56,170 74,394 78,671 61,189 82,734 82,903 42,995
2008–09 ............ 79,718 106,743 75,633 63,710 58,812 53,935 58,404 76,897 81,394 62,868 86,033 86,231 43,871
2009–10 ............ 80,881 108,225 76,400 64,451 59,793 54,947 58,647 77,948 82,423 63,697 87,382 87,546 44,500
2010–11 ............ 81,873 109,656 77,429 65,391 59,851 55,457 58,392 78,609 83,279 63,745 89,000 89,160 44,542
2011–12 ............ 83,150 112,066 78,560 66,303 60,066 56,367 58,807 79,544 84,444 63,918 90,840 90,976 45,250
2012–13 ............ 83,979 113,311 79,423 67,085 59,350 55,759 61,086 80,016 84,700 64,282 92,385 92,530 42,906
2013–14 ............ 85,545 115,466 81,178 68,492 59,777 57,218 61,511 81,703 86,646 65,076 93,898 94,065 44,277
2014–15 ............ 87,199 118,573 82,954 70,260 60,707 58,441 60,310 83,291 88,393 65,513 95,455 96,041 37,389
2015–16 ............ 89,361 121,535 84,781 72,272 62,390 60,428 62,468 85,367 90,464 67,352 98,016 98,466 30,050
2016–17 ............ 92,068 125,303 86,943 74,929 65,282 61,466 64,456 88,083 93,062 68,943 100,859 101,034 51,866
2017–18 ............ 94,229 128,165 88,841 76,714 67,310 63,487 65,017 90,013 95,157 69,907 103,633 103,721 61,840

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 293
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.10. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
academic rank, control and level of institution, and sex: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2017–18–Continued
Academic rank Public institutions Private institutions
Sex and Associate Assistant
academic year All faculty Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer No rank Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Females
1975–76 ............ 14,308 20,308 16,364 13,522 12,572 11,901 14,094 14,762 14,758 14,769 13,030 13,231 10,201
1980–81 ............ 19,996 27,959 22,295 18,302 14,854 16,168 20,843 20,673 20,608 20,778 18,073 18,326 13,892
1982–83 ............ 23,261 32,221 25,738 21,130 17,102 18,830 23,855 23,892 23,876 23,917 21,451 21,785 15,845
1984–85 ............ 25,941 35,824 28,517 23,575 19,362 21,004 26,050 26,566 26,813 26,172 24,186 24,560 17,575
1985–86 ............ 27,576 38,252 30,300 24,966 20,237 22,273 27,171 28,299 28,680 27,693 25,523 25,889 18,504
1987–88 ............ 30,499 42,371 33,528 27,600 21,962 24,370 29,605 31,215 31,820 30,228 28,621 28,946 21,215
1989–90 ............ 34,183 47,663 37,469 31,090 24,320 26,995 32,528 34,796 35,704 33,307 32,650 33,010 24,002
1990–91 ............ 35,881 49,728 39,329 32,724 25,534 28,111 34,179 36,459 37,573 34,720 34,359 34,898 22,585
1991–92 ............ 37,534 51,621 40,766 34,063 28,873 28,550 35,622 37,800 38,634 36,517 36,828 37,309 24,683
1992–93 ............ 38,385 52,755 41,861 35,032 27,700 28,922 35,792 38,356 39,470 36,710 38,460 38,987 25,068
1993–94 ............ 40,058 54,746 43,178 36,169 28,136 31,048 38,474 40,118 41,031 38,707 39,902 40,378 26,142
1994–95 ............ 41,369 56,555 44,626 37,352 29,072 31,677 38,967 41,548 42,663 39,812 40,908 41,815 22,851
1995–96 ............ 42,871 58,318 45,803 38,345 29,940 32,584 41,085 42,871 43,986 41,086 42,871 43,236 30,671
1996–97 ............ 44,325 60,160 47,101 39,350 30,819 33,415 42,474 44,306 45,402 42,531 44,374 44,726 30,661
1997–98 ............ 45,775 61,965 48,597 40,504 32,011 33,918 43,491 45,648 46,709 43,943 46,106 46,466 30,995
1998–99 ............ 47,421 64,236 50,347 41,894 33,152 35,115 44,723 47,247 48,355 45,457 47,874 48,204 31,524
1999–2000 ........ 48,997 67,079 52,091 43,367 34,228 36,607 45,865 48,714 50,168 46,340 49,737 50,052 32,951
2001–02 ............ 52,662 72,542 56,186 46,824 45,262 39,538 45,003 52,123 53,895 49,290 54,149 54,434 32,921
2002–03 ............ 54,105 75,028 57,716 48,380 46,573 40,265 45,251 53,435 55,121 50,717 55,881 56,158 35,296
2003–04 ............ 55,378 76,652 59,095 49,689 47,404 41,536 46,519 54,408 56,117 51,591 57,921 58,192 36,896
2004–05 ............ 56,926 79,160 60,809 51,154 48,351 42,455 47,860 55,780 57,714 52,566 59,919 60,143 39,291
2005–06 ............ 58,665 81,514 62,860 52,901 49,533 43,934 49,172 57,462 59,437 54,082 61,830 62,092 38,786
2006–07 ............ 60,926 84,857 65,131 54,909 51,828 45,505 50,814 59,677 61,713 56,121 64,194 64,428 41,099
2007–08 ............ 63,357 88,340 67,823 57,102 53,929 47,410 52,809 62,138 64,223 58,346 66,538 66,755 43,670
2008–09 ............ 65,662 91,528 70,393 59,291 55,431 49,184 54,663 64,230 66,391 60,195 69,375 69,668 43,344
2009–10 ............ 66,647 92,830 71,017 59,997 56,239 49,957 55,206 65,139 67,276 61,047 70,507 70,746 44,892
2010–11 ............ 67,473 94,041 72,003 60,888 56,566 50,270 54,985 65,632 67,935 61,193 72,091 72,306 45,518
2011–12 ............ 68,468 95,845 73,057 61,763 57,013 50,994 55,299 66,368 68,897 61,417 73,629 73,788 49,382
2012–13 ............ 69,124 96,563 73,966 62,321 56,361 50,963 56,777 66,703 69,083 61,774 74,987 75,149 46,407
2013–14 ............ 70,589 98,374 75,592 63,782 57,043 52,497 57,196 68,335 71,059 62,597 76,127 76,358 44,789
2014–15 ............ 71,792 100,783 77,115 65,009 58,020 52,901 56,616 69,384 72,288 62,971 77,504 78,089 38,841
2015–16 ............ 73,850 103,364 78,977 66,603 59,726 54,825 58,562 71,493 74,378 64,924 79,549 79,959 32,495
2016–17 ............ 76,199 106,881 81,037 68,701 62,277 56,601 59,568 73,826 76,696 66,616 81,976 82,146 53,866
2017–18 ............ 78,051 109,325 82,722 70,264 63,795 58,442 60,908 75,604 78,613 67,768 84,026 84,163 54,319
Constant 2017–18 dollars1
Total
1970–71 ............ $79,385 $112,164 $84,718 $69,806 $58,461 $69,931 $77,034 $80,908 $81,958 $78,976 $72,570 $73,855 $54,116
1975–76 ............ 74,532 101,335 76,352 62,576 61,172 57,742 67,989 75,801 77,850 70,779 71,231 72,107 48,771
1980–81 ............ 66,746 88,088 66,493 54,139 43,475 49,556 63,973 68,014 69,813 63,523 63,283 63,947 43,152
1982–83 ............ 68,752 89,846 68,057 55,758 44,496 50,743 64,609 69,490 71,526 64,634 66,722 67,476 41,953
1984–85 ............ 71,428 93,236 70,250 57,870 47,459 52,395 64,943 71,895 74,517 65,368 70,168 70,958 43,424
1985–86 ............ 73,861 96,380 72,481 59,917 47,698 54,201 66,327 74,677 77,603 67,472 71,603 72,356 44,318
1987–88 ............ 76,889 100,757 75,463 62,352 48,681 55,640 67,540 77,604 81,051 68,990 75,073 75,709 46,838
1989–90 ............ 78,425 103,197 76,978 63,879 48,912 56,651 67,532 78,978 82,786 69,403 77,117 77,808 48,074
1990–91 ............ 78,126 102,906 76,733 63,801 48,789 55,766 67,434 78,407 82,470 68,657 77,426 78,235 44,631
1991–92 ............ 78,727 103,110 77,070 64,174 55,503 54,677 67,833 78,349 81,934 69,944 79,668 80,417 46,091
1992–93 ............ 77,844 102,345 76,504 63,761 49,615 53,173 65,756 76,944 80,979 67,783 80,056 80,827 45,447
1993–94 ............ 78,679 102,920 76,835 63,857 48,920 55,539 68,870 77,925 81,487 69,643 80,547 81,251 48,253
1994–95 ............ 78,874 103,449 77,062 63,935 48,937 54,766 68,011 78,248 82,052 69,453 80,407 81,460 42,253
1995–96 ............ 79,191 103,651 77,033 63,752 48,733 54,822 69,051 78,432 82,182 69,532 81,048 81,615 51,255
1996–97 ............ 79,367 104,085 76,991 63,530 48,706 54,591 69,016 78,545 82,316 69,615 81,370 81,887 50,948
1997–98 ............ 80,287 105,440 77,974 64,171 49,779 54,436 69,445 79,217 83,016 70,444 82,901 83,422 51,533
1998–99 ............ 81,577 107,553 79,283 65,368 50,998 55,522 69,745 80,404 84,368 71,304 84,419 84,875 52,509
1999–2000 ........ 81,913 109,061 79,914 65,923 51,178 55,980 69,457 80,628 84,935 70,704 85,028 85,482 52,653
2001–02 ............ 83,188 112,500 81,771 67,946 65,389 58,203 64,845 81,492 86,351 70,789 87,471 87,848 46,145
2002–03 ............ 83,563 113,725 82,392 68,879 65,815 58,074 63,137 81,771 86,501 71,301 87,928 88,311 47,451
2003–04 ............ 83,440 113,779 82,329 69,065 65,420 58,198 63,635 81,167 85,788 70,769 88,889 89,244 48,429
2004–05 ............ 83,145 114,112 82,269 69,002 64,370 57,619 63,350 80,700 85,499 69,809 88,996 89,308 48,319
2005–06 ............ 82,511 113,728 81,940 68,712 63,446 57,228 62,875 80,000 84,729 69,085 88,551 88,859 48,067
2006–07 ............ 83,235 115,044 82,721 69,379 64,751 57,499 63,423 80,761 85,432 69,840 89,165 89,429 50,003
2007–08 ............ 83,334 115,559 83,017 69,494 64,880 57,886 63,732 80,857 85,387 69,939 89,274 89,519 50,870
2008–09 ............ 85,060 118,291 84,896 71,139 65,792 59,317 65,203 82,343 86,975 71,011 91,538 91,841 50,330
2009–10 ............ 85,428 118,698 84,861 71,260 66,161 59,743 65,030 82,633 87,176 71,283 92,021 92,270 51,229
2010–11 ............ 84,713 117,798 84,293 70,858 65,097 59,015 63,465 81,608 86,256 69,986 91,913 92,139 50,667
2011–12 ............ 83,485 116,766 83,060 69,795 63,622 58,180 62,039 80,136 84,877 68,205 91,088 91,263 52,125
2012–13 ............ 82,881 115,909 82,614 69,362 61,855 56,920 63,012 79,233 83,668 67,468 91,090 91,266 48,239
2013–14 ............ 83,143 116,158 83,100 69,794 61,502 57,622 62,474 79,720 84,372 67,282 91,005 91,229 47,096
2014–15 ............ 84,034 118,283 84,221 70,859 62,072 58,012 61,126 80,526 85,308 67,218 91,843 92,480 40,015
2015–16 ............ 85,624 120,317 85,544 72,247 63,430 59,675 62,836 82,130 86,837 68,748 93,583 94,043 32,590
2016–17 ............ 86,648 121,845 86,143 73,365 65,047 60,095 63,178 83,227 87,737 69,190 94,542 94,730 54,212
2017–18 ............ 86,701 121,764 86,035 73,394 65,351 60,685 62,756 83,211 87,745 68,733 94,818 94,940 57,030

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

294 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.10. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
academic rank, control and level of institution, and sex: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2017–18–Continued
Academic rank Public institutions Private institutions
Sex and Associate Assistant
academic year All faculty Professor professor professor Instructor Lecturer No rank Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Males
1975–76 ............ 77,911 102,466 76,993 63,418 64,561 60,754 70,516 79,019 81,074 73,105 75,095 75,817 50,905
1980–81 ............ 70,174 89,030 67,172 55,073 44,527 52,364 66,367 71,245 73,067 65,780 67,293 67,797 46,045
1982–83 ............ 72,463 90,898 68,919 57,098 45,909 53,657 67,096 72,936 74,984 67,053 71,187 71,745 43,851
1984–85 ............ 75,498 94,470 71,299 59,423 49,638 55,264 67,259 75,634 78,224 67,777 75,137 75,723 45,653
1985–86 ............ 78,198 97,668 73,589 61,780 49,465 57,548 69,015 78,731 81,600 70,135 76,743 77,299 46,544
1987–88 ............ 81,633 102,244 76,730 64,443 50,646 59,229 70,142 82,066 85,459 71,706 80,543 81,002 48,496
1989–90 ............ 83,565 104,839 78,421 66,012 50,676 60,894 70,309 83,947 87,612 72,462 82,684 83,235 49,280
1990–91 ............ 83,499 104,776 78,261 66,027 50,746 60,028 70,474 83,534 87,394 71,866 83,413 83,969 48,056
1991–92 ............ 84,107 105,014 78,660 66,370 59,890 58,964 70,774 83,451 86,895 73,269 85,695 86,250 48,159
1992–93 ............ 83,330 104,407 78,090 65,880 51,502 56,601 68,532 82,128 85,989 70,899 86,208 86,763 47,704
1993–94 ............ 84,134 104,969 78,449 65,832 50,595 59,047 71,698 83,076 86,527 72,864 86,675 87,219 52,239
1994–95 ............ 84,511 105,656 78,699 65,860 50,362 57,874 71,107 83,522 87,225 72,619 86,861 87,493 48,896
1995–96 ............ 84,819 105,914 78,754 65,617 49,690 58,033 71,667 83,773 87,444 72,605 87,308 87,766 53,481
1996–97 ............ 85,044 106,512 78,785 65,369 49,557 57,667 71,339 83,907 87,694 72,439 87,730 88,148 54,238
1997–98 ............ 86,086 108,104 79,835 65,991 50,733 57,499 71,829 84,668 88,585 73,160 89,427 89,861 55,468
1998–99 ............ 87,535 110,475 81,174 67,331 52,389 58,774 71,796 86,012 90,185 73,832 91,070 91,445 57,364
1999–2000 ........ 88,063 112,091 81,988 68,027 52,550 58,922 71,507 86,451 90,916 73,332 91,796 92,197 56,627
2001–02 ............ 89,564 116,070 83,965 70,344 68,013 61,992 66,907 87,495 92,706 72,910 94,508 94,826 46,501
2002–03 ............ 90,098 117,437 84,784 71,452 68,496 61,952 64,600 87,970 93,090 73,524 95,003 95,344 46,722
2003–04 ............ 89,981 117,684 84,623 71,532 67,980 61,619 65,298 87,302 92,331 72,832 96,030 96,334 47,473
2004–05 ............ 89,750 118,166 84,645 71,471 66,506 60,745 64,852 86,893 92,090 71,707 96,197 96,485 45,265
2005–06 ............ 89,241 118,124 84,358 71,197 65,487 60,171 64,604 86,275 91,465 70,897 95,939 96,190 47,651
2006–07 ............ 90,006 119,540 85,178 71,822 66,913 60,150 65,272 87,100 92,243 71,665 96,543 96,751 50,073
2007–08 ............ 90,197 120,258 85,493 71,934 66,964 60,706 65,834 87,194 92,206 71,717 96,969 97,166 50,393
2008–09 ............ 92,147 123,386 87,425 73,643 67,982 62,345 67,510 88,886 94,084 72,670 99,447 99,675 50,711
2009–10 ............ 92,596 123,900 87,466 73,786 68,453 62,905 67,141 89,237 94,360 72,922 100,038 100,226 50,945
2010–11 ............ 91,886 123,068 86,899 73,388 67,171 62,240 65,533 88,222 93,464 71,541 99,885 100,064 49,990
2011–12 ............ 90,663 122,191 85,658 72,294 65,493 61,459 64,120 86,731 92,074 69,694 99,048 99,195 49,339
2012–13 ............ 90,068 121,526 85,181 71,949 63,653 59,802 65,515 85,817 90,841 68,943 99,083 99,238 46,017
2013–14 ............ 90,337 121,933 85,725 72,328 63,125 60,423 64,956 86,279 91,498 68,721 99,157 99,333 46,757
2014–15 ............ 91,417 124,308 86,967 73,658 63,644 61,268 63,227 87,320 92,669 68,682 100,072 100,687 39,198
2015–16 ............ 93,056 126,561 88,287 75,261 64,970 62,926 65,051 88,898 94,204 70,137 102,069 102,537 31,292
2016–17 ............ 94,143 128,127 88,903 76,618 66,753 62,851 65,909 90,069 95,160 70,498 103,132 103,311 53,035
2017–18 ............ 94,229 128,165 88,841 76,714 67,310 63,487 65,017 90,013 95,157 69,907 103,633 103,721 61,840
Females
1975–76 ............ 64,014 90,860 73,214 60,499 56,248 53,244 63,058 66,049 66,031 66,077 58,300 59,196 45,638
1980–81 ............ 57,276 80,085 63,861 52,424 42,547 46,311 59,702 59,215 59,029 59,516 51,768 52,492 39,792
1982–83 ............ 58,804 81,456 65,066 53,417 43,234 47,603 60,306 60,400 60,359 60,463 54,229 55,073 40,057
1984–85 ............ 60,857 84,042 66,900 55,306 45,423 49,275 61,112 62,323 62,902 61,399 56,740 57,617 41,230
1985–86 ............ 62,879 87,223 69,090 56,928 46,145 50,787 61,956 64,528 65,397 63,146 58,198 59,032 42,193
1987–88 ............ 65,328 90,756 71,815 59,118 47,041 52,199 63,412 66,860 68,156 64,746 61,304 62,000 45,441
1989–90 ............ 66,798 93,139 73,219 60,753 47,524 52,753 63,564 67,996 69,771 65,086 63,802 64,506 46,903
1990–91 ............ 66,481 92,139 72,871 60,632 47,310 52,086 63,327 67,553 69,617 64,331 63,661 64,660 41,847
1991–92 ............ 67,385 92,676 73,187 61,153 51,836 51,255 63,953 67,863 69,360 65,560 66,117 66,981 44,314
1992–93 ............ 66,825 91,844 72,876 60,989 48,225 50,352 62,311 66,774 68,714 63,910 66,956 67,873 43,641
1993–94 ............ 67,978 92,902 73,271 61,377 47,746 52,688 65,289 68,079 69,628 65,684 67,713 68,520 44,362
1994–95 ............ 68,246 93,298 73,619 61,619 47,960 52,256 64,283 68,541 70,380 65,677 67,485 68,981 37,697
1995–96 ............ 68,851 93,658 73,559 61,582 48,084 52,330 65,982 68,850 70,641 65,984 68,851 69,437 49,258
1996–97 ............ 69,210 93,936 73,546 61,443 48,123 52,176 66,321 69,181 70,893 66,410 69,287 69,837 47,876
1997–98 ............ 70,223 95,059 74,553 62,136 49,108 52,033 66,719 70,028 71,655 67,413 70,731 71,283 47,550
1998–99 ............ 71,509 96,866 75,923 63,175 49,993 52,953 67,441 71,248 72,918 68,548 72,194 72,691 47,537
1999–2000 ........ 71,813 98,316 76,348 63,562 50,166 53,654 67,223 71,399 73,530 67,919 72,898 73,360 48,295
2001–02 ............ 73,330 101,011 78,237 65,201 63,025 55,055 62,664 72,579 75,047 68,634 75,401 75,798 45,841
2002–03 ............ 73,719 102,227 78,640 65,918 63,457 54,862 61,656 72,807 75,103 69,103 76,139 76,517 48,092
2003–04 ............ 73,838 102,204 78,795 66,253 63,206 55,382 62,026 72,545 74,824 68,789 77,229 77,590 49,196
2004–05 ............ 73,685 102,464 78,711 66,214 62,585 54,954 61,950 72,202 74,705 68,042 77,559 77,849 50,858
2005–06 ............ 73,150 101,641 78,380 65,963 61,764 54,782 61,314 71,650 74,113 67,436 77,097 77,424 48,363
2006–07 ............ 74,054 103,143 79,166 66,741 62,996 55,311 61,764 72,537 75,011 68,215 78,026 78,311 49,956
2007–08 ............ 74,257 103,539 79,492 66,927 63,208 55,567 61,895 72,829 75,273 68,385 77,986 78,241 51,184
2008–09 ............ 75,899 105,799 81,368 68,535 64,073 56,853 63,185 74,244 76,742 69,581 80,191 80,530 50,101
2009–10 ............ 76,300 106,275 81,302 68,687 64,385 57,193 63,201 74,574 77,020 69,889 80,719 80,993 51,394
2010–11 ............ 75,725 105,543 80,810 68,334 63,484 56,418 61,709 73,659 76,244 68,677 80,908 81,149 51,085
2011–12 ............ 74,655 104,505 79,658 67,344 62,165 55,601 60,295 72,364 75,122 66,966 80,282 80,455 53,844
2012–13 ............ 74,135 103,564 79,329 66,840 60,447 54,658 60,894 71,540 74,092 66,253 80,424 80,598 49,772
2013–14 ............ 74,543 103,883 79,826 67,355 60,238 55,438 60,399 72,163 75,039 66,102 80,390 80,634 47,298
2014–15 ............ 75,265 105,659 80,846 68,154 60,827 55,460 59,354 72,740 75,784 66,017 81,253 81,866 40,720
2015–16 ............ 76,903 107,639 82,243 69,358 62,196 57,092 60,983 74,449 77,454 67,609 82,838 83,265 33,839
2016–17 ............ 77,917 109,290 82,864 70,250 63,681 57,877 60,911 75,490 78,425 68,117 83,824 83,998 55,080
2017–18 ............ 78,051 109,325 82,722 70,264 63,795 58,442 60,908 75,604 78,613 67,768 84,026 84,163 54,319
1
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to an academic-year basis. Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Faculty Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe
NOTE: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Data through 1995–96 are Benefits” surveys, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
for institutions of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. System (IPEDS), “Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty
Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV Survey” (IPEDS-SA:87–99); and IPEDS, Winter 2001–02 through Winter 2011–12 and
federal financial aid programs. Data for 1987–88 and later years include imputations for Spring 2013 through Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Salaries section. (This
nonrespondent institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 295
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.20. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
academic rank, sex, and control and level of institution: Selected years, 1999–2000 through 2017–18
Constant
2017–18
dollars1 Current dollars
All faculty Academic rank
All Professor Associate professor No
Academic year, control faculty, Assistant academic
and level of institution total Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females professor Instructor Lecturer rank
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1999–2000
All institutions ................... $81,913 $55,888 $60,084 $48,997 $74,410 $76,478 $67,079 $54,524 $55,939 $52,091 $44,978 $34,918 $38,194 $47,389
Public ............................ 80,628 55,011 58,984 48,714 72,475 74,501 65,568 54,641 55,992 52,305 45,285 35,007 37,403 47,990
4-year ....................... 84,935 57,950 62,030 50,168 75,204 76,530 69,619 55,681 56,776 53,599 45,822 33,528 37,261 40,579
Doctoral2 ................ 91,242 62,253 66,882 52,287 81,182 82,445 74,653 57,744 58,999 55,156 48,190 33,345 38,883 39,350
Master’s3 ................ 77,348 52,773 55,565 48,235 66,588 67,128 64,863 53,048 53,686 51,977 43,396 33,214 34,448 43,052
Other 4-year .......... 70,157 47,867 49,829 44,577 60,360 60,748 59,052 49,567 50,133 48,548 42,306 35,754 36,088 38,330
2-year ....................... 70,704 48,240 50,033 46,340 57,806 59,441 55,501 48,056 49,425 46,711 41,984 37,634 40,061 48,233
Nonprofit ....................... 85,260 58,172 62,788 49,881 78,512 80,557 70,609 54,300 55,836 51,687 44,423 34,670 40,761 41,415
4-year ....................... 85,632 58,425 63,028 50,117 78,604 80,622 70,774 54,388 55,898 51,809 44,502 34,813 40,783 41,761
Doctoral2 ................ 105,342 71,873 77,214 59,586 95,182 96,768 87,342 62,503 63,951 59,536 52,134 39,721 42,693 45,887
Master’s3 ................ 73,095 49,871 52,642 45,718 62,539 63,603 59,353 50,176 51,470 48,165 41,447 33,991 37,923 44,153
Other 4-year .......... 68,558 46,776 48,847 43,544 60,200 60,757 58,364 46,822 47,135 46,365 38,775 31,574 33,058 35,120
2-year ....................... 55,085 37,583 39,933 34,733 39,454 38,431 40,571 36,349 37,342 35,608 31,818 27,696 25,965 40,373
For-profit ....................... 43,301 29,543 30,023 28,942 45,505 44,248 49,693 48,469 53,548 43,389 33,043 29,894 ‡ 27,958
2009–10
All institutions ................... 85,428 74,620 80,881 66,647 103,682 108,225 92,830 74,125 76,400 71,017 62,245 57,791 52,185 56,803
Public ............................ 82,633 72,178 77,948 65,139 99,208 103,746 88,815 73,379 75,687 70,256 62,160 59,310 50,228 55,864
4-year ....................... 87,176 76,147 82,423 67,276 103,948 107,191 95,048 75,251 77,282 72,298 63,442 46,028 50,104 54,005
Doctoral2 ................ 93,705 81,850 89,186 70,307 113,063 115,829 103,793 78,539 80,830 74,963 66,902 44,406 50,313 53,135
Master’s3 ................ 78,127 68,243 71,574 64,239 87,917 88,929 85,883 70,332 71,340 69,036 59,396 44,422 49,746 55,765
Other 4-year .......... 70,067 61,202 63,678 58,349 76,448 79,143 72,073 65,003 66,297 63,338 55,055 54,050 49,432 54,487
2-year ....................... 71,283 62,264 63,697 61,047 72,377 74,423 70,429 60,632 61,565 59,852 54,161 65,503 53,548 56,239
Nonprofit ....................... 92,259 80,587 87,600 70,676 112,146 116,401 101,119 75,565 77,764 72,502 62,395 47,842 57,508 62,242
4-year ....................... 92,432 80,738 87,720 70,834 112,252 116,472 101,290 75,664 77,827 72,642 62,465 47,885 57,520 62,542
Doctoral2 ................ 109,309 95,480 104,514 80,888 134,776 138,354 123,283 85,864 88,699 81,499 71,973 53,825 58,932 66,634
Master’s3 ................ 75,302 65,776 68,776 62,128 82,516 84,062 79,452 66,524 67,508 65,309 55,469 45,305 53,637 60,591
Other 4-year .......... 73,973 64,614 67,178 61,326 84,869 85,528 83,480 64,747 64,949 64,478 53,130 42,145 52,422 52,775
2-year ....................... 52,355 45,731 44,417 46,529 53,063 55,046 51,310 45,768 45,863 45,717 42,706 46,010 32,393 43,562
For-profit ....................... 62,785 54,842 56,689 52,925 79,574 81,765 75,817 71,376 72,429 70,199 66,027 41,742 ‡ 53,705
2016–17
All institutions ................... 86,648 84,737 92,068 76,199 119,159 125,303 106,881 84,244 86,943 81,037 71,748 63,613 58,770 61,785
Public ............................ 83,227 81,392 88,083 73,826 112,823 118,893 101,126 82,984 85,739 79,708 71,632 65,217 56,401 59,984
4-year ....................... 87,737 85,803 93,062 76,696 119,052 123,574 108,840 85,287 87,711 82,220 73,608 56,067 56,423 60,793
Doctoral2 ................ 94,139 92,064 100,435 80,808 128,962 133,014 118,646 89,461 92,111 85,976 77,990 52,210 57,411 61,257
Master’s3 ................ 75,359 73,698 77,084 69,919 93,950 95,341 91,533 76,483 77,552 75,230 65,901 48,444 53,393 57,751
Other 4-year .......... 68,287 66,781 68,402 65,196 79,105 81,771 75,538 68,746 70,074 67,326 59,377 69,412 51,766 60,947
2-year ....................... 69,190 67,664 68,943 66,616 77,670 79,278 76,290 66,125 67,004 65,461 59,115 71,324 55,607 59,614
Nonprofit ....................... 94,963 92,870 101,320 82,301 131,262 137,139 118,664 86,692 89,289 83,608 72,031 54,933 65,947 71,259
4-year ....................... 95,068 92,972 101,406 82,402 131,358 137,207 118,799 86,710 89,303 83,628 72,071 55,043 65,952 71,406
Doctoral2 ................ 110,861 108,417 119,300 93,292 156,720 162,385 142,293 97,465 100,968 93,073 82,842 60,052 67,213 78,541
Master’s3 ................ 75,191 73,534 76,702 70,052 91,852 92,971 89,933 74,041 75,232 72,707 62,480 51,818 60,475 67,514
Other 4-year .......... 74,971 73,318 75,674 70,711 96,433 96,786 95,846 74,403 74,493 74,302 60,000 46,400 63,368 58,078
2-year ....................... 56,697 55,447 53,345 56,637 66,207 64,972 67,158 70,809 67,514 72,250 52,065 48,817 61,460 52,352
For-profit ....................... 60,838 59,497 60,324 58,650 79,138 82,347 70,456 69,171 67,517 70,473 58,623 48,241 87,394 61,656
2017–18
All institutions ................... 86,701 86,701 94,229 78,051 121,764 128,165 109,325 86,035 88,841 82,722 73,394 65,351 60,685 62,756
Public ............................ 83,211 83,211 90,013 75,604 115,206 121,473 103,466 84,890 87,722 81,542 73,418 66,728 58,233 60,602
4-year ....................... 87,745 87,745 95,157 78,613 121,575 126,327 111,209 87,353 89,835 84,227 75,407 58,648 58,166 61,870
Doctoral2 ................ 94,224 94,224 102,837 82,877 131,773 136,136 121,098 91,724 94,505 88,104 79,860 53,139 59,217 61,838
Master’s3 ................ 75,387 75,387 78,867 71,543 96,084 97,492 93,701 78,316 79,311 77,140 67,291 49,813 55,529 58,318
Other 4-year .......... 69,221 69,221 71,004 67,480 80,522 83,116 77,053 70,418 71,962 68,734 61,733 74,278 52,801 62,435
2-year ....................... 68,733 68,733 69,907 67,768 79,200 80,694 77,921 67,404 68,273 66,749 60,340 72,545 60,610 60,007
Nonprofit ....................... 95,194 95,194 104,007 84,373 134,391 140,628 121,389 88,294 91,057 85,034 73,462 58,064 68,197 76,012
4-year ....................... 95,282 95,282 104,088 84,454 134,450 140,665 121,479 88,311 91,069 85,053 73,497 58,183 68,204 76,163
Doctoral2 ................ 110,735 110,735 122,125 95,358 160,220 166,428 145,010 99,182 102,853 94,636 84,079 63,987 69,753 81,822
Master’s3 ................ 74,640 74,640 77,929 71,074 92,541 93,749 90,537 74,409 75,698 72,958 63,318 53,879 62,123 76,162
Other 4-year .......... 74,668 74,668 76,856 72,279 98,123 98,002 98,324 75,517 75,714 75,302 61,131 47,886 63,604 59,106
2-year ....................... 57,039 57,039 54,468 58,676 70,019 71,602 68,984 72,127 71,674 72,362 54,995 50,491 62,508 52,523
For-profit ....................... 56,155 56,155 59,043 53,543 70,020 69,939 70,218 65,084 62,200 67,616 53,762 49,334 108,443 57,206

‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). NOTE: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Degree-granting institutions
1
Constant dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.
Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, adjusted to an academic-year basis. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
3
Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Salaries, Tenure, and Fringe
during the previous academic year. This definition differs from the definition of master’s Benefits of Full-Time Instructional Faculty Survey” (IPEDS-SA:99); and IPEDS, Winter
institutions that is used in some Digest tables that present postsecondary finance data. 2009–10, Spring 2017, and Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Salaries section.
(This table was prepared November 2018.)

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296 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.30. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by
control and level of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18
[In current dollars]

Public institutions Nonprofit institutions

All 4-year institutions 4-year institutions For-profit
insti- insti-
State or jurisdiction tutions Total Total Doctoral Master’s
1 2
Other 2-year Total Total Doctoral Master’s
1 2
Other 2-year tutions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
United States ................. $86,701 $83,211 $87,745 $94,224 $75,387 $69,221 $68,733 $95,194 $95,282 $110,735 $74,640 $74,668 $57,039 $56,155
Alabama ................................. 72,167 74,350 80,468 87,562 64,825 73,236 54,603 58,509 58,509 62,411 53,586 55,169 † 62,270
Alaska .................................... 82,491 83,508 83,508 86,189 81,961 † † 53,368 53,072 † 53,072 † ‡ †
Arizona ................................... 84,944 86,332 89,564 90,937 79,561 48,414 68,673 72,489 72,489 † 72,489 † † 56,578
Arkansas ................................ 63,044 63,594 69,379 75,075 57,018 62,597 46,829 59,965 59,952 66,258 62,139 55,791 ‡ †
California ................................ 105,504 102,910 108,819 119,736 87,358 96,667 92,577 115,245 115,245 125,495 85,778 100,935 † 75,124
Colorado ................................. 78,455 75,832 79,255 86,238 62,219 65,951 59,431 91,209 91,209 93,757 87,022 76,947 † 46,960
Connecticut ............................ 104,525 95,096 100,316 110,267 89,458 † 77,491 113,554 113,554 121,387 98,588 85,724 † 60,615
Delaware ................................ 103,108 103,774 103,774 111,014 † 69,503 † 75,646 82,798 † 82,798 † 46,016 ‡
District of Columbia ................ 117,213 82,418 82,418 127,045 76,558 † † 120,414 120,414 120,970 71,932 † † 69,876
Florida .................................... 81,273 80,278 80,726 94,529 77,483 60,983 58,759 84,379 84,379 98,256 75,572 64,631 † 51,994
Georgia ................................... 77,458 76,212 77,474 83,962 63,770 58,418 48,457 81,571 81,722 104,721 69,231 60,661 74,948 65,217
Hawaii .................................... 89,453 90,957 98,707 101,800 † 77,607 74,071 78,961 78,961 † 75,446 107,605 † †
Idaho ...................................... 67,824 68,382 71,340 72,987 † 54,476 55,620 61,427 61,427 † 56,074 65,728 † †
Illinois ..................................... 91,514 84,701 88,393 91,399 74,561 † 78,143 100,240 100,284 116,624 71,178 64,634 40,985 62,203
Indiana ................................... 83,119 82,915 87,902 94,677 67,905 54,584 51,614 83,523 83,523 94,512 66,049 72,000 † †
Iowa ....................................... 77,927 84,578 94,873 98,490 76,834 † 61,132 66,828 66,828 74,241 59,191 71,708 † 45,761
Kansas ................................... 69,327 71,987 78,798 83,846 62,119 † 55,136 52,663 52,663 55,121 56,315 45,571 † 67,506
Kentucky ................................ 68,190 70,047 75,573 78,927 60,844 † 52,908 61,119 61,119 65,580 54,261 64,621 † 43,222
Louisiana ................................ 68,635 64,852 70,572 79,025 58,695 50,444 44,626 84,378 84,378 92,438 56,637 57,092 † †
Maine ..................................... 75,806 72,076 76,967 82,113 62,874 63,854 57,080 81,830 82,260 68,929 54,864 97,924 56,613 †
Maryland ................................ 84,268 84,390 89,718 93,146 77,957 † 73,698 83,926 83,926 95,101 74,149 72,564 † 66,673
Massachusetts ....................... 109,773 90,244 97,616 105,951 84,570 57,874 67,076 119,052 119,056 131,561 95,763 94,942 ‡ 57,240
Michigan ................................ 92,728 96,327 99,437 102,099 82,411 81,944 78,810 71,040 71,040 90,641 69,142 67,168 † †
Minnesota ............................... 81,488 83,591 91,049 108,231 79,048 65,173 69,919 76,954 76,954 77,055 69,458 80,168 † 33,333
Mississippi .............................. 61,964 62,139 68,798 70,522 56,435 † 52,268 60,434 60,434 66,858 60,514 44,844 † 63,980
Missouri ................................. 75,869 70,391 73,931 82,229 62,307 † 59,304 85,446 85,446 100,691 65,483 57,593 † 51,716
Montana ................................. 67,375 70,148 72,685 77,106 62,930 56,992 52,506 52,417 53,256 † 53,301 53,232 41,696 †
Nebraska ................................ 77,331 79,768 83,975 90,248 66,676 † 61,143 69,257 69,257 86,491 57,743 58,526 † †
Nevada ................................... 85,824 86,035 86,834 92,443 † 71,542 75,232 79,781 79,781 ‡ 74,412 † † 45,895
New Hampshire ...................... 97,902 89,697 96,522 105,622 81,611 85,808 62,159 108,900 108,900 145,214 72,641 75,768 † †
New Jersey ............................. 107,662 104,623 112,573 116,568 102,025 † 76,645 114,824 114,824 131,702 84,187 73,843 † 69,458
New Mexico ............................ 67,168 67,170 73,202 78,467 64,529 48,592 53,086 67,849 67,849 † 67,849 † † 61,125
New York ................................ 98,056 87,712 91,405 104,532 85,188 75,902 79,672 107,761 107,841 117,819 81,864 88,874 70,954 44,337
North Carolina ......................... 78,963 74,907 86,376 89,657 73,760 75,460 51,478 89,928 90,267 109,878 61,079 65,651 42,569 68,692
North Dakota .......................... 69,327 71,386 73,125 80,991 61,730 53,689 57,738 57,066 57,066 60,101 † 50,827 † †
Ohio ........................................ 81,193 83,615 87,883 90,598 64,875 68,973 65,386 75,724 75,742 81,757 67,432 74,979 40,000 151,517
Oklahoma ............................... 68,554 67,743 72,298 79,771 61,942 47,456 48,985 72,294 72,294 85,181 60,842 38,514 † 44,667
Oregon ................................... 79,014 79,411 83,030 87,252 63,868 68,429 71,760 77,630 77,630 79,272 56,188 81,277 † †
Pennsylvania .......................... 92,443 89,525 93,725 101,374 87,179 75,639 65,647 95,588 95,884 110,685 75,680 84,291 51,950 50,768
Rhode Island ........................... 100,078 82,132 87,568 94,825 72,578 † 62,747 112,199 112,199 140,137 91,570 † † †
South Carolina ........................ 70,124 72,497 82,532 95,649 71,070 59,983 49,594 62,584 62,774 66,547 64,893 57,038 51,579 46,219
South Dakota .......................... 65,212 66,866 68,923 70,549 69,148 45,856 57,915 57,111 57,111 † 59,170 44,343 † 62,793
Tennessee .............................. 77,204 72,901 78,803 80,392 67,113 † 53,309 86,448 86,448 104,949 66,018 50,042 † 66,939
Texas ...................................... 80,852 78,694 85,913 91,276 69,621 57,656 61,315 91,074 91,190 104,924 72,199 58,253 38,005 59,458
Utah ....................................... 78,206 78,035 79,854 92,205 69,900 60,352 58,697 81,242 81,242 113,406 72,112 † † ‡
Vermont .................................. 80,432 80,202 80,202 88,888 61,607 58,508 † 80,657 80,657 † 83,755 54,471 † †
Virginia ................................... 84,295 86,577 91,885 95,549 72,808 73,425 64,324 76,845 76,860 85,994 58,814 66,382 ‡ 47,425
Washington ............................. 81,250 81,574 83,190 100,104 83,695 62,688 61,983 80,041 80,041 86,151 65,729 81,343 † ‡
West Virginia ........................... 63,854 65,330 68,181 76,127 55,766 56,478 47,252 51,362 51,362 53,394 50,774 50,419 † †
Wisconsin ............................... 77,722 79,299 79,473 91,991 63,065 77,405 78,840 71,345 71,345 79,692 62,643 67,168 † †
Wyoming ................................ 73,473 73,473 86,529 86,529 † † 58,316 † † † † † † †
U.S. Service Academies .......... 116,438 116,438 116,438 † † 116,438 † † † † † † † †

Other jurisdictions ......... 57,586 61,446 67,872 † 74,220 48,731 35,742 34,416 34,416 40,796 37,866 16,457 † 15,547
American Samoa .................... 30,932 30,932 30,932 † † 30,932 † † † † † † † †
Federated States of
Micronesia ........................ 26,114 26,114 † † † † 26,114 † † † † † † †
Guam ..................................... 66,961 66,961 71,204 † 71,204 † 56,590 † † † † † † †
Marshall Islands ...................... † † † † † † † † † † † † † †
Northern Marianas .................. 51,667 51,667 51,667 † † 51,667 † † † † † † † †
Palau ...................................... † † † † † † † † † † † † † †
Puerto Rico ............................. 59,530 66,093 71,262 † 76,160 54,942 33,512 34,416 34,416 40,796 37,866 16,457 † 15,547
U.S. Virgin Islands ................... 67,458 67,458 67,458 † 67,458 † † † † † † † † †

†Not applicable. NOTE: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Degree-granting institutions
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.
1
Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions.
2
Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
during the previous academic year. This definition differs from the definition of master’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Human Resources
institutions that is used in some Digest tables that present postsecondary finance data. component, Salaries section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

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 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 297
Faculty Salaries and Benefit

Table 316.50. Average salary of full-time instructional faculty on 9-month contracts in 4-year degree-granting postsecondary institutions,
by control and classification of institution, academic rank of faculty, and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18
[In current dollars]

Public doctoral1 Public master’s2 Nonprofit doctoral1 Nonprofit master’s2

Associate Assistant Associate Assistant Associate Assistant Associate Assistant
State or jurisdiction Professor professor professor Professor professor professor Professor professor professor Professor professor professor
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ................. $131,773 $91,724 $79,860 $96,084 $78,316 $67,291 $160,220 $99,182 $84,079 $92,541 $74,409 $63,318
Alabama ................................. 127,963 90,856 75,108 82,673 68,604 61,421 100,337 72,443 40,898 63,483 56,626 49,023
Alaska .................................... 106,345 88,890 73,501 104,446 87,974 69,597 † † † 64,878 49,771 46,676
Arizona ................................... 130,847 94,930 81,729 131,474 97,006 71,886 † † † 102,855 70,699 68,672
Arkansas ................................ 107,859 80,126 70,406 72,821 63,958 55,849 80,637 67,795 61,052 71,905 60,683 57,892
California ................................ 157,398 107,063 91,776 106,717 90,993 81,007 171,805 108,564 92,503 102,760 81,946 71,902
Colorado ................................. 115,388 89,432 76,717 81,100 66,664 57,438 132,631 94,973 83,105 114,440 86,141 66,741
Connecticut ............................ 151,296 102,494 83,685 104,568 87,063 69,382 181,457 97,588 86,608 138,079 99,941 82,461
Delaware ................................ 147,967 103,107 89,469 † † † † † † 100,360 81,706 74,641
District of Columbia ................ 155,545 104,516 97,513 104,665 75,418 62,592 173,091 111,491 91,435 87,320 69,942 68,769
Florida .................................... 131,375 92,378 82,227 109,385 85,990 68,717 134,981 94,032 78,552 97,164 79,770 67,048
Georgia ................................... 119,699 85,441 74,284 78,536 66,423 59,495 145,659 95,690 85,360 78,808 62,834 54,896
Hawaii .................................... 128,644 97,622 85,128 † † † † † † 88,534 80,218 72,564
Idaho ...................................... 94,465 77,181 69,354 † † † † † † 65,028 53,955 50,839
Illinois ..................................... 125,265 88,026 83,950 96,061 77,937 67,823 179,415 102,779 88,936 85,279 71,370 61,549
Indiana ................................... 133,168 91,958 82,484 89,351 72,386 64,648 142,812 90,094 73,813 82,727 66,339 56,538
Iowa ....................................... 135,139 96,032 83,677 92,063 74,385 65,659 90,865 73,290 61,825 69,674 59,679 53,855
Kansas ................................... 115,684 82,458 72,060 75,885 65,820 59,130 65,640 53,748 50,240 65,025 59,224 52,881
Kentucky ................................ 110,730 79,024 70,024 78,394 66,073 56,327 80,053 64,439 55,239 62,905 55,209 49,231
Louisiana ................................ 110,756 77,970 72,734 75,294 62,221 56,855 130,762 83,586 83,056 58,577 58,435 55,342
Maine ..................................... 107,197 82,956 65,380 77,668 63,024 52,310 94,402 76,102 63,547 67,458 57,908 49,334
Maryland ................................ 134,805 96,312 80,993 94,669 76,275 69,760 139,776 100,333 100,010 89,574 72,223 62,298
Massachusetts ....................... 147,087 108,171 89,875 101,968 81,056 69,212 187,894 112,953 99,508 125,028 91,110 75,986
Michigan ................................ 138,423 96,272 83,290 97,251 83,582 72,314 110,994 88,732 77,298 80,136 68,350 61,349
Minnesota ............................... 145,639 97,959 88,853 93,801 78,599 67,629 98,667 78,709 65,050 81,113 67,740 61,630
Mississippi .............................. 100,816 76,706 67,330 69,918 61,569 52,390 82,978 67,743 60,965 75,074 60,668 57,678
Missouri ................................. 110,036 77,445 69,587 79,598 64,923 56,816 147,955 91,239 78,982 83,260 66,082 57,684
Montana ................................. 95,841 74,738 69,213 76,954 68,105 57,828 † † † 63,367 52,573 48,494
Nebraska ................................ 120,381 87,614 84,981 81,613 67,494 57,686 117,998 84,867 70,194 66,278 57,492 52,192
Nevada ................................... 130,632 95,142 74,618 † † † † † ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
New Hampshire ...................... 133,295 103,394 83,522 96,382 79,452 66,440 190,058 120,522 96,399 91,889 74,796 65,767
New Jersey ............................. 160,011 110,435 88,365 126,826 100,460 82,485 194,639 104,405 95,071 102,656 90,177 69,710
New Mexico ............................ 104,166 75,615 70,507 77,832 70,460 62,013 † † † ‡ ‡ 38,486
New York ................................ 136,296 97,611 83,120 110,336 85,039 72,010 168,067 106,382 88,621 100,633 80,507 69,956
North Carolina ......................... 126,889 86,784 78,502 94,385 75,736 68,976 162,917 98,133 75,308 72,081 62,291 56,331
North Dakota .......................... 106,453 83,595 71,641 80,945 63,356 55,741 71,134 64,383 55,754 † † †
Ohio ........................................ 123,955 89,065 78,875 77,729 65,037 61,901 111,762 79,992 72,858 80,057 66,151 57,953
Oklahoma ............................... 109,542 80,060 73,369 81,130 65,528 57,161 105,174 79,730 76,703 70,498 61,836 54,522
Oregon ................................... 125,660 92,971 80,833 79,862 67,892 54,421 102,534 79,796 65,343 64,651 58,340 51,981
Pennsylvania .......................... 144,186 100,818 82,896 111,553 90,748 72,485 159,612 100,108 87,310 94,625 77,057 65,536
Rhode Island ........................... 124,230 90,450 84,447 82,779 73,051 62,218 181,167 120,354 98,358 118,595 89,048 75,400
South Carolina ........................ 133,119 93,900 87,330 89,755 72,439 63,724 69,828 66,204 58,204 81,361 65,849 57,267
South Dakota .......................... 95,456 78,771 69,939 91,645 70,306 66,612 † † † 68,849 61,866 54,836
Tennessee .............................. 109,870 80,751 70,847 83,192 67,464 58,894 148,018 92,959 77,979 81,797 66,043 58,151
Texas ...................................... 133,214 92,012 78,114 93,992 76,894 67,683 146,520 97,766 86,205 89,628 73,246 62,593
Utah ....................................... 124,297 87,970 79,559 89,441 72,923 65,367 151,842 108,014 75,936 86,851 76,225 53,748
Vermont .................................. 119,777 90,970 76,024 73,468 56,466 49,459 † † † 104,727 78,247 71,211
Virginia ................................... 134,731 93,926 78,577 91,869 75,410 65,869 116,475 85,452 67,866 72,986 60,238 54,085
Washington ............................. 132,222 99,693 91,672 106,057 90,523 78,855 115,080 86,756 71,398 80,141 67,044 62,885
West Virginia ........................... 97,879 75,870 67,924 65,943 58,848 50,837 66,654 56,344 49,806 59,998 57,205 47,373
Wisconsin ............................... 120,857 82,647 78,930 74,621 63,929 62,503 105,740 82,221 71,965 75,641 63,648 56,714
Wyoming ................................ 118,002 82,290 79,942 † † † † † † † † †
U.S. Service Academies .......... † † † † † † † † † † † †

Other jurisdictions ......... † † † 84,828 72,306 60,962 † † 49,789 † † 48,321

American Samoa .................... † † † † † † † † † † † †
Federated States of
Micronesia ........................ † † † † † † † † † † † †
Guam ..................................... † † † 94,653 74,108 57,834 † † † † † †
Marshall Islands ...................... † † † † † † † † † † † †
Northern Marianas .................. † † † † † † † † † † † †
Palau ...................................... † † † † † † † † † † † †
Puerto Rico ............................. † † † 83,765 72,036 63,110 † † 49,789 † † 48,321
U.S. Virgin Islands ................... † † † 87,266 69,755 59,146 † † † † † †

†Not applicable. NOTE: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Degree-granting institutions
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.
1
Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions.
2
Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
during the previous academic year. This definition differs from the definition of master’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Human Resources
institutions that is used in some Digest tables that present postsecondary finance data. component, Salaries section. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

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298 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
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Table 316.80. Percentage of degree-granting postsecondary institutions with a tenure system and of full-time faculty with tenure at these
institutions, by control and level of institution and selected characteristics of faculty: Selected years, 1993–94 through
2017–18
Public institutions Nonprofit institutions
All 4-year institutions 4-year institutions For-profit
Selected characteristic and insti- insti-
academic year tutions Total Total Doctoral1 Master’s2 Other 2-year Total Total Doctoral1 Master’s2 Other 2-year tutions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Percent of institutions with a
tenure system
1993–94 ...................................... 62.6 73.6 92.6 100.0 98.3 76.4 62.1 62.0 66.3 90.5 76.5 58.3 26.1 7.8
1999–2000 .................................. 55.0 72.8 94.6 100.0 95.5 86.3 60.3 59.0 63.4 81.2 72.6 54.9 14.0 4.0
2003–04 ...................................... 52.7 71.3 90.9 100.0 98.0 70.9 59.4 57.9 61.2 86.6 71.6 49.5 14.4 3.6
2005–06 ...................................... 50.9 71.5 90.9 99.5 98.0 71.6 59.4 56.5 59.8 85.1 67.1 49.2 11.5 2.0
2007–08 ...................................... 49.5 70.7 91.0 100.0 98.6 70.1 57.4 57.5 60.2 81.3 64.2 45.4 13.0 1.4
2009–10 ...................................... 47.8 71.2 90.9 99.6 98.5 71.3 57.7 57.1 59.5 80.6 64.4 44.6 12.9 1.5
2011–12 ...................................... 45.3 71.6 90.8 99.6 98.5 70.5 57.8 55.6 58.6 79.5 64.0 42.7 8.0 1.3
2013–14 ...................................... 49.3 74.6 95.8 99.6 98.1 86.6 58.9 59.7 61.8 79.6 63.2 49.0 12.5 1.2
2015–16 ...................................... 51.9 74.8 95.2 99.6 97.6 85.7 58.9 57.7 60.6 79.8 60.8 47.0 7.5 1.3
2016–17 ...................................... 54.4 74.6 94.6 99.6 97.2 85.0 58.0 58.8 61.5 79.3 61.1 48.8 9.2 1.5
2017–18 ...................................... 55.1 74.7 94.5 99.6 96.8 85.7 57.7 58.3 60.6 80.2 59.4 46.9 7.8 1.6
Faculty with tenure at institutions
with a tenure system
Percent of all full–time faculty3
1993–94 ...................................... 56.2 58.9 56.3 54.5 60.5 51.1 69.9 49.5 49.5 47.6 51.8 50.4 47.9 33.8
1999–2000 .................................. 53.7 55.9 53.2 50.4 59.1 54.7 67.7 48.2 48.1 43.4 52.3 53.5 59.7 77.4
2003–04 ...................................... 50.4 53.0 50.2 48.9 52.9 51.2 65.2 44.6 44.6 40.1 48.7 51.9 47.7 69.2
2005–06 ...................................... 49.6 51.5 48.7 47.2 52.3 49.1 64.1 45.1 45.1 40.7 49.1 52.5 45.2 69.3
2007–08 ...................................... 48.8 50.5 47.8 45.9 52.7 49.5 63.6 44.7 44.7 41.0 50.5 53.1 41.3 51.3
2009–10 ...................................... 48.7 50.6 47.8 45.7 53.6 51.3 64.1 44.3 44.3 40.4 50.5 54.1 38.5 51.0
2011–12 ...................................... 48.5 50.7 48.0 45.8 54.3 53.4 64.7 43.7 43.7 39.7 50.7 54.3 31.4 31.0
2013–14 ...................................... 48.3 50.4 47.3 44.9 55.4 52.2 67.2 43.8 43.8 39.5 51.7 55.9 31.5 19.8
2015–16 ...................................... 47.2 49.3 46.6 44.2 54.7 53.5 65.0 42.8 42.8 38.6 51.6 55.6 33.9 17.0
2016–17 ...................................... 46.4 48.2 45.8 43.3 53.4 56.9 63.6 42.4 42.4 38.3 51.1 55.4 32.2 17.2
2017–18 ...................................... 45.6 47.3 44.9 42.4 52.7 56.1 63.2 41.8 41.8 37.9 50.7 55.0 27.2 17.6
Percent of full–time instructional
faculty only
2016–17
Total ...................................... 48.8 50.7 48.5 46.6 53.6 56.9 63.6 44.9 44.9 41.6 51.1 55.5 32.2 17.2
Male . ................................ 54.7 56.4 55.1 53.8 59.4 60.3 65.7 51.2 51.3 48.5 56.8 60.9 37.2 20.0
Female ............................... 41.7 43.9 40.0 36.9 47.1 53.8 61.8 36.9 37.0 32.2 45.0 49.5 29.4 14.8
Professor ............................... 90.2 91.4 91.5 89.9 98.1 96.4 90.8 87.8 87.8 85.2 93.0 96.0 78.8 62.2
Male . ................................ 90.7 92.0 92.0 90.7 98.1 96.7 92.0 88.2 88.2 86.1 93.0 95.9 84.6 71.1
Female ............................... 89.1 90.2 90.3 87.8 97.9 95.9 89.8 86.9 86.9 82.9 92.9 96.3 75.0 51.4
Associate professor ............... 75.8 79.4 79.7 76.8 90.0 87.4 75.4 69.1 69.1 62.8 77.8 87.6 54.7 41.6
Male . ................................ 76.2 79.9 80.1 77.5 90.0 88.0 77.1 68.9 68.9 63.1 77.7 86.9 75.0 34.3
Female ............................... 75.4 78.6 79.1 75.9 89.9 86.7 74.1 69.3 69.4 62.3 77.8 88.3 47.9 47.6
Assistant professor ............... 5.5 7.1 4.0 1.7 8.9 23.3 44.1 2.6 2.6 1.6 5.5 3.9 9.8 ‡
Male . ................................ 5.4 6.7 3.8 1.6 9.0 24.0 47.1 2.9 2.8 1.8 5.8 4.5 11.5 ‡
Female ............................... 5.7 7.5 4.2 1.8 8.7 22.8 41.9 2.4 2.4 1.3 5.2 3.3 8.6 †
Instructor .............................. 26.4 32.4 8.4 0.5 2.0 41.3 56.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 † 3.4
Lecturer ............................... 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.1 3.5 8.3 25.9 0.2 0.2 0.1 ‡ 1.5 † †
No academic rank ................ 29.4 36.9 22.0 1.9 2.6 59.5 65.8 4.8 4.6 1.9 22.0 1.8 34.5 †
2017–18
Total ...................................... 48.0 49.7 47.5 45.5 52.9 56.1 63.2 44.4 44.4 41.2 50.7 55.0 27.2 17.6
Male . ................................ 54.0 55.6 54.2 52.8 58.8 59.5 65.5 50.8 50.8 48.2 56.4 60.5 32.9 20.1
Female ............................... 40.9 42.9 39.2 36.0 46.4 52.8 61.3 36.4 36.4 32.0 44.7 49.0 24.0 15.3
Professor ............................... 89.7 90.9 90.9 89.1 98.2 96.2 90.6 87.5 87.5 85.0 92.7 95.9 60.9 70.7
Male . ................................ 90.2 91.4 91.4 90.0 98.1 96.5 91.6 87.9 87.9 85.9 92.7 95.8 77.8 74.5
Female ............................... 88.6 89.7 89.6 86.8 98.3 95.7 89.8 86.6 86.6 82.7 92.8 95.9 50.0 65.7
Associate professor ............... 75.0 78.4 78.6 75.6 89.6 86.4 75.1 68.6 68.6 62.5 77.7 87.6 52.7 41.5
Male . ................................ 75.5 79.1 79.2 76.4 89.8 86.3 77.4 68.6 68.6 63.0 77.7 86.7 71.4 37.5
Female ............................... 74.4 77.4 77.9 74.4 89.4 86.5 73.4 68.6 68.7 61.8 77.8 88.6 46.3 45.5
Assistant professor ............... 5.1 6.5 3.5 1.3 8.3 21.9 44.0 2.5 2.5 1.7 5.4 2.8 † †
Male . ................................ 5.0 6.3 3.5 1.3 8.6 22.8 47.0 2.6 2.6 1.7 5.7 3.3 † †
Female ............................... 5.2 6.8 3.6 1.4 8.0 21.1 41.7 2.4 2.4 1.6 5.2 2.4 † †
Instructor .............................. 25.6 31.3 9.5 0.6 1.5 45.3 55.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.1 † 3.6
Lecturer ............................... 1.7 2.2 1.6 1.0 3.2 5.7 28.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 ‡ 1.7 † †
No academic rank ................ 28.4 35.6 21.3 1.2 6.9 56.6 65.3 4.8 4.6 2.1 21.0 1.5 41.4 †

†Not applicable. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate
‡Reporting standards not met (too few cases). in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent
1
Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
during the previous academic year. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Fall Staff Survey”
3
Includes instructional, research, and public service faculty. (IPEDS-S:93–99); and IPEDS Winter 2003–04 through Winter 2011–12 and Spring 2014
through Spring 2018, Human Resources component, Fall Staff section. (This table was
prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 299
Institutions

Table 317.10. Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and level of institution: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2017–18
All institutions Public Private
Nonprofit For-profit
4-year, 2-year,
Year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total total total Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Excluding branch campuses
1949–50 ....................................... 1,851 1,327 524 641 344 297 1,210 983 227 — — — — — —
1959–60 ....................................... 2,004 1,422 582 695 367 328 1,309 1,055 254 — — — — — —
1969–70 ....................................... 2,525 1,639 886 1,060 426 634 1,465 1,213 252 — — — — — —
1979–80 ....................................... 2,975 1,863 1,112 1,310 464 846 1,665 1,399 266 — — — — — —
1980–81 ....................................... 3,056 1,861 1,195 1,334 465 869 1,722 1,396 326 1 — — — — — —
1981–82 ....................................... 3,083 1,883 1,200 1,340 471 869 1,743 1,412 331 1 — — — — — —
1982–83 ....................................... 3,111 1,887 1,224 1,336 472 864 1,775 1,415 360 1 — — — — — —
1983–84 ....................................... 3,117 1,914 1,203 1,325 474 851 1,792 1,440 352 — — — — — —
1984–85 ....................................... 3,146 1,911 1,235 1,329 461 868 1,817 1,450 367 — — — — — —
1985–86 ....................................... 3,155 1,915 1,240 1,326 461 865 1,829 1,454 375 — — — — — —

Including branch campuses

1974–75 ....................................... 3,004 1,866 1,138 1,433 537 896 1,571 1,329 242 — — — — — —
1975–76 ....................................... 3,026 1,898 1,128 1,442 545 897 1,584 1,353 231 — — — — — —
1976–77 ....................................... 3,046 1,913 1,133 1,455 550 905 1,591 1,363 228 1,536 1,348 188 55 15 40
1977–78 ....................................... 3,095 1,938 1,157 1,473 552 921 1,622 1,386 236 — — — — — —
1978–79 ....................................... 3,134 1,941 1,193 1,474 550 924 1,660 1,391 269 1,564 1,376 188 96 15 81

1979–80 ....................................... 3,152 1,957 1,195 1,475 549 926 1,677 1,408 269 — — — — — —
1980–81 ....................................... 3,231 1,957 1,274 1,497 552 945 1,734 1,405 329 1 1,569 1,387 182 165 18 147
1981–82 ....................................... 3,253 1,979 1,274 1,498 558 940 1,755 1,421 334 1 — — — — — —
1982–83 ....................................... 3,280 1,984 1,296 1,493 560 933 1,787 1,424 363 1 — — — — — —
1983–84 ....................................... 3,284 2,013 1,271 1,481 565 916 1,803 1,448 355 — — — — — —
1984–85 ....................................... 3,331 2,025 1,306 1,501 566 935 1,830 1,459 371 1,616 1,430 186 214 29 185
1985–86 ....................................... 3,340 2,029 1,311 1,498 566 932 1,842 1,463 379 — — — — — —
1986–87 ....................................... 3,406 2,070 1,336 1,533 573 960 1,873 1,497 376 1,635 1,462 173 238 35 203
1987–88 ....................................... 3,587 2,135 1,452 1,591 599 992 1,996 1,536 460 1,673 1,487 186 323 49 274
1988–89 ....................................... 3,565 2,129 1,436 1,582 598 984 1,983 1,531 452 1,658 1,478 180 325 53 272
1989–90 ....................................... 3,535 2,127 1,408 1,563 595 968 1,972 1,532 440 1,656 1,479 177 316 53 263
1990–91 ....................................... 3,559 2,141 1,418 1,567 595 972 1,992 1,546 446 1,649 1,482 167 343 64 279
1991–92 ....................................... 3,601 2,157 1,444 1,598 599 999 2,003 1,558 445 1,662 1,486 176 341 72 269
1992–93 ....................................... 3,638 2,169 1,469 1,624 600 1,024 2,014 1,569 445 1,672 1,493 179 342 76 266
1993–94 ....................................... 3,632 2,190 1,442 1,625 604 1,021 2,007 1,586 421 1,687 1,506 181 320 80 240
1994–95 ....................................... 3,688 2,215 1,473 1,641 605 1,036 2,047 1,610 437 1,702 1,510 192 345 100 245
1995–96 ....................................... 3,706 2,244 1,462 1,655 608 1,047 2,051 1,636 415 1,706 1,519 187 345 117 228
1996–97 ....................................... 4,009 2,267 1,742 1,702 614 1,088 2,307 1,653 654 1,693 1,509 184 614 144 470
1997–98 ....................................... 4,064 2,309 1,755 1,707 615 1,092 2,357 1,694 663 1,707 1,528 179 650 166 484
1998–99 ....................................... 4,048 2,335 1,713 1,681 612 1,069 2,367 1,723 644 1,695 1,531 164 672 192 480
1999–2000 ................................... 4,084 2,363 1,721 1,682 614 1,068 2,402 1,749 653 1,681 1,531 150 721 218 503
2000–01 ....................................... 4,182 2,450 1,732 1,698 622 1,076 2,484 1,828 656 1,695 1,551 144 789 277 512
2001–02 ....................................... 4,197 2,487 1,710 1,713 628 1,085 2,484 1,859 625 1,676 1,541 135 808 318 490
2002–03 ....................................... 4,168 2,466 1,702 1,712 631 1,081 2,456 1,835 621 1,665 1,538 127 791 297 494
2003–04 ....................................... 4,236 2,530 1,706 1,720 634 1,086 2,516 1,896 620 1,664 1,546 118 852 350 502
2004–05 ....................................... 4,216 2,533 1,683 1,700 639 1,061 2,516 1,894 622 1,637 1,525 112 879 369 510
2005–06 ....................................... 4,276 2,582 1,694 1,693 640 1,053 2,583 1,942 641 1,647 1,534 113 936 408 528
2006–07 ....................................... 4,314 2,629 1,685 1,688 643 1,045 2,626 1,986 640 1,640 1,533 107 986 453 533
2007–08 ....................................... 4,352 2,675 1,677 1,685 653 1,032 2,667 2,022 645 1,624 1,532 92 1,043 490 553
2008–09 ....................................... 4,409 2,719 1,690 1,676 652 1,024 2,733 2,067 666 1,629 1,537 92 1,104 530 574
2009–10 ....................................... 4,495 2,774 1,721 1,672 672 1,000 2,823 2,102 721 1,624 1,539 85 1,199 563 636
2010–11 ....................................... 4,599 2,870 1,729 1,656 678 978 2,943 2,192 751 1,630 1,543 87 1,313 649 664
2011–12 ....................................... 4,706 2,968 1,738 1,649 682 967 3,057 2,286 771 1,653 1,553 100 1,404 733 671
2012–13 ....................................... 4,726 3,026 1,700 1,623 689 934 3,103 2,337 766 1,652 1,555 97 1,451 782 669
2013–14 ....................................... 4,724 3,039 1,685 1,625 691 934 3,099 2,348 751 1,675 1,587 88 1,424 761 663
2014–15 ....................................... 4,627 3,011 1,616 1,621 701 920 3,006 2,310 696 1,672 1,584 88 1,334 726 608
2015–16 ....................................... 4,583 3,004 1,579 1,620 710 910 2,963 2,294 669 1,701 1,594 107 1,262 700 562
2016–17 ....................................... 4,360 2,832 1,528 1,623 737 886 2,737 2,095 642 1,682 1,581 101 1,055 514 541
2017–18 ....................................... 4,313 2,828 1,485 1,626 750 876 2,687 2,078 609 1,689 1,590 99 998 488 510

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
1
Large increases are due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting Education Directory, Colleges and Universities, 1949–50 through 1965–66; Higher
Commission of Career Schools and Colleges of Technology. Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Institutional Characteristics of Colleges
NOTE: Data through 1995–96 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are and Universities” surveys, 1966–67 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher Data System (IPEDS), “Institutional Characteristics Survey”(IPEDS-IC:86–99); and IPEDS
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Changes in counts of Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was
institutions over time are partly affected by increasing or decreasing numbers of institutions prepared April 2019.)
submitting separate data for branch campuses.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 317.20. Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18

300 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Institutions
Public 4-year institutions Nonprofit 4-year institutions For-profit institutions
All
All Research Doctoral/ non- Research Doctoral/
public univer- Research research profit univer- Research research
institu- sity, very univer- univer- Bacca- Special Public institu- sity, very univer- univer- Bacca- Special Nonprofit
State or jurisdiction Total tions Total high1 sity, high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year tions Total high1 sity, high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
United States .......... 4,313 1,626 750 81 74 38 271 234 52 876 1,689 1,590 34 30 54 413 462 597 99 998 488 510
Alabama .......................... 72 40 14 1 4 0 8 1 0 26 21 21 0 0 0 4 12 5 0 11 7 4
Alaska ............................. 8 4 4 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
Arizona ............................ 78 30 10 2 1 2 2 1 2 20 11 11 0 0 0 2 2 7 0 37 21 16
Arkansas ......................... 53 33 11 1 0 1 6 2 1 22 17 13 0 0 0 2 9 2 4 3 2 1
California ......................... 441 151 49 8 2 3 18 16 2 102 149 143 3 1 9 31 23 76 6 141 77 64
Colorado .......................... 79 28 17 2 3 0 6 6 0 11 15 12 0 1 0 3 3 5 3 36 19 17
Connecticut ..................... 43 22 10 1 0 0 4 5 0 12 18 18 1 0 1 8 4 4 0 3 3 0
Delaware ......................... 8 3 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 4 3 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
District of Columbia ......... 19 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 12 12 2 3 0 2 0 5 0 5 4 1
Florida ............................. 201 43 42 5 2 1 4 30 0 1 70 62 1 2 1 14 21 23 8 88 37 51
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Georgia ........................... 123 52 29 3 1 4 9 11 1 23 40 36 1 1 1 5 19 9 4 31 12 19

Hawaii ............................. 20 10 4 1 0 0 1 2 0 6 6 6 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 4 3 1
Idaho ............................... 17 8 4 0 1 2 0 1 0 4 6 6 0 0 0 1 3 2 0 3 2 1
Illinois .............................. 171 60 12 2 3 0 7 0 0 48 83 80 2 2 4 19 16 37 3 28 16 12
Indiana ............................ 80 15 14 2 2 1 7 2 0 1 41 40 1 0 1 11 16 11 1 24 13 11
Iowa ................................ 62 19 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 16 34 34 0 0 0 9 15 10 0 9 7 2
Kansas ............................ 69 33 8 2 1 0 4 0 1 25 24 24 0 0 0 6 13 5 0 12 7 5
Kentucky ......................... 67 24 8 2 0 0 5 1 0 16 25 25 0 0 2 7 9 7 0 18 10 8
Louisiana ......................... 60 32 17 1 2 2 8 1 3 15 14 12 1 0 0 3 4 4 2 14 1 13
Maine .............................. 31 15 8 0 1 0 1 6 0 7 13 11 0 0 0 4 6 1 2 3 2 1
Maryland ......................... 56 29 13 1 1 2 7 1 1 16 19 19 1 0 0 6 4 8 0 8 3 5
Massachusetts ................ 116 31 15 1 3 0 7 1 3 16 79 77 7 1 4 18 18 29 2 6 3 3
Michigan ......................... 94 46 21 3 3 2 6 7 0 25 40 40 0 0 1 10 13 16 0 8 4 4
Minnesota ....................... 95 43 12 1 0 0 8 2 1 31 36 35 0 0 2 8 11 14 1 16 14 2
Mississippi ...................... 38 23 8 1 3 0 4 0 0 15 9 9 0 0 0 3 4 2 0 6 1 5
Missouri .......................... 115 27 13 1 3 0 6 3 0 14 53 51 1 1 2 13 10 24 2 35 16 19
Montana .......................... 23 17 7 0 2 0 1 3 1 10 5 4 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 1 0 1
Nebraska ......................... 41 16 7 1 0 1 4 0 1 9 19 17 0 0 0 6 6 5 2 6 4 2
Nevada ............................ 24 7 6 0 2 0 0 4 0 1 5 4 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 12 5 7
New Hampshire ............... 25 13 6 0 1 0 2 2 1 7 12 11 0 1 0 5 4 1 1 0 0 0
New Jersey ..................... 75 32 13 1 2 2 8 0 0 19 31 31 1 1 1 10 2 16 0 12 9 3
New Mexico .................... 42 28 9 1 1 0 4 1 2 19 3 3 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 11 8 3
New York ......................... 301 79 43 4 1 1 23 10 4 36 186 173 5 5 7 37 26 93 13 36 22 14
North Carolina ................. 144 75 16 2 4 0 8 1 1 59 50 49 1 1 1 10 24 12 1 19 10 9
North Dakota ................... 20 14 9 0 2 0 1 4 2 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0
Ohio ................................ 185 60 35 2 7 1 1 21 3 25 74 69 1 1 2 20 22 23 5 51 16 35
Oklahoma ........................ 59 30 17 1 1 0 8 5 2 13 14 13 0 1 0 6 3 3 1 15 6 9
Oregon ............................ 57 26 9 2 1 0 4 1 1 17 25 24 0 0 0 7 5 12 1 6 4 2
Pennsylvania ................... 239 62 45 3 0 1 16 23 2 17 118 105 2 3 4 33 33 30 13 59 9 50
Rhode Island ................... 13 3 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 10 10 1 0 0 5 1 3 0 0 0 0
South Carolina ................. 73 33 13 2 0 0 6 4 1 20 22 21 0 0 0 7 13 1 1 18 8 10
South Dakota .................. 23 12 7 0 2 0 3 0 2 5 7 7 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 4 4 0
Tennessee ....................... 100 23 10 1 1 4 3 0 1 13 47 44 1 0 3 13 11 16 3 30 12 18
Texas ............................... 261 108 47 7 4 8 16 4 8 61 71 64 1 3 1 18 18 23 7 82 33 49
Utah ................................ 32 8 7 1 1 0 3 2 0 1 11 10 0 1 0 3 3 3 1 13 12 1

See notes at end of table.

 Table 317.20. Degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by control and classification of institution and state or jurisdiction: 2017–18—Continued

Public 4-year institutions Nonprofit 4-year institutions For-profit institutions

All
All Research Doctoral/ non- Research Doctoral/
public univer- Research research profit univer- Research research
institu- sity, very univer- univer- Bacca- Special Public institu- sity, very univer- univer- Bacca- Special Nonprofit
State or jurisdiction Total tions Total high1 sity, high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year tions Total high1 sity, high2 sity3 Master’s4 laureate5 focus6 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Vermont .......................... 23 6 5 0 1 0 1 3 0 1 16 16 0 0 0 6 8 2 0 1 1 0
Virginia ............................ 122 40 16 4 2 0 7 2 1 24 45 42 0 0 3 6 16 17 3 37 20 17
Washington ..................... 80 43 35 2 0 0 6 26 1 8 25 21 0 0 1 10 4 6 4 12 9 3
West Virginia ................... 44 22 13 1 0 0 3 8 1 9 10 10 0 0 0 3 4 3 0 12 3 9
Wisconsin ........................ 76 33 16 2 0 0 9 5 0 17 34 34 0 1 2 10 12 9 0 9 7 2
Wyoming ......................... 10 8 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 7 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
U.S. Service Academies .... 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 † † † † † † † † † † † †

Other jurisdictions .... 89 17 9 0 0 0 3 4 2 8 51 46 0 0 3 13 12 18 5 21 11 10

American Samoa ............. 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Federated States of
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Micronesia ................ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guam .............................. 3 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Marshall Islands .............. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern Marianas .......... 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Palau ............................... 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Puerto Rico ...................... 80 9 5 0 0 0 1 2 2 4 50 45 0 0 3 13 12 17 5 21 11 10
U.S. Virgin Islands ............ 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

†Not applicable. 6
Four-year institutions that award degrees primarily in single fields of study, such as medicine, business, fine arts, theology,
1
Research universities with a very high level of research activity. and engineering.
2
Research universities with a high level of research activity. NOTE: Branch campuses are counted as separate institutions. Relative levels of research activity for research universities
3
Institutions that award at least 20 research/scholarship doctor’s degrees per year, but did not have a high level of research were determined by an analysis of research and development expenditures, science and engineering research staffing,
activity. and doctoral degrees conferred, by field. Further information on the research index ranking may be obtained from http://
4
Institutions that award at least 50 master’s degrees and fewer than 20 doctor’s degrees per year. carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV
5
Institutions that primarily emphasize undergraduate education. In addition to institutions that primarily award bachelor’s federal financial aid programs.
degrees, also includes institutions classified as 4-year in the IPEDS system, but classified as 2-year baccalaureate/associate’s SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
colleges in the Carnegie Classification system because they primarily award associate’s degrees. System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 301

Institutions
302 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Institutions

Table 317.40. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions and enrollment in these institutions, by enrollment size, control, and
classification of institution: Fall 2017
Number of institutions, by enrollment size of institution1
1,000 to 2,500 to 5,000 to 10,000 to 20,000 to 30,000 or
Control and classification of institution Total Under 200 200 to 499 500 to 999 2,499 4,999 9,999 19,999 29,999 more
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Total ............................................................ 4,298 687 619 501 822 610 498 340 120 101
Research university, very high2 ............................ 115 0 0 0 1 0 4 21 33 56
Research university, high3 .................................... 104 0 0 0 1 3 24 45 23 8
Doctoral/research university4 ............................... 109 0 6 2 10 16 27 29 11 8
Master’s5 ............................................................. 742 14 17 36 173 216 176 84 14 12
Baccalaureate6 .................................................... 849 72 117 154 311 108 43 31 6 7
Special-focus7 4-year .......................................... 899 360 216 157 110 40 12 3 1 0
2-year ................................................................. 1,480 241 263 152 216 227 212 127 32 10

Public .................................................................. 1,626 14 39 69 294 357 380 284 106 83

Research university, very high2 ......................... 81 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 26 51
Research university, high3 ................................ 74 0 0 0 0 0 12 34 21 7
Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 38 0 0 0 1 1 5 19 9 3
Master’s5 .......................................................... 271 0 1 0 16 58 105 73 12 6
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 234 0 4 20 65 63 41 29 6 6
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 52 3 9 11 14 11 4 0 0 0
Arts, music, or design ................................... 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Business and management ........................... 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 6 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 25 1 0 5 6 10 3 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 5 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Tribal colleges .............................................. 10 1 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 0
Other special focus ....................................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 876 11 25 38 198 224 212 126 32 10
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 336 1 7 5 57 70 99 70 20 7
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 302 0 1 16 76 75 77 43 11 3
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 212 2 4 16 61 79 36 13 1 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 26 8 13 1 4 0 0 0 0 0
Health professions .................................... 5 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Tribal colleges ........................................... 17 8 8 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0

Private nonprofit .................................................. 1,687 328 248 244 461 229 104 51 11 11
Research university, very high2 ......................... 34 0 0 0 1 0 3 18 7 5
Research university, high3 ................................ 30 0 0 0 1 3 12 11 2 1
Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 54 0 1 1 7 13 20 9 2 1
Master’s5 .......................................................... 413 7 6 27 145 154 62 9 0 3
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 461 23 54 111 232 39 0 1 0 1
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 597 258 146 91 73 20 7 2 0 0
Arts, music, or design ................................... 57 14 14 13 12 1 2 1 0 0
Business and management ........................... 21 6 3 4 3 4 1 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 6 1 2 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Faith-related ................................................. 300 190 76 22 9 2 1 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 21 4 5 8 4 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 30 3 2 5 11 9 0 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 133 30 36 32 31 2 2 0 0 0
Tribal colleges .............................................. 5 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other special focus ....................................... 24 10 6 3 2 2 1 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 98 40 41 14 2 0 0 1 0 0
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 9 1 1 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 14 5 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 71 34 31 5 0 0 0 1 0 0
Health professions .................................... 29 14 11 3 0 0 0 1 0 0
Tribal colleges ........................................... 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 40 19 19 2 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private for-profit .................................................. 985 345 332 188 67 24 14 5 3 7

Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 17 0 5 1 2 2 2 1 0 4
Master’s5 .......................................................... 58 7 10 9 12 4 9 2 2 3
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 154 49 59 23 14 6 2 1 0 0
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 250 99 61 55 23 9 1 1 1 0
Arts, music, or design ....................................... 63 20 17 18 5 2 0 1 0 0
Business and management ........................... 52 27 10 6 5 3 1 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 7 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 6 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 114 44 27 26 12 4 0 0 1 0
Other special focus ....................................... 6 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 506 190 197 100 16 3 0 0 0 0
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 5 3 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 154 56 60 32 5 1 0 0 0 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 345 130 135 68 11 1 0 0 0 0
Health professions .................................... 231 77 91 55 7 1 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 114 53 44 13 4 0 0 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 303
Institutions

Table 317.40. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions and enrollment in these institutions, by enrollment size, control, and
classification of institution: Fall 2017—Continued
Enrollment, by enrollment size of institution
1,000 to 2,500 to 5,000 to 10,000 to 20,000 to 30,000 or
Control and classification of institution Total Under 200 200 to 499 500 to 999 2,499 4,999 9,999 19,999 29,999 more
1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Total ............................................................ 19,765,598 71,097 206,404 363,936 1,377,551 2,165,922 3,548,425 4,699,722 2,958,258 4,374,283
Research university, very high2 ............................ 3,478,145 0 0 0 2,238 0 28,690 305,673 842,859 2,298,685
Research university, high3 .................................... 1,692,499 0 0 0 1,913 13,126 186,210 651,501 570,530 269,219
Doctoral/research university4 ............................... 1,381,369 0 2,352 1,485 18,509 62,722 205,737 377,915 255,929 456,720
Master’s5 ............................................................. 4,393,610 1,556 5,997 27,740 314,594 768,982 1,228,747 1,134,755 328,783 582,456
Baccalaureate6 .................................................... 2,211,990 8,129 39,991 116,254 502,677 371,796 298,389 430,787 155,210 288,757
Special-focus7 4-year .......................................... 666,027 35,988 70,379 110,279 169,759 131,227 81,942 39,354 27,099 0
2-year ................................................................. 5,941,958 25,424 87,685 108,178 367,861 818,069 1,518,710 1,759,737 777,848 478,446

Public .................................................................. 14,560,155 1,864 14,117 54,516 506,686 1,283,877 2,713,802 3,948,751 2,628,244 3,408,298
Research university, very high2 ......................... 2,844,803 0 0 0 0 0 7,674 54,812 675,371 2,106,946
Research university, high3 ................................ 1,366,233 0 0 0 0 0 98,917 506,884 525,547 234,885
Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 628,300 0 0 0 2,213 3,490 42,998 259,326 211,820 108,453
Master’s5 .......................................................... 2,487,434 0 387 0 31,666 215,977 734,506 979,758 282,448 242,692
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 1,433,586 0 1,919 15,312 107,975 224,493 285,004 406,797 155,210 236,876
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 93,121 341 3,140 8,326 21,118 34,203 25,993 0 0 0
Arts, music, or design ................................... 3,078 0 0 0 3,078 0 0 0 0 0
Business and management ........................... 327 0 327 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 3,387 0 0 609 0 2,778 0 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 2,825 195 1,026 576 1,028 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 63,586 35 0 4,578 10,150 31,425 17,398 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 3,621 0 1,242 0 2,379 0 0 0 0 0
Tribal colleges .............................................. 7,702 111 545 2,563 4,483 0 0 0 0 0
Other special focus ....................................... 8,595 0 0 0 0 0 8,595 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 5,706,678 1,523 8,671 30,878 343,714 805,714 1,518,710 1,741,174 777,848 478,446
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 2,901,287 54 2,444 4,069 102,604 255,000 717,240 1,005,414 482,814 331,648
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 1,945,571 0 420 13,356 128,753 261,414 552,519 571,935 270,376 146,798
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 845,035 210 1,675 12,746 103,670 289,300 248,951 163,825 24,658 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 14,785 1,259 4,132 707 8,687 0 0 0 0 0
Health professions .................................... 3,613 0 1,320 0 2,293 0 0 0 0 0
Tribal colleges ........................................... 5,700 1,259 2,495 0 1,946 0 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 5,472 0 317 707 4,448 0 0 0 0 0

Private nonprofit .................................................. 4,106,477 33,142 80,865 178,787 771,468 797,620 730,443 680,970 256,580 576,602
Research university, very high2 ......................... 633,342 0 0 0 2,238 0 21,016 250,861 167,488 191,739
Research university, high3 ................................ 326,266 0 0 0 1,913 13,126 87,293 144,617 44,983 34,334
Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 442,414 0 267 957 13,791 50,479 149,966 107,801 44,109 75,044
Master’s5 .......................................................... 1,596,806 773 2,525 20,902 263,446 541,045 425,083 119,428 0 223,604
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 668,707 2,796 19,057 85,140 373,610 124,205 0 12,018 0 51,881
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 390,552 25,610 46,192 62,274 112,944 68,765 47,085 27,682 0 0
Arts, music, or design ................................... 63,158 1,521 4,675 8,629 19,725 3,648 11,797 13,163 0 0
Business and management ........................... 32,130 499 1,062 2,709 5,756 14,233 7,871 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 18,237 98 639 736 2,245 0 0 14,519 0 0
Faith-related ................................................. 85,020 18,423 23,084 14,219 16,651 6,164 6,479 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 12,763 484 1,660 6,089 4,530 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 53,319 492 532 3,367 16,554 32,374 0 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 104,345 3,195 12,192 21,905 45,211 6,029 15,813 0 0 0
Tribal colleges .............................................. 2,557 0 600 1,957 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other special focus ....................................... 19,023 898 1,748 2,663 2,272 6,317 5,125 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 48,390 3,963 12,824 9,514 3,526 0 0 18,563 0 0
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 5,142 47 294 4,801 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 4,423 0 265 632 3,526 0 0 0 0 0
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 4,318 748 2,728 842 0 0 0 0 0 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 34,507 3,168 9,537 3,239 0 0 0 18,563 0 0
Health professions .................................... 24,971 1,403 3,248 1,757 0 0 0 18,563 0 0
Tribal colleges ........................................... 465 90 375 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 9,071 1,675 5,914 1,482 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private for-profit .................................................. 1,098,966 36,091 111,422 130,633 99,397 84,425 104,180 70,001 73,434 389,383
Doctoral/research university4 ............................ 310,655 0 2,085 528 2,505 8,753 12,773 10,788 0 273,223
Master’s5 .......................................................... 309,370 783 3,085 6,838 19,482 11,960 69,158 35,569 46,335 116,160
Baccalaureate6 ................................................. 109,697 5,333 19,015 15,802 21,092 23,098 13,385 11,972 0 0
Special-focus7 4-year ....................................... 182,354 10,037 21,047 39,679 35,697 28,259 8,864 11,672 27,099 0
Arts, music, or design ....................................... 47,745 1,444 6,145 13,141 8,010 7,333 0 11,672 0 0
Business and management ........................... 37,743 2,670 3,281 4,572 8,329 10,027 8,864 0 0 0
Engineering and other technology-related ..... 3,417 222 696 1,372 1,127 0 0 0 0 0
Law .............................................................. 2,147 328 1,255 564 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medical schools and centers ......................... 878 99 0 779 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other health professions ............................... 88,555 4,906 9,023 18,397 18,231 10,899 0 0 27,099 0
Other special focus ....................................... 1,869 368 647 854 0 0 0 0 0 0
2-year .............................................................. 186,890 19,938 66,190 67,786 20,621 12,355 0 0 0 0
High transfer institutions8 ............................. 474 117 357 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mixed transfer/career and technical
institutions9 ............................................ 5,329 220 423 0 0 4,686 0 0 0 0
High career and technical institutions10 ......... 58,369 6,208 20,124 21,502 5,834 4,701 0 0 0 0
Special-focus7 2-year ................................... 122,718 13,393 45,286 46,284 14,787 2,968 0 0 0 0
Health professions .................................... 86,864 7,793 31,336 36,379 8,388 2,968 0 0 0 0
Other programs ......................................... 35,854 5,600 13,950 9,905 6,399 0 0 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

304 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Institutions

Table 317.40. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions and enrollment in these institutions, by enrollment size, control, and
classification of institution: Fall 2017—Continued

1
Excludes institutions with no enrollment reported separately from the enrollment of an 8
Institutions that award less than 30 percent of their awards in career and technical
associated main campus. programs.
2
Research universities with a very high level of research activity. 9
Institutions that award 30 to 49 percent of their awards in career and technical programs.
3
Research universities with a high level of research activity. 10
Institutions that award 50 percent or more of their awards in career and technical
4
Institutions that award at least 20 research/scholarship doctor’s degrees per year, but programs.
did not have a high level of research activity. NOTE: Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate
5
Institutions that award at least 50 master’s degrees and fewer than 20 doctor’s degrees in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Relative levels of research activity for research
per year. universities were determined by an analysis of research and development expenditures,
6
Institutions that primarily emphasize undergraduate education. In addition to institutions science and engineering research staffing, and doctoral degrees conferred, by field.
that primarily award bachelor’s degrees, also includes institutions classified as 4-year in the Further information on the research index ranking may be obtained from http://
IPEDS system, but classified as 2-year baccalaureate/associate’s colleges in the Carnegie carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/.
Classification system because they primarily award associate’s degrees. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
7
Institutions that award degrees primarily in single fields of study, such as medicine, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment
business, fine arts, theology, and engineering. component. (This table was prepared November 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 305
Institutions

Table 317.50. Number of degree-granting postsecondary institutions that have closed, by control and level of institution: 1969–70 through
2017–18
Private
All institutions Public Total Nonprofit For-profit
Year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year Total 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1969–70 ............................. 24 10 14 5 1 4 19 9 10 — — — — — —
1970–71 ............................. 35 10 25 11 0 11 24 10 14 — — — — — —
1971–72 ............................. 14 5 9 3 0 3 11 5 6 — — — — — —
1972–73 ............................. 21 12 9 4 0 4 17 12 5 — — — — — —
1973–74 ............................. 20 12 8 1 0 1 19 12 7 — — — — — —

1974–75 ............................. 18 13 5 4 0 4 14 13 1 — — — — — —
1975–76 ............................. 9 7 2 2 1 1 7 6 1 — — — — — —
1976–77 ............................. 9 6 3 0 0 0 9 6 3 — — — — — —
1977–78 ............................. 12 9 3 0 0 0 12 9 3 — — — — — —
1978–79 ............................. 9 4 5 0 0 0 9 4 5 — — — — — —

1979–80 ............................. 6 5 1 0 0 0 6 5 1 — — — — — —
1980–81 ............................. 4 3 1 0 0 0 4 3 1 — — — — — —
1981–82 ............................. 7 6 1 0 0 0 7 6 1 — — — — — —
1982–83 ............................. 7 4 3 0 0 0 7 4 3 — — — — — —
1983–84 ............................. 5 5 0 1 1 0 4 4 0 — — — — — —

1984–85 ............................. 4 4 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 — — — — — —
1985–86 ............................. 12 8 4 1 1 0 11 7 4 — — — — — —
1986–87 and 1987–88 ........ 26 19 7 1 0 1 25 19 6 — — — — — —
1988–89 ............................. 14 6 8 0 0 0 14 6 8 — — — — — —
1989–90 ............................. 19 8 11 0 0 0 19 8 11 — — — — — —

1990–91 ............................. 18 6 12 0 0 0 18 6 12 7 5 2 11 1 10
1991–92 ............................. 26 8 18 1 0 1 25 8 17 8 7 1 17 1 16
1992–93 ............................. 23 6 17 0 0 0 23 6 17 6 5 1 17 1 16
1993–94 ............................. 38 11 27 1 0 1 37 11 26 13 10 3 24 1 23
1994–95 ............................. 15 8 7 2 0 2 13 8 5 8 7 1 5 1 4

1995–96 ............................. 21 8 13 1 1 0 20 7 13 9 7 2 11 0 11
1996–97 ............................. 36 13 23 2 0 2 34 13 21 14 10 4 20 3 17
1997–98 ............................. 5 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 5 1 0 1 4 0 4
1998–99 ............................. 7 1 6 1 0 1 6 1 5 2 0 2 4 1 3
1999–2000 ......................... 16 3 13 3 0 3 13 3 10 8 3 5 5 0 5

2000–01 ............................. 14 9 5 0 0 0 14 9 5 8 8 0 6 1 5
2001–02 ............................. 14 2 12 0 0 0 14 2 12 1 1 0 13 1 12
2002–03 ............................. 13 7 6 0 0 0 13 7 6 6 6 0 7 1 6
2003–04 ............................. 12 5 7 0 0 0 12 5 7 8 5 3 4 0 4
2004–05 ............................. 3 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 2 1 1 0 2 0 2
2005–06 ............................. 11 6 5 1 1 0 10 5 5 5 4 1 5 1 4
2006–07 ............................. 13 4 9 0 0 0 13 4 9 6 4 2 7 0 7
2007–08 ............................. 26 10 16 0 0 0 26 10 16 9 6 3 17 4 13
2008–09 ............................. 16 6 10 0 0 0 16 6 10 6 5 1 10 1 9
2009–10 ............................. 17 11 6 0 0 0 17 11 6 9 9 0 8 2 6
2010–11 ............................. 20 9 11 0 0 0 20 9 11 7 6 1 13 3 10
2011–12 ............................. 10 5 5 4 0 4 6 5 1 2 2 0 4 3 1
2012–13 ............................. 21 3 18 1 1 0 20 2 18 4 2 2 16 0 16
2013–14 ............................. 20 8 12 1 1 0 19 7 12 4 3 1 15 4 11
2014–15 ............................. 54 7 47 0 0 0 54 7 47 5 3 2 49 4 45
2015–16 ............................. 66 24 42 0 0 0 66 24 42 8 5 3 58 19 39
2016–17 ............................. 112 65 47 0 0 0 112 65 47 20 12 8 92 53 39
2017–18 ............................. 86 39 47 1 0 1 85 39 46 17 12 5 68 27 41

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
NOTE: This table indicates the year by which the institution no longer operated (generally Education Directory, Higher Education, 1969–70 through 1974–75; Education Directory,
it closed at the end of or during the prior year). Data through 1995–96 are for institutions Colleges and Universities, 1975–76 through 1985–86; 1982–83 Supplement to the
of higher education, while later data are for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting Education Directory, Colleges and Universities; Integrated Postsecondary Education
institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid Data System (IPEDS), “Institutional Characteristics Survey” (IPEDS-IC:86–99); and IPEDS
programs. The degree-granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was
classification, but it includes more 2-year colleges and excludes a few higher education prepared June 2019.)
institutions that did not grant degrees.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

306 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.10. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and sex of student: Selected years, 1869–70 through
2028–29
Associate’s degrees Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Year Total Males Females female Total Males Females female Total Males Females female Total Males Females female
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1869–70 ........... — — — — 9,371 2 7,993 2 1,378 2 14.7 0 0 0 — 1 1 0 0.0
1879–80 ........... — — — — 12,896 2 10,411 2 2,485 2 19.3 879 868 11 1.3 54 51 3 5.6
1889–90 ........... — — — — 15,539 2 12,857 2 2,682 2 17.3 1,015 821 194 19.1 149 147 2 1.3
1899–1900 ....... — — — — 27,410 2 22,173 2 5,237 2 19.1 1,583 1,280 303 19.1 382 359 23 6.0
1909–10 ........... — — — — 37,199 2 28,762 2 8,437 2 22.7 2,113 1,555 558 26.4 443 399 44 9.9
1919–20 ........... — — — — 48,622 2 31,980 2 16,642 2 34.2 4,279 2,985 1,294 30.2 615 522 93 15.1
1929–30 ........... — — — — 122,484 2 73,615 2 48,869 2 39.9 14,969 8,925 6,044 40.4 2,299 1,946 353 15.4
1939–40 ........... — — — — 186,500 2 109,546 2 76,954 2 41.3 26,731 16,508 10,223 38.2 3,290 2,861 429 13.0
1949–50 ........... — — — — 432,058 2 328,841 2 103,217 2 23.9 58,183 41,220 16,963 29.2 6,420 5,804 616 9.6
1959–60 ........... — — — — 392,440 2 254,063 2 138,377 2 35.3 74,435 50,898 23,537 31.6 9,829 8,801 1,028 10.5
1969–70 ........... 206,023 117,432 88,591 43.0 792,316 451,097 341,219 43.1 213,589 130,799 82,790 38.8 59,486 53,792 5,694 9.6
1979–80 ........... 400,910 183,737 217,173 54.2 929,417 473,611 455,806 49.0 305,196 156,882 148,314 48.6 95,631 69,526 26,105 27.3
1980–81 ........... 416,377 188,638 227,739 54.7 935,140 469,883 465,257 49.8 302,637 152,979 149,658 49.5 98,016 69,567 28,449 29.0
1981–82 ........... 434,526 196,944 237,582 54.7 952,998 473,364 479,634 50.3 302,447 151,349 151,098 50.0 97,838 68,630 29,208 29.9
1982–83 ........... 449,620 203,991 245,629 54.6 969,510 479,140 490,370 50.6 296,415 150,092 146,323 49.4 99,335 67,757 31,578 31.8
1983–84 ........... 452,240 202,704 249,536 55.2 974,309 482,319 491,990 50.5 291,141 149,268 141,873 48.7 100,799 67,769 33,030 32.8
1984–85 ........... 454,712 202,932 251,780 55.4 979,477 482,528 496,949 50.7 293,472 149,276 144,196 49.1 100,785 66,269 34,516 34.2
1985–86 ........... 446,047 196,166 249,881 56.0 987,823 485,923 501,900 50.8 295,850 149,373 146,477 49.5 100,280 65,215 35,065 35.0
1986–87 ........... 436,304 190,839 245,465 56.3 991,264 480,782 510,482 51.5 296,530 147,063 149,467 50.4 98,477 62,790 35,687 36.2
1987–88 ........... 435,085 190,047 245,038 56.3 994,829 477,203 517,626 52.0 305,783 150,243 155,540 50.9 99,139 63,019 36,120 36.4
1988–89 ........... 436,764 186,316 250,448 57.3 1,018,755 483,346 535,409 52.6 316,626 153,993 162,633 51.4 100,571 63,055 37,516 37.3
1989–90 ........... 455,102 191,195 263,907 58.0 1,051,344 491,696 559,648 53.2 330,152 158,052 172,100 52.1 103,508 63,963 39,545 38.2
1990–91 ........... 481,720 198,634 283,086 58.8 1,094,538 504,045 590,493 53.9 342,863 160,842 182,021 53.1 105,547 64,242 41,305 39.1
1991–92 ........... 504,231 207,481 296,750 58.9 1,136,553 520,811 615,742 54.2 358,089 165,867 192,222 53.7 109,554 66,603 42,951 39.2
1992–93 ........... 514,756 211,964 302,792 58.8 1,165,178 532,881 632,297 54.3 375,032 173,354 201,678 53.8 112,072 67,130 44,942 40.1
1993–94 ........... 530,632 215,261 315,371 59.4 1,169,275 532,422 636,853 54.5 393,037 180,571 212,466 54.1 112,636 66,773 45,863 40.7
1994–95 ........... 539,691 218,352 321,339 59.5 1,160,134 526,131 634,003 54.6 403,609 183,043 220,566 54.6 114,266 67,324 46,942 41.1
1995–96 ........... 555,216 219,514 335,702 60.5 1,164,792 522,454 642,338 55.1 412,180 183,481 228,699 55.5 115,507 67,189 48,318 41.8
1996–97 ........... 571,226 223,948 347,278 60.8 1,172,879 520,515 652,364 55.6 425,260 185,270 239,990 56.4 118,747 68,387 50,360 42.4
1997–98 ........... 558,555 217,613 340,942 61.0 1,184,406 519,956 664,450 56.1 436,037 188,718 247,319 56.7 118,735 67,232 51,503 43.4
1998–99 ........... 564,984 220,508 344,476 61.0 1,202,239 519,961 682,278 56.8 446,038 190,230 255,808 57.4 116,700 65,340 51,360 44.0
1999–2000 ....... 564,933 224,721 340,212 60.2 1,237,875 530,367 707,508 57.2 463,185 196,129 267,056 57.7 118,736 64,930 53,806 45.3
2000–01 ........... 578,865 231,645 347,220 60.0 1,244,171 531,840 712,331 57.3 473,502 197,770 275,732 58.2 119,585 64,171 55,414 46.3
2001–02 ........... 595,133 238,109 357,024 60.0 1,291,900 549,816 742,084 57.4 487,313 202,604 284,709 58.4 119,663 62,731 56,932 47.6
2002–03 ........... 634,016 253,451 380,565 60.0 1,348,811 573,258 775,553 57.5 518,699 215,172 303,527 58.5 121,579 62,730 58,849 48.4
2003–04 ........... 665,301 260,033 405,268 60.9 1,399,542 595,425 804,117 57.5 564,272 233,056 331,216 58.7 126,087 63,981 62,106 49.3
2004–05 ........... 696,660 267,536 429,124 61.6 1,439,264 613,000 826,264 57.4 580,151 237,155 342,996 59.1 134,387 67,257 67,130 50.0
2005–06 ........... 713,315 270,139 443,176 62.1 1,485,104 630,502 854,602 57.5 599,862 241,701 358,161 59.7 138,056 68,912 69,144 50.1
2006–07 ........... 727,616 275,034 452,582 62.2 1,524,729 649,816 874,913 57.4 610,703 242,213 368,490 60.3 144,694 71,311 73,383 50.7
2007–08 ........... 750,166 282,695 467,471 62.3 1,563,734 668,184 895,550 57.3 630,844 250,203 380,641 60.3 149,190 73,340 75,850 50.8
2008–09 ........... 787,243 298,066 489,177 62.1 1,601,399 685,422 915,977 57.2 662,082 263,515 398,567 60.2 154,564 75,674 78,890 51.0
2009–10 ........... 848,856 322,747 526,109 62.0 1,649,919 706,660 943,259 57.2 693,313 275,317 417,996 60.3 158,590 76,610 81,980 51.7
2010–11 ........... 943,506 361,408 582,098 61.7 1,716,053 734,159 981,894 57.2 730,922 291,680 439,242 60.1 163,827 79,672 84,155 51.4
2011–12 ........... 1,021,718 393,479 628,239 61.5 1,792,163 765,772 1,026,391 57.3 755,967 302,484 453,483 60.0 170,217 82,670 87,547 51.4
2012–13 ........... 1,007,427 389,195 618,232 61.4 1,840,381 787,408 1,052,973 57.2 751,718 301,552 450,166 59.9 175,026 85,080 89,946 51.4
2013–14 ........... 1,005,155 391,474 613,681 61.1 1,870,150 801,905 1,068,245 57.1 754,582 302,846 451,736 59.9 177,587 85,585 92,002 51.8
2014–15 ........... 1,014,341 396,782 617,559 60.9 1,894,969 812,693 1,082,276 57.1 758,804 306,615 452,189 59.6 178,548 84,922 93,626 52.4
2015–16 ........... 1,008,228 392,084 616,144 61.1 1,920,750 821,746 1,099,004 57.2 785,757 320,574 465,183 59.2 178,134 84,240 93,894 52.7
2016–17 ........... 1,005,649 394,159 611,490 60.8 1,956,032 836,045 1,119,987 57.3 804,684 326,892 477,792 59.4 181,352 84,646 96,706 53.3
2017–183 .......... 981,000 383,000 598,000 61.0 1,963,000 837,000 1,126,000 57.4 814,000 327,000 487,000 59.9 183,000 85,000 99,000 53.8
2018–193 .......... 985,000 385,000 600,000 60.9 1,968,000 839,000 1,129,000 57.4 816,000 328,000 489,000 59.9 184,000 85,000 99,000 53.8
2019–203 .......... 989,000 386,000 603,000 60.9 1,975,000 842,000 1,133,000 57.4 820,000 329,000 491,000 59.9 184,000 85,000 99,000 53.8
2020–213 .......... 991,000 387,000 604,000 60.9 1,976,000 842,000 1,134,000 57.4 821,000 329,000 491,000 59.9 185,000 85,000 99,000 53.8
2021–223 .......... 994,000 388,000 606,000 60.9 1,978,000 842,000 1,136,000 57.4 822,000 330,000 492,000 59.9 185,000 85,000 100,000 53.9
2022–233 .......... 996,000 389,000 607,000 60.9 1,980,000 843,000 1,137,000 57.4 824,000 330,000 493,000 59.9 185,000 85,000 100,000 53.9
2023–243 .......... 1,000,000 390,000 609,000 60.9 1,984,000 844,000 1,140,000 57.4 826,000 331,000 495,000 59.9 186,000 86,000 100,000 53.9
2024–253 .......... 1,003,000 392,000 612,000 61.0 1,990,000 847,000 1,143,000 57.4 829,000 332,000 497,000 59.9 186,000 86,000 101,000 53.9
2025–263 .......... 1,007,000 393,000 614,000 61.0 1,997,000 850,000 1,147,000 57.5 831,000 333,000 498,000 59.9 187,000 86,000 101,000 53.9
2026–273 .......... 1,011,000 395,000 616,000 61.0 2,005,000 853,000 1,152,000 57.4 835,000 334,000 500,000 59.9 188,000 87,000 101,000 53.9
2027–283 .......... 1,014,000 396,000 618,000 60.9 2,008,000 855,000 1,153,000 57.4 836,000 335,000 501,000 59.9 188,000 87,000 101,000 53.9
2028–293 .......... 1,015,000 396,000 619,000 60.9 2,008,000 855,000 1,153,000 57.4 837,000 335,000 502,000 59.9 188,000 87,000 102,000 53.9

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Earned
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most Degrees Conferred, 1869–70 through 1964–65; Higher Education General Information
degrees that were classified as first-professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1965–66 through
and law degrees. 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions
2
Includes some degrees classified as master’s or doctor’s degrees in later years. Survey” (IPEDS-C:87–99); IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions component;
3
Projected. and Degrees Conferred Projection Model, 1980–81 through 2028–29. (This table was
NOTE: Data through 1994–95 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are prepared March 2019.)
for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher
degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been
revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 318.20. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970­–71 through 2016–17
[Standard errors appear in parentheses]

Number of degrees conferred Percentage distribution of degrees conferred

Social and Natural Computer Social and Natural Computer
Total behavioral sciences and sciences and Total behavioral sciences and sciences and
Degree and year degrees Humanities1 sciences mathematics engineering4
2 3
Education Business Other fields5 degrees Humanities1 sciences mathematics engineering4
2 3
Education Business Other fields5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Bachelor’s degrees
1970–71 ................... 839,730 143,549 193,511 81,916 52,570 176,307 115,396 76,481 100.0 17.1 23.0 9.8 6.3 21.0 13.7 9.1
1975–76 ................... 925,746 150,736 176,674 91,596 52,328 154,437 143,171 156,804 100.0 16.3 19.1 9.9 5.7 16.7 15.5 16.9
1980–81 ................... 935,140 134,139 141,581 78,092 90,476 108,074 200,521 182,257 100.0 14.3 15.1 8.4 9.7 11.6 21.4 19.5
1985–86 ................... 987,823 132,891 134,468 76,228 139,459 87,147 236,700 180,930 100.0 13.5 13.6 7.7 14.1 8.8 24.0 18.3
1990–91 ................... 1,094,538 172,485 183,762 70,209 104,910 110,807 249,165 203,200 100.0 15.8 16.8 6.4 9.6 10.1 22.8 18.6
1995–96 ................... 1,164,792 193,404 199,895 93,443 102,503 105,384 226,623 243,540 100.0 16.6 17.2 8.0 8.8 9.0 19.5 20.9
2000–01 ................... 1,244,171 214,107 201,681 89,772 117,011 105,458 263,515 252,627 100.0 17.2 16.2 7.2 9.4 8.5 21.2 20.3
2005–06 ................... 1,485,104 261,666 249,600 105,883 129,108 107,235 318,043 313,569 100.0 17.6 16.8 7.1 8.7 7.2 21.4 21.1
2010–11 ................... 1,716,053 288,446 278,075 131,871 136,163 104,008 365,133 412,357 100.0 16.8 16.2 7.7 7.9 6.1 21.3 24.0
2013–14 ................... 1,870,150 291,799 290,444 154,951 164,247 98,838 358,132 511,739 100.0 15.6 15.5 8.3 8.8 5.3 19.1 27.4
2014–15 ................... 1,894,969 280,956 284,544 161,800 174,691 91,596 363,741 537,641 100.0 14.8 15.0 8.5 9.2 4.8 19.2 28.4
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

2015–16 ................... 1,920,750 274,513 278,658 167,055 188,350 87,221 371,690 553,263 100.0 14.3 14.5 8.7 9.8 4.5 19.4 28.8
2016–17 ................... 1,956,032 270,643 275,960 172,100 205,181 85,118 381,353 565,677 100.0 13.8 14.1 8.8 10.5 4.4 19.5 28.9
Master’s degrees
1970–71 ................... 235,564 34,510 22,256 17,152 18,535 87,666 26,490 28,955 100.0 14.6 9.4 7.3 7.9 37.2 11.2 12.3
1975–76 ................... 317,477 37,079 26,120 15,742 19,403 126,061 42,592 50,480 100.0 11.7 8.2 5.0 6.1 39.7 13.4 15.9
1980–81 ................... 302,637 35,130 22,168 13,579 21,434 96,713 57,888 55,725 100.0 11.6 7.3 4.5 7.1 32.0 19.1 18.4
1985–86 ................... 295,850 34,834 20,409 14,055 30,216 74,816 66,676 54,844 100.0 11.8 6.9 4.8 10.2 25.3 22.5 18.5
1990–91 ................... 342,863 35,984 23,582 13,664 34,774 87,352 78,255 69,252 100.0 10.5 6.9 4.0 10.1 25.5 22.8 20.2
1995–96 ................... 412,180 40,795 30,164 16,154 39,422 104,936 93,554 87,155 100.0 9.9 7.3 3.9 9.6 25.5 22.7 21.1
2000–01 ................... 473,502 40,625 30,330 15,360 44,098 127,829 115,602 99,658 100.0 8.6 6.4 3.2 9.3 27.0 24.4 21.0
2005–06 ................... 599,862 49,590 37,143 19,575 50,581 174,622 146,396 121,955 100.0 8.3 6.2 3.3 8.4 29.1 24.4 20.3
2010–11 ................... 730,922 57,160 46,147 23,576 62,695 185,127 187,178 169,039 100.0 7.8 6.3 3.2 8.6 25.3 25.6 23.1
2013–14 ................... 754,582 59,834 49,423 28,221 71,857 154,655 189,364 201,228 100.0 7.9 6.5 3.7 9.5 20.5 25.1 26.7
2014–15 ................... 758,804 59,181 47,305 29,344 82,916 146,581 185,236 208,241 100.0 7.8 6.2 3.9 10.9 19.3 24.4 27.4
2015–16 ................... 785,757 59,067 47,506 31,299 97,843 145,792 186,835 217,415 100.0 7.5 6.0 4.0 12.5 18.6 23.8 27.7
2016–17 ................... 804,684 57,839 47,557 32,513 106,799 145,680 187,404 226,892 100.0 7.2 5.9 4.0 13.3 18.1 23.3 28.2
Doctor’s degrees6
1970–71 ................... 64,998 4,402 5,804 9,126 3,816 6,041 774 35,035 100.0 6.8 8.9 14.0 5.9 9.3 1.2 53.9
1975–76 ................... 91,007 5,461 7,314 7,591 3,118 7,202 906 59,415 100.0 6.0 8.0 8.3 3.4 7.9 1.0 65.3
1980–81 ................... 98,016 4,827 6,698 7,473 2,860 7,279 808 68,071 100.0 4.9 6.8 7.6 2.9 7.4 0.8 69.4
1985–86 ................... 100,280 4,648 6,548 7,668 3,800 6,610 923 70,083 100.0 4.6 6.5 7.6 3.8 6.6 0.9 69.9

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 307

1990–91 ................... 105,547 4,858 6,944 9,378 6,006 6,189 1,185 70,987 100.0 4.6 6.6 8.9 5.7 5.9 1.1 67.3
1995–96 ................... 115,507 6,356 7,901 10,997 7,223 6,246 1,366 75,418 100.0 5.5 6.8 9.5 6.3 5.4 1.2 65.3
2000–01 ................... 119,585 6,466 9,021 10,190 6,315 6,284 1,180 80,129 100.0 5.4 7.5 8.5 5.3 5.3 1.0 67.0

Summary of Degrees Conferred

2005–06 ................... 138,056 6,628 8,835 12,097 8,734 7,584 1,711 92,467 100.0 4.8 6.4 8.8 6.3 5.5 1.2 67.0
2010–11 ................... 163,827 8,359 10,241 14,574 10,013 9,642 2,286 108,712 100.0 5.1 6.3 8.9 6.1 5.9 1.4 66.4
2013–14 ................... 177,587 8,397 11,358 15,971 12,099 10,929 3,039 115,794 100.0 4.7 6.4 9.0 6.8 6.2 1.7 65.2
2014–15 ................... 178,548 8,391 11,411 15,677 12,360 11,772 3,116 115,821 100.0 4.7 6.4 8.8 6.9 6.6 1.7 64.9
2015–16 ................... 178,134 8,324 11,246 15,851 12,387 11,838 3,325 115,163 100.0 4.7 6.3 8.9 7.0 6.6 1.9 64.6
2016–17 ................... 181,352 8,119 11,408 16,039 12,505 12,687 3,329 117,265 100.0 4.5 6.3 8.8 6.9 7.0 1.8 64.7

1
Includes degrees in Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies; English language and literature/letters; Foreign NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The new Classification
languages, literatures, and linguistics; Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities; Multi/interdisciplinary of Instructional Programs was initiated in 2009–10. The figures for earlier years have been reclassified when necessary
studies; Philosophy and religious studies; Theology and religious vocations; and Visual and performing arts. to make them conform to the new taxonomy. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been made of
2
Includes Psychology; Social sciences; and History. the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural
3
Includes Biological and biomedical sciences; Mathematics and statistics; and Physical sciences and science technologies. resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural resources and conservation;
4
Includes Computer and information sciences; Engineering; and Engineering technologies. “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related support services and Personal and culinary services;
5
Includes Agriculture and natural resources; Architecture and related services; Communication, journalism, and related and “Engineering technologies” includes Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields, Construction trades, and
programs; Communications technologies; Family and consumer sciences/human sciences; Health professions and related Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been
programs; Homeland security, law enforcement, and firefighting; Legal professions and studies; Library science; Military revised from previously published figures.
technologies and applied sciences; Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies; Precision production; Public administration SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
and social services; Transportation and materials moving; and Not classified by field of study. Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary
6
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most degrees that were classified as first- Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:91–96); and IPEDS Fall 2001 through Fall 2017, Completions
professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees. component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
308 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
All fields, total ................................................................................................ 1,956,032 836,045 1,119,987 804,684 326,892 477,792 181,352 84,646 96,706
Agriculture and natural resources ............................................................................ 37,719 17,816 19,903 6,844 3,038 3,806 1,561 805 756
Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences ...................................... 19,664 8,721 10,943 2,949 1,279 1,670 929 514 415
Agriculture, general .......................................................................................... 2,165 1,132 1,033 311 134 177 29 18 11
Agricultural business and management, general ............................................... 1,077 689 388 80 44 36 1 0 1
Agribusiness/agricultural business operations .................................................. 1,917 1,175 742 43 25 18 0 0 0
Agricultural economics ..................................................................................... 1,573 1,063 510 488 261 227 175 103 72
Farm/farm and ranch management .................................................................. 164 122 42 3 3 0 0 0 0
Agricultural/farm supplies retailing and wholesaling ......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agricultural business technology ...................................................................... 40 27 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agricultural business and management, other .................................................. 86 53 33 7 4 3 0 0 0
Agricultural mechanization, general .................................................................. 371 347 24 2 0 2 0 0 0
Agricultural mechanics and equipment/machine technology ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agricultural production operations, general ....................................................... 71 50 21 9 1 8 0 0 0
Animal/livestock husbandry and production ...................................................... 185 60 125 4 2 2 0 0 0
Aquaculture ...................................................................................................... 53 29 24 35 21 14 13 9 4
Crop production ................................................................................................ 66 61 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dairy husbandry and production ....................................................................... 5 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Horse husbandry/equine science and management .......................................... 129 10 119 10 0 10 0 0 0
Agroecology and sustainable agriculture ........................................................... 193 86 107 62 18 44 13 9 4
Viticulture and enology ..................................................................................... 119 66 53 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agricultural and food products processing ........................................................ 90 41 49 0 0 0 0 0 0
Animal training ................................................................................................. 13 2 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Equestrian/equine studies ................................................................................. 338 15 323 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agricultural and domestic animal services, other .............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Applied horticulture/horticultural operations, general ........................................ 92 38 54 11 4 7 3 1 2
Ornamental horticulture .................................................................................... 23 14 9 6 3 3 4 2 2
Landscaping and groundskeeping .................................................................... 133 77 56 5 1 4 0 0 0
Plant nursery operations and management ....................................................... 7 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Turf and turfgrass management ........................................................................ 100 97 3 7 7 0 0 0 0
Floriculture/floristry operations and management ............................................. 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Applied horticulture/horticultural business services, other ................................. 44 31 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
International agriculture .................................................................................... 70 21 49 84 26 58 0 0 0
Agricultural and extension education services ................................................... 65 25 40 71 17 54 9 4 5
Agricultural communication/journalism ............................................................. 446 94 352 14 3 11 0 0 0
Agricultural public services, other ..................................................................... 58 26 32 8 0 8 0 0 0
Animal sciences, general .................................................................................. 5,595 1,068 4,527 440 141 299 136 74 62
Agricultural animal breeding ............................................................................. 0 0 0 5 0 5 2 0 2
Animal health ................................................................................................... 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Animal nutrition ................................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0
Dairy science .................................................................................................... 156 40 116 20 6 14 3 2 1
Livestock management ..................................................................................... 8 4 4 1 0 1 2 2 0
Poultry science ................................................................................................. 91 33 58 32 18 14 12 7 5
Animal sciences, other ...................................................................................... 60 8 52 3 1 2 0 0 0
Food science .................................................................................................... 1,415 406 1,009 441 146 295 162 74 88
Food technology and processing ....................................................................... 20 7 13 19 7 12 8 6 2
Food science and technology, other .................................................................. 61 32 29 21 11 10 0 0 0
Plant sciences, general ..................................................................................... 447 281 166 97 52 45 46 26 20
Agronomy and crop science .............................................................................. 694 489 205 225 117 108 138 88 50
Horticultural science ......................................................................................... 550 287 263 98 49 49 44 20 24
Agricultural and horticultural plant breeding ..................................................... 8 1 7 21 11 10 19 11 8
Plant protection and integrated pest management ............................................ 92 69 23 39 27 12 3 2 1
Range science and management ...................................................................... 119 79 40 34 17 17 7 2 5
Plant sciences, other ........................................................................................ 25 12 13 50 24 26 34 17 17
Soil science and agronomy, general .................................................................. 216 148 68 102 58 44 48 27 21
Soil chemistry and physics ............................................................................... 30 24 6 2 0 2 0 0 0
Soil sciences, other ........................................................................................... 44 30 14 7 6 1 4 3 1
Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences, other ......................... 337 243 94 31 13 18 12 5 7
Natural resources and conservation ..................................................................... 18,055 9,095 8,960 3,895 1,759 2,136 632 291 341
Natural resources/conservation, general ........................................................... 1,328 734 594 652 285 367 118 60 58
Environmental studies ...................................................................................... 5,940 2,665 3,275 861 350 511 103 36 67
Environmental science ...................................................................................... 6,201 3,015 3,186 927 404 523 181 69 112
Natural resources conservation and research, other ......................................... 63 37 26 66 30 36 17 8 9
Natural resources management and policy ....................................................... 715 413 302 504 226 278 28 13 15
Natural resource economics ............................................................................. 89 53 36 9 2 7 5 5 0
Water, wetlands, and marine resources management ....................................... 94 53 41 157 63 94 4 2 2
Land use planning and management/development ........................................... 56 46 10 42 24 18 1 1 0
Natural resource recreation and tourism ........................................................... 44 24 20 42 19 23 2 1 1
Natural resources law enforcement and protective services .............................. 25 20 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Natural resources management and policy, other .............................................. 247 129 118 41 13 28 0 0 0
Fishing and fisheries sciences and management .............................................. 403 225 178 72 33 39 11 4 7
Forestry, general ............................................................................................... 527 388 139 148 75 73 28 16 12
Forest sciences and biology .............................................................................. 255 202 53 127 81 46 41 27 14
Forest management/forest resources management .......................................... 140 115 25 60 39 21 5 1 4
Urban forestry .................................................................................................. 18 5 13 3 1 2 5 2 3
Wood science and wood products/pulp and paper technology .......................... 87 68 19 11 8 3 7 4 3
Forest resources production and management ................................................. 9 7 2 19 12 7 9 4 5
Forest technology/technician ............................................................................ 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Forestry, other .................................................................................................. 48 34 14 12 9 3 6 3 3
Wildlife, fish, and wildlands science and management ...................................... 1,628 796 832 136 84 52 60 34 26
Natural resources and conservation, other ........................................................ 137 65 72 6 1 5 1 1 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 309
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Architecture and related services ......................................................................... 8,573 4,585 3,988 7,911 4,014 3,897 291 146 145
Architecture ...................................................................................................... 5,051 2,721 2,330 3,231 1,829 1,402 120 65 55
City/urban, community and regional planning ................................................... 860 521 339 2,020 937 1,083 130 65 65
Environmental design/architecture .................................................................... 536 303 233 102 30 72 27 10 17
Interior architecture .......................................................................................... 405 47 358 219 40 179 0 0 0
Landscape architecture .................................................................................... 673 380 293 743 268 475 2 1 1
Architectural history and criticism, general ....................................................... 68 26 42 32 16 16 0 0 0
Architectural technology/technician .................................................................. 155 109 46 4 0 4 0 0 0
Architectural and building sciences/technology ................................................. 670 399 271 1,259 698 561 12 5 7
Real estate development .................................................................................. 10 9 1 261 178 83 0 0 0
Architecture and related services, other ............................................................ 145 70 75 40 18 22 0 0 0
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies ................................................... 7,720 2,114 5,606 1,717 594 1,123 349 120 229
African studies .................................................................................................. 72 14 58 32 10 22 4 1 3
American/United States studies/civilization ....................................................... 1,028 353 675 208 82 126 106 38 68
Asian studies/civilization ................................................................................... 668 263 405 91 42 49 3 2 1
East Asian studies ............................................................................................. 308 120 188 192 85 107 24 9 15
Russian, Central European, East European and Eurasian studies ....................... 20 7 13 48 22 26 0 0 0
European studies/civilization ............................................................................. 75 20 55 19 12 7 0 0 0
Latin American studies ..................................................................................... 294 116 178 176 52 124 3 1 2
Near and Middle Eastern studies ...................................................................... 173 63 110 158 75 83 30 15 15
Pacific Area/Pacific Rim studies ........................................................................ 21 10 11 6 3 3 0 0 0
Russian studies ................................................................................................ 56 25 31 33 15 18 0 0 0
Scandinavian studies ........................................................................................ 24 11 13 2 0 2 1 1 0
South Asian studies .......................................................................................... 11 6 5 15 5 10 3 2 1
Southeast Asian studies .................................................................................... 0 0 0 12 4 8 0 0 0
Western European studies ................................................................................ 4 2 2 32 11 21 0 0 0
Canadian studies .............................................................................................. 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slavic studies ................................................................................................... 1 1 0 3 0 3 1 1 0
Ural-Altaic and Central Asian studies ................................................................ 2 2 0 10 5 5 3 3 0
Regional studies (U.S., Canadian, foreign) ......................................................... 17 0 17 30 7 23 5 1 4
Chinese studies ................................................................................................ 47 22 25 15 3 12 0 0 0
French studies .................................................................................................. 45 11 34 17 6 11 4 1 3
German studies ................................................................................................ 40 14 26 4 4 0 8 4 4
Italian studies ................................................................................................... 35 5 30 17 5 12 3 1 2
Japanese studies .............................................................................................. 39 19 20 5 3 2 0 0 0
Korean studies .................................................................................................. 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0
Spanish and Iberian studies .............................................................................. 13 5 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Irish studies ...................................................................................................... 0 0 0 14 5 9 0 0 0
Latin American and Caribbean studies .............................................................. 50 17 33 18 5 13 0 0 0
Area studies, other ............................................................................................ 679 194 485 37 15 22 11 5 6
Ethnic studies ................................................................................................... 130 28 102 14 4 10 3 0 3
African-American/Black studies ........................................................................ 671 215 456 66 26 40 32 7 25
American Indian/Native American studies ......................................................... 231 89 142 69 24 45 8 1 7
Hispanic-American, Puerto Rican, and Mexican-American/Chicano studies ....... 406 106 300 32 8 24 19 10 9
Asian-American studies .................................................................................... 99 52 47 13 6 7 0 0 0
Women’s studies .............................................................................................. 1,402 107 1,295 155 9 146 28 4 24
Gay/lesbian studies .......................................................................................... 17 4 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Folklore studies ................................................................................................ 16 6 10 30 5 25 11 6 5
Disability studies .............................................................................................. 31 4 27 30 7 23 8 1 7
Deaf studies ..................................................................................................... 217 39 178 6 3 3 0 0 0
Ethnic, cultural minority, gender, and group studies, other ................................. 777 164 613 103 23 80 31 6 25
Biological and biomedical sciences ...................................................................... 116,759 45,515 71,244 16,284 6,840 9,444 8,087 3,852 4,235
Biology/biological sciences, general .................................................................. 74,048 27,591 46,457 3,439 1,345 2,094 1,020 484 536
Biomedical sciences, general ............................................................................ 4,072 1,596 2,476 2,226 1,049 1,177 535 236 299
Biochemistry .................................................................................................... 8,745 4,274 4,471 295 147 148 484 269 215
Biophysics ........................................................................................................ 141 97 44 32 19 13 115 77 38
Molecular biology ............................................................................................. 861 400 461 197 71 126 208 107 101
Molecular biochemistry .................................................................................... 354 172 182 99 45 54 54 35 19
Molecular biophysics ........................................................................................ 0 0 0 1 0 1 19 12 7
Structural biology ............................................................................................. 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 3 0
Radiation biology/radiobiology .......................................................................... 9 1 8 9 5 4 5 4 1
Biochemistry and molecular biology ................................................................. 942 469 473 115 44 71 178 108 70
Biochemistry, biophysics and molecular biology, other ...................................... 232 121 111 10 4 6 31 12 19
Botany/plant biology ......................................................................................... 243 121 122 81 36 45 104 53 51
Plant pathology/phytopathology ........................................................................ 28 12 16 77 33 44 92 51 41
Plant physiology ............................................................................................... 0 0 0 5 2 3 13 8 5
Plant molecular biology .................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 7 5
Botany/plant biology, other ............................................................................... 26 12 14 14 7 7 5 1 4
Cell/cellular biology and histology ..................................................................... 372 177 195 38 20 18 124 53 71
Anatomy ........................................................................................................... 472 187 285 211 115 96 37 17 20
Developmental biology and embryology ............................................................ 51 20 31 1 0 1 30 17 13
Cell/cellular and molecular biology ................................................................... 2,550 1,117 1,433 207 92 115 427 203 224
Cell biology and anatomy .................................................................................. 7 4 3 36 18 18 42 19 23
Cell/cellular biology and anatomical sciences, other ......................................... 125 52 73 150 67 83 106 38 68
Microbiology, general ........................................................................................ 2,049 885 1,164 175 71 104 220 105 115
Medical microbiology and bacteriology ............................................................. 434 171 263 158 55 103 117 61 56
Virology ............................................................................................................ 0 0 0 2 0 2 17 9 8
Parasitology ...................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Immunology ..................................................................................................... 0 0 0 56 22 34 148 70 78
Microbiology and immunology .......................................................................... 115 55 60 68 31 37 75 28 47
Microbiological sciences and immunology, other ............................................... 146 66 80 32 11 21 71 28 43
Zoology/animal biology ..................................................................................... 1,511 433 1,078 119 36 83 84 34 50
Entomology ...................................................................................................... 105 56 49 150 68 82 119 60 59
Animal physiology ............................................................................................ 116 42 74 86 35 51 17 5 12
Animal behavior and ethology ........................................................................... 140 18 122 24 3 21 5 1 4

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

310 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wildlife biology ................................................................................................. 443 185 258 8 4 4 3 2 1
Zoology/animal biology, other ........................................................................... 0 0 0 11 4 7 5 3 2
Genetics, general .............................................................................................. 333 123 210 89 38 51 147 69 78
Molecular genetics ........................................................................................... 187 64 123 18 7 11 87 39 48
Animal genetics ................................................................................................ 46 13 33 2 0 2 29 9 20
Plant genetics ................................................................................................... 9 4 5 5 3 2 14 8 6
Human/medical genetics .................................................................................. 0 0 0 157 26 131 90 38 52
Genome sciences/genomics ............................................................................. 7 3 4 10 4 6 29 12 17
Genetics, other ................................................................................................. 0 0 0 4 3 1 11 5 6
Physiology, general ........................................................................................... 1,562 641 921 731 396 335 147 86 61
Molecular physiology ........................................................................................ 0 0 0 2 0 2 32 19 13
Cell physiology ................................................................................................. 0 0 0 39 20 19 25 13 12
Endocrinology ................................................................................................... 0 0 0 2 1 1 10 4 6
Reproductive biology ........................................................................................ 2 0 2 3 1 2 2 1 1
Cardiovascular science ..................................................................................... 0 0 0 7 4 3 8 4 4
Exercise physiology .......................................................................................... 3,523 1,551 1,972 407 172 235 69 34 35
Vision science/physiological optics ................................................................... 87 20 67 46 17 29 12 5 7
Pathology/experimental pathology .................................................................... 16 3 13 85 34 51 161 68 93
Oncology and cancer biology ............................................................................ 0 0 0 30 14 16 115 44 71
Physiology, pathology, and related sciences, other ............................................ 29 5 24 15 6 9 16 8 8
Pharmacology .................................................................................................. 73 40 33 181 84 97 214 89 125
Molecular pharmacology .................................................................................. 0 0 0 7 3 4 47 19 28
Neuropharmacology ......................................................................................... 0 0 0 34 14 20 0 0 0
Toxicology ........................................................................................................ 62 19 43 51 19 32 94 41 53
Molecular toxicology ......................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 3
Environmental toxicology .................................................................................. 25 6 19 79 35 44 24 14 10
Pharmacology and toxicology ........................................................................... 72 37 35 100 39 61 40 23 17
Pharmacology and toxicology, other .................................................................. 18 11 7 13 4 9 7 2 5
Biometry/biometrics ......................................................................................... 38 20 18 39 17 22 15 7 8
Biostatistics ...................................................................................................... 32 9 23 661 267 394 201 96 105
Bioinformatics .................................................................................................. 253 131 122 336 178 158 115 69 46
Computational biology ...................................................................................... 37 16 21 27 16 11 55 33 22
Biomathematics, bioinformatics, and computational biology, other .................... 26 14 12 78 46 32 21 14 7
Biotechnology ................................................................................................... 765 388 377 1,331 566 765 6 5 1
Ecology ............................................................................................................ 727 283 444 145 75 70 192 94 98
Marine biology and biological oceanography ..................................................... 1,348 411 937 215 68 147 81 34 47
Evolutionary biology .......................................................................................... 125 42 83 19 8 11 23 11 12
Aquatic biology/limnology ................................................................................. 74 31 43 13 6 7 0 0 0
Environmental biology ...................................................................................... 301 121 180 30 11 19 8 6 2
Population biology ............................................................................................ 0 0 0 5 2 3 3 2 1
Conservation biology ........................................................................................ 161 56 105 104 34 70 14 4 10
Systematic biology/biological systematics ........................................................ 0 0 0 1 1 0 10 7 3
Epidemiology .................................................................................................... 36 11 25 1,284 349 935 288 82 206
Ecology and evolutionary biology ...................................................................... 429 164 265 63 26 37 91 45 46
Ecology, evolution, systematics and population biology, other ........................... 178 74 104 23 8 15 53 26 27
Molecular medicine .......................................................................................... 0 0 0 22 9 13 42 17 25
Neuroscience ................................................................................................... 5,768 2,146 3,622 170 61 109 643 306 337
Neuroanatomy .................................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Neurobiology and anatomy ............................................................................... 835 333 502 18 10 8 54 28 26
Neurobiology and behavior ............................................................................... 109 32 77 36 12 24 15 8 7
Neurobiology and neurosciences, other ............................................................ 14 5 9 1 0 1 6 3 3
Biological and biomedical sciences, other ......................................................... 1,115 354 761 1,413 666 747 190 79 111
Business, management, marketing, and personal and culinary services ................... 381,353 201,886 179,467 187,404 98,768 88,636 3,329 1,854 1,475
Business, management, marketing, and related support services ......................... 380,199 201,444 178,755 187,377 98,765 88,612 3,329 1,854 1,475
Business/commerce, general ............................................................................ 25,097 13,444 11,653 8,581 5,205 3,376 231 136 95
Business administration and management, general .......................................... 138,217 73,593 64,624 104,455 57,862 46,593 1,942 1,131 811
Purchasing, procurement/acquisitions and contracts management ................... 687 384 303 392 220 172 10 6 4
Logistics, materials, and supply chain management ......................................... 5,128 3,472 1,656 857 578 279 1 1 0
Office management and supervision ................................................................. 391 175 216 52 27 25 0 0 0
Operations management and supervision ......................................................... 3,104 2,026 1,078 605 382 223 8 6 2
Nonprofit/public/organizational management .................................................... 409 148 261 1,770 576 1,194 6 0 6
Customer service management ........................................................................ 56 17 39 9 7 2 0 0 0
E-commerce/electronic commerce ................................................................... 156 83 73 62 28 34 0 0 0
Transportation/mobility management ................................................................ 172 130 42 149 103 46 3 1 2
Research and development management ......................................................... 9 8 1 188 73 115 1 1 0
Project management ........................................................................................ 509 332 177 925 542 383 12 8 4
Retail management .......................................................................................... 307 44 263 68 4 64 0 0 0
Organizational leadership ................................................................................. 3,927 1,913 2,014 5,120 2,186 2,934 303 148 155
Business administration, management and operations, other ............................ 9,120 4,293 4,827 5,680 2,846 2,834 60 34 26
Accounting ....................................................................................................... 50,688 24,778 25,910 19,468 8,731 10,737 42 19 23
Accounting technology/technician and bookkeeping ......................................... 208 131 77 0 0 0 0 0 0
Auditing ............................................................................................................ 36 8 28 78 25 53 0 0 0
Accounting and finance .................................................................................... 719 421 298 948 382 566 0 0 0
Accounting and business/management ............................................................ 1,086 396 690 435 209 226 0 0 0
Accounting and related services, other ............................................................. 165 82 83 179 96 83 1 1 0
Administrative assistant and secretarial science, general .................................. 72 24 48 0 0 0 0 0 0
Executive assistant/executive secretary ............................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Business/office automation/technology/data entry ............................................ 64 37 27 0 0 0 0 0 0
General office occupations and clerical services ............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parts, warehousing, and inventory management operations .............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Traffic, customs, and transportation clerk/technician ......................................... 17 11 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Business operations support and secretarial services, other ............................. 0 0 0 15 8 7 0 0 0
Business/corporate communications ................................................................ 963 322 641 85 24 61 0 0 0
Business/managerial economics ....................................................................... 5,503 3,565 1,938 297 172 125 63 41 22
Entrepreneurship/entrepreneurial studies ......................................................... 2,445 1,595 850 692 420 272 6 4 2
Franchising and franchise operations ................................................................ 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 311
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Small business administration/management ..................................................... 96 60 36 27 16 11 0 0 0
Entrepreneurial and small business operations, other ....................................... 131 70 61 94 40 54 2 2 0
Finance, general ............................................................................................... 37,437 26,602 10,835 6,247 3,818 2,429 43 33 10
Banking and financial support services ............................................................. 480 301 179 62 38 24 0 0 0
Financial planning and services ........................................................................ 407 288 119 255 164 91 9 6 3
International finance ......................................................................................... 4 1 3 35 21 14 0 0 0
Investments and securities ............................................................................... 111 92 19 150 101 49 0 0 0
Public finance ................................................................................................... 22 17 5 15 11 4 0 0 0
Finance and financial management services, other ........................................... 176 125 51 135 86 49 0 0 0
Hospitality administration/management, general ............................................... 7,811 2,330 5,481 471 153 318 43 17 26
Tourism and travel services management ......................................................... 653 171 482 102 35 67 0 0 0
Hotel/motel administration/management .......................................................... 1,692 599 1,093 99 37 62 9 3 6
Restaurant/food services management ............................................................. 806 312 494 0 0 0 0 0 0
Resort management ......................................................................................... 293 101 192 0 0 0 0 0 0
Meeting and event planning .............................................................................. 543 63 480 2 0 2 0 0 0
Casino management ......................................................................................... 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hotel, motel, and restaurant management ........................................................ 58 18 40 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hospitality administration/management, other .................................................. 428 157 271 69 29 40 5 1 4
Human resources management/personnel administration, general ................... 6,951 1,958 4,993 4,471 1,086 3,385 44 13 31
Labor and industrial relations ............................................................................ 875 422 453 680 212 468 13 7 6
Organizational behavior studies ........................................................................ 2,416 1,052 1,364 1,556 527 1,029 223 88 135
Labor studies .................................................................................................... 39 17 22 20 9 11 0 0 0
Human resources development ........................................................................ 673 134 539 1,029 231 798 27 12 15
Human resources management and services, other .......................................... 338 82 256 1,102 374 728 0 0 0
International business/trade/commerce ............................................................ 5,543 2,763 2,780 1,877 1,005 872 34 26 8
Management information systems, general ....................................................... 7,838 5,628 2,210 2,140 1,482 658 34 21 13
Information resources management ................................................................. 253 179 74 1,285 956 329 25 15 10
Knowledge management .................................................................................. 86 53 33 231 131 100 0 0 0
Management information systems and services, other ...................................... 150 92 58 216 157 59 0 0 0
Management science, general .......................................................................... 3,431 2,037 1,394 3,487 2,033 1,454 41 28 13
Business statistics ............................................................................................ 306 202 104 720 406 314 0 0 0
Actuarial science .............................................................................................. 1,387 823 564 471 273 198 0 0 0
Management sciences and quantitative methods, other .................................... 520 312 208 1,669 968 701 14 7 7
Marketing/marketing management, general ..................................................... 35,010 16,005 19,005 2,162 826 1,336 27 17 10
Marketing research .......................................................................................... 37 8 29 174 72 102 2 0 2
International marketing ..................................................................................... 204 48 156 367 134 233 1 1 0
Marketing, other ............................................................................................... 923 441 482 216 51 165 8 4 4
Real estate ....................................................................................................... 811 591 220 967 694 273 1 1 0
Taxation ............................................................................................................ 2 0 2 1,547 782 765 0 0 0
Insurance ......................................................................................................... 1,070 707 363 114 64 50 3 1 2
Sales, distribution, and marketing operations, general ...................................... 1,326 733 593 435 125 310 1 0 1
Merchandising and buying operations ............................................................... 2 1 1 10 1 9 0 0 0
Retailing and retail operations .......................................................................... 339 71 268 4 2 2 0 0 0
Selling skills and sales operations .................................................................... 344 225 119 0 0 0 0 0 0
General merchandising/sales/related marketing operations, other .................... 93 29 64 2 2 0 0 0 0
Fashion merchandising ..................................................................................... 2,954 189 2,765 41 2 39 0 0 0
Apparel and accessories marketing operations ................................................. 38 2 36 37 5 32 0 0 0
Tourism and travel services marketing operations ............................................ 35 17 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tourism promotion operations .......................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vehicle and vehicle parts and accessories marketing operations ....................... 56 47 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Business and personal/financial services marketing operations ........................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Special products marketing operations ............................................................. 172 63 109 9 1 8 0 0 0
Hospitality and recreation marketing operations ............................................... 97 81 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Specialized merchandising/sales/related marketing operations, other ............... 105 31 74 40 10 30 0 0 0
Construction management ................................................................................ 1,925 1,761 164 330 249 81 4 4 0
Telecommunications management ................................................................... 0 0 0 7 5 2 0 0 0
Business/management/marketing/related support services, other .................... 3,443 1,899 1,544 1,088 635 453 27 10 17
Personal and culinary services ............................................................................. 1,154 442 712 27 3 24 0 0 0
Funeral service and mortuary science, general ................................................. 147 43 104 0 0 0 0 0 0
Funeral direction/service .................................................................................. 35 11 24 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cosmetology/cosmetologist, general ................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cooking and related culinary arts, general ........................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Baking and pastry arts/baker/pastry chef ......................................................... 95 10 85 0 0 0 0 0 0
Culinary arts/chef training ................................................................................ 332 138 194 0 0 0 0 0 0
Restaurant, culinary, and catering management/manager ................................. 437 198 239 0 0 0 0 0 0
Food service, waiter/waitress, and dining room management ........................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Culinary science/culinology .............................................................................. 61 28 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
Culinary arts and related services, other ........................................................... 47 14 33 27 3 24 0 0 0
Personal and culinary services, other ................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Communication and communications technologies .................................................. 98,393 35,357 63,036 10,667 3,220 7,447 615 208 407
Communication, journalism, and related programs ............................................... 93,778 32,478 61,300 10,128 2,943 7,185 615 208 407
Communication, general ................................................................................... 9,513 3,146 6,367 970 265 705 71 14 57
Speech communication and rhetoric ................................................................. 34,017 11,654 22,363 1,870 565 1,305 251 83 168
Mass communication/media studies ................................................................. 9,623 3,607 6,016 928 293 635 133 47 86
Communication and media studies, other ......................................................... 1,553 577 976 576 175 401 60 18 42
Journalism ....................................................................................................... 11,481 3,665 7,816 1,314 421 893 25 14 11
Broadcast journalism ........................................................................................ 974 427 547 22 9 13 0 0 0
Photojournalism ................................................................................................ 104 28 76 28 12 16 0 0 0
Journalism, other .............................................................................................. 700 240 460 474 119 355 0 0 0
Radio and television .......................................................................................... 4,783 2,473 2,310 137 54 83 14 6 8
Digital communication and media/multimedia .................................................. 3,883 1,708 2,175 836 318 518 29 15 14
Radio, television, and digital communication, other ........................................... 961 517 444 13 5 8 0 0 0
Public relations, advertising, and applied communication .................................. 2,000 509 1,491 285 71 214 0 0 0
Organizational communication, general ............................................................ 1,408 427 981 281 65 216 3 1 2
Public relations/image management ................................................................. 4,811 921 3,890 692 161 531 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

312 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Advertising ....................................................................................................... 4,343 1,460 2,883 214 51 163 7 1 6
Political communication .................................................................................... 70 27 43 34 13 21 0 0 0
Health communication ...................................................................................... 103 19 84 188 36 152 6 2 4
Sports communication ...................................................................................... 208 145 63 53 38 15 0 0 0
International and intercultural communication .................................................. 144 30 114 118 29 89 0 0 0
Technical and scientific communication ............................................................ 38 13 25 20 8 12 3 2 1
Public relations, advertising and applied communication, other ......................... 1,595 360 1,235 229 61 168 0 0 0
Publishing ........................................................................................................ 8 1 7 191 21 170 0 0 0
Communication, journalism, and related programs, other .................................. 1,458 524 934 655 153 502 13 5 8
Communications technologies/technicians and support services .......................... 4,615 2,879 1,736 539 277 262 0 0 0
Communications technology/technician ............................................................ 190 152 38 40 17 23 0 0 0
Photographic and film/video technology/technician and assistant ..................... 67 42 25 0 0 0 0 0 0
Radio and television broadcasting technology/technician .................................. 345 182 163 109 43 66 0 0 0
Recording arts technology/technician ............................................................... 972 848 124 42 31 11 0 0 0
Audiovisual communications technologies/technicians, other ............................ 56 49 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Graphic communications, general ..................................................................... 319 128 191 34 10 24 0 0 0
Printing management ....................................................................................... 110 45 65 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prepress/desktop publishing and digital imaging design ................................... 65 27 38 0 0 0 0 0 0
Animation/interactive technology/video graphics/special effects ....................... 2,244 1,282 962 306 172 134 0 0 0
Graphic and printing equipment operator, general production ........................... 26 13 13 0 0 0 0 0 0
Printing press operator ..................................................................................... 7 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Graphic communications, other ........................................................................ 108 49 59 2 1 1 0 0 0
Communications technologies/technicians and support services, other ............. 106 59 47 6 3 3 0 0 0
Computer and information sciences and support services ........................................ 71,420 57,766 13,654 46,555 32,173 14,382 1,982 1,538 444
Computer and information sciences, general ........................................................ 18,035 14,896 3,139 11,534 8,442 3,092 603 497 106
Artificial intelligence ............................................................................................. 11 10 1 183 134 49 17 10 7
Information technology ......................................................................................... 9,000 7,352 1,648 5,446 3,417 2,029 79 53 26
Informatics ........................................................................................................... 1,078 781 297 394 226 168 25 19 6
Computer and information sciences, other ........................................................... 492 388 104 210 151 59 22 12 10
Computer programming/programmer, general ...................................................... 1,070 929 141 57 41 16 6 3 3
Computer programming, specific applications ...................................................... 441 378 63 18 16 2 0 0 0
Computer programming, vendor/product certification ........................................... 18 17 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer programming, other ............................................................................. 4 4 0 14 6 8 0 0 0
Data processing and data processing technology/technician ................................ 107 90 17 1 1 0 0 0 0
Information science/studies ................................................................................. 7,244 5,442 1,802 6,863 4,288 2,575 172 86 86
Computer systems analysis/analyst ...................................................................... 1,146 912 234 839 570 269 4 3 1
Computer science ................................................................................................ 22,289 18,484 3,805 14,599 10,474 4,125 981 802 179
Web page, digital/multimedia and information resources design ........................... 1,556 854 702 436 175 261 0 0 0
Data modeling/warehousing and database administration .................................... 140 101 39 455 290 165 0 0 0
Computer graphics ............................................................................................... 882 488 394 227 95 132 0 0 0
Modeling, virtual environments and simulation ..................................................... 387 330 57 94 76 18 1 1 0
Computer software and media applications, other ................................................ 251 161 90 187 123 64 0 0 0
Computer systems networking and telecommunications ...................................... 1,471 1,315 156 832 607 225 2 2 0
Network and system administration/administrator ................................................ 429 392 37 68 36 32 0 0 0
System, networking, and LAN/WAN management/manager .................................. 164 149 15 32 25 7 0 0 0
Computer and information systems security/information assurance ..................... 3,694 3,131 563 2,764 2,163 601 49 37 12
Web/multimedia management and webmaster ..................................................... 171 110 61 10 3 7 0 0 0
Information technology project management ........................................................ 459 371 88 409 245 164 7 5 2
Computer support specialist ................................................................................. 8 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer/information tech services admin and management, other .................... 612 466 146 604 394 210 0 0 0
Computer and information sciences and support services, other .......................... 261 208 53 279 175 104 14 8 6
Education ................................................................................................................ 85,118 16,067 69,051 145,680 33,177 112,503 12,687 4,013 8,674
Education, general ............................................................................................... 3,698 680 3,018 20,877 4,630 16,247 2,660 727 1,933
Bilingual and multilingual education ..................................................................... 150 7 143 347 54 293 10 1 9
Multicultural education ......................................................................................... 1 0 1 118 20 98 14 3 11
Indian/Native American education ........................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bilingual, multilingual, and multicultural education, other ..................................... 0 0 0 91 14 77 4 1 3
Curriculum and instruction ................................................................................... 213 46 167 15,179 2,793 12,386 1,422 356 1,066
Educational leadership and administration, general .............................................. 215 7 208 17,929 6,070 11,859 4,387 1,580 2,807
Administration of special education ...................................................................... 0 0 0 76 7 69 58 10 48
Adult and continuing education administration ..................................................... 0 0 0 565 166 399 27 11 16
Educational, instructional, and curriculum supervision .......................................... 42 11 31 1,114 300 814 128 28 100
Higher education/higher education administration ................................................ 2 2 0 3,082 871 2,211 555 195 360
Community college education .............................................................................. 0 0 0 72 19 53 178 52 126
Elementary and middle school administration/principalship .................................. 136 12 124 624 259 365 17 7 10
Secondary school administration/principalship ..................................................... 0 0 0 298 116 182 3 0 3
Urban education and leadership ........................................................................... 92 26 66 381 104 277 112 41 71
Superintendency and educational system administration ...................................... 0 0 0 274 99 175 110 31 79
Educational administration and supervision, other ................................................ 0 0 0 1,213 352 861 323 126 197
Educational/instructional technology .................................................................... 55 24 31 4,179 1,201 2,978 211 92 119
Educational evaluation and research .................................................................... 0 0 0 89 22 67 135 49 86
Educational statistics and research methods ........................................................ 0 0 0 162 47 115 40 15 25
Educational assessment, testing, and measurement ............................................. 0 0 0 60 8 52 10 3 7
Learning sciences ................................................................................................ 306 48 258 108 20 88 11 3 8
Educational assessment, evaluation, and research, other ..................................... 15 4 11 127 36 91 36 8 28
International and comparative education .............................................................. 38 5 33 287 40 247 11 3 8
Social and philosophical foundations of education ................................................ 8 5 3 335 83 252 123 38 85
Special education and teaching, general .............................................................. 6,361 672 5,689 11,428 1,884 9,544 201 47 154
Education/teaching of individuals with hearing impairments/deafness .................. 102 3 99 131 8 123 6 2 4
Education/teaching of the gifted and talented ....................................................... 0 0 0 340 35 305 1 0 1
Education/teaching of individuals with emotional disturbances ............................. 28 5 23 117 29 88 10 1 9
Education/teaching of individuals with mental retardation .................................... 129 12 117 66 13 53 1 0 1
Education/teaching of individuals with multiple disabilities ................................... 132 9 123 309 46 263 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals with orthopedic/physical health impairments .... 3 1 2 3 0 3 2 0 2

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 313
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Education/teaching of individuals with vision impairments/blindness .................... 18 1 17 96 18 78 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals with specific learning disabilities ...................... 210 21 189 308 29 279 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals with speech/language impairments .................. 148 6 142 261 5 256 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals with autism ...................................................... 0 0 0 836 65 771 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals who are developmentally delayed ..................... 26 1 25 181 36 145 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals in early childhood special educ. programs ........ 588 32 556 971 39 932 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals in elementary special educ. programs .............. 432 33 399 1,123 159 964 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals in jr. high/middle school special educ. programs ... 41 6 35 32 7 25 0 0 0
Education/teaching of individuals in secondary special educ. programs ................ 29 10 19 477 154 323 0 0 0
Special education and teaching, other .................................................................. 336 37 299 651 107 544 13 3 10
Counselor education/school counseling and guidance services ............................ 0 0 0 11,267 1,939 9,328 353 115 238
College student counseling and personnel services .............................................. 0 0 0 1,079 263 816 33 9 24
Student counseling and personnel services, other ................................................ 0 0 0 238 40 198 3 0 3
Adult and continuing education and teaching ....................................................... 53 20 33 1,098 322 776 125 40 85
Elementary education and teaching ...................................................................... 28,112 2,350 25,762 7,539 964 6,575 26 1 25
Junior high/intermediate/middle school education and teaching ........................... 2,370 581 1,789 683 196 487 1 0 1
Secondary education and teaching ....................................................................... 2,979 1,148 1,831 5,325 2,056 3,269 24 3 21
Teacher education, multiple levels ........................................................................ 1,467 198 1,269 3,657 934 2,723 15 5 10
Montessori teacher education .............................................................................. 12 0 12 158 11 147 0 0 0
Waldorf/Steiner teacher education ........................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kindergarten/preschool education and teaching ................................................... 872 43 829 239 14 225 12 1 11
Early childhood education and teaching ............................................................... 12,725 452 12,273 2,957 107 2,850 11 0 11
Teacher education and prof. dev., specific levels and methods, other .................... 148 26 122 3,556 745 2,811 90 26 64
Agricultural teacher education .............................................................................. 605 207 398 259 84 175 23 4 19
Art teacher education ........................................................................................... 866 100 766 633 90 543 27 5 22
Business teacher education ................................................................................. 138 63 75 80 26 54 0 0 0
Driver and safety teacher education ..................................................................... 0 0 0 11 7 4 0 0 0
English/language arts teacher education .............................................................. 1,818 338 1,480 808 187 621 8 0 8
Foreign language teacher education ..................................................................... 68 14 54 183 37 146 14 1 13
Health teacher education ..................................................................................... 1,240 373 867 465 134 331 46 11 35
Family and consumer sciences/home economics teacher education .................... 230 6 224 74 2 72 1 1 0
Technology teacher education/industrial arts teacher education ........................... 246 192 54 424 201 223 1 0 1
Sales and marketing operations/marketing and dist. teacher educ. ...................... 11 10 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mathematics teacher education ........................................................................... 1,448 486 962 1,444 436 1,008 59 31 28
Music teacher education ...................................................................................... 3,130 1,345 1,785 1,079 468 611 78 37 41
Physical education teaching and coaching ........................................................... 7,043 3,928 3,115 1,663 1,007 656 33 20 13
Reading teacher education ................................................................................... 61 2 59 5,599 314 5,285 121 15 106
Science teacher education/general science teacher education ............................. 422 162 260 733 264 469 50 21 29
Social science teacher education ......................................................................... 451 251 200 88 47 41 0 0 0
Social studies teacher education .......................................................................... 1,007 583 424 426 235 191 5 4 1
Technical teacher education ................................................................................. 165 81 84 190 82 108 67 22 45
Trade and industrial teacher education ................................................................. 548 325 223 222 86 136 20 10 10
Computer teacher education ................................................................................ 72 4 68 154 35 119 1 1 0
Biology teacher education .................................................................................... 310 115 195 284 79 205 1 1 0
Chemistry teacher education ................................................................................ 86 31 55 65 25 40 1 0 1
Drama and dance teacher education .................................................................... 102 22 80 86 13 73 0 0 0
French language teacher education ...................................................................... 33 2 31 19 5 14 0 0 0
German language teacher education .................................................................... 7 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Health occupations teacher education .................................................................. 7 0 7 142 13 129 57 3 54
History teacher education ..................................................................................... 451 281 170 108 54 54 0 0 0
Physics teacher education .................................................................................... 44 26 18 58 46 12 0 0 0
Spanish language teacher education .................................................................... 237 48 189 117 24 93 0 0 0
Speech teacher education .................................................................................... 19 4 15 29 4 25 11 2 9
Geography teacher education ............................................................................... 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0
Latin teacher education ........................................................................................ 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
School librarian/library media specialist ............................................................... 0 0 0 228 25 203 0 0 0
Psychology teacher education .............................................................................. 7 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Earth science teacher education ........................................................................... 21 11 10 54 20 34 0 0 0
Environmental education ...................................................................................... 1 1 0 55 14 41 1 0 1
Teacher education and prof. dev., specific subject areas, other ............................. 186 67 119 1,336 287 1,049 33 11 22
Teaching English as a second/foreign language/ESL language instructor .............. 289 63 226 3,433 659 2,774 36 15 21
Teaching French as a second or foreign language ................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Teaching English or French as a second or foreign language, other ...................... 13 2 11 5 0 5 0 0 0
Teacher assistant/aide ......................................................................................... 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Adult literacy tutor/instructor ................................................................................ 0 0 0 7 1 6 1 0 1
Education, other ................................................................................................... 1,437 371 1,066 2,403 609 1,794 480 165 315
Engineering and engineering technologies ............................................................... 133,761 106,539 27,222 60,244 45,220 15,024 10,523 8,027 2,496
Engineering .......................................................................................................... 115,640 90,736 24,904 52,841 39,759 13,082 10,371 7,923 2,448
Engineering, general ......................................................................................... 2,550 1,976 574 2,822 2,190 632 445 360 85
Pre-engineering ................................................................................................ 35 23 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aerospace, aeronautical and astronautical engineering ..................................... 4,021 3,466 555 1,580 1,336 244 342 304 38
Agricultural engineering .................................................................................... 1,063 673 390 316 172 144 137 89 48
Architectural engineering .................................................................................. 672 457 215 184 113 71 16 10 6
Bioengineering and biomedical engineering ...................................................... 6,926 3,865 3,061 2,560 1,459 1,101 1,013 607 406
Ceramic sciences and engineering ................................................................... 82 52 30 7 6 1 11 9 2
Chemical engineering ....................................................................................... 10,759 7,223 3,536 1,771 1,151 620 967 676 291
Chemical and biomolecular engineering ........................................................... 156 85 71 20 11 9 22 16 6
Chemical engineering, other ............................................................................. 0 0 0 6 4 2 0 0 0
Civil engineering, general ................................................................................. 13,337 10,074 3,263 5,280 3,822 1,458 1,030 728 302
Geotechnicaland geoenvironmental engineering ............................................... 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Structural engineering ...................................................................................... 233 167 66 231 173 58 22 15 7
Transportation and highway engineering ........................................................... 4 4 0 101 69 32 12 8 4
Water resources engineering ............................................................................ 8 5 3 54 31 23 7 4 3
Civil engineering, other ..................................................................................... 11 9 2 15 9 6 6 6 0
Computer engineering, general ......................................................................... 7,290 6,472 818 3,095 2,320 775 356 293 63
Computer hardware engineering ....................................................................... 24 18 6 66 56 10 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

314 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Computer software engineering ........................................................................ 1,060 930 130 1,847 1,225 622 13 11 2
Computer engineering, other ............................................................................ 14 11 3 120 90 30 5 5 0
Electrical and electronics engineering ............................................................... 16,766 14,497 2,269 12,303 9,501 2,802 2,254 1,869 385
Laser and optical engineering ........................................................................... 41 29 12 21 20 1 14 12 2
Telecommunications engineering ...................................................................... 2 2 0 247 169 78 7 7 0
Electrical, electronics and communications engineering, other .......................... 107 92 15 228 181 47 15 13 2
Engineering mechanics .................................................................................... 155 134 21 81 71 10 49 43 6
Engineering physics/applied physics ................................................................. 601 509 92 114 85 29 67 57 10
Engineering science ......................................................................................... 511 351 160 326 257 69 116 102 14
Environmental/environmental health engineering .............................................. 1,517 748 769 790 426 364 151 80 71
Materials engineering ....................................................................................... 1,520 1,057 463 1,108 764 344 694 515 179
Mechanical engineering .................................................................................... 32,306 27,681 4,625 8,281 7,081 1,200 1,450 1,217 233
Metallurgical engineering ................................................................................. 176 134 42 32 18 14 21 16 5
Mining and mineral engineering ........................................................................ 288 242 46 77 66 11 14 11 3
Naval architecture and marine engineering ....................................................... 439 380 59 40 28 12 10 10 0
Nuclear engineering .......................................................................................... 572 475 97 265 216 49 163 143 20
Ocean engineering ............................................................................................ 206 152 54 88 70 18 14 13 1
Petroleum engineering ...................................................................................... 2,124 1,759 365 531 421 110 86 70 16
Systems engineering ........................................................................................ 987 735 252 1,642 1,237 405 125 102 23
Textile sciences and engineering ...................................................................... 267 69 198 59 25 34 28 20 8
Polymer/plastics engineering ............................................................................ 182 136 46 109 68 41 89 58 31
Construction engineering .................................................................................. 442 378 64 296 231 65 0 0 0
Forest engineering ............................................................................................ 36 25 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial engineering ....................................................................................... 5,246 3,494 1,752 3,247 2,514 733 309 210 99
Manufacturing engineering ............................................................................... 510 431 79 423 365 58 9 7 2
Operations research ......................................................................................... 452 283 169 783 479 304 57 50 7
Surveying engineering ...................................................................................... 39 36 3 8 6 2 4 3 1
Geological/geophysical engineering .................................................................. 233 149 84 170 127 43 16 11 5
Paper science and engineering ......................................................................... 16 15 1 8 4 4 4 2 2
Electromechanical engineering ......................................................................... 30 28 2 0 0 0 2 1 1
Mechatronics, robotics, and automation engineering ........................................ 153 132 21 224 191 33 24 20 4
Biochemical engineering .................................................................................. 93 52 41 15 8 7 0 0 0
Engineering chemistry ...................................................................................... 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Biological/biosystems engineering .................................................................... 377 236 141 24 14 10 15 8 7
Engineering, other ............................................................................................ 997 781 216 1,225 879 346 160 112 48
Engineering technologies/construction trades/mechanics and repairers ................... 18,121 15,803 2,318 7,403 5,461 1,942 152 104 48
Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields ...................................... 17,665 15,383 2,282 7,403 5,461 1,942 152 104 48
Engineering technology, general ....................................................................... 1,443 1,310 133 504 370 134 16 6 10
Architectural engineering technology/technician ............................................... 337 263 74 10 9 1 0 0 0
Civil engineering technology/technician ............................................................ 464 407 57 0 0 0 0 0 0
Electrical/electronic/communications eng. technology/technician ..................... 1,428 1,310 118 30 24 6 0 0 0
Laser and optical technology/technician ........................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Telecommunications technology/technician ...................................................... 69 57 12 165 138 27 0 0 0
Electrical/electronic eng. technologies/technicians, other .................................. 172 149 23 15 14 1 0 0 0
Biomedical technology/technician ..................................................................... 95 74 21 1 1 0 3 2 1
Electromechanical technology/electromechanical eng. technology .................... 133 130 3 3 2 1 0 0 0
Instrumentation technology/technician ............................................................. 27 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Robotics technology/technician ........................................................................ 40 38 2 12 8 4 0 0 0
Automation engineer technology/technician ...................................................... 85 80 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Electromechanical/instrumentation and maintenance technol./tech. ................. 7 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrig. eng. technol./tech. ................... 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Energy management and systems technology/technician ................................. 113 95 18 210 159 51 0 0 0
Solar energy technology/technician .................................................................. 0 0 0 12 12 0 0 0 0
Water quality/wastewater treatment management/recycling technol./tech. ....... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Environmental engineering technology/environmental technology ..................... 152 111 41 70 38 32 0 0 0
Hazardous materials management and waste technology/technician ................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Environmental control technologies/technicians, other ...................................... 10 9 1 72 50 22 0 0 0
Plastics and polymer engineering technology/technician ................................... 100 88 12 8 5 3 0 0 0
Industrial technology/technician ....................................................................... 1,710 1,518 192 550 421 129 14 12 2
Manufacturing engineering technology/technician ............................................ 620 570 50 86 76 10 0 0 0
Welding engineering technology/technician ...................................................... 21 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial production technologies/technicians, other ........................................ 227 193 34 7 5 2 0 0 0
Occupational safety and health technology/technician ...................................... 1,712 1,385 327 562 420 142 4 3 1
Quality control technology/technician ............................................................... 5 3 2 75 42 33 0 0 0
Industrial safety technology/technician ............................................................. 187 150 37 18 9 9 0 0 0
Quality control and safety technologies/technicians, other ................................ 47 37 10 8 4 4 0 0 0
Aeronautical/aerospace engineering technology/technician .............................. 164 138 26 42 37 5 0 0 0
Automotive engineering technology/technician ................................................. 348 331 17 69 64 5 4 4 0
Mechanical engineering/mechanical technology/technician .............................. 1,946 1,795 151 14 4 10 0 0 0
Mechanical engineering related technologies/technicians, other ....................... 280 265 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mining technology/technician ........................................................................... 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Petroleum technology/technician ...................................................................... 59 48 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mining and petroleum technologies/technicians, other ...................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Construction engineering technology/technician ............................................... 1,964 1,805 159 154 123 31 1 1 0
Surveying technology/surveying ....................................................................... 129 115 14 4 4 0 2 2 0
Hydraulics and fluid power technology/technician ............................................. 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Engineering-related technologies, other ............................................................ 10 9 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer engineering technology/technician ................................................... 551 491 60 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer technology/computer systems technology ........................................ 212 188 24 280 215 65 2 2 0
Computer hardware technology/technician ....................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer software technology/technician ........................................................ 66 60 6 0 0 0 4 3 1
Computer engineering technologies/technicians, other ..................................... 49 46 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Drafting and design technologies/technicians, general ...................................... 125 50 75 53 11 42 0 0 0
CAD/CADD drafting and/or design technology/technician .................................. 171 131 40 67 43 24 0 0 0
Architectural drafting and architectural CAD/CADD ........................................... 30 24 6 34 22 12 0 0 0
Civil drafting and civil engineering CAD/CADD ................................................... 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 315
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mechanical drafting and mechanical drafting CAD/CADD .................................. 25 16 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Drafting/design engineering technologies/technicians, other ............................. 19 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nuclear engineering technology/technician ....................................................... 219 191 28 0 0 0 0 0 0
Engineering/industrial management ................................................................. 990 781 209 3,922 2,920 1,002 72 51 21
Engineering design ........................................................................................... 1 1 0 51 25 26 2 1 1
Packaging science ............................................................................................ 417 260 157 49 37 12 1 1 0
Engineering-related fields, other ....................................................................... 62 42 20 13 7 6 11 4 7
Nanotechnology ................................................................................................ 10 7 3 56 31 25 16 12 4
Engineering tech. and engineering-related fields, other ..................................... 600 534 66 177 111 66 0 0 0
Construction trades .............................................................................................. 153 133 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Construction trades, general ............................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mason/masonry ................................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Electrician ........................................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Building/property maintenance ......................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Building/construction site management/manager ............................................. 131 113 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Building construction technology ...................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Building/construction finishing, mgmt., and inspection, other ............................ 22 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Construction trades, other ................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians ..................................................... 303 287 16 0 0 0 0 0 0
Communications systems installation and repair technology ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial electronics technology/technician ...................................................... 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heating, air conditioning, ventilation and refrig. main. technician ...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Heavy equipment maintenance technology/technician ...................................... 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Autobody/collision and repair technology/technician ......................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Automobile/automotive mechanics technology/technician ................................ 46 42 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diesel mechanics technology/technician ........................................................... 26 25 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Airframe mechanics and aircraft maintenance technology/technician ............... 47 46 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aircraft powerplant technology/technician ........................................................ 96 90 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Avionics maintenance technology/technician .................................................... 67 63 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vehicle maintenance and repair technologies, other .......................................... 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
English language and literature/letters ..................................................................... 41,317 12,247 29,070 8,247 2,739 5,508 1,347 519 828
English language and literature, general ............................................................... 33,235 9,595 23,640 4,272 1,365 2,907 1,174 463 711
Writing, general .................................................................................................... 551 156 395 67 20 47 0 0 0
Creative writing .................................................................................................... 3,063 966 2,097 2,984 1,067 1,917 10 5 5
Professional, technical, business, and scientific writing ........................................ 673 208 465 370 108 262 27 10 17
Rhetoric and composition ..................................................................................... 2,683 1,012 1,671 130 39 91 91 30 61
Rhetoric and composition/writing studies, other ................................................... 70 24 46 145 54 91 3 0 3
General literature ................................................................................................. 247 52 195 16 4 12 0 0 0
American literature (United States) ....................................................................... 25 6 19 5 1 4 0 0 0
English literature (British and Commonwealth) ..................................................... 205 54 151 99 35 64 5 2 3
Children’s and adolescent literature ...................................................................... 4 0 4 7 0 7 0 0 0
Literature, other ................................................................................................... 8 2 6 0 0 0 1 0 1
English language and literature/letters, other ........................................................ 553 172 381 152 46 106 36 9 27
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences ...................................................... 25,077 3,022 22,055 3,295 436 2,859 317 77 240
Work and family studies ....................................................................................... 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences, general ..................................... 3,728 426 3,302 552 104 448 41 14 27
Business family and consumer sciences/human sciences .................................... 135 48 87 13 8 5 2 1 1
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences communication .......................... 21 2 19 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consumer merchandising/retailing management .................................................. 145 24 121 19 2 17 1 0 1
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences business services, other ............ 6 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Family resource management studies, general ..................................................... 816 251 565 189 37 152 5 0 5
Consumer economics ........................................................................................... 144 53 91 0 0 0 0 0 0
Consumer services and advocacy ......................................................................... 38 16 22 1 0 1 0 0 0
Family and consumer economics and related services, other ............................... 317 30 287 4 0 4 9 2 7
Foods, nutrition, and wellness studies, general ..................................................... 2,623 494 2,129 540 75 465 41 11 30
Human nutrition ................................................................................................... 590 122 468 285 47 238 16 6 10
Food service systems administration/management .............................................. 903 325 578 18 2 16 0 0 0
Foods, nutrition, and related services, other .......................................................... 57 17 40 60 3 57 0 0 0
Housing and human environments, general .......................................................... 92 23 69 26 14 12 6 5 1
Facilities planning and management .................................................................... 39 37 2 3 3 0 0 0 0
Housing and human environments, other ............................................................. 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Human development and family studies, general .................................................. 8,700 688 8,012 716 68 648 121 22 99
Adult development and aging ............................................................................... 13 1 12 133 12 121 0 0 0
Family systems .................................................................................................... 492 46 446 63 6 57 5 2 3
Child development ............................................................................................... 1,719 55 1,664 193 9 184 16 2 14
Family and community services ........................................................................... 1,091 135 956 248 25 223 21 3 18
Child care and support services management ...................................................... 384 22 362 69 0 69 0 0 0
Child care provider/assistant ................................................................................ 40 1 39 0 0 0 0 0 0
Developmental services worker ............................................................................ 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 0
Human development, family studies, and related services, other .......................... 456 39 417 40 6 34 10 2 8
Apparel and textiles, general ................................................................................ 2,062 124 1,938 54 5 49 15 5 10
Apparel and textile manufacture ........................................................................... 70 10 60 2 2 0 0 0 0
Textile science ..................................................................................................... 4 1 3 0 0 0 2 1 1
Apparel and textile marketing management ......................................................... 332 22 310 52 6 46 6 1 5
Fashion and fabric consultant ............................................................................... 11 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Apparel and textiles, other .................................................................................... 16 2 14 5 0 5 0 0 0
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences, other ........................................ 28 7 21 6 1 5 0 0 0
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics .......................................................... 17,642 5,561 12,081 3,274 1,170 2,104 1,168 479 689
Foreign languages and literatures, general ........................................................... 1,587 488 1,099 230 67 163 27 7 20
Linguistics ........................................................................................................... 2,060 638 1,422 577 227 350 215 87 128
Language interpretation and translation ............................................................... 41 16 25 200 48 152 3 2 1
Comparative literature .......................................................................................... 683 206 477 158 64 94 152 65 87
Applied linguistics ................................................................................................ 29 5 24 58 19 39 5 2 3

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

316 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Linguistic/comparative/related language studies and serv., other ......................... 210 53 157 46 12 34 7 3 4
African languages, literatures, and linguistics ....................................................... 3 1 2 4 2 2 2 2 0
East Asian languages, literatures, and linguistics, general ..................................... 142 65 77 74 28 46 41 13 28
Chinese language and literature ........................................................................... 450 197 253 51 12 39 14 6 8
Japanese language and literature ........................................................................ 540 233 307 23 8 15 5 3 2
Korean language and literature ............................................................................. 67 29 38 5 2 3 2 1 1
East Asian languages, literatures, and linguistics, other ........................................ 101 49 52 14 6 8 18 8 10
Slavic languages, literatures, and linguistics, general ........................................... 40 19 21 44 13 31 45 21 24
Russian language and literature ........................................................................... 296 152 144 13 5 8 4 2 2
Polish language and literature .............................................................................. 4 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Slavic, Baltic, and Albanian languages, literatures, and linguistics, other ............... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Germanic languages, literatures, and linguistics, general ...................................... 69 40 29 23 10 13 22 8 14
German language and literature ........................................................................... 753 369 384 96 48 48 49 13 36
Scandinavian languages, literatures, and linguistics ............................................. 9 3 6 3 1 2 0 0 0
Danish language and literature ............................................................................. 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dutch/Flemish language and literature ................................................................. 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Norwegian language and literature ....................................................................... 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Swedish language and literature .......................................................................... 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Germanic languages, literatures, and linguistics, other ......................................... 14 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Modern Greek language and literature ................................................................. 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
South Asian languages, literatures, and linguistics, general .................................. 2 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 2
Sanskrit and classical Indian languages, literatures, and linguistics ...................... 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Iranian languages, literatures, and linguistics ....................................................... 4 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Romance languages, literatures, and linguistics, general ...................................... 124 40 84 85 30 55 35 14 21
French language and literature ............................................................................. 1,625 430 1,195 265 67 198 85 27 58
Italian language and literature .............................................................................. 183 53 130 56 14 42 35 11 24
Portuguese language and literature ...................................................................... 41 22 19 17 10 7 5 0 5
Spanish language and literature ........................................................................... 6,420 1,704 4,716 740 237 503 171 64 107
Hispanic and Latin American languages, lit., and linguistics, general .................... 113 23 90 18 12 6 13 7 6
Romance languages, literatures, and linguistics, other ......................................... 64 20 44 55 24 31 44 19 25
American Indian/Native American languages, literatures, and linguistics ............... 4 2 2 1 0 1 1 1 0
Middle/Near Eastern and Semitic languages, lit., and linguistics, general .............. 27 9 18 20 12 8 15 8 7
Arabic language and literature ............................................................................. 160 87 73 8 4 4 2 2 0
Hebrew language and literature ........................................................................... 5 1 4 8 2 6 6 3 3
Ancient Near Eastern and biblical languages, lit., and linguistics ........................... 27 23 4 16 11 5 4 4 0
Middle/Near Eastern and Semitic languages, lit., and linguistics, other ................. 61 28 33 31 13 18 33 24 9
Classics and classical languages, lit., and linguistics, general ............................... 856 365 491 167 93 74 77 45 32
Ancient/classical Greek language and literature ................................................... 14 7 7 1 1 0 0 0 0
Latin language and literature ................................................................................ 33 11 22 20 12 8 0 0 0
Classics and classical languages, lit., and linguistics, other .................................. 27 14 13 19 11 8 3 1 2
Celtic languages, literatures, and linguistics ......................................................... 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 1 1
Filipino/Tagalog language and literature ............................................................... 5 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Turkish language and literature ............................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Uralic languages, literatures, and linguistics ......................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
American sign language (ASL) .............................................................................. 129 27 102 27 16 11 0 0 0
Linguistics of ASL and other sign languages ......................................................... 0 0 0 6 2 4 2 0 2
Sign language interpretation and translation ........................................................ 384 41 343 41 5 36 3 1 2
American sign language, other ............................................................................. 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics, other ............................................. 216 71 145 52 22 30 18 4 14
Health professions and related programs ................................................................. 238,014 37,758 200,256 119,273 21,982 97,291 77,693 31,845 45,848
Health and wellness, general ................................................................................ 14,686 3,512 11,174 921 306 615 236 92 144
Chiropractic ......................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,521 1,463 1,058
Communication sciences and disorders, general .................................................. 5,049 254 4,795 1,892 88 1,804 48 12 36
Audiology/audiologist ........................................................................................... 228 9 219 127 14 113 700 98 602
Speech-language pathology/pathologist ............................................................... 1,360 61 1,299 3,519 141 3,378 45 4 41
Audiology/audiologist and speech-language pathology/pathologist ....................... 4,654 196 4,458 2,657 109 2,548 255 41 214
Communication disorders sciences and services, other ........................................ 51 0 51 105 4 101 13 2 11
Dentistry .............................................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,388 3,328 3,060
Dental clinical sciences, general ........................................................................... 0 0 0 326 166 160 17 11 6
Advanced general dentistry .................................................................................. 0 0 0 26 14 12 0 0 0
Oral biology and oral maxillofacial pathology ........................................................ 0 0 0 127 71 56 19 4 15
Dental public health and education ....................................................................... 0 0 0 8 2 6 7 3 4
Dental materials ................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Endodontics/endodontology ................................................................................. 0 0 0 37 23 14 2 2 0
Oral/maxillofacial surgery ..................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Orthodontics/orthodontology ................................................................................ 0 0 0 84 46 38 2 1 1
Pediatric dentistry/pedodontics ............................................................................ 0 0 0 22 8 14 1 0 1
Periodontics/periodontology ................................................................................. 0 0 0 37 19 18 1 0 1
Prosthodontics/prosthodontology ......................................................................... 0 0 0 21 12 9 7 7 0
Advanced/graduate dentistry and oral sciences, other .......................................... 0 0 0 76 36 40 12 2 10
Dental assisting/assistant ..................................................................................... 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dental hygiene/hygienist ...................................................................................... 2,318 109 2,209 81 2 79 0 0 0
Dental laboratory technology/technician ............................................................... 7 1 6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dental services and allied professions, other ........................................................ 16 0 16 8 1 7 0 0 0
Health/health care administration/management ................................................... 11,930 2,503 9,427 9,586 2,942 6,644 257 93 164
Hospital and health care facilities administration/management ............................ 2,771 429 2,342 1,287 375 912 1 0 1
Health unit manager/ward supervisor ................................................................... 0 0 0 3 1 2 0 0 0
Medical office management/administration .......................................................... 54 5 49 0 0 0 0 0 0
Health information/medical records administration/administrator ......................... 1,558 284 1,274 400 120 280 0 0 0
Health information/medical records technology/technician ................................... 64 31 33 79 23 56 0 0 0
Medical office assistant/specialist ........................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Medical/health management and clinical assistant/specialist ............................... 80 5 75 5 1 4 0 0 0
Medical staff services technology/technician ........................................................ 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Long term care administration/management ........................................................ 242 26 216 12 3 9 0 0 0
Clinical research coordinator ................................................................................ 9 1 8 89 22 67 0 0 0
Health and medical administrative services, other ................................................ 695 159 536 207 53 154 14 6 8

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 317
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Medical/clinical assistant ..................................................................................... 6 0 6 35 10 25 0 0 0
Occupational therapist assistant ........................................................................... 8 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pharmacy technician/assistant ............................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Physical therapy technician/assistant ................................................................... 46 15 31 0 0 0 0 0 0
Veterinary/animal health technology/technician and vet. assistant ........................ 499 26 473 0 0 0 0 0 0
Anesthesiologist assistant .................................................................................... 0 0 0 205 89 116 0 0 0
Emergency care attendant (EMT ambulance) ........................................................ 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pathology/pathologist assistant ............................................................................ 13 2 11 76 15 61 0 0 0
Respiratory therapy technician/assistant .............................................................. 12 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Radiologist assistant ............................................................................................ 5 2 3 5 4 1 0 0 0
Allied health and medical assisting services, other ............................................... 480 118 362 148 44 104 0 0 0
Cardiovascular technology/technologist ................................................................ 101 26 75 3 3 0 0 0 0
Electrocardiograph technology/technician ............................................................ 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Electroneurodiagnostic/electroencephalographic technology/technologist ............ 6 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Emergency medical technology/technician (EMT paramedic) ................................ 295 201 94 11 5 6 0 0 0
Nuclear medical technology/technologist ............................................................. 289 83 206 5 2 3 0 0 0
Perfusion technology/perfusionist ......................................................................... 12 3 9 61 25 36 0 0 0
Medical radiologic technology/science radiation therapist .................................... 1,163 258 905 73 32 41 0 0 0
Respiratory care therapy/therapist ....................................................................... 1,361 410 951 36 12 24 0 0 0
Surgical technology/technologist .......................................................................... 19 2 17 0 0 0 0 0 0
Diagnostic medical sonography/sonographer and ultrasound technician .............. 679 97 582 9 1 8 0 0 0
Radiologic technology/science radiographer ......................................................... 1,456 345 1,111 86 38 48 2 1 1
Physician assistant ............................................................................................... 541 149 392 7,933 2,162 5,771 16 13 3
Athletic training/trainer ......................................................................................... 3,851 1,498 2,353 825 356 469 40 11 29
Gene/genetic therapy ........................................................................................... 6 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cardiopulmonary technology/technologist ............................................................ 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Radiation protection/health physics technician ..................................................... 14 3 11 4 4 0 0 0 0
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology/technician .................................... 46 22 24 5 1 4 0 0 0
Allied health diagnostic/intervention/treatment professions, other ........................ 541 129 412 25 12 13 68 3 65
Blood bank technology specialist .......................................................................... 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Cytotechnology/cytotechnologist .......................................................................... 40 12 28 11 2 9 0 0 0
Hematology technology/technician ....................................................................... 0 0 0 5 3 2 0 0 0
Clinical/medical laboratory technician .................................................................. 160 46 114 0 0 0 0 0 0
Clinical laboratory science/medical technology/technologist ................................. 2,868 810 2,058 270 85 185 0 0 0
Histologic technology/histotechnologist ................................................................ 19 6 13 3 1 2 0 0 0
Histologic technician ............................................................................................ 9 2 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cytogenetics/genetics/clinical genetics technology/technologist ........................... 31 10 21 11 3 8 0 0 0
Clinical/medical laboratory science and allied professions, other .......................... 495 126 369 156 41 115 1 1 0
Pre-dentistry studies ............................................................................................ 16 7 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-medicine/pre-medical studies ........................................................................ 843 335 508 53 20 33 0 0 0
Pre-pharmacy studies .......................................................................................... 8 3 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-veterinary studies .......................................................................................... 439 70 369 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-nursing studies .............................................................................................. 33 10 23 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-occupational therapy studies ......................................................................... 84 4 80 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-optometry studies .......................................................................................... 7 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pre-physical therapy studies ................................................................................ 188 73 115 0 0 0 0 0 0
Health/medical preparatory programs, other ........................................................ 1,706 482 1,224 137 55 82 0 0 0
Medicine .............................................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,698 9,834 8,864
Medical scientist .................................................................................................. 0 0 0 622 278 344 39 21 18
Substance abuse/addiction counseling ................................................................. 472 117 355 386 111 275 3 1 2
Psychiatric/mental health services technician ...................................................... 230 39 191 7 0 7 0 0 0
Clinical/medical social work ................................................................................. 179 32 147 955 111 844 8 1 7
Community health services/liaison/counseling ..................................................... 1,468 262 1,206 197 34 163 9 2 7
Marriage and family therapy/counseling ............................................................... 37 4 33 3,086 492 2,594 139 26 113
Clinical pastoral counseling/patient counseling ..................................................... 45 11 34 129 41 88 31 12 19
Psychoanalysis and psychotherapy ...................................................................... 0 0 0 9 1 8 4 0 4
Mental health counseling/counselor ..................................................................... 9 1 8 5,736 965 4,771 28 10 18
Genetic counseling/counselor ............................................................................... 0 0 0 147 13 134 0 0 0
Mental and social health services and allied professions, other ............................ 502 56 446 1,684 319 1,365 20 3 17
Optometry ............................................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,630 547 1,083
Ophthalmic technician/technologist ...................................................................... 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Orthoptics/orthoptist ............................................................................................ 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ophthalmic/optometric support services/allied professions, other ......................... 7 2 5 26 3 23 2 0 2
Osteopathic medicine/osteopathy ......................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,046 3,287 2,759
Pharmacy ............................................................................................................. 1,031 393 638 1 0 1 14,854 5,659 9,195
Pharmacy admin and pharmacy policy and regulatory affairs ............................... 0 0 0 314 121 193 21 9 12
Pharmaceutics and drug design ........................................................................... 114 61 53 143 73 70 151 87 64
Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry ............................................................. 25 16 9 59 28 31 98 61 37
Natural products chemistry and pharmacognosy .................................................. 0 0 0 1 1 0 4 3 1
Clinical and industrial drug development .............................................................. 36 8 28 138 46 92 0 0 0
Pharmacoeconomics/pharmaceutical economics ................................................. 0 0 0 49 24 25 112 55 57
Clinical, hospital, and managed care pharmacy .................................................... 0 0 0 16 4 12 0 0 0
Industrial and physical pharmacy and cosmetic sciences ..................................... 9 0 9 44 15 29 0 0 0
Pharmaceutical sciences ...................................................................................... 749 300 449 183 77 106 145 74 71
Pharmaceutical marketing and management ....................................................... 72 32 40 22 4 18 0 0 0
Pharmacy, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration, other ............................. 662 219 443 246 81 165 31 14 17
Podiatric medicine/podiatry .................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 601 364 237
Public health, general ........................................................................................... 5,671 1,120 4,551 9,419 2,332 7,087 527 153 374
Environmental health ........................................................................................... 363 169 194 639 192 447 96 32 64
Health/medical physics ........................................................................................ 37 14 23 104 59 45 39 25 14
Occupational health and industrial hygiene .......................................................... 182 135 47 78 41 37 2 2 0
Public health education and promotion ................................................................. 3,032 572 2,460 877 98 779 79 23 56
Community health and preventive medicine ......................................................... 1,709 297 1,412 242 51 191 25 3 22
Maternal and child health ..................................................................................... 13 0 13 137 1 136 17 2 15
International public health/international health ..................................................... 131 26 105 539 134 405 19 12 7
Health services administration ............................................................................. 1,042 149 893 891 293 598 26 10 16

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

318 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Behavioral aspects of health ................................................................................ 296 77 219 89 22 67 30 4 26
Public health, other .............................................................................................. 1,367 342 1,025 857 216 641 124 34 90
Art therapy/therapist ............................................................................................ 228 5 223 465 20 445 10 0 10
Dance therapy/therapist ....................................................................................... 1 0 1 38 0 38 0 0 0
Music therapy/therapist ....................................................................................... 382 54 328 115 18 97 1 0 1
Occupational therapy/therapist ............................................................................. 842 81 761 6,606 731 5,875 740 79 661
Orthotist/prosthetist ............................................................................................. 14 5 9 216 111 105 0 0 0
Physical therapy/therapist .................................................................................... 362 115 247 112 41 71 11,597 4,369 7,228
Therapeutic recreation/recreational therapy ......................................................... 759 92 667 54 8 46 0 0 0
Vocational rehabilitation counseling/counselor ..................................................... 374 55 319 806 175 631 20 4 16
Kinesiotherapy/kinesiotherapist ............................................................................ 52 12 40 20 6 14 0 0 0
Assistive/augmentative technology and rehabilitation engineering ........................ 0 0 0 51 6 45 1 1 0
Animal-assisted therapy ....................................................................................... 29 3 26 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rehabilitation science .......................................................................................... 774 156 618 121 42 79 49 25 24
Rehabilitation and therapeutic professions, other ................................................. 739 168 571 264 60 204 26 10 16
Veterinary medicine ............................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,991 596 2,395
Veterinary sciences/veterinary clinical sciences, general ...................................... 23 6 17 187 39 148 75 32 43
Veterinary physiology ........................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Veterinary microbiology and immunobiology ........................................................ 32 12 20 2 0 2 2 1 1
Veterinary pathology and pathobiology ................................................................. 0 0 0 15 4 11 34 12 22
Large animal/food animal/equine surgery and medicine ....................................... 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Small/companion animal surgery and medicine ................................................... 0 0 0 5 2 3 0 0 0
Comparative and laboratory animal medicine ....................................................... 0 0 0 39 5 34 1 0 1
Veterinary preventive medicine epidemiology/public health .................................. 0 0 0 5 2 3 0 0 0
Veterinary infectious diseases .............................................................................. 0 0 0 11 1 10 11 4 7
Medical illustration/medical illustrator .................................................................. 45 11 34 29 7 22 0 0 0
Medical informatics .............................................................................................. 135 49 86 940 386 554 35 20 15
Medical illustration and informatics, other ............................................................ 0 0 0 28 6 22 0 0 0
Dietetics/dietitian ................................................................................................. 3,307 418 2,889 496 43 453 2 0 2
Clinical nutrition/nutritionist .................................................................................. 191 30 161 548 72 476 7 3 4
Dietetic technician ............................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dietitian assistant ................................................................................................. 17 5 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dietetics and clinical nutrition services, other ....................................................... 386 69 317 112 9 103 0 0 0
Bioethics/medical ethics ...................................................................................... 28 5 23 322 128 194 37 17 20
Alternative and complementary medicine and medical systems, general .............. 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
Acupuncture and oriental medicine ...................................................................... 47 16 31 1,296 368 928 417 111 306
Traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbology ............................................ 0 0 0 166 43 123 15 4 11
Naturopathic medicine/naturopathy ...................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 335 81 254
Ayurvedic medicine/Ayurveda .............................................................................. 0 0 0 8 2 6 0 0 0
Holistic health ...................................................................................................... 246 45 201 39 0 39 0 0 0
Alternative and complementary medicine and medical systems, other ................. 170 32 138 17 0 17 0 0 0
Direct entry midwifery .......................................................................................... 17 0 17 23 0 23 0 0 0
Alternative and complementary medical support services, other ........................... 0 0 0 40 2 38 0 0 0
Massage therapy/therapeutic massage ................................................................ 22 1 21 0 0 0 0 0 0
Asian bodywork therapy ....................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Somatic bodywork and related therapeutic services, other ................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Movement therapy and movement education ....................................................... 71 23 48 26 1 25 8 5 3
Yoga teacher training/Yoga therapy ...................................................................... 0 0 0 27 5 22 0 0 0
Herbalism/herbalist .............................................................................................. 11 2 9 18 2 16 0 0 0
Energy and biologically based therapies, other ..................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Registered nursing/registered nurse ..................................................................... 134,507 17,029 117,478 16,083 1,879 14,204 882 109 773
Nursing administration ......................................................................................... 726 78 648 6,402 637 5,765 321 37 284
Adult health nurse/nursing ................................................................................... 314 37 277 1,583 224 1,359 49 2 47
Nurse anesthetist ................................................................................................. 0 0 0 1,476 616 860 338 138 200
Family practice nurse/nursing .............................................................................. 272 54 218 10,931 1,284 9,647 420 56 364
Maternal/child health and neonatal nurse/nursing ................................................ 0 0 0 206 6 200 1 0 1
Nurse midwife/nursing midwifery ......................................................................... 0 0 0 399 0 399 5 0 5
Nursing science ................................................................................................... 1,317 150 1,167 1,824 178 1,646 800 72 728
Pediatric nurse/nursing ........................................................................................ 0 0 0 388 12 376 18 1 17
Psychiatric/mental health nurse/nursing ............................................................... 0 0 0 310 70 240 28 6 22
Public health/community nurse/nursing ................................................................ 198 25 173 294 21 273 1 0 1
Perioperative/operating room and surgical nurse/nursing ..................................... 0 0 0 133 12 121 0 0 0
Clinical nurse specialist ........................................................................................ 18 2 16 462 57 405 34 4 30
Critical care nursing ............................................................................................. 0 0 0 291 56 235 7 0 7
Occupational and environmental health nursing ................................................... 0 0 0 46 6 40 3 0 3
Emergency room/trauma nursing ......................................................................... 0 0 0 18 5 13 0 0 0
Nursing education ................................................................................................ 16 0 16 1,589 107 1,482 135 9 126
Nursing practice ................................................................................................... 958 102 856 297 26 271 3,529 394 3,135
Palliative care nursing .......................................................................................... 1 0 1 4 0 4 0 0 0
Clinical nurse leader ............................................................................................. 23 2 21 417 58 359 3 2 1
Geriatric nurse/nursing ......................................................................................... 0 0 0 361 39 322 24 8 16
Women’s health nurse/nursing ............................................................................. 0 0 0 197 0 197 0 0 0
Reg. nursing, nursing admin., nursing research and clinical nursing, other ........... 1,922 214 1,708 1,438 152 1,286 251 30 221
Licensed practical/vocational nurse training ......................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Practical nursing, vocational nursing and nursing assistants, other ....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Health professions and related clinical sciences, other ......................................... 4,765 1,158 3,607 846 284 562 98 34 64
Homeland security, law enforcement, firefighting and related prot. services ............. 59,581 31,585 27,996 10,210 5,177 5,033 177 89 88
Corrections .......................................................................................................... 540 216 324 9 2 7 0 0 0
Criminal justice/law enforcement administration .................................................. 16,939 9,060 7,879 2,657 1,291 1,366 41 19 22
Criminal justice/safety studies .............................................................................. 30,628 15,479 15,149 3,200 1,309 1,891 100 45 55
Forensic science and technology .......................................................................... 1,466 410 1,056 573 143 430 1 1 0
Criminal justice/police science ............................................................................. 3,160 1,746 1,414 54 19 35 3 2 1
Security and loss prevention services ................................................................... 27 14 13 38 27 11 0 0 0
Juvenile corrections ............................................................................................. 29 5 24 10 4 6 1 0 1
Criminalistics and criminal science ...................................................................... 179 47 132 41 10 31 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 319
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Securities services administration/management ................................................... 635 386 249 205 163 42 0 0 0
Corrections administration ................................................................................... 71 39 32 8 4 4 0 0 0
Law enforcement investigation and interviewing .................................................. 0 0 0 22 11 11 0 0 0
Cyber/computer forensics and counterterrorism ................................................... 268 204 64 388 266 122 0 0 0
Financial forensics and fraud investigation ........................................................... 59 29 30 139 54 85 0 0 0
Law enforcement intelligence analysis ................................................................. 11 7 4 5 0 5 0 0 0
Critical incident response/special police operations .............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Protective services operations .............................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Corrections and criminal justice, other .................................................................. 1,419 635 784 283 104 179 0 0 0
Fire prevention and safety technology/technician ................................................. 217 197 20 9 6 3 0 0 0
Fire services administration ................................................................................. 780 735 45 72 42 30 4 3 1
Fire science/firefighting ........................................................................................ 333 294 39 5 3 2 0 0 0
Fire/arson investigation and prevention ................................................................ 53 35 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Fire protection, other ............................................................................................ 64 53 11 25 22 3 0 0 0
Homeland security ............................................................................................... 831 637 194 553 354 199 0 0 0
Crisis/emergency/disaster management ............................................................... 913 677 236 807 561 246 15 11 4
Critical infrastructure protection ........................................................................... 76 53 23 317 242 75 0 0 0
Terrorism and counterterrorism operations ........................................................... 0 0 0 7 4 3 0 0 0
Homeland security, other ...................................................................................... 89 73 16 17 10 7 0 0 0
Homeland sec., law enforcement, firefighting and related prot. serv., other ........... 794 554 240 766 526 240 12 8 4
Legal professions and studies .................................................................................. 4,272 1,355 2,917 8,674 3,911 4,763 35,123 17,703 17,420
Pre-law studies .................................................................................................... 233 93 140 19 5 14 0 0 0
Legal studies, general .......................................................................................... 1,952 655 1,297 316 102 214 5 2 3
Law ..................................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 34,894 17,579 17,315
Advanced legal research/studies, general ............................................................. 91 43 48 2,245 1,059 1,186 83 51 32
Programs for foreign lawyers ............................................................................... 0 0 0 1,387 615 772 13 7 6
American/U.S. law/legal studies/jurisprudence ..................................................... 56 18 38 465 187 278 18 11 7
Banking, corporate, finance, and securities law .................................................... 0 0 0 306 153 153 1 0 1
Comparative law .................................................................................................. 0 0 0 55 32 23 0 0 0
Energy, environment, and natural resources law ................................................... 6 5 1 141 69 72 2 0 2
Health law ............................................................................................................ 0 0 0 252 53 199 4 2 2
International law and legal studies ....................................................................... 2 0 2 477 198 279 8 3 5
International business, trade, and tax law ............................................................. 0 0 0 211 106 105 0 0 0
Tax law/taxation ................................................................................................... 0 0 0 796 492 304 0 0 0
Intellectual property law ....................................................................................... 0 0 0 135 49 86 0 0 0
Legal research and advanced professional studies, other ..................................... 0 0 0 826 401 425 13 10 3
Legal administrative assistant/secretary ............................................................... 3 0 3 5 4 1 0 0 0
Legal assistant/paralegal ...................................................................................... 1,520 374 1,146 79 10 69 0 0 0
Court reporting/court reporter ............................................................................... 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Legal support services, other ............................................................................... 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 0 0
Legal professions and studies, other .................................................................... 407 167 240 955 373 582 82 38 44
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities ....................................... 43,841 15,999 27,842 2,485 949 1,536 95 32 63
Liberal arts and sciences/liberal studies ............................................................... 23,921 7,932 15,989 1,448 586 862 8 5 3
General studies .................................................................................................... 13,964 5,820 8,144 174 67 107 3 1 2
Humanities/humanistic studies ............................................................................. 1,904 606 1,298 510 184 326 81 24 57
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities, other .......................... 4,052 1,641 2,411 353 112 241 3 2 1
Library science ........................................................................................................ 109 11 98 4,843 842 4,001 42 13 29
Library and information science ........................................................................... 109 11 98 4,554 800 3,754 42 13 29
Children and youth library services ....................................................................... 0 0 0 8 0 8 0 0 0
Archives/archival administration ........................................................................... 0 0 0 132 22 110 0 0 0
Library science, other ........................................................................................... 0 0 0 149 20 129 0 0 0
Mathematics and statistics ...................................................................................... 24,073 14,002 10,071 9,086 5,116 3,970 1,925 1,403 522
Mathematics, general ........................................................................................... 17,737 10,244 7,493 2,682 1,613 1,069 1,123 856 267
Analysis and functional analysis ........................................................................... 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Topology and foundations ..................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 0
Mathematics, other .............................................................................................. 319 154 165 44 22 22 11 7 4
Applied mathematics, general .............................................................................. 2,258 1,399 859 981 615 366 255 179 76
Computational mathematics ................................................................................. 195 143 52 15 8 7 41 29 12
Computational and applied mathematics .............................................................. 191 124 67 152 107 45 41 35 6
Financial mathematics ......................................................................................... 276 159 117 1,838 1,022 816 3 2 1
Mathematical biology ........................................................................................... 30 13 17 0 0 0 0 0 0
Applied mathematics, other .................................................................................. 208 122 86 12 8 4 9 7 2
Statistics, general ................................................................................................. 2,116 1,172 944 3,063 1,588 1,475 397 263 134
Mathematical statistics and probability ................................................................ 224 157 67 152 66 86 13 6 7
Mathematics and statistics ................................................................................... 87 57 30 70 31 39 3 2 1
Statistics, other .................................................................................................... 151 93 58 50 21 29 3 2 1
Mathematics and statistics, other ......................................................................... 280 164 116 27 15 12 23 12 11
Military technologies and applied sciences .............................................................. 469 401 68 274 212 62 0 0 0
Intelligence, general ............................................................................................. 264 230 34 63 41 22 0 0 0
Strategic intelligence ............................................................................................ 0 0 0 28 19 9 0 0 0
Signal/geospatial intelligence ............................................................................... 0 0 0 5 4 1 0 0 0
Cyber/electronic operations and warfare .............................................................. 61 52 9 158 130 28 0 0 0
Intelligence, command control and information operations, other ......................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military applied sciences, other ............................................................................ 49 44 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aerospace ground equipment technology ............................................................. 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Air and space operations technology .................................................................... 27 18 9 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military systems and maintenance technology, other ............................................ 15 14 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military technologies and applied sciences, other ................................................. 51 41 10 20 18 2 0 0 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies .................................................................................. 49,658 16,800 32,858 9,234 3,402 5,832 854 358 496
Multi/interdisciplinary studies, general ................................................................. 4,730 1,839 2,891 134 62 72 7 4 3
Biological and physical sciences .......................................................................... 2,125 872 1,253 518 238 280 64 35 29

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

320 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Peace studies and conflict resolution .................................................................... 462 161 301 597 221 376 26 10 16
Systems science and theory ................................................................................. 300 178 122 228 118 110 17 12 5
Mathematics and computer science ..................................................................... 433 318 115 93 61 32 17 8 9
Biopsychology ...................................................................................................... 169 46 123 4 2 2 2 1 1
Gerontology .......................................................................................................... 346 29 317 442 61 381 36 5 31
Historic preservation and conservation ................................................................. 101 39 62 192 49 143 2 0 2
Cultural resource management and policy analysis .............................................. 0 0 0 41 15 26 0 0 0
Historic preservation and conservation, other ....................................................... 2 0 2 10 4 6 1 0 1
Medieval and renaissance studies ........................................................................ 30 9 21 21 8 13 6 3 3
Museology/museum studies ................................................................................. 16 1 15 525 74 451 0 0 0
Science, technology and society ........................................................................... 875 453 422 147 51 96 35 21 14
Accounting and computer science ........................................................................ 8 6 2 5 4 1 0 0 0
Behavioral sciences ............................................................................................. 3,625 712 2,913 261 36 225 17 7 10
Natural sciences .................................................................................................. 541 197 344 80 24 56 7 3 4
Nutrition sciences ................................................................................................ 2,531 426 2,105 1,016 137 879 169 42 127
International/global studies .................................................................................. 5,469 1,964 3,505 1,068 561 507 2 0 2
Holocaust and related studies .............................................................................. 9 1 8 27 8 19 0 0 0
Ancient studies/civilization ................................................................................... 89 27 62 8 7 1 1 1 0
Classical, ancient Mediterranean/Near Eastern studies/archaeology ..................... 85 33 52 7 4 3 2 2 0
Intercultural/multicultural and diversity studies ..................................................... 112 33 79 96 31 65 2 2 0
Cognitive science ................................................................................................. 1,353 512 841 105 34 71 35 24 11
Cultural studies/critical theory and analysis .......................................................... 157 49 108 53 10 43 1 1 0
Human biology ..................................................................................................... 879 257 622 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dispute resolution ................................................................................................ 0 0 0 312 110 202 40 16 24
Maritime studies .................................................................................................. 17 8 9 1 0 1 0 0 0
Computational science ......................................................................................... 38 22 16 311 224 87 15 12 3
Human computer interaction ................................................................................ 451 368 83 380 198 182 9 6 3
Marine sciences ................................................................................................... 114 44 70 62 23 39 22 7 15
Sustainability studies ........................................................................................... 497 217 280 564 225 339 7 4 3
Multi/interdisciplinary studies, other ..................................................................... 24,094 7,979 16,115 1,926 802 1,124 312 132 180
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies ........................................................... 53,264 27,390 25,874 8,655 4,979 3,676 319 159 160
Parks, recreation and leisure studies .................................................................... 3,131 1,413 1,718 188 84 104 17 7 10
Parks, recreation and leisure facilities management ............................................. 3,111 1,474 1,637 397 192 205 18 11 7
Golf course operation and grounds management .................................................. 7 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Parks, recreation and leisure facilities management, other ................................... 11 9 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Health and physical education/fitness, general ..................................................... 10,493 5,089 5,404 1,227 668 559 30 17 13
Sport and fitness administration/management ..................................................... 9,897 7,172 2,725 4,105 2,658 1,447 32 19 13
Kinesiology and exercise science ......................................................................... 25,064 11,326 13,738 2,478 1,244 1,234 183 92 91
Physical fitness technician ................................................................................... 69 41 28 12 10 2 0 0 0
Sports studies ...................................................................................................... 211 159 52 105 56 49 2 1 1
Health and physical education/fitness, other ......................................................... 959 514 445 86 32 54 30 9 21
Outdoor education ................................................................................................ 111 67 44 47 26 21 0 0 0
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies, other ............................................. 200 123 77 10 9 1 7 3 4
Philosophy and religious studies .............................................................................. 9,712 6,008 3,704 1,705 1,108 597 741 507 234
Philosophy and religious studies, general ............................................................. 94 56 38 4 3 1 19 9 10
Philosophy ........................................................................................................... 5,625 3,798 1,827 752 552 200 434 315 119
Logic .................................................................................................................... 8 5 3 9 8 1 2 2 0
Ethics ................................................................................................................... 65 11 54 47 21 26 0 0 0
Applied and professional ethics ............................................................................ 20 12 8 18 9 9 0 0 0
Philosophy, other .................................................................................................. 198 106 92 10 5 5 2 0 2
Religion/religious studies ..................................................................................... 2,877 1,577 1,300 437 239 198 253 165 88
Buddhist studies .................................................................................................. 0 0 0 4 2 2 1 1 0
Christian studies .................................................................................................. 353 220 133 208 142 66 0 0 0
Hindu studies ....................................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Islamic studies ..................................................................................................... 12 8 4 17 8 9 6 5 1
Jewish/Judaic studies .......................................................................................... 180 47 133 91 43 48 9 3 6
Religion/religious studies, other ............................................................................ 81 44 37 29 15 14 4 3 1
Philosophy and religious studies, other ................................................................. 199 124 75 79 61 18 11 4 7
Physical sciences and science technologies ............................................................. 31,268 18,860 12,408 7,143 4,418 2,725 6,027 4,072 1,955
Physical sciences ................................................................................................. 30,720 18,565 12,155 7,093 4,390 2,703 6,024 4,069 1,955
Physical sciences ............................................................................................. 309 174 135 78 56 22 17 10 7
Astronomy ........................................................................................................ 279 188 91 100 50 50 106 66 40
Astrophysics ..................................................................................................... 214 148 66 42 32 10 56 37 19
Planetary astronomy and science ..................................................................... 15 8 7 15 7 8 26 15 11
Astronomy and astrophysics, other ................................................................... 28 16 12 12 10 2 8 5 3
Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, general ............................................... 449 271 178 204 112 92 135 72 63
Atmospheric chemistry and climatology ............................................................ 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Atmospheric physics and dynamics .................................................................. 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
Meteorology ..................................................................................................... 203 130 73 30 20 10 15 11 4
Atmospheric sciences and meteorology, other .................................................. 28 12 16 1 0 1 2 1 1
Chemistry, general ............................................................................................ 14,296 7,265 7,031 2,370 1,315 1,055 2,778 1,699 1,079
Analytical chemistry ......................................................................................... 5 1 4 23 16 7 4 3 1
Inorganic chemistry .......................................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Organic chemistry ............................................................................................ 0 0 0 3 3 0 14 8 6
Physical chemistry ............................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
Polymer chemistry ............................................................................................ 4 4 0 60 38 22 35 18 17
Chemical physics .............................................................................................. 31 21 10 7 4 3 13 11 2
Environmental chemistry .................................................................................. 8 3 5 1 1 0 5 4 1
Forensic chemistry ........................................................................................... 152 38 114 1 0 1 0 0 0
Theoretical chemistry ....................................................................................... 18 6 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chemistry, other ............................................................................................... 440 237 203 29 14 15 36 28 8
Geology/earth science, general ......................................................................... 5,606 3,459 2,147 1,387 795 592 463 268 195
Geochemistry ................................................................................................... 17 11 6 4 4 0 7 5 2

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 321
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Geophysics and seismology .............................................................................. 197 134 63 121 85 36 68 45 23
Paleontology ..................................................................................................... 9 7 2 1 0 1 0 0 0
Hydrology and water resources science ............................................................ 50 34 16 89 41 48 18 12 6
Geochemistry and petrology ............................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oceanography, chemical and physical .............................................................. 215 95 120 166 70 96 108 50 58
Geological and earth sciences/geosciences, other ............................................ 521 306 215 173 106 67 73 45 28
Physics, general ............................................................................................... 6,869 5,465 1,404 1,621 1,230 391 1,691 1,395 296
Atomic/molecular physics ................................................................................. 0 0 0 13 6 7 4 3 1
Elementary particle physics .............................................................................. 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Nuclear physics ................................................................................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
Optics/optical sciences ..................................................................................... 23 17 6 73 57 16 49 43 6
Condensed matter and materials physics .......................................................... 1 1 0 2 2 0 9 8 1
Acoustics .......................................................................................................... 17 16 1 16 14 2 5 4 1
Theoretical and mathematical physics .............................................................. 17 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Physics, other ................................................................................................... 182 141 41 124 99 25 67 52 15
Materials science ............................................................................................. 190 133 57 224 157 67 151 109 42
Materials chemistry .......................................................................................... 3 2 1 11 6 5 9 7 2
Materials sciences, other .................................................................................. 0 0 0 2 2 0 6 5 1
Physical sciences, other .................................................................................... 319 200 119 88 37 51 42 27 15
Science technologies/technicians ......................................................................... 548 295 253 50 28 22 3 3 0
Science technologies/technicians, general ........................................................ 46 39 7 0 0 0 0 0 0
Biology technician/biotechnology laboratory technician .................................... 36 14 22 0 0 0 3 3 0
Nuclear/nuclear power technology/technician ................................................... 26 22 4 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nuclear and industrial radiologic technologies/technicians, other ...................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chemical technology/technician ....................................................................... 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0
Physical science technologies/technicians, other .............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Science technologies/technicians, other ........................................................... 440 220 220 48 26 22 0 0 0
Precision production ................................................................................................ 32 18 14 14 4 10 0 0 0
Tool and die technology/technician ....................................................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Welding technology/welder .................................................................................. 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Furniture design and manufacturing ..................................................................... 28 14 14 14 4 10 0 0 0
Psychology .............................................................................................................. 116,861 25,526 91,335 27,542 5,588 21,954 6,702 1,691 5,011
Psychology, general .............................................................................................. 105,815 23,218 82,597 6,318 1,572 4,746 1,803 537 1,266
Cognitive psychology and psycholinguistics ......................................................... 109 19 90 32 5 27 18 8 10
Comparative psychology ...................................................................................... 0 0 0 19 4 15 0 0 0
Developmental and child psychology .................................................................... 610 57 553 294 30 264 58 11 47
Experimental psychology ...................................................................................... 1,615 385 1,230 224 83 141 175 67 108
Personality psychology ......................................................................................... 13 2 11 10 3 7 10 2 8
Physiological psychology/psychobiology ............................................................... 1,197 331 866 53 20 33 7 3 4
Social psychology ................................................................................................ 1,131 258 873 36 11 25 45 13 32
Psychometrics and quantitative psychology .......................................................... 2 1 1 13 4 9 12 2 10
Psychopharmacology ........................................................................................... 0 0 0 16 5 11 0 0 0
Research and experimental psychology, other ...................................................... 2,708 594 2,114 97 33 64 152 52 100
Clinical psychology ............................................................................................... 201 39 162 2,397 471 1,926 2,440 551 1,889
Community psychology ........................................................................................ 404 67 337 235 56 179 30 7 23
Counseling psychology ......................................................................................... 575 99 476 8,588 1,579 7,009 481 115 366
Industrial and organizational psychology .............................................................. 215 51 164 1,338 427 911 191 69 122
School psychology ............................................................................................... 1 0 1 1,985 251 1,734 348 54 294
Educational psychology ........................................................................................ 115 6 109 1,269 223 1,046 383 92 291
Clinical child psychology ...................................................................................... 0 0 0 27 5 22 35 5 30
Environmental psychology .................................................................................... 37 17 20 22 8 14 7 3 4
Geropsychology .................................................................................................... 0 0 0 5 1 4 3 2 1
Health/medical psychology ................................................................................... 65 5 60 10 1 9 41 9 32
Family psychology ................................................................................................ 12 1 11 70 10 60 0 0 0
Forensic psychology ............................................................................................. 653 112 541 745 117 628 119 10 109
Applied psychology .............................................................................................. 819 166 653 345 88 257 26 12 14
Applied behavior analysis ..................................................................................... 161 32 129 1,200 156 1,044 86 22 64
Clinical, counseling and applied psychology, other ................................................ 46 9 37 304 65 239 75 11 64
Psychology, other ................................................................................................. 357 57 300 1,890 360 1,530 157 34 123
Public administration and social service professions ................................................ 35,464 6,238 29,226 45,393 10,799 34,594 1,116 381 735
Human services, general ...................................................................................... 6,725 879 5,846 1,256 204 1,052 64 12 52
Community organization and advocacy ................................................................. 1,865 411 1,454 349 122 227 6 2 4
Public administration ............................................................................................ 3,281 1,609 1,672 12,591 5,265 7,326 324 168 156
Public policy analysis, general .............................................................................. 1,518 634 884 2,626 1,201 1,425 197 84 113
Education policy analysis ..................................................................................... 0 0 0 51 15 36 15 6 9
Health policy analysis ........................................................................................... 98 18 80 60 19 41 17 6 11
International policy analysis ................................................................................. 17 4 13 9 4 5 0 0 0
Public policy analysis, other .................................................................................. 1 0 1 109 47 62 6 3 3
Social work .......................................................................................................... 21,436 2,551 18,885 27,873 3,788 24,085 433 81 352
Youth services/administration ............................................................................... 116 22 94 63 6 57 0 0 0
Social work, other ................................................................................................ 75 9 66 167 39 128 0 0 0
Public administration and social service professions, other ................................... 332 101 231 239 89 150 54 19 35
Social sciences and history ...................................................................................... 159,099 79,568 79,531 20,015 9,914 10,101 4,706 2,572 2,134
Social sciences .................................................................................................... 135,041 65,262 69,779 16,579 8,029 8,550 3,781 2,039 1,742
Social sciences, general ................................................................................... 7,140 2,597 4,543 671 225 446 17 9 8
Research methodology and quantitative methods ............................................. 4 2 2 43 21 22 0 0 0
Anthropology .................................................................................................... 8,223 2,241 5,982 1,082 347 735 538 202 336
Physical and biological anthropology ................................................................ 34 9 25 16 3 13 5 3 2
Medical anthropology ....................................................................................... 50 7 43 0 0 0 1 0 1
Cultural anthropology ....................................................................................... 43 6 37 11 3 8 6 1 5
Anthropology, other ........................................................................................... 41 14 27 13 4 9 11 4 7
Archeology ....................................................................................................... 173 52 121 41 8 33 20 7 13

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

322 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Criminology ...................................................................................................... 7,265 3,380 3,885 715 253 462 51 23 28
Demography and population studies ................................................................. 0 0 0 32 9 23 15 7 8
Economics, general .......................................................................................... 30,358 20,979 9,379 2,286 1,475 811 901 609 292
Applied economics ........................................................................................... 493 355 138 327 175 152 28 14 14
Econometrics and quantitative economics ........................................................ 2,280 1,409 871 906 510 396 181 129 52
Development economics and international development ................................... 283 82 201 354 125 229 23 12 11
International economics .................................................................................... 243 137 106 45 21 24 5 3 2
Economics, other .............................................................................................. 394 259 135 127 71 56 12 3 9
Geography ........................................................................................................ 3,810 2,327 1,483 612 335 277 263 150 113
Geographic information science and cartography .............................................. 507 370 137 493 296 197 21 11 10
Geography, other .............................................................................................. 172 97 75 52 35 17 6 2 4
International relations and affairs ...................................................................... 8,467 3,309 5,158 4,164 2,012 2,152 99 58 41
National security policy studies ......................................................................... 65 47 18 215 147 68 0 0 0
International relations and national security studies, other ................................ 87 42 45 151 86 65 2 1 1
Political science and government, general ........................................................ 33,099 17,533 15,566 1,590 911 679 777 474 303
American government and politics (United States) ............................................ 144 86 58 147 97 50 0 0 0
Political economy .............................................................................................. 216 127 89 4 4 0 0 0 0
Political science and government, other ............................................................ 732 367 365 101 57 44 19 9 10
Sociology .......................................................................................................... 27,443 8,127 19,316 1,397 481 916 682 267 415
Urban studies/affairs ........................................................................................ 957 461 496 413 173 240 46 25 21
Sociology and anthropology .............................................................................. 429 121 308 9 2 7 0 0 0
Rural sociology ................................................................................................. 20 8 12 0 0 0 0 0 0
Social sciences, other ....................................................................................... 1,869 711 1,158 562 143 419 52 16 36
History ................................................................................................................. 24,058 14,306 9,752 3,436 1,885 1,551 925 533 392
History, general ................................................................................................. 23,444 13,954 9,490 3,044 1,631 1,413 863 503 360
American history (United States) ....................................................................... 37 26 11 51 26 25 4 3 1
European history .............................................................................................. 16 12 4 2 2 0 0 0 0
History and philosophy of science and technology ............................................ 117 54 63 32 16 16 30 13 17
Public/applied history ....................................................................................... 37 17 20 88 31 57 7 1 6
Asian history ..................................................................................................... 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military history .................................................................................................. 71 69 2 138 119 19 0 0 0
History, other .................................................................................................... 334 172 162 81 60 21 21 13 8
Theology and religious vocations ............................................................................. 9,491 6,619 2,872 13,654 8,865 4,789 1,791 1,361 430
Bible/biblical studies ............................................................................................ 2,183 1,441 742 639 462 177 40 37 3
Missions/missionary studies and missiology ........................................................ 562 229 333 307 168 139 79 68 11
Religious education .............................................................................................. 806 417 389 526 226 300 45 29 16
Religious/sacred music ........................................................................................ 300 170 130 113 72 41 5 2 3
Theology/theological studies ................................................................................ 962 669 293 3,954 2,620 1,334 446 345 101
Divinity/ministry ................................................................................................... 359 279 80 5,216 3,536 1,680 461 345 116
Pre-theology/pre-ministerial studies ..................................................................... 171 135 36 2 2 0 0 0 0
Rabbinical studies ................................................................................................ 3 3 0 115 67 48 9 9 0
Talmudic studies .................................................................................................. 2,029 2,029 0 486 481 5 18 18 0
Theological and ministerial studies, other ............................................................. 348 201 147 747 458 289 297 231 66
Pastoral studies/counseling .................................................................................. 506 347 159 676 292 384 118 82 36
Youth ministry ...................................................................................................... 550 338 212 39 14 25 0 0 0
Urban ministry ..................................................................................................... 27 10 17 26 12 14 15 10 5
Women’s ministry ................................................................................................ 1 0 1 2 0 2 0 0 0
Lay ministry ......................................................................................................... 123 78 45 88 43 45 0 0 0
Pastoral counseling and specialized ministries, other ........................................... 158 64 94 200 99 101 21 18 3
Theology and religious vocations, other ................................................................ 403 209 194 518 313 205 237 167 70
Transportation and materials moving ....................................................................... 4,710 4,136 574 839 672 167 11 10 1
Aeronautics/aviation/aerospace science and technology, general ......................... 2,370 2,116 254 570 477 93 11 10 1
Airline/commercial/professional pilot and flight crew ............................................ 806 717 89 0 0 0 0 0 0
Aviation/airway management and operations ....................................................... 823 682 141 237 177 60 0 0 0
Air traffic controller .............................................................................................. 123 98 25 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flight instructor .................................................................................................... 12 10 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Air transportation, other ....................................................................................... 38 37 1 26 14 12 0 0 0
Marine science/merchant marine officer .............................................................. 535 473 62 0 0 0 0 0 0
Transportation and materials moving, other .......................................................... 3 3 0 6 4 2 0 0 0
Visual and performing arts ....................................................................................... 91,262 35,296 55,966 17,523 7,565 9,958 1,774 812 962
Visual and performing arts, general ...................................................................... 1,526 541 985 114 50 64 18 6 12
Digital arts ........................................................................................................... 1,153 627 526 169 97 72 0 0 0
Crafts/craft design, folk art and artisanry .............................................................. 125 27 98 19 7 12 0 0 0
Dance, general ..................................................................................................... 2,317 327 1,990 208 47 161 7 1 6
Ballet ................................................................................................................... 39 6 33 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dance, other ........................................................................................................ 40 3 37 0 0 0 0 0 0
Design and visual communications, general ......................................................... 2,699 861 1,838 449 144 305 0 0 0
Commercial and advertising art ............................................................................ 1,228 417 811 87 31 56 0 0 0
Industrial and product design ............................................................................... 1,758 967 791 207 110 97 0 0 0
Commercial photography ..................................................................................... 344 96 248 14 6 8 0 0 0
Fashion/apparel design ........................................................................................ 2,068 226 1,842 198 22 176 1 0 1
Interior design ...................................................................................................... 2,777 278 2,499 338 54 284 0 0 0
Graphic design ..................................................................................................... 5,017 1,702 3,315 199 66 133 0 0 0
Illustration ............................................................................................................ 1,869 542 1,327 173 60 113 0 0 0
Game and interactive media design ...................................................................... 1,285 965 320 151 91 60 5 1 4
Design and applied arts, other .............................................................................. 589 214 375 250 83 167 13 1 12
Drama and dramatics/theatre arts, general .......................................................... 8,561 3,142 5,419 905 374 531 82 22 60
Technical theatre/theatre design and technology .................................................. 623 270 353 157 69 88 0 0 0
Playwriting and screenwriting .............................................................................. 274 126 148 318 151 167 0 0 0
Theatre literature, history and criticism ................................................................ 27 8 19 10 5 5 2 2 0
Acting .................................................................................................................. 1,059 420 639 193 91 102 0 0 0
Directing and theatrical production ....................................................................... 107 45 62 85 29 56 0 0 0
Musical theatre .................................................................................................... 636 247 389 14 4 10 0 0 0

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 323
Summary of Degrees Conferred

Table 318.30. Bachelor’s, master’s, and doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline
division: 2016–17—Continued
Bachelor’s degrees Master’s degrees Doctor’s degrees1
Discipline division Total Males Females Total Males Females Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Costume design ................................................................................................... 22 1 21 7 0 7 0 0 0
Dramatic/theatre arts and stagecraft, other .......................................................... 474 174 300 44 21 23 5 3 2
Film/cinema/video studies .................................................................................... 3,659 2,019 1,640 768 432 336 44 16 28
Cinematography and film/video production ........................................................... 4,605 2,869 1,736 916 480 436 9 5 4
Photography ......................................................................................................... 1,376 409 967 284 130 154 0 0 0
Documentary production ...................................................................................... 13 2 11 34 17 17 0 0 0
Film/video and photographic arts, other ................................................................ 746 414 332 59 21 38 2 0 2
Art/art studies, general ......................................................................................... 10,842 3,083 7,759 671 264 407 3 0 3
Fine/studio arts, general ....................................................................................... 9,120 2,732 6,388 1,311 515 796 0 0 0
Art history, criticism and conservation .................................................................. 2,345 339 2,006 828 126 702 228 52 176
Drawing ............................................................................................................... 260 73 187 20 10 10 0 0 0
Intermedia/multimedia ......................................................................................... 1,151 663 488 55 16 39 0 0 0
Painting ................................................................................................................ 567 163 404 155 56 99 0 0 0
Sculpture ............................................................................................................. 221 78 143 51 20 31 0 0 0
Printmaking ......................................................................................................... 147 38 109 36 11 25 0 0 0
Ceramic arts and ceramics ................................................................................... 97 15 82 51 22 29 0 0 0
Fiber, textile and weaving arts .............................................................................. 173 12 161 30 3 27 4 1 3
Metal and jewelry arts .......................................................................................... 113 11 102 34 3 31 0 0 0
Fine arts and art studies, other ............................................................................. 611 161 450 275 77 198 2 1 1
Music, general ..................................................................................................... 7,302 3,801 3,501 1,907 1,017 890 544 294 250
Music history, literature, and theory ...................................................................... 101 49 52 28 16 12 13 7 6
Music performance, general ................................................................................. 4,004 2,102 1,902 2,153 1,103 1,050 448 214 234
Music theory and composition .............................................................................. 769 607 162 334 233 101 75 54 21
Musicology and ethnomusicology ......................................................................... 46 27 19 59 29 30 58 22 36
Conducting ........................................................................................................... 5 4 1 145 108 37 40 37 3
Keyboard instruments .......................................................................................... 150 64 86 236 82 154 47 16 31
Voice and opera ................................................................................................... 354 115 239 263 84 179 26 5 21
Jazz/jazz studies .................................................................................................. 332 274 58 203 166 37 12 11 1
Stringed instruments ............................................................................................ 180 68 112 222 96 126 23 12 11
Music pedagogy ................................................................................................... 54 13 41 65 23 42 16 7 9
Music technology ................................................................................................. 498 415 83 132 104 28 3 2 1
Brass instruments ................................................................................................ 32 25 7 45 39 6 3 3 0
Woodwind instruments ......................................................................................... 47 29 18 59 25 34 6 2 4
Percussion instruments ........................................................................................ 10 7 3 19 15 4 0 0 0
Music, other ......................................................................................................... 1,236 774 462 254 154 100 10 6 4
Arts, entertainment, and media management, general .......................................... 526 258 268 312 67 245 0 0 0
Fine and studio arts management ........................................................................ 628 138 490 468 73 395 4 2 2
Music management ............................................................................................. 1,651 946 705 66 24 42 0 0 0
Theatre/theatre arts management ........................................................................ 170 49 121 63 16 47 0 0 0
Arts, entertainment, and media management, other ............................................. 95 37 58 300 179 121 0 0 0
Visual and performing arts, other .......................................................................... 409 181 228 303 97 206 21 7 14
Not classified by field of study ................................................................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
degrees that were classified as first-professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions
and law degrees. component. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid
programs. Aggregations by field of study derived from the Classification of Instructional
Programs developed by the National Center for Education Statistics.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 318.40. Degrees/certificates conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution and level of degree/certificate: 1970–71 through 2016–17

324 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Private institutions

Summary of Degrees Conferred

Public institutions Total Nonprofit For-profit

Certifi- Certifi- Certifi- Certifi-

cates cates cates cates
below the Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s below the Assciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s below the Assciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s below the Assciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
Year associate’s degrees degrees degrees degrees1 associate’s degrees degrees degrees degrees1 associate’s degrees degrees degrees degrees1 associate’s degrees degrees degrees degrees1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1970–71 ........... — 215,645 557,996 151,603 36,927 — 36,666 281,734 83,961 28,071 — — — — — — — — — —
1971–72 ........... — 255,218 599,615 167,075 40,297 — 36,796 287,658 90,126 30,909 — — — — — — — — — —
1972–73 ........... — 278,132 630,899 174,405 44,229 — 38,042 291,463 94,249 35,283 — — — — — — — — — —
1973–74 ........... — 303,188 651,544 184,632 45,018 — 40,736 294,232 97,442 37,573 — — — — — — — — — —
1974–75 ........... — 318,474 634,785 193,804 45,788 — 41,697 288,148 103,741 39,116 — — — — — — — — — —
1975–76 ........... — 345,006 635,161 206,298 47,517 — 46,448 290,585 111,179 43,490 — — — — — — — — — —
1976–77 ........... — 355,650 630,463 208,901 47,573 — 50,727 289,086 114,124 44,157 — — — — — — — — — —
1977–78 ........... — 358,874 627,903 202,099 47,553 — 53,372 293,301 115,888 44,792 — — — — — — — — — —
1978–79 ........... — 346,808 621,666 192,016 48,602 — 55,894 299,724 115,670 46,369 — — — — — — — — — —
1979–80 ........... — 344,536 624,084 187,499 48,550 — 56,374 305,333 117,697 47,081 — — — — — — — — — —
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1980–81 ........... — 352,391 626,452 184,384 50,023 — 63,986 2 308,688 118,253 47,993 — — — — — — — — — —
1981–82 ........... — 366,732 636,475 182,295 50,500 — 67,794 2 316,523 120,152 47,338 — — — — — — — — — —
1982–83 ........... — 377,817 646,317 176,246 50,943 — 71,803 2 323,193 120,169 48,392 — — — — — — — — — —
1983–84 ........... — 379,249 646,013 170,693 50,727 — 72,991 328,296 120,448 50,072 — — — — — — — — — —
1984–85 ........... — 377,625 652,246 170,000 51,489 — 77,087 327,231 123,472 49,296 — — — — — — — — — —
1985–86 ........... — 369,052 658,586 169,903 51,001 — 76,995 329,237 125,947 49,279 — — — — — — — — — —
1986–87 ........... — 358,811 659,260 167,797 51,216 — 77,493 332,004 128,733 47,261 — — — — — — — — — —
1987–88 ........... — 354,180 658,491 173,778 51,641 — 80,905 336,338 132,005 47,498 — — — — — — — — — —
1988–89 ........... — 357,001 675,675 179,109 51,963 — 79,763 343,080 137,517 48,608 — — — — — — — — — —
1989–90 ........... — 375,635 700,015 186,104 53,451 — 79,467 351,329 144,048 50,057 — 42,497 344,569 142,681 49,655 — 36,970 6,760 1,367 402
1990–91 ........... — 398,055 724,062 193,057 55,235 — 83,665 370,476 149,806 50,312 — 45,821 360,634 146,161 49,841 — 37,844 9,842 3,645 471
1991–92 ........... — 420,265 759,475 203,398 56,186 — 83,966 377,078 154,691 53,368 — 45,700 370,718 153,291 52,830 — 38,266 6,360 1,400 538
1992–93 ........... — 430,321 785,112 213,843 57,020 — 84,435 380,066 161,189 55,052 — 47,713 373,346 159,562 54,399 — 36,722 6,720 1,627 653
1993–94 ........... — 444,373 789,148 221,428 58,366 — 86,259 380,127 171,609 54,270 — 48,493 371,561 168,718 53,502 — 37,766 8,566 2,891 768
1994–95 ........... — 451,539 776,670 224,152 58,788 — 88,152 383,464 179,457 55,478 — 48,643 373,454 176,485 54,675 — 39,509 10,010 2,972 803
1995–96 ........... 307,358 454,291 774,070 227,179 59,398 313,311 100,925 390,722 185,001 56,109 34,259 50,678 379,916 181,142 55,506 279,052 50,247 10,806 3,859 603
1996–97 ........... 326,687 465,494 776,677 233,237 61,081 272,237 105,732 396,202 192,023 57,666 35,560 49,168 384,086 186,963 56,864 236,677 56,564 12,116 5,060 802
1997–98 ........... 305,910 455,084 784,296 235,922 60,948 246,571 103,471 400,110 200,115 57,787 32,166 47,625 386,455 194,048 57,089 214,405 55,846 13,655 6,067 698
1998–99 ........... 304,294 452,616 792,392 238,954 60,028 251,589 112,368 409,847 207,084 56,672 29,402 47,757 394,749 198,481 55,663 222,187 64,611 15,098 8,603 1,009
1999–2000 ....... 294,912 448,446 810,855 243,157 60,655 263,217 116,487 427,020 220,028 58,081 28,580 46,337 406,958 209,720 56,972 234,637 70,150 20,062 10,308 1,109
2000–01 ........... 309,624 456,487 812,438 246,054 60,820 242,879 122,378 431,733 227,448 58,765 29,336 45,711 408,701 215,815 57,722 213,543 76,667 23,032 11,633 1,043
2001–02 ........... 319,291 471,660 841,180 249,820 61,061 264,957 123,473 450,720 237,493 58,602 32,904 45,761 424,322 223,229 57,707 232,053 77,712 26,398 14,264 895
2002–03 ........... 355,727 498,279 875,596 265,643 61,611 290,698 135,737 473,215 253,056 59,968 36,926 46,183 442,060 238,069 58,894 253,772 89,554 31,155 14,987 1,074
2003–04 ........... 364,053 524,875 905,718 285,138 64,205 323,734 140,426 493,824 279,134 61,882 35,316 45,759 451,518 250,894 60,447 288,418 94,667 42,306 28,240 1,435
2004–05 ........... 370,683 547,519 932,443 291,505 67,511 340,190 149,141 506,821 288,646 66,876 35,968 45,344 457,963 253,564 65,278 304,222 103,797 48,858 35,082 1,598
2005–06 ........... 370,570 557,366 955,370 293,535 70,036 344,220 155,949 529,734 306,327 68,020 35,909 46,459 467,697 261,203 66,066 308,311 109,490 62,037 45,124 1,954
2006–07 ........... 389,244 566,219 975,903 292,073 73,087 339,071 161,397 548,826 318,630 71,607 34,195 43,790 478,053 267,694 69,241 304,876 117,607 70,773 50,936 2,366
2007–08 ........... 399,741 578,661 996,769 300,019 75,551 348,613 171,505 566,965 330,825 73,639 33,915 45,014 491,016 275,971 70,473 314,698 126,491 75,949 54,854 3,166
2008–09 ........... 428,849 596,391 1,020,521 308,215 77,270 375,771 190,852 580,878 353,867 77,294 31,939 46,930 496,353 290,401 73,583 343,832 143,922 84,525 63,466 3,711
2009–10 ........... 472,428 640,265 1,049,179 322,389 78,805 463,291 208,591 600,740 370,924 79,785 35,652 46,673 503,264 300,053 75,172 427,639 161,918 97,476 70,871 4,613
2010–11 ........... 519,711 696,884 1,088,722 339,420 82,013 510,766 246,622 627,331 391,502 81,814 36,534 51,967 512,821 313,317 76,595 474,232 194,655 114,510 78,185 5,219
2011–12 ........... 525,264 756,484 1,131,885 349,349 84,730 463,797 265,234 660,278 406,618 85,487 32,856 54,347 526,022 325,175 79,498 430,941 210,887 134,256 81,443 5,989
2012–13 ........... 545,446 772,978 1,163,616 346,751 86,411 421,768 234,449 676,765 404,967 88,615 30,913 55,651 535,958 327,013 81,543 390,855 178,798 140,807 77,954 7,072
2013–14 ........... 576,468 794,925 1,186,742 346,238 88,911 392,810 210,230 683,408 408,344 88,676 30,738 53,127 544,253 333,539 80,894 362,072 157,103 139,155 74,805 7,782
2014–15 ........... 602,904 822,218 1,209,464 351,216 90,252 358,242 192,123 685,505 407,588 88,296 46,090 58,613 553,543 336,181 80,093 312,152 133,510 131,962 71,407 8,203
2015–16 ........... 615,137 848,081 1,240,423 364,619 90,030 324,154 160,147 680,327 421,138 88,104 40,010 56,595 560,834 350,790 80,067 284,144 103,552 119,493 70,348 8,037
2016–17 ........... 630,101 861,859 1,275,756 374,387 91,532 314,839 143,790 680,276 430,297 89,820 35,176 56,563 566,379 360,352 81,545 279,663 87,227 113,897 69,945 8,275

—Not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most degrees that were classified as first- Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1970­–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary
professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees. Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:87–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions
2
Part of the increase is due to the addition of schools accredited by the Accrediting Commission of Career Schools and component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
Colleges of Technology.
NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for postsecondary institutions that
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data for associate’s degrees and higher awards are for degree-granting
institutions. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
 Table 318.50. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution, level of degree, and field of study: 2016–17
All institutions Public institutions Private nonprofit institutions Private for-profit institutions
Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
Field of study degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All fields, total ......................................... 1,005,649 1,956,032 804,684 181,352 861,859 1,275,756 374,387 91,532 56,563 566,379 360,352 81,545 87,227 113,897 69,945 8,275
Agriculture and natural resources .................... 8,207 37,719 6,844 1,561 7,861 31,571 5,401 1,468 338 5,515 1,332 93 8 633 111 0
Architecture and related services ..................... 503 8,573 7,911 291 476 5,933 4,729 220 27 2,551 3,127 71 0 89 55 0
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group
studies ....................................................... 420 7,720 1,717 349 415 5,309 1,016 224 5 2,411 701 125 0 0 0 0
Biological and biomedical sciences .................. 5,550 116,759 16,284 8,087 5,458 81,459 9,229 5,325 87 35,062 7,041 2,762 5 238 14 0
Business .......................................................... 122,234 381,353 187,404 3,329 93,700 229,332 69,823 1,049 10,404 116,505 93,693 859 18,130 35,516 23,888 1,421
Communication, journalism, and related
programs ................................................... 7,377 93,778 10,128 615 7,056 67,873 4,195 491 97 24,977 5,603 124 224 928 330 0
Communications technologies ......................... 4,305 4,615 539 0 3,397 1,404 51 0 90 1,599 350 0 818 1,612 138 0
Computer and information sciences ................. 31,162 71,420 46,555 1,982 24,682 44,982 25,883 1,326 1,626 17,987 17,831 535 4,854 8,451 2,841 121
Construction trades .......................................... 5,308 153 0 0 4,528 153 0 0 189 0 0 0 591 0 0 0
Education ......................................................... 16,593 85,118 145,680 12,687 14,815 58,648 72,217 6,299 710 23,117 63,234 4,817 1,068 3,353 10,229 1,571
Engineering ...................................................... 5,915 115,640 52,841 10,371 5,803 90,841 35,541 7,653 27 24,687 17,204 2,718 85 112 96 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Engineering technologies and engineering-

related fields2 ............................................. 27,024 17,665 7,403 152 23,467 13,992 3,877 89 1,315 1,888 2,955 63 2,242 1,785 571 0
English language and literature/letters ............. 2,870 41,317 8,247 1,347 2,728 28,282 4,847 994 11 12,344 3,262 353 131 691 138 0
Family and consumer sciences/human
sciences ..................................................... 8,881 25,077 3,295 317 8,320 20,218 2,041 258 321 4,336 1,016 47 240 523 238 12
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics ... 2,363 17,642 3,274 1,168 2,344 12,798 2,335 759 19 4,814 939 409 0 30 0 0
Health professions and related programs ......... 186,299 238,014 119,273 77,693 125,480 130,754 46,269 37,931 20,691 75,816 53,755 37,155 40,128 31,444 19,249 2,607
Homeland security, law enforcement, and
firefighting ................................................. 37,361 59,581 10,210 177 30,444 36,366 4,452 115 1,531 14,141 3,743 18 5,386 9,074 2,015 44
Legal professions and studies .......................... 6,900 4,272 8,674 35,123 4,988 2,406 2,289 12,780 546 1,261 6,197 21,430 1,366 605 188 913
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies,
and humanities .......................................... 386,658 43,841 2,485 95 375,193 30,797 1,138 47 9,959 12,744 1,291 29 1,506 300 56 19
Library science ................................................. 158 109 4,843 42 158 73 4,033 39 0 0 810 3 0 36 0 0
Mathematics and statistics .............................. 3,454 24,073 9,086 1,925 3,446 16,359 5,496 1,393 8 7,696 3,590 532 0 18 0 0
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................................ 20,827 303 0 0 14,561 166 0 0 2,352 137 0 0 3,914 0 0 0
Military technologies and applied sciences ...... 1,093 469 274 0 1,055 165 52 0 0 273 222 0 38 31 0 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ........................... 30,780 49,658 9,234 854 29,404 34,599 4,636 572 469 11,363 3,962 282 907 3,696 636 0
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies ....................................................... 5,037 53,264 8,655 319 4,171 39,541 5,728 281 223 13,076 2,699 31 643 647 228 7
Philosophy and religious studies ...................... 1,002 9,712 1,705 741 304 4,398 568 295 698 5,261 1,137 445 0 53 0 1
Physical sciences and science technologies .... 9,223 31,268 7,143 6,027 9,159 22,426 5,368 4,343 64 8,841 1,775 1,684 0 1 0 0

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 325

Precision production ......................................... 5,272 32 14 0 4,664 0 0 0 220 32 14 0 388 0 0 0
Psychology ....................................................... 11,286 116,861 27,542 6,702 10,661 80,098 8,987 2,665 395 34,160 14,738 2,737 230 2,603 3,817 1,300
Public administration and social services ......... 7,591 35,464 45,393 1,116 5,748 23,337 26,715 558 986 9,437 16,486 322 857 2,690 2,192 236

Summary of Degrees Conferred

Social sciences and history .............................. 21,392 159,099 20,015 4,706 21,248 109,858 10,252 3,074 71 48,359 9,085 1,617 73 882 678 15
Social sciences ............................................. 19,636 135,041 16,579 3,781 19,546 93,527 8,045 2,493 46 40,894 8,129 1,273 44 620 405 15
History .......................................................... 1,756 24,058 3,436 925 1,702 16,331 2,207 581 25 7,465 956 344 29 262 273 0
Theology and religious vocations ..................... 1,619 9,491 13,654 1,791 1 5 0 0 1,602 9,200 13,458 1,784 16 286 196 7
Transportation and materials moving ............... 1,547 4,710 839 11 1,124 2,530 127 3 381 2,179 712 8 42 1 0 0
Visual and performing arts ............................... 19,438 91,262 17,523 1,774 15,000 49,083 7,092 1,281 1,101 34,610 8,390 492 3,337 7,569 2,041 1
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural resources and conservation;
degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees prior to 2010–11. and “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related support services and Personal and culinary
2
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. services.
NOTE: Data are for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s or higher degrees SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and
 Table 318.60. Number of postsecondary institutions conferring degrees, by control of institution, level of degree, and field of study: 2016–17

326 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

All institutions Public institutions Private nonprofit institutions Private for-profit institutions

Summary of Degrees Conferred

Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s Associate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
Field of study degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All fields, total ......................................... 2,701 2,445 1,924 1,016 1,234 686 543 350 654 1,339 1,160 596 813 420 221 70
Agriculture and natural resources .................... 506 780 234 106 481 343 180 97 24 425 50 9 1 12 4 0
Architecture and related services ..................... 71 194 161 42 68 120 106 32 3 71 53 10 0 3 2 0
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group
studies ....................................................... 74 470 146 60 71 234 97 40 3 236 49 20 0 0 0 0
Biological and biomedical sciences .................. 292 1,377 507 270 272 539 341 185 19 832 165 85 1 6 1 0
Business .......................................................... 1,765 1,891 1,263 222 1,074 619 443 109 275 956 660 82 416 316 160 31
Communication, journalism, and related
programs ................................................... 318 1,183 363 81 288 464 225 63 18 680 133 18 12 39 5 0
Communications technologies ......................... 307 176 24 0 273 55 7 0 9 77 14 0 25 44 3 0
Computer and information sciences ................. 1,272 1,412 549 176 896 535 301 118 95 669 180 55 281 208 68 3
Construction trades .......................................... 363 6 0 0 325 6 0 0 12 0 0 0 26 0 0 0
Education ......................................................... 710 1,261 1,187 445 616 480 473 239 68 744 649 178 26 37 65 28
Engineering ...................................................... 387 558 339 215 369 302 225 152 10 244 111 63 8 12 3 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Engineering technologies and engineering-

related fields2 ............................................. 951 328 189 24 834 234 123 14 40 64 61 10 77 30 5 0
English language and literature/letters ............. 209 1,338 499 153 198 521 324 105 9 808 173 48 2 9 2 0
Family and consumer sciences/human
sciences ..................................................... 511 344 165 52 490 206 113 39 11 130 47 12 10 8 5 1
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics ... 205 896 220 98 200 406 164 65 5 488 56 33 0 2 0 0
Health professions and related programs ......... 1,871 1,532 1,122 586 1,055 564 415 257 245 747 565 294 571 221 142 35
Homeland security, law enforcement, and
firefighting ................................................. 1,188 1,003 340 28 857 359 178 24 115 445 127 3 216 199 35 1
Legal professions and studies .......................... 568 252 173 217 381 83 66 87 46 122 96 119 141 47 11 11
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies,
and humanities .......................................... 1,388 918 165 15 1,095 391 89 7 284 507 74 7 9 20 2 1
Library science ................................................. 31 8 63 10 31 7 51 9 0 0 12 1 0 1 0 0
Mathematics and statistics .............................. 220 1,187 352 182 216 502 265 129 4 683 87 53 0 2 0 0
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................................ 715 18 0 0 636 11 0 0 23 7 0 0 56 0 0 0
Military technologies and applied sciences ...... 10 18 10 0 8 6 3 0 0 10 7 0 2 2 0 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ........................... 418 991 393 135 386 406 216 96 28 549 163 39 4 36 14 0
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies ....................................................... 337 864 314 44 297 352 213 39 16 504 94 4 24 8 7 1
Philosophy and religious studies ...................... 87 902 230 117 67 316 92 58 20 585 138 58 0 1 0 1
Physical sciences and science technologies .... 368 1,114 331 221 356 482 245 154 12 631 86 67 0 1 0 0
Precision production ......................................... 417 5 2 0 392 0 0 0 8 5 2 0 17 0 0 0
Psychology ....................................................... 258 1,476 699 341 220 532 332 166 22 888 335 147 16 56 32 28
Public administration and social services ......... 360 815 565 135 299 363 308 87 33 411 202 46 28 41 55 2
Social sciences and history .............................. 302 1,364 471 201 271 535 320 139 19 813 145 61 12 16 6 1
Social sciences ............................................. 284 1,276 402 186 256 518 268 129 17 744 128 56 11 14 6 1
History .......................................................... 160 1,226 348 142 153 497 273 97 6 723 74 45 1 6 1 0
Theology and religious vocations ..................... 116 417 373 158 1 1 0 0 114 413 371 154 1 3 2 4
Transportation and materials moving ............... 106 88 15 3 92 54 7 1 9 33 8 2 5 1 0 0
Visual and performing arts ............................... 759 1,435 467 114 602 502 256 76 55 834 195 37 102 99 16 1
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural
degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees prior to 2010–11. resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural resources and conservation; and
2
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related support services and Personal and culinary services.
NOTE: Data are for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s or higher degrees SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been made Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 327
Degrees Conferred—State-Level

Table 319.10. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by control of institution, level of degree, and state or jurisdiction: 2016–17
Public Private nonprofit Private for-profit
Asso- Asso- Asso-
ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
State or jurisdiction degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ................. 861,859 1,275,756 374,387 91,532 56,563 566,379 360,352 81,545 87,227 113,897 69,945 8,275
Alabama ................................. 10,102 24,490 9,687 1,894 194 3,854 880 670 2,746 3,568 2,176 21
Alaska .................................... 1,287 1,942 583 56 17 64 50 3 49 0 0 0
Arizona ................................... 18,827 29,311 9,214 1,959 209 849 557 742 10,983 26,225 16,503 864
Arkansas ................................ 8,153 13,445 5,576 928 383 2,621 536 94 64 41 37 0
California ................................ 139,033 152,488 32,244 7,077 1,980 40,549 37,542 9,892 10,330 18,813 9,594 2,367
Colorado ................................. 9,800 26,151 8,370 1,856 473 4,089 3,811 567 3,250 4,350 2,631 476
Connecticut ............................ 5,590 11,868 3,354 833 1,035 10,513 7,803 1,401 283 984 234 0
Delaware ................................ 1,943 4,559 1,077 338 139 2,297 2,843 80 9 17 18 0
District of Columbia ................ 239 387 110 71 249 8,672 11,117 3,372 239 460 832 0
Florida .................................... 75,360 72,385 18,375 5,070 11,512 23,014 13,892 3,850 5,883 8,327 2,661 354
Georgia ................................... 16,302 39,121 11,500 2,668 1,018 9,965 4,985 1,821 2,022 2,901 2,471 374
Hawaii .................................... 3,947 4,735 1,040 482 480 1,723 516 25 354 177 55
Idaho ...................................... 3,540 6,597 1,667 361 1,587 5,135 249 11 183 27 0 0
Illinois ..................................... 35,752 33,048 13,428 3,131 921 31,514 25,234 5,350 3,055 11,530 5,112 385
Indiana ................................... 11,404 32,899 10,097 2,726 1,487 14,675 5,488 1,179 1,545 390 63 0
Iowa ....................................... 11,796 13,490 2,714 1,431 342 9,680 2,859 1,321 3,051 4,532 2,742 99
Kansas ................................... 9,241 15,470 5,596 1,465 327 3,835 1,483 169 1,194 787 548 0
Kentucky ................................ 10,623 18,580 5,616 1,646 276 4,646 3,713 443 1,451 526 373 75
Louisiana ................................ 5,801 18,985 5,319 1,633 319 3,480 2,022 838 811 77 26 0
Maine ..................................... 2,528 4,156 843 143 123 3,300 1,351 527 213 232 37 0
Maryland ................................ 16,507 27,680 10,909 1,990 9 6,056 8,324 850 361 414 272 0
Massachusetts ....................... 11,900 21,577 6,157 845 1,229 39,841 32,784 7,409 238 292 93 0
Michigan ................................ 25,301 48,014 17,352 4,572 2,749 13,055 4,548 1,068 232 272 160 0
Minnesota ............................... 15,612 21,453 5,541 1,752 734 11,126 5,407 1,071 1,581 4,202 13,516 2,523
Mississippi .............................. 13,213 13,028 3,461 1,115 70 2,178 1,699 306 214 13 16 0
Missouri ................................. 12,333 22,445 9,186 1,742 3,259 18,172 13,361 3,335 1,689 573 118 0
Montana ................................. 2,078 5,296 1,128 489 159 698 83 0 7 0 0 0
Nebraska ................................ 4,727 8,998 3,036 818 182 5,212 2,911 789 158 160 25 0
Nevada ................................... 5,638 8,151 1,700 538 66 418 366 553 465 375 121 0
New Hampshire ...................... 1,995 5,090 1,229 136 1,704 9,779 6,405 296 0 0 0 0
New Jersey ............................. 21,851 32,643 9,815 2,228 157 10,261 7,153 919 1,413 816 111 0
New Mexico ............................ 10,048 8,603 3,005 651 0 153 255 0 409 451 48 0
New York ................................ 52,161 65,438 18,538 3,019 7,052 70,337 53,257 11,272 6,293 3,961 1,356 1
North Carolina ......................... 31,539 39,513 11,909 2,796 982 14,752 6,296 2,342 1,366 682 457 0
North Dakota .......................... 2,104 5,737 1,389 458 98 660 293 96 147 30 0 0
Ohio ........................................ 25,102 49,326 16,693 4,471 3,024 21,592 8,082 1,540 3,248 713 147 2
Oklahoma ............................... 10,375 17,225 5,030 1,402 226 3,803 1,631 305 960 113 15 0
Oregon ................................... 12,673 18,137 4,350 1,068 60 5,008 4,683 1,055 407 255 60 0
Pennsylvania .......................... 16,251 48,571 12,783 3,522 3,626 42,885 25,108 6,904 4,521 1,300 187 0
Rhode Island ........................... 1,661 4,778 823 265 1,692 7,384 2,116 479 0 0 0 0
South Carolina ........................ 9,954 19,130 4,794 1,491 330 5,754 1,030 169 975 947 369 165
South Dakota .......................... 2,069 4,659 1,243 393 67 1,161 320 2 183 248 0 0
Tennessee .............................. 11,103 22,330 5,842 1,963 723 12,796 5,944 1,859 1,712 675 394 159
Texas ...................................... 85,631 107,560 41,250 8,550 1,493 20,735 11,046 2,475 4,517 2,523 751 47
Utah ....................................... 11,776 16,242 3,716 887 1,324 20,195 9,469 223 603 425 169 167
Vermont .................................. 873 3,400 492 222 133 2,966 1,994 130 50 62 0 0
Virginia ................................... 18,571 37,944 11,058 3,371 1,547 16,752 11,448 1,949 4,069 3,867 2,152 135
Washington ............................. 29,568 26,341 6,482 1,912 141 7,323 3,516 724 508 554 92 6
West Virginia ........................... 3,508 9,227 2,875 1,095 139 1,439 393 138 2,809 5,678 3,062 0
Wisconsin ............................... 11,777 27,509 5,711 1,771 444 9,410 3,499 957 706 155 19 0
Wyoming ................................ 2,692 2,204 475 232 73 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
U.S. Service Academies .......... 0 3,400 5 0 † † † † † † † †

Other jurisdictions ......... 2,031 2,995 621 225 3,682 11,922 4,311 797 3,266 2,163 492 121
American Samoa .................... 220 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Federated States of
Micronesia ........................ 241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Guam ..................................... 256 446 120 0 7 10 1 0 0 0 0 0
Marshall Islands ...................... 103 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern Marianas .................. 140 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Palau ...................................... 102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Puerto Rico ............................. 933 2,283 453 225 3,675 11,912 4,310 797 3,266 2,163 492 121
U.S. Virgin Islands ................... 36 228 48 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

†Not applicable. NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most aid programs.
degrees classified as first-professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., and law SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
degrees. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions
component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

328 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Degrees Conferred—State-Level

Table 319.20. Degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by level of degree and state or jurisdiction: 2014–15 through 2016–17
2014–15 2015–16 2016–17
Asso- Asso- Asso-
ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s ciate’s Bachelor’s Master’s Doctor’s
State or jurisdiction degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1 degrees degrees degrees degrees1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
United States ................. 1,014,341 1,894,969 758,804 178,548 1,008,228 1,920,750 785,757 178,134 1,005,649 1,956,032 804,684 181,352
Alabama ................................. 13,629 30,060 11,800 2,429 12,882 31,123 12,074 2,432 13,042 31,912 12,743 2,585
Alaska .................................... 1,715 1,932 703 49 1,372 1,957 670 53 1,353 2,006 633 59
Arizona ................................... 37,703 58,534 27,785 4,368 33,564 56,625 27,353 3,607 30,019 56,385 26,274 3,565
Arkansas ................................ 9,095 15,881 4,899 971 8,767 16,019 5,277 1,041 8,600 16,107 6,149 1,022
California ................................ 133,600 201,195 74,640 18,308 143,571 203,797 77,468 18,820 151,343 211,850 79,380 19,336
Colorado ................................. 13,992 33,626 14,685 2,840 14,027 33,580 14,934 2,969 13,523 34,590 14,812 2,899
Connecticut ............................ 7,026 22,344 9,732 2,115 7,320 22,721 10,829 2,052 6,908 23,365 11,391 2,234
Delaware ................................ 2,039 6,895 3,112 541 2,064 6,988 3,903 418 2,091 6,873 3,938 418
District of Columbia ................ 741 9,272 11,439 3,384 603 9,337 11,512 3,496 727 9,519 12,059 3,443
Florida .................................... 94,738 100,555 33,314 9,210 93,341 101,876 33,785 9,098 92,755 103,726 34,928 9,274
Georgia ................................... 19,529 49,863 17,219 4,584 19,815 50,827 18,557 4,751 19,342 51,987 18,956 4,863
Hawaii .................................... 4,403 6,966 1,856 624 4,571 6,922 1,917 527 4,452 6,812 1,733 537
Idaho ...................................... 5,152 10,886 1,957 387 5,588 11,424 1,860 413 5,310 11,759 1,916 372
Illinois ..................................... 40,187 74,317 40,080 8,757 40,410 75,716 42,129 8,860 39,728 76,092 43,774 8,866
Indiana ................................... 17,243 48,082 14,099 3,648 14,703 47,614 14,841 3,609 14,436 47,964 15,648 3,905
Iowa ....................................... 16,772 28,202 8,298 2,851 15,639 27,761 8,341 2,721 15,189 27,702 8,315 2,851
Kansas ................................... 12,043 20,081 7,344 1,698 11,008 20,249 7,480 1,578 10,762 20,092 7,627 1,634
Kentucky ................................ 13,055 22,608 9,314 2,095 12,276 23,221 9,503 2,143 12,350 23,752 9,702 2,164
Louisiana ................................ 7,146 22,247 7,332 2,509 7,396 22,602 7,508 2,554 6,931 22,542 7,367 2,471
Maine ..................................... 3,211 7,418 2,046 540 3,103 7,652 2,237 571 2,864 7,688 2,231 670
Maryland ................................ 16,919 33,197 18,428 2,994 17,003 33,883 18,829 2,821 16,877 34,150 19,505 2,840
Massachusetts ....................... 14,356 59,619 35,957 8,409 13,776 61,053 38,391 8,475 13,367 61,710 39,034 8,254
Michigan ................................ 32,572 59,970 20,689 5,875 29,787 60,305 21,675 5,576 28,282 61,341 22,060 5,640
Minnesota ............................... 20,141 36,750 22,827 5,092 19,526 36,588 23,884 5,433 17,927 36,781 24,464 5,346
Mississippi .............................. 13,320 14,296 5,070 1,294 13,759 14,702 5,029 1,344 13,497 15,219 5,176 1,421
Missouri ................................. 18,831 41,161 21,313 4,797 18,305 41,447 22,162 4,700 17,281 41,190 22,665 5,077
Montana ................................. 2,477 6,156 1,300 458 2,339 6,011 1,196 430 2,244 5,994 1,211 489
Nebraska ................................ 5,712 14,053 5,228 1,583 5,144 14,301 5,506 1,699 5,067 14,370 5,972 1,607
Nevada ................................... 6,059 8,519 2,266 1,052 6,097 8,638 2,229 1,016 6,169 8,944 2,187 1,091
New Hampshire ...................... 3,034 11,832 5,775 497 3,076 12,527 6,960 468 3,699 14,869 7,634 432
New Jersey ............................. 23,154 42,016 15,773 3,021 23,845 42,464 16,970 2,987 23,421 43,720 17,079 3,147
New Mexico ............................ 10,533 8,791 3,371 694 9,435 9,183 3,212 656 10,457 9,207 3,308 651
New York ................................ 68,302 136,396 70,803 14,524 66,966 139,136 71,571 14,668 65,506 139,736 73,151 14,292
North Carolina ......................... 31,876 52,889 17,237 4,835 32,108 53,537 18,162 4,607 33,887 54,947 18,662 5,138
North Dakota .......................... 2,309 6,291 1,706 511 2,222 6,298 1,625 569 2,349 6,427 1,682 554
Ohio ........................................ 33,386 69,631 23,583 6,156 31,494 70,052 24,213 6,046 31,374 71,631 24,922 6,013
Oklahoma ............................... 13,047 20,730 6,532 1,626 12,027 21,024 6,576 1,662 11,561 21,141 6,676 1,707
Oregon ................................... 13,679 22,656 10,353 1,966 12,955 22,614 10,024 1,973 13,140 23,400 9,093 2,123
Pennsylvania .......................... 27,624 92,997 36,579 9,980 25,877 92,353 36,940 10,077 24,398 92,756 38,078 10,426
Rhode Island ........................... 3,606 11,730 2,571 724 3,291 11,989 2,676 716 3,353 12,162 2,939 744
South Carolina ........................ 11,767 24,823 5,990 1,890 11,517 25,107 6,068 1,892 11,259 25,831 6,193 1,825
South Dakota .......................... 2,479 5,638 1,538 407 2,236 6,040 1,538 437 2,319 6,068 1,563 395
Tennessee .............................. 12,822 34,197 11,807 3,661 13,225 35,255 11,841 3,670 13,538 35,801 12,180 3,981
Texas ...................................... 79,409 122,173 48,800 10,987 86,838 126,128 52,585 10,978 91,641 130,818 53,047 11,072
Utah ....................................... 13,221 32,160 9,982 1,237 13,367 34,118 11,081 1,263 13,703 36,862 13,354 1,277
Vermont .................................. 1,156 6,160 2,311 394 1,176 6,222 2,251 347 1,056 6,428 2,486 352
Virginia ................................... 25,554 56,878 23,790 5,365 25,123 58,642 24,665 5,258 24,187 58,563 24,658 5,455
Washington ............................. 29,998 33,309 9,498 2,584 30,591 33,598 9,750 2,591 30,217 34,218 10,090 2,642
West Virginia ........................... 6,497 15,997 6,524 1,055 6,479 16,519 6,244 1,160 6,456 16,344 6,330 1,233
Wisconsin ............................... 14,510 37,555 9,082 2,750 13,854 37,493 9,298 2,686 12,927 37,074 9,229 2,728
Wyoming ................................ 2,972 2,026 463 222 2,770 2,164 425 216 2,765 2,207 475 232
U.S. Service Academies .......... 0 3,409 4 0 0 3,348 3 0 0 3,400 5 0

Other jurisdictions ......... 10,278 21,135 5,272 1,420 9,635 21,422 5,642 1,476 8,979 17,080 5,424 1,143
American Samoa .................... 245 8 0 0 216 17 0 0 220 8 0 0
Federated States of
Micronesia ........................ 302 0 0 0 281 0 0 0 241 0 0 0
Guam ..................................... 217 457 112 0 253 470 112 0 263 456 121 0
Marshall Islands ...................... 102 0 0 0 86 0 0 0 103 0 0 0
Northern Marianas .................. 125 26 0 0 120 34 0 0 140 30 0 0
Palau ...................................... 86 0 0 0 63 0 0 0 102 0 0 0
Puerto Rico ............................. 9,143 20,459 5,109 1,420 8,572 20,684 5,486 1,476 7,874 16,358 5,255 1,143
U.S. Virgin Islands ................... 58 185 51 0 44 217 44 0 36 228 48 0

1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level. Includes most SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
degrees classified as first-professional prior to 2010–11, such as M.D., D.D.S., and law Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2015 through Fall 2017,
degrees. Completions component. (This table was prepared January 2019.)
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid
programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 320.10. Certificates below the associate’s degree level conferred by postsecondary institutions, by length of curriculum, sex of student, institution level and control, and discipline
division: 2016–17
Less-than-1-year certificates 1- to less-than-4-year certificates
Sex Institution level Institution control Sex Institution level Institution control
Non- Non-
degree- Degree- degree- Degree-
granting granting granting granting
(less- (2-year (less- (2-year
than- and than- and
Discipline division Total Males Females 2-year)1 4-year) Public Nonprofit For-profit Total Males Females 2-year)1 4-year) Public Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Total ................................................................................. 492,653 230,044 262,609 97,922 394,731 377,195 13,351 102,107 452,287 174,669 277,618 150,999 301,288 252,906 21,825 177,556
Agriculture and natural resources ............................................. 4,826 2,977 1,849 91 4,735 4,639 44 143 2,467 1,618 849 180 2,287 2,258 130 79
Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences ....... 3,788 2,349 1,439 91 3,697 3,680 23 85 2,261 1,480 781 179 2,082 2,052 130 79
Natural resources and conservation ...................................... 1,038 628 410 0 1,038 959 21 58 206 138 68 1 205 206 0 0
Architecture and related services .............................................. 171 91 80 0 171 139 32 0 103 61 42 0 103 90 8 5
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies ....................... 471 103 368 0 471 445 26 0 119 27 92 0 119 106 13 0
Biological and biomedical sciences ........................................... 673 212 461 68 605 617 44 12 229 82 147 93 136 174 55 0
Business, management, marketing, and support services ......... 62,013 22,307 39,706 2,039 59,974 56,073 990 4,950 21,158 6,197 14,961 2,378 18,780 18,752 895 1,511
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Accounting and related services ............................................ 11,315 3,381 7,934 498 10,817 10,522 115 678 5,130 1,200 3,930 570 4,560 4,629 350 151
Business/commerce, general ................................................ 3,100 1,304 1,796 0 3,100 3,099 0 1 1,501 800 701 0 1,501 1,467 6 28
Business administration, management, and operations 18,233 7,381 10,852 76 18,157 16,878 127 1,228 4,449 1,589 2,860 55 4,394 4,305 46 98
Management information systems and services .................... 539 377 162 29 510 413 118 8 109 75 34 33 76 98 0 11
Business operations support and assistant services .............. 8,671 1,999 6,672 843 7,828 7,718 2 951 5,441 859 4,582 1,599 3,842 4,192 218 1,031
Business and management, other ......................................... 20,155 7,865 12,290 593 19,562 17,443 628 2,084 4,528 1,674 2,854 121 4,407 4,061 275 192
Communication, journalism, and related programs .................... 3,110 1,530 1,580 561 2,549 1,878 56 1,176 1,378 789 589 931 447 516 17 845
Communications technologies .................................................. 2,572 1,488 1,084 248 2,324 2,233 7 332 2,937 2,163 774 1,347 1,590 1,448 28 1,461
Computer and information sciences and support services ......... 29,309 21,327 7,982 2,065 27,244 24,808 324 4,177 8,951 6,907 2,044 2,015 6,936 7,272 179 1,500
Construction trades .................................................................. 13,395 12,641 754 2,217 11,178 11,558 559 1,278 12,474 11,926 548 3,664 8,810 8,905 831 2,738
Education ................................................................................. 7,678 712 6,966 64 7,614 7,082 268 328 3,944 491 3,453 123 3,821 2,800 845 299
Engineering .............................................................................. 866 735 131 282 584 670 7 189 333 296 37 109 224 324 9 0
Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields2 ......... 20,106 17,274 2,832 1,939 18,167 18,353 83 1,670 13,850 12,365 1,485 2,245 11,605 9,720 681 3,449
English language and literature/letters ...................................... 1,189 419 770 286 903 889 171 129 442 168 274 75 367 135 32 275
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences ....................... 15,474 1,145 14,329 900 14,574 15,309 51 114 3,772 181 3,591 197 3,575 3,713 33 26
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics ........................... 1,560 340 1,220 0 1,560 1,432 128 0 695 143 552 6 689 693 2 0

Certificates Below the Associate’s Degree Leve

Health professions and related programs .................................. 148,840 29,080 119,760 36,193 112,647 100,265 6,411 42,164 154,259 20,891 133,368 51,166 103,093 62,814 11,657 79,788
Dental assisting .................................................................... 6,124 541 5,583 1,746 4,378 1,423 357 4,344 12,552 1,032 11,520 4,537 8,015 4,007 887 7,658
Emergency medical technician (EMT paramedic) ................... 17,222 10,766 6,456 1,192 16,030 16,796 110 316 5,629 4,097 1,532 383 5,246 5,322 177 130
Clinical/medical lab science .................................................. 10,129 1,399 8,730 2,488 7,641 6,937 219 2,973 1,836 473 1,363 312 1,524 615 583 638

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 329

Medical assisting .................................................................. 11,044 780 10,264 4,851 6,193 2,674 46 8,324 45,899 3,939 41,960 17,147 28,752 5,898 3,631 36,370
Pharmacy assisting ............................................................... 3,199 628 2,571 1,324 1,875 1,541 240 1,418 5,039 1,001 4,038 1,312 3,727 1,577 387 3,075
Other allied health assisting .................................................. 6,918 2,143 4,775 1,381 5,537 4,684 4 2,230 2,099 240 1,859 569 1,530 1,082 276 741
Nursing and patient care assistant ........................................ 40,822 5,138 35,684 8,868 31,954 35,813 489 4,520 849 104 745 169 680 313 54 482
Practical nursing ................................................................... 5,031 574 4,457 902 4,129 4,612 0 419 40,537 4,158 36,379 13,900 26,637 27,352 1,189 11,996
Nursing, registered nurse and other ...................................... 1,369 145 1,224 0 1,369 1,347 22 0 2,585 365 2,220 1,748 837 801 1,483 301
Health sciences, other ........................................................... 46,982 6,966 40,016 13,441 33,541 24,438 4,924 17,620 37,234 5,482 31,752 11,089 26,145 15,847 2,990 18,397
Homeland security, law enforcement, and firefighting ............... 30,453 22,148 8,305 2,504 27,949 29,484 528 441 7,598 5,096 2,502 395 7,203 6,949 104 545
Criminal justice and corrections ............................................ 22,941 15,660 7,281 1,341 21,600 22,223 397 321 6,369 3,998 2,371 381 5,988 5,769 55 545
Fire control and safety ........................................................... 6,522 5,896 626 1,130 5,392 6,504 0 18 1,082 998 84 14 1,068 1,082 0 0
Homeland security and related protective services, other ...... 990 592 398 33 957 757 131 102 147 100 47 0 147 98 49 0
Legal professions and studies ................................................... 1,821 339 1,482 48 1,773 1,217 255 349 2,470 388 2,082 381 2,089 1,971 217 282
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and humanities ....... 3,795 1,450 2,345 0 3,795 3,787 8 0 63,806 24,910 38,896 0 63,806 63,734 72 0
Library science ......................................................................... 203 34 169 0 203 203 0 0 45 5 40 0 45 45 0 0
Mathematics and statistics ....................................................... 195 156 39 0 195 177 18 0 26 21 5 0 26 26 0 0
Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians .......................... 36,097 33,970 2,127 3,650 32,447 33,970 290 1,837 47,122 44,940 2,182 21,165 25,957 23,260 2,131 21,731
Military technologies and applied sciences ............................... 15 13 2 0 15 1 0 14 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ................................................... 2,048 815 1,233 0 2,048 1,739 91 218 1,238 687 551 0 1,238 1,229 9 0

See notes at end of table.

 Table 320.10. Certificates below the associate’s degree level conferred by postsecondary institutions, by length of curriculum, sex of student, institution level and control, and discipline

330 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

division: 2016–17—Continued

Certificates Below the Associate’s Degree Leve

Less-than-1-year certificates 1- to less-than-4-year certificates
Sex Institution level Institution control Sex Institution level Institution control
Non- Non-
degree- Degree- degree- Degree-
granting granting granting granting
(less- (2-year (less- (2-year
than- and than- and
Discipline division Total Males Females 2-year)1 4-year) Public Nonprofit For-profit Total Males Females 2-year)1 4-year) Public Nonprofit For-profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies studies ................ 1,677 846 831 639 1,038 1,020 1 656 670 380 290 134 536 415 20 235
Personal and culinary services .................................................. 39,879 5,296 34,583 29,251 10,628 11,305 417 28,157 72,114 10,912 61,202 57,022 15,092 13,689 885 57,540
Philosophy and religious studies ............................................... 64 30 34 0 64 32 32 0 74 29 45 0 74 24 50 0
Physical sciences and science technologies .............................. 1,793 847 946 69 1,724 1,793 0 0 1,240 793 447 20 1,220 1,220 0 20
Physical sciences .................................................................. 192 105 87 0 192 192 0 0 27 18 9 0 27 27 0 0
Science technologies/technicians .......................................... 1,601 742 859 69 1,532 1,601 0 0 1,213 775 438 20 1,193 1,193 0 20
Precision production ................................................................. 29,106 27,000 2,106 3,923 25,183 25,718 420 2,968 18,744 17,570 1,174 5,689 13,055 14,181 1,039 3,524
Psychology ............................................................................... 136 20 116 0 136 120 16 0 85 21 64 0 85 85 0 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Public administration and social services .................................. 2,321 455 1,866 1 2,320 1,835 82 404 836 145 691 0 836 734 86 16
Social sciences and history ....................................................... 1,137 623 514 3 1,134 1,038 99 0 460 239 221 0 460 408 52 0
Social sciences ..................................................................... 1,114 615 499 3 1,111 1,015 99 0 450 233 217 0 450 400 50 0
History .................................................................................. 23 8 15 0 23 23 0 0 10 6 4 0 10 8 2 0
Theology and religious vocations .............................................. 230 122 108 0 230 3 225 2 895 387 508 395 500 1 894 0
Transportation and materials moving ........................................ 22,072 20,084 1,988 9,578 12,494 11,254 847 9,971 1,014 947 67 338 676 666 20 328
Visual and performing arts ........................................................ 7,358 3,415 3,943 1,303 6,055 6,109 821 428 6,737 2,892 3,845 931 5,806 4,547 831 1,359
Fine and studio arts ............................................................... 895 326 569 763 132 104 683 108 2,068 742 1,326 8 2,060 2,029 38 1
Music and dance ................................................................... 336 242 94 0 336 274 5 57 549 326 223 166 383 130 183 236
Visual and performing arts, other3 ......................................... 6,127 2,847 3,280 540 5,587 5,731 133 263 4,120 1,824 2,296 757 3,363 2,388 610 1,122

1
Non-degree-granting institutions do not offer accredited 4-year or 2-year programs for degrees at the associate’s or higher NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Degree-granting
level, but they may include institutions offering programs 2 years or longer in duration for lower level awards. institutions grant degrees at the associate’s or higher level, while non-degree-granting institutions grant only awards below
2
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. that level.
3
Includes design and applied arts, drama and theatre arts, film and photographic arts, and all other arts not included under SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
“Fine and studio arts” or “Music and dance.” Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared March 2019.)
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 331
Certificates Below the Associate’s Degree Leve

Table 320.20. Certificates below the associate’s degree level conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of
student: 1998–99 through 2016–17
Number of certificates conferred to U.S. citizens, Percentage distribution of certificates conferred to
permanent residents, and nonresident aliens U.S. citizens and permanent residents
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Non- Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
Year and sex Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total
1998–99 .............. 555,883 345,359 92,800 76,833 27,920 7,510 — 5,461 100.0 62.7 16.9 14.0 5.1 1.4 —
1999–2000 .......... 558,129 337,546 97,329 81,132 29,361 6,966 — 5,795 100.0 61.1 17.6 14.7 5.3 1.3 —
2000–01 .............. 552,503 333,478 99,397 78,528 28,123 6,598 — 6,379 100.0 61.1 18.2 14.4 5.1 1.2 —
2001–02 .............. 584,248 352,559 106,647 83,950 27,490 7,430 — 6,172 100.0 61.0 18.4 14.5 4.8 1.3 —
2002–03 .............. 646,425 382,289 120,582 95,499 32,981 8,117 — 6,957 100.0 59.8 18.9 14.9 5.2 1.3 —
2003–04 .............. 687,787 402,989 129,891 107,216 32,819 8,375 — 6,497 100.0 59.2 19.1 15.7 4.8 1.2 —
2004–05 .............. 710,873 415,670 133,601 114,089 32,783 8,150 — 6,580 100.0 59.0 19.0 16.2 4.7 1.2 —
2005–06 .............. 714,790 411,919 135,387 118,728 33,848 8,393 — 6,515 100.0 58.2 19.1 16.8 4.8 1.2 —
2006–07 .............. 728,315 420,199 139,796 119,375 32,963 8,781 — 7,201 100.0 58.3 19.4 16.6 4.6 1.2 —
2007–08 .............. 748,354 429,670 144,982 122,406 35,791 8,548 — 6,957 100.0 58.0 19.6 16.5 4.8 1.2 —
2008–09 .............. 804,620 450,562 161,487 138,301 37,941 9,485 — 6,844 100.0 56.5 20.2 17.3 4.8 1.2 —
2009–10 .............. 935,719 511,186 191,657 172,015 41,407 12,003 — 7,451 100.0 55.1 20.6 18.5 4.5 1.3 —
2010–11 .............. 1,030,477 557,595 207,693 187,433 44,294 11,204 14,999 7,259 100.0 54.5 20.3 18.3 4.3 1.1 1.5
2011–12 .............. 989,061 535,621 190,253 187,014 43,048 10,638 14,140 8,347 100.0 54.6 19.4 19.1 4.4 1.1 1.4
2012–13 .............. 967,214 524,000 177,006 186,248 44,196 10,824 17,642 7,298 100.0 54.6 18.4 19.4 4.6 1.1 1.8
2013–14 .............. 969,278 523,015 177,860 185,677 43,800 10,817 19,971 8,138 100.0 54.4 18.5 19.3 4.6 1.1 2.1
2014–15 .............. 961,146 512,077 174,828 187,943 44,707 11,084 21,681 8,826 100.0 53.8 18.4 19.7 4.7 1.2 2.3
2015–16 .............. 939,291 496,717 162,367 192,977 43,923 10,558 23,222 9,527 100.0 53.4 17.5 20.8 4.7 1.1 2.5
2016–17 .............. 944,940 492,699 158,960 202,602 44,832 10,895 24,681 10,271 100.0 52.7 17.0 21.7 4.8 1.2 2.6
Males
1998–99 .............. 219,872 144,735 29,875 27,719 11,742 3,061 — 2,740 100.0 66.7 13.8 12.8 5.4 1.4 —
1999–2000 .......... 226,110 143,634 33,792 30,337 13,082 2,862 — 2,403 100.0 64.2 15.1 13.6 5.8 1.3 —
2000–01 .............. 223,951 143,144 34,381 28,685 12,072 2,719 — 2,950 100.0 64.8 15.6 13.0 5.5 1.2 —
2001–02 .............. 235,275 152,226 36,482 29,749 10,938 3,226 — 2,654 100.0 65.4 15.7 12.8 4.7 1.4 —
2002–03 .............. 254,238 161,001 40,080 33,925 12,930 3,506 — 2,796 100.0 64.0 15.9 13.5 5.1 1.4 —
2003–04 .............. 257,138 161,684 40,809 36,157 12,713 3,135 — 2,640 100.0 63.5 16.0 14.2 5.0 1.2 —
2004–05 .............. 259,261 161,126 41,644 38,297 12,448 3,068 — 2,678 100.0 62.8 16.2 14.9 4.9 1.2 —
2005–06 .............. 259,413 158,719 41,847 40,682 12,575 3,214 — 2,376 100.0 61.7 16.3 15.8 4.9 1.3 —
2006–07 .............. 269,470 164,856 44,862 40,932 12,621 3,524 — 2,675 100.0 61.8 16.8 15.3 4.7 1.3 —
2007–08 .............. 283,102 172,438 48,013 43,076 13,460 3,431 — 2,684 100.0 61.5 17.1 15.4 4.8 1.2 —
2008–09 .............. 302,449 179,813 53,879 47,860 14,427 3,856 — 2,614 100.0 60.0 18.0 16.0 4.8 1.3 —
2009–10 .............. 355,381 205,404 65,487 60,771 15,940 5,067 — 2,712 100.0 58.2 18.6 17.2 4.5 1.4 —
2010–11 .............. 391,676 223,755 71,867 66,514 16,944 4,760 4,884 2,952 100.0 57.6 18.5 17.1 4.4 1.2 1.3
2011–12 .............. 374,086 213,833 65,224 65,838 16,180 4,507 4,952 3,552 100.0 57.7 17.6 17.8 4.4 1.2 1.3
2012–13 .............. 375,928 215,432 61,668 67,377 17,352 4,446 6,511 3,142 100.0 57.8 16.5 18.1 4.7 1.2 1.7
2013–14 .............. 390,795 223,180 65,595 68,821 17,280 4,731 7,781 3,407 100.0 57.6 16.9 17.8 4.5 1.2 2.0
2014–15 .............. 394,707 222,413 64,574 72,020 18,132 4,848 8,836 3,884 100.0 56.9 16.5 18.4 4.6 1.2 2.3
2015–16 .............. 396,834 223,269 60,835 76,483 17,667 4,613 9,622 4,345 100.0 56.9 15.5 19.5 4.5 1.2 2.5
2016–17 .............. 404,713 224,918 60,022 81,710 18,009 4,965 10,286 4,803 100.0 56.2 15.0 20.4 4.5 1.2 2.6
Females
1998–99 .............. 336,011 200,624 62,925 49,114 16,178 4,449 — 2,721 100.0 60.2 18.9 14.7 4.9 1.3 —
1999–2000 .......... 332,019 193,912 63,537 50,795 16,279 4,104 — 3,392 100.0 59.0 19.3 15.5 5.0 1.2 —
2000–01 .............. 328,552 190,334 65,016 49,843 16,051 3,879 — 3,429 100.0 58.5 20.0 15.3 4.9 1.2 —
2001–02 .............. 348,973 200,333 70,165 54,201 16,552 4,204 — 3,518 100.0 58.0 20.3 15.7 4.8 1.2 —
2002–03 .............. 392,187 221,288 80,502 61,574 20,051 4,611 — 4,161 100.0 57.0 20.7 15.9 5.2 1.2 —
2003–04 .............. 430,649 241,305 89,082 71,059 20,106 5,240 — 3,857 100.0 56.5 20.9 16.6 4.7 1.2 —
2004–05 .............. 451,612 254,544 91,957 75,792 20,335 5,082 — 3,902 100.0 56.9 20.5 16.9 4.5 1.1 —
2005–06 .............. 455,377 253,200 93,540 78,046 21,273 5,179 — 4,139 100.0 56.1 20.7 17.3 4.7 1.1 —
2006–07 .............. 458,845 255,343 94,934 78,443 20,342 5,257 — 4,526 100.0 56.2 20.9 17.3 4.5 1.2 —
2007–08 .............. 465,252 257,232 96,969 79,330 22,331 5,117 — 4,273 100.0 55.8 21.0 17.2 4.8 1.1 —
2008–09 .............. 502,171 270,749 107,608 90,441 23,514 5,629 — 4,230 100.0 54.4 21.6 18.2 4.7 1.1 —
2009–10 .............. 580,338 305,782 126,170 111,244 25,467 6,936 — 4,739 100.0 53.1 21.9 19.3 4.4 1.2 —
2010–11 .............. 638,801 333,840 135,826 120,919 27,350 6,444 10,115 4,307 100.0 52.6 21.4 19.1 4.3 1.0 1.6
2011–12 .............. 614,975 321,788 125,029 121,176 26,868 6,131 9,188 4,795 100.0 52.7 20.5 19.9 4.4 1.0 1.5
2012–13 .............. 591,286 308,568 115,338 118,871 26,844 6,378 11,131 4,156 100.0 52.6 19.6 20.2 4.6 1.1 1.9
2013–14 .............. 578,483 299,835 112,265 116,856 26,520 6,086 12,190 4,731 100.0 52.3 19.6 20.4 4.6 1.1 2.1
2014–15 .............. 566,439 289,664 110,254 115,923 26,575 6,236 12,845 4,942 100.0 51.6 19.6 20.6 4.7 1.1 2.3
2015–16 .............. 542,457 273,448 101,532 116,494 26,256 5,945 13,600 5,182 100.0 50.9 18.9 21.7 4.9 1.1 2.5
2016–17 .............. 540,227 267,781 98,938 120,892 26,823 5,930 14,395 5,468 100.0 50.1 18.5 22.6 5.0 1.1 2.7

—Not available. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to
NOTE: Includes less-than-1-year awards and 1- to less-than-4-year awards (excluding totals because of rounding.
associate’s degrees) conferred by postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey”
Reported racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex (IPEDS-C:99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions component. (This
were used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. table was prepared August 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

332 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Associate’s Degrees

Table 321.10. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by sex of student and discipline division: 2006–07 through
2016–17
2016–17
Discipline division 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 Total Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Total ..................................................... 727,616 750,166 787,243 848,856 943,506 1,021,718 1,007,427 1,005,155 1,014,341 1,008,228 1,005,649 394,159 611,490
Agriculture and natural resources ................ 5,838 5,738 5,724 5,852 6,430 7,068 6,826 7,057 7,693 7,858 8,207 5,039 3,168
Agriculture, agriculture operations, and
related sciences .................................. 4,638 4,554 4,525 4,615 4,925 5,400 5,227 5,420 5,975 6,158 6,438 3,836 2,602
Natural resources and conservation ......... 1,200 1,184 1,199 1,237 1,505 1,668 1,599 1,637 1,718 1,700 1,769 1,203 566
Architecture and related services ................. 516 568 605 553 569 593 468 425 491 478 503 332 171
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group
studies ................................................... 164 169 174 199 209 194 271 363 382 419 420 181 239
Biological and biomedical sciences .............. 2,027 2,200 2,337 2,664 3,276 3,834 4,185 4,557 4,883 5,266 5,550 1,749 3,801
Business ...................................................... 116,113 121,221 127,882 133,265 139,994 143,390 134,114 129,957 132,374 128,259 122,234 48,404 73,830
Business, management, marketing, and
support services ................................. 100,015 104,631 111,524 116,798 121,735 123,014 114,842 113,056 113,681 110,036 108,353 43,299 65,054
Accounting and related services ........... 14,234 15,963 16,707 17,925 20,180 20,270 18,061 17,400 16,080 14,790 13,751 4,027 9,724
Business/commerce, general ................ 12,723 12,496 13,100 14,553 15,083 17,301 17,211 17,372 18,235 18,087 18,293 7,860 10,433
Business administration, manage-
ment, and operations ...................... 43,660 47,910 52,938 46,086 46,253 45,879 49,816 50,121 52,668 52,758 53,927 24,416 29,511
Management information systems
and services .................................... 2,007 1,232 1,103 1,221 1,244 1,164 1,085 1,176 987 935 954 661 293
Business operations support and
assistant services ............................ 8,874 7,838 7,550 7,399 8,259 8,977 7,986 7,331 6,570 5,871 5,131 484 4,647
Business and management, other ....... 18,517 19,192 20,126 29,614 30,716 29,423 20,683 19,656 19,141 17,595 16,297 5,851 10,446
Personal and culinary services ............... 16,098 16,590 16,358 16,467 18,259 20,376 19,272 16,901 18,693 18,223 13,881 5,105 8,776
Communication, journalism, and related
programs .................................................. 2,609 2,620 2,722 2,841 3,051 3,495 4,299 4,970 6,034 6,759 7,377 3,202 4,175
Communications technologies ..................... 3,068 4,268 4,805 4,418 4,209 5,004 5,028 4,713 4,628 4,569 4,305 2,840 1,465
Computer and information sciences and
support services ..................................... 27,712 28,298 29,912 32,351 37,689 41,250 38,954 37,646 36,420 30,571 31,162 24,816 6,346
Construction trades ...................................... 3,894 4,309 4,252 4,684 5,402 5,750 5,038 4,837 4,643 4,699 5,308 4,956 352
Education ..................................................... 13,021 13,111 14,123 17,346 20,460 20,762 18,744 17,605 17,178 17,032 16,593 1,882 14,711
Engineering .................................................. 2,127 2,279 2,170 2,508 2,825 3,382 3,732 4,306 4,875 5,278 5,915 4,995 920
Engineering technologies and engineering-
related fields1 ......................................... 29,177 29,359 30,441 31,883 35,519 36,642 33,752 31,792 31,958 27,243 27,024 23,278 3,746
English language and literature/letters ......... 1,248 1,402 1,534 1,658 2,019 2,137 2,089 2,082 2,324 2,551 2,870 953 1,917
Family and consumer sciences/human
sciences ................................................. 9,123 8,614 9,035 9,515 8,532 9,506 8,996 8,669 8,750 8,930 8,881 360 8,521
Foreign languages, literatures, and
linguistics ............................................... 1,207 1,258 1,630 1,683 1,888 1,980 2,131 2,284 2,102 2,208 2,363 597 1,766
Health professions and related programs ..... 145,146 155,794 165,015 177,321 202,920 219,491 214,040 208,885 200,018 191,442 186,299 29,779 156,520
Dental assisting ........................................ 6,295 6,642 6,574 7,063 7,498 7,790 7,823 7,988 7,762 7,584 7,397 399 6,998
Emergency medical technician (EMT
paramedic) ............................................ 2,008 2,140 2,270 2,413 2,895 3,352 3,520 3,521 3,456 3,380 3,452 2,318 1,134
Clinical/medical lab science ..................... 2,306 2,316 2,538 2,621 2,811 3,240 3,387 3,517 3,143 3,186 3,062 769 2,293
Medical and other health assisting ........... 23,492 24,291 25,858 29,776 39,277 46,950 41,921 39,126 36,813 34,749 32,285 4,826 27,459
Nursing and patient care assistant ........... 158 329 385 1 33 36 35 38 50 52 56 2 54
Practical nursing ....................................... 1,509 1,417 1,299 1,973 2,069 2,366 2,361 2,230 1,858 1,404 1,420 125 1,295
Nursing, registered nurse and other ......... 66,578 73,398 77,922 81,281 83,023 84,569 86,380 86,435 82,953 78,577 77,073 10,895 66,178
Health sciences, other .............................. 42,800 45,261 48,169 52,193 65,314 71,188 68,613 66,030 63,983 62,510 61,554 10,445 51,109
Homeland security, law enforcement, and
firefighting ............................................. 28,160 29,485 33,012 37,154 44,922 51,318 48,460 45,771 43,041 39,930 37,361 21,010 16,351
Criminal justice and corrections ............... 23,860 25,471 28,998 32,648 40,022 45,971 42,785 40,297 37,820 35,122 32,591 16,729 15,862
Fire control and safety .............................. 3,820 3,949 3,947 4,307 4,603 4,779 4,910 4,649 4,525 4,241 4,188 3,860 328
Homeland security and related protective
services, other .................................... 480 65 67 199 297 568 765 825 696 567 582 421 161
Legal professions and studies ...................... 10,385 9,464 9,062 9,999 11,619 12,315 11,862 10,502 9,095 8,017 6,900 1,034 5,866
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies,
and humanities ...................................... 249,981 253,990 263,947 284,954 306,674 336,938 344,171 353,946 367,852 381,202 386,658 147,523 239,135
Library science ............................................. 84 117 116 112 160 159 181 194 170 146 158 20 138
Mathematics and statistics .......................... 827 855 933 1,051 1,644 1,529 1,801 2,148 2,697 3,027 3,454 2,370 1,084
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ............................................ 15,411 15,518 16,059 16,326 19,969 20,715 20,487 20,100 19,984 20,543 20,827 19,401 1,426
Military technologies and applied sciences .. 781 851 721 668 856 986 1,002 1,084 1,229 1,047 1,093 879 214
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ....................... 15,838 16,247 15,472 17,279 23,729 27,263 27,407 28,167 29,139 30,482 30,780 12,873 17,907
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies ................................................... 1,251 1,345 1,587 2,006 2,366 3,123 3,455 4,383 4,669 4,771 5,037 2,955 2,082
Philosophy and religious studies .................. 375 458 193 256 283 308 326 435 697 814 1,002 574 428
Physical sciences and science
technologies ........................................... 3,409 3,394 3,650 4,141 5,078 5,827 6,376 6,916 7,568 8,484 9,223 5,457 3,766
Physical sciences ..................................... 2,019 1,979 2,196 2,378 3,148 3,652 4,083 4,518 5,040 5,528 5,838 3,376 2,462
Science technologies/technicians ............. 1,390 1,415 1,454 1,763 1,930 2,175 2,293 2,398 2,528 2,956 3,385 2,081 1,304
Precision production ..................................... 1,972 1,967 2,127 2,794 3,254 3,320 3,345 3,903 4,382 4,794 5,272 4,905 367
Psychology ................................................... 2,213 2,411 3,957 6,582 3,866 4,717 6,122 7,604 8,780 10,603 11,286 2,673 8,613
Public administration and social services ..... 4,340 4,194 4,177 4,522 7,472 9,222 8,788 8,914 8,436 7,988 7,591 1,052 6,539
Social sciences and history .......................... 7,080 7,812 9,157 10,649 12,772 14,132 15,668 16,554 17,916 20,056 21,392 7,981 13,411
Social sciences ......................................... 6,673 7,358 8,670 10,108 12,072 13,321 14,749 15,473 16,631 18,451 19,636 6,880 12,756
History ...................................................... 407 454 487 541 700 811 919 1,081 1,285 1,605 1,756 1,101 655
Theology and religious vocations ................. 608 582 676 613 758 839 881 944 1,135 1,089 1,619 992 627
Transportation and materials moving ........... 1,674 1,550 1,430 1,444 1,698 2,098 2,119 2,102 1,810 1,497 1,547 1,338 209
Visual and performing arts ........................... 20,237 18,704 18,606 19,565 21,394 22,431 22,309 21,340 20,988 20,176 19,438 7,759 11,679
Fine and studio arts .................................. 1,755 1,706 2,019 2,277 2,414 2,339 2,541 2,699 2,866 3,082 3,315 1,090 2,225
Music and dance ...................................... 2,288 1,317 1,152 1,335 1,356 1,683 1,743 1,715 1,886 1,989 1,993 1,217 776
Visual and performing arts, other 2 ............ 16,194 15,681 15,435 15,953 17,624 18,409 18,025 16,926 16,236 15,105 14,130 5,452 8,678
Not classified by field of study ...................... 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
which are listed separately. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
2
Includes design and applied arts, drama and theatre arts, film and photographic arts, and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2007 through Fall 2017,
all other arts not included under “Fine and studio arts” or “Music and dance.” Completions component. (This table was prepared September 2018.)
NOTE: Data are for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, which are institutions that
grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 333
Associate’s Degrees

Table 321.20. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of student: Selected years, 1976–77
through 2016–17
Number of degrees conferred to U.S. citizens, Percentage distribution of degrees conferred to
permanent residents, and nonresident aliens U.S. citizens and permanent residents
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Non- Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
Year and sex Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total
1976–771 ............ 404,956 342,290 33,159 16,636 7,044 2,498 — 3,329 100.0 85.2 8.3 4.1 1.8 0.6 —
1980–812 ............ 410,174 339,167 35,330 17,800 8,650 2,584 — 6,643 100.0 84.0 8.8 4.4 2.1 0.6 —
1990–91 ............. 481,720 391,264 38,835 25,540 15,257 3,871 — 6,953 100.0 82.4 8.2 5.4 3.2 0.8 —
1999–2000 ......... 564,933 408,822 60,208 51,563 27,778 6,474 — 10,088 100.0 73.7 10.9 9.3 5.0 1.2 —
2000–01 ............. 578,865 411,075 63,855 57,288 28,463 6,623 — 11,561 100.0 72.5 11.3 10.1 5.0 1.2 —
2002–03 ............. 634,016 438,261 75,609 66,673 32,629 7,461 — 13,383 100.0 70.6 12.2 10.7 5.3 1.2 —
2003–04 ............. 665,301 456,047 81,183 72,270 33,149 8,119 — 14,533 100.0 70.1 12.5 11.1 5.1 1.2 —
2004–05 ............. 696,660 475,513 86,402 78,557 33,669 8,435 — 14,084 100.0 69.7 12.7 11.5 4.9 1.2 —
2005–06 ............. 713,315 485,481 89,813 80,870 35,215 8,555 — 13,381 100.0 69.4 12.8 11.6 5.0 1.2 —
2006–07 ............. 727,616 491,333 91,440 85,275 37,243 8,579 — 13,746 100.0 68.8 12.8 11.9 5.2 1.2 —
2007–08 ............. 750,166 501,467 95,566 91,289 38,848 8,827 — 14,169 100.0 68.1 13.0 12.4 5.3 1.2 —
2008–09 ............. 787,243 521,834 101,631 98,408 41,364 8,823 — 15,183 100.0 67.6 13.2 12.7 5.4 1.1 —
2009–10 ............. 848,856 552,376 113,867 112,403 44,026 10,101 — 16,083 100.0 66.3 13.7 13.5 5.3 1.2 —
2010–11 ............. 943,506 604,745 129,044 126,297 45,489 10,180 11,126 16,625 100.0 65.2 13.9 13.6 4.9 1.1 1.2
2011–12 ............. 1,021,718 635,755 142,512 151,807 48,861 10,738 14,858 17,187 100.0 63.3 14.2 15.1 4.9 1.1 1.5
2012–13 ............. 1,007,427 617,308 135,892 157,989 49,474 10,546 19,383 16,835 100.0 62.3 13.7 15.9 5.0 1.1 2.0
2013–14 ............. 1,005,155 601,959 134,621 168,106 50,368 10,338 22,695 17,068 100.0 60.9 13.6 17.0 5.1 1.0 2.3
2014–15 ............. 1,014,341 590,616 137,920 180,598 51,767 9,996 25,505 17,939 100.0 59.3 13.8 18.1 5.2 1.0 2.6
2015–16 ............. 1,008,228 566,622 134,012 196,044 53,753 9,490 28,933 19,374 100.0 57.3 13.6 19.8 5.4 1.0 2.9
2016–17 ............. 1,005,649 551,033 129,874 209,138 55,801 9,268 29,630 20,905 100.0 56.0 13.2 21.2 5.7 0.9 3.0
Males
1976–771 ............ 209,672 178,236 15,330 9,105 3,630 1,216 — 2,155 100.0 85.9 7.4 4.4 1.7 0.6 —
1980–812 ............ 183,819 151,242 14,290 8,327 4,557 1,108 — 4,295 100.0 84.2 8.0 4.6 2.5 0.6 —
1990–91 ............. 198,634 161,858 14,143 10,738 7,164 1,439 — 3,292 100.0 82.9 7.2 5.5 3.7 0.7 —
1999–2000 ......... 224,721 164,317 20,968 20,947 12,009 2,222 — 4,258 100.0 74.5 9.5 9.5 5.4 1.0 —
2000–01 ............. 231,645 166,322 22,147 23,350 12,339 2,294 — 5,193 100.0 73.4 9.8 10.3 5.4 1.0 —
2002–03 ............. 253,451 179,163 25,591 26,461 14,057 2,618 — 5,561 100.0 72.3 10.3 10.7 5.7 1.1 —
2003–04 ............. 260,033 183,819 25,961 27,828 13,907 2,740 — 5,778 100.0 72.3 10.2 10.9 5.5 1.1 —
2004–05 ............. 267,536 188,569 27,151 29,658 13,802 2,774 — 5,582 100.0 72.0 10.4 11.3 5.3 1.1 —
2005–06 ............. 270,139 190,174 27,618 30,043 14,227 2,777 — 5,300 100.0 71.8 10.4 11.3 5.4 1.0 —
2006–07 ............. 275,034 191,487 28,251 31,609 15,502 2,872 — 5,313 100.0 71.0 10.5 11.7 5.7 1.1 —
2007–08 ............. 282,695 194,354 29,984 33,852 15,941 2,989 — 5,575 100.0 70.1 10.8 12.2 5.8 1.1 —
2008–09 ............. 298,066 202,670 32,004 36,919 17,305 3,075 — 6,093 100.0 69.4 11.0 12.6 5.9 1.1 —
2009–10 ............. 322,747 215,977 36,148 42,210 18,268 3,555 — 6,589 100.0 68.3 11.4 13.4 5.8 1.1 —
2010–11 ............. 361,408 238,012 41,649 47,911 19,085 3,727 4,197 6,827 100.0 67.1 11.7 13.5 5.4 1.1 1.2
2011–12 ............. 393,479 251,964 46,377 57,926 20,537 3,924 5,569 7,182 100.0 65.2 12.0 15.0 5.3 1.0 1.4
2012–13 ............. 389,195 243,868 45,458 60,536 21,223 3,638 7,434 7,038 100.0 63.8 11.9 15.8 5.6 1.0 1.9
2013–14 ............. 391,474 239,289 45,868 64,658 21,824 3,682 8,969 7,184 100.0 62.3 11.9 16.8 5.7 1.0 2.3
2014–15 ............. 396,782 236,381 47,393 69,291 22,377 3,590 9,997 7,753 100.0 60.8 12.2 17.8 5.8 0.9 2.6
2015–16 ............. 392,084 226,142 44,777 74,531 23,426 3,335 11,251 8,622 100.0 59.0 11.7 19.4 6.1 0.9 2.9
2016–17 ............. 394,159 223,661 43,173 78,464 24,453 3,372 11,676 9,360 100.0 58.1 11.2 20.4 6.4 0.9 3.0
Females
1976–77 1 ............ 195,284 164,054 17,829 7,531 3,414 1,282 — 1,174 100.0 84.5 9.2 3.9 1.8 0.7 —
1980–812 ............ 226,355 187,925 21,040 9,473 4,093 1,476 — 2,348 100.0 83.9 9.4 4.2 1.8 0.7 —
1990–91 ............. 283,086 229,406 24,692 14,802 8,093 2,432 — 3,661 100.0 82.1 8.8 5.3 2.9 0.9 —
1999–2000 ......... 340,212 244,505 39,240 30,616 15,769 4,252 — 5,830 100.0 73.1 11.7 9.2 4.7 1.3 —
2000–01 ............. 347,220 244,753 41,708 33,938 16,124 4,329 — 6,368 100.0 71.8 12.2 10.0 4.7 1.3 —
2002–03 ............. 380,565 259,098 50,018 40,212 18,572 4,843 — 7,822 100.0 69.5 13.4 10.8 5.0 1.3 —
2003–04 ............. 405,268 272,228 55,222 44,442 19,242 5,379 — 8,755 100.0 68.7 13.9 11.2 4.9 1.4 —
2004–05 ............. 429,124 286,944 59,251 48,899 19,867 5,661 — 8,502 100.0 68.2 14.1 11.6 4.7 1.3 —
2005–06 ............. 443,176 295,307 62,195 50,827 20,988 5,778 — 8,081 100.0 67.9 14.3 11.7 4.8 1.3 —
2006–07 .........… 452,582 299,846 63,189 53,666 21,741 5,707 — 8,433 100.0 67.5 14.2 12.1 4.9 1.3 —
2007–08 .........… 467,471 307,113 65,582 57,437 22,907 5,838 — 8,594 100.0 66.9 14.3 12.5 5.0 1.3 —
2008–09 .........… 489,177 319,164 69,627 61,489 24,059 5,748 — 9,090 100.0 66.5 14.5 12.8 5.0 1.2 —
2009–10 ............. 526,109 336,399 77,719 70,193 25,758 6,546 — 9,494 100.0 65.1 15.0 13.6 5.0 1.3 —
2010–11 ............. 582,098 366,733 87,395 78,386 26,404 6,453 6,929 9,798 100.0 64.1 15.3 13.7 4.6 1.1 1.2
2011–12 ............. 628,239 383,791 96,135 93,881 28,324 6,814 9,289 10,005 100.0 62.1 15.5 15.2 4.6 1.1 1.5
2012–13 ............. 618,232 373,440 90,434 97,453 28,251 6,908 11,949 9,797 100.0 61.4 14.9 16.0 4.6 1.1 2.0
2013–14 ............. 613,681 362,670 88,753 103,448 28,544 6,656 13,726 9,884 100.0 60.1 14.7 17.1 4.7 1.1 2.3
2014–15 ............. 617,559 354,235 90,527 111,307 29,390 6,406 15,508 10,186 100.0 58.3 14.9 18.3 4.8 1.1 2.6
2015–16 ............. 616,144 340,480 89,235 121,513 30,327 6,155 17,682 10,752 100.0 56.2 14.7 20.1 5.0 1.0 2.9
2016–17 ............. 611,490 327,372 86,701 130,674 31,348 5,896 17,954 11,545 100.0 54.6 14.5 21.8 5.2 1.0 3.0

—Not available. race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. Detail may not sum to
1
Excludes 1,170 males and 251 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
2
Excludes 4,819 males and 1,384 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards
for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s Conferred” surveys, 1976–77 and 1980–81; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through
exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. For 1989–90 and later years, reported racial/ethnic Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were used to estimate

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 321.30. Associate’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17

334 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

2015–16 2016–17

Associate’s Degrees
Asian/Pacific Islander Asian/Pacific Islander
American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or Non-
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more resident
Field of study Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
All fields, total ........................... 1,008,228 566,622 134,012 196,044 53,753 50,498 3,255 9,490 28,933 19,374 1,005,649 551,033 129,874 209,138 55,801 52,622 3,179 9,268 29,630 20,905
Agriculture and natural resources ....... 7,858 6,885 124 473 47 43 4 113 170 46 8,207 7,188 127 524 65 56 9 107 153 43
Architecture and related services ........ 478 187 26 212 30 29 1 2 6 15 503 195 26 211 31 31 0 1 17 22
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and
group studies ................................ 419 101 42 106 29 10 19 83 45 13 420 115 47 118 30 19 11 66 37 7
Biological and biomedical sciences ..... 5,266 2,270 451 1,601 618 605 13 57 155 114 5,550 2,213 473 1,783 682 670 12 66 194 139
Business ............................................. 128,259 66,827 20,774 22,368 8,946 8,521 425 1,365 3,648 4,331 122,234 61,941 18,947 23,188 8,963 8,536 427 1,205 3,430 4,560
Communication, journalism, and
related programs .......................... 6,759 2,914 702 2,142 469 447 22 29 292 211 7,377 3,035 856 2,433 541 519 22 39 276 197
Communications technologies ............ 4,569 2,492 737 838 181 170 11 44 193 84 4,305 2,384 663 778 169 161 8 31 154 126
Computer and information sciences .... 30,571 18,483 4,162 3,862 2,169 2,080 89 294 928 673 31,162 18,457 4,037 4,278 2,389 2,280 109 270 947 784
Construction trades ............................. 4,699 3,319 500 479 185 165 20 70 135 11 5,308 3,660 519 507 275 230 45 125 198 24
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Education ............................................ 17,032 9,646 2,550 3,524 322 293 29 449 372 169 16,593 9,254 2,442 3,574 400 359 41 365 397 161
Engineering ......................................... 5,278 2,962 423 993 483 465 18 29 151 237 5,915 3,162 407 1,204 589 582 7 48 152 353
Engineering technologies and
engineering-related fields1 ............ 27,243 18,862 2,841 3,275 990 930 60 282 622 371 27,024 18,694 2,688 3,294 1,001 920 81 257 645 445
English language and literature/
letters ............................................ 2,551 1,087 160 941 184 174 10 17 113 49 2,870 1,154 200 1,110 219 214 5 12 124 51
Family and consumer sciences/
human sciences ............................ 8,930 4,053 1,647 2,431 428 411 17 94 159 118 8,881 3,776 1,500 2,791 411 392 19 93 187 123
Foreign languages, literatures, and
linguistics ...................................... 2,208 988 96 874 98 95 3 19 90 43 2,363 1,026 106 991 92 88 4 10 84 54
Health professions and related
programs ...................................... 191,442 122,134 27,441 25,484 9,088 8,437 651 1,736 4,449 1,110 186,299 115,545 27,390 26,827 9,130 8,536 594 1,759 4,487 1,161
Homeland security, law enforcement,
and firefighting .............................. 39,930 20,334 6,375 10,623 1,036 907 129 338 1,031 193 37,361 18,629 5,477 10,836 1,059 923 136 314 881 165
Legal professions and studies ............. 8,017 4,747 1,321 1,464 176 167 9 64 192 53 6,900 4,022 1,071 1,348 160 141 19 64 175 60
Liberal arts and sciences, general
studies, and humanities ................ 381,202 210,214 50,191 79,870 18,015 16,833 1,182 3,117 11,515 8,280 386,658 208,656 49,495 85,556 18,676 17,549 1,127 3,147 12,303 8,825
Library science .................................... 146 107 4 25 6 6 0 0 3 1 158 109 10 25 7 7 0 2 5 0
Mathematics and statistics ................. 3,027 1,108 104 1,038 496 489 7 14 112 155 3,454 1,221 108 1,149 629 615 14 15 121 211
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................... 20,543 13,749 1,816 3,261 714 606 108 260 536 207 20,827 13,823 1,828 3,469 700 608 92 268 522 217
Military technologies and applied
sciences ........................................ 1,047 648 158 134 45 40 5 14 48 0 1,093 702 144 141 50 43 7 11 45 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies .............. 30,482 14,624 2,438 8,058 3,471 3,350 121 182 1,119 590 30,780 13,961 2,416 8,875 3,643 3,567 76 153 1,096 636
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies .......................................... 4,771 2,376 453 1,271 377 357 20 38 187 69 5,037 2,242 489 1,606 394 366 28 38 188 80
Philosophy and religious studies ......... 814 554 90 106 17 15 2 2 22 23 1,002 719 78 123 31 29 2 4 23 24
Physical sciences and science
technologies .................................. 8,484 3,948 852 1,930 984 946 38 73 293 404 9,223 4,223 943 2,138 1,036 1,011 25 73 312 498
Precision production ............................ 4,794 3,757 231 513 122 112 10 54 100 17 5,272 3,988 257 664 140 125 15 82 129 12
Psychology .......................................... 10,603 3,691 855 4,665 778 736 42 130 382 102 11,286 3,759 864 5,085 891 844 47 117 446 124
Public administration and social
services ........................................ 7,988 3,690 2,373 1,325 151 143 8 142 244 63 7,591 3,420 2,206 1,475 121 99 22 140 191 38
Social sciences and history ................. 20,056 7,306 1,668 7,694 1,901 1,794 107 190 862 435 21,392 7,467 1,715 8,635 1,973 1,870 103 209 913 480
Social sciences .............................. 18,451 6,513 1,615 7,098 1,822 1,718 104 169 806 428 19,636 6,586 1,661 7,983 1,894 1,795 99 199 841 472
History ........................................... 1,605 793 53 596 79 76 3 21 56 7 1,756 881 54 652 79 75 4 10 72 8
Theology and religious vocations ........ 1,089 680 265 84 12 8 4 11 24 13 1,619 1,144 288 98 29 27 2 16 29 15
Transportation and materials moving .... 1,497 928 105 225 75 69 6 11 63 90 1,547 948 116 230 107 91 16 10 51 85
Visual and performing arts .................. 20,176 10,951 2,037 4,155 1,110 1,045 65 167 672 1,084 19,438 10,201 1,941 4,074 1,168 1,114 54 151 718 1,185
Other and not classified ....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural resources and conservation; and
NOTE: Data are for degree-granting postsecondary institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s or higher degrees “Business” includes Business management, marketing, and related support services and Personal and culinary services.
and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Reported Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were used to estimate race/ethnicity for SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been made of System (IPEDS), Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural
 Table 322.10. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2016–17
Field of study 1970–71 1975–76 1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2006–07 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total ............................................................... 839,730 925,746 935,140 987,823 1,094,538 1,164,792 1,244,171 1,485,104 1,524,729 1,601,399 1,649,919 1,716,053 1,792,163 1,840,381 1,870,150 1,894,969 1,920,750 1,956,032
Agriculture and natural resources ........................... 12,672 19,402 21,886 16,823 13,124 21,425 23,370 23,052 23,144 24,982 26,343 28,630 30,972 33,592 35,125 36,278 36,995 37,719
Architecture and related services ............................ 5,570 9,146 9,455 9,119 9,781 8,352 8,480 9,515 9,717 10,119 10,051 9,831 9,727 9,757 9,149 9,090 8,825 8,573
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies ..... 2,579 3,577 2,887 3,021 4,776 5,633 6,160 7,878 8,196 8,772 8,620 8,955 9,228 8,850 8,275 7,783 7,840 7,720
Biological and biomedical sciences ......................... 35,705 54,154 43,078 38,395 39,482 61,014 60,576 70,602 76,809 82,828 86,391 89,984 95,850 100,397 104,657 109,904 113,794 116,759
Business ................................................................. 115,396 143,171 200,521 236,700 249,165 226,623 263,515 318,043 327,850 348,056 358,119 365,133 367,235 360,887 358,132 363,741 371,690 381,353
Communication, journalism, and related programs .. 10,324 20,045 29,428 41,666 51,650 47,320 58,013 73,658 74,800 77,984 81,280 83,231 83,771 84,818 87,612 90,658 92,551 93,778
Communications technologies ................................ 478 1,237 1,854 1,479 1,397 853 1,178 2,987 3,642 5,100 4,782 4,858 4,983 4,987 4,991 5,135 4,824 4,615
Computer and information sciences ........................ 2,388 5,652 15,121 42,337 25,159 24,506 44,142 47,702 42,164 37,992 39,593 43,066 47,406 50,961 55,271 59,586 64,402 71,420
Education ............................................................... 176,307 154,437 108,074 87,147 110,807 105,384 105,458 107,235 105,683 101,716 101,287 104,008 105,656 104,698 98,838 91,596 87,221 85,118
Engineering ............................................................ 45,034 38,733 63,642 77,391 62,448 62,168 58,209 66,841 66,875 68,911 72,657 76,356 81,371 85,987 92,169 97,852 106,789 115,640
Engineering technologies ........................................ 5,148 7,943 11,713 19,731 17,303 15,829 14,660 14,565 14,993 15,493 16,078 16,741 17,283 17,010 16,807 17,253 17,159 18,121
English language and literature/letters .................... 63,914 41,452 31,922 34,083 51,064 49,928 50,569 55,094 55,125 55,465 53,229 52,754 53,765 52,401 50,464 45,851 42,797 41,317
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences ..... 11,167 17,409 18,370 13,847 13,920 14,353 16,421 20,775 21,416 21,906 21,832 22,438 23,441 23,930 24,689 24,584 25,389 25,077
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics .. ....... 20,988 17,068 11,638 11,550 13,937 14,832 16,128 19,393 20,278 21,169 21,507 21,705 21,756 21,647 20,332 19,493 18,436 17,642
Health professions and related programs ................ 25,223 53,885 63,665 65,309 59,875 86,087 75,933 91,973 101,898 120,420 129,623 143,463 163,675 181,149 198,777 216,228 228,907 238,014
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Homeland security, law enforcement, and

firefighting ........................................................ 2,045 12,507 13,707 12,704 16,806 24,810 25,211 35,319 39,216 41,788 43,613 47,600 54,091 60,264 62,416 62,723 61,159 59,581
Legal professions and studies ................................. 545 531 776 1,223 1,827 2,123 1,991 3,302 3,596 3,822 3,886 4,429 4,595 4,425 4,513 4,420 4,243 4,272
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and
humanities ........................................................ 7,481 18,855 21,643 21,336 30,526 33,997 37,962 44,898 44,268 47,095 46,963 46,717 46,961 46,790 45,281 43,649 43,669 43,841
Library science ....................................................... 1,013 843 375 155 90 58 52 76 82 78 85 96 95 102 127 99 85 109
Mathematics and statistics ..................................... 24,801 15,984 11,078 16,122 14,393 12,713 11,171 14,760 14,958 15,507 16,029 17,182 18,841 20,449 20,987 21,854 22,778 24,073
Military technologies and applied sciences ............... 357 952 42 255 183 7 21 33 168 55 56 64 86 105 185 276 358 469
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ................................. 6,324 13,709 12,986 13,754 17,774 26,885 26,478 30,583 32,118 35,376 37,717 42,473 45,717 47,658 48,392 47,556 48,833 49,658
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies .......... 1,621 5,182 5,729 4,623 4,315 12,974 17,948 25,489 27,430 31,683 33,332 35,934 38,998 42,628 46,047 49,008 50,912 53,264
Philosophy and religious studies ............................. 8,149 8,447 6,776 6,396 7,423 7,541 8,717 11,980 11,973 12,448 12,503 12,830 12,645 12,792 11,999 11,071 10,155 9,712
Physical sciences and science technologies . .......... 21,410 21,458 23,936 21,711 16,334 19,716 18,025 20,521 21,295 22,691 23,381 24,705 26,664 28,053 29,307 30,042 30,483 31,268
Precision production ............................................... 0 0 0 2 2 12 31 55 23 29 29 43 37 36 37 48 51 32
Psychology ............................................................. 38,187 50,278 41,068 40,628 58,655 73,416 73,645 88,132 90,073 94,273 97,215 100,906 109,099 114,446 117,312 117,573 117,447 116,861
Public administration and social services ................ 5,466 15,440 16,707 11,887 14,350 19,849 19,447 21,986 23,147 23,852 25,421 26,799 29,695 31,950 33,483 34,364 34,433 35,464
Social sciences and history ..................................... 155,324 126,396 100,513 93,840 125,107 126,479 128,036 161,468 164,229 168,517 172,782 177,169 178,534 177,767 173,132 166,971 161,211 159,099
Theology and religious vocations ............................ 3,720 5,490 5,808 5,510 4,799 5,292 6,945 8,548 8,696 8,940 8,719 9,073 9,304 9,385 9,642 9,713 9,804 9,491
Transportation and materials moving ...................... 0 225 263 1,838 2,622 3,561 3,748 5,349 5,657 5,189 4,998 4,941 4,876 4,661 4,588 4,730 4,531 4,710
Visual and performing arts ...................................... 30,394 42,138 40,479 37,241 42,186 49,296 61,148 83,292 85,210 89,143 91,798 93,939 95,806 97,799 97,414 95,840 92,979 91,262
Not classified by field of study ................................ 0 0 0 0 13,258 1,756 783 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 335

NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for postsecondary institutions that and engineering-related fields, Construction trades, and Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians. Some data have
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The new Classification of Instructional Programs was initiated in 2009–10. been revised from previously published figures.
The figures for earlier years have been reclassified when necessary to make them conform to the new taxonomy. To facilitate SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary
Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:91–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions
sciences and Natural resources and conservation; “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
support services and Personal and culinary services; and “Engineering technologies” includes Engineering technologies

Bachelor’s Degrees
336 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Bachelor’s Degrees

Table 322.20. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of student: Selected years, 1976–77
through 2016–17
Number of degrees conferred to U.S. citizens, Percentage distribution of degrees conferred to
permanent residents, and nonresident aliens U.S. citizens and permanent residents
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Non- Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
Year and sex Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total
1976–771 ............ 917,900 807,688 58,636 18,743 13,793 3,326 — 15,714 100.0 89.5 6.5 2.1 1.5 0.4 —
1980–812 ............ 934,800 807,319 60,673 21,832 18,794 3,593 — 22,589 100.0 88.5 6.7 2.4 2.1 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 1,094,538 914,093 66,375 37,342 42,529 4,583 — 29,616 100.0 85.8 6.2 3.5 4.0 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 1,237,875 929,102 108,018 75,063 77,909 8,717 — 39,066 100.0 77.5 9.0 6.3 6.5 0.7 —
2000–01 ............. 1,244,171 927,357 111,307 77,745 78,902 9,049 — 39,811 100.0 77.0 9.2 6.5 6.6 0.8 —
2002–03 ............. 1,348,811 994,616 124,253 89,029 87,964 9,875 — 43,074 100.0 76.2 9.5 6.8 6.7 0.8 —
2003–04 ............. 1,399,542 1,026,114 131,241 94,644 92,073 10,638 — 44,832 100.0 75.7 9.7 7.0 6.8 0.8 —
2004–05 ............. 1,439,264 1,049,141 136,122 101,124 97,209 10,307 — 45,361 100.0 75.3 9.8 7.3 7.0 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 1,485,104 1,075,471 142,405 107,575 102,371 10,938 — 46,344 100.0 74.7 9.9 7.5 7.1 0.8 —
2006–07 ............. 1,524,729 1,100,308 146,767 114,962 105,287 11,463 — 45,942 100.0 74.4 9.9 7.8 7.1 0.8 —
2007–08 ............. 1,563,734 1,123,246 152,627 122,770 109,177 11,509 — 44,405 100.0 73.9 10.0 8.1 7.2 0.8 —
2008–09 ............. 1,601,399 1,144,628 156,603 129,473 112,581 12,221 — 45,893 100.0 73.6 10.1 8.3 7.2 0.8 —
2009–10 ............. 1,649,919 1,167,322 164,789 140,426 117,391 12,405 — 47,586 100.0 72.9 10.3 8.8 7.3 0.8 —
2010–11 ............. 1,716,053 1,182,690 172,731 154,450 121,118 11,935 20,589 52,540 100.0 71.1 10.4 9.3 7.3 0.7 1.2
2011–12 ............. 1,792,163 1,212,417 185,916 169,736 126,177 11,498 27,234 59,185 100.0 70.0 10.7 9.8 7.3 0.7 1.6
2012–13 ............. 1,840,381 1,221,908 191,233 186,677 130,129 11,432 34,128 64,874 100.0 68.8 10.8 10.5 7.3 0.6 1.9
2013–14 ............. 1,870,150 1,218,998 191,437 202,425 131,662 10,784 45,422 69,422 100.0 67.7 10.6 11.2 7.3 0.6 2.5
2014–15 ............. 1,894,969 1,210,071 192,829 218,098 133,916 10,202 54,215 75,638 100.0 66.5 10.6 12.0 7.4 0.6 3.0
2015–16 ............. 1,920,750 1,197,323 194,408 235,190 138,257 9,735 61,584 84,253 100.0 65.2 10.6 12.8 7.5 0.5 3.4
2016–17 ............. 1,956,032 1,196,007 196,300 252,166 144,078 9,582 66,526 91,373 100.0 64.1 10.5 13.5 7.7 0.5 3.6
Males
1976–77 1 ............ 494,424 438,161 25,147 10,318 7,638 1,804 — 11,356 100.0 90.7 5.2 2.1 1.6 0.4 —
1980–812 ............ 469,625 406,173 24,511 10,810 10,107 1,700 — 16,324 100.0 89.6 5.4 2.4 2.2 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 504,045 421,290 24,800 16,598 21,203 1,938 — 18,216 100.0 86.7 5.1 3.4 4.4 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 530,367 402,954 37,029 30,304 35,853 3,463 — 20,764 100.0 79.1 7.3 5.9 7.0 0.7 —
2000–01 ............. 531,840 401,780 38,103 31,368 35,865 3,700 — 21,024 100.0 78.7 7.5 6.1 7.0 0.7 —
2002–03 ............. 573,258 430,248 41,494 35,101 40,230 3,870 — 22,315 100.0 78.1 7.5 6.4 7.3 0.7 —
2003–04 ............. 595,425 445,483 43,851 37,288 41,360 4,244 — 23,199 100.0 77.9 7.7 6.5 7.2 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 613,000 456,592 45,810 39,490 43,711 4,143 — 23,254 100.0 77.4 7.8 6.7 7.4 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 630,502 467,397 48,073 41,805 45,803 4,202 — 23,222 100.0 77.0 7.9 6.9 7.5 0.7 —
2006–07 ............. 649,816 480,747 49,715 44,761 47,577 4,508 — 22,508 100.0 76.6 7.9 7.1 7.6 0.7 —
2007–08 ............. 668,184 492,360 52,298 47,797 49,535 4,523 — 21,671 100.0 76.2 8.1 7.4 7.7 0.7 —
2008–09 ............. 685,422 503,396 53,465 50,596 50,773 4,849 — 22,343 100.0 75.9 8.1 7.6 7.7 0.7 —
2009–10 ............. 706,660 513,711 56,136 55,139 53,365 4,879 — 23,430 100.0 75.2 8.2 8.1 7.8 0.7 —
2010–11 ............. 734,159 519,992 59,015 60,869 55,321 4,798 8,028 26,136 100.0 73.4 8.3 8.6 7.8 0.7 1.1
2011–12 ............. 765,772 532,463 63,736 67,083 57,521 4,476 10,945 29,548 100.0 72.3 8.7 9.1 7.8 0.6 1.5
2012–13 ............. 787,408 535,358 67,351 74,067 59,806 4,611 13,834 32,381 100.0 70.9 8.9 9.8 7.9 0.6 1.8
2013–14 ............. 801,905 536,009 68,290 80,312 59,844 4,171 18,137 35,142 100.0 69.9 8.9 10.5 7.8 0.5 2.4
2014–15 ............. 812,693 530,418 69,316 86,881 61,080 4,061 22,245 38,692 100.0 68.5 9.0 11.2 7.9 0.5 2.9
2015–16 ............. 821,746 522,834 69,847 92,989 63,182 3,822 25,157 43,915 100.0 67.2 9.0 12.0 8.1 0.5 3.2
2016–17 ............. 836,045 521,421 70,554 99,331 65,398 3,730 27,084 48,527 100.0 66.2 9.0 12.6 8.3 0.5 3.4
Females
1976–77 1 ............ 423,476 369,527 33,489 8,425 6,155 1,522 — 4,358 100.0 88.2 8.0 2.0 1.5 0.4 —
1980–812 ............ 465,175 401,146 36,162 11,022 8,687 1,893 — 6,265 100.0 87.4 7.9 2.4 1.9 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 590,493 492,803 41,575 20,744 21,326 2,645 — 11,400 100.0 85.1 7.2 3.6 3.7 0.5 —
1999–2000 ......... 707,508 526,148 70,989 44,759 42,056 5,254 — 18,302 100.0 76.3 10.3 6.5 6.1 0.8 —
2000–01 ............. 712,331 525,577 73,204 46,377 43,037 5,349 — 18,787 100.0 75.8 10.6 6.7 6.2 0.8 —
2002–03 ............. 775,553 564,368 82,759 53,928 47,734 6,005 — 20,759 100.0 74.8 11.0 7.1 6.3 0.8 —
2003–04 ............. 804,117 580,631 87,390 57,356 50,713 6,394 — 21,633 100.0 74.2 11.2 7.3 6.5 0.8 —
2004–05 ............. 826,264 592,549 90,312 61,634 53,498 6,164 — 22,107 100.0 73.7 11.2 7.7 6.7 0.8 —
2005–06 ............. 854,602 608,074 94,332 65,770 56,568 6,736 — 23,122 100.0 73.1 11.3 7.9 6.8 0.8 —
2006–07 .........… 874,913 619,561 97,052 70,201 57,710 6,955 — 23,434 100.0 72.8 11.4 8.2 6.8 0.8 —
2007–08 .........… 895,550 630,886 100,329 74,973 59,642 6,986 — 22,734 100.0 72.3 11.5 8.6 6.8 0.8 —
2008–09 .........… 915,977 641,232 103,138 78,877 61,808 7,372 — 23,550 100.0 71.9 11.6 8.8 6.9 0.8 —
2009–10 ............. 943,259 653,611 108,653 85,287 64,026 7,526 — 24,156 100.0 71.1 11.8 9.3 7.0 0.8 —
2010–11 ............. 981,894 662,698 113,716 93,581 65,797 7,137 12,561 26,404 100.0 69.4 11.9 9.8 6.9 0.7 1.3
2011–12 ............. 1,026,391 679,954 122,180 102,653 68,656 7,022 16,289 29,637 100.0 68.2 12.3 10.3 6.9 0.7 1.6
2012–13 ............. 1,052,973 686,550 123,882 112,610 70,323 6,821 20,294 32,493 100.0 67.3 12.1 11.0 6.9 0.7 2.0
2013–14 ............. 1,068,245 682,989 123,147 122,113 71,818 6,613 27,285 34,280 100.0 66.1 11.9 11.8 6.9 0.6 2.6
2014–15 ............. 1,082,276 679,653 123,513 131,217 72,836 6,141 31,970 36,946 100.0 65.0 11.8 12.6 7.0 0.6 3.1
2015–16 ............. 1,099,004 674,489 124,561 142,201 75,075 5,913 36,427 40,338 100.0 63.7 11.8 13.4 7.1 0.6 3.4
2016–17 ............. 1,119,987 674,586 125,746 152,835 78,680 5,852 39,442 42,846 100.0 62.6 11.7 14.2 7.3 0.5 3.7

—Not available. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from
1
Excludes 1,121 males and 528 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. previously published figures.
2
Excludes 258 males and 82 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards
for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race Conferred” surveys, 1976–77 and 1980–81; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. For 1989–90 and later years, reported System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through
racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018).
used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 322.30. Bachelor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17
2015–16 2016–17
Asian/Pacific Islander Asian/Pacific Islander
American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or Non-
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more resident
Field of study Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
All fields, total ........................... 1,920,750 1,197,323 194,408 235,190 138,257 133,601 4,656 9,735 61,584 84,253 1,956,032 1,196,007 196,300 252,166 144,078 139,527 4,551 9,582 66,526 91,373
Agriculture and natural resources ....... 36,995 29,477 1,105 2,922 1,320 1,266 54 212 1,169 790 37,719 29,577 1,180 3,192 1,381 1,315 66 250 1,235 904
Architecture and related services ........ 8,825 4,998 469 1,318 787 772 15 30 273 950 8,573 4,630 466 1,355 742 719 23 23 271 1,086
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and
group studies ................................ 7,840 3,470 1,154 1,602 713 686 27 188 428 285 7,720 3,171 1,142 1,700 701 663 38 163 519 324
Biological and biomedical sciences ..... 113,794 66,584 8,781 12,883 17,563 17,325 238 474 4,262 3,247 116,759 66,725 9,334 14,138 17,920 17,688 232 455 4,688 3,499
Business ............................................. 371,690 224,640 38,239 42,557 27,215 26,211 1,004 1,847 9,779 27,413 381,353 228,806 38,204 45,609 28,045 27,098 947 1,791 10,590 28,308
Communication, journalism, and
related programs .......................... 92,551 59,360 10,813 11,598 3,748 3,591 157 341 3,453 3,238 93,778 58,701 11,153 12,500 3,806 3,622 184 296 3,778 3,544
Communications technologies ............ 4,824 2,912 572 586 255 239 16 27 255 217 4,615 2,586 626 647 278 259 19 24 200 254
Computer and information sciences .... 64,402 37,033 6,004 6,221 8,615 8,411 204 243 2,202 4,084 71,420 39,492 6,391 7,233 10,425 10,238 187 268 2,471 5,140
Construction trades ............................. 225 168 5 39 4 4 0 0 6 3 153 103 1 43 1 1 0 0 2 3
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Education ............................................ 87,221 66,992 6,611 7,841 2,140 1,962 178 595 2,100 942 85,118 64,688 6,287 8,277 2,272 2,134 138 552 2,143 899
Engineering ......................................... 106,789 65,841 4,267 10,502 12,368 12,207 161 315 3,400 10,096 115,640 69,987 4,505 11,871 13,364 13,203 161 301 3,819 11,793
Engineering technologies and
engineering-related fields1 ............ 16,548 11,244 1,519 1,498 806 778 28 122 353 1,006 17,665 11,765 1,522 1,708 778 749 29 119 440 1,333
English language and literature/
letters ............................................ 42,797 29,855 3,456 5,226 1,771 1,700 71 201 1,716 572 41,317 28,424 3,258 5,352 1,804 1,741 63 185 1,720 574
Family and consumer sciences/
human sciences ............................ 25,389 16,146 3,201 3,269 1,347 1,295 52 137 798 491 25,077 15,305 3,221 3,619 1,388 1,338 50 133 890 521
Foreign languages, literatures, and
linguistics ...................................... 18,436 11,005 913 4,097 1,058 1,039 19 73 786 504 17,642 10,273 859 4,074 1,071 1,051 20 48 781 536
Health professions and related
programs ...................................... 228,907 151,186 26,469 24,113 17,492 16,738 754 1,075 5,943 2,629 238,014 155,670 27,363 26,381 18,290 17,533 757 1,198 6,459 2,653
Homeland security, law enforcement,
and firefighting .............................. 61,159 33,017 12,056 11,656 1,703 1,448 255 435 1,758 534 59,581 31,302 11,544 12,166 1,697 1,465 232 440 1,829 603
Legal professions and studies ............. 4,243 2,398 720 672 213 207 6 28 148 64 4,272 2,386 659 779 201 194 7 39 156 52
Liberal arts and sciences, general
studies, and humanities ................ 43,669 27,129 6,550 5,750 1,567 1,457 110 389 1,408 876 43,841 26,759 6,658 6,117 1,598 1,457 141 359 1,526 824
Library science .................................... 85 65 7 9 1 1 0 1 2 0 109 86 7 5 1 0 1 2 8 0
Mathematics and statistics ................. 22,778 13,034 992 2,153 2,441 2,417 24 52 684 3,422 24,073 13,191 1,021 2,320 2,620 2,598 22 59 771 4,091
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................... 386 256 30 27 17 17 0 6 14 36 303 216 25 25 12 12 0 4 9 12
Military technologies and applied
sciences ........................................ 358 270 41 25 5 3 2 4 12 1 469 351 39 40 14 12 2 4 14 7
Multi/interdisciplinary studies .............. 48,833 28,551 6,352 7,472 3,106 2,990 116 282 1,751 1,319 49,658 28,178 6,397 7,945 3,405 3,282 123 269 1,993 1,471

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 337

Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies .......................................... 50,912 34,107 5,844 5,759 2,313 2,196 117 265 1,780 844 53,264 34,468 6,215 6,578 2,555 2,432 123 323 2,072 1,053
Philosophy and religious studies ......... 10,155 6,857 836 1,165 559 528 31 49 389 300 9,712 6,455 791 1,124 570 553 17 40 422 310
Physical sciences and science
technologies .................................. 30,483 20,408 1,483 2,768 2,948 2,901 47 145 1,119 1,612 31,268 20,447 1,655 3,117 2,934 2,901 33 126 1,200 1,789
Precision production ............................ 51 35 1 3 3 3 0 0 1 8 32 24 1 2 4 3 1 0 0 1
Psychology .......................................... 117,447 67,396 14,718 19,815 7,617 7,347 270 653 4,355 2,893 116,861 65,187 14,807 20,784 7,814 7,520 294 632 4,588 3,049
Public administration and social
services ........................................ 34,433 18,703 7,662 5,265 1,087 976 111 254 1,072 390 35,464 19,018 7,662 5,824 1,106 1,003 103 287 1,140 427

Bachelor’s Degrees
Social sciences and history ................. 161,211 93,924 15,513 23,770 11,264 10,920 344 776 6,104 9,860 159,099 90,393 15,200 25,062 11,176 10,860 316 728 6,373 10,167
Social sciences .............................. 135,622 74,729 14,121 20,847 10,469 10,166 303 650 5,251 9,555 135,041 72,601 13,898 22,117 10,419 10,138 281 590 5,537 9,879
History ........................................... 25,589 19,195 1,392 2,923 795 754 41 126 853 305 24,058 17,792 1,302 2,945 757 722 35 138 836 288
Theology and religious vocations ........ 9,804 7,754 868 556 221 199 22 38 165 202 9,491 7,476 802 558 238 221 17 44 159 214
Transportation and materials moving .... 4,531 3,214 310 366 171 153 18 19 167 284 4,710 3,306 280 355 204 186 18 25 201 339
Visual and performing arts .................. 92,979 59,294 6,847 11,687 5,819 5,614 205 459 3,732 5,141 91,262 56,861 7,025 11,666 5,663 5,476 187 395 4,059 5,593
Other and not classified ....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude resources and conservation; and “Business” includes Business management, marketing, and related support services and
persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Reported racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were Personal and culinary services. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
aggregations have been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System System (IPEDS), Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
 Table 323.10. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2016–17

338 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

Field of study 1970–71 1975–76 1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2006–07 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17

Master’s Degrees
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total ............................................................... 235,564 317,477 302,637 295,850 342,863 412,180 473,502 599,862 610,703 662,082 693,313 730,922 755,967 751,718 754,582 758,804 785,757 804,684
Agriculture and natural resources ........................... 2,457 3,340 4,003 3,801 3,295 4,551 4,272 4,653 4,632 4,878 5,215 5,766 6,390 6,336 6,544 6,426 6,702 6,844
Architecture and related services ............................ 1,705 3,215 3,153 3,260 3,490 3,993 4,302 5,743 5,951 6,587 7,280 7,788 8,448 8,095 8,048 8,006 7,991 7,911
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies ..... 1,032 993 802 915 1,233 1,652 1,555 2,080 1,699 1,779 1,775 1,913 1,947 1,897 1,844 1,847 1,767 1,717
Biological and biomedical sciences ......................... 5,625 6,457 5,766 5,064 4,834 6,593 7,017 8,783 8,898 10,018 10,730 11,324 12,419 13,300 13,964 14,655 15,717 16,284
Business ................................................................. 26,490 42,592 57,888 66,676 78,255 93,554 115,602 146,396 150,213 168,404 177,748 187,178 191,606 188,617 189,364 185,236 186,835 187,404
Communication, journalism, and related programs .. 1,770 2,961 2,896 3,500 4,123 5,080 5,218 7,106 6,773 7,042 7,630 8,302 9,005 8,760 9,353 9,581 9,676 10,128
Communications technologies ................................ 86 165 209 308 204 481 427 521 499 475 463 502 497 577 577 554 491 539
Computer and information sciences ........................ 1,588 2,603 4,218 8,070 9,324 10,579 16,911 17,195 16,232 17,907 17,955 19,516 20,925 22,782 24,514 31,475 40,130 46,555
Education ............................................................... 87,666 126,061 96,713 74,816 87,352 104,936 127,829 174,622 176,583 178,538 182,165 185,127 179,047 164,652 154,655 146,581 145,792 145,680
Engineering ............................................................ 16,813 16,472 16,893 21,529 24,454 26,789 25,174 30,845 29,299 34,546 35,133 38,664 40,323 40,420 42,376 46,117 51,646 52,841
Engineering technologies ........................................ 134 328 323 617 996 2,054 2,013 2,541 2,691 3,462 4,258 4,515 4,793 4,908 4,967 5,324 6,067 7,403
English language and literature/letters .................... 10,441 8,599 5,742 5,335 6,784 7,657 6,763 8,845 8,745 9,262 9,202 9,475 9,938 9,755 9,294 8,928 8,581 8,247
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences ..... 1,452 2,179 2,570 2,011 1,541 1,712 1,838 1,983 2,081 2,453 2,592 2,918 3,155 3,255 3,082 3,148 3,228 3,295
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics .. ....... 5,480 4,432 2,934 2,690 3,049 3,443 3,035 3,539 3,443 3,592 3,756 3,727 3,827 3,708 3,482 3,566 3,407 3,274
Health professions and related programs ................ 5,330 12,164 16,176 18,603 21,354 33,920 43,623 51,492 54,541 62,642 69,112 75,571 84,355 90,933 97,416 103,052 110,350 119,273
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Homeland security, law enforcement, and

firefighting ........................................................ 194 1,197 1,538 1,074 1,108 1,812 2,514 4,277 4,906 6,125 6,717 7,433 8,420 8,868 9,310 9,643 9,775 10,210
Legal professions and studies ................................. 955 1,442 1,832 1,924 2,057 2,751 3,829 4,453 4,486 5,150 5,767 6,475 6,614 7,013 7,654 7,924 8,181 8,674
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and
humanities ........................................................ 885 2,633 2,375 1,586 2,213 2,778 3,193 3,702 3,634 3,729 3,822 3,997 3,792 3,264 3,002 2,794 2,598 2,485
Library science ....................................................... 7,001 8,037 4,859 3,564 4,763 5,099 4,727 6,448 6,767 7,091 7,448 7,729 7,443 6,983 5,840 5,259 4,926 4,843
Mathematics and statistics ..................................... 5,191 3,857 2,567 3,131 3,549 3,651 3,209 4,729 4,884 5,211 5,639 5,866 6,246 6,957 7,273 7,589 8,451 9,086
Military technologies and applied sciences ............... 2 0 43 83 0 136 0 0 202 3 0 0 29 32 29 71 152 274
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ................................. 924 1,283 2,356 2,869 2,079 2,713 3,413 4,396 4,613 5,225 5,947 6,762 7,746 7,953 8,120 8,100 8,554 9,234
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies .......... 218 571 643 570 483 1,684 2,354 3,994 4,112 4,825 5,617 6,546 7,047 7,139 7,609 7,654 8,268 8,655
Philosophy and religious studies ............................. 1,326 1,358 1,231 1,193 1,471 1,363 1,386 1,739 1,716 1,859 2,045 1,839 2,003 1,934 2,095 1,912 1,756 1,705
Physical sciences and science technologies . .......... 6,336 5,428 5,246 5,860 5,281 5,910 5,134 6,063 6,015 5,862 6,066 6,386 6,911 7,014 6,984 7,100 7,131 7,143
Precision production ............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 8 2 9 5 10 10 5 11 9 15 4 10 14
Psychology ............................................................. 5,717 10,167 10,223 9,845 11,349 15,152 16,539 19,775 21,096 23,415 23,763 25,062 27,052 27,787 27,926 26,772 27,645 27,542
Public administration and social services ................ 7,785 15,209 17,803 15,692 17,905 24,229 25,268 30,492 31,132 33,934 35,740 38,614 41,737 43,591 44,508 45,948 46,754 45,393
Social sciences and history ..................................... 16,539 15,953 11,945 10,564 12,233 15,012 13,791 17,368 17,666 19,241 20,234 21,085 21,891 21,591 21,497 20,533 19,861 20,015
Theology and religious vocations ............................ 7,747 8,964 11,061 11,826 10,498 10,909 9,876 11,758 12,436 12,851 12,848 13,170 13,341 14,275 14,128 14,278 14,352 13,654
Transportation and materials moving ...................... 0 0 0 454 406 919 756 784 985 1,048 1,074 1,390 1,702 1,444 1,243 971 911 839
Visual and performing arts ...................................... 6,675 8,817 8,629 8,420 8,657 10,280 11,404 13,531 13,768 14,918 15,562 16,277 17,307 17,869 17,869 17,756 18,052 17,523
Not classified by field of study ................................ 0 0 0 0 8,523 780 528 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for postsecondary institutions that and engineering-related fields, Construction trades, and Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians. Some data have
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. The new Classification of Instructional Programs was initiated in 2009–10. been revised from previously published figures.
The figures for earlier years have been reclassified when necessary to make them conform to the new taxonomy. To facilitate SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
trend comparisons, certain aggregations have been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary
Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:91–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions
sciences and Natural resources and conservation; “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
support services and Personal and culinary services; and “Engineering technologies” includes Engineering technologies
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 339
Master’s Degrees

Table 323.20. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of student: Selected years, 1976–77
through 2016–17
Number of degrees conferred to U.S. citizens, Percentage distribution of degrees conferred
permanent residents, and nonresident aliens to U.S. citizens and permanent residents
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Non- Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
Year and sex Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total
1976–771 ............ 322,463 271,402 21,252 6,136 5,127 1,018 — 17,528 100.0 89.0 7.0 2.0 1.7 0.3 —
1980–812 ............ 301,081 247,475 17,436 6,534 6,348 1,044 — 22,244 100.0 88.8 6.3 2.3 2.3 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 342,863 265,927 17,023 8,981 11,869 1,189 — 37,874 100.0 87.2 5.6 2.9 3.9 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 463,185 324,990 36,606 19,379 23,523 2,263 — 56,424 100.0 79.9 9.0 4.8 5.8 0.6 —
2000–01 ............. 473,502 324,211 38,853 21,661 24,544 2,496 — 61,737 100.0 78.7 9.4 5.3 6.0 0.6 —
2002–03 ............. 518,699 346,003 45,150 25,200 27,492 2,886 — 71,968 100.0 77.5 10.1 5.6 6.2 0.6 —
2003–04 ............. 564,272 373,448 51,402 29,806 31,202 3,206 — 75,208 100.0 76.4 10.5 6.1 6.4 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 580,151 383,246 55,330 31,639 33,042 3,310 — 73,584 100.0 75.7 10.9 6.2 6.5 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 599,862 397,519 59,822 32,578 34,302 3,519 — 72,122 100.0 75.3 11.3 6.2 6.5 0.7 —
2006–07 ............. 610,703 403,623 63,439 34,962 36,420 3,590 — 68,669 100.0 74.5 11.7 6.5 6.7 0.7 —
2007–08 ............. 630,844 413,348 65,912 36,899 37,743 3,775 — 73,167 100.0 74.1 11.8 6.6 6.8 0.7 —
2008–09 ............. 662,082 427,713 70,772 39,567 40,510 3,777 — 79,743 100.0 73.4 12.2 6.8 7.0 0.6 —
2009–10 ............. 693,313 445,158 76,472 43,603 42,520 3,965 — 81,595 100.0 72.8 12.5 7.1 7.0 0.6 —
2010–11 ............. 730,922 462,922 80,742 46,823 43,482 3,946 6,597 86,410 100.0 71.8 12.5 7.3 6.7 0.6 1.0
2011–12 ............. 755,967 470,822 86,007 50,994 45,379 3,681 9,823 89,261 100.0 70.6 12.9 7.6 6.8 0.6 1.5
2012–13 ............. 751,718 455,896 87,989 52,991 44,906 3,693 11,794 94,449 100.0 69.4 13.4 8.1 6.8 0.6 1.8
2013–14 ............. 754,582 444,771 88,606 55,962 44,533 3,512 13,417 103,781 100.0 68.3 13.6 8.6 6.8 0.5 2.1
2014–15 ............. 758,804 433,096 87,288 58,752 44,489 3,410 14,628 117,141 100.0 67.5 13.6 9.2 6.9 0.5 2.3
2015–16 ............. 785,757 431,885 88,786 63,060 45,921 3,538 16,589 135,978 100.0 66.5 13.7 9.7 7.1 0.5 2.6
2016–17 ............. 804,684 433,625 89,577 67,166 47,841 3,396 17,668 145,411 100.0 65.8 13.6 10.2 7.3 0.5 2.7
Males
1976–771 ............ 172,703 144,042 7,970 3,328 3,128 565 — 13,670 100.0 90.6 5.0 2.1 2.0 0.4 —
1980–812 ............ 151,602 120,927 6,418 3,155 3,830 507 — 16,765 100.0 89.7 4.8 2.3 2.8 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 160,842 117,993 6,201 4,017 6,765 495 — 25,371 100.0 87.1 4.6 3.0 5.0 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 196,129 131,221 11,642 7,738 11,299 845 — 33,384 100.0 80.6 7.2 4.8 6.9 0.5 —
2000–01 ............. 197,770 128,516 11,878 8,371 11,561 925 — 36,519 100.0 79.7 7.4 5.2 7.2 0.6 —
2002–03 ............. 215,172 135,938 13,224 9,389 12,704 1,043 — 42,874 100.0 78.9 7.7 5.4 7.4 0.6 —
2003–04 ............. 233,056 146,369 15,027 10,929 14,551 1,137 — 45,043 100.0 77.9 8.0 5.8 7.7 0.6 —
2004–05 ............. 237,155 150,076 16,136 11,501 15,238 1,167 — 43,037 100.0 77.3 8.3 5.9 7.8 0.6 —
2005–06 ............. 241,701 153,696 17,388 11,738 16,037 1,253 — 41,589 100.0 76.8 8.7 5.9 8.0 0.6 —
2006–07 ............. 242,213 154,250 18,340 12,471 16,689 1,275 — 39,188 100.0 76.0 9.0 6.1 8.2 0.6 —
2007–08 ............. 250,203 157,622 18,759 13,166 17,480 1,294 — 41,882 100.0 75.7 9.0 6.3 8.4 0.6 —
2008–09 ............. 263,515 162,863 20,146 14,314 18,865 1,349 — 45,978 100.0 74.9 9.3 6.6 8.7 0.6 —
2009–10 ............. 275,317 170,243 22,121 15,554 19,423 1,419 — 46,557 100.0 74.4 9.7 6.8 8.5 0.6 —
2010–11 ............. 291,680 177,786 23,746 17,183 19,918 1,409 2,540 49,098 100.0 73.3 9.8 7.1 8.2 0.6 1.0
2011–12 ............. 302,484 183,222 25,284 18,633 20,751 1,298 3,518 49,778 100.0 72.5 10.0 7.4 8.2 0.5 1.4
2012–13 ............. 301,552 177,208 26,417 19,441 20,456 1,280 4,472 52,278 100.0 71.1 10.6 7.8 8.2 0.5 1.8
2013–14 ............. 302,846 173,303 26,608 20,565 19,955 1,219 4,890 56,306 100.0 70.3 10.8 8.3 8.1 0.5 2.0
2014–15 ............. 306,615 168,151 26,295 21,384 19,577 1,223 5,438 64,547 100.0 69.5 10.9 8.8 8.1 0.5 2.2
2015–16 ............. 320,574 166,161 27,024 22,749 20,071 1,229 6,129 77,211 100.0 68.3 11.1 9.3 8.2 0.5 2.5
2016–17 ............. 326,892 164,719 26,976 23,797 20,705 1,150 6,450 83,095 100.0 67.6 11.1 9.8 8.5 0.5 2.6
Females
1976–77 1 ............ 149,760 127,360 13,282 2,808 1,999 453 — 3,858 100.0 87.3 9.1 1.9 1.4 0.3 —
1980–812 ............ 149,479 126,548 11,018 3,379 2,518 537 — 5,479 100.0 87.9 7.7 2.3 1.7 0.4 —
1990–91 ............. 182,021 147,934 10,822 4,964 5,104 694 — 12,503 100.0 87.3 6.4 2.9 3.0 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 267,056 193,769 24,964 11,641 12,224 1,418 — 23,040 100.0 79.4 10.2 4.8 5.0 0.6 —
2000–01 ............. 275,732 195,695 26,975 13,290 12,983 1,571 — 25,218 100.0 78.1 10.8 5.3 5.2 0.6 —
2002–03 ............. 303,527 210,065 31,926 15,811 14,788 1,843 — 29,094 100.0 76.5 11.6 5.8 5.4 0.7 —
2003–04 ............. 331,216 227,079 36,375 18,877 16,651 2,069 — 30,165 100.0 75.4 12.1 6.3 5.5 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 342,996 233,170 39,194 20,138 17,804 2,143 — 30,547 100.0 74.6 12.5 6.4 5.7 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 358,161 243,823 42,434 20,840 18,265 2,266 — 30,533 100.0 74.4 13.0 6.4 5.6 0.7 —
2006–07 .........… 368,490 249,373 45,099 22,491 19,731 2,315 — 29,481 100.0 73.6 13.3 6.6 5.8 0.7 —
2007–08 .........… 380,641 255,726 47,153 23,733 20,263 2,481 — 31,285 100.0 73.2 13.5 6.8 5.8 0.7 —
2008–09 .........… 398,567 264,850 50,626 25,253 21,645 2,428 — 33,765 100.0 72.6 13.9 6.9 5.9 0.7 —
2009–10 ............. 417,996 274,915 54,351 28,049 23,097 2,546 — 35,038 100.0 71.8 14.2 7.3 6.0 0.7 —
2010–11 ............. 439,242 285,136 56,996 29,640 23,564 2,537 4,057 37,312 100.0 70.9 14.2 7.4 5.9 0.6 1.0
2011–12 ............. 453,483 287,600 60,723 32,361 24,628 2,383 6,305 39,483 100.0 69.5 14.7 7.8 5.9 0.6 1.5
2012–13 ............. 450,166 278,688 61,572 33,550 24,450 2,413 7,322 42,171 100.0 68.3 15.1 8.2 6.0 0.6 1.8
2013–14 ............. 451,736 271,468 61,998 35,397 24,578 2,293 8,527 47,475 100.0 67.2 15.3 8.8 6.1 0.6 2.1
2014–15 ............. 452,189 264,945 60,993 37,368 24,912 2,187 9,190 52,594 100.0 66.3 15.3 9.4 6.2 0.5 2.3
2015–16 ............. 465,183 265,724 61,762 40,311 25,850 2,309 10,460 58,767 100.0 65.4 15.2 9.9 6.4 0.6 2.6
2016–17 ............. 477,792 268,906 62,601 43,369 27,136 2,246 11,218 62,316 100.0 64.7 15.1 10.4 6.5 0.5 2.7

—Not available. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from
1
Excludes 387 males and 175 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. previously published figures.
2
Excludes 1,377 males and 179 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
NOTE: Data through 1990-91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards
for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race Conferred” surveys, 1976–77 and 1980–81; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. For 1989–90 and later years, reported System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through
racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 323.30. Master’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17

340 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

2015–16 2016–17

Master’s Degrees
Asian/Pacific Islander Asian/Pacific Islander
American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or Non-
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more resident
Field of study Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
All fields, total ........................... 785,757 431,885 88,786 63,060 45,921 44,335 1,586 3,538 16,589 135,978 804,684 433,625 89,577 67,166 47,841 46,255 1,586 3,396 17,668 145,411
Agriculture and natural resources ....... 6,702 4,644 228 361 200 197 3 32 137 1,100 6,844 4,616 245 392 221 214 7 34 185 1,151
Architecture and related services ........ 7,991 3,908 335 722 480 472 8 12 168 2,366 7,911 3,635 332 703 443 435 8 25 168 2,605
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and
group studies ................................ 1,767 822 160 271 84 80 4 44 61 325 1,717 765 165 222 129 121 8 69 64 303
Biological and biomedical sciences ..... 15,717 8,425 1,072 1,177 2,075 2,062 13 28 437 2,503 16,284 8,505 1,198 1,288 2,162 2,146 16 43 495 2,593
Business ............................................. 186,835 94,398 26,226 14,535 13,866 13,374 492 772 3,642 33,396 187,404 94,269 25,667 15,354 13,879 13,414 465 737 3,750 33,748
Communication, journalism, and
related programs .......................... 9,676 5,061 1,243 809 336 320 16 31 257 1,939 10,128 5,121 1,350 942 380 370 10 38 304 1,993
Communications technologies ............ 491 166 35 27 18 18 0 1 9 235 539 197 27 29 33 33 0 3 8 242
Computer and information sciences .... 40,130 8,018 2,208 1,193 2,909 2,869 40 66 428 25,308 46,555 8,665 2,345 1,275 3,588 3,539 49 78 531 30,073
Construction trades ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Education ............................................ 145,792 101,747 16,259 14,732 4,706 4,396 310 861 2,992 4,495 145,680 101,781 15,958 15,162 4,562 4,290 272 709 3,071 4,437
Engineering ......................................... 51,646 14,724 1,174 1,992 3,698 3,675 23 72 711 29,275 52,841 14,862 1,147 2,147 3,744 3,705 39 67 697 30,177
Engineering technologies and
engineering-related fields1 ............ 6,067 2,328 403 257 288 282 6 25 85 2,681 7,403 2,324 394 253 296 290 6 28 82 4,026
English language and literature/
letters ............................................ 8,581 6,442 498 656 262 256 6 46 301 376 8,247 6,108 483 700 278 272 6 57 270 351
Family and consumer sciences/
human sciences ............................ 3,228 1,964 516 324 111 107 4 18 70 225 3,295 2,025 498 318 129 116 13 15 82 228
Foreign languages, literatures, and
linguistics ...................................... 3,407 1,649 87 539 140 135 5 15 86 891 3,274 1,547 81 535 96 96 0 9 95 911
Health professions and related
programs ...................................... 110,350 71,620 14,176 8,435 8,857 8,534 323 562 2,498 4,202 119,273 76,108 15,907 9,733 9,638 9,324 314 588 2,832 4,467
Homeland security, law enforcement,
and firefighting .............................. 9,775 5,614 2,359 1,031 259 233 26 79 227 206 10,210 5,726 2,438 1,161 295 254 41 65 286 239
Legal professions and studies ............. 8,181 2,095 554 429 244 234 10 51 70 4,738 8,674 2,083 699 494 326 320 6 61 92 4,919
Liberal arts and sciences, general
studies, and humanities ................ 2,598 1,735 291 234 51 46 5 20 83 184 2,485 1,668 287 257 63 59 4 25 62 123
Library science .................................... 4,926 3,850 238 391 161 155 6 20 184 82 4,843 3,824 256 389 131 125 6 24 146 73
Mathematics and statistics ................. 8,451 2,816 197 294 570 566 4 9 100 4,465 9,086 2,777 188 311 664 659 5 5 132 5,009
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military technologies and applied
sciences ........................................ 152 102 23 5 6 6 0 0 4 12 274 158 67 15 5 5 0 0 3 26
Multi/interdisciplinary studies .............. 8,554 5,065 854 667 532 506 26 36 199 1,201 9,234 5,154 902 809 516 506 10 45 295 1,513
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies .......................................... 8,268 5,788 1,046 571 150 139 11 42 197 474 8,655 5,826 1,184 692 202 179 23 31 287 433
Philosophy and religious studies ......... 1,756 1,233 126 124 61 59 2 3 46 163 1,705 1,149 116 144 81 80 1 4 41 170
Physical sciences and science
technologies .................................. 7,131 3,888 181 378 415 409 6 30 176 2,063 7,143 3,857 187 396 382 376 6 14 159 2,148
Precision production ............................ 10 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 14 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 9
Psychology .......................................... 27,645 17,583 3,790 3,179 1,109 1,045 64 152 744 1,088 27,542 16,975 3,788 3,463 1,199 1,108 91 150 897 1,070
Public administration and social
services ........................................ 46,754 25,469 9,325 5,984 1,776 1,667 109 296 1,336 2,568 45,393 24,290 8,755 6,230 1,896 1,785 111 285 1,295 2,642
Social sciences and history ................. 19,861 11,141 1,467 1,634 852 830 22 71 505 4,191 20,015 10,941 1,431 1,724 892 872 20 74 546 4,407
Social sciences .............................. 16,396 8,401 1,314 1,353 788 774 14 58 410 4,072 16,579 8,205 1,313 1,456 827 808 19 63 446 4,269
History ........................................... 3,465 2,740 153 281 64 56 8 13 95 119 3,436 2,736 118 268 65 64 1 11 100 138
Theology and religious vocations ........ 14,352 9,049 2,476 770 743 721 22 71 243 1,000 13,654 8,756 2,229 689 705 682 23 53 242 980
Transportation and materials moving .... 911 612 72 49 39 38 1 6 44 89 839 547 98 43 35 33 2 4 43 69
Visual and performing arts .................. 18,052 9,922 1,167 1,290 923 904 19 67 549 4,134 17,523 9,362 1,155 1,296 870 846 24 56 508 4,276
Other and not classified ....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude resources and conservation; and “Business” includes Business management, marketing, and related support services and
persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Reported racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were Personal and culinary services. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
aggregations have been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System System (IPEDS), Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
 Table 324.10. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by field of study: Selected years, 1970–71 through 2016–17
Field of study 1970–71 1975–76 1980–81 1985–86 1990–91 1995–96 2000–01 2005–06 2006–07 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Total ............................................................... 64,998 91,007 98,016 100,280 105,547 115,507 119,585 138,056 144,694 154,564 158,590 163,827 170,217 175,026 177,587 178,548 178,134 181,352
Agriculture and natural resources ........................... 1,086 928 1,067 1,158 1,185 1,259 1,127 1,194 1,272 1,328 1,149 1,246 1,333 1,411 1,407 1,561 1,526 1,561
Architecture and related services ............................ 36 82 93 73 135 141 153 201 178 212 210 205 255 247 247 272 245 291
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies ..... 143 186 161 156 159 183 216 226 233 239 253 278 302 291 336 312 323 349
Biological and biomedical sciences ......................... 3,603 3,347 3,640 3,405 4,152 5,250 5,225 6,162 6,764 7,499 7,672 7,693 7,935 7,939 8,302 8,053 7,939 8,087
Business ................................................................. 774 906 808 923 1,185 1,366 1,180 1,711 2,029 2,123 2,249 2,286 2,538 2,828 3,039 3,116 3,325 3,329
Communication, journalism, and related programs .. 145 196 171 212 259 338 368 461 479 533 570 577 563 612 611 644 629 615
Communications technologies ................................ 0 8 11 6 13 7 2 3 1 2 3 1 4 0 3 0 4 0
Computer and information sciences ........................ 128 244 252 344 676 869 768 1,416 1,595 1,580 1,599 1,588 1,698 1,834 1,982 1,998 1,989 1,982
Education ............................................................... 6,041 7,202 7,279 6,610 6,189 6,246 6,284 7,584 8,261 9,028 9,237 9,642 10,118 10,572 10,929 11,772 11,838 12,687
Engineering ............................................................ 3,687 2,872 2,598 3,444 5,316 6,304 5,485 7,243 7,867 7,744 7,706 8,369 8,722 9,356 10,010 10,239 10,265 10,371
Engineering technologies ........................................ 1 2 10 12 14 50 62 75 61 59 67 56 134 111 107 123 133 152
English language and literature/letters .................... 1,554 1,514 1,040 895 1,056 1,395 1,330 1,254 1,178 1,271 1,334 1,344 1,427 1,377 1,393 1,418 1,402 1,347
Family and consumer sciences/human sciences ..... 123 178 247 307 229 375 354 340 337 333 296 320 325 351 335 335 374 317
Foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics .. ....... 1,084 1,245 931 768 889 1,020 1,078 1,074 1,059 1,111 1,091 1,158 1,231 1,304 1,230 1,243 1,278 1,168
Health professions and related programs ................ 15,988 25,267 29,595 31,922 29,842 32,678 39,019 45,677 48,945 54,846 57,750 60,221 62,097 64,192 67,447 71,004 73,687 77,693
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Homeland security, law enforcement, and

firefighting ........................................................ 1 9 21 21 28 38 44 80 85 97 106 131 117 147 152 193 205 177
Legal professions and studies ................................. 17,441 32,369 36,391 35,898 38,035 39,919 38,190 43,569 43,628 44,304 44,627 44,853 46,836 47,246 44,169 40,329 37,034 35,123
Liberal arts and sciences, general studies, and
humanities ........................................................ 32 162 121 90 70 75 102 84 77 67 96 95 93 98 90 96 105 95
Library science ....................................................... 39 71 71 62 56 53 58 44 52 35 64 50 60 50 52 44 54 42
Mathematics and statistics ..................................... 1,199 856 728 742 978 1,158 997 1,293 1,351 1,535 1,596 1,586 1,669 1,823 1,863 1,801 1,855 1,925
Multi/interdisciplinary studies ................................ 101 156 236 352 306 549 512 600 683 731 631 660 727 730 769 840 849 854
Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness studies .......... 2 15 42 39 28 104 177 194 218 285 266 257 288 295 317 311 331 319
Philosophy and religious studies ............................. 555 556 411 480 464 550 600 578 637 686 667 804 778 794 698 762 750 741
Physical sciences and science technologies ............ 4,324 3,388 3,105 3,521 4,248 4,589 3,968 4,642 5,041 5,237 5,065 5,295 5,370 5,514 5,806 5,823 6,057 6,027
Psychology.............................................................. 2,144 3,157 3,576 3,593 3,932 4,141 5,091 4,921 5,156 5,477 5,540 5,851 5,936 6,326 6,634 6,583 6,540 6,702
Public administration and social services ................ 174 292 362 382 430 499 574 704 726 812 838 851 890 979 1,047 1,123 1,066 1,116
Social sciences and history...................................... 3,660 4,157 3,122 2,955 3,012 3,760 3,930 3,914 3,844 4,234 4,238 4,390 4,597 4,610 4,724 4,828 4,706 4,706
Theology and religious vocations ............................ 312 1,022 1,273 1,185 1,076 1,517 1,461 1,429 1,573 1,587 2,071 2,374 2,446 2,174 2,103 1,927 1,808 1,791
Transportation and materials moving ...................... 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 5 8 11
Visual and performing arts ...................................... 621 620 654 722 838 1,067 1,167 1,383 1,364 1,569 1,599 1,646 1,728 1,814 1,778 1,793 1,809 1,774
Not classified by field of study ................................ 0 0 0 0 747 7 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NOTE: Data through 1990-91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are for postsecondary institutions that “Business” includes Business, management, marketing, and related support services and Personal and culinary services;
participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as and “Engineering technologies” includes Engineering technologies and engineering-related fields, Construction trades, and

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 341

well as such degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees prior to 2010–11. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
The new Classification of Instructional Programs was initiated in 2009–10. The figures for earlier years have been reclassified SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information
when necessary to make them conform to the new taxonomy. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain aggregations have Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1970–71 through 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary
been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS): “Agriculture and Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:91–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions
natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural resources and conservation; component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)

Doctor’s Degrees
342 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Doctor’s Degrees

Table 324.20. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and sex of student: Selected years,
1976–77 through 2016–17
Number of degrees conferred1 to U.S. citizens, Percentage distribution of degrees conferred1
permanent residents, and nonresident aliens to U.S. citizens and permanent residents
American American
Asian/ Indian/ Two or Non- Asian/ Indian/ Two or
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more
Year and sex Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Islander Native races
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Total
1976–771 ............ 91,218 79,932 3,575 1,533 1,674 240 — 4,264 100.0 91.9 4.1 1.8 1.9 0.3 —
1980–812 ............ 97,281 84,200 3,893 1,924 2,267 312 — 4,685 100.0 90.9 4.2 2.1 2.4 0.3 —
1990–91 ............. 105,547 81,791 4,429 3,210 5,120 356 — 10,641 100.0 86.2 4.7 3.4 5.4 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 118,736 82,984 7,078 5,042 10,682 708 — 12,242 100.0 77.9 6.6 4.7 10.0 0.7 —
2000–01 ............. 119,585 82,321 7,035 5,204 11,587 705 — 12,733 100.0 77.0 6.6 4.9 10.8 0.7 —
2002–03 ............. 121,579 82,549 7,537 5,503 12,008 759 — 13,223 100.0 76.2 7.0 5.1 11.1 0.7 —
2003–04 ............. 126,087 84,695 8,089 5,795 12,371 771 — 14,366 100.0 75.8 7.2 5.2 11.1 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 134,387 89,763 8,527 6,115 13,176 788 — 16,018 100.0 75.8 7.2 5.2 11.1 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 138,056 91,050 8,523 6,202 13,686 929 — 17,666 100.0 75.6 7.1 5.2 11.4 0.8 —
2006–07 ............. 144,694 94,225 9,371 6,576 14,727 917 — 18,878 100.0 74.9 7.4 5.2 11.7 0.7 —
2007–08 ............. 149,190 97,701 9,451 6,933 15,170 932 — 19,003 100.0 75.0 7.3 5.3 11.7 0.7 —
2008–09 ............. 154,564 101,400 10,188 7,497 15,840 978 — 18,661 100.0 74.6 7.5 5.5 11.7 0.7 —
2009–10 ............. 158,590 104,419 10,413 8,085 16,560 952 — 18,161 100.0 74.4 7.4 5.8 11.8 0.7 —
2010–11 ............. 163,827 105,990 10,934 8,662 17,078 947 1,251 18,965 100.0 73.2 7.5 6.0 11.8 0.7 0.9
2011–12 ............. 170,217 109,365 11,794 9,223 17,896 915 1,571 19,453 100.0 72.5 7.8 6.1 11.9 0.6 1.0
2012–13 ............. 175,026 110,759 12,085 10,108 18,406 900 2,440 20,328 100.0 71.6 7.8 6.5 11.9 0.6 1.6
2013–14 ............. 177,587 110,157 12,621 10,665 19,118 861 2,966 21,199 100.0 70.4 8.1 6.8 12.2 0.6 1.9
2014–15 ............. 178,548 108,914 13,272 11,263 19,186 884 3,670 21,359 100.0 69.3 8.4 7.2 12.2 0.6 2.3
2015–16 ............. 178,134 107,235 13,377 11,781 19,614 811 3,782 21,534 100.0 68.5 8.5 7.5 12.5 0.5 2.4
2016–17 ............. 181,352 107,445 14,067 12,493 20,344 746 4,166 22,091 100.0 67.5 8.8 7.8 12.8 0.5 2.6
Males
1976–771 ............ 71,709 62,977 2,338 1,216 1,311 182 — 3,685 100.0 92.6 3.4 1.8 1.9 0.3 —
1980–812 ............ 68,853 59,574 2,206 1,338 1,589 223 — 3,923 100.0 91.8 3.4 2.1 2.4 0.3 —
1990–91 ............. 64,242 48,812 1,991 1,835 3,038 196 — 8,370 100.0 87.4 3.6 3.3 5.4 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 64,930 45,308 2,762 2,602 5,467 333 — 8,458 100.0 80.2 4.9 4.6 9.7 0.6 —
2000–01 ............. 64,171 44,131 2,655 2,564 5,759 346 — 8,716 100.0 79.6 4.8 4.6 10.4 0.6 —
2002–03 ............. 62,730 42,569 2,735 2,671 5,683 358 — 8,714 100.0 78.8 5.1 4.9 10.5 0.7 —
2003–04 ............. 63,981 43,014 2,888 2,731 5,620 357 — 9,371 100.0 78.8 5.3 5.0 10.3 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 67,257 44,749 2,904 2,863 5,913 370 — 10,458 100.0 78.8 5.1 5.0 10.4 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 68,912 45,476 2,949 2,850 5,977 429 — 11,231 100.0 78.8 5.1 4.9 10.4 0.7 —
2006–07 ............. 71,311 46,215 3,223 3,037 6,449 421 — 11,966 100.0 77.9 5.4 5.1 10.9 0.7 —
2007–08 ............. 73,340 48,118 3,291 3,139 6,516 447 — 11,829 100.0 78.2 5.4 5.1 10.6 0.7 —
2008–09 ............. 75,674 49,880 3,531 3,388 6,914 460 — 11,501 100.0 77.7 5.5 5.3 10.8 0.7 —
2009–10 ............. 76,610 50,707 3,609 3,642 7,184 430 — 11,038 100.0 77.3 5.5 5.6 11.0 0.7 —
2010–11 ............. 79,672 51,688 3,838 3,990 7,545 454 557 11,600 100.0 75.9 5.6 5.9 11.1 0.7 0.8
2011–12 ............. 82,670 53,488 4,121 4,218 7,792 418 701 11,932 100.0 75.6 5.8 6.0 11.0 0.6 1.0
2012–13 ............. 85,080 54,196 4,310 4,473 8,190 400 1,085 12,426 100.0 74.6 5.9 6.2 11.3 0.6 1.5
2013–14 ............. 85,585 53,374 4,510 4,788 8,270 365 1,297 12,981 100.0 73.5 6.2 6.6 11.4 0.5 1.8
2014–15 ............. 84,922 52,069 4,464 5,011 8,330 410 1,678 12,960 100.0 72.4 6.2 7.0 11.6 0.6 2.3
2015–16 ............. 84,240 50,694 4,564 5,122 8,632 371 1,718 13,139 100.0 71.3 6.4 7.2 12.1 0.5 2.4
2016–17 ............. 84,646 50,003 4,791 5,421 8,906 307 1,780 13,438 100.0 70.2 6.7 7.6 12.5 0.4 2.5
Females
1976–77 1 ............ 19,509 16,955 1,237 317 363 58 — 579 100.0 89.6 6.5 1.7 1.9 0.3 —
1980–812 ............ 28,428 24,626 1,687 586 678 89 — 762 100.0 89.0 6.1 2.1 2.5 0.3 —
1990–91 ............. 41,305 32,979 2,438 1,375 2,082 160 — 2,271 100.0 84.5 6.2 3.5 5.3 0.4 —
1999–2000 ......... 53,806 37,676 4,316 2,440 5,215 375 — 3,784 100.0 75.3 8.6 4.9 10.4 0.7 —
2000–01 ............. 55,414 38,190 4,380 2,640 5,828 359 — 4,017 100.0 74.3 8.5 5.1 11.3 0.7 —
2002–03 ............. 58,849 39,980 4,802 2,832 6,325 401 — 4,509 100.0 73.6 8.8 5.2 11.6 0.7 —
2003–04 ............. 62,106 41,681 5,201 3,064 6,751 414 — 4,995 100.0 73.0 9.1 5.4 11.8 0.7 —
2004–05 ............. 67,130 45,014 5,623 3,252 7,263 418 — 5,560 100.0 73.1 9.1 5.3 11.8 0.7 —
2005–06 ............. 69,144 45,574 5,574 3,352 7,709 500 — 6,435 100.0 72.7 8.9 5.3 12.3 0.8 —
2006–07 .........… 73,383 48,010 6,148 3,539 8,278 496 — 6,912 100.0 72.2 9.2 5.3 12.5 0.7 —
2007–08 .........… 75,850 49,583 6,160 3,794 8,654 485 — 7,174 100.0 72.2 9.0 5.5 12.6 0.7 —
2008–09 .........… 78,890 51,520 6,657 4,109 8,926 518 — 7,160 100.0 71.8 9.3 5.7 12.4 0.7 —
2009–10 ............. 81,980 53,712 6,804 4,443 9,376 522 — 7,123 100.0 71.8 9.1 5.9 12.5 0.7 —
2010–11 ............. 84,155 54,302 7,096 4,672 9,533 493 694 7,365 100.0 70.7 9.2 6.1 12.4 0.6 0.9
2011–12 ............. 87,547 55,877 7,673 5,005 10,104 497 870 7,521 100.0 69.8 9.6 6.3 12.6 0.6 1.1
2012–13 ............. 89,946 56,563 7,775 5,635 10,216 500 1,355 7,902 100.0 68.9 9.5 6.9 12.5 0.6 1.7
2013–14 ............. 92,002 56,783 8,111 5,877 10,848 496 1,669 8,218 100.0 67.8 9.7 7.0 12.9 0.6 2.0
2014–15 ............. 93,626 56,845 8,808 6,252 10,856 474 1,992 8,399 100.0 66.7 10.3 7.3 12.7 0.6 2.3
2015–16 ............. 93,894 56,541 8,813 6,659 10,982 440 2,064 8,395 100.0 66.1 10.3 7.8 12.8 0.5 2.4
2016–17 ............. 96,706 57,442 9,276 7,072 11,438 439 2,386 8,653 100.0 65.2 10.5 8.0 13.0 0.5 2.7

—Not available. racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were
1
Includes Ph.D., Ed.D., and comparable degrees at the doctoral level, as well as such used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported.
degrees as M.D., D.D.S., and law degrees that were classified as first-professional degrees Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from
prior to 2010–11. previously published figures.
2
Excludes 500 males and 12 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher
3
Excludes 714 males and 21 females whose racial/ethnic group was not available. Education General Information Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards
NOTE: Data through 1990–91 are for institutions of higher education, while later data are Conferred” surveys, 1976–77 and 1980–81; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey” (IPEDS-C:90–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through
categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. For 1989–90 and later years, reported Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 324.25. Doctor’s degrees conferred by postsecondary institutions, by race/ethnicity and field of study: 2015–16 and 2016–17
2015–16 2016–17
Asian/Pacific Islander Asian/Pacific Islander
American American
Indian/ Two or Non- Indian/ Two or Non-
Pacific Alaska more resident Pacific Alaska more resident
Field of study Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien Total White Black Hispanic Total Asian Islander Native races alien
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
All fields, total ........................... 178,134 107,235 13,377 11,781 19,614 19,283 331 811 3,782 21,534 181,352 107,445 14,067 12,493 20,344 20,016 328 746 4,166 22,091
Agriculture and natural resources ....... 1,526 750 43 60 57 57 0 6 17 593 1,561 722 49 56 51 51 0 3 20 660
Architecture and related services ........ 245 84 18 11 27 25 2 0 11 94 291 103 7 15 36 33 3 1 9 120
Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and
group studies ................................ 323 156 45 38 17 14 3 7 10 50 349 153 58 42 18 18 0 4 9 65
Biological and biomedical sciences ..... 7,939 4,232 274 446 716 704 12 26 138 2,107 8,087 4,246 303 467 769 758 11 25 210 2,067
Business ............................................. 3,325 1,535 671 160 220 209 11 14 50 675 3,329 1,412 721 206 238 231 7 14 43 695
Communication, journalism, and
related programs .......................... 629 368 25 33 23 22 1 0 9 171 615 357 49 30 35 35 0 2 12 130
Communications technologies ............ 4 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Computer and information sciences .... 1,989 602 92 44 106 105 1 1 22 1,122 1,982 617 85 54 116 115 1 2 19 1,089
Construction trades ............................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

Education ............................................ 11,838 7,248 2,268 933 457 425 32 76 168 688 12,687 7,583 2,635 1,009 443 406 37 89 219 709
Engineering ......................................... 10,265 3,178 207 294 718 715 3 11 121 5,736 10,371 3,076 187 319 749 744 5 12 117 5,911
Engineering technologies and
engineering-related fields1 ............ 133 59 5 6 6 6 0 0 2 55 152 65 13 6 11 11 0 0 0 57
English language and literature/
letters ............................................ 1,402 1,088 57 63 49 47 2 7 20 118 1,347 994 54 97 49 47 2 10 32 111
Family and consumer sciences/
human sciences ............................ 374 182 55 21 18 17 1 1 8 89 317 172 30 18 21 21 0 1 5 70
Foreign languages, literatures, and
linguistics ...................................... 1,278 669 15 126 38 38 0 4 21 405 1,168 604 12 121 50 50 0 4 13 364
Health professions and related
programs ...................................... 73,687 47,242 4,716 4,224 13,063 12,909 154 270 1,793 2,379 77,693 49,286 5,031 4,851 13,715 13,536 179 260 1,949 2,601
Homeland security, law enforcement,
and firefighting .............................. 205 123 38 15 2 2 0 0 2 25 177 107 30 16 2 2 0 1 0 21
Legal professions and studies ............. 37,034 24,989 3,110 3,872 2,678 2,598 80 293 977 1,115 35,123 23,319 3,006 3,730 2,594 2,537 57 231 1,022 1,221
Liberal arts and sciences, general
studies, and humanities ................ 105 79 3 7 4 4 0 0 3 9 95 74 3 5 4 3 1 1 3 5
Library science .................................... 54 30 3 1 5 5 0 0 2 13 42 21 4 3 4 3 1 0 0 10
Mathematics and statistics ................. 1,855 723 39 63 111 111 0 4 39 876 1,925 739 22 50 138 138 0 3 30 943
Mechanic and repair technologies/
technicians ................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Military technologies and applied
sciences ........................................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Multi/interdisciplinary studies .............. 849 496 70 49 40 39 1 3 10 181 854 462 82 40 44 44 0 5 20 201

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 343

Parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies .......................................... 331 199 25 22 7 6 1 0 7 71 319 208 20 11 6 6 0 1 7 66
Philosophy and religious studies ......... 750 535 40 37 33 32 1 3 10 92 741 509 42 29 31 31 0 2 18 110
Physical sciences and science
technologies .................................. 6,057 2,939 121 194 309 307 2 10 84 2,400 6,027 2,910 110 227 327 326 1 14 85 2,354
Precision production ............................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Psychology .......................................... 6,540 4,430 618 588 404 385 19 32 143 325 6,702 4,525 623 597 388 373 15 25 162 382
Public administration and social
services ........................................ 1,066 569 200 60 76 75 1 1 15 145 1,116 575 238 67 54 54 0 5 26 151
Social sciences and history ................. 4,706 2,655 210 276 179 178 1 27 54 1,305 4,706 2,564 238 259 215 211 4 19 88 1,323

Doctor’s Degrees
Social sciences .............................. 3,726 1,949 152 209 158 158 0 21 38 1,199 3,781 1,909 197 184 189 185 4 13 71 1,218
History ........................................... 980 706 58 67 21 20 1 6 16 106 925 655 41 75 26 26 0 6 17 105
Theology and religious vocations ........ 1,808 948 346 62 125 123 2 10 6 311 1,791 949 365 71 143 140 3 4 12 247
Transportation and materials moving .... 8 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 11 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Visual and performing arts .................. 1,809 1,124 62 76 125 124 1 5 38 379 1,774 1,086 50 97 93 92 1 8 36 404
Other and not classified ....................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1
Excludes “Construction trades” and “Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians,” which are listed separately. (IPEDS): “Agriculture and natural resources” includes Agriculture, agriculture operations, and related sciences and Natural
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Race categories exclude resources and conservation; and “Business” includes Business management, marketing, and related support services and
persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Reported racial/ethnic distributions of students by level of degree, field of degree, and sex were Personal and culinary services. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
used to estimate race/ethnicity for students whose race/ethnicity was not reported. To facilitate trend comparisons, certain SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data
aggregations have been made of the degree fields as reported in the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System System (IPEDS), Fall 2016 and Fall 2017, Completions component. (This table was prepared August 2018.)
344 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Doctor’s Degrees

Table 324.40. Number of postsecondary institutions conferring doctor’s degrees in dentistry, medicine, and law, and number of such
degrees conferred, by sex of student: Selected years, 1949–50 through 2016–17
Dentistry (D.D.S. or D.M.D.) Medicine (M.D.) Law (LL.B. or J.D.)
Number of Number of degrees conferred Number of Number of degrees conferred Number of Number of degrees conferred
institutions institutions institutions
conferring conferring conferring
Year degrees Total Males Females degrees Total Males Females degrees Total Males Females
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1949–50 .................... 40 2,579 2,561 18 72 5,612 5,028 584 — — — —
1951–52 .................... 41 2,918 2,895 23 72 6,201 5,871 330 — — — —
1953–54 .................... 42 3,102 3,063 39 73 6,712 6,377 335 — — — —
1955–56 .................... 42 3,009 2,975 34 73 6,810 6,464 346 131 8,262 7,974 288
1957–58 .................... 43 3,065 3,031 34 75 6,816 6,469 347 131 9,394 9,122 272

1959–60 .................... 45 3,247 3,221 26 79 7,032 6,645 387 134 9,240 9,010 230
1961–62 .................... 46 3,183 3,166 17 81 7,138 6,749 389 134 9,364 9,091 273
1963–64 .................... 46 3,180 3,168 12 82 7,303 6,878 425 133 10,679 10,372 307
1964–65 .................... 46 3,108 3,086 22 81 7,304 6,832 472 137 11,583 11,216 367
1965–66 .................... 47 3,178 3,146 32 84 7,673 7,170 503 136 13,246 12,776 470
1967–68 .................... 48 3,422 3,375 47 85 7,944 7,318 626 138 16,454 15,805 649
1968–69 .................... — 3,408 3,376 32 — 8,025 7,415 610 — 17,053 16,373 680

1969–70 .................... 48 3,718 3,684 34 86 8,314 7,615 699 145 14,916 14,115 801
1970–71 .................... 48 3,745 3,703 42 89 8,919 8,110 809 147 17,421 16,181 1,240
1971–72 .................... 48 3,862 3,819 43 92 9,253 8,423 830 147 21,764 20,266 1,498
1972–73 .................... 51 4,047 3,992 55 97 10,307 9,388 919 152 27,205 25,037 2,168
1973–74 .................... 52 4,440 4,355 85 99 11,356 10,093 1,263 151 29,326 25,986 3,340

1974–75 .................... 52 4,773 4,627 146 104 12,447 10,818 1,629 154 29,296 24,881 4,415
1975–76 .................... 56 5,425 5,187 238 107 13,426 11,252 2,174 166 32,293 26,085 6,208
1976–77 .................... 57 5,138 4,764 374 109 13,461 10,891 2,570 169 34,104 26,447 7,657
1977–78 .................... 57 5,189 4,623 566 109 14,279 11,210 3,069 169 34,402 25,457 8,945
1978–79 .................... 58 5,434 4,794 640 109 14,786 11,381 3,405 175 35,206 25,180 10,026

1979–80 .................... 58 5,258 4,558 700 112 14,902 11,416 3,486 179 35,647 24,893 10,754
1980–81 .................... 58 5,460 4,672 788 116 15,505 11,672 3,833 176 36,331 24,563 11,768
1981–82 .................... 59 5,282 4,467 815 119 15,814 11,867 3,947 180 35,991 23,965 12,026
1982–83 .................... 59 5,585 4,631 954 118 15,484 11,350 4,134 177 36,853 23,550 13,303
1983–84 .................... 60 5,353 4,302 1,051 119 15,813 11,359 4,454 179 37,012 23,382 13,630

1984–85 .................... 59 5,339 4,233 1,106 120 16,041 11,167 4,874 181 37,491 23,070 14,421
1985–86 .................... 59 5,046 3,907 1,139 120 15,938 11,022 4,916 181 35,844 21,874 13,970
1986–87 .................... 58 4,741 3,603 1,138 121 15,428 10,431 4,997 179 36,056 21,561 14,495
1987–88 .................... 57 4,477 3,300 1,177 122 15,358 10,278 5,080 180 35,397 21,067 14,330
1988–89 .................... 58 4,265 3,124 1,141 124 15,460 10,310 5,150 182 35,634 21,069 14,565

1989–90 .................... 57 4,100 2,834 1,266 124 15,075 9,923 5,152 182 36,485 21,079 15,406
1990–91 .................... 55 3,699 2,510 1,189 121 15,043 9,629 5,414 179 37,945 21,643 16,302
1991–92 .................... 52 3,593 2,431 1,162 120 15,243 9,796 5,447 177 38,848 22,260 16,588
1992–93 .................... 55 3,605 2,383 1,222 122 15,531 9,679 5,852 184 40,302 23,182 17,120
1993–94 .................... 53 3,787 2,330 1,457 121 15,368 9,544 5,824 185 40,044 22,826 17,218

1994–95 .................... 53 3,897 2,480 1,417 119 15,537 9,507 6,030 183 39,349 22,592 16,757
1995–96 .................... 53 3,697 2,374 1,323 119 15,341 9,061 6,280 183 39,828 22,508 17,320
1996–97 .................... 52 3,784 2,387 1,397 118 15,571 9,121 6,450 184 40,079 22,548 17,531
1997–98 .................... 53 4,032 2,490 1,542 117 15,424 9,006 6,418 185 39,331 21,876 17,455
1998–99 .................... 53 4,143 2,673 1,470 118 15,566 8,972 6,594 185 38,297 21,102 17,195

1999–2000 ................ 54 4,250 2,547 1,703 118 15,286 8,761 6,525 190 38,152 20,638 17,514
2000–01 .................... 54 4,391 2,696 1,695 118 15,403 8,728 6,675 192 37,904 19,981 17,923
2001–02 .................... 53 4,239 2,608 1,631 118 15,237 8,469 6,768 192 38,981 20,254 18,727
2002–03 .................... 53 4,345 2,654 1,691 118 15,034 8,221 6,813 194 39,067 19,916 19,151
2003–04 .................... 53 4,335 2,532 1,803 118 15,442 8,273 7,169 195 40,209 20,332 19,877
2004–05 .................... 53 4,454 2,505 1,949 120 15,461 8,151 7,310 198 43,423 22,297 21,126
2005–06 .................... 54 4,389 2,435 1,954 119 15,455 7,900 7,555 197 43,440 22,597 20,843
2006–07 .................... 55 4,596 2,548 2,048 120 15,730 7,987 7,743 200 43,485 22,777 20,708
2007–08 .................... 55 4,795 2,661 2,134 120 15,646 7,935 7,711 201 43,588 23,110 20,478
2008–09 .................... 55 4,918 2,637 2,281 120 15,987 8,164 7,823 203 44,045 23,860 20,185
2009–10 .................... 55 5,062 2,745 2,317 120 16,356 8,468 7,888 205 44,346 23,384 20,962
2010–11 .................... 55 5,071 2,764 2,307 120 16,863 8,701 8,162 206 44,421 23,481 20,940
2011–12 .................... 55 5,109 2,748 2,361 120 16,927 8,809 8,118 207 46,445 24,576 21,869
2012–13 .................... 56 5,219 2,707 2,512 122 17,264 8,976 8,288 209 46,811 25,087 21,724
2013–14 .................... 57 5,407 2,839 2,568 124 17,604 9,232 8,372 210 43,772 23,278 20,494
2014–15 .................... 60 5,816 3,030 2,786 127 18,302 9,558 8,744 212 40,024 20,810 19,214
2015–16 .................... 61 5,951 3,032 2,919 128 18,409 9,852 8,557 214 36,798 18,935 17,863
2016–17 .................... 63 6,388 3,328 3,060 131 18,698 9,834 8,864 214 34,894 17,579 17,315

—Not available. Survey (HEGIS), “Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred” surveys, 1965–66 through
NOTE: Data are for postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid 1985–86; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), “Completions Survey”
programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. (IPEDS-C:87–99); and IPEDS Fall 2000 through Fall 2017, Completions component. (This
SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Earned table was prepared January 2019.)
Degrees Conferred, 1949–50 through 1964–65; Higher Education General Information

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 345
Completion and Retention Rates

Table 326.15. Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time bachelor’s degree-seeking students at 4-year postsecondary institutions
6 years after entry, by completion and enrollment status at first institution attended, sex, race/ethnicity, control of
institution, and percentage of applications accepted: Cohort entry years 2006 and 2011
Percentage distribution of 2006 entry cohort 6 years after entry Percentage distribution of 2011 entry cohort 6 years after entry
Completed an award at Did not complete an Completed an award at Did not complete an
first institution attended award at first institution first institution attended award at first institution
Award Award
below No longer below No longer
bachelor’s Trans- enrolled, bachelor’s Trans- enrolled,
Sex, race/ethnicity, control of institution, Bachelor’s degree ferred Remained status Bachelor’s degree ferred Remained status
and percent of applications accepted Total degree level out1 enrolled unknown2 Total degree level out1 enrolled unknown2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Total ............................................... 100.0 59.2 0.4 9.0 2.4 29.0 100.0 60.4 0.4 11.8 2.4 25.0
Sex
Male ................................................... 100.0 56.5 0.3 9.0 2.9 31.3 100.0 57.3 0.3 11.8 2.9 27.7
Female ................................................ 100.0 61.4 0.4 9.0 2.0 27.1 100.0 63.0 0.5 11.8 2.0 22.7
Race/ethnicity
White .................................................. 100.0 62.5 0.4 9.1 1.9 26.0 100.0 64.3 0.4 11.5 1.9 21.8
Black .................................................. 100.0 40.2 0.4 11.5 3.6 44.3 100.0 39.8 0.3 17.4 3.3 39.1
Hispanic .............................................. 100.0 51.9 0.2 8.6 4.6 34.7 100.0 55.0 0.5 12.3 4.1 28.2
Asian ................................................... 100.0 70.6 0.1 6.4 2.9 20.0 100.0 74.1 0.1 7.8 3.0 15.0
Pacific Islander .................................... 100.0 48.5 0.4 5.4 5.0 40.6 100.0 48.6 1.0 10.6 3.2 36.5
American Indian/Alaska Native ............ 100.0 40.2 0.6 12.6 3.7 42.9 100.0 37.6 1.2 15.6 3.5 42.0
Two or more races .............................. 100.0 66.6 0.3 5.3 2.9 25.0 100.0 57.1 0.3 11.4 2.6 28.6
Sex and race/ethnicity
Male
White ............................................... 100.0 59.8 0.3 9.2 2.4 28.3 100.0 61.4 0.3 11.7 2.4 24.2
Black ............................................... 100.0 35.2 0.4 10.8 3.9 49.7 100.0 34.1 0.3 17.3 3.5 44.7
Hispanic .......................................... 100.0 47.8 0.2 8.7 5.2 38.0 100.0 50.7 0.3 12.6 4.7 31.6
Asian ............................................... 100.0 67.8 0.1 6.6 3.5 21.9 100.0 70.7 0.1 8.4 3.8 17.0
Pacific Islander ................................ 100.0 46.4 0.2 6.2 5.5 41.6 100.0 44.5 0.9 10.8 4.2 39.5
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 100.0 37.2 0.6 12.3 4.1 45.8 100.0 36.0 1.1 15.3 3.7 43.9
Two or more races ........................... 100.0 64.5 0.2 5.2 3.1 26.9 100.0 53.6 0.2 11.2 3.2 31.8
Female
White ............................................... 100.0 64.9 0.5 9.1 1.5 24.1 100.0 66.9 0.5 11.4 1.5 19.7
Black ............................................... 100.0 43.6 0.4 12.0 3.3 40.6 100.0 43.9 0.3 17.5 3.1 35.1
Hispanic .......................................... 100.0 54.9 0.3 8.5 4.1 32.2 100.0 58.2 0.5 12.0 3.6 25.6
Asian ............................................... 100.0 73.1 0.2 6.1 2.3 18.3 100.0 77.1 0.2 7.2 2.4 13.1
Pacific Islander ................................ 100.0 50.2 0.6 4.8 4.7 39.8 100.0 52.0 1.2 10.4 2.4 34.1
American Indian/Alaska Native ........ 100.0 42.5 0.7 12.8 3.4 40.7 100.0 38.9 1.4 15.9 3.4 40.5
Two or more races ........................... 100.0 68.1 0.3 5.3 2.7 23.6 100.0 59.8 0.3 11.5 2.2 26.2
Control of institution and percent of
applications accepted
Public institutions ................................ 100.0 57.2 0.2 11.3 3.2 28.0 100.0 59.7 0.2 13.2 3.2 23.7
Open admissions ............................. 100.0 32.2 1.2 16.8 6.0 43.9 100.0 31.3 1.9 19.7 4.6 42.5
90.0 percent or more accepted ........ 100.0 48.1 0.4 14.7 3.6 33.3 100.0 46.2 0.7 18.3 3.9 30.9
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 54.0 0.3 11.8 3.3 30.6 100.0 56.4 0.2 13.8 3.2 26.3
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 60.0 0.1 10.7 3.1 26.1 100.0 61.8 0.2 12.7 3.0 22.3
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 70.0 0.2 8.6 2.5 18.8 100.0 69.1 # 11.3 2.9 16.7
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ..... 100.0 70.4 0.0 4.9 1.9 22.8 100.0 71.3 0.0 5.9 2.9 20.0
Information not available ................. 100.0 37.6 # 9.8 3.5 49.1 100.0 43.4 0.1 12.5 6.4 37.7
Nonprofit institutions ........................... 100.0 65.5 0.5 5.2 0.9 27.9 100.0 66.4 0.4 9.6 0.9 22.6
Open admissions ............................. 100.0 38.0 1.7 8.9 2.1 49.3 100.0 38.3 2.1 17.4 2.2 40.1
90.0 percent or more accepted ........ 100.0 48.5 0.9 9.1 2.0 39.5 100.0 45.7 1.8 15.5 2.2 34.9
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 61.1 0.9 6.5 0.7 30.8 100.0 62.3 0.4 12.1 1.0 24.1
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 62.3 0.4 5.2 0.9 31.3 100.0 63.2 0.3 10.4 0.8 25.3
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 77.5 0.1 3.9 0.7 17.8 100.0 74.7 0.4 6.7 0.7 17.5
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ..... 100.0 90.6 # 0.9 0.7 7.8 100.0 92.0 # 2.1 0.7 5.2
Information not available ................. 100.0 48.8 2.2 3.7 0.8 44.5 100.0 50.2 0.3 14.1 3.9 31.5
For-profit institutions ........................... 100.0 31.5 1.6 1.4 1.9 63.6 100.0 20.8 2.4 6.7 1.8 68.3
Open admissions ............................. 100.0 29.9 1.3 0.3 2.4 66.2 100.0 23.2 4.4 3.2 2.0 67.3
90.0 percent or more accepted ........ 100.0 32.4 3.8 1.5 2.1 60.2 100.0 10.8 0.4 24.6 2.0 62.2
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 35.0 1.2 2.4 1.6 59.7 100.0 23.4 3.2 8.1 0.5 64.8
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 35.2 1.9 5.5 0.8 56.7 100.0 27.1 0.9 4.1 0.8 67.2
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ......... 100.0 33.2 1.5 1.3 0.9 63.1 100.0 29.9 1.7 2.6 1.6 64.2
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ..... † † † † † † † † † † † †
Information not available ................. 100.0 28.6 1.6 0.3 2.9 66.6 100.0 15.7 0.5 5.0 1.8 77.0

†Not applicable. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Totals include data for persons whose
#Rounds to zero. race/ethnicity was not reported. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
1
Transfer out data are required to be reported only by those institutions for which preparation SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
for transfers is a substantial part of the institutional mission. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2013 and Winter
2
Includes students who dropped out of the reporting institution and students who 2017–18 Graduation Rates component; and IPEDS Fall 2006 and Fall 2011, Institutional
transferred to another institution without notifying the reporting institution. Characteristics component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
NOTE: Data are for first-time full-time bachelor’s degree-seeking students at 4-year degree-
granting postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

346 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Completion and Retention Rates

Table 326.25. Percentage distribution of first-time, full-time degree/certificate-seeking students at 2-year postsecondary institutions
3 years after entry, by completion and enrollment status at first institution attended, sex, race/ethnicity, and control of
institution: Cohort entry years 2009 and 2014
Percentage distribution of 2009 entry cohort 3 years after entry Percentage distribution of 2014 entry cohort 3 years after entry
Completed a program Did not complete a program Completed a program Did not complete a program
at first institution attended at first institution at first institution attended at first institution

No No
longer longer
Program enrolled, Program enrolled,
Total, of less Program Trans- Re- status Total, of less Program Trans- Re- status
Sex, race/ethnicity, and any than of 2 to 4 ferred mained un- any than of 2 to 4 ferred mained un-
control of institution Total program 2 years years out1 enrolled known2 Total program 2 years years out1 enrolled known2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Total .......................................... 100.0 30.9 16.6 14.3 13.5 11.0 44.6 100.0 31.6 12.6 19.0 14.7 12.4 41.2
Sex
Male .............................................. 100.0 27.2 12.9 14.4 14.3 10.7 47.8 100.0 28.7 9.9 18.8 15.3 11.3 44.7
Female ........................................... 100.0 34.1 19.8 14.3 12.8 11.2 41.9 100.0 34.2 15.0 19.2 14.2 13.5 38.2
Race/ethnicity
White ............................................. 100.0 30.1 13.0 17.1 15.4 11.0 43.5 100.0 33.5 10.7 22.8 16.7 11.0 38.8
Black ............................................. 100.0 26.4 18.6 7.8 13.1 8.0 52.5 100.0 25.3 15.9 9.4 14.9 11.4 48.4
Hispanic ......................................... 100.0 36.3 25.4 10.9 9.4 13.0 41.2 100.0 30.9 14.1 16.9 11.1 15.4 42.5
Asian .............................................. 100.0 36.0 13.6 22.4 14.6 16.8 32.6 100.0 37.6 8.7 28.9 15.7 16.7 30.0
Pacific Islander ............................... 100.0 25.0 14.9 10.1 14.7 14.7 45.6 100.0 34.6 20.3 14.3 13.2 11.0 41.2
American Indian/Alaska Native ....... 100.0 25.7 14.9 10.7 11.4 10.0 52.9 100.0 28.1 15.0 13.1 11.9 11.3 48.7
Two or more races ......................... 100.0 30.5 16.4 14.1 14.1 11.0 44.4 100.0 26.2 8.8 17.5 16.5 11.5 45.8
Sex and race/ethnicity
Male
White .......................................... 100.0 27.8 11.1 16.7 15.6 10.2 46.4 100.0 31.9 9.3 22.6 16.8 9.9 41.3
Black .......................................... 100.0 22.1 14.8 7.3 14.3 7.5 56.2 100.0 20.8 11.3 9.5 16.4 9.4 53.4
Hispanic ..................................... 100.0 30.0 19.0 11.1 10.5 13.6 45.8 100.0 26.3 10.7 15.6 11.8 14.9 47.0
Asian .......................................... 100.0 31.7 9.8 21.9 15.6 18.2 34.5 100.0 33.0 6.2 26.7 16.1 17.8 33.2
Pacific Islander ........................... 100.0 21.6 10.5 11.1 15.3 14.4 48.7 100.0 28.9 15.9 13.0 15.6 9.2 46.2
American Indian/Alaska Native ... 100.0 23.6 13.4 10.2 11.6 8.6 56.1 100.0 23.3 11.5 11.8 12.8 10.5 53.4
Two or more races ...................... 100.0 24.6 10.5 14.1 15.7 11.6 48.1 100.0 23.3 6.6 16.7 16.7 11.1 49.0
Female
White .......................................... 100.0 32.3 14.8 17.5 15.1 11.8 40.9 100.0 35.0 12.0 23.0 16.5 12.1 36.4
Black .......................................... 100.0 29.4 21.3 8.1 12.3 8.3 50.0 100.0 28.6 19.2 9.4 13.8 13.0 44.6
Hispanic ..................................... 100.0 40.9 30.1 10.8 8.7 12.6 37.9 100.0 34.6 16.8 17.8 10.6 15.8 39.0
Asian .......................................... 100.0 40.3 17.5 22.8 13.6 15.3 30.8 100.0 42.5 11.3 31.2 15.2 15.7 26.7
Pacific Islander ........................... 100.0 28.0 18.8 9.2 14.1 15.0 42.9 100.0 39.7 24.2 15.5 11.1 12.5 36.7
American Indian/Alaska Native ... 100.0 27.3 16.1 11.1 11.2 11.1 50.4 100.0 31.9 17.7 14.2 11.2 11.9 45.0
Two or more races ...................... 100.0 35.0 20.9 14.1 12.9 10.5 41.7 100.0 28.8 10.6 18.2 16.3 11.9 43.1
Control of institution
Public institutions ........................... 100.0 19.8 3.8 15.9 17.9 14.5 47.8 100.0 25.1 4.1 21.0 17.6 13.6 43.6
Nonprofit institutions ...................... 100.0 62.3 47.2 15.1 4.5 1.9 31.3 100.0 62.2 54.3 7.9 2.6 22.0 13.1
For-profit institutions ...................... 100.0 62.7 53.4 9.4 0.4 1.0 35.8 100.0 61.0 50.7 10.3 0.8 2.4 35.8

1
Transfer out data are required to be reported only by those institutions for which preparation Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Totals include data for persons whose
for transfers is a substantial part of the institutional mission. race/ethnicity was not reported. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity.
2
Includes students who dropped out of the reporting institution and students who SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,
transferred to another institution without notifying the reporting institution. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2013 and Winter
NOTE: Data are for first-time full-time certificate/degree-seeking students at 2-year degree- 2017–18 Graduation Rates component. (This table was prepared December 2018.)
granting postsecondary institutions participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 326.30. Retention of first-time degree-seeking undergraduates at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, level and control of institution, and percentage of
applications accepted: Selected years, 2006 to 2017
First-time degree-seekers (adjusted entry cohort),1 by entry year Students from adjusted cohort returning in the following year Percent of first-time undergraduates retained
2006 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Attendance status, level, control, and to to to to to to to
percent of applications accepted 2006 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2007 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2007 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Full-time students
All institutions ............................... 2,170,504 2,371,220 2,222,696 2,222,085 2,211,406 2,180,675 2,176,453 1,541,201 1,705,242 1,620,901 1,642,567 1,647,295 1,640,963 1,643,463 71.0 71.9 72.9 73.9 74.5 75.3 75.5
Public institutions .................................... 1,522,928 1,732,822 1,637,518 1,646,902 1,639,875 1,619,768 1,619,573 1,071,986 1,222,688 1,168,782 1,193,200 1,200,374 1,198,609 1,203,320 70.4 70.6 71.4 72.5 73.2 74.0 74.3
Nonprofit institutions ............................... 466,078 478,755 483,373 483,617 489,834 491,898 491,596 368,783 381,364 388,107 392,080 396,659 399,434 399,154 79.1 79.7 80.3 81.1 81.0 81.2 81.2
For-profit institutions ............................... 181,498 159,643 101,805 91,566 81,697 69,009 65,284 100,432 101,190 64,012 57,287 50,262 42,920 40,989 55.3 63.4 62.9 62.6 61.5 62.2 62.8

4-year institutions ................................... 1,457,745 1,452,575 1,466,129 1,483,526 1,501,582 1,524,088 1,535,197 1,114,923 1,146,534 1,166,522 1,194,097 1,212,464 1,231,920 1,242,934 76.5 78.9 79.6 80.5 80.7 80.8 81.0

Public institutions ................................ 911,509 936,840 957,709 978,041 995,110 1,018,253 1,029,302 711,200 745,703 765,686 790,227 807,687 825,885 836,920 78.0 79.6 79.9 80.8 81.2 81.1 81.3
Open admissions ............................ 61,832 45,458 34,897 34,706 31,477 26,888 27,042 38,383 28,675 21,128 21,547 19,618 16,689 16,809 62.1 63.1 60.5 62.1 62.3 62.1 62.2
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 68,835 63,453 47,775 55,188 60,160 71,117 69,649 49,274 46,280 33,969 40,116 43,559 51,533 50,561 71.6 72.9 71.1 72.7 72.4 72.5 72.6
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 244,177 212,573 226,673 261,763 281,422 317,658 288,998 185,457 163,639 174,316 203,517 221,245 251,113 228,226 76.0 77.0 76.9 77.7 78.6 79.1 79.0
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 417,093 462,554 469,245 461,551 456,622 435,275 468,263 336,365 376,021 381,576 381,607 376,587 357,438 383,775 80.6 81.3 81.3 82.7 82.5 82.1 82.0
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 103,118 131,241 164,067 147,849 145,622 150,981 156,437 88,908 112,209 141,671 127,595 128,568 133,668 139,838 86.2 85.5 86.3 86.3 88.3 88.5 89.4
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 7,716 14,326 8,843 15,315 14,947 15,563 15,951 7,048 13,649 8,357 14,651 14,336 14,959 15,330 91.3 95.3 94.5 95.7 95.9 96.1 96.1
Information not available ................ 8,738 7,235 6,209 1,669 4,860 771 2,962 5,765 5,230 4,669 1,194 3,774 485 2,381 66.0 72.3 75.2 71.5 77.7 62.9 80.4

Nonprofit institutions ........................... 457,505 470,795 475,635 476,437 476,823 481,241 484,188 363,459 376,668 383,552 387,685 388,745 392,330 394,215 79.4 80.0 80.6 81.4 81.5 81.5 81.4
Open admissions ............................ 26,565 22,613 22,497 12,549 11,792 13,289 13,383 16,019 14,349 14,349 7,653 7,414 8,499 8,799 60.3 63.5 63.8 61.0 62.9 64.0 65.7
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 13,632 15,135 12,348 22,841 22,225 28,503 23,488 9,543 10,953 8,516 16,881 16,188 20,247 16,811 70.0 72.4 69.0 73.9 72.8 71.0 71.6
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 102,358 80,301 79,804 86,040 94,830 80,940 91,351 78,424 62,196 62,184 68,481 74,984 63,872 71,308 76.6 77.5 77.9 79.6 79.1 78.9 78.1
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 190,079 218,072 219,709 207,431 199,677 199,442 203,980 148,681 170,232 173,059 162,937 157,866 157,181 162,016 78.2 78.1 78.8 78.5 79.1 78.8 79.4
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 93,560 98,312 95,584 98,202 95,164 102,823 98,010 81,880 84,941 81,655 85,484 82,511 89,426 84,290 87.5 86.4 85.4 87.0 86.7 87.0 86.0
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 26,696 32,980 44,735 45,222 48,076 54,573 51,662 25,639 31,790 43,208 43,522 46,054 51,699 49,541 96.0 96.4 96.6 96.2 95.8 94.7 95.9
Information not available ................ 4,615 3,382 958 4,152 5,059 1,671 2,314 3,273 2,207 581 2,727 3,728 1,406 1,450 70.9 65.3 60.6 65.7 73.7 84.1 62.7

For-profit institutions ....................... 88,731 44,940 32,785 29,048 29,649 24,594 21,707 40,264 24,163 17,284 16,185 16,032 13,705 11,799 45.4 53.8 52.7 55.7 54.1 55.7 54.4
Open admissions ............................ 45,240 16,826 16,799 19,206 21,732 16,511 14,007 18,720 9,260 8,325 10,053 10,827 8,270 6,745 41.4 55.0 49.6 52.3 49.8 50.1 48.2
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 6,285 3,722 3,337 717 591 770 1,108 3,454 1,311 1,650 509 308 472 559 55.0 35.2 49.4 71.0 52.1 61.3 50.5
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 3,703 3,224 1,880 2,920 5,265 3,253 1,174 2,081 1,549 1,224 1,865 3,459 2,159 885 56.2 48.0 65.1 63.9 65.7 66.4 75.4
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 12,845 12,061 6,268 3,690 1,489 3,000 4,577 6,536 6,839 3,613 2,472 994 1,973 3,108 50.9 56.7 57.6 67.0 66.8 65.8 67.9
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 18,142 6,098 2,908 419 463 1,020 672 8,036 3,423 1,554 293 353 802 363 44.3 56.1 53.4 69.9 76.2 78.6 54.0
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 0 3 0 0 0 8 1 0 2 0 0 0 8 1 † 66.7 † † † 100.0 100.0
Information not available ................ 2,516 3,006 1,593 2,096 109 32 168 1,437 1,779 918 993 91 21 138 57.1 59.2 57.6 47.4 83.5 65.6 82.1

2-year institutions ................................... 712,759 918,645 756,567 738,559 709,824 656,587 641,256 426,278 558,708 454,379 448,470 434,831 409,043 400,529 59.8 60.8 60.1 60.7 61.3 62.3 62.5

CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 347

Public institutions ................................ 611,419 795,982 679,809 668,861 644,765 601,515 590,271 360,786 476,985 403,096 402,973 392,687 372,724 366,400 59.0 59.9 59.3 60.2 60.9 62.0 62.1
Nonprofit institutions ........................... 8,573 7,960 7,738 7,180 13,011 10,657 7,408 5,324 4,696 4,555 4,395 7,914 7,104 4,939 62.1 59.0 58.9 61.2 60.8 66.7 66.7
For-profit institutions ........................... 92,767 114,703 69,020 62,518 52,048 44,415 43,577 60,168 77,027 46,728 41,102 34,230 29,215 29,190 64.9 67.2 67.7 65.7 65.8 65.8 67.0

Completion and Retention Rates

Part-time students
All institutions ............................... 461,574 545,635 515,589 490,124 470,772 429,109 412,913 190,547 229,566 222,328 213,235 205,366 192,527 187,301 41.3 42.1 43.1 43.5 43.6 44.9 45.4
Public institutions .................................... 417,314 497,453 482,851 461,943 445,495 404,279 391,769 170,682 209,164 209,042 202,243 195,147 181,993 178,531 40.9 42.0 43.3 43.8 43.8 45.0 45.6
Nonprofit institutions ............................... 14,618 10,359 9,858 9,340 8,885 10,446 8,801 7,027 4,892 3,971 3,883 3,681 4,951 3,895 48.1 47.2 40.3 41.6 41.4 47.4 44.3
For-profit institutions ............................... 29,642 37,823 22,880 18,841 16,392 14,384 12,343 12,838 15,510 9,315 7,109 6,538 5,583 4,875 43.3 41.0 40.7 37.7 39.9 38.8 39.5

4-year institutions ................................... 81,423 72,046 53,711 49,304 46,606 48,716 46,570 37,988 32,344 23,665 22,269 21,818 23,845 22,712 46.7 44.9 44.1 45.2 46.8 48.9 48.8

Public institutions ................................ 47,377 33,327 27,479 26,473 25,833 28,096 29,777 23,337 16,944 13,790 13,862 13,917 15,374 16,050 49.3 50.8 50.2 52.4 53.9 54.7 53.9
Open admissions ............................ 19,247 8,356 5,515 5,250 4,605 4,412 5,440 8,004 3,586 1,978 2,098 1,791 1,873 2,151 41.6 42.9 35.9 40.0 38.9 42.5 39.5
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 3,745 4,004 2,223 2,098 1,951 2,931 2,327 1,909 1,959 1,005 1,063 880 1,382 1,012 51.0 48.9 45.2 50.7 45.1 47.2 43.5
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 8,969 6,493 5,226 7,424 6,663 8,722 9,011 4,196 3,268 2,595 3,964 3,591 4,972 4,928 46.8 50.3 49.7 53.4 53.9 57.0 54.7
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 11,599 11,254 10,671 9,042 10,343 9,815 10,718 6,766 6,053 5,840 5,065 6,107 5,654 6,462 58.3 53.8 54.7 56.0 59.0 57.6 60.3
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 3,373 3,046 2,854 2,553 2,040 2,112 2,103 2,223 1,982 1,774 1,617 1,395 1,433 1,392 65.9 65.1 62.2 63.3 68.4 67.9 66.2
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 65 44 49 51 58 48 65 50 35 38 33 49 38 57 76.9 79.5 77.6 64.7 84.5 79.2 87.7
Information not available ................ 379 130 941 55 173 56 113 189 61 560 22 104 22 48 49.9 46.9 59.5 40.0 60.1 39.3 42.5

See notes at end of table.

 Table 326.30. Retention of first-time degree-seeking undergraduates at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by attendance status, level and control of institution, and percentage of

348 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

applications accepted: Selected years, 2006 to 2017—Continued

Completion and Retention Rates

First-time degree-seekers (adjusted entry cohort),1 by entry year Students from adjusted cohort returning in the following year Percent of first-time undergraduates retained
2006 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Attendance status, level, control, and to to to to to to to
percent of applications accepted 2006 2009 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2007 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2007 2010 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Nonprofit institutions ........................... 12,861 9,599 9,118 8,501 8,093 9,686 7,938 6,054 4,491 3,603 3,448 3,322 4,612 3,555 47.1 46.8 39.5 40.6 41.0 47.6 44.8
Open admissions ............................ 5,419 3,821 4,433 2,434 1,450 1,540 1,615 2,558 1,693 1,400 848 486 673 670 47.2 44.3 31.6 34.8 33.5 43.7 41.5
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 523 393 915 1,159 494 3,769 1,990 237 199 377 468 204 1,882 887 45.3 50.6 41.2 40.4 41.3 49.9 44.6
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 2,459 1,164 1,174 1,332 1,903 874 932 1,047 550 520 622 811 422 463 42.6 47.3 44.3 46.7 42.6 48.3 49.7
50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 3,131 3,256 1,786 1,515 2,231 1,812 2,293 1,406 1,531 847 701 928 839 1,008 44.9 47.0 47.4 46.3 41.6 46.3 44.0
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 853 715 582 606 815 866 602 452 366 276 305 394 381 267 53.0 51.2 47.4 50.3 48.3 44.0 44.4
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 112 93 126 115 136 640 458 86 78 106 101 123 302 238 76.8 83.9 84.1 87.8 90.4 47.2 52.0
Information not available ................ 364 157 102 1,340 1,064 185 48 268 74 77 403 376 113 22 73.6 47.1 75.5 30.1 35.3 61.1 45.8

For-profit institutions ........................... 21,185 29,120 17,114 14,330 12,680 10,934 8,855 8,597 10,909 6,272 4,959 4,579 3,859 3,107 40.6 37.5 36.6 34.6 36.1 35.3 35.1
Open admissions ............................ 10,514 10,926 9,561 10,395 10,089 8,822 6,432 4,121 4,299 3,909 3,751 3,863 3,183 2,408 39.2 39.3 40.9 36.1 38.3 36.1 37.4
90.0 percent or more accepted ...... 2,212 1,372 360 126 123 246 453 639 375 137 59 30 85 115 28.9 27.3 38.1 46.8 24.4 34.6 25.4
75.0 to 89.9 percent accepted ....... 2,838 3,151 854 1,232 1,794 1,027 109 1,342 1,093 250 353 492 259 29 47.3 34.7 29.3 28.7 27.4 25.2 26.6
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

50.0 to 74.9 percent accepted ....... 2,774 4,591 1,820 2,471 586 753 812 1,134 2,249 596 756 158 282 328 40.9 49.0 32.7 30.6 27.0 37.5 40.4
25.0 to 49.9 percent accepted ....... 2,033 1,099 2,537 73 9 81 1,043 627 342 727 25 2 45 227 30.8 31.1 28.7 34.2 22.2 55.6 21.8
Less than 25.0 percent accepted ... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 † † † † † † †
Information not available ................ 814 7,981 1,982 33 79 5 6 734 2,551 653 15 34 5 0 90.2 32.0 32.9 45.5 43.0 100.0 0.0

2-year institutions ............................. 380,151 473,589 461,878 440,820 424,166 380,393 366,343 152,559 197,222 198,663 190,966 183,548 168,682 164,589 40.1 41.6 43.0 43.3 43.3 44.3 44.9
Public institutions .......................... 369,937 464,126 455,372 435,470 419,662 376,183 361,992 147,345 192,220 195,252 188,381 181,230 166,619 162,481 39.8 41.4 42.9 43.3 43.2 44.3 44.9
Nonprofit institutions ..................... 1,757 760 740 839 792 760 863 973 401 368 435 359 339 340 55.4 52.8 49.7 51.8 45.3 44.6 39.4
For-profit institutions ..................... 8,457 8,703 5,766 4,511 3,712 3,450 3,488 4,241 4,601 3,043 2,150 1,959 1,724 1,768 50.1 52.9 52.8 47.7 52.8 50.0 50.7

†Not applicable. NOTE: Returning students data for 2-year institutions include returning students, plus students who completed their program.
1
Adjusted entry cohort counts exclude students who died or were totally and permanently disabled, served in the armed Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
forces (including those called to active duty), served with a foreign aid service of the federal government (e.g., Peace Corps), SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education
or served on official church missions. For 4-year institutions, the adjusted entry cohort is based on first-time bachelor’s Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2008 through Spring 2018, Fall Enrollment component; and IPEDS Fall 2006 through Fall 2016,
degree-seeking students. Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared October 2018.)
 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 349
Security and Crime

Table 329.10 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by location
of incident, control and level of institution, and type of incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016
Number of incidents
Total, in residence halls and at other locations 2016
In At
resi- other
Control and level of institution dence loca-
and type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls tions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All institutions
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 41,596 43,555 42,710 44,492 41,829 40,296 34,054 32,097 30,407 29,766 27,236 26,818 27,638 28,406 14,606 13,800
Murder1 ........................................... 17 15 11 8 44 12 16 15 16 12 23 11 28 15 3 12
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 2 0 2 0 3 3 0 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 0 2
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 2,201 2,667 2,674 2,670 2,694 2,639 2,544 2,927 3,375 4,015 4,977 6,751 8,031 8,906 6,588 2,318
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 4,431 5,125 5,824 4,884 940
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 2,320 2,906 3,082 1,704 1,378
Sex offenses—nonforcible ............. 4
461 27 42 43 40 35 65 33 46 46 45 53 63 60 27 33
Robbery5 ......................................... 1,663 1,550 1,551 1,547 1,561 1,576 1,409 1,392 1,285 1,368 1,317 1,041 1,048 1,106 208 898
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 2,947 2,721 2,656 2,817 2,604 2,495 2,327 2,221 2,239 2,423 2,044 2,048 2,265 2,205 726 1,479
Burglary7 ......................................... 26,904 29,480 29,256 31,260 29,488 28,737 23,083 21,335 19,472 18,183 15,232 13,419 12,386 12,015 6,716 5,299
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 6,221 6,062 5,531 5,231 4,619 4,104 3,977 3,441 3,334 3,013 2,971 2,890 3,236 3,499 9 3,490
Arson9 ............................................. 1,180 1,033 987 916 776 695 633 732 639 705 627 603 579 598 329 269
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 40,348 47,939 49,024 50,187 50,558 50,639 50,066 51,519 54,285 52,325 46,975 44,531 40,348 39,049 19,321 19,728
Illegal weapons possession ......... 1,073 1,263 1,316 1,316 1,318 1,190 1,077 1,112 1,023 1,023 1,018 990 1,186 1,211 311 900
Drug law violations ...................... 11,854 12,775 13,707 13,952 14,135 15,146 15,871 18,589 20,729 21,212 19,799 19,172 19,466 19,266 9,421 9,845
Liquor law violations .................... 27,421 33,901 34,001 34,919 35,105 34,303 33,118 31,818 32,533 30,090 26,158 24,369 19,696 18,572 9,589 8,983
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 155,201 196,775 202,816 218,040 216,600 217,526 220,987 230,269 249,694 251,402 244,985 253,315 242,185 231,568 212,497 19,071
Illegal weapons possession ......... 1,277 1,799 1,882 1,871 1,658 1,455 1,275 1,314 1,282 1,404 1,410 1,425 1,434 1,426 971 455
Drug law violations ...................... 23,900 25,762 25,356 27,251 28,476 32,469 36,344 42,022 51,562 53,959 53,439 56,575 56,125 56,481 48,888 7,593
Liquor law violations .................... 130,024 169,214 175,578 188,918 186,466 183,602 183,368 186,933 196,850 196,039 190,136 195,315 184,626 173,661 162,638 11,023
Public 4-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 18,710 19,984 19,582 20,648 19,579 18,695 15,975 15,503 14,675 14,510 13,127 13,346 13,614 14,169 6,865 7,304
Murder1 ........................................... 9 8 4 5 42 9 8 9 10 7 10 3 13 8 2 6
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 2 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 0 2
Sex offenses—forcible ................... 1,245 1,482 1,398 1,400 1,425 1,317 1,214 1,461 1,638 1,973 2,264 3,211 3,964 4,406
3
3,204 1,202
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 2,118 2,544 2,933 2,429 504
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 1,093 1,420 1,473 775 698
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 207 16 25 15 23 12 40 15 17 17 18 28 37 30 17 13
Robbery5 ......................................... 584 612 696 680 722 750 647 662 612 657 635 550 581 594 111 483
Aggravated assault ........................ 1,434 1,269 1,280 1,338 1,258 1,182 1,134 1,076 1,076 1,200 1,000 1,016 1,148 1,158
6
386 772
Burglary7 ......................................... 11,520 13,026 12,935 14,027 13,371 12,970 10,708 10,219 9,373 8,821 7,258 6,678 5,789 5,611 2,946 2,665
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 3,072 2,964 2,667 2,662 2,266 2,027 1,824 1,604 1,592 1,406 1,537 1,500 1,774 2,022 2 2,020
Arson9 ............................................. 637 607 576 521 470 427 400 457 356 428 405 359 307 338 197 141
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 31,077 36,746 38,051 39,900 39,570 40,607 40,780 41,992 44,891 43,155 38,073 36,249 32,729 31,596 15,449 16,147
Illegal weapons possession ......... 692 811 878 859 825 759 659 669 629 621 637 619 721 760 215 545
Drug law violations ...................... 9,125 9,620 10,606 10,850 10,693 11,714 12,186 14,362 16,323 16,792 15,571 15,119 15,521 15,546 7,677 7,869
Liquor law violations .................... 21,260 26,315 26,567 28,191 28,052 28,134 27,935 26,961 27,939 25,742 21,865 20,511 16,487 15,290 7,557 7,733
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 79,152 100,588 100,211 107,289 106,148 104,585 108,756 116,029 129,667 132,363 127,155 134,310 127,369 120,467 109,989 10,478
Illegal weapons possession ......... 678 1,001 1,097 972 867 792 669 664 610 644 604 646 571 598 416 182
Drug law violations ...................... 13,179 13,658 13,020 13,798 14,458 16,656 18,260 21,451 27,339 28,880 28,259 30,376 30,582 30,164 25,635 4,529
Liquor law violations .................... 65,295 85,929 86,094 92,519 90,823 87,137 89,827 93,914 101,718 102,839 98,292 103,288 96,216 89,705 83,938 5,767
Nonprofit 4-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 14,844 15,523 15,574 16,864 15,452 14,892 11,964 11,202 10,740 10,790 10,290 9,995 10,514 11,089 6,948 4,141
Murder1 ........................................... 5 4 5 3 2 1 6 5 3 2 5 5 2 4 1 3
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 820 1,026 1,088 1,080 1,065 1,083 1,102 1,225 1,431 1,741 2,379 3,105 3,518 3,951 3,177 774
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 2,152 2,370 2,689 2,323 366
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 953 1,148 1,262 854 408
Sex offenses—nonforcible .............4
113 5 6 10 8 16 11 8 13 10 12 7 15 11 6 5
Robbery5 ......................................... 649 577 500 502 460 437 366 319 320 386 373 263 281 327 77 250
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 882 838 744 834 768 754 661 641 631 667 681 655 729 683 262 421
Burglary7 ......................................... 10,471 11,426 11,657 13,051 11,941 11,551 8,810 8,138 7,421 7,046 5,999 5,020 4,936 5,067 3,290 1,777
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 1,471 1,316 1,248 1,077 984 859 834 641 704 711 667 754 822 834 6 828
Arson9 ............................................. 433 331 325 307 223 191 174 225 217 227 174 186 210 212 129 83
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 6,329 7,722 7,406 6,134 6,732 6,112 5,777 5,459 5,444 5,477 5,642 4,950 4,600 4,511 2,635 1,876
Illegal weapons possession ......... 167 184 150 146 178 158 148 137 129 127 131 129 170 194 68 126
Drug law violations ...................... 1,628 1,751 1,691 1,650 1,804 1,883 2,080 2,248 2,425 2,415 2,503 2,258 2,245 2,204 1,297 907
Liquor law violations .................... 4,534 5,787 5,565 4,338 4,750 4,071 3,549 3,074 2,890 2,935 3,008 2,563 2,185 2,113 1,270 843
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 71,293 90,749 96,646 103,484 103,254 105,289 103,457 104,939 110,607 110,268 109,298 110,150 105,914 102,815 95,708 7,107
Illegal weapons possession ......... 443 608 590 622 545 457 358 393 417 498 535 481 572 576 465 111
Drug law violations ...................... 9,688 10,903 11,208 12,114 12,685 14,157 15,845 17,841 21,240 22,168 22,116 23,000 22,237 23,133 20,919 2,214
Liquor law violations .................... 61,162 79,238 84,848 90,748 90,024 90,675 87,254 86,705 88,950 87,602 86,647 86,669 83,105 79,106 74,324 4,782

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

350 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Security and Crime

Table 329.10 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by location
of incident, control and level of institution, and type of incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016—Continued
Number of incidents
Total, in residence halls and at other locations 2016
In At
resi- other
Control and level of institution dence loca-
and type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls tions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
For-profit 4-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 505 718 829 641 612 574 525 561 446 364 511 442 317 293 120 173
Murder1 ........................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 4 5 4 12 12 9 9 22 26 18 18 43 36 35 24 11
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 26 11 18 13 5
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 17 25 17 11 6
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 13 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 2 2 0 1 1 0
Robbery5 ......................................... 64 46 43 25 31 38 86 70 74 51 86 52 25 29 3 26
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 23 38 59 31 31 63 43 51 36 43 58 33 29 40 18 22
Burglary7 ......................................... 347 524 607 489 446 385 299 350 249 195 276 251 171 133 73 60
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 52 100 110 78 89 79 85 65 58 53 68 59 55 52 1 51
Arson9 ............................................. 2 5 5 6 1 0 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 0 3
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 11 41 28 52 28 40 54 165 152 126 74 117 108 110 57 53
Illegal weapons possession ......... 2 5 2 5 3 8 6 13 11 10 12 9 15 11 1 10
Drug law violations ...................... 4 12 16 14 16 14 22 66 41 49 48 68 83 80 46 34
Liquor law violations .................... 5 24 10 33 9 18 26 86 100 67 14 40 10 19 10 9
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 316 298 529 513 519 566 882 760 718 668 1,161 935 885 867 776 91
Illegal weapons possession ......... 11 11 42 13 11 13 23 9 16 23 18 16 15 15 12 3
Drug law violations ...................... 92 99 128 138 132 159 231 221 233 254 537 403 371 386 335 51
Liquor law violations .................... 213 188 359 362 376 394 628 530 469 391 606 516 499 466 429 37
Public 2-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 6,817 6,637 5,981 5,669 5,381 5,464 4,984 4,396 4,141 3,749 3,075 2,845 3,018 2,648 627 2,021
Murder1 ........................................... 2 3 2 0 0 2 2 1 2 3 7 3 13 3 0 3
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 118 142 175 167 181 210 205 210 262 263 303 385 495 490 167 323
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 132 197 175 112 63
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 253 298 315 55 260
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 119 6 10 16 7 7 12 8 16 13 11 16 11 18 3 15
Robbery5 ......................................... 245 213 248 284 279 285 251 298 262 244 197 148 150 138 16 122
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 545 497 501 546 462 401 431 409 406 437 278 305 334 285 56 229
Burglary7 ......................................... 4,132 4,068 3,541 3,261 3,202 3,430 2,920 2,398 2,235 1,964 1,583 1,383 1,414 1,124 383 741
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 1,552 1,620 1,428 1,319 1,174 1,059 1,109 1,028 899 776 651 548 542 546 0 546
Arson9 ............................................. 104 88 76 76 76 70 54 43 59 49 45 56 59 44 2 42
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 2,660 3,270 3,416 3,993 4,124 3,764 3,335 3,811 3,723 3,464 3,060 3,121 2,842 2,720 1,138 1,582
Illegal weapons possession ......... 198 255 278 300 304 258 256 282 248 253 230 220 268 222 27 195
Drug law violations ...................... 989 1,312 1,326 1,378 1,563 1,490 1,507 1,866 1,892 1,885 1,588 1,671 1,568 1,377 386 991
Liquor law violations .................... 1,473 1,703 1,812 2,315 2,257 2,016 1,572 1,663 1,583 1,326 1,242 1,230 1,006 1,121 725 396
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 3,529 4,371 4,688 5,897 5,987 6,425 7,241 8,017 8,174 7,586 6,845 7,240 7,292 6,884 5,524 1,360
Illegal weapons possession ......... 127 167 133 238 218 183 210 242 228 224 243 269 271 229 75 154
Drug law violations ...................... 761 858 819 908 1,006 1,302 1,745 2,336 2,573 2,468 2,304 2,548 2,626 2,582 1,809 773
Liquor law violations .................... 2,641 3,346 3,736 4,751 4,763 4,940 5,286 5,439 5,373 4,894 4,298 4,423 4,395 4,073 3,640 433
Nonprofit 2-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 248 166 314 250 258 272 147 120 148 107 66 64 63 92 37 55
Murder1 ........................................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 2 3 8 3 9 16 8 7 11 8 4 3 12 15 14 1
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 2 1 7 6 1
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 1 11 8 8 0
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Robbery5 ......................................... 54 22 9 7 2 13 9 5 1 2 3 0 2 8 1 7
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 23 17 22 35 52 66 5 9 53 46 13 27 7 12 2 10
Burglary7 ......................................... 142 111 266 187 178 160 120 95 74 47 41 29 32 38 19 19
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 23 13 7 14 14 9 4 2 7 4 3 5 8 18 0 18
Arson9 ............................................. 1 0 2 3 3 7 1 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 0
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 108 48 76 67 59 93 58 49 52 52 66 39 44 79 34 45
Illegal weapons possession ......... 1 2 5 3 4 3 4 6 5 5 5 5 9 16 0 16
Drug law violations ...................... 21 16 32 34 27 33 35 18 34 31 49 28 30 40 12 28
Liquor law violations .................... 86 30 39 30 28 57 19 25 13 16 12 6 5 23 22 1
Referrals for disciplinary action10...... 624 447 514 537 519 413 348 377 360 300 320 448 562 435 414 21
Illegal weapons possession ......... 2 5 12 19 10 6 7 4 1 6 7 11 2 4 2 2
Drug law violations ...................... 91 58 47 74 73 85 100 105 109 103 129 155 221 174 159 15
Liquor law violations .................... 531 384 455 444 436 322 241 268 250 191 184 282 339 257 253 4

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 351
Security and Crime

Table 329.10 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by location
of incident, control and level of institution, and type of incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016—Continued
Number of incidents
Total, in residence halls and at other locations 2016
In At
resi- other
Control and level of institution dence loca-
and type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls tions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
For-profit 2-year
Selected crimes against persons and
property ........................................ 472 527 430 420 547 399 459 315 257 246 167 126 112 115 9 106
Murder1 ........................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Negligent manslaughter2 ................. 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 12 9 1 8 2 4 6 2 7 12 9 4 6 9 2 7
Rape ............................................ — — — — — — — — — — — 1 2 2 1 1
Fondling ...................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 3 4 7 1 6
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 7 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0
Robbery5 ......................................... 67 80 55 49 67 53 50 38 16 28 23 28 9 10 0 10
Aggravated assault6 ........................ 40 62 50 33 33 29 53 35 37 30 14 12 18 27 2 25
Burglary7 ......................................... 292 325 250 245 350 241 226 135 120 110 75 58 44 42 5 37
Motor vehicle theft8 ......................... 51 49 71 81 92 71 121 101 74 63 45 24 35 27 0 27
Arson9 ............................................. 3 2 3 3 3 0 2 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests10 .......................................... 163 112 47 41 45 23 62 43 23 51 60 55 25 33 8 25
Illegal weapons possession ......... 13 6 3 3 4 4 4 5 1 7 3 8 3 8 0 8
Drug law violations ...................... 87 64 36 26 32 12 41 29 14 40 40 28 19 19 3 16
Liquor law violations .................... 63 42 8 12 9 7 17 9 8 4 17 19 3 6 5 1
Referrals for disciplinary action10 ..... 287 322 228 320 173 248 303 147 168 217 206 232 163 100 86 14
Illegal weapons possession ......... 16 7 8 7 7 4 8 2 10 9 3 2 3 4 1 3
Drug law violations ...................... 89 186 134 219 122 110 163 68 68 86 94 93 88 42 31 11
Liquor law violations .................... 182 129 86 94 44 134 132 77 90 122 109 137 72 54 54 0

—Not available.
1
Excludes suicides, fetal deaths, traffic fatalities, accidental deaths, and justifiable homicide NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s
(such as the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty). or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some institutions
2
Killing of another person through gross negligence (excludes traffic fatalities). that report Clery data—specifically, non-degree-granting institutions and institutions
3
Any sexual act directed against another person forcibly and/or against that person’s will. outside of the 50 states and the District of Columbia—are excluded from this table. Crimes,
4
Includes only statutory rape or incest. arrests, and referrals include incidents involving students, staff, and on-campus guests.
5
Taking or attempting to take anything of value using actual or threatened force or violence. Excludes off-campus crimes and arrests even if they involve college students or staff.
6
Attack upon a person for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
7
Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Campus
8
Theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. Safety and Security Reporting System, 2001 through 2016; and National Center for
9
Willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall
vehicle, or personal property of another. 2002 through Fall 2016, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared
10
If an individual is both arrested and referred to college officials for disciplinary action for September 2018.)
a single offense, only the arrest is counted.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

352 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Security and Crime

Table 329.20 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students at degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by whether institution has residence halls, control and level of institution, and type of
incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016
Number of incidents per 10,000 FTE students1
Total, institutions with and without residence halls 2016
Institu- Institu-
tions tions
with without
resi- resi-
Control and level of institution and dence dence
type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls halls
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
All institutions
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 35.619 33.580 32.864 33.350 30.559 28.993 22.955 20.869 20.027 19.983 18.461 18.069 18.683 19.203 24.843 5.897
Murder2 ......................................... 0.015 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.032 0.009 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.016 0.007 0.019 0.010 0.013 0.005
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.002 0.002 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 1.885 2.056 2.058 2.001 1.968 1.899 1.715 1.903 2.223 2.695 3.374 4.549 5.429 6.020 8.216 0.842
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 2.985 3.464 3.937 5.540 0.157
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 1.563 1.964 2.083 2.676 0.686
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.395 0.021 0.032 0.032 0.029 0.025 0.044 0.021 0.030 0.031 0.031 0.036 0.043 0.041 0.044 0.032
Robbery6 ....................................... 1.424 1.195 1.193 1.160 1.140 1.134 0.950 0.905 0.846 0.918 0.893 0.701 0.708 0.748 0.899 0.391
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 2.524 2.098 2.044 2.112 1.902 1.795 1.569 1.444 1.475 1.627 1.385 1.380 1.531 1.491 1.786 0.795
Burglary8 ....................................... 23.038 22.728 22.511 23.432 21.543 20.676 15.559 13.872 12.825 12.207 10.325 9.041 8.373 8.122 10.666 2.121
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 5.327 4.674 4.256 3.921 3.375 2.953 2.681 2.237 2.196 2.023 2.014 1.947 2.187 2.365 2.693 1.592
Arson10 .......................................... 1.010 0.796 0.759 0.687 0.567 0.500 0.427 0.476 0.421 0.473 0.425 0.406 0.391 0.404 0.525 0.120

Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related

arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 34.550 36.960 37.722 37.619 36.936 36.435 33.748 33.497 35.755 35.127 31.841 30.004 27.274 26.397 36.155 3.381
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.919 0.974 1.013 0.986 0.963 0.856 0.726 0.723 0.674 0.687 0.690 0.667 0.802 0.819 0.948 0.513
Drug law violations .................... 10.151 9.849 10.547 10.458 10.327 10.898 10.698 12.086 13.653 14.240 13.420 12.917 13.159 13.024 17.573 2.293
Liquor law violations .................. 23.481 26.137 26.163 26.175 25.647 24.681 22.324 20.687 21.428 20.200 17.730 16.419 13.314 12.555 17.634 0.574
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 132.899 151.708 156.060 163.438 158.241 156.511 148.959 149.716 164.460 168.772 166.056 170.675 163.711 156.541 221.432 3.474
Illegal weapons possession ....... 1.093 1.387 1.448 1.402 1.211 1.047 0.859 0.854 0.844 0.943 0.956 0.960 0.969 0.964 1.251 0.286
Drug law violations .................... 20.466 19.862 19.511 20.427 20.804 23.362 24.498 27.322 33.961 36.224 36.222 38.118 37.939 38.181 53.711 1.549
Liquor law violations .................. 111.340 130.459 135.101 141.609 136.226 132.103 123.602 121.540 129.654 131.606 128.878 131.597 124.802 117.396 166.469 1.639

Public 4-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 36.191 35.522 34.295 35.531 32.846 30.535 24.898 23.448 21.958 21.669 19.553 19.545 19.646 19.750 21.295 6.404
Murder2 ......................................... 0.017 0.014 0.007 0.009 0.070 0.015 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.015 0.004 0.019 0.011 0.012 0.000
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.004 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.003 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 2.408 2.634 2.448 2.409 2.391 2.151 1.892 2.210 2.451 2.946 3.372 4.702 5.720 6.141 6.736 1.007
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 3.102 3.671 4.088 4.543 0.161
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 1.601 2.049 2.053 2.193 0.846
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.400 0.028 0.044 0.026 0.039 0.020 0.062 0.023 0.025 0.025 0.027 0.041 0.053 0.042 0.047 0.000
Robbery6 ....................................... 1.130 1.088 1.219 1.170 1.211 1.225 1.008 1.001 0.916 0.981 0.946 0.805 0.838 0.828 0.871 0.456
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 2.774 2.256 2.242 2.302 2.110 1.931 1.767 1.627 1.610 1.792 1.490 1.488 1.657 1.614 1.688 0.980
Burglary8 ....................................... 22.283 23.154 22.654 24.138 22.432 21.184 16.689 15.456 14.025 13.173 10.811 9.780 8.354 7.821 8.484 2.094
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 5.942 5.269 4.671 4.581 3.802 3.311 2.843 2.426 2.382 2.100 2.289 2.197 2.560 2.818 2.949 1.692
Arson10 .......................................... 1.232 1.079 1.009 0.897 0.788 0.697 0.623 0.691 0.533 0.639 0.603 0.526 0.443 0.471 0.505 0.175

Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related

arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 60.113 65.318 66.641 68.660 66.384 66.324 63.558 63.512 67.169 64.447 56.711 53.086 47.230 44.040 48.651 4.243
Illegal weapons possession ....... 1.339 1.442 1.538 1.478 1.384 1.240 1.027 1.012 0.941 0.927 0.949 0.907 1.040 1.059 1.131 0.443
Drug law violations .................... 17.651 17.100 18.575 18.671 17.939 19.133 18.993 21.722 24.424 25.077 23.194 22.142 22.398 21.669 23.790 3.357
Liquor law violations .................. 41.123 46.776 46.529 48.511 47.061 45.952 43.539 40.778 41.804 38.443 32.569 30.038 23.792 21.312 23.730 0.443
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 153.104 178.800 175.506 184.622 178.077 170.820 169.503 175.490 194.017 197.669 189.403 196.696 183.801 167.913 187.154 1.826
Illegal weapons possession ....... 1.311 1.779 1.921 1.673 1.455 1.294 1.043 1.004 0.913 0.962 0.900 0.946 0.824 0.834 0.901 0.255
Drug law violations .................... 25.492 24.278 22.803 23.744 24.255 27.204 28.459 32.444 40.907 43.129 42.093 44.485 44.132 42.044 46.795 1.034
Liquor law violations .................. 126.301 152.743 150.782 159.206 152.367 142.322 140.001 142.042 152.198 153.578 146.410 151.264 138.845 125.036 139.458 0.537

Nonprofit 4-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 57.358 54.728 54.165 57.679 52.036 49.337 38.613 35.193 33.154 33.198 31.205 30.156 31.209 32.654 35.151 7.780
Murder2 ......................................... 0.019 0.014 0.017 0.010 0.007 0.003 0.019 0.016 0.009 0.006 0.015 0.015 0.006 0.012 0.013 0.000
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 3.169 3.617 3.784 3.694 3.586 3.588 3.557 3.848 4.417 5.357 7.214 9.368 10.443 11.635 12.721 0.807
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 6.493 7.035 7.918 8.687 0.258
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 2.875 3.408 3.716 4.034 0.549
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.437 0.018 0.021 0.034 0.027 0.053 0.036 0.025 0.040 0.031 0.036 0.021 0.045 0.032 0.036 0.000
Robbery6 ....................................... 2.508 2.034 1.739 1.717 1.549 1.448 1.181 1.002 0.988 1.188 1.131 0.793 0.834 0.963 1.017 0.420
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 3.408 2.954 2.588 2.853 2.586 2.498 2.133 2.014 1.948 2.052 2.065 1.976 2.164 2.011 2.048 1.646
Burglary8 ....................................... 40.460 40.284 40.542 44.638 40.212 38.269 28.434 25.567 22.908 21.679 18.192 15.146 14.652 14.921 16.114 3.035
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 5.684 4.640 4.340 3.684 3.314 2.846 2.692 2.014 2.173 2.188 2.023 2.275 2.440 2.456 2.521 1.808
Arson10 .......................................... 1.673 1.167 1.130 1.050 0.751 0.633 0.562 0.707 0.670 0.698 0.528 0.561 0.623 0.624 0.680 0.065

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 353
Security and Crime

Table 329.20 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students at degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by whether institution has residence halls, control and level of institution, and type of
incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016—Continued
Number of incidents per 10,000 FTE students1
Total, institutions with and without residence halls 2016
Institu- Institu-
tions tions
with without
resi- resi-
Control and level of institution and dence dence
type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls halls
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 24.456 27.225 25.758 20.980 22.670 20.249 18.645 17.150 16.805 16.851 17.110 14.935 13.654 13.284 14.442 1.743
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.645 0.649 0.522 0.499 0.599 0.523 0.478 0.430 0.398 0.391 0.397 0.389 0.505 0.571 0.603 0.258
Drug law violations .................... 6.291 6.173 5.881 5.643 6.075 6.238 6.713 7.062 7.486 7.430 7.590 6.813 6.664 6.490 7.048 0.936
Liquor law violations .................. 17.520 20.403 19.355 14.837 15.996 13.487 11.454 9.657 8.921 9.030 9.122 7.733 6.486 6.222 6.792 0.549
Referrals for disciplinary action ... 275.480 319.945 336.127 353.943 347.714 348.824 333.904 329.679 341.437 339.263 331.451 332.331 314.388 302.763 331.140
11
20.047
Illegal weapons possession ....... 1.712 2.144 2.052 2.127 1.835 1.514 1.155 1.235 1.287 1.532 1.622 1.451 1.698 1.696 1.847 0.194
Drug law violations .................... 37.435 38.440 38.981 41.433 42.718 46.902 51.139 56.050 65.567 68.205 67.068 69.393 66.007 68.120 74.553 4.035
Liquor law violations .................. 236.333 279.362 295.095 310.383 303.161 300.408 281.609 272.395 274.583 269.526 262.761 261.487 246.683 232.946 254.740 15.818

For-profit 4-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 19.109 13.650 17.049 9.552 8.092 10.334 7.513 6.499 6.003 5.531 8.553 5.763 4.581 4.414 13.423 1.907
Murder2 ......................................... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.013 0.000 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 0.151 0.095 0.082 0.179 0.159 0.162 0.129 0.255 0.350 0.274 0.301 0.561 0.520 0.527 2.145 0.077
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.339 0.159 0.271 1.245 0.000
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.222 0.361 0.256 0.899 0.077
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.492 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.026 0.000 0.014 0.012 0.000 0.046 0.033 0.026 0.000 0.015 0.069 0.000
Robbery6 ....................................... 2.422 0.875 0.884 0.373 0.410 0.684 1.231 0.811 0.996 0.775 1.440 0.678 0.361 0.437 0.830 0.327
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 0.870 0.722 1.213 0.462 0.410 1.134 0.615 0.591 0.485 0.653 0.971 0.430 0.419 0.603 1.868 0.250
Burglary8 ....................................... 13.130 9.962 12.484 7.287 5.897 6.931 4.279 4.055 3.351 2.963 4.620 3.273 2.471 2.004 7.058 0.597
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 1.968 1.901 2.262 1.162 1.177 1.422 1.216 0.753 0.781 0.805 1.138 0.769 0.795 0.783 1.315 0.636
Arson10 .......................................... 0.076 0.095 0.103 0.089 0.013 0.000 0.029 0.023 0.027 0.015 0.033 0.026 0.014 0.045 0.138 0.019

Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related

arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 0.416 0.779 0.576 0.775 0.370 0.720 0.773 1.911 2.046 1.915 1.239 1.526 1.561 1.657 6.573 0.289
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.076 0.095 0.041 0.075 0.040 0.144 0.086 0.151 0.148 0.152 0.201 0.117 0.217 0.166 0.554 0.058
Drug law violations .................... 0.151 0.228 0.329 0.209 0.212 0.252 0.315 0.765 0.552 0.745 0.803 0.887 1.199 1.205 5.189 0.096
Liquor law violations .................. 0.189 0.456 0.206 0.492 0.119 0.324 0.372 0.996 1.346 1.018 0.234 0.522 0.145 0.286 0.830 0.135
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 11.957 5.665 10.880 7.645 6.862 10.190 12.623 8.804 9.663 10.150 19.433 12.191 12.789 13.062 58.882 0.308
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.416 0.209 0.864 0.194 0.145 0.234 0.329 0.104 0.215 0.349 0.301 0.209 0.217 0.226 0.830 0.058
Drug law violations .................... 3.481 1.882 2.632 2.056 1.745 2.863 3.306 2.560 3.136 3.860 8.989 5.255 5.361 5.816 26.085 0.173
Liquor law violations .................. 8.060 3.574 7.383 5.394 4.971 7.093 8.988 6.140 6.312 5.941 10.143 6.728 7.211 7.021 31.966 0.077

Public 2-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 19.867 17.903 16.389 15.430 14.365 13.990 11.745 10.195 9.998 9.379 7.912 7.682 8.417 7.928 14.251 6.227
Murder2 ......................................... 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.005 0.005 0.002 0.005 0.008 0.018 0.008 0.036 0.009 0.014 0.008
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 0.344 0.383 0.480 0.455 0.483 0.538 0.483 0.487 0.633 0.658 0.780 1.040 1.381 1.467 3.249 0.988
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.356 0.549 0.524 1.794 0.182
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.683 0.831 0.943 1.455 0.805
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.347 0.016 0.027 0.044 0.019 0.018 0.028 0.019 0.039 0.033 0.028 0.043 0.031 0.054 0.056 0.053
Robbery6 ....................................... 0.714 0.575 0.680 0.773 0.745 0.730 0.591 0.691 0.633 0.610 0.507 0.400 0.418 0.413 0.650 0.350
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 1.588 1.341 1.373 1.486 1.233 1.027 1.016 0.949 0.980 1.093 0.715 0.824 0.932 0.853 1.427 0.699
Burglary8 ....................................... 12.042 10.974 9.703 8.876 8.548 8.782 6.881 5.561 5.396 4.914 4.073 3.734 3.944 3.365 7.359 2.291
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 4.523 4.370 3.913 3.590 3.134 2.712 2.613 2.384 2.171 1.941 1.675 1.480 1.512 1.635 1.398 1.698
Arson10 .......................................... 0.303 0.237 0.208 0.207 0.203 0.179 0.127 0.100 0.142 0.123 0.116 0.151 0.165 0.132 0.099 0.141

Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related

arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 7.752 8.821 9.360 10.868 11.009 9.638 7.859 8.838 8.989 8.666 7.874 8.427 7.926 8.143 23.658 3.970
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.577 0.688 0.762 0.817 0.812 0.661 0.603 0.654 0.599 0.633 0.592 0.594 0.747 0.665 0.847 0.615
Drug law violations .................... 2.882 3.539 3.633 3.751 4.172 3.815 3.551 4.328 4.568 4.716 4.086 4.512 4.373 4.123 9.732 2.614
Liquor law violations .................. 4.293 4.594 4.965 6.301 6.025 5.162 3.704 3.857 3.822 3.317 3.196 3.321 2.806 3.356 13.079 0.741
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 10.284 11.791 12.846 16.051 15.983 16.451 17.063 18.592 19.735 18.979 17.613 19.549 20.337 20.610 86.738 2.823
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.370 0.450 0.364 0.648 0.582 0.469 0.495 0.561 0.550 0.560 0.625 0.726 0.756 0.686 1.879 0.365
Drug law violations .................... 2.218 2.314 2.244 2.471 2.686 3.334 4.112 5.417 6.212 6.174 5.928 6.880 7.324 7.730 29.972 1.748
Liquor law violations .................. 7.697 9.026 10.237 12.932 12.715 12.649 12.456 12.614 12.972 12.244 11.059 11.942 12.258 12.194 54.887 0.710

See notes at end of table.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

354 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education
Security and Crime

Table 329.20 On-campus crimes, arrests, and referrals for disciplinary action per 10,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) students at degree-
granting postsecondary institutions, by whether institution has residence halls, control and level of institution, and type of
incident: Selected years, 2001 through 2016—Continued
Number of incidents per 10,000 FTE students1
Total, institutions with and without residence halls 2016
Institu- Institu-
tions tions
with without
resi- resi-
Control and level of institution and dence dence
type of incident 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total halls halls
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Nonprofit 2-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 63.955 48.535 91.263 81.948 103.794 99.274 55.883 48.448 45.531 35.148 26.993 27.354 16.158 21.663 48.941 12.562
Murder2 ......................................... 0.258 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 0.516 0.877 2.325 0.983 3.621 5.840 3.041 2.826 3.384 2.628 1.636 1.282 3.078 3.532 14.118 0.000
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.855 0.256 1.648 6.588 0.000
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.427 2.821 1.884 7.529 0.000
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.516 0.000 0.000 0.328 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.818 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Robbery6 ....................................... 13.926 6.432 2.616 2.295 0.805 4.745 3.421 2.019 0.308 0.657 1.227 0.000 0.513 1.884 1.882 1.884
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 5.931 4.970 6.394 11.473 20.920 24.088 1.901 3.634 16.305 15.110 5.317 11.540 1.795 2.826 7.529 1.256
Burglary8 ....................................... 36.620 32.454 77.312 61.297 71.610 58.396 45.619 38.354 22.766 15.439 16.768 12.395 8.207 8.948 22.588 4.397
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 5.931 3.801 2.035 4.589 5.632 3.285 1.521 0.807 2.154 1.314 1.227 2.137 2.052 4.238 1.882 5.025
Arson10 .......................................... 0.258 0.000 0.581 0.983 1.207 2.555 0.380 0.807 0.615 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.513 0.235 0.941 0.000

Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related

arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 27.852 14.034 22.089 21.962 23.736 33.943 22.049 19.783 15.998 17.081 26.993 16.669 11.285 18.602 42.353 10.677
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.258 0.585 1.453 0.983 1.609 1.095 1.521 2.422 1.538 1.642 2.045 2.137 2.308 3.768 3.765 3.768
Drug law violations .................... 5.416 4.678 9.301 11.145 10.862 12.044 13.305 7.267 10.460 10.183 20.040 11.967 7.694 9.419 16.941 6.909
Liquor law violations .................. 22.178 8.771 11.335 9.834 11.264 20.804 7.223 10.093 3.999 5.256 4.908 2.564 1.282 5.416 21.647 0.000
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 160.920 130.694 149.393 176.025 208.794 150.735 132.294 152.206 110.752 98.545 130.874 191.478 144.140 102.430 405.647 1.256
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.516 1.462 3.488 6.228 4.023 2.190 2.661 1.615 0.308 1.971 2.863 4.701 0.513 0.942 3.765 0.000
Drug law violations .................... 23.468 16.958 13.660 24.257 29.368 31.023 38.016 42.392 33.533 33.834 52.759 66.248 56.681 40.972 160.941 0.942
Liquor law violations .................. 136.937 112.274 132.244 145.540 175.403 117.523 91.618 108.200 76.911 62.740 75.253 120.528 86.945 60.516 240.941 0.314

For-profit 2-year
Selected crimes against persons
and property ............................... 25.385 21.845 17.851 18.237 23.731 14.825 13.033 8.167 7.503 9.325 7.141 6.140 6.280 6.526 14.219 6.071
Murder2 ......................................... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Negligent manslaughter3 ............... 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.037 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Sex offenses—forcible4 ................. 0.645 0.373 0.042 0.347 0.087 0.149 0.170 0.052 0.204 0.455 0.385 0.195 0.336 0.511 2.031 0.421
Rape .......................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.049 0.112 0.113 1.016 0.060
Fondling .................................... — — — — — — — — — — — 0.146 0.224 0.397 1.016 0.361
Sex offenses—nonforcible5 ........... 0.376 0.000 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.028 0.026 0.000 0.114 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Robbery6 ....................................... 3.603 3.316 2.283 2.128 2.907 1.969 1.420 0.985 0.467 1.061 0.983 1.364 0.505 0.567 0.000 0.601
Aggravated assault7 ...................... 2.151 2.570 2.076 1.433 1.432 1.078 1.505 0.907 1.080 1.137 0.599 0.585 1.009 1.532 2.031 1.503
Burglary8 ....................................... 15.704 13.472 10.378 10.638 15.185 8.954 6.417 3.500 3.503 4.170 3.207 2.826 2.467 2.383 6.094 2.164
Motor vehicle theft9 ....................... 2.743 2.031 2.947 3.517 3.991 2.638 3.436 2.619 2.160 2.388 1.924 1.170 1.962 1.532 4.063 1.382
Arson10 .......................................... 0.161 0.083 0.125 0.130 0.130 0.000 0.057 0.078 0.088 0.000 0.043 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Weapons-, drug-, and liquor-related
arrests and referrals
Arrests11 ........................................ 8.766 4.643 1.951 1.780 1.952 0.855 1.760 1.115 0.671 1.933 2.565 2.680 1.402 1.873 8.125 1.503
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.699 0.249 0.125 0.130 0.174 0.149 0.114 0.130 0.029 0.265 0.128 0.390 0.168 0.454 0.000 0.481
Drug law violations .................... 4.679 2.653 1.495 1.129 1.388 0.446 1.164 0.752 0.409 1.516 1.710 1.364 1.065 1.078 3.047 0.962
Liquor law violations .................. 3.388 1.741 0.332 0.521 0.390 0.260 0.483 0.233 0.234 0.152 0.727 0.926 0.168 0.340 5.078 0.060
Referrals for disciplinary action11 ... 15.435 13.348 9.465 13.894 7.506 9.215 8.603 3.811 4.905 8.225 8.808 11.305 9.140 5.675 91.408 0.601
Illegal weapons possession ....... 0.861 0.290 0.332 0.304 0.304 0.149 0.227 0.052 0.292 0.341 0.128 0.097 0.168 0.227 2.031 0.120
Drug law violations .................... 4.787 7.710 5.563 9.509 5.293 4.087 4.628 1.763 1.985 3.260 4.019 4.532 4.934 2.383 34.532 0.481
Liquor law violations .................. 9.788 5.347 3.570 4.082 1.909 4.979 3.748 1.996 2.627 4.624 4.661 6.676 4.037 3.064 54.845 0.000

—Not available. 11
If an individual is both arrested and referred to college officials for disciplinary action for
1
Although crimes, arrests, and referrals include incidents involving students, staff, and a single offense, only the arrest is counted.
campus guests, they are expressed as a ratio to FTE students because comprehensive NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s
FTE counts of all these groups are not available. or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some institutions
2
Excludes suicides, fetal deaths, traffic fatalities, accidental deaths, and justifiable homicide that report Clery data—specifically, non-degree-granting institutions and institutions
(such as the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty). outside of the 50 states and the District of Columbia—are excluded from this table.
3
Killing of another person through gross negligence (excludes traffic fatalities). Crimes, arrests, and referrals include incidents involving students, staff, and on-campus
4
Any sexual act directed against another person forcibly and/or against that person’s will. guests. Excludes off-campus crimes and arrests even if they involve college students or
5
Includes only statutory rape or incest. staff. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised
6
Taking or attempting to take anything of value using actual or threatened force or violence. from previously published figures.
7
Attack upon a person for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Campus
8
Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. Safety and Security Reporting System, 2001 through 2016; and National Center for
9
Theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS),
10
Willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor Spring 2002 through Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared
vehicle, or personal property of another. September 2018.)

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education 355
Security and Crime

Table 329.30. On-campus hate crimes at degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of institution, type of crime, and
category of bias motivating the crime: 2010 through 2016
2015 2016
4-year 2-year 4-year 2-year
Type of crime and category of bias Total, Total, Total, Total, Total, Non- For- Non- For- Non- For- Non- For-
motivating the crime1 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total Public profit profit Public profit profit Total Public profit profit Public profit profit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
All on-campus hate crimes .... 928 761 784 778 794 864 354 350 11 143 0 6 1,070 483 395 9 178 0 5
Murder2 ........................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—forcible3 ................... 7 9 4 7 4 7 3 3 0 1 0 0 8 1 1 0 6 0 0
Race ............................................ 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Ethnicity ....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Religion ........................................ 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 4 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Gender ......................................... 3 6 1 4 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Disability ...................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sex offenses—nonforcible4 ............. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Robbery5 .......................................... 2 2 5 1 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0
Aggravated assault6 ......................... 17 13 14 7 18 19 10 2 2 5 0 0 34 25 2 0 7 0 0
Race ............................................ 6 5 6 5 5 5 1 1 0 3 0 0 8 5 0 0 3 0 0
Ethnicity ....................................... 1 0 0 1 4 4 3 0 1 0 0 0 15 14 0 0 1 0 0
Religion ........................................ 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 9 6 5 1 7 7 4 0 1 2 0 0 7 5 1 0 1 0 0
Gender ......................................... 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0
Disability ...................................... 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Burglary7 ......................................... 11 8 5 4 28 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0
Race ............................................ 7 4 0 1 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Ethnicity ....................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Religion ........................................ 0 2 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0
Gender ......................................... 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 2 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Disability ...................................... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Motor vehicle theft8 .......................... 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Arson9 .............................................. 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
Simple assault10 ............................... 67 67 79 91 63 81 28 40 0 12 0 1 99 66 25 0 7 0 1
Race ............................................ 25 22 36 36 14 39 8 25 0 6 0 0 42 28 12 0 2 0 0
Ethnicity ....................................... 5 10 5 5 11 8 5 3 0 0 0 0 14 10 2 0 2 0 0
Religion ........................................ 4 8 9 6 2 8 5 2 0 1 0 0 12 9 2 0 1 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 23 16 21 27 23 18 9 8 0 1 0 0 17 10 5 0 2 0 0
Gender ......................................... 9 8 5 17 9 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 11 8 2 0 0 0 1
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 3 5 1 2 0 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0
Disability ...................................... 1 3 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Larceny11 ......................................... 9 15 9 15 17 25 3 21 0 1 0 0 34 3 15 4 11 0 1
Race ............................................ 1 2 2 5 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 12 1 5 3 2 0 1
Ethnicity ....................................... 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0
Religion ........................................ 1 2 2 3 3 19 1 18 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 0 0 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 1 3 3 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0 4 0 1 0 0
Gender ......................................... 3 3 0 2 7 3 1 1 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 3 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 0
Disability ...................................... 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Intimidation12 ................................... 260 282 265 296 339 356 142 145 7 58 0 4 421 184 169 1 65 0 2
Race ............................................ 79 111 120 111 111 141 55 58 1 25 0 2 167 80 60 0 27 0 0
Ethnicity ....................................... 17 22 22 49 32 38 18 10 0 10 0 0 49 20 22 0 7 0 0
Religion ........................................ 38 24 28 25 35 47 24 17 1 5 0 0 66 35 22 0 9 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 87 91 70 68 78 76 30 31 3 12 0 0 84 34 36 1 12 0 1
Gender ......................................... 37 31 21 37 63 34 9 21 1 1 0 2 27 8 17 0 2 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 13 12 5 5 0 2 0 0 20 4 11 0 4 0 1
Disability ...................................... 2 3 4 6 7 8 1 3 1 3 0 0 8 3 1 0 4 0 0
Destruction, damage, and
vandalism13 ................................ 555 364 403 357 322 365 160 137 2 66 0 0 464 201 179 4 79 0 1
Race ............................................ 257 166 186 147 116 151 66 55 0 30 0 0 174 80 56 1 36 0 1
Ethnicity ....................................... 43 30 34 38 29 25 10 7 1 7 0 0 31 18 11 0 2 0 0
Religion ........................................ 103 57 70 48 67 109 47 45 0 17 0 0 136 54 53 0 29 0 0
Sexual orientation ........................ 135 104 104 108 89 61 27 22 0 12 0 0 66 32 27 2 5 0 0
Gender ......................................... 17 7 9 14 13 10 7 2 1 0 0 0 36 14 15 1 6 0 0
Gender identity ............................. — — — — 6 8 2 6 0 0 0 0 21 3 17 0 1 0 0
Disability ...................................... 0 0 0 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

—Not available. 12
Placing another person in reasonable fear of bodily harm through the use of threatening
1
Bias categories correspond to characteristics against which the bias is directed (i.e., race, words and/or other conduct, but without displaying a weapon or subjecting the victim
ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability). to actual physical attack.
2
Excludes suicides, fetal deaths, traffic fatalities, accidental deaths, and justifiable homicide 13
Willfully or maliciously destroying, damaging, defacing, or otherwise injuring real or
(such as the killing of a felon by a law enforcement officer in the line of duty). personal property without the consent of the owner or the person having custody or
3
Any sexual act directed against another person forcibly and/or against that person’s will. control of it.
4
Includes only statutory rape or incest. NOTE: Data are for degree-granting institutions, which are institutions that grant associate’s
5
Taking or attempting to take anything of value using actual or threatened force or violence. or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some institutions
6
Attack upon a person for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. that report Clery data—specifically, non-degree-granting institutions and institutions
7
Unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. outside of the 50 states and the District of Columbia—are excluded from this table. A
8
Theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. hate crime is a criminal offense that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the perpetrator’s
9
Willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor bias against a group of people based on their race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation,
vehicle, or personal property of another. gender, gender identity, or disability. Includes on-campus incidents involving students,
10
A physical attack by one person upon another where neither the offender displays staff, and on-campus guests. Excludes off-campus crimes and arrests even if they involve
a weapon, nor the victim suffers obvious severe or aggravated bodily injury involving college students or staff. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.
apparent broken bones, loss of teeth, possible internal injury, severe laceration, or loss SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Campus
of consciousness. Safety and Security Reporting System, 2010 through 2016. (This table was prepared
11
The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession September 2018.)
of another.

DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

 Table 330.10. Average undergraduate tuition and fees and room and board rates charged for full-time students in degree-granting postsecondary institutions, by level and control of

356 CHAPTER 3: Postsecondary Education

institution: Selected years, 1963–64 through 2017–18

Student Charges
Constant 2017–18 dollars1 Current dollars
Total tuition, fees, Total tuition, fees,
room, and board Tuition and required fees2 Dormitory rooms Board3 room, and board Tuition and required fees2 Dormitory rooms Board3
All All All All All All All All
Year and control insti- insti- insti- insti- insti- insti- insti- insti-
of institution tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year tutions 4-year 2-year
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
All institutions
1963–64 .................. $10,040 $10,347 $6,238 $4,089 $4,446 $1,378 $2,271 $2,241 $1,683 $3,679 $3,660 $3,178 $1,248 $1,286 $775 $508 $553 $171 $282 $279 $209 $457 $455 $395
1966–67 .................. 10,387 10,849 6,978 4,327 4,827 1,615 2,476 2,465 2,110 3,585 3,557 3,252 1,378 1,439 926 574 640 214 328 327 280 476 472 431
1967–68 .................. 10,325 10,852 7,178 4,287 4,835 1,694 2,495 2,489 2,199 3,543 3,527 3,286 1,415 1,487 984 588 663 232 342 341 301 486 483 450
1968–69 .................. 10,147 10,750 7,325 4,149 4,753 1,742 2,506 2,505 2,274 3,492 3,491 3,309 1,459 1,545 1,053 596 683 250 360 360 327 502 502 476
1969–70 .................. 10,247 10,999 7,156 4,238 4,959 1,625 2,557 2,574 2,279 3,453 3,465 3,252 1,560 1,674 1,089 645 755 247 389 392 347 526 528 495
1970–71 .................. 10,323 11,145 6,998 4,297 5,083 1,558 2,616 2,635 2,308 3,409 3,427 3,132 1,653 1,784 1,120 688 814 249 419 422 369 546 549 501
1971–72 .................. 10,434 11,321 7,065 4,364 5,218 1,512 2,683 2,704 2,357 3,387 3,400 3,196 1,730 1,878 1,172 724 865 251 445 448 391 562 564 530
1972–73 .................. 10,632 11,771 7,396 4,402 5,508 1,663 2,827 2,854 2,404 3,403 3,408 3,329 1,834 2,031 1,276 759 950 287 488 492 415 587 588 574
1973–74 .................. 10,128 11,161 7,229 4,234 5,240 1,748 2,636 2,660 2,287 3,257 3,261 3,194 1,903 2,097 1,358 796 985 328 495 500 430 612 613 600
DIGEST OF EDUCATION STATISTICS 2018

1974–75 .................. 9,501 10,476 6,858 3,878 4,830 1,570 2,530 2,552 2,205 3,093 3,094 3,084 1,983 2,187 1,432 809 1,008 328 528 533 460 646 646 644
1975–76 .................. 9,410 10,536 6,592 3,709 4,801 1,330 2,545 2,577 2,121 3,156 3,157 3,142 2,103 2,355 1,473 829 1,073 297 569 576 474 705 706 702
1976–77 .................. 9,619 10,894 6,755 3,907 5,151 1,461 2,551 2,582 2,125 3,161 3,161 3,169 2,275 2,577 1,598 924 1,218 346 603 611 503 748 748 750
1977–78 .................. 9,550 10,795 6,748 3,900 5,116 1,498 2,556 2,590 2,079 3,094 3,089 3,171 2,411 2,725 1,703 984 1,291 378 645 654 525 781 780 801
1978–79 .................. 9,370 10,567 6,622 3,885 5,059 1,488 2,492 2,519 2,083 2,992 2,988 3,050 2,587 2,917 1,828 1,073 1,397 411 688 696 575 826 825 842
1979–80 .................. 8,978 10,122 6,326 3,717 4,836 1,441 2,400 2,427 2,007 2,861 2,860 2,878 2,809 3,167 1,979 1,163 1,513 451 751 759 628 895 895 900
1980–81 .................. 8,883 10,024 6,388 3,691 4,808 1,506 2,395 2,423 2,018 2,797 2,792 2,864 3,101 3,499 2,230 1,289 1,679 526 836 846 705 976 975 1,000
1981–82 .................. 9,200 10,417 6,527 3,841 5,029 1,554 2,504 2,535 2,090 2,855 2,853 2,883 3,489 3,951 2,476 1,457 1,907 590 950 961 793 1,083 1,082 1,094
1982–83 .................. 9,800 11,138 6,860 4,110 5,408 1,705 2,689 2,725 2,208 3,001 3,005 2,946 3,877 4,406 2,713 1,626 2,139 675 1,064 1,078 873 1,187 1,189 1,165
1983–84 .................. 10,159 11,573 6,959 4,346 5,713 1,780 2,792 2,833 2,233 3,021 3,027 2,945 4,167 4,747 2,854 1,783 2,344 730 1,145 1,162 916 1,239 1,242 1,208
1984–85 .................. 10,704 12,106 7,459 4,657 6,023 1,926 2,973 3,008 2,481 3,074 3,075 3,051 4,563 5,160 3,179 1,985 2,567 821 1,267 1,282 1,058 1,310 1,311 1,301
1985–864 ................. 11,138 12,551 7,677 4,973 6,349 2,026 3,051 3,089 2,524 3,113 3,112 3,127 4,885 5,504 3,367 2,181 2,784 888 1,338 1,355 1,107 1,365 1,365 1,372
1986–87 .................. 11,612 13,304 7,351 5,157 6,786 2,001 3,133 3,182 2,307 3,322 3,336 3,043 5,206 5,964 3,295 2,312 3,042 897 1,405 1,427 1,034 1,489 1,495 1,364
1987–88 .................. 11,769 13,435 6,989 5,265 6,856 1,733 3,186 3,248 2,179 3,318 3,331 3,077 5,494 6,272 3,263 2,458 3,201 809 1,488 1,516 1,017 1,549 1,555 1,437
1988–89 .................. 12,015 13,769 7,315 5,441 7,109 2,005 3,224 3,294 2,221 3,350 3,367 3,089 5,869 6,725 3,573 2,658 3,472 979 1,575 1,609 1,085 1,636 1,644 1,509
1989–90 .................. 12,130 14,092 7,240 5,548 7,426 1,911 3,201 3,273 2,159 3,381 3,394 3,170 6,207 7,212 3,705 2,839 3,800 978 1,638 1,675 1,105 1,730 1,737 1,622
1990–91 .................. 12,158 14,084 7,282 5,589 7,428 2,015 3,230 3,301 2,191 3,339 3,355 3,077 6,562 7,602 3,930 3,016 4,009 1,087 1,743 1,782 1,182 1,802 1,811 1,660
1991–92 .................. 12,705 14,789 7,346 5,898 7,873 2,135 3,364 3,449 2,173 3,443 3,467 3,038 7,077 8,238 4,092 3,286 4,385 1,189 1,874 1,921 1,210 1,918 1,931 1,692
1992–93 .................. 12,974 15,246 7,325 6,123 8,273 2,221 3,375 3,466 2,159 3,476 3,507 2,945 7,452 8,758 4,207 3,517 4,752 1,276 1,939 1,991 1,240 1,996 2,015 1,692
1993–94 .................. 13,459 15,776 7,549 6,495 8,687 2,374 3,491 3,582 2,261 3,474 3,507 2,915 7,931 9,296 4,449 3,827 5,119 1,399 2,057 2,111 1,332 2,047 2,067 1,718
1994–95 .................. 13,701 16,048 7,643 6,672 8,893 2,454 3,539 3,628 2,303 3,490 3,526 2,887 8,306 9,728 4,633 4,044 5,391 1,488 2,145 2,200 1,396 2,116 2,138 1,750
1995–96 .................. 14,133 16,590 7,588 6,967 9,292 2,445 3,636 3,723 2,365 3,531 3,575 2,778 8,800 10,330 4,725 4,338 5,786 1,522 2,264 2,318 1,473 2,199 2,226 1,730
1996–97 .................. 14,374 16,927 7,644 7,127 9,554 2,409 3,693 3,781 2,377 3,554 3,592 2,857 9,206 10,841 4,895 4,564 6,118 1,543 2,365 2,422 1,522 2,276 2,301 1,830
1997–98 .................. 14,708 17,300 7,965 7,294 9,742 2,600 3,749 3,846 2,451 3,665 3,712 2,914 9,588 11,277 5,192 4,755 6,351 1,695 2,444 2,507 1,598 2,389 2,419 1,900
1998–99 .................. 15,194 17,927 7,979 7,559 10,138 2,602 3,856 3,959 2,437 3,778 3,830 2,940 10,076 11,888 5,291 5,013 6,723 1,725 2,557 2,626 1,616 2,506 2,540 1,950
1999–2000 .............. 15,287 18,100 7,943 7,653 10,319 2,532 3,937 4,031 2,596 3,697 3,749 2,815 10,430 12,349 5,420 5,222 7,040 1,728 2,686 2,751 1,771 2,523 2,558 1,920
2000–01 .................. 15,333 18,313 7,746 7,620 10,446 2,406 3,998 4,099 2,523 3,714 3,767 2,816 10,820 12,922 5,466 5,377 7,372 1,698 2,821 2,893 1,781 2,621 2,658 1,987
2001–02 .................. 15,847 18,992 7,962 7,863 10,842 2,506 4,151 4,261 2,573 3,833 3,889 2,883 11,380 13,639 5,718 5,646 7,786 1,800 2,981 3,060 1,848 2,753 2,793 2,070
2002–03 .................. 16,369 19,674 8,519 8,178 11,321 2,593 4,331 4,446 2,830 3,859 3,907 3,095 12,014 14,439 6,252 6,002 8,309 1,903 3,179 3,263 2,077 2,832 2,867 2,272
2003–04 .................. 17,272 20,674 8,940 8,811 12,039 2,899 4,479 4,598 2,944 3,982 4,038 3,097 12,953 15,505 6,705 6,608 9,029 2,174 3,359 3,448 2,208 2,986 3,028 2,322
2004–05 .................. 17,854 21,370 9,184 9,219 12,563 3,026 4,623 4,740 3,047 4,012 4,067 3,111 13,793 16,510 7,095 7,122 9,706 2,338 3,572 3,662 2,354 3,100 3,142 2,404
2005–06 .................. 18,247 21,760 9,022 9,478 12,817 3,014 4,751 4,869 3,006 4,018 4,075 3,003 14,634 17,451 7,236 7,601 10,279 2,417 3,810 3,905 2,411 3,222 3,268 2,408
2006–07 .................. 18,822 22,453 9,076 9,837 13,286 3,034 4,884 5,003 3,073 4,101 4,164 2,969 15,486 18,473 7,467 8,093 10,931 2,496 4,019 4,116 2,528 3,374 3,426 2,443
2007–08 .................. 19,019 22,696 8,951 9,939 13,426 2,949 4,938 5,059 3,087 4,142 4,211 2,915 16,227 19,364 7,637 8,480 11,455 2,516 4,213 4,317 2,634 3,534 3,593 2,487
2008–09 ..............