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1.)First Aid
is the immediate help to provide to a sick or injured person until professional medical help arrives
or available.
2.) Basic Life Support
Are emergency procedures that consist of recognizing respiratory or cardiac arrest or both and
proper application of CPR to maintain life.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. Preserve Life
2. Prevent further harm and complication
3. Seek immediate medical help
4. Provide reassurance
CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES
1. Scope and limitations
2. Improvisation
LEGAL CONCERNS
Consent
1.Expressive consent
The patient or the bystanders can decide
2.Implied Consent
The patient or the bystanders cannot decide
Duty to Act
Standard of Care
Negligence
Abandonment
Confidential
HEALTH HAZARDS AND RISK
Direct Contact Transmission
Indirect Contact Transmission
Airborne/Droplet Contact Transmission
Vector Contact Transmission
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COMMON TRANSMITTABLE DISEASE
Herpes
Meningitis
Tuberculosis Hepatitis
HIV/AIDS
ABC
Abstinence
Be faithful
Use of condom
PREVENTION AND PROTECTION
•Gloves
•Mask
SCENE SIZE UP
1.) Scene Safety
2.) Knowing What Happened Cause of Injury Nature of Illness
3.)Role Bystanders
4.)Number of Casualties
5.)Asking Permission or Consent
EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE
An emergency scene can be overwhelming. In order for the first aider to help effectively, it is
important that actions have to be prioritized and planned well.
PRIMARY ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT RESPONSIVENESS
A patients response level can be summarized in the AVPU mnemonic as follows:
A-Alert
V-Responsive to Voice
P-Responsive to Pain
U-Unresponsive, Unconscious
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ACTIVATE MEDICAL HELP
Ask someone to call for local emergency number and get an AUTOMATED EXTERNAL
DEFIBRILLATOR (AED) CALL FIRST OR CARE FIRST
1.Call First(the local emergency number before giving care)
1. Any adult or child about 12 years old of age or older unconscious
2.
A child or infant suddenly collapses in your sight
3.
An conscious child or infant known to have heart problems
CARE FIRST (Give 2 mins. of care, then call the local emergency)
1. An conscious child(younger than 12 years of age) who you did not see collapse
2. Any drowning victim.
2.AIRWAY
An open airway allows air to enter the lungs for the person to breathe. If the airway is blocked,
the person cannot breathe.
3.BREATHING
While maintaining an open airway, quickly check an unconscious person for breathing by doing
the LLF (Look, Listen, Feel) technique for no more than 10 seconds.
4.)PULSE
Check for definitive pulse at carotid area for adult or child, while brachial for infant (Applicable
for Professional Rescuers and Healthcare Providers)
BLEEDING
Bleeding is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.
Types of Bleeding
Arterial/squirting of blood
Venous/flowy
Capillary/scratch (minor blood)
TECHNIQUES TO CONTROL BLEEDING
Direct Pressure
Pressure Bandage
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BLEEDING
Quickly look for severe bleeding by looking over the person's body from head to toe
SHOCK
Shock is a condition in which the circulatory system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to
the body's tissues and vital organs.
SKIN COLOR, TEMPERATURE, MOIST SKIN
Assessment of skin temperature, color, and condition can tell you more about the patient's
circulatory system.
SECONDARY ASSESSMENT
If you determine that an injured or ill person is not an immediate life-threatening condition, you
can begin to check for other conditions that may need care.
a.Interview the person and the bystanders
S-igns and symptoms
A-llergies
M-edication
P-ertinent Past Medical History
L-ast oral intake and output
E-vent leading to the episode
b.Checking the person from head to toe
Check the patient head to toe during the hands on physical exam, going by the following order:
head, face, ears, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, genitals, each arm, each leg and back
c. Checking for Vital signs
Vital signs can tell you how the body is responding to injury or illness. Note anything unusual.
Recheck vital signs about every 5 mins during life threatening conditions, atleast 15 mins. for
stable patients.
WOUNDS CLOSED WOUNDS
A closed wound is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies below
the surface.
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
Apply an ice pack Elevate the injured part Do not assume that all closed wounds are minor
injuries Help the person to rest Provide comfort and reassure the person
OPEN WOUND An opened wound, the outer layer of the skin is broken.
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YPES OF OPEN WOUNDS
T
Puncture
Laceration
Avulsion
Abrasion
Incision
FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
General care for open wounds includes controlling bleeding, preventing infection and using
dressing and bandages.
BURNS
are injuries to the skin and other body tissues thay is caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, and
radiation.
CLASSIFICATION OF BURN
Superficial (first degree)
Involve only the top layer of skin Cause skin to become dry and red
Partial-thickness(second-degree)burns
Involve the top layers of the skin Have blisters that may open and week clear fluids, making skin
appear wet.
Full thickness(third degree)
May destroy all layers of the skin and some or all of the underlying structures-fat, muscle, bonds
and nerve.
TYPES OF MUSCLE INJURY
STRAIN- pulled muscle is caused by the overstretching and tearing of muscle and tendons
SPRAIN- the tearing of ligaments at a point
DISLOCATION- movement of a bone at a join away from its normal position.
TYPES OF CONT.
•Fracture- complete break, a chip or a crack in a bone.
1. Closes Fracture- the skin is not broken
2.Open Fracture-involves open wound.
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FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
R-rest
I- Immobilization
C- Cold compress/application
E-elevation
FAINTING
Fainting is a partial and complete loss of unconsciousness resulting from a temporary of blood
flow to the brain.
INGESTION OF POISON
Poison by ingestion is considered any substance that's harmful to the body when ingested, whether
intentionally or unintentionally.
INHALED POISON
Poisoning by inhalation occurs when a person breathes in toxic fumes.
HEAT RELATED EMERGENCY
Heat Cramps Heat
Cramps are painful involuntary muscle cramps that can occur during or after exercise or work in a
hot environment
Heat Exhaustion
A milder form of heat-related illness that can develop after exposure to high temperatures. May
also be results of inadequate fluid intake insufficient replacement of fluids.
Heat Stroke
a form of hyperthermia. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures can contribute to failure of the
body's temperature control system.
Hyperthermia
the general cooling of the entire body. In hyperthermia, body temperature drops below 35° C.
Emergency Move
Is the movement of a patient to a safe place before initial assessment and care is provided,
typically because there is a some potential danger.
Non-emergency move
the movement of a patient when both the scene and the patient is stable.
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One Man Carries
Walking Assist
Cradle Carry
Pack-Strap Carry
Two Man Carries
Walking Assist
Swing Carry
Chair as Litter
