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Chapter contents
Chapter 6 Distinguish the link between ethics and technology
Understand general, professional and leadership ethical questions
ETHICS AND PROFESSIONALISM OF Explain what digital privacy is, its components and why it is
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES important
know the importance of accountability and trust in emerging
technologies
Identify the threats and challenges we face in developing and utilizing
emerging technologies.

Technology and ethics Technology and ethics

As with many technological advances, however, the Internet has

not been without negative aspects. in such a way as to maximize the benefits that they provide while
minimizing the harms.
 For example, it has created new concerns about privacy, and it
has been hampered by spam and viruses.  In many cases, this promotion may be less a matter of technological
control than of oversight:
 Moreover, even as it serves as a medium for communication across the
globe, it threatens to cut off people who lack access to it. establishing the proper legal or regulatory system to ensure that
technology capable of abuse is not in fact abused and that the benefits
Technology can serve to promote or restrict human rights. The
of technology are shared among all.
Information Society should foster the use of emerging

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Technology and ethics

Technology and ethics

Ethics is particularly important for the accountancy profession, with a

 The increasing use of big data, algorithmic decision-making, and AI can enable more consistent, evidence-based and accurate judgments, often more quickly and efficiently.

code for professional ethics based on five basic principles –  However, these strengths can potentially have a darker side too, throwing up questions around the ethical use of these fairly new technologies.

integrity, objectivity, competence and due care, confidentiality, and

professional behavior.
However, the emergence of new technologies raises some new
challenges for the profession to address.

Professional leadership principles

Professional leadership principles
1. Ensure that the public good is the central concern during all 5. Create opportunities for members of the organization or group to grow
professional computing work. as professionals.
2. Articulate, encourage acceptance of and evaluate fulfillment of social 6. Use care when modifying or retiring systems. Interface changes, the
responsibilities by members of the organization or group. removal of features, and even software updates have an impact on the
3. Manage personnel and resources to enhance the quality of working productivity of users and the quality of their work.
life. 7. Recognize and take special care of systems that become integrated into
4. Articulate, apply, and support policies and processes that reflect the the infrastructure of society
principles of the Code.

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Digital privacy
Digital privacy

Digital Privacy is the protection of personally identifiable or business  1. Information Privacy

identifiable information that is collected from respondents through information privacy is the notion that individuals should have the
information collection activities or from other sources. freedom, or right, to determine how their digital information, mainly
It is a collective definition that encompasses three sub-related that pertaining to personally identifiable information, is collected and
categories; information privacy, communication privacy, and individual used.
privacy  Every country has various laws that dictate how information may be
 It is often used in contexts that promote advocacy on behalf of collected and used by companies. Some of those laws are written to
individual and consumer privacy rights in digital spheres, and is give agency to the preferences of individuals/consumers in how their
typically used in opposition to the business practices data is used

Digital privacy Digital privacy

 1. Information Privacy  2. Communication Privacy

In other places, like in the United States, privacy law is argued by  communication privacy is the notion that individuals should have
some to be less developed in this regard, For the freedom, or right, to communicate information digitally with the
example, some legislation, or lack of, allows companies to self-regulate expectation that their communications are secure; meaning that
their collection and dissemination practices of consumer information. messages and communications will only be accessible to the sender's
original intended recipient.
 However, communications can be intercepted or delivered to other
recipients without the sender's knowledge, in a multitude of ways.

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Digital privacy Digital privacy

 2. Communication Privacy  3. Individual Privacy
Communications can be intercepted directly through various hacking individual privacy is the notion that individuals have a right to
methods; this is expanded upon further below. exist freely on the internet, in that they can choose what types of
Communications can also be delivered to recipients unbeknownst to information they are exposed to, and more importantly that unwanted
the sender due to false assumptions made regarding the platform or information should not interrupt them
medium which was used to send information.  An example of a digital breach of individual privacy would be an
 An example of this is a failure to read a company's privacy policy internet user receiving unwanted ads and emails/spam, or
regarding communications on their platform could lead one to assume a computer virus that forces the user to take actions they otherwise
their communication is protected when it is in fact not wouldn't

Digital privacy Digital privacy

 3. Individual Privacy  4. Some digital privacy principles
In such cases the individual, during that moment, doesn't exist Data Minimization: collect the minimal amount of information
digitally without interruption from unwanted information; thus, their necessary from individuals and businesses consistent with the
individual privacy has been infringed upon. Department’s mission and legal requirements.
Transparency: Notice covering the purpose of the collection and use
of identifiable information will be provided in a clear manner.
Information collected will not be used for any other purpose unless
authorized or mandated by law .

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Digital privacy Accountability and trust

When emerging technology creates far-reaching and rapid change, it

 4. Some digital privacy principles
can also bring new risks.
Accuracy: Information collected will be maintained in a sufficiently
Understanding and mitigating them will help to build confidence.
accurate, timely, and complete manner to ensure that the interests of the
Often legal and regulatory frameworks haven’t kept pace with digital
individuals and businesses are protected.
transformation, and organizations are seeking guidance.
Security: Adequate physical and IT security measures will be
implemented to ensure that the collection, use, and maintenance of
identifiable information are properly safeguarded and the information
is promptly destroyed in accordance with approved records control
schedules.

Treats and challenges

Treats and challenges
 1. Ethical and regulatory challenges
 1. Ethical and regulatory challenges
 With Technology moving at a fast pace it is always been a challenge
 With Growing needs Cyber & Data Security is getting prominence that
for Security.
requires security practitioners to focus on the business need for
 As security professionals, we need to keep pace with ever-changing securing data, understanding security and risk from a business
technology and be aware of the AI, IoT, Big Data, Machine Learning,. perspective by extensively interacting with the business community in
It is no more Guards, guns & gates it is more than that & we understanding their requirements or what they want.
need to play a major role for a security professional to support business
or rather we should be able to understand the language of business and
talk to the leaders in their language.

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Treats and challenges Treats and challenges

 1. Ethical and regulatory challenges
 1. Ethical and regulatory challenges
 Emerging technologies are already impacting how we live and work.
Those are: 7. Advanced forensics enabled by enhanced computing capabilities
1. Counter-terrorism and law enforcement informatics via predictive (including future quantum computing)
analytics and AI
2. Real-time horizon scanning and data mining for threats and 8. Situational awareness capabilities via GPS for disaster response and
information sharing crisis response scenarios
3. Automated cybersecurity and information assurance 9. Biometrics: assured identity security screening solutions by bio-
4. Enhanced Surveillance (chemical and bio-detection sensors,
cameras, drones, facial recognition, license plate readers) signature: (every aspect of your physiology can be used as a bio-
5. Simulation and augmented reality technologies for training and signature.
modeling
6. Safety and security equipment (including bullet and bomb proof)
made with lighter and stronger materials

Treats and challenges

Treats and challenges
 1. Ethical and regulatory challenges  2. Treats
10. Robotic Policing (already happening in Dubai!) New and emerging technologies pose significant opportunities for
businesses if they utilize them well and understand their true value
other challenges early on.

Challenges in using Artificial Intelligence They also pose risks and questions not only to business but to society
as a whole.
Challenges in using Robotics in manufacturing
Challenges in using the Internet of Things
Challenges in Big Data

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Treats and challenges Treats and challenges

 2. Treats  2. Treats
Some risks of emerging technology are: Some risks of emerging technology are:
➢ Driverless car: while a compelling option for future fleer cars, ➢ Drones: Turbulence is in the offing for manufacturers and
companies could crash and burn from claims related to bodily injury organizations that fail to protect themselves for property damage and
and property damage. bodily injury, as well as errors and omissions.
➢ Wearables: Google glass, Fitbit and other wearables can expose ➢ Internet of things: The proliferation of sensors and cross-platform
companies to the invasion of privacy claims that may not be covered integration creates potential exposure from privacy invasion, bodily
by general liability or personal injury claims that weren’t foreseen .
injury and property damage that may connect an organization to huge
liabilities.

Brain storming questions