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Rule-1
Use of ‘Each’ & ‘Every’

Determiner vs. pronoun:

• "Each" can function as both a determiner and a pronoun.
Example: Each book is different. (determiner)
Example: We have three cars, and each is a different color. (pronoun)

• "Every" is only used as a determiner.

Example: Every book on the shelf is a bestseller. (determiner)
Rule-1
Use of ‘Each’ & ‘Every’

For two & more than two(Each) vs. For more than two(Every)

Example:
I am occupied with one book in each hand. (correct)
I am occupied with one book in every hand. (wrong)
Rule-2
'Both' and 'Not' can't be used together

• Both Sarah and John are not doctors.

• Both Sarah and John are doctors.
• Neither Sarah nor John is a doctor.
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

"Who" - Subject pronoun:

Refers to people as the subject of a verb.

Used in questions and relative clauses.
Example: Who is that girl? She is the one who won the competition.

1. Who is the man standing by the door? He's the one who organized the event.
2. Who are the people in this photo? They are the scientists who discovered the
new element.
3. Who called you earlier? It was my friend who lives in Australia.
4. Who made this delicious cake? My sister is the one who baked it.
5. Who can solve this difficult problem? Jane is the person who can figure it out.
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’
"Whom" - Object pronoun:

Refers to people as the object of a verb or preposition.

Used in questions and relative clauses.
Example: Whom did you invite? I invited the girl whom I met yesterday.
1. Whom did you call? I called the man whom I met at the conference.
2. Whom did she choose as her assistant? She chose the person whom she
believed was the most capable.
3. Whom did they blame for the mistake? They blamed the employee whom they
thought was responsible.
4. To whom did you send the email? I sent the email to the customer whom I spoke
with earlier.
5. With whom did you work on the project? I worked with the team whom my
manager assigned.
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

"Which" – Non-living:

Refers to things, animals, and ideas.

Used in questions and relative clauses.
Example: Which book do you recommend? The one which has a blue cover.
1. Which restaurant should we choose? I prefer the one which serves Italian food.
2. Which painting do you like the most? The one which portrays the beautiful
landscape.
3. Which car are you going to buy? The model which has the best fuel efficiency.
4. Which computer should I get? I would go for the one which has a faster
processor and more storage.
5. Which dress should I wear to the party? I suggest the one which has a floral
pattern.
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

"Which" – Selection:

Refers to things, animals, and ideas, humans.

Used in questions and relative clauses.
Example: Which actor do you like most?
1. Which author has inspired you the most in your life?
2. Which teacher had the greatest impact on your education?
3. Which political leader do you admire the most?
4. Which scientist has made the most significant contribution to your field of
study?
5. Which artist's work do you find most captivating?
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

“That" – For Living & Non-Living:

• All, Any, the only, the same, much, no, the little, the few
• Anyone, Anybody, Anything
• Everyone, Everybody, Everything
• No one, Nobody, Nothing, None
• Superlative Degree(Adjective)
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

1) All that glitters is not gold.

2) Any book that you recommend will be helpful.
3) She is the only person that understands me.
4) The cake I baked has the same texture that I wanted.
5) There isn't much that I can do to help.
6) There is no reason that justifies his behavior.
7) The little money that she had was spent on groceries.
8) The few friends that I have are very close to me.
9) Anyone that tries to enter without permission will be punished.
10) Anybody that breaks the rules will be disqualified.
11) Anything that makes you happy is worth pursuing.
Rule-3
Use of ‘who, whom, which and that’

1) Everyone that attended the party enjoyed it.

2) Everybody that knows her admires her determination.
3) Everything that he touches turns to gold.
4) No one that I know has ever been there.
5) Nobody that I've talked to has any information.
6) Nothing that he says can be trusted.
7) None of the applicants that applied met the requirements.
8) She is the most talented artist that I've ever met. (Superlative Degree)
Rule-3
Use of ‘whoever vs whomever,’

"Whoever" is used as a subject pronoun, meaning it performs the action of the verb
in the sentence.
Example: Whoever finishes first will win the prize.

"Whomever" is used as an object pronoun, meaning it receives the action of the

verb or follows a preposition in the sentence.
Example: Give the award to whomever you think deserves it.
Rule-3
Use of ‘whoever vs whomever,’

1. Whoever arrives late will not be allowed to enter.

2. Whoever cooked this meal did a fantastic job.
3. Whoever solves the puzzle will receive a gift.
4. You can invite whoever you want to the party.
5. Whoever left the door open should close it.

6. The manager will hire whomever he believes is the most qualified.

7. You can donate the clothes to whomever you choose.
8. She will give the book to whomever asks for it first.
9. The teacher will help whomever needs assistance.
10. He will send the invitation to whomever he wants to invite.
Rule-4
Conditional Sentences
Zero Conditional:

Used to express general truths or facts that are always true.

Structure: If + Present Simple, Present Simple
Example:
1. If water reaches 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
2. If you heat ice, it melts.
3. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
4. If it gets dark, the streetlights turn on automatically.
5. If plants receive sunlight, they perform photosynthesis.
6. If the temperature drops below freezing, water turns to ice.
Rule-4
Conditional Sentences
First Conditional:

Structure: If + Present Simple, Future Simple (will + verb)

Example:
1. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
2. If it rains this afternoon, we'll cancel the picnic.
3. If I finish work early, I will go to the gym.
4. If they don't study, they won't pass the exam.
5. If she misses the bus, she will be late for school.
6. If you eat too much candy, you'll get a stomachache.
Rule-4
Conditional Sentences
Second Conditional:

Structure: If + Past Simple, would + verb (base form)

Example:
1. If I had a million dollars, I would buy a house.
2. If I were a bird, I would fly around the world.
3. If she won the lottery, she would travel to Japan.
4. If you didn't have a job, you would have more free time.
5. If they lived closer, we would visit them more often.
6. If I knew how to play the guitar, I would join a band.
Rule-4
Conditional Sentences
Third Conditional:

Structure: If + Past Perfect, would have + past participle

Example:
1. If I had known about the party, I would have come.
2. If I had studied harder, I would have passed the test.
3. If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train.
4. If they had invited us, we would have attended the party.
5. If he had known about the discount, he would have bought the shoes.
6. If you had practiced more, you would have won the competition.
Rule-5
Usage of ‘One of the’

1. One of the best restaurants in town is located on Main Street.

2. One of the most popular tourist attractions is the Eiffel Tower.
3. One of the biggest challenges facing our society is climate change.
4. One of the most exciting new technologies is artificial intelligence.
5. One of the fastest growing industries is renewable energy.
Rule-5
Usage of ‘One of the’ (who/that/which)

1. One of the doctors who work at the hospital is my best friend.

2. One of the students who are taking the class is struggling with the material.
3. One of the actors who won an Oscar this year is my favorite.
4. One of the athletes who competed in the Olympics is a national hero.
5. One of the scientists who made a breakthrough in their field is going to receive a
Nobel Prize.
Rule-5
Usage of ‘One of the’ (who/that/which)

1. One of the books which I recently read was about the history of science.
2. One of the restaurants which my friends and I often visit serves the best Italian
food in town.
3. One of the TV shows which have become very popular recently is a sci-fi drama.
4. One of the hobbies which I have taken up is painting, and I find it very relaxing.
5. One of the countries which I would love to visit someday is Japan, to experience
its rich culture and history.
Rule-5
Usage of ‘One of the’ (who/that/which)

1. One of the best cars that are in the garage is mine.

2. One of the best books that I just bought is a mystery novel.
Rule-5
Usage of ‘the only one of the + Plural Noun + who/that’

1. Shivam is the only one of the students who knows how to play the piano.
2. Maya is the only one of the employees who speaks Spanish fluently.
3. The chef is the only one of the kitchen staff who knows the secret recipe for the
sauce.
4. Saurabh is the only one of the team members who has won a gold medal in the
competition.
5. Simran is the only one of the dancers who performs a triple pirouette.
Rule-6
Usage of ‘Number+Unit+Noun’ or ‘Number+Unit+Adjective’

1. She bought a dozen red roses for her mother.

2. The chef cooked three kilos of chicken for the party.
3. The store is offering a twenty percent discount on all items.
4. The children drank two liters of lemonade on a hot day.
5. The athlete ran a ten mile race in under an hour.
6. Ten pounds of sugar is required for this recipe.
7. Two gallons of milk are needed for the week.
8. Three dozen eggs are needed for the bake sale.
9. Five feet of cloth is required to make the curtains.
10. One hundred dollars of investment is needed to start a new business.
Rule-6
Usage of ‘Arbitrary Units’ ends with ‘ful’ and used as a noun.

(1) Spoonful (singular), Spoonfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
She added a spoonful of sugar to her coffee. (singular usage)
We'll need three spoonfuls of baking powder for this recipe. (plural usage)

(2)Mouthful (singular), Mouthfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
He took a big mouthful of pizza. (singular usage)
The dish was so delicious, she savored every mouthful. (plural usage)
Rule-6
Usage of ‘Arbitrary Units’ ends with ‘ful’ and used as a noun.

(3)Cupful (singular), Cupfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
She poured a cupful of milk into the mixture. (singular usage)
Add two cupfuls of water to the pot. (plural usage)

(4) Armful (singular), Armfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
He carried an armful of books to the counter. (singular usage)
She gathered armfuls of wildflowers to decorate the table. (plural usage)
Rule-6
Usage of ‘Arbitrary Units’ ends with ‘ful’ and used as a noun.

(5)Bagful (singular), Bagfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
He brought home a bagful of groceries. (singular usage)
She bought three bagfuls of candy for the party. (plural usage)

(6) Pocketful (singular), Pocketfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
She found a pocketful of seashells on the beach. (singular usage)
He collected pocketfuls of candy from the parade. (plural usage)
Rule-6
Usage of ‘Arbitrary Units’ ends with ‘ful’ and used as a noun.

(7) Eyeful (singular), Eyefuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
The art exhibit offered an eyeful of vibrant colors. (singular usage)
Visitors were treated to eyefuls of beautiful scenery on the hike. (plural usage)

(8) Fistful (singular), Fistfuls (plural)

Sentence usage:
He grabbed a fistful of popcorn from the bowl. (singular usage)
She threw fistfuls of confetti into the air. (plural usage)
Rule-7
Usage of “Expression of time, money, speed, weight, height and distance”

Expression of time

1. Two hours is enough to finish the project. (singular usage)

2. Two hours are required for shopping and preparing dinner. (plural usage)

Expression of money

1. Fifty dollars seems like a fair price for the item. (singular usage)
2. Fifty dollars cover the cost of the ticket and snacks. (plural usage)
Rule-7
Expression of time, money, speed, weight, height and distance

Expression of speed

1. Sixty miles per hour is the speed limit on this highway. (singular usage)
2. Sixty miles per hour are needed to reach the destination on time and avoid
traffic. (plural usage)

Expression of weight

1. Ten kilograms is the maximum weight allowed for carry-on luggage. (singular
usage)
2. Ten kilograms need to be divided between clothes and equipment. (plural
usage)
Rule-7
Expression of time, money, speed, weight, height and distance

Expression of height

1. Six feet is the ideal height for this tree to be planted in the backyard. (singular
usage)
2. Six feet need to be allocated for the tree and the surrounding fence. (plural
usage)

Expression of distance

1. Ten miles is a comfortable distance for a morning jog. (singular usage)

2. Ten miles need to be covered using various modes of transportation. (plural
usage)
Rule-8
Certain cases of Comparisons:

Incorrect: Everest is taller than all mountains.

Correct: Everest is taller than all mountains in the Himalayas.

Incorrect: The blue whale is larger than all animals.

Correct: The blue whale is larger than all other marine animals.

Incorrect: Einstein was more intelligent than all scientists.

Correct: Einstein was more intelligent than all other scientists of his time.
Rule-9
Usage of ‘since’ and ‘for’

Usage of 'since':

1. They have been living in this house since 2010.

2. She has been working at that company since she graduated.
3. I have been studying Spanish since last year.
4. The kids have been playing soccer since 4 o'clock.
5. We have been waiting for the bus since it started raining.
Rule-9
Usage of ‘since’ and ‘for’

Usage of 'for':

1. They have been living in this house for 13 years.

2. She has been working at that company for three years.
3. I have been studying Spanish for 12 months.
4. The kids have been playing soccer for two hours.
5. We have been waiting for the bus for 30 minutes.
Rule-9
Usage of ‘since’ and ‘for’

Usage of 'since' in more advanced sentences:

1. Since receiving her promotion, she has been managing multiple teams and
international projects efficiently.
2. Ever since he read that influential book, he has been advocating for
environmental conservation.
3. The scientists have been researching the potential effects of climate change on
crop yields since the early 2000s.
4. They have been organizing annual charity events to support underprivileged
children since founding their nonprofit organization.
5. Since adopting a healthier lifestyle, he has been running marathons and
participating in various sports activities.
Rule-9
Usage of ‘since’ and ‘for’

Usage of 'for' in more advanced sentences:

1. The construction company has been working on the development of the new
eco-friendly district for over five years.
2. She has been serving as the chairperson of the local community organization for
two consecutive terms.
3. The volunteers have been restoring the historic landmarks in the city for the
past decade, preserving their cultural significance.
4. For several months, the research team has been analyzing the data gathered
from the geological survey to better understand seismic activity.
5. The author has been working on the sequel to her best-selling novel for nearly
three years, much to the anticipation of her fans.
Rule-10
Usage of ‘Past Perfect’

1. After she had completed her homework, she went to the movies with her
friends.
2. He realized he had left his wallet at home when he tried to pay for his meal.
3. The sun had already set by the time they reached the campsite.
4. She had written several drafts of her essay before she finally submitted it to her
professor.
5. They had already boarded the train when she remembered she had forgotten
her luggage at the station.
Rule-10
Usage of ‘Past Perfect’

1. By the time the archeologists arrived at the excavation site, the locals had
already unearthed several artifacts of historical significance.
2. The renowned scientist had published numerous research papers on genetic
engineering before he was invited to speak at the international conference.
3. After she had meticulously prepared the ingredients for her signature dish, the
chef discovered that the oven wasn't working properly.
4. The renowned actor had already starred in several critically acclaimed films
before he was awarded the prestigious lifetime achievement award.
5. Despite having completed an extensive training program, the pilot had never
encountered such severe turbulence until he flew through the unexpected
storm.
Rule-11
Usage a Possessive Adjective (my, our, his, her, your, their, its) before a Gerund

1. My singing always cheers me up.

2. Our hiking trip was amazing.
3. His playing basketball is really impressive.
4. Her writing poetry is a form of therapy for her.
5. Your cooking smells delicious.
6. Their running in the park is a daily routine.
7. Its barking can be annoying sometimes.
Rule-11
Usage a Possessive Adjective (my, our, his, her, your, their, its) before a Gerund

1. My being a perfectionist has both advantages and disadvantages.

2. Our having studied abroad gave us a broader perspective on life.
3. His having to work two jobs is taking a toll on his health.
4. Her winning the Nobel Prize was a great accomplishment for her and for women
in science.
5. Your constantly interrupting me is impolite and makes it difficult for me to
communicate.
6. Their having been raised in poverty taught them the value of hard work and
perseverance.
7. Its hunting instincts makes the cat an excellent mouser.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Hardly, Rarely, Scarcely, Barely-----when

1. Hardly do I have free time on the weekends when I'm not working
2. Rarely does she remember to set her alarm clock when she goes to bed late.
3. Scarcely is he able to relax during the workweek when he has so many
deadlines.
4. Barely do they have money left over at the end of the month when they have so
many bills to pay.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

No sooner----than
1. No sooner had I started watching the movie than the power went out.
2. No sooner did he finish his homework than he fell asleep at his desk.
3. No sooner had the team scored a goal than the fans erupted in cheers.
4. No sooner had the children left the playground than it started to rain.
5. No sooner did she arrive at the party than she realized it was a costume party.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Seldom, Never
1) Declarative sentence: John seldom goes to the movies
2) Inverted sentence: Seldom does John go to the movies.

3) Declarative sentence: She never drinks coffee in the afternoon.

4) Inverted sentence: Never does she drink coffee in the afternoon.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Adverbial expression with “Only”

Only yesterday, only the day before yesterday, only last month, only after a year,
only in a few centuries, only in this way, only then.
1) Only yesterday did I meet her.
2) Only the day before yesterday did they leave for vacation.
3) Only last month did they finish their project.
4) Only after a year did they start making a profit.
5) Only in a few centuries may we find a solution to this problem.
6) Only in this way can we solve this problem.
7) Only then can he start the project.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Adverbial expression with “No”

At no time,Under no circumstances,In no way,On no account,On no condition.

1) At no time did they visit the museum at night.

2) Under no circumstances should you lie.
3) In no way did he intend to offend anyone.
4) On no account should you leave the door unlocked.
5) On no condition would she allow her daughter to drop out of school.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Some other expressions

On a hill, In the valley, Round the corner, Under the table, Outside the gate, Along
the northern/southern frontier.

1) On a hill is the castle.

2) In the valley is the village.
3) Around the corner is the store.
4) Under the table is hiding the cat.
5) Outside the gate is the delivery truck.
6) Along the northern frontier patrolled the army.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Some adverbs of place

1) Here, there, Away, Out, Up, Indoors, Outdoors

2) Here for the meeting she is.

3) There on the shelf is the book.
4) Away from the dog ran the kids.
5) Out through the window went the cat.
6) Up the ladder he climbed to reach the roof.
7) Indoors during the storm we decided to stay.
8) Outdoors in the park they love to play.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

‘So’ + Adverb of Manner

(Smoothly, Smartly, Beautifully, Cruelly, etc.)

1) So smoothly did he drive down the winding road.

2) So smartly did she dress for the interview.
3) So beautifully did the sunset look over the ocean.
4) So cruelly did the bully treat his classmates.
5) So quickly did the athlete run towards the finish line.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Expression made with “such” & “such a/an”.

To such an extent, To such lengths, To such a point, To such a degree.

1) To such an extent were the streets flooded that many people couldn't leave
their homes.
2) To such lengths did she go to plan the perfect surprise party for her friend that
she even hired a professional party planner.
3) To such a point did the athlete push herself that she collapsed at the finish line.
4) To such a degree was the student dedicated to her studies that she graduated at
the top of her class.
Rule-12
Law of Inversion

Conditional sentences beginning with “If”

Negative adverbials:
1) Normal sentence: If I don't hear from you, I will assume everything is okay.
2) Inverted sentence: Should I not hear from you, I will assume everything is okay.
Adverbial phrases of place or direction:
1) Normal sentence: If he goes to New York, he will visit the Statue of Liberty.
2) Inverted sentence: To New York will he go if he visits the Statue of Liberty.
Negative or restrictive expressions:
1) Normal sentence: If you don't finish your work, you won't be able to go out
tonight.
2) Inverted sentence: Only if you finish your work will you be able to go out
tonight.