BIO
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/ BIOCHEMISTRY-304
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL
STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/
BIOCHEMISTRY
(304)
Syllabus for Class 12
Note:
There will be one Question Paper which will have 50 questions out of which 40 questions need to be
attempted.
BIOLOGY/BIOLOGICAL STUDIES/BIOTECNOLOGY/BIOCHEMISTRY
Unit I: Reproduction
Reproductioninorganisms: Reproduction, acharacteristicfeatureofallorganismsforcontinuation of species;
Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction; Modes- Binary fission,sporulation,
budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetativepropagation in plants.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female
gametophytes; Pollination–types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction;
Double fertilization; Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of
seed and formation of fruit; Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed
andfruitformation.
Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development upto
blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition
(Elementaryidea); Lactation (Elementaryidea).
Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
(STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy
(MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, IUI, ZIFT, GIFT
(Elementary idea forgeneral awareness).
Unit II: Genetics and Evolution
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism– Incomplete dominance, Co-dominance,
Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenicinheritance; Chromosome
theoryofinheritance;Chromosomesandgenes;Sexdetermination–Inhumans,birds, honeybee; Linkageandcrossing
over; Sex linked inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia;
Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’sand Klinefelter’s syndromes.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Searchforgeneticmaterialand DNA as geneticmaterial; Structureof DNA and RNA;
DNA packaging; DNAreplication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code,translation; Geneexpressionand
regulation– Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting.
Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative
anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
Mechanism of evolution– Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural
selection;Geneflowandgeneticdirft; Hardy-Weinberg’sprinciple;Adaptive Radiation; Humanevolution.
Unit III: Biology and Human Welfare
Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid,
Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology–vaccines; Cancer, HIV
andAIDs; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification; Apiculture
and Animal husbandry.
Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy
generation and asbio control agents and biofertilizers.
BIO
Unit IV: Biotechnology and Its Applications
Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology).
Application of Biotechnology in healthandagriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production,
genetherapy; Genetically modified organisms- Bt crops;Transgenic Animals; Biosafetyissues– Biopiracy
andpatents.
Unit V: Ecology and environment
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Populationinteractions–
mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes–growth, birth rate and death rate, age
distribution.
Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass,
energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; EcologicalServices– Carbon fixation,
pollination, oxygenrelease.
Biodiversityand its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity;
Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book,
biospherereserves, National parks and sanctuaries sacred groves, in-situ & ex-situ.
Environmental issues :Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their
effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and globalwarming; Ozone
depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues.
