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9 views4 pages

Lessons

demo

Uploaded by

moorthy
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12th Standard Biology Comprehensive Notes

Academic Year: 2025-26

Unit 1: Reproduction (Approx 12 pages)

Chapter 1: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

 Introduction to Sexual Reproduction

 Flower structure and functions

 Development of male gametophyte (Pollen grain formation)

 Development of female gametophyte (Embryo sac formation)

 Pollination: Types and agents

 Mechanisms preventing self-pollination (Self-incompatibility, etc.)

 Double fertilisation process

 Post-fertilisation events: Development of endosperm, embryo, seed and fruit

 Special modes (Apomixis, Parthenocarpy, Polyembryony)

 Seed dispersal methods and their importance

 Summary and key points

Chapter 2: Human Reproduction

 Male and female reproductive systems: Structure and function

 Spermatogenesis and oogenesis processes

 Menstrual cycle phases and hormonal regulation

 Fertilisation and early embryonic development (blastocyst stage)

 Implantation and placenta formation

 Pregnancy, parturition, and lactation

 Summary and key points

Chapter 3: Reproductive Health

 Importance of reproductive health

 Birth control methods: Barrier, hormonal, surgical, and permanent methods

 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and prevention

 Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART): IVF, ZIFT, GIFT

 Medical termination of pregnancy

 Summary and key points


Unit 2: Genetics and Evolution (Approx 13 pages)

Chapter 4: Principles of Inheritance and Variation

 Mendelian principles of inheritance

 Deviations: Incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles

 Human blood groups and Rh factor

 Sex determination in humans, birds, honey bee

 Linkage and crossing over

 Genetic disorders: Thalassemia, Haemophilia, Colour blindness

 Chromosomal disorders: Down’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome

 Summary and key points

Chapter 5: Molecular Basis of Inheritance

 DNA and RNA structure and functions

 DNA replication process

 Central dogma: Transcription and translation

 Genetic code characteristics

 Gene expression and regulation (lac operon)

 Human Genome Project and DNA fingerprinting

 Summary and key points

Chapter 6: Evolution

 Origin of life

 Evidence of evolution: Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, molecular evidence

 Darwin’s contribution and modern synthetic theory

 Mechanisms of evolution: Mutation, recombination, natural selection

 Gene flow, genetic drift, Hardy-Weinberg principle

 Adaptive radiation and human evolution

 Summary and key points

Unit 3: Biology and Human Welfare (Approx 10 pages)

Chapter 7: Human Health and Diseases

 Pathogens and parasites causing common diseases


 Control measures for diseases

 Basics of immunity and vaccines

 Cancer, HIV/AIDS

 Drug and alcohol abuse in adolescence

 Summary and key points

Chapter 8: Microbes in Human Welfare

 Role of microbes in food processing and industry

 Sewage treatment and energy generation

 Biofertilisers and biopesticides

 Antibiotic production and judicious use

 Summary and key points

Unit 4: Biotechnology and Its Applications (Approx 7 pages)

Chapter 9: Biotechnology – Principles and Processes

 Genetic engineering tools and techniques

 Recombinant DNA technology

 Cloning and gene cloning

 DNA sequencing and PCR

 Summary and key points

Chapter 10: Biotechnology and its Applications

 Application in health: Insulin, vaccines, gene therapy

 Application in agriculture: Bt crops, transgenic animals

 Biosafety issues and ethical concerns

 Summary and key points

Unit 5: Ecology and Environment (Approx 8 pages)

Chapter 11: Organisms and Populations

 Population characteristics: Size, density, growth

 Population interactions: Competition, predation, mutualism, parasitism

 Ecological succession

 Summary and key points


Chapter 12: Ecosystem

 Structure and function of ecosystem

 Energy flow and food chains/webs

 Ecological pyramids: Number, biomass, energy

 Nutrient cycling

 Summary and key points

Chapter 13: Biodiversity and Its Conservation

 Biodiversity importance and types

 Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss, poaching, invasive species

 Conservation methods: In-situ, ex-situ

 Wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves

 Summary and key points

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