Grammar Pronouns and possessive determiners © Subject pronouns I/you /he / she /it/we / they Use Example ‘The subject of a verb They built the first aeroplane. Alexander Fleming discovered penicilin, but he did it by mistake! © dbiect orone © Object prono me /you/him /her /it /us / them Use Example The object of a verb Could you give me that equipment? Could you give that equipment to me? my / your / his / her / its / our / their Use Example To show who owns or That's their car. has something + Possessive determiners are always followed by @ noun, ¥ Is this my coffee? Its and it's do not mean the same thing. + Here's the dog's water and here's its food. ( = the dog's food) 7 It’s the best camera Ive ever had. ( = itis...) SIVE_PFONOUNS estes eames mine / yours / his / hers / ours / theirs Use Example To show who owns or That car is ours. has something There is no possessive pronoun for it. @© Reflexive pronouns _ ( myself / yourself / himself/herself itself / ourselves / yourselves / themselves '» Possessive pronouns are not followed by a noun x Thisisherstar- Use Example To describe actions where the My computer turns itself off after half an hour. subject and object are the same | To emphasise who does something Nobody helped me. | did it myself 66Pronouns and possessive determiners Unit 16 Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once. 1 asked Mr Simons, my science teacher, what glass was and = said that is a liquid! 2 Hi Diana! Are vw Still coming shopping with us tomorrow? 3. My mum studied history at university. SAYS sarninnnansnne WAS 2 really interesting course. 4 Scientists are working hard to find cures for lots of diseases, but haven't found a cure for the common cold yet 5 Adam, 40 nnn: think should all bring some food with us to your party? 6 Dad, do wow know if sell computer games in the market? Replace each word or phrase in bold with a word from the box. You have to use some words more than once. him * her them 1 Did you give that book back to Alicia? 2 | told Bill that you don't eat meat. 3. Why does she always give our class more tests than the other class? 4 They paid Kate Winslet a lot of money to be in this film. 5 |haven't seen Rich and Andy for ages. 6 Did you give an invitation to Mr and Mrs Clark? 7 ATV channel has invited my family to take part in a game show! Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1 This is where we live. house This is 2 That wallet belongs tome! That os wallet! 3 Do those shoes belong to you your Are ... - ? 4 That car doesrt belong to them. car That's . s 5. This is where she sleeps. bed Tris 6 hati what he des. job That : 7 Have you seen the dog's blanket? its WHEIE'S ssn 2 a768 Unit 16 Grammar If a sentence is correct, put a tick (V). If there is an extra word in a sentence write the word, 1 Is that my milkshake or yours milkshake? 2 Look where the dog has put its bone! 3 I haven't got a camera with me because I've lent mine to my brother. Your DVD player is just the same as theirs is, Was it your decision or hers decision? You can borrow my laptop, but why aren't you using yours laptop? | think those are your CDs and these are ours. This is her book, these are your books and these two are mine books. That video belongs to Carol and Doug - at least, | think it's theirs video. Cavons Each of the words in bold is in the wrong sentence. Write the correct word. That's great, Cathy. Did you make that herself? Doug hit myself in the eye by mistake with his toothbrush! Cats can look after yourself, can't they? hope you all enjoy himself on holiday! Dad didn't help me. | did it all themselves! We painted the room yourselves; we didn't pay anyone to do it. This kitchen isn't going to clean ourselves, you know! Wendy decided that she would buy itself a new dress in the sales. wNaaaewne Complete using the correct pronouns or determiners. yInventions If you invented something important, (1) — would want to make money out of (2) - , Fight? Most of us would want to make some money from (3) .... ww» ifwention. It seems only fair - we did the work, so the money should be (4) ... too. Many inventors who have had (5)..... inventions produced, have become rich and famous and we shouldn't blame (6) sommnnan fOr that. But have (7)... ne. heard of Tim Berners-Lee? (8) _ invented the World Wide Web on the Internet, one of the most important inventions of the last fifty years. Millions of lives have been changed by (9) introduction. ‘When Tim Berners-Lee invented the Web, he made a promise to (10) — that he wouldn't make any money out of it, and that he would give (11) .. invention to the world. He did, and now the Web belongs to all of (12)..... . Ask (13) what life would be like if the World Wide Web wasn't free. We should be grateful to Tim Berners-Lee, and thank (14) . for (15) .. amazing gift to the world.us a Grammar Relative clauses We use relative pronouns in relative clauses. We use relative clauses to give more information about something, without having to start a new sentence. That man over there is called Bill Gates. He started Microsoft. ——> That man over there, who's called Bill Gates, started Microsoft. Use Example who for people What's the name of the man who created the Internet? which for things and animals _ The experiment which worked was the last one. where for places This is the town where Albert Einstein was born. whose to show possession That's the man whose sister discovered a new planet. fatch) * We can use who for animals when we give them a personality. ‘ ¥ Our dog, who's called Benji is eight years old. + When there is a relative pronoun, remember not to repeat the subject/object. X What's the name of the man who he created the World Wide Web? X This is the experiment which I'm doing it at the moment. Non-defining relat s > Non-defining relative clauses give extra information. The sentence makes sense without the relative clause. That man over there, who is called Bill Gates, started Microsoft. Ifwe remove the relative clause, the sentence still makes sense: That man over there started Microsoft. Use Bramley To give extra information _—_This program, which is totally free, We use commas with non-defining protects your computer against viruses. relative clauses. ¥ Carl, whose sister is famous, is a friend of mine. Defining relative clau Defining relative clauses give very important information. If we remove a defining relative clause, the sentence doesn't make sense. Imagine that there are lots of people in a room. Only one of them is wearing a blue shirt, The person who is wearing the blue shirt started Microsoft If we remove the relative clause, we won't know which person itis. X The-persor-started-Microsoft— Use ample as pects ee eat isis te TY which | « We don't use commas with defining relative clauses. ‘whioli doesnt work, + We can use that instead of who and which. ~ Did you see the programme about the woman who invented Tippex? ¥ Did you see the programme about the woman that invented Tippex?70 Unit 17 Grammar Complete using the words in the box. You have to use some words more than once. |__where * which * who » whose 1. There's a film on tonight corm | feally want to see. 2 Do you know any restaurants they serve vegetarian dishes? 3. Can you remember told you about the new nightclub? 4 The film, .... .. Stars Tom Hanks, is based on a book by Dan Brown. 5 lve never met anyone before mother was famous! 6 Lorenzo, suns 1S from Spain originally, has lived here for about ten years, 7 Carla, parents are from Mexico, was born in the UK. 8 Here's a photo of the hotel we stayed. Circle the extra word in each sentence. 1 The boy who he sits next to me in class is called Vladimir. 2 This book, which | started reading it last week, is really funny. 3. Jean, whose her mother is a nurse, wants to be a doctor. 4. My mum and dad, who they got married fifteen years ago, met over thirty years ago. 5 The jeans which | was telling you about them are over there. Rewrite as one sentence using a relative clause. 1 My grandfather was an airline pilot. He is sixty-five years old now. My. grandfather, who is sixty-five years old now, was an airline pilot... 2 Friendly People is a comedy. It's my favourite programme. 3. My friend Michael often comes to play with me. He hasn't got any brothers and sisters. 4. My sister loves wearing hats. Her hair is brown. 5 New York is an enormous city. It’s where | was born. 6 This CD is scratched. | only bought it yesterday. 7 My brother George has got some great shirts! He hates me borrowing his clothes. 8 Our neighbours have never invited us to dinner. Their house is directly opposite ours.Relative clauses Unit 17 Look at the pictures and use the prompts to write sentences. ] 1 A tree / tall / have / leaves The tree which is call B trees / have / leaves /be / short z the Adige |2 A bottle / big / ful of B bottles / small / empty a 3A girl /has / short hair / be called / Melissa locy Twa e any. » 3B B girls / hair / be / long / be called / Lucy, Tina and Debbi | | 4 A boy /hold / black basketball / wear / school uniform B boys / basketballs / be / white / wear / tracksuits Tick (V) the sentences in exercise D where the r by the word that, Put a cr lative pronoun can be replaced s (x) where that cannot replace the relative pronoun, 1A 8 4a B ama 3A 8 2A B Write one word in each gap. Actuaries ~ Did you know that there are people (I) num are paid to predict the future? They're called ‘actuaries’. !d never heard of actuaries until my friend Greg, (2) mother is an actuary, told me about them. IfS 2 jOb (3) on..nnon2nm SOUNdS Quite interesting. Actuaries usually work for companies, like insurance companies, (4)... deal with the chances of things happening in the future. Actuaries have to decide how probable itis that something will happen. For example, its more probable that buildings will be flooded in places (5)... it rains a lot. Greg's mum, (6) has been an actuary for about five years, is involved with car insurance, She works in an office (7). they decide how much car insurance people should pay. it's more probable that a car (8) is new is safer and more reliable than a very old car, so people (9) cars are new pay less insurance. If there are drivers (20)... she thinks will probably have more accidents, she makes them pay more insurance! llge Vocabulary Inventions and discoveries Topic vocabulary | artical (ac ‘see page 190 for definitions ‘experiment (v, n) operate (v) automatic (adj) gadget (n) plastic (n, adj) complicated (adj) hardware (n) | program (v, n) decrease (v, n) invent (v) research (n) digital (adj) involve (v) run (v) discover (v) laboratory (n) ‘screen (n) effect (n) lack (v, n) software (n) | equipment fo) laptop (n) ‘sudden (adj) estimate (v) maximum (adj) technology (n) exact (adj) ‘minimum (adj) ‘unique (adj) ieee break down stop working (for a machine, etc) at last come actos. find sth by chance | by chance find out discover information, etc | in my opinion make up invent an explanation, excuse, etc in the end ‘pull off. break by pulling in the future | throw away put sth ina rubbish bin | ‘out of order turn off stop a machine working ie turn on start a machine working SME boil boiler, boiling history historic, historian f | chemist chemical, chemistry identical identically conclude conclusion long length examine examination), examiner measure measurement fascinate fascination, fascinating | science scientis | adjectives different from/to result in | full of | nouns a difference between verbs begin sth with ‘an idea about connect sth to/with a number of | disconnect sth from a reason for fast win a type of, 72Inventions and discoveries Unit 18 Topic vocabulary [A] Match the pictures with the words in the box. equipment * experiment » gadgets * hardware laboratory * laptop B] Complete using the words in the box. artificial * automatic * complicated » digital » exact » maximum. minimum « plastic » sudden * unique 1 It’s not a/an watch. Its got hands. 2 Ifyou play this stereo on volume, you'll go deaft 3 I's not a/an oo experiment. In fact, it’s really simple. 4. Are leather chairs more comfortable than ones? 5 There aren't any windows in the lab, 0 all the light i$ ...s0ssnnennnnnnne # 6 Was it a/aM oon sumnm Gecision, or had you thought about it for a long time? 7 The lights are — they come on when you enter the room, and go off when you leave. 8 Each person's fingerprints are... . No two people have the same fingerprints. 9 The umber of patients necessary to test the new drug is 50. Any less than that and the scientists won't know if it works properly or not. 10 [can't remember the ws. von year it was discovered, but it was around 1976. Circle the correct word. 1 Do you know who invented / discovered the planet Mars? 2 The number of people dying of malaria has run / decreased enormously over the last 100 years. 3 You need at least three people to operate / estimate this machine safely. 734 Unit 18 Vocabulary Modern technology / equipment makes all our lives easier. We've done a lot of research / experiment into why people are scared of spiders. This drug seems to have no effect / lack on humans at all 4 5 6 musing a computer research / program that translates from English into Greek. 7 8 The experiment just involves / operates answering a few questions. 9 Could you program / estimate how many times a week you eat cheese? Do you think anyone will ever invent / discover a time machine? 11 Professor Reinhart decreases / runs the computer lab with her three assistants. Phrasal verbs D} Choose the correct answer. lt across this book about the moon in the library. It's really interesting! Awent C came B found D looked 2. Jenny pulled the handle so we can't open the cupboard now, Aoff Cin Baway D over 3 Id like to find more about being a computer programmer. A across Coff Bup Dout 4 Our car has broken again. A off C out B down Din 5 Dean was late for physics so he Prepositional phrases E]} Complete using the words in the box. chance end» future » last 1 These toilets have been out of to fix them? Inmy Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by Helen couldn't get the experiment to work for ages, but in the It's so nice to have my own computer at 2 3 4 | wonder what new technology will be invented in the 5 6 There's a lack / an effect of phones in this office. We need some more! up a story about being attacked by a cat! A took C created B wrote D made 6 the TV off. This show is boring. APut C Turn B Set D Make 7 I'm going to throw these old shoes . | never wear them anymore. Aoff C down B away O back 8 | turned -~~ the tap but no water came out. Aover C round Bup Don for a week now. When are they going , humans will never live on other planets. - He didn’t expect to find it at al it was fine.Word formation F] Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Mr Thomas | MrThomas was a teacher at our school. He'd trained as a (I) vm HISTORY and usually taught history. He definitely wasn't a (2) co sbutfor SCIENCE some strange reason he taught us (3) for aterm.His lessons CHEMIST Were always (4) s.nmunnnnnnnnnes but that was mainly because his experiments FASCINATE always went wrong! If he was supposed to use (5) water for BOIL an experiment, Mr Thomas would use cold water by mistake. Once, he was measuring the (6) smn Of Some pieces of sodium.| can't remember exactly LONG. why he needed this (7) svvnnnnoon Dut think he wanted all the pieces MEASURE to react (8) - ‘As he picked up the ruler, his arm knocked over IDENTICAL a jug of water and the sodium caught fire. He almost burnt the lab down and they had to call the fire brigade. | think after that Mr Thomas came to the (9) that he should stick to history! | learnt a lot from him, CONCLUDE though. Whenever there was a question in a science (10) sn. z EXAMINE, about what happens when sodium reacts wth water | abways got the answer right! Word patterns G] Match to make sentences. 1 What's the difference A in.us having to call the fire brigade. 2 This box is full B to that piece of equipment over there. 3. This resulted C about how to do this experiment. 4 Connect this cable D between Hz0 and HoSOq? 5. Ive had an idea E with water? 6 Could you fil this bottle F of old camping equipment. [H] Write one word in each gap. 1 This program is very different -w the one you'r using at the moment. 2 Lets begin the IeSSOM w..nmum @ Short test on the names of the different parts of an insect. 3 Disconnect Your PC wvnn.nnumnnn the power supply before you take the case off 4 There are a number different ways of doing this experiment. 5. How many types building can you think of? 6 What were your reasons swum Choosing to do biology at university? aReview 6 A] Complete each second sentence using the word given, so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words. 1 | found the photo by chance when | was tidying my room. across 1 7 — photo when I was tidying my room. 2 Fridges and freezers are not the same thing. difference There — fridges and freezers. 3. Scientists should never invent their results. made Results should never scientists, 4 Don't put those plastic bags in the bin - use them again! away Don't ~ : i sone use them again! [B] Write one word in each gap. 9 Turn all the lights... when you leave the room. We don't want to waste electricity! 10 -uaw MY opinion, modern technology has improved all our lives. 11 Could you disconnect your laptop the Internet when you've finished checking your email? 12 We thought the experiment would work, but the end it didn't, 17 The..... es .-». (LONG) of the train is exactly 100 metres. 18 | think astronomy is absolutely i {FASCINATE}! 16 5 Our car stopped working on the motorway, s¢ we had to call a mechanic. down We had to call a mechanic when our car - - ..on the motorway. 6 Anew medicine was developed because of the work Dr Wang did. resulted Dr Wang! nnn a new medicine being developed. 7 There are quite a few things that Id like to invent! number There are things that I'd like to invent! 8 Make sure you fill the bottle with water before you start the experiment. full Make sure the bottle ... 7 — water before you start the experiment. (2 marks per answer) 13 wwew fat, someone has built a battery-powered skateboard! 14 How many different types ..... building can you think of? 15 That programme is about to start, so I'l turn the TV. 16 Ice floats in water. Can you think of a reason that? (1 mark per answer) Complete by changing the form of the word in capitals. 19 Lee and Greg are twins, but they don't dress (IDENTICAL). 20 I've come to the 2 (CONCLUDE) that no one should47 and 18 Review 6 21 Why do all (SCIENCE) 23 Make sure your have untidy hair? (MEASURE) are accurate. 22 Pour the (BOIL) water 24 My brother is studying over the tea bag and leave for a few minutes. (CHEMIST) at university, {1 mark per answer) DJ} Choose the correct answer 25 Did someone help Alison or dd she do allthe 29. This isthe laboratory ss WE do all calculations ? the experiments, Aher Bhers C herself A that Bwhich C where 26 That's not your calculator. i's + 30 Novosibirsk... is a big city in Ame Brine — Cmy Siberia, is famous for its university. ho 8 27 Einstein isthe person showed mon withessGwiers that time can speed up and slow down. 31. That's the gitl uu father says he's Awhich Bwho C whose invented a time machine! B 28 Do you know... idea it was? Was it oD woo Greg's or Fiona's? 32 Is this our DVD or isit ? A who Buwhich C whose A them Btheir —C theirs (1 mark per answer) correc er Technology and the young _ Moder technology is changing and improving all_and dads and grandparents often find using new the time. Every month, scientists (33) technology (89) suum and dificult new gadgets and (34) . tohelopus But if you're a teenager who criticises with our daily lives, and (35) ways to your parents for their (40) asus OF make existing technology faster and better. Our technological awareness, don't be too hard on homes are full of hardware (such as DVD players them! Some time (4) eras... the future, | and computers) and (36) ~~ (Such as when you've got children of your own, your abiity | computer games and MP3s) to deal with new technology will probably i (37) Suggests, however, that it's (42)... ~~~. and your children will feel more | young people who are best able to deal with tis comfortable with new technology than you do. ] change, Whereas teenagers have no problem You won't want them to crise you, wl you (38) a DVD player, their mums 33 Aestimate B invent C involve D experiment 34 Aexperiments _B effects Claboratories —_D equipment 35 Ainvolve B discover C decrease D connect, 36 A screens B gadgets C software D laptops 37 AResearch B Experiment —_C Program D Technology 38. Ainvolving Boperating C discovering —_D inventing 39 Automatic ——B unique C sudden D complicated 40 Aresearch Bexperiment —_C effect Diack 41 Ato Bin Con Dat (1 mark per answer) 42 Adecrease B involve C lack Destimate Total mark: /80 71