Product Goal:

To create a book that provides an in-depth understanding of government systems,

including electoral systems, in various democracies and historical regimes. It covers

monarchy, oligarchies, autocracies, one-party regimes, and parliamentary and

presidential republics, with the electoral system being first past the post and

proportional representation for instance, highlighting their functions, pros, cons, and if

needed different types and variations of one system.

Learning Goal:
To develop my writing skills and further develop my knowledge of politics, specifically

government systems such as direct and representative democracies, constitutional and

absolute monarchies, an oligarchy, an autocracy, one-party states, and Parliamentary

and Presidential Republics such as Westminster, and also develop my knowledge of

electoral systems such as first past the post, general ticket, proportional representation,

and majoritarian.
 Personal Project Proposal - Developed Idea

Student name: Chhay Hong Heng

Topic Book on Systems of Government and Elections

Goal Statements Learning Goal:

● To develop my writing skills and further develop my knowledge of politics
(specifically government and electoral systems).
Product/Outcome Goal:
● To create a book about the electoral and government systems around the
world.

Global Context & Fairness and Development: Democracy, politics, government and
Exploration (optional) civil society

Why this Global Context? I want to focus my project on the systems of governments and elections. We often
(optional) don’t question the authority or how flawed or unrepresentative a system of how
the government and elections work in many countries. So I want to be able to make
people understand what the systems of governments and elections are that are
seen around the world, and also educate people about the positives and negatives
of those systems, which relates to the sectors of democracy, politics and
government.

Three facts, from three 1. The electoral system of First Past the Post is known to
different sources, to show under-represent small parties in a legislature. One example could
the importance of the be the Liberal-Social Democratic Party Alliance in the 1983 UK
topic. general election won 25.4% of the vote but only secured 3.54% of
the seats. First Past the post is also prone to being used to
manipulate election boundaries in favor of a side, which is called
gerrymandering. One example could be seen from the 1992 Kenyan
elections, which saw large disparities between electoral districts in
population. This results in the ruling Kenyan African National Union
party winning 100 out of the 200 seats in the National Assembly
even though only receiving 36.35% of the vote. (ACE, First past the
post)
2. A government is in charge of establishing and enforcing law, and
maintaining, as well the defense,finances, economy, and the foreign
and domestic affairs of a Country. While all governments have
identical tasks, they work in different ways depending on the
system of government. Such systems include, direct democracy,
representative democracy, monarchy, oligarchy, and autocracy, and
one party states. (National Geographic, Forms of Government)
3. Proportional representation is where seats are divided to parties
based on how much % did the party receive in the vote share. The
best justifications for proportional representation are how th e
system avoids the parties winning an absolute majority when not
receiving 50% of the vote share. This system also produces a more
diverse and representative legislature. This also encourages
 coalition which is common in many modern day democracies, this
also prevents a single group in power consolidating more power,
which can be seen throughout history. (ACE, Proportional
Representation)

List research sites (in MLA)

for your project. ACE, aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02a/mobile_browsing/onePag. Accessed
25 Sept. 2023.
OR
Link to document of (https://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/esd/esd02/esd02a/mobile_browsing/onePag )
running list of MLA
citations of resources. First Past the Post - Disadvantages -,
aceproject.org/main/english/es/esd01b.htm?set_language=en. Accessed 24 Sept. 2023.

(https://aceproject.org/main/english/es/esd01b.htm )

“Forms of Government.” Education,

education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-forms-government/. Accessed 24
Sept. 2023.

(https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-forms-government/ )

Personal interest in the I first had interest in politics, during online learning, looking at ideologies and the
topic. politics of some countries. Later in my free time learning further about governments
What hobbies and interests around the world. I afterwards took part in multiple mock simulations of
outside of school link to governments in servers on Discord, which further developed my understanding of
your project? systems of governments and elections. After which I made maps and charts of
elections around the globe, further developing my understanding of electoral
systems, which I also used as my Start-up idea.

Previous MYP experience In I&S class, in grade 8, we had a unit of the systems of government, which further
related to the topic. opened me to researching about governments and ideologies such as monarchy,
What topics studied, representative democracy, oligarchy. In Grade 9, I had studied and written an essay
activities, projects or skills on how globalisation impacted the spread of Far Right politics and nationalism. I
from school could help? know my product is to inform people, so I can use my experience and also the
things I already learnt to further help in my project.

Initial Research Questions Book Related:

(3+) - Is there a particular format needed when writing a book?
- Where are the places to print books that are higher quality and for a
reasonable price?
- Are there any recommended designs or guidelines in writing a book? If so,
what are they?
Research (Politics) Related:
- What are the systems of government before the 20th century?
- What are some notably controversial systems of governments?
- What are some notably controversial electoral systems?
- What are some main factors in systems of elections?
- What are the examples of change in systems of both governments and
elections?

Description of final product I will produce a book for the exhibition which will be presenting the systems of
/ outcome to be presented elections and governments seen around the world and the pros and cons of it, I will
at exhibition aim to print the book and make it a physical

Anything else? No
Criteria: 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

Content The student does not reach The Student: The Student: The Student: The Student:
the standards listed. I) Presents a book I) Presents a book I) Presents a book I) Presents a book
containing limited types of containing adequate types containing varied types of containing effectively
systems of government and of systems of government systems of government substantial types of
election, with simple and elections, with modest and elections, with systems of government
explanations. explanations. effective explanations. and elections with
consistent explanations
II) Presents brief II) Presents moderate II) Presents proficient
information of the topics, information of the topics, information of the topics, II) Presents sophisticated
such as: such as: such as: information of the topics,
- How does it work? - How does it work? - How does it work? such as:
Government System: - Historical origin - Historical origin and - How does it work?
- How does it work? - Examples of countries trends - Historical origin and
using such. - Examples of countries trends
using such. - Examples of countries
- Pros and Cons using such.
- Pros and Cons
- Variables of the systems
- Effects on democracy.
- Justification.

Quality The student does not reach The students produces: The students produces: The students produces: The students produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title.
II) A book with none or II) A book with moderate II) A book with varied II) A book with
limited vocabulary and vocabulary and vocabulary and consistent vocabulary and
terminology. terminology. terminology. terminology.

Length The student does not reach The students produces: The students produces: The students produces: The students produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with at least 10 I) A book with at least 15 I) A book with at least 20 I) A book with at least 25
pages. pages. pages. pages.
II) A book with over 400 II) A book with over 600 II) A book with over 800 II) A book with over 1000
words. words. words. words.
III) Made limited III) A book with a minimum III) A book with a minimum III) A book with a minimum
recognition of resources of 2 chapters. of 4 chapters. of 6 chapters.
used. V) Made occasional V) Made proficient V) Made consistent
- Minimum of 3 recognition of resources recognition of resources recognition of resources
used. used. used.
- Minimum of 6 - Minimum of 9 - Minimum of 12

Aesthetics The student does not reach The student produces: The student produces: The student produces: The student produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with limited I) A book with moderate I) A book with effective I) A book with effective
usage of pictures usage of pictures usage of pictures usage of pictures
throughout. throughout. throughout. throughout.
II) Made limited II) Made moderate II) Made proficient II) Made proficient
recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures
used. used. used. used.
III) Does not account for III) Limitedity organised III) Moderately organised III) Consistently organised
the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures,
headings, body. headings, body. headings, body, making the headings, body, making the
IV) Presents a book with no IV) Presents a book with pages look eye pleasing.. pages look eye pleasing
use of colour. minimal usage of colour IV) Presents a book with and well spread out..
some usage of colour. IV) Presents a book with
effective and substantial
usage of colour.

Model The student does not reach The student yields a sample The student yields a sample The student yields a full The student yields a full
(On the day of the exhibition) the standards listed. on the exhibition that on the exhibition that version of the book on the version of the book (both
contains only 1 chapter. contains 3-4 chapters.. exhibition that is a digital physical and digital) on the
copy.. exhibition.
 Action Plan
Step Action End Goal Connection to success Deadline date Status
criteria

1 Conducting Research: To improve and With conducting research, 18th Dec 2023 COMPLETED
gather contents this touches a wide range of
and knowledge to criterias my success criteria,
1. Formulate Research use in writing the but it mainly touches
Questions book and also content and quality, since
2. Conduct research and answer prove researching those 2 criterias focus on
the questions. ATL skills. the knowledge and
3. Record the information and information presented and
the terminology and
sources.
vocabulary used.
4. (OPTIONAL) Conduct further
research if needed.

2 Setting out plans and designs: To set a clear route Setting the plans and 22nd Dec COMPLETED
to be taken while designs clearly touches the 2023
making the criteria of aesthetics, due to
1. Create a list of all the chapters product, such as it being related with the
and sections to be in the book. the design and design and layout and
2. Design the cover page and contents of the usage of pictures, the
page design (including layout) product. organisation of the product.
3. Finalise and choose a design
style.

3 Documenting Sources: To have a Documenting the sources 4rd Jan 2024 COMPLETED
document listing ensures the transparency
all the sources that and the recognition of
1. Create a doc to record all the have been used. other people’s ideas and
sources used to create the works as well as addressing
product (this accounts picture the criteria of Length
sources) (addresses the number of
2. Start sourcing the sources as sources used and
you go along with writing your recognized).
draft.

4 Drafting the product: To have the raw With drafting the product, it 4rd Jan 2024 COMPLETED
and bare parts of is addressing the length
the product criteria since it will address
1. Lay out a time schedule for finished. the page and word count of
which chapter should be the product.
completed on which day.
2. Create a doc and start
producing the draft text.
3. Create a drive to store all the
images to be used.

5 Creating the final product: To finalise and take Since the product's page 8th Jan 2024 COMPLETED
the drafted count, word count and
product and turn it design will be addressed
1. Finalise the draft. into a final refined during the creating final
2. Transfer the text and picture product. product phase, the
into the final design of the book. aesthetics and length
criteria are being
addressed.

6 Finalising the product: 10th Jan 2024 COMPLETED

Ensure there that:

There are no grammar and spelling mistakes present.

 There are no errors with the pictures, page numbers.
There are no mistakes in the design (layout, colour) major or minor.
There are no errors in the format
Conducted at least 1 full run through of the book.
(OPTIONAL) Send to another person to check and read fully.

7. Send the product into printing. To have a physical This will address the criteria 20th Jan 2024 COMPLETED
product to be of the model due to the
presented. criteria directly addressing
the product presented at
the exhibition.
 A. Planning
My learning goal
For my IB personal project, my learning goal is to develop my writing skills and further develop my
knowledge of politics, specifically government systems such as direct and representative
democracies, constitutional and absolute monarchies, an oligarchy, an autocracy, one-party states,
and Parliamentary and Presidential Republics such as Westminster, and also develop my knowledge
of electoral systems such as first past the post, general ticket, proportional representation, and
majoritarian.
During the Covid 19 pandemic, where I had online learning, my humanities class had a unit on
politics and ongoing world conflicts. With that start, it made my interest for politics grew even more.
Furthermore during summer breaks and more online learning, I started paying interest to the news
and political documentaries, my love and passion for politics grew. Immediately afterwards, I started
to notice that Wikipedia pages on Cambodian elections were either one with very limited
information or nonexistent. I also noticed that those information that are missing can be simply filled
with multiple media and official sources, which is where I started editing Wikipedia pages such as the
2022 and 2023 Cambodian elections. Due to me editing election pages, I became more familiar with
electoral systems. The 2020 US election also familiarised me with the electoral college, I also briefly
covered government systems in countries around the world. With this new found knowledge and
interest I seek to advance my knowledge with elections, politics, conflicts as a whole meaning this
personal project will help me become one step closer to such goals. As I also want to study Global
politics and political science in the DP and in university, politics is also a part of my family, though we
are not from a family of politicians, we like to keep up and debate the recent political news. My past
knowledge on this field from my hobbies for Wikipedia editing which showed me electoral systems
for elections in some of the world’s democracies and government units in humanities class enabled
me to have a brief and good information base of some government systems. Since I am producing a
book, my past abilities to design graphics on Canva and other platforms will also come of great use.
Of course given such, my global context is related to Fairness and Development, as the research and
study of government and electoral systems covers the basis of democracy, politics, and government.
This research will also have a sense of relevance with justice, peace, power and privilege, authority,
security and freedom, as systems often determine the level of freedom or democracy of the citizens
and who has power and authority in the system.

My Product goal
 For my IB personal project, my product goal is to create a book that provides an in-depth
understanding of government systems, including electoral systems, in various democracies and
historical regimes. It covers monarchy, oligarchies, autocracies, one-party regimes, and parliamentary
and presidential republics, with the electoral system being first past the post and proportional
representation for instance, highlighting their functions, pros, cons, and if needed different types and
variations of one system.

Product Success criteria

In my success criteria there are two factors, one factor is the product and the other is the presented
product on the exhibition day. In terms of the product, I have to create 2 general sections, one being
the composition of the product and the other being the aesthetics of the product. The composition
of the product is considered the product’s content, length, quality, example if such is word count, use
of terminology and pages and word count. I will be passing all the necessary criteria I need to meet
by conducting research and I will also use my prior knowledge as well which I had taken the prior
knowledge I already have into consideration when creating my success criteria, and making sure the
criteria’s standard is not too easy nor is it too hard to profill in a short time frame. In the other sense
for aesthetics it covers the amount of images used, the position of pictures and texts and usage of
colour. In terms of the presented product on the exhibition day, there is only one criteria that
touches on this topic, which is model and is basically determined by whether the product I present is
completed and in a hard copy. Though I am aware that the product presented is not the highest
priority, I do believe it is also still important to present a credible product. My only concern is the
difficulty of finding a printing press to print the book in a timely manner. Meaning if I were to fail to
meet this criteria fully, it will not be as much of an impact since it is a minor criteria. When looking at
the product, I want my criteria to focus on the composition, whether the information is expressed
fully and in the best terminology, and the aesthetics will give a sense of logical organisation through
the colours and the page layout, which maximises the audience understanding the product and its
content.

Criteria: 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8

Content The student does not reach The Student: The Student: The Student: The Student:
the standards listed. I) Presents a book I) Presents a book I) Presents a book I) Presents a book
containing limited types of containing adequate types containing varied types of containing effectively
systems of government and of systems of government systems of government substantial types of
election, with simple and elections, with modest and elections, with systems of government
explanations. explanations. effective explanations. and elections with
consistent explanations
II) Presents brief II) Presents moderate II) Presents proficient
information of the topics, information of the topics, information of the topics, II) Presents sophisticated
such as: such as: such as: information of the topics,
- How does it work? - How does it work? - How does it work? such as:
Government System: - Historical origin - Historical origin and - How does it work?
- How does it work? - Examples of countries trends - Historical origin and
 using such. - Examples of countries trends
using such. - Examples of countries
- Pros and Cons using such.
- Pros and Cons
- Variables of the systems
- Effects on democracy.
- Justification.

Quality The student does not reach The students produces: The students produces: The students produces: The students produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title. I) A book with a title.
II) A book with none or II) A book with moderate II) A book with varied II) A book with
limited vocabulary and vocabulary and vocabulary and consistent vocabulary and
terminology. terminology. terminology. terminology.

Length The student does not reach The students produces: The students produces: The students produces: The students produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with at least 10 I) A book with at least 15 I) A book with at least 20 I) A book with at least 25
pages. pages. pages. pages.
II) A book with over 400 II) A book with over 600 II) A book with over 800 II) A book with over 1000
words. words. words. words.
III) Made limited III) A book with a minimum III) A book with a minimum III) A book with a minimum
recognition of resources of 2 chapters. of 4 chapters. of 6 chapters.
used. V) Made occasional V) Made proficient V) Made consistent
- Minimum of 3 recognition of resources recognition of resources recognition of resources
used. used. used.
- Minimum of 6 - Minimum of 9 - Minimum of 12

Aesthetics The student does not reach The student produces: The student produces: The student produces: The student produces:
the standards listed.
I) A book with limited I) A book with moderate I) A book with effective I) A book with effective
usage of pictures usage of pictures usage of pictures usage of pictures
throughout. throughout. throughout. throughout.
II) Made limited II) Made moderate II) Made proficient II) Made proficient
recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures recognition of the pictures
used. used. used. used.
III) Does not account for III) Limitedity organised III) Moderately organised III) Consistently organised
the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures, the layout of the pictures,
headings, body. headings, body. headings, body, making the headings, body, making the
IV) Presents a book with no IV) Presents a book with pages look eye pleasing.. pages look eye pleasing
use of colour. minimal usage of colour IV) Presents a book with and well spread out..
some usage of colour. IV) Presents a book with
effective and substantial
usage of colour.

Model The student does not reach The student yields a sample The student yields a sample The student yields a full The student yields a full
(On the day of the exhibition) the standards listed. on the exhibition that on the exhibition that version of the book on the version of the book (both
contains only 1 chapter. contains 3-4 chapters.. exhibition that is a digital physical and digital) on the
copy.. exhibition.

Action Plan
For my action plan, I dedicated a majority of the time to be spent documenting sources, and writing
the draft of the product, since I believe that it would be the lengthiest part of this project, it is also
important to note that I had already started researching for my personal project early on which is
why I gave time to research a shorter period compared to other steps. I had also given a longer
deadline for printing the book, this is due to simply the concern of not finding an appropriate printer.
I have divided each goal into subtask or mini tasks that will help me micromanage and gain more
efficiency. I aimed to cover the criteria in my success criteria at least with one step, and also be done
during the winter break, and to have the product ready when we come back, as this also lined with
 the NISC Personal Project timeline guide. After which I had also used a Gnatt Chart to better help
give me visualisation.

Action Plan

Step Action End Goal Connection to success criteria Deadline date Status

1 Conducting Research: To improve and gather With conducting research, this 18th Dec 2023 COMPLETED
contents and touches a wide range of criterias
knowledge to use in my success criteria, but it mainly
1. Formulate Research Questions writing the book and touches content and quality, since
also prove researching those 2 criterias focus on the
2. Conduct research and answer the
ATL skills. knowledge and information
questions. presented and the terminology
3. Record the information and sources. and vocabulary used.
4. (OPTIONAL) Conduct further research
if needed.

2 Setting out plans and designs: To set a clear route to Setting the plans and designs 22nd Dec COMPLETED
be taken while making clearly touches the criteria of 2023
the product, such as aesthetics, due to it being related
1. Create a list of all the chapters and the design and with the design and layout and
sections to be in the book. contents of the usage of pictures, the
product. organisation of the product.
2. Design the cover page and page
design (including layout)
3. Finalise and choose a design style.

3 Documenting Sources: To have a document Documenting the sources ensures 4rd Jan 2024 COMPLETED
listing all the sources the transparency and the
that have been used. recognition of other people’s
1. Create a doc to record all the sources ideas and works as well as
used to create the product (this addressing the criteria of Length
accounts picture sources) (addresses the number of sources
used and recognized).
2. Start sourcing the sources as you go
along with writing your draft.

4 Drafting the product: To have the raw and With drafting the product, it is 4rd Jan 2024 COMPLETED
bare parts of the addressing the length criteria
product finished. since it will address the page and
1. Lay out a time schedule for which word count of the product.
chapter should be completed on which
day.
2. Create a doc and start producing the
draft text.
3. Create a drive to store all the images
to be used.

5 Creating the final product: To finalise and take the Since the product's page count, 8th Jan 2024 COMPLETED
drafted product and word count and design will be
turn it into a final addressed during the creating
1. Finalise the draft. refined product. final product phase, the
aesthetics and length criteria are
2. Transfer the text and picture into the
being addressed.
final design of the book.

6 Finalising the product: 10th Jan 2024 COMPLETED

Ensure there that:

There are no grammar and spelling mistakes present.

There are no errors with the pictures, page numbers.
There are no mistakes in the design (layout, colour) major or minor.
There are no errors in the format
Conducted at least 1 full run through of the book.
(OPTIONAL) Send to another person to check and read fully.
7. Send the product into printing. To have a physical This will address the criteria of 20th Jan 2024 COMPLETED
product to be the model due to the criteria
presented. directly addressing the product
presented at the exhibition.

B. Applying Skills
ATL Skills for the Learning Goal
The primary ATL Skill I will use to accomplish the Learning Goal is the Research Skills. This project
required me to conduct a significant amount of research in order to accomplish my learning goal
which was to develop my knowledge of politics, specifically government systems. It is important that
I conduct research before drafting the product as I need a substantial amount of research to write
the draft well and also meet my success criteria such as quality and content. With choosing Research
skills, specifically Information Literacy, the biggest strength is this ATL skill will maximiness the quality
of the product as more consistent and better conducted research increases the accuracy and
reliability. Due to conducting research, another benefit is that I have more access to information.
However a big limitation is that some information available may have been written in a biassed stand
point. My research is divided into two sections; political research and book related. The methods I
used for research is by simply creating research questions that will be of great use and afterwards
answer and gathering multiple accurate and reliable data and information. I wanted to gather as
much information on the topics that were most beneficial to create my product and meet all of the
criteria and requirements I have set for myself in my success criteria. I specifically used research skills
to gather resources and information. The table below shows the research questions I had formulated
and also the research in general that I had conducted.

I. Northern Ireland
The political system of Northern Ireland is a cross community power sharing system, this was made by the 1998 Good
Friday Agreement which ended decades of conflict between the Unionist and Nationalist forces which is known as The
Troubles. In the Northern Ireland Assembly, voting on key issues and legislation require the backing of both community
support. Nationalist parties believe in a united Ireland, while the unionists are those that want to remain in the UK. In
the recent years of Northern Ireland politics. A new group is changing the political landscape, the Non Sectarians. In a
government, called the Northern Ireland Executive, the composition of the government must be of both Unionist and
Nationalist parties, with the roles of First Minister and Deputy First Minister filled by each community, it is important to
note however that those 2 roles have equal powers. This system is very much prone to collapsing, since parties have the
power to boycott and block the functioning of Northern Ireland’s government and institution, example of such can be
seen in modern day, as the DUP after the defeat to Sinn Fein in the 2022 election, boycotted and declined to agree on
the appointment of Speaker to the Assembly, preventing the formation of an Executive.

II. Belgium
The country of Belgium has 6 parliaments and governments and a complex political landscape created due to the
linguistic and cultural diversity The federal government which is led by the prime minister, the cabinet must have an
equal number of french and dutch speaking members. When talking about cities. Power is distributed by 2 lines,
linguistic and cultural communities and geographic regions. In Belgium, there are 3 language communities, the Flemish,
French and German, each having their own parliament and government which deal with personal and cultural issues
such as welfare, education, healthcare. The geographic reasons are Flanders which is primarily Dutch speaking, Wallonia
which is primarily French speaking and the Brussels capital region, those regional governments and parliament deal with
economic and infrastructure issues. With this decentralisation and balancing comes lots of tension, with the biggest one
being separatist movements advocating for the breaking up of the country.

1. Research (Politics) Related

1) What are some notably controversial electoral systems?

US Electoral College
● How it works:
The Electoral College is composed of electors who each wil cast one electoral vote following the general election vote. Each
state gets a certain number of electors based on its total number of representatives in Congress and its 2 senators. There are
a total of 538 electoral votes and the candidate must win the majority of 270 electoral votes to win the election.
● Public Perception:
According to a 2020 Pew Research survey, 58% of the respondents believe there should be electoral reform so that a
presidential candidate who obtains the most votes nationwide wins the election, with women and youth being the
demographic most supportive. The research showed political divisions among those who support or wish to abolish the
Electoral College. In 2011, 51% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents supported electoral reform. Nearly
two-thirds of Republicans said they wanted to retain the present system in place in 2020.

● Criticism
 Critics argue that the Electoral College violates the "one person, one vote" premise and is less democratic than a popular
vote. Not only can someone win the presidency without winning the popular vote, but it also has an impact on how and
where candidates campaign. Under the electoral college, it is evident that one candidate or one party is likely to win a
specific state consistently, there is no motivation for the other candidate to campaign in that state and attempt to garner
votes. As a result, instead of visiting as many states as possible, candidates end up concentrating their efforts and resources
on a small number of swing states.

Examples of Presidents getting elected but not winning the popular vote:
2016 Trump (R) Clinton (D)
Electoral Vote: 304 Electoral Vote: 227
62,984,828 (46.1%) 65,853,514 (48.2%)
(Split Electoral Votes in Maine and Nebraska, 270 to WIN) (5 Presidents Who Lost the Popular Vote But Won the Election, History.Com) (What is the Electoral College and Why Is it Controversial?, ADL)

2) What are the systems of elections around the world?

Party Block voting (PBV):

● How it works:
Unlike FPTP, Party Block Vote allows for multi-member districts. Voters select candidates from party lists rather than from
individual candidates. The party with the most votes in the district wins every seat, and all of the candidates on that party's
list are legitimately elected.
● Pros:
PBV is easy to use, benefits and promotes parties with higher votes , and enables parties to field a diverse field of candidates
to increase minority participation. As it allows political parties to submit lists of candidates that represent a variety of ethnic
backgrounds, and in certain cases, it is even intended to force them to do so, it can be utilised to promote equitable ethnic
representation.
● Cons:
Party Block Vote can lead to highly unbalanced results in which it makes it easy for one party to gain nearly all of the seats
with a simple majority or plurality of the votes.
● Historical Background:
The two opposition parties had no representation in the legislature of Djibouti in 1997 after the ruling Union for the
Presidential Majority coalition secured every seat. In 2012, the Djiboutian government implemented election reform that
separated the distribution of parliamentary seats into proportional and PBV categories. With this modification, the 2013
election results for other parties were more equitable.
● Example of countries:
Singapore, Cameroon, Chad, and US (Electoral College only)

2. Book Related

1) Where are the places to print books that are higher quality and for a reasonable price?

These are some printing shops in Phnom Penh, the following are establishments that have reasonable reviews online.
1) Vann Sophea Printing House
Address: 32 St 456, Phnom Penh
Contact: 012880107
1) The GALLERY Printing House
Address: No. D65, Street V18 12105
Contact: 087777308
2) Butterfly Printing House Co.,LTD
Contact: 017802803

Another ATL Skill I will use to accomplish the learning goal is the organisation skills. This project is
very content heavy, meaning organising my research will help me be able to stay on task and help me
be aware of what research I should be up to and conducting. Organising my research will make it
more efficient to transfer my draft into my final product which saves me both time and stress.
Organisation skills will also help me keep track of all the sources I used, as it is a requirement for me
to make recognition of sources as required in my success criteria. I had placed all my draft writing
into tables which are labelled and sectioned to make transferring my draft into my product easier as
said and also I had also kept a documentation of all the sources I have used. The pictures below show
an extract of such.
 Chapter 1 Research (Politics) Related

Majoritarian Party Block Voting

How it works:
Party Block Vote allows for multi-member districts. Voters select candidates from party lists rather than from individual
candidates. The party with the most votes in the district wins every seat, and all of the candidates on that party's list
are legitimately elected.

Positives:
Party Black voting is easy to use. Benefits and promotes parties with higher votes, and enables parties to field a diverse
field of candidates to increase minority participation. As it allows political parties to submit lists of candidates that
represent a variety of ethnic backgrounds, and in certain cases, meaning it can be utilised to promote equitable ethnic
representation.

Negatives:
Party Block Vote can lead to highly unbalanced results in which it makes it easy for one party to gain nearly all of the
seats with a simple majority or plurality of the votes.

Historical Background:
The two opposition parties had no representation in the legislature of Djibouti in 1997 after the ruling Union for the
Presidential Majority coalition secured every seat. In 2012, the Djiboutian government implemented election reform
that separated the distribution of parliamentary seats into proportional and PBV categories. With this modification, the
2013 election results for other parties were more represented.

ATL Skills for the Product Goal

The primary ATL Skill I will use to accomplish the product goal is the organisation skills. This project is
very much packed with deadlines to follow, meaning organising my product’s draft, images and
sources into one specific place maximines efficiency
and also allows me to meet deadlines easier by dividing
tasks into mini tasks. The only negative is the amount of
lost time planning out a plan rather than doing a task,
however planning it out and organising the tasks is
worth it in the long run. Time management is very
crucial to help me complete my product, research
shows that Making good use of your time enhances
happiness and work-life balance. Additionally, effective time management lowers stress and makes it
simpler and faster to accomplish your goals. effective time management improves your ability to
prioritise tasks and boost your output. Effective time management enables you to work more
efficiently and effectively, allowing you to take advantage of greater opportunities. I maintained good
time management by creating a personal do list on the managebac platform, and I would tick the
task when it was complete, tho simply, this enabled me to know quickly what I had to do. I had also
organised my chapters of the books to help me write the draft.

Another ATL Skill I used to accomplish the product goal is communication skills. This project requires
me to communicate with other parties to be able to have my product printed and made physical. I
used this skill by contacting multiple businesses to find a quote on the pricing and minimum order I
have to make for them to accept my product and to keep my budget as low as possible. I had also
kept in contact with my supervisor by email and in person whenever I needed to call any meeting or
ask any questions and so on. Communication skills are very important in any workplace as
communication will help clear off confusion and make other people such as your leaders know where
you are at. The only downside is it may take away some time spent from working and instead trying
to communicate with other parties.
 C. Reflecting
Impact of the product
At the end of this personal project, not only was I able to build upon the ATL skills that I have been
developing, but also developed my knowledge of politics that I also have been developing for a long
time, I learned and gained new information that I did not expect I would, such as for example very
specific types of government or electoral systems for example such as the types of first past the post
voting and also proportional representation. I was able to accomplish my learning goal; to expand my
knowledge of politics specifically in the field of electoral and government systems and also express
my writing skills through a book. In this project I developed my principle skills, as with each
government or electoral system, I have maintained integrity by maintain as unbiased as possible and
not expressing my political, for example, in every system, I have listed out the positives and negatives
of the system, giving people both sides of an argument and I also learned that every system has a
positive and negative to it and that I should not immediately strike down a system. One of the
biggest strengths I had in this project is my pre-existing knowledge on this topic, which made me
conduct fast and accurate research and actually made me enjoy the project as a whole very much.
I had also had a chance to improve my graphic editing skills, since I had to design my product to an
aesthetic and organised template which I yielded 2 cover pages and with my research skills, I
conducted primary in the form of a survey and yielded important and useful data. The only
weakness or problem was me being packed with after school tutoring and summatives which
somewhat slowed myself down as I had too much of a busy schedule. One challenge I had faced was
with the success criteria where the coordinator had recommended at least 7 criterias. Due to me
trying to reach that number, a lot of the criterias that were good were divided up and the criteria
became either irreverent or too specific. Which was a major problem, but after some
communications with my supervisor and coordinator, the PP coordinator was able to compromise on
my success criteria being merged to create strong criteria(s). This project has helped me understand
more governments and elections, which is one of the fundamental cores of politics. This will help me
in DP, as I seek to pursue Global Politics on a higher level. Due to this, with my developed skill in
politics, it showed me better understanding of the chosen global context of Fairness and
development, specifically in the political, law, Democracy, politics, government, civil society, rights,
law, power and privilege and authority as explained earlier on.

Option 1 (Left) and Option 2(Right)

Evaluation of Product
Sample pages of the product.
Criteria: Grade Strand Justification:
Awarde Awarded:
d (0-8):

6 The Student: - In my product, the information I had given was

Content I) Presents a book
containing varied types
concise, and contained a variety of electoral and
of systems of governmental systems with thorough explanation
government and and elaboration.
elections, with effective - The information presented in all system was how the
explanations.
system works, the examples of countries using that
II) Presents proficient system, and the positives and negatives of this
information of the system, furthermore in some system or chapters, I
topics, such as:
- How does it work?
had provided an example of results and historical
- Historical origin and background which provided further quality
trends information and assistance to understanding a
- Examples of countries system’s concept which furthermore makes it a
using such.
- Pros and Cons successful product.
- WWW: Complex and packful information that fits all
the necessary criteria boundaries.
- EBI: The amount of time it would take to research
and make the product was over the 1 month
recommendation.

7 The students produces: - My product had a clear and distinguishable title that
Quality
I) A book with a title.
is related to my content and helps give the viewers a
II) A book with brief idea of what the book is about.
consistent vocabulary - My product showed a wide range of political
and terminology. terminology usage within any chapter of the book,
examples could range from simple and more
complex political terminology, for example some
words used are coalition, gerrymandering.
- WWW: Complex and detailed terminology used,
meaning a great extensive knowledge is shown in
this field of subject, and a clear and thoughtful title
is yielded.
- EBI: Of course, as I have not studied politics for a
long time, some complex terminology is unknown to
me.

8 The students produces: - My product had 63 pages of content, over 3000

Length
I) A book with at least 25
words and 9 chapters of systems meaning I had
pages. exceeded criteria expectations for all the
II) A book with over requirements regarding the length of the product,
1000 words. this shows as evidence of deeper understanding and
III) A book with a
minimum of 6 chapters. research made from my end.
V) Made consistent - I had made recognition of 18 sources that I have
recognition of resources utilised to make this product, which exceeds the
used.
- Minimum of 12
minimum requirement of 12 and also shows proof of
greater research being conducted.
 - WWW: Exceeded all length and source requirements
which show proof of quality knowledge, time and
research being put in for making this product.
- EBI: Writing the information took a long time and
also occupied me for an extensive amount of time.

7 he student produces: - I had used at least 1 image in most pages, those

Aesthetics
I) A book with effective
pictures serve as visualisation or examples of a
usage of pictures system or history but also makes the book more fun
throughout. to read and also aesthetic. For every picture, I had
II) Made proficient put out a label and caption below the picture, this
recognition of the
pictures used. serves as a recognition of the origin of the picture
III) Consistently and also helps provide more knowledge and context
organised the layout of to the viewer.
the pictures, headings,
body, making the pages
- I had spread out each body paragraph and
look eye pleasing and information point by not only separating it but giving
well spread out.. headings in bold and different coloured fonts which
IV) Presents a book with help it stick out and improve the navigability of the
effective and substantial
usage of colour. product.
- I organised each chapter by its own unique colour
which gives out clear separation of chapters, all
colours I have chosen do not blend and contrast the
background colour.
- WWW: The aesthetic and organisation of the
product gives a professional and more satisfactory
feel when looking at the product.
- EBI: It took a long and extensive amount of extra
time for me to simply sort out and modify the
colours and select images that are appropriate.

8 The student yields a full - Both a digital copy (in the form of a pdf) and a
Model version of the book
(On the day of
(both physical and di
physical copy of the book is prepared and ready to
the exhibition) be showcased at the exhibition day.
- WWW: A physical book shows a nice added extra
detail to my showcase and can help me engage with
my audience.
- EBI: Though the digital copy did not bring any issues,
there was quite a lot of hassle being taken to get my
product printed, and thought is problem was by pure
luck, the printer I went to, had 2 consecutive issues
(machine error, power cuts).