Maharashtra state board of technical Education Mumbai

(2023 – 2024)

Solar Tracker Using Arduino with DC to AC Inverter 240v

PROJECT REPORT
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR
THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

Submitted by
1) Nishikant Parwate 4) Vaishnav Baraskar

2) Anil Nandeshwar 5) Mitali Bhure

3) Kunal Patle 6) Shubhodhani Nagdewe

GUIDE
PROF. A . A. Ali SIR

Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Government Polytechnic , Sakoli
Maharashtra state Board of Technical Education Mumbai
2023 -- 2024
 Government Polytechnic , Sakoli

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai

Certificate

This is certify
Name of student Enrollment Number

1) Nishikant Parwate 2200910320

2) Anil Nandeshwar 2200910314

3) Kunal Patle 2200910330

4) Vaishnav Baraskar 2200910294

5) Mitali Bhure 2100910099

6) Shubhodhani Nagdewe 2200910307

Of EVEN (ACADEMIC 2023-2024)(ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING)

Student have submitted their

Project report on

Solar Tracker Using Arduino with DC to AC Inverter 240v

During academic session 2023-2024 as a part of project work prescribed by Government
Polytechnic, sakoli for partial fulfilment for the Diploma in (Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering). The project work is the record of students own work and
is completed satisfactorily.
(Prof. A.A. Ali Sir ) (Prof. A. A. Ali)

Guide Head of Department

(Prof. S. P. Lambhade sir )

 Principal Government Polytechnic, Sakoli

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the project report
entitled Solar Tracker Using Arduino with DC to AC Inverter 240v by me/us in
partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of diploma in (Electronic and
telecommunication Engineering) submitted in the Department of (Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering) is record of our own work carried out during
ODD/EVEN (2023-2024) guided by (Prof. Prof.A.A.Ali sir ).

Signature and Name of the Students

1) Nishikant Parwate

2) Anil Nandeshwar

3) Kunal Patle

4) Vaishnav Baraskar

5) Mitali Bhure
6) Shubhodhani Nagdewe
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, SAKOLI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to place on record my deep sense of gratitude to our Guide ,Prof . A. A. Ali sir
, Dept. of Electronics and telecommunication for his generous guidance, help and useful
suggestions

We express my sincere gratitude to Prof. A. A. Ali, Head, Dept. of Electronic and

telecommunication, for his stimulating guidance, continuous encouragement and
supervision throughout the course of present work.

We are extremely thankful to Prof. S. P. Lambhade, Principal, for providing meus

infrastructural facilities to work in, without which this work would not have been possible.

It is just impossible to mention everybody name but we are sincerely thankful for
classmates and family members who contribute their direct and indirect co-operation and
support for successful completion of project work.

(Students Name and Signature)

1) Nishikant Parwate

2) Anil Nandeshwar

3) Kunal Patle

4) Vaishnav Baraskar

5) Mitali Bhure
6) Shubhodhani Nagdewe
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, SAKOLI

EXAMINAR'S CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the project entitled as Solar Tracker Using Arduino
with DC to AC Inverter 240v has been successfully completed by

Name of student Enrollment Number Exam seat No.

1) Nishikant Parwate 2200910320

2) Anil Nandeshwar 2200910314

3) Kunal Patle 2200910330

4) Vaishnav Baraskar 2200910294

5) Mitali Bhure 2100910099

6) Shubhodhani Nagdewe 2200910307

Solar Tracker Using Arduino with DC to AC Inverter 240v

As prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education Mumbai (MSBTE)

as partial fulfilment for the award of "Diploma in Electronics & Telecommunication Engg."
During the academic year 2023-2024.

Guided by

Prof. A. A. Ali

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE Internal Examiner

External Examiner Date: Date:

 INDEX

CHAPTER NAMES

CHAPTER - 1 ………………....

Introduction

CHAPTER - 2 ………………....

2.1 Working

2.2 Component Requirement

CHAPTER - 3 ………………....
3.1 Component Specification and Information

CHAPTER - 4 ………………....

4.1 Software Program For Device

CHAPTER - 5 ………………....

5.1 Block Diagram

5.2 Circuit Diagram

5.3 Schematic Diagram

5.4 Pin Connection

5.5 Observation

5.6 Project Model Images

CHAPTER - 6 ………………....

6.1 Future Scope

6.2 Advantages And Disadvantages

6.3 Application

CHAPTER - 7 ………………....

Conclusion
CHAPTER – 1 ……………………
INTRODUCTION
 Solar Tracker Using Arduino with DC to AC Inverter (240v)

INTRODUCTION

A solar tracker is a system that automatically adjusts the position of solar

panels throughout the day to keep them facing directly towards the sun. This
optimizes energy production by maximizing the amount of sunlight hitting the
panels.
This project combines an Arduino microcontroller with a DC to AC inverter to
create a solar tracker system with the following components:
Arduino: The Arduino is the brain of the system. It reads data from light
sensors to determine the sun's position and controls motors to adjust the solar
panel's tilt.
Light Sensors: These sensors, typically photoresistors or photodiodes,
measure the amount of sunlight hitting them. By comparing the readings from
multiple sensors, the Arduino can determine the direction of the sun.
Motors:These motors physically move the solar panel frame based on the
Arduino's instructions.
Solar Panel:This is the photovoltaic panel that converts sunlight into
electricity.
DC to AC Inverter (240v): This inverter converts the DC electricity generated
by the solar panel into AC electricity compatible with the grid or your
appliances.
g it with a DC to AC inverter.
CHAPTER – 2 ……………………
2.1. WORKING
2.2. COMPONENT REQUIREMENT
 2.1 Working
The solar system will track the location of the sun to ensure the solar panel is
always perpendicular with the sun therefore optimizing power output. The
operation of the system on sunny and bad weather condition has been
presented in this paper. The solar tracking prototype has been stated for future
works. An inverter is one of the most important pieces of equipment in a solar
energy system. It's a device that converts direct current (DC) electricity, which
is what a solar panel generates, to alternating current(AC) electricity, which
the electrical grid uses.
The inverter is an electronic circuit that changes the DC to AC. It does not
generate electric power; the power is supplied from the battery. The input
voltage of the inverter is the constant DC power source, and their output may
be square, sine or pulse sine wave depends on the circuitand design of the
inverter
  Block Diagram Of Solar Tracker

Working Principle
1. When the power turn on the system will shows the current and
voltage of the battery on the display.

2. After start if the ups is connected with the external AC power

supply system will automatically shift the system to the AC external
power therefore there is no any current or voltage consumption is
there for the battery.

3. If the external power is turn off the system will automatically

change the power to battery so we can see sudden increase in the
current and voltage consumption of the battery on the display

4. We also add over current protection system in which the system

will automatically turn the system off when there is increase the
current above 20Amps.

5. System is built with Solar charging system it will automatically

charge the system as solar plate goes inside the sun.

6. The system is capable of calculating the wattage of the given load as

well as voltage and current.

Condition I: When main supply is on

The supply will provide a single-phase or three-phase ac signal

as input to the rectifier circuit. The rectifier circuit will change the
applied ac input into a dc signal. The dc output of the rectifier is
simultaneously fed to the inverter as well as the battery in order to
charge the latter. Thus, the rectifier here acts as a charger as well as
a rectification unit thus is of high rating. The dc signal fed to the
inverter will convert the dc signal into ac. This ac signal is provided
to the normally on-static switch through which the ac power is
delivered to the load. Hence, in this mode of operation, power to the
critical load is supplied along with simultaneous charging of the
battery. When the Ups is on main supply( 230 volts AC) there will be
two conditions. 1.battery will get charged . 2. The load will run on
AC supply.
 Condition II: When main supply is off

In the absence of an ac input signal, the rectifier will be in a temporarily disconnected state, in such a condition, the
stored power within the battery is provided to the inverter. And from this point, the inverter starts operating like
the previously discussed condition i.e., taking the dc input and converting it into ac output and providing it to the
load via normally on static switch. However, the supply from the battery backup must not add any delay or
interruption to the operation. The battery backup is utilized either till the time of restoration of the ac supply or
until the battery power gets drained off, which ever condition occurs first.There is have another option of battery
getting charged in the absence of AC supply with 12v\12 solar panel. Solar panels cells converts the light energy to
electrical energy.

Condition III: When ups on solar panel

Solar panel generate 20volt dc power supply but for the charging the battery needs
of only 12- volt supply that’s why a voltage controller converts the 20 volts into 12 volts .
Solar powered UPS system provide a continuous, reliable power solution that's easily
deployed, cost-effective and requires little maintenance. Solar UPS Power Systems are
complete, fully integrated solar power supplies designed for site loads requiring between
20 volts to 23-volt DC. Each Solar UPS system provides safe and reliable power generation
without the need and expense of installing utility power.
In this Ups system have a solar panel of 12v\12w it provides the electrical energy
(DC) to the battery. But the solar panel produces 21 to 23 volts at daylight .So, battery can
get easily damaged. To protect\avoid the battery from over voltage we add some voltage
controllers (it converts 22 volts to
13.5 volts). The battery getting on charging and it uses as the load is connected at the
output. It improves the capacity of battery. In Ups there is have an Arduino uno so, it
requires 5 volts we add another voltage controller for the output of 12 v to 5 volts
Solar ups contain converter, inverter and charge controller in the integrated power
system unit. These intelligent components operate solar ups in right way and establish the
assurance for realistic power production. Solar ups never make dangerous hazards and
unbelievable mistakes while running the system. The reason is solar ups completely
designed by using the electronic and electrical components so there is moving and
mechanical parts inside the UPS unit. Without the moving parts having one system never
makes noise sounds and heat waves for that reason solar ups becomes a maintenance free
device in your life time.
Condition IV: Why does an UPS gets off
Not enough sunlight & Electricity grid is off

The inverter is connected to the solar panels that only generate electricity by daylight. In
case of sunset, clouds or when there is snow laying on the solar panels, the system will not
generate electricity because there is no light. As soon as there is enough light to generate power,
the inverter will start automatically. This is a situation that can appear in the winter, during dark
and cloudy days.

When both of the charging sources is not available due to no sunlight and certain
problems with the main grid line. Then battery does not have sufficient charging due to this
battery is not produce the voltage that’s reason the Ups can get turn off.

This is due to the following: the electricity generated by the solar panels is temporarily
stored in the inverter. The inverter is constantly measuring the frequency and the voltage from
the grid and adjusts the generated power to this. At the right moment, the right phase, the inverter
will inject the electricity into the grid. Whenever there is a power outage, the inverter
automatically shuts down. This is legally bound and written down in several standards that the
inverters should meet.

1. High voltage outlet inverter

Does the inverter shut down (several times) during the day? This is mostly due to the level
of voltage from the outlet of the inverter. When the voltage is too high, the inverter shuts down
automatically for safety reasons.
 2.2 COMPONENT REQUREMENT

 Components Use

1. Solar Panel (12v 25w)

2. Arduino Uno R3
3. Servo Motor
4. Battery ( 12 volt 100w)
5. AC Inverter ( Dc 12v to Ac 240v)
6. Charge controller 10A 12V
7. DC Power Supply 5v
8. LDR ( 2 )
9. Resistor 10k (2)
 CHAPTER – 3 ……………………
COMPONENT INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATION
 3.1 COMPONENT INFORMATION AND SPECIFICATION

Arduino Uno Pin Diagram

Arduino. and is based on Atmega328 Microcontroller. The first Arduino project

was started in Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2003 by David Cuartielles
and Massimo Banzi with the intention of providing a cheap and flexible way for
students and professionals to learn embedded programming.
Arduino UNO is a very valuable addition in electronics that consists of a USB
interface, 14 digital I/O pins(of which 6 Pins are used for PWM), 6 analog pins
and an Atmega328 microcontroller. It also supports 3 communication
protocols named Serial, I2C and SPI protocol. You should also have a look at
this video presentation on Arduino UNO:
  Specification

SR.No Parameter Specification

1 Microcontroller Atmega328
2 Crystal Oscillator 16MHZ
3 Operating Voltage 5V
4 Input voltage 5-12v
5 Digital I/O Pin 14 (D0 to D13 )
6 Analog I/O Pin 6 (A0 to A5 )
7 PWM Pin Pin #
8 Power Pin
9 Communication Uart
10 Flash Memory
11 SRAM
12 EEPROM
13 ICSP Header
14 Power Source
  PINOUT

1. POWER: -

a. The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-
20V unregulated external power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated
external power supply (pin 27). The power source is automatically
selected to the highest voltage source.

b. The FTDI FT232RL chip on the Nano is only powered if the board is
being powered over USB. As a result, when running on external (non-
USB) power, the 3.3V output (which is supplied by the FTDI chip) is
not available and the RX and TX LEDs will flicker if digital pins 0 or 1
are high.
2. MEMORY: -

a. The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which
2 KB is used for the bootloader); theATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with
2 KB used for the bootloader). ii. The ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM
and512 bytes of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library); the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM
3. Input & Output: -

a. Each of the 14 digital pins on the Nano can be used as an input or

output, using pin Mode ( ), digital Write ( ), and digital Read ( )
functions.
b. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of
40 Ma and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 k Ohms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
4. Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX): -

a. Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are
 connected to the corresponding pins of the FTDI USB-to-TTL Serial
chip.
5. External Interrupts: 2 and 3: -

These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value,

arising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attach Interrupt ( )
function for details.

6. PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11: -

Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write () function.

7. SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK).

8. These 4-pins support SPI communication, which although provided by

the underlying hardware, is not currently included in the Arduino
language.
9. LED: 13: -

a. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The Nano has 8 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of
resolution (i.e., 1024 different values). By default, they measure from
ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their
range using the analog Reference ( ) function. Additionally, some pins
have specialized functionality.
 2 Servo Motor

Pin Diagram Of Servo Motor

 Introduction Of Servo Motor

As our technology advances, the use of robots and other autonomous applications in our daily lives increases
as well. While cheaper robots use stepper or brushed DC motors, more advanced robotics require the use of
servo motors. But what is a servo motor and why are they used in most industrial applications? A servo
motor is a self-contained electrical device that moves parts of a machine with high efficiency and great
precision. In simpler terms, a servo motor is a BLDC motor with a sensor for positional feedback. This
allows the output shaft to be moved to a particular angle, position, and velocity that a regular motor cannot
do. However, a servo motor is only one part of a closed-loop motion control system. A complete motion
system includes an amplifier, control circuit, drive gears, potentiometer, shaft, and either an encoder or
resolver as well as the servo motor

 Features of Servo motor

 Operating Voltage is +5V typically

 Torque: 2.5kg/cm
 Operating speed is 0.1s/60°
 Gear Type: Plastic
 Rotation : 0°-180°
 Weight of motor : 9gm
 Package includes gear horns and screws