Image File Format

File formats, specifically image file formats, are facilities or methods to store and organize digital
images. The manner of interpreting digital image files is due to the format of storing and coding the image
files. The elements of the picture, which are referred to as pixels or picture elements, are arranged and
stored in a manner dictated by the format of the image. Furthermore, the size that an image occupies in the
storage device is directly related to the formatting used. There are a number of file formats for images,
some of which are presented here.
 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG Or JPG)
 This is a compression method that complies with the JPEG File Interchange
Format (JFIF).
 This format applies a "lossy" compression method to image files, which means
that a huge number of pixels are lost or discarded in storing the image.
 The information is not lost, however, but a great space for storage is saved.
 Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
 This is a less common file format supported by Web browsers.
 This file format can use either the lossless or the lossy compression method.
 Graphics Interchange Format (GIF)
 This is a popular file format for storing graphical images with fewer colors.
 This file format supports 256 colors only. GIF compression method uses lossless
compression techniques.
 Portable Network Graphics (PNG)
 The intention for the creation of this file forma is to be a free and open source
substitute for GIF.
 This file format is expected to be fully compatible with online applications.
 This is a lossless compression method, thus, it is also used in editing applications.

Image Manipulation
An image editor is an application that contains tools that can alter digital photos and images. This
type of application is used to enhance photos and is typically used by graphic editors and artists. There are
many image editing applications, with the Adobe Creative Suite series being one of the most famous image
editors in the market today.
The Components of the GIMP
 The work area of the editor is the spacious area in the middle. When an image is opened
the whole of the work area is occupied.
 The tool box or tool option is located at the left side of the window and is tiled vertically.
This small window contains various tools for editing, cropping, and making image
enhancements.
 The layers window is located at the right side of the application. It contains layers of the
images in the work area. Layers are defined as another image that is mixed or combined
with another layer. The combination will produce a composite of layers and is the final
graphic photo or image.

GIMP Manipulation

1. Opening Image Files - At the upper portion of the GIMP editor, press the File option. Then
choose the directory where you are going to save the image you are about to edit.
 2. Select Tool-Select the crop tool from the tool box. Select the area that you want to enclose while
dragging left-click across the image. There are three types in the select tool, ellipse tool, and the free select
tool. The square tool enables you to select a portion of the image by enclosing it with a square. The ellipse
tool enables you to select a portion of the image by enclosing it with an ellipse or a circle. Last, the free
select tool enables you to select a portion of the image by an arbitrary enclosed shape that you define by
tracing the image in freehand.
3. Erase Tool - Select the erase tool from the tool box. Then hold the left mouse button and drag it
across the image. The erase tool is a tool used to replace any selected part with white strokes. It is referred
to as an erase tool because any color stroked with this tool is replaced by white as if you were erasing on a
paper.
4. Paintbrush Tool - Select the paintbrush tool from the tool box. Then hold the left mouse button
and drag it across the image. The paint tool is similar to the erase tool. The only difference is that you can
select and change the color of the brush.
5. Saving Your Work - From the File option, select the Save As option and save your work in the
desired directory.

 Rectangle Select Tool - used to select a part of the image in a rectangular shape
 Ellipse Select Tool - used to select a part of the image in ellipse or circular shape
 Free Select Too l- used to select a customized shape by hand-drawing the bounding line
 Fuzzy Select Tool - used to select an area intelligently by the computer
 Select by Color Tool -used to select a certain color. All the areas in the workspace with the
same color will be selected
 Scissors Select Tool - used to select a shape determined by the edges defined in
theimage
 Foreground Select Tool - used to select and separate the subject in the image against the
background of the image
 Path Tool - used to create a customized path for editing
 Color Picker Too l- used to select a specified color from the image
 Zoom Tool - used to adjust the scale and size of the image relative to the viewer
 Measure Tool - used to measure the distance between two points. It can also measure the
angles of separation of two points
 Move Tool - used to select a part of the image and transfer it to another area
 Alignment Tool - used to align all the layers in the image
 Crop Tool - used to remove or cut a certain part of the lmage
 Rotate Tool - used to rotate the image, either clockwise or counterclockwise
 Scale Tool - Used to scale large or scale small the image in the workspace
 Shear Tool - used to make the image look slanted or inclined on one side
 Perspective Tool - used to make the image look as if viewed from a certain angle
 Flip Tool - Used to flip or invert the view of the image horizontally
 Cage Transform Tool - used to transform the size of a certain portion of the imager
 Text Tool - used to insert a textbox for insertion of characters or words
 Bucket Fill Tool - used to automatically fill the entire selection with your chosen colo
 Gradient Tool - used to fill the selected area with a color gradient
 Pencil Tool - used to draw on a selected image similar to a pencil stroke
 Paintbrush Tool - used to influence the selected image with brush type strokes with the
chosen color and thickness
  Erase Tool - used to delete an unwanted area in the image
 Airbrush Tool – use to apply airbrush strokes with varying pressure
 Ink Tool used to do calligraphy-style paintings
 Clone tool - used to copy a certain pattern from an image to be used to the selected
portion
 Healing Tool - used to correct irregularities in a selected portion of the image
 Perspective Clone Tool - used to apply a cloned pattern from a selected image after
applying a perspective transformation
 Blur/ Sharpen Tool - used to blur a selection by using a paint brush
 Smudge Tool - used to smudge a selection using a brush
 Dodge/ Burn Tool – used to lighten or darken a selection using a brush

Combining Text and Image by Using the Text Tool

1. Select the Text tool in the tool box window.
2. Set the properties of the text to be inserted in the lower part of the tool box.
3. Click the area where you want your text to appear.
4. Type the text you want to appear with the image.

Sketch Up
Sketch Up (formerly Google Sketch Up) is three-dimensional modeling software developed by
Google that you can use for drawing applications such as engineering drawing, architectural and interior
design, network design, and civil design. It is offered as both paid (Sketch up Pro) and free (Sketch up
Make) software. The Sketch up Pro contains additional features not shown in the Sketch up Make version.

Creating a New Drawing

At the upper left corner, press the File option. Then click New. A blank work area will appear With a
three dimensional guide lines for x, y, and z-axes.

Common Shortcuts
1. Changing the camera view
a. In the workspace, click and hold the mouse wheel, and then drag the mouse to
change the view angle into a 3D space.

2. Changing the camera position

a. In the workspace, hold the Shift button and then click drag the mouse wheel to change the
camera position.

3. Zooming
a. In the workspace, scroll the mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out.

4. Using the Line Tool

a. This is used to draw straight continuous lines in 3D space.
b. If the lines are closed in a loop, the enclosed area will be converted in a plane and will be
shaded.
5. Using the Push or Pull Tool
a. This is used to extrude or protrude a plane from the base.
b. A depth is produced when this tool is used.
c.

6. Using the Move Tool

a. This is used to translate the object in the workspace.
b. Select the object and the Move tool.
c. After which, you can freely hold the left mouse button and drag the object anywhere in the
workspace.

7. Using the Rotate Tool

a. The Rotate tool is used to rotate an object with a given axis.
b. Select the object and the rotate tool.
c. Then you can freely hold the left mouse button and drag the object to rotate.

8. Using the Scale Tool

a. This is used to increase or decrease the size of an object.
b. Select the object and the Scale tool.
c. A frame will appear and you can click and drag the markers to increase or decrease the
size of an object.
 Information Sheet COM2-3.1:
A. Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout

Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout

The term "infographic" is a short term for information graphic, which refers to an image that
combines information, storytelling, and perceptions that help the cause of an individual or an institution to
communicate a message to viewers. Images are very effective in communicating messages because they
are easily understood.
Using infographics brings about numerous advantages. People rely mostly on their sense of sight.
By creating a catchy and attractive infographic, one can effectively communicate a message to viewers.
Here are the basic elements of layout and design to guide you in creating an effective infographic.

 Lines
 Are the most basic of all elements.
 It can be define the characteristic of an intographic.
 Lines can form shapes that can catch the attention of a viewer.
 They can be sharp, be made up of broken lines and fine or thick lines, and can
create different impressions to viewers.
 A group of lines can also create patterns or shapes.
 Shapes are universal symbols that do not require language, but they can give a
specific meaning regardless of the background and ethnicity of the viewer.
 Color
 Color is one of the powerful and influential elements in an infographic.
 Using the right combination of colors can catch the attention of a passerby or even
glancing Viewers.
 For example, red, orange, and yellow are strong or warm colors that can easily
attract attention.
 On the other end, blue, green, violet, and indigo are cool or soft colors.
 Combining colors and having a good command on color mixtures and
combinations can catch the attention of the viewers.
 Shapes
 These are defined by the enclosure created by a combination of multiple lines.
 Shapes express different psychological influences on the audience especially
when combined with different colors.

Information Sheet COM2-3.1:

B. Principles of Design
The use of different design elements defines the message and ideas that the image depicts.
Presented are the principles of design that will ensure a harmonious relationship between the Viewer and
the image itself.
 Balance
 Describe the placement of elements, shapes, or lines throughout the image.
  2 types of balance:
 Formal balance – when objects are placed symmetrically and are properly
distributed.

 Informal balance – includes a non symmetrical distribution of elements but

is compensated in different aspects such as colors and lines.

 Contrast
 The arrangement of elements in an image maybe done by combining elements
with different properties and characteristics
 Unity
 It is when the entire element seems to be a singular element in unison.
 This makes the design pleasing to the viewers.
 Proportion
 The correlation of all elements with one another.
 The practice of having proportion among elements ensures balance and unity.
 Rhythm
 Describe the products of having the elements place the harmony with one another.
 It can be done by using patterns and by repeating various elements.