Adobe Page maker

PageMaker is a desktop publishing software that was originally developed by Aldus

Corporation in the 1980s. It allows users to create layouts for printed materials such as brochures,
newsletters, and magazines. PageMaker was one of the first programs to combine text and graphics in a
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) interface, making it easier for users to design and
produce professional-looking documents.

In 1994, Adobe Systems acquired Aldus and continued to develop PageMaker until it was eventually
phased out in favor of Adobe In Design. Although it's not widely used today, PageMaker played a
significant role in the evolution of desktop publishing. If you have any specific questions about its
features or history, feel free to ask!

 How to Start Page Maker.

 Click on Start Menu

 Clock on the All program

Now we will see an Adobe page maker 7.0

 Then click on Adobe page maker 7.0.

Looking at the Page Maker Screen
Tool Box
The toolbox in the PageMaker window includes all the required tools
for creating a design of a page layout for the document.

 Pointer Tool: - it is used to select and resize text & graphic

 Text tool: - it is used to type, select & edit text
 Rotation Tool:- it is used to select and rotate any object
 Crop Tool:- it is used to trim. The imported graphic
 Line Tool:- it is used to draw straight line in any direction
 Constrained Line Tool:- it is used to draw straight line.
 Rectangle Tool:- it is used to draw rectangular or square
 Rectangle Frame Tool:- it is used to draw rectangular place holder for text and graphics
 Ellipse Tool:- it is used draw Ellipse Circle
 Ellipse Frame Tool:- it is used draw Circular or oval place holder for text and Graphics.
 Polygon tool :- it is used to draw different type of polygon.
 Polygon Frame Tool:- it is used to draw different type of polygon. Place holder for text and
design.
 Hand Tool:- it is used to scroll. The page or to preview a text hyperlink
 Zoom Tool:- it is used to magnified on reduce area of the page
Project:- Sarswati Puja Card

Project:- Shok Sandesh

Project :- Card Design
 Adobe Photoshop 7.0
Photoshop is the leading professional image- editing program by Adobe. Photoshop is useful for
both creating and editing image to be used in print or online. Photoshop is the best choice for any
image manipulation job because it is easy to use.
6.1. How to start:-
 Click on the “start menu”
 Click on the “All program” folder.

Now we will see an Adobe Photoshop 7.0.

 Then click on Adobe Photoshop 7.0.

Figure:- 35 start menu to open Photoshop

 Looking at the Photoshop 7.0 Screen

Menu details of Photoshop:-

Figure:-37 Menu of Photoshop

We can view the main menu of Photoshop as given:

File- Create new the main menu of Photoshop as given:
Edit- Undo, copy, paste, cut, preferences, basic image manipulation, etc.
Image-change the image or canvas size, rotate, adjust brightness &c contrast, etc.
Layer-create/delete layers, merge layers together, layer effect’s, etc
Select- Adjust the selected area of your image
Filter- Apply filters and effects to your image.
View- Zoom in and out of your image.
Windows- Open or close different windows within Photoshop.

Creating a New Canvas/Image:-

working area of graphic design is called canvas. We have to create the new mage
on the new canvas.
 Click on "File" menu and select "New" (or press Ctrl + N).
A window will display. Now select the required size of design or canvas and
choose ok.

Your canvas will open as a blank, white window. Now make the design and
save it.

Opening a pre-existing image:

 Click on "File" menu and select "Open" (or press Ctrl+0).

Figure:- 40 file menu

Find the image on your computer that you wish to edit, and click "Open". Your image will
open in a new window within Photoshop.
 Tools used on Photoshop
Once you have an image created or opened, you can edit or draw on top of it with
Photoshop’s ” Tools” window, which is the long, thin window that is automatically
open on the left side. Here is a breakdown of all the tools contained on this bar:

 Marquee Tool - used for selecting areas of an image.

 Move Tool- use for moving an image to a different area of the canvas.
 Lasso Tool - used for selecting areas of an image that may not necessary be comprised of straight
lines.
 Magic Wand Tool-used for auto-selecting large areas of an image those
are similar in color.
 Crop tool - used for reducing the image to certain of area ("Cropping"). Slice tool use to "Slice" an
image into different sections: generally used for the creation of image for a web page design.
 Heading Brush Tool -used to fix imperfections in an image by copying other pixels from the
image. The Heading Brush tool will also match the texture, lighting, and shading to perfectly
match the area you are fixıng.
 Brush tool- used with the mouse to simply draw a pre-existing image in different area to copy it
there
 Clone Stamp Tool -use to "clone" or copy one area of an image to another; first hold "Alt" and
click an area of the image to copy, then click on a different area to copy it there.
 History Brush Tool- use to copy and draw a per-existing image in different artistic styles.
 Erase Tool-used to erase certain areas of an image.
 Gradient Tool - used to create gradient fills for an image, any color.
 Blur Tool - used to blur or blend areas of an image.
 Dodge Tool - used to uniquely adjust the brightness and contrast of an image.
 Path selecting tool - used merge overlapping components into a single component.
 Type Tool- used to place text on an image.
 Pen Tool-used to draw lines and curves with better precision.
 Rectangle Tool - used to draw rectangles and other polygon. Notes Tool used to leave notes for
yourself on your image.
 Eye drop Tool - used to select and match specific colors.
 Hand Tool- used to quickly view different areas of an image.
 Zoom Tool - used to zoom in and out of an image.
 Set Foreground/background color - used to set the foreground (front)and background (back)
color of an image; can also be used to change the colors of text, etc. click on the boxes to change
the colors (a new windows will appear).

Cropping an image
 lf an image is too large and you would like to just focus on one section of the
image, you can "crop it to that size and area.

 Select the "crop" tool, and click and drag around the area you want.
 You can resize the area (or rotate it) with the mouse by clicking any of the
Corners.
 Now press enter to crop the image. We will get the resized form of image.

Resizing an image
If you don’t want to crop your image (meaning you want the entire image, Just at a
smaller size),you can resize your image to any dimensions you wish.
 Select "image size" form the "image menu.
 Select the width and height of the image.

Note:
The default in Photoshop is to keep image resizing at constrain proportion. This means that if the
height is changed, the width will be changed at
the same ratio. This keeps your image looking approximately the same, only at
different sizes. If you wish to change this, just un-click the "constrain proportions
check box at the bottom of the "image size window.
You can change the image size either by pixels or percentages. Use either
you wished to either enlarge or reduce the size of your image. Enlarging image.
Enlarging image may reduce the quality of image.

Moving an image
you can move an image to any area of the canvas you wish.
 Select the "move" tool, and click and drag the in mage to any area of

the canvas you wish.

Selecting/ deleting a part of an image
 Choose the "marquee" tool.
 Click and drag around a part of an image. A rotating dotted line
will surround that area. To delete this section that you've selected,
hit the "deleted" key on your keyboard.

Working with magic wand

The "magic wand" can select a larger area of an image by grabbing similar looking pixels and
grouping them together. Select the magic wand tool and click an area of an image. It will select a
large portion of the area which you can move, delete, etc.

Adding text
-click the "text" tool on the bar and click in your image Where you want to add Text.
-The text will appear on the top of the image, and it will be on its own new layer.
You can change the font, style, size, anti-aliasing, and color of your text on the
menu directly below the main Photoshop menu.

Figure:-44 Text Formatting

Altering your image

Photoshop most powerful aspect is its ability to edit and manipulate image easily
and with professional quality.
the second section of the tool menu contains tools that specifically help you
edit your image. When you click any of these tools, Photoshop sub-main menu
will change to reflect new options available to you. Most will look something like
this, or very similar

Name -The name of the tool you're using.

Brush picker-Here you can select the diameter, hardness, and spacing of the brush/tool
you are using.
 Mode- Effect mode

Opacity-The transparency of the tool's effects.

Flow- The flow rate of the stroke.
Airbrush-Click to enable airbrush capabilities with the tool.

Brush/Pencil Tool
The Brush tool can be right-clicked to also show the pencil tool as an option. Both are
very simple tools that allow you to directly draw on top of an image. Select a color with
the Foreground Color option on the tool bar, and select a brush size from the tool's sub-
main menu, alongside. Click and drag across an image to draw on top of it.

Clone tool
The Clone tool will copy pixels from one part of an image and copy them to a new part of
the image. The Clone tool is most useful in situations such as removing blemishes from a
face in a photograph, clearing a few clouds out of a bright blue sky, etc.

 Choose the clone tools

 Hold the "alt" button on your keyboard, and click in area of the image that you'd like
 to copy
 Now lick elsewhere in the image. And move the cursor around. The image will
 "clone" itself to that second area

Eraser tool
The eraser simply deletes section of an image.
 Click the eraser tool, and click and drag around your image.
 The eraser will "erase" the image to what's set as the background color.

Gradient l paint bucket tool

the gradient tool can be used on its own, or right-clicked to also select the paint
bucket tools.
A gradient is a horizontal fading of colors, most commonly used in the creation or
banners foe web pages.
 Select the gradient tool, the sub-main menu for a drop-down of available gradient.
The default is the must common.
Once you have selected which gradient you wish (and a color in the foreground color
tool), just click and drag across your image.
 The direction you drag (left to right, right to left, etc.) determines the flow of gradient

The paint bucket lets you fill in a large section with the same color. Select the paint
bucket tools by right clicking the gradient tool, and click in an area of your image. It
will fill with the color selected as the foreground color.
 Blur tool
The blur tool is used for covering up small distortions in an image by blending the
surrounding pixels together. To blur something
 Select the blur tool.
 Click and drag around the area you wish to blur.
 Rotating an image
You can rotate and flip your image in any direction you wish. In the "rotate canvas" list under
the "image" menu, there's a wide variety of option to choose from.
If you select "arbitrary" for a rotating, a new window will appear asking you for the direction
(clockwise or counter clockwise) and the degree of the rotating

Figure:-50 Rotate canvas

Drawing shapes
While Photoshop's main power is in manipulation of image. it's also possible to draw your
own (as seen with the pencils and pen tools). The rectangle tool (and all of its sub-tools)
allows you to draw shapes on a canvas. To draw a simple rectangle picks a foreground
color (which will be the fill color for the shape), select the rectangle tool, and Click and
drag on the canvas until it's the size you wish.
You can draw a wide variety of shapes with the rectangle tool and its sub-tools, including
the custom shape tool, which gives you even more option.
 Select the custom shapes tool (by right-clicking the rectangle tool).
 Look through you option in the drop-down box from the sub-main menu.
 Eyedropper tool

When working with images, you may find that you want to reselect a color you have
used, but aren't sure exactly what color it is. You can use the eyedropper tool reselect that
exact color for you. Select the eyedropper tool, and click anywhere on an image that has
the color you want to select.
The foreground color will change itself to the color you have selected.

Zoom tool
It you find that you need to zoom in of out of your image for any reason (for example, 10
be more precise in deleting areas). you can use the zoom tool. Click the zoom tool(it
looks like a magnifying glass). If you click once on your image, it will zoom to double
size(100% to 200%,and so on).
If you right-click, you can select the "Zoom Out" which will reduce its size. Note that
this doesn't actually change the size of the image. It simply changes your view of the
image on the canvas.

History
One of photo shop's most powerful and useful abilities is the option to go back in the "history" of
your image. This means that at any point, you can go back to a previous version of your image.
This is particularly useful if you find you've made a mistake several steps back. You'll notice that
the history window (which can be opened via the "windows">>"History" menu if it's not already
open" lists all of the steps you've made if in your image. To "go back" to any of these instances,
just click the name of one of the steps and your image will go back to how it previously looked at
the point in time

Brightness and contrast

Sometimes when working with images, you may need to adjust the brightness and /or contrast
(especially with scanned image). Photoshop makes this very easy. Select
"Brightness/contrast" from the "adjustments">>"image" menu.
A new window will appear allowing you to slide the brightness and contrast any way you
Wish.
The brightness/contrast command lets you make adjustment to the overall tonal range of
an image. Adjustment made in here will affect every pixel in your image, unless a
selection is made beforehand.

Filters

Photoshop has a wide variety of filters you can apply to your images. They include
obvious ones such as blurring and sharpening, but also very advanced ones such as
ripples, distortions, and rendering clouds. You can browse through the available filters by
selecting the filters menu.
Play around with the available filters, and remember that you can undo your actions at
any time with the history window.

Project work :- Passport Size Image

Project work:- Background Remove image
Project work:- Dress Change
Project work:- Invitation Card

Project work :- Bibah Card

 Computer Hardware

Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer or electronic system.

This includes items such as the computer’s central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM), storage
devices (like hard drives or SSDs), motherboards, power supplies, and peripherals (like keyboards,
mice, and printers). Essentially, hardware encompasses any tangible part of a computer or electronic
device that you can physically touch and see, in contrast to software, which consists of the programs
and operating systems that run on the hardware.

Advantage of Hardware
 Speed: Good hardware makes your computer work faster and handle more tasks at once.

 Durability: Physical parts are often tough and can last a long time.

 Control: You can directly upgrade or change parts to fit your needs.

 Reliability: Hardware usually performs consistently without crashes.

 Compatibility: Many hardware parts are designed to work well together.

 Hands-On Use: Physical devices like keyboards and mice make it easy to interact with your
computer.

 Works Offline: Some hardware can function without needing the internet.

 Energy Efficiency: Special hardware can save energy while performing tasks.
Disadvantage of Hardware

 Cost: Good hardware can be expensive to buy and maintain.

 Upgrading: Some parts can’t be easily upgraded, so you might have to replace whole systems.

 Wear and Tear: Physical parts can break down or wear out over time.

 Space: Hardware takes up physical space, which can be a problem in small areas.

 Compatibility Issues: Not all hardware works well together, which can cause problems.

 Becoming Outdated: Technology changes fast, so hardware can quickly become old-fashioned.

 Power Use: Some hardware can use a lot of electricity, leading to higher bills.

 Heat: Powerful hardware can get hot, needing extra cooling.

Component Of Hardware
 Monitor
 Keyword
 Mouse
 Speaker
 CPU
 Motherboard
 Cooling Fan
 Hard Disk
 RAM
 Power Supply
 DVD
 VGA Card
 Types Of Hardware
There are two types of computer hardware.
HardWar
e

Interna Externa
l l
Internal Hardware
Internal hardware refers to the components inside a computer or electronic device that are
essential for its operation. For Example :- Motherboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random
Access Memory (RAM), Storage Devices, Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), Power Supply Unit (PSU),
Cooling Systems.
External Hardware
External hardware refers to devices that are not built into a computer but connect to
it, typically through ports or wireless connections. For Example:- Monitors, Keyboards and Mouse,
Printer, External Hard Drive, Speaker & Headphone, Scanner, Web Camera, Networking Device.

Input Devices
Following are few of the important input devices which are used in a computer:

 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Scanner
 Microphone
 Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)
 Bar Code Reader
 Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are
some additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboardsareoftwosizes84keysor101/102keys, butnowkeyboardswith104keysor108 keys are

also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard areas follows:

Sr. No Keys Description

These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys(0-9)
1 Typing Keys
which generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
2 Numeric Keypad It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it
 Consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same
Introduction Configuration used by most adding machines and calculators
The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are
3 Function Keys arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has
unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.
These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four
directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End,
4 Control keys
Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt),
Escape(Esc).
Special Purpose Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as
5 Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print
Keys
Screen.

Mouse
Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a
small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends
corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is present between the buttons.
Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text
into the computer.

Advantages

 Easy to use
 Not very expensive
 Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of keyboard.
Scanner

Scanner is an input device which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for
further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the
digital form that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before they are printed..
Digitizer

Digitizer is an input device which converts analog information into digital form. Digitizer can
convert a signal from the television or camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a
computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been
pointed at. Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it converts graphics and
pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing
and image manipulation applications.

Microphone

Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital form. The microphone
is used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing
music.

Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)

MICR input device is generally used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be
processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques
with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable.
This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main
advantages of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.
Bar Code Readers
Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines).
Bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods, numbering the books etc. It may be a hand held
scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image,
converts it into an alphanumeric value which is then fed to the computer to which bar code reader
is connected.

Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or
pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially
used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.
Output Devices
Following are few of the important output devices which are used in a computer.

 Monitors
 Graphic Plotter
 Printer

Monitors

Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a
computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form.
The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels.

There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.

 Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)

 Flat-Panel Display

Cathode-Ray Tube(CRT)Monitor

TheCRTdisplayismadeupofsmallpictureelementscalledpixels.Thesmaller the pixels, the better

the image clarity, or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form whole
character, such as the letter ‘e’ in the word help.

A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided
into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be
placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines
vertically. There are some disadvantages of CRT:

 Large in Size
 High power consumption
Flat-Panel Display Monitor

The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and
power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on
your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors,
laptop computer, graphics display..

The flat-panel display is divide din to two categories:

 EmissiveDisplays-Theemissivedisplaysaredevicesthatconvertelectricalenergyinto light.
Example are plasma panel and LED(Light-Emitting Diodes).

 Non-Emissive Displays - The Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or
light from some other source into graphics patterns. Example is LCD(Liquid- Crystal Device)
Printers

Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper.

There are two types of printers:

 Impact Printers
 Non-Impact Printers

Impact Printers
The impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon which is then pressed on the
paper.

Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following:

 Very low consumable costs

 Very noisy
 Useful for bulk printing due to low cost
 There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image

These printers are of two types

 Character printers
 Line printers
Character Printers

Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time.

These are further divided into two types:

 Dot Matrix Printer(DMP)

 Daisy Wheel

Dot Matrix Printer

In the market one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular
because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in form of pattern
of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to
form a character that is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.

Advantages

 Inexpensive
 Widely Used
 Other language characters can be printed

Disadvantages

 Slow Speed
 Poor Quality
Daisy Wheel
Head is lying on a wheel and pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower
name) that is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-
processing in offices which require a few letters to be sent here and there with very nice quality

Advantages

 More reliable than DMP

 Better quality
 The fonts of character can be easily changed

Disadvantages

 Slower than DMP

 Noisy
 More expensive than DMP

Line Printers

Line printers are the printers which print one line at a time.
These are of further two types

 Drum Printer
 Chain Printer

Drum Printer

This printer is like a drum in shape so it is called drum printer. The surface of drum is divided
into number of tracks. Total tracks are equal to size of paper i.e. for a paper width of 132
characters, drum will have 132 tracks. A character set is embossed on track. The different
character sets available in the market are 48 character set, 64 and 96 characters set. One rotation
of drum prints one line. Drum printers are fast in speed and can print 300 to 2000 lines per
minute.

Advantages

 Very high speed

Disadvantages

 Very expensive
 Characters fonts cannot be changed

Chain Printer

In this printer, chain of character sets is used so it is called Chain Printer. A standard character
set may have 48, 64, or 96 characters.

Advantages

 Character fonts can easily be changed.

 Different languages can be used with the same printer.

Disadvantages

 Noisy

Non-impact Printers

Non-impact printers print the characters without using ribbon. These printers print a complete
page at a time so they are also called as Page Printers.

These printers are of two types

 Laser Printers
 Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers

 Faster than impact printers.

 They are not noisy.
 High quality.
 Support many fonts and different character size.

Laser Printers

These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the
characters to be printed on a page.

Advantages

 Very high speed

 Very high quality output
 Give good graphics quality
 Support many fonts and different character size

Disadvantages

 Expensive.
 Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document in a single printing.
Inkjet Printers

Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print
characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output
with presentable features..

They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing
modes available. Colour printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce
multiple copies of printing also.

Advantages

 High quality printing

 More reliable

Disadvantages

 Expensive as cost per page is high

 Slow as compared to laser printer

CPU(CentralProcessingUnit)
CPU consists of the following features::

 CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.

 CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
 It stores data, intermediate results and instructions(program).
 It controls the operation of all parts of computer..

CPU itself has following three components.

  Memory or Storage Unit
 Control Unit
 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to
the other units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main
memory or primary storage or Random access memory (RAM)..

Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary memory and secondary memory are two
types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit are::

 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory..

Control Unit

This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations

Functions of this unit are:

 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/ Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely

 Arithmetic section
 Logic Section

Arithmetic Section

Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of above
operations.

Logic Section

Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting, matching
and merging of data.

Motherboard
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. A
motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card, and
other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a
computer..
Features of Motherboard

A motherboard comes with following features::

 Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.

 Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
 Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with motherboard to function properly
 Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

Popular Manufacturers

 Intel
 ASUS
 A Open
 ABIT
 Bio star
 Gigabyte
 MSI

Description of Motherboard

The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small screws through
pre-drilled holes. Motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It
provides a single socket for CPU whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are
available. Motherboards provide ports to attach floppy drive, hard drive, and optical drives via
ribbon cables. Motherboard carries fans and a special port designed for power supply.

There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards, sound cards
and other expansion cards can be connected to motherboard.

On the left side, motherboards carry a number of ports to connect monitor, printer, mouse,
keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports which allow
compatible devices to be connected in plug-in/plug-out fashion for example, pen drive, digital
cameras etc.
Computer Memory
A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory
is the storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for
processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each
location or cell has a unique address which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For

example if computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory
locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535..

Memory is primarily of three types

 Cache Memory
 Primary Memory/Main Memory
 Secondary Memory

Cache Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as
a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program
which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from
disk to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU can access them.

Advantages

The advantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use..

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

 It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working.
It has limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of
semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction
required to be processed reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

 These are semiconductor memories
 It is known as main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without primary memory..
Secondary Memory

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main
memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not
access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of
secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For
example : disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc..

Characteristic of Secondary Memory

 These are magnetic and optical memories
 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories..

RAM (Random Access Memory)

RAM(Random Access Memory) is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program
and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working. As
soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.

Access time in RAM is independent of the address that is, each storage location inside the
memory is as easy to reach as other locations and takes the same amount of time. Data in the
RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a
power failure. Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with
computers. RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can
hold.

RAM is of two types

 Static RAM(SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix
of 6-transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM
need not have to be refreshed on a regular basis.

Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more chips than DRAM for the same
amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher. So SRAM is used as
cache memory and has very fast access.

Characteristic of the Static RAM

 It has long life

 There is no need to refresh
 Faster
 Used as cache memory
 Large size
 Expensive
 High power consumption
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done
by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per
second. DRAM is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are
made up of memory cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM

 It has short data lifetime

 Need to be refreshed continuously
 Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
 Lesser in size
 Less expensive
 Less power consumption

ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot
write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such
memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a
computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips are not only used in the
computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven.

Advantages of ROM

The advantages of ROM are as follows:

 Non-volatile in nature
 These can not be accidentally changed
 Cheaper than RAMs
 Easy to test
 More reliable than RAMs
 These are static and do not require refreshing
 Its contents are always known and can be verified
 Hardware Assembling

Introduction:

• Things to Prepare before Assembly

• Anti-static wrist strap
• Set of screwdrivers and pliers
• Piece of cloth
• CPU Thermal compound (recommended)
• PC components
 Step 1: Installing the motherboard

• Make sure you have all the components in place and a nice, clean and big enough place to work
with.
• Put your antic-static wrist strap on to prevent your components from getting affected. Make sure
your hands are clean before starting.
• Unscrew and open the side doors of the cabinet
• Lay the cabinet on its side
• Put the motherboard in place
• Drive in all the required screws on the motherboard screw mounting points.
 Step 2: Installing the CPU

• CPU is the heart of a computer so make sure you handle it properly and do not drop it or
mishandle it.
• DO NOT touch the pins.
• Get hold of your motherboard and CPU manual
• There is a golden mark on the CPU to help you assist. Consult both your motherboard and CPU
manual to see which position it fits exactly
• Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard
• Place the CPU properly on the motherboard
• Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place
 Step 3: Installing the heat sink

• After installing the processor we proceed to installing the heat sink. There are different kinds of
heat sinks that are bundled with the processor and each has a different way of installation.
• Place the heat sink on the processor
• Secure the heat sink with the lever or screws.
• After this you will need to connect the cable of the heat sink fan on the motherboard. Again look
into the motherboard manual on where to connect it and then connect it to the right port to get
your heat sink in operational mode.
 Step 4: Installing the RAM
• The newer RAMs ie. DDR RAMs are easy to install as you don’t have to worry about placing
which side where into the slot.
• DDR RAM terminals are split into 2 lengths to fit in to the RAM connector.
• Push down the RAM into the slot
• Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly

Step 5: Installing the power supply

• We will now install the power supply as the components we install after this will require power
cables to be connected to them.
• Place the PSU into the case bracket
• Put the screws in place tightly
 Step 6: Installing the video card
• First you will need to find out whether your video card is AGP or PCI-E. AGP graphics cards
have become redundant and are being phased out of the market quickly.
• Remove the back plate on the case corresponding to the graphics card
• Push the card into the slot
• Secure the card with a screw
• Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required)
• High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply usually a 4/6 pin plug.

Step 7: Installing the hard disk

• Hard disks are fragile and needs to handled carefully.
• Place the hard drive into the bay
• Secure the drive with screws
• Connect the power cable from PSU to hard disk
• Connect the PATA (IDE) or SATA cable from motherboard into the drive
 Step 8: Installing optical drive
• The installation an optical drive is exactly similar to an hard drive.
• Place the optical drive into the bay
• Drive in the screws
• Connect the power cable and data cable
• Tip: When installing multiple optical drives take care of jumper settings. Make sure you make
one as primary and other slave by using the jumper. This is not applicable if the drives are
SATA drives.
 Step 9: Connecting various cables
• You will need to consult your motherboard manual for finding the appropriate port for
connecting various cables at the right places on the motherboard.
• Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on your motherboard
• Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies power to the processor and
connect it to the appropriate port by taking help from your motherboard manual
• Connect the ATX case cables for power, reset button in the appropriate port of the motherboard
• Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard
• Plug the cable of ATX case cooling fans
 Step 10: Connecting VGA, Power, LAN, Mouse, Keyboard Cable

• Get the rest of the PC components like monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers etc. which we will
connect now.
• Connect the VGA cable of the monitor into the VGA port
• If mouse/keyboard are PS/2 then connect them to PS/2 ports or else use the USB port
• Connect the speaker cable in the audio port
• Plug in the power cable from PSU into the UPS
• Also plug in the power cable of the monitor
• DOUBLE CHECK ALL CABLES BEFORE POWER ON the PC

Step 11: Installing the OS and drivers

• Insert OS CD/DVD into CD/DVD rom drive.
• Set the first boot device to CD/DVD drive in BIOS
• Pop in the OS disk
• Reboot the PC
• Install the OS
• Install drivers from motherboard CD (applicable only to Windows OS)