• vupf;rdpd; r%f cstpay;rhH tsHr;rpg; gbepiyfs; (Erikson's stages of psychosocial

development) vd;gJ vupf; vupf;rdhy; njspthf;fg;gl;L mtuhy; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l

vl;Lg; gbepiyfs; gw;wpaJ.

• MNuhf;fpakhf tsUk; kdpjH Foe;ijg; gUtk; Kjy; KjpH mfitaH tNahjpag;

gUtk; tiu ,ijf; fle;JNghf Ntz;Lk;.

• xt;nthU gbepiyapYk;> kdpjd; jhf;Fg;gpbj;J> mjpy; KjpHr;rpaile;J Gjpa

rthy;fis vjpHNehf;f Ntz;Lk;.

• xt;nthU gbepiyAk; Kd;ida gbepiyapd; ntw;wpfukhd epiwtpy;jhd; fl;lg;gLfpwJ.

• ntw;wpfukhd epiwNtwhj gbepiyfspd; rthy;fs; vjpHfhyj;jpy; gpur;ridfshf

kPz;Lk; Njhd;w tha;g;Gs;snjd vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpwJ.

• ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> xU gbepiyapd; NjHr;rpahdJ mLj;j gbepiyf;F Kd;Ndw

Njitg;gLtjpy;iy.

• vupf;rd; gbepiyf; Nfhl;ghL> jdp egupd; capupay; typik kw;Wk; r%f fyhr;rhu
typik Vw;ghl;Lr; nray;ghlhf vl;L tho;f;ifg; gbepiyfs; %yk; Kd;ndLj;J
me;egupd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

• xt;nthU gbepiyAk; ,e;j ,uz;L Kuz;gl;l typikfspd; xU cstpay; r%f

neUf;fbahff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ .

• xU jdp egH cz;ikapy; ,t; ty;yikfis ntw;wpfukhf ,zf;fg;gLj;jpdhy;> me;egH

xj;jpirthd Nguhz;ikAld; gbepiyapypUe;J ntspg;gLthH. cjhuzkhf: xU
Foe;ij mtek;gpf;ifiatpl ek;gpf;ifAld; gps;isg; gUtj;ij mile;jhy; (jd;dhl;rp
vjpH mtkhdk; kw;Wk; re;Njfk;)> mg;gps;is kPjKs;s tho;f;if epiyfSf;F
ek;gpf;ifapd; Nguhz;ikiaf; nfhz;L nry;Yk;.
ek;gpf;if: mbg;gil ek;gpf;if vjpH mtek;gpf;if (gpwg;G - 2 taJ)

gpwg;G Kjy; 2 taJ tiuAs;s Foe;ijg;gUtk; vDk; gbepiy mjpf

Kf;fpaj;JtkhdJgps;isfs; mbg;gil ek;gpf;if czHit tpUj;jp nra;Ak; fhyk;
,JthFk;. xU gps;isaplj;J MSik tsuNtz;Lkhapd; ek;gpf;if Vw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
mtHfspd; Njitfshd czT> cil> Xa;T vd;gd fpilf;fg;ngWk; NghJ ek;gpf;if
gpwf;fpd;wJ. ngw;nwsH> kw;Wk; jk;ikr; #oTs;NshH kPJ gps;is ek;gpf;ifitj;J
,t;Tyfpidj; jdJ ghJfhg;ghd ,lkhfTk; milahsq; fhz;fpd;wJ. fhuzj;ijAk;
tpisitAk; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ek;gpf;ifahdJ czHr;rpg; ngUf;fk;> ftdk;> xOf;fk;
vd;gdtw;iw gps;isfsplj;Nj tsg;gLj;Jk;.

jdJ Njitfs; fpilf;fg; ngwhNjh> my;yJ NghjhjpUg;gpNdh jkf;Fs; gps;isfs;

ek;gpf;ifaPdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tH. ,jd; tpisT xj;Jioahik> kdr;NrhHT>
gpd;thq;fy; Nghd;w elj;ijfspdhy; ntspf;fhl;lg;gLk; vd vupf;rd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whH.

tpUg;gk;: jd;dhl;rp vjpH ntl;fk; kw;Wk; re;Njfk; (2-4 taJ)

,uz;L taJ Kjy; 4 taJ tiuAs;s Js;Seilg;gUtk; ,JthFk;. Foe;ijfs;

mtfspd; cly;fspd; kPJ fl;Lg;ghl;ilr; nrYj;Jtjw;F Muk;gpg;gH. ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy;
nghJthfNt mtHfs; MilazpAk; gapw;rpAk; Muk;gkhFk;. jhd; xU Rje;jpukhdtd;
vdTk; Mdhy;> Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fspy; VidNahupd; cjtpapidAk; topfhl;liyAk;
jd;dhy; gad;gLj;j KbAnkdTk; fUJfpd;w csepiyia gps;is ngw;WtpLfpd;wJ.
czT cl;nfhs;sy;> foptfw;wy; Nghd;wtw;wpy; jhNd <Lglg; gps;is vj;jdpf;fpd;wJ.
tYthd csepiyapidg; ngw;w gps;is tYf;Fiwe;j cly; epiyapdhy; jdf;Fs;
kdtpuf;jp> Njhy;tp Nghd;w czHTfisg; ngWfpd;wJ. jdf;F ghukhd xU nghUisj;
J}f;fpf; ifahs KbAk; vd;w kdgyk; ,Ue;jNghJk;> mtHfshy; mjidr; nra;a KbahJ
Nghfyhk;. vdNt> gps;isfsplj;J Vw;gLk; vjpHghHf;iffs; epiwNtwhJ Nghdhy;
csg;gpzpNah my;yJ tsikf;Fg; gwk;ghd elj;ijfspNy mtHfs; <LgLtH.

Nehf;fk;: Kaw;rpj;jy; vjpH Fw;wTzHT (4-5 taJ)

ehd;F taJ Kjy; Ie;J taJ tiuAs;s Kd;gs;spg;gUtk; ,JthFk;. ,g;gUtj;Jg;

gps;isfs; KjpatHfs; Nghyr; nraw;gl Muk;gpg;gH. Nghl;bfis tpUk;gp mjpy;
ntw;wpailAk; NghJ re;NjrkiltH. jdJ Mw;wy; vy;iyfSf;F mg;ghYk; nrd;W
nray;Gupa tpUk;Gk; taJ ,JthFk;.
,t;thHtq;fspy; Njhy;tpNaw;gbd; mtfspilNa Fw;w czHT Vw;gLfpd;wJ. MSik
tpUj;jpia ghjpg;gjhf ,J fhzg;gLk;. ,g;gUtk; Kf;fpakhff; ifahs Ntz;ba
tpUj;jpg;gb epiyahFk;. tpisahl;L ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd vupf;rd; ek;gpdhH.
czHr;rp neUf;fbiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F ghJfhg;G topahfTk;> gps;isfspd; milahsj;jpw;F
cjtpahfTk; FwpaPl;L topapy; gpur;rpidfisf; ifahs;tJ gw;wpAk; mtH
vLj;Jiuf;fpd;whH.

jpwik: Kaw;rp vjpH jho;Tr; rpf;fy; (5-12 taJ)

5 taJ Kjy; 12 taJ tiuAs;s gs;spg;gUtk; ,JthFk;. Kjy; %d;W cs-r%f

tpUj;jpfSk; rupahf mikAk;NghJ ,g;gUtk; rpwg;ghf mikAk;. ,J xU re;Njhrkhd
fw;gidg; gUtkhFk;. gps;is td;Kiwf;F nry;yhjJk;>mikjpAk;>rupahd tsHr;rpAk;
nfhz;l gUtkhFk;. ,g;gUtj;jpy; mwpT> jpwd;> kdpj cwTfs;> tpisahl;L> xw;Wik
Nghd;wd r%f mikg;NghL gpd;is njhlHGgl;Lf; fhzg;gLfpwJ. fw;gid tho;tpy;
,yapj;j ,ay;G gbg;gbahf khwptUtJk; ,g;gUtj;jpyhFk;. FLk;gj;jpw;fg;ghYk;
mtHfspdJ mwptpid tpUj;jp nra;a Kw;gLtNjhL jkJ fyhrhuj; jpwd;fisg;
ngWtjpYk; <LgLtH. mtHfsJ tpisahl;L kpfTk; gaDilajhf;f fhzg;gLk;. jkJ
gzpfisr; nra;tjw;Fupa mwpitj; NjLjypy; ,g;gUtj;jpdH mf;fiw nfhs;tH.
,j;Njitfs; epiwT ngwhtpbd; mtHfspilNa jho;T kdg;ghq;F Vw;gLk;. ,jidj;
jLg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfspy; ghlrhiyfSk; ngw;nwsHfSk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ
vupf;rdpd; ,g;gbepiyapy; $wg;gl;Lfpd;wJ.

nka;g;gw;W : milahsk; vjpH milahsf; Fog;gk; (13-19 taJ)

13 taJ Kjy; 19 taJ tiuAs;s fl;bsikg;gUtk; ,JthFk;. ,g;gUtj;jpdupd; gpujhd

gzp jkJ milahs epiyapid miljyhFk;. gps;isahdJ jdJ gyk;> gytPdk;>
,yf;F> njhopy;> ghy;tfpgq;F vdj; jdJ ,ay;Gfisg;gw;wpa mwpitAk;
tpsf;fj;jpidAk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jid tpsf;f vupf;rd; milahs neUf;fb vd;w
gjj;jpid tpNrlkhfg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whH. ,g;gUtj;J gps;isaplj;J clypay;
khw;wq;fSk; kdntOr;rprhH tpisTfSk; Vw;gLtjdhy;> gy neUf;fbfisAk;
Fog;gq;fisAk; vjpHnfhs;tH. vdNt> ,g;gpur;rpidf;F cldbahfj; jPHT fhz;gLtJ
mtrpakhFk;. ,y;yNay; gps;isapdJ Ra milahsk; fiue;J mtid
newpgpwo;thdtdhf khw;wptpLk;.

md;G: neUf;fk; vjpH jdpik (20-24 taJ)

20 taJ njhlf;fk; 24 taJ tiuAs;s ,stsHe;NjhH gUtk; ,JthFk;. ,g;gbepiyapy;
gps;isfsplk; gpwuplk; Nerkhjy; tsHr;rpailAk;. xj;j ghyhUlNdh> vjpHg;ghyhUlNdh>
jd;Dila Raj;JlNdh Nerk; Vw;glyhk;. ,Jtiu ,lk;ngw;w gbepiyahd MSik
tpUj;jp NghJkhditahf mikahjtplj;J Ner czHtpidg; gps;isahy; milaKbahJ
NghFk;. ,jd;tpisthfg; gps;is xJq;fj; njhlq;Fk;. ghypay; Nerk; vd;gJ Nerj;jpd;
J}uj;jpy; itj;Nj vupf;rdhy; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gps;is jdJ rpe;jid> czHT>
nraw;ghL Nghd;wtw;iw vy;yhk; kw;wtHfSld; gupkhwpf; nfhs;tJ ,e;j
Nerj;jpdhNyahFk;. ,q;F Nerj;jpw;fhd kw;wtupd; NjitapidAk; vupf;rd;
Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whH.

ftdk;: cw;gj;jp vjpH Njf;fk; (25-64 taJ)

25 taJ njhlf;fk; 64 taJ tiuAs;s eLtsHe;NjhH gUtk; ,JthFk;. ekf;Fk;

r%fj;jpw;Fk; gaDila Mw;wNy cw;gj;jp vdf; fUjg;gLk;. ,t;tajpdH cw;gj;jpr;
nraw;ghLfspy; Kd;dpw;gH. MSik epiwTzHtpid Nehf;fpajhd gilg;Gk; ,q;F
cUthFk;. ,g;gUtj;jpdUf;F nghJthf cyfpy; ey;yNjhH ,lj;jpid milaKbAk;.
ey;ywpQHfshf tpsq;Fk; ,tHfs; jkf;Fs; mwptpidg; gfpHe;J nfhs;tJld;>
tho;f;ifapd; jj;Jtj;jpidAk; gfpHe;J nfhs;tH. ,dtpUj;jpapYk; nghUshjhu
tpUj;jpapYk; mf;fiw nfhs;Sk; ,g;gUtj;jpdH r%fj;jpNy xU nfsutkhd ,lj;jpid
vjpHghHg;gH. ,t;thwhd cw;gj;jp epiyapid mila KbahJ Nghdhy;> mtHfspilNa
Njf;fk; - mirtw;w jd;ik fhzg;gLk;. ,J mtHfspilNa rypg;ig Vw;gLj;JtJld;
jq;fshy; r%f eyDf;F cjtKbahikapd; jd;ikapidAk; czHj;Jk;.

Qhdk;: kd KOik vjpH kdj;jsHr;rp (65 - ,wg;G)

65 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l KjpHgUtk; ,JthFk;. tho;tpd; ,Wjpia Nehf;fpa epiyapy; egHfs;

jkJ tho;tpy; re;jpj;j ntw;wpfisAk; Njhy;tpfisAk; taJ KjpHr;rpiaAk;
,ay;GfisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epiyg;ghL ,g;gUtj;jpw;Fupa ,ay;ghFk;. Kjy; VO
gUtq;fisAk; jPHkhdpg;gjpy; ntw;wpaile;j ,tHfs; nrhe;j Nkyhz;ikia miltH.
Nkyhz;ik czHTila ,tHfs; jkJ tho;f;if ed;whfNt fope;jjhf Vw;Wf; nfhs;tH.
mtHfs; gpwkf;fSila fyhrhuk;> vjpHfhyj; jiyKiwapdH vd;gdtw;nwsL cwTfis
Vw;gLj;JtH. vg;gpbapUg;gpDk; ,tHfs; jkJ tho;f;ifiag; gpd;Ndhf;fpg; ghHj;J jhq;fs;
gpioahd jPHkhdj;ij vLj;jjhf czHthHfshapd; mtHfs; jk; tho;itf; Fiwthd
Nkk;ghlhfNt fhz;gH. rupahd tplaj;ijr; nra;tjw;F NkYk; xU re;jHg;gj;ij toq;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w jkJ ,ayhikapd; jd;ikia czHtH. ,Wjpapy; ntWg;G> ,Wkhg;G>
mUtUg;G> frg;G> ,fo;T vd;gdtw;wpw;F cs;shfpd;wdH