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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
67 views56 pagesIFOS Solved Optional Geology
Ifos solved papers of geology it's a good summery of papers
Ifos solved papers of geology it's a good summery of papers
Uploaded by
FUCK AGAINCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 56
PPV COAN
| 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
SECTION-A,
Q.1.(a) What is a meteorite? Describe different types of meteorites.
Q.1,(b) Discuss the spectral and spatial resolution of a satellite image. nea
Q1.(c) What is a moraine? Discuss different types of moraines.
QL.(d) Discuss five criteria to recognise the top of a bed by primary features . 2
G.{e)Descrbe strike, dip direction and dip amount of a bed. Can the strike and dip be
: measured in all types of orientation of beds? How are strike, dip direction and dip
amount of horizontal, tilted and vertical strata represented on a map?
Q2.(a.) What is a volcano? What are the different types of volcano based on the type of
eruption and places where the eruption occurred?
Q2.{b.) Explain in detail about panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing
images with example.
- Q2,(c.) What is a fold? Draw neat sketches and discuss Ramsay's classification of fold based
‘on dip isogon . ~
Q3 a.) What are the differences between weathering and erosion? Discuss four different
types of mechanical weathering. a
(Bayne isa fault? Draw a neat diagram and discuss different terminologies associated
with a fault plane, Discuss four criteria for recognising fault in a field.
Q3.(c.) What is an earthquake? Discuss the causes and effects of an earthquake. List the
\ major geographic distribution of earthquakes worldwide.
Q4.(a.) What is isostasy? Discuss three different theories of isostasy. What are the merits and
limitations of these theories?
Q4,(b,) Discuss four erosional and four depositional landforms associated with a river.
Gey ith neat diagrams .
RoR RMF, RRO >
Codhae 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
SECTION-B
Q5.(a.) What is orthogenesis? Comment on the progressive tren
Hyracotherium to Equus.
Q.5(b.) How are abiotic conditions reflected in the test ornamentation of microfossils?
Enumerate with example.
Q5.(c.) What is palaeogeography? How does the present petrographic domain reconstruct
the past events?
Q5.(d.) With the help of a neat sketch, draw a labelled diagram of hydrological cycle.
Q.5(e.) What are creep, solifluction and landslide? Enumerate their significance that leads to
mass scale devastation
d of evolution from
Q6.(a.) Discuss about the two-fold classification of Gondwana group of rocks, mentioning the
stages and their ages. Comment on the important floras of Lower Gondwana and
Upper Gondwana basins. oe
Q.6(b.) What do you mean by stratigraphic boundary problems? How do you substantiate the
observation on Pakhal Controversy? a
Selene the terms Rock Quality Designation(RQD) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR). How
are these parameters useful in the analysis of the design of roof support system in
tunnel excavations?
Q7.(a.) What is ‘dimorphism’ in foraminiferal reproduction? How is dimorphism established
through the features in foraminiferal tests? Discuss the evolutionary changes of
foraminifers through geological ages.
Q7.(b.) In Indian stratigraphy, Cuddapah system plays a dominant role. Attempt the
stratigraphic classification of the Cuddapah group of sediments . Add a note on the.
age of these rocks with special reference to the economic potential associated.
Q7.(c.) What do you understand by the terms Hydraulic Conductivity and Storage Coefficient?
Q8.(a.) Which palaeogeographic condition is generally indicated by the presence of
brachiopods? How is ‘habitat shifting! represented by brachiopods in rocks
throughout time? Discuss about major features of brachiopod shells.
Q8.(b.) What is Himalayan Orogeny? Briefly describe the structure and tectonic history of
Himalayas.
hat is rainwater harvesting? Enumerate the different types of structures
constructed for rainwater harvesting.
28.( 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Q.1. (a) What is a meteorite? Describe different types of meteorites.
* Meteorites are solid objects that fall o the surface of the Earth from the interplanetary
space of the solar system,
* When a meteoroid has passed through the atmosphere and has impacted on the
surface of the Earth itis called a meteorite,
Meteorites are subdivided on the basis of their composition into:
1. Siderites or iron meteorites (98% metal i.e Fe-Ni alloy),
2. Siderolites or Stony-irons (subequal amount of metal & silicates),
3. Aerolites or Stones (silicates)
4. Tektites (75% made up of silicates)
Siderites or Iron meteorites
+ About 6% meteorites are iron meteorites
«Consist essentially (avg. 98%) of Ni-Fe alloy (Ni usually between 4-20%)
* Most with characteristic Widmanstatten pattern, which consist of lamellae of Kamectite
{a Ni-Fe alloy, containing about 6% Nijbordered by Taenite (another Ni-Fe alloy
containing about 30% Ni), the pattern is typical of exsolution from a high temperature
alloy by very slow cooling,
Siderolites or Stony-irons
‘Constitute 1% of total meteorites
‘+ Composed of Ni-Fe alloys & silicate minerals in approx. subequal amounts)
Two Groups: 1. Pallasites 2. Mesodiorites
Pallasites : consist of abundant olivine crystals in a continuous base of Ni-Fe alloy
Mesodiorites : The base of Ni-Fe alloy is discontinuous, olivine if present, is an accessory
te portion is heavily brecciated and consists mostly of pyroxene and
phase. The si
plagioclase.
Aerolites or Stones (silicates)
+ Around 92-93% meteorites are aerolites or stony meteorites.
* Aerolites are of two groups : 1. Chondrites (primitive and non-differentiated)
2. Achondrites (differentiated)
* About 86% stony meteorites are Chondrites. * Chondrites have chondrules,
* Average Composition : 40% Ol
2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
nearly spherical silicate inclusions (olivine & pyroxen)
between 0.1-3.0 mm in diameter The small sizeof chondrules indicates rapid cooling
( Lateral Moraines
Medial Moraines
End Moraines
ion on the body of an
an
(ati glaciey 4 ‘Valley glacier
(End Moraines) EM:
(Erratic) E
oP.
(Outwaeh plain}
* Lateral Moraines : A deposition of
sediments along both sides of a glacier.
These are thin or thick streaks(strip) of rock
debris that generally extend along the sides
of aglacier.
+ Medial Moraine : A deposition of sediments
between two lateral moraines. When two or
more valley glaciers meet and form a
piedmont glacier in the lower reaches of
valley glaciers, their adjacent lateral
_ moraines together to form a comparatively :
thick band of debris running through the central region of composite glaciers. SS
L GEOLOGY-PAPER?
2018-IFoS-SOLVED PTIONAl
e ; Eroded debris that is dropped at the gl
4 lacey
lations running across the glaci ns.
glacial b
ody
das accumul
where metting of glacier is so heavy th
lat it
‘also called terminal moraines,
End Moraines/ Terminal Morain'
farthest extent. These are forme
at its terminus or end, that is, the plac
cannot move ahead as @ body of ice. These are 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Q1.(d) Discuss five criteria to recognise the top of a bed by primary features .
bea Top
Those on top indicators of a bed are
1. Mud cracks,
2. Ripple marks, planar planar bed
3. Raindrop impressions, jeminasen
4. Graded bedding
5. Convolute lamination bedbase
n_Cracks: Also called, less precisely mud
cracks, these are tension cracks or fractures that extend Muderacks/dessication marks
downward from a bed top into the sediment below.
They are arranged in a network, which in some cases
comprises nearly regular hexagons or rectangles but
more commonly are of irregular geometry. The form is
due to shrinkage consequent upon drying of the a
surficial layer of unconsolidated sediment. The
sediment can shrink vertically with no cracking, but
lateral shrinkage causes tensile stresses that result in
the cracking.
Raindrop impressions : When a soft, moist surface of
freshly deposited sediment is exposed to a brief, light
shower of large raindrops, tiny craters, circular in
outline and with a slightly raised rim, are imprinted
upon the sediment surface. If they survive long enough
to be buried by later deposition, they can be preserved
intact in the sedimentary record. 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Graded bedding : simply identifies strata that
grade upward from coarse-textured clastic
sediment at their base to finer-textured materials
at the top. If the particle size ina siliciclastic bed
varies systematically upward through the bed, the
bed is said to be graded. If the particle size
decreases upward, the bed is said to be normally
graded; if the particle size increases upward, the
bed is said to be reversely graded or inversely
graded,
Convolute lamination: is the géneral term
to include all types of intrastratal folds of
Penecontemporaneous origin. The
individual layers can generally be traced
through the train of folds. Convolute
laminations often show a sharp truncation
of the structures at an erosion surface at
the top. Convolute laminations, therefore,
help us to identify the top direction of the beds.
normal tading 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Q.1. (e) Describe strike, dip direction and dip amount of a bed. Can the strike and dip be
measured in all types of orientation of beds? How are strike, dip direction and dip amount of
horizontal, tilted and vertical strata represented on a map?
NR apt
Geologic structures are described in terms of structural elements which are of two types:
planar structures and linear structures, :
Planar Structures : Bedding surface, foliation, axial surface, joint surface, fault surface etc.
Linear Structures : Lineations, slickensides, hinge line, fold_axis, intersection of 2
WY oes _
elements etc,
The attitude of a linear structure is described by it trend and plunge,
structure is represented by its strike and dip angle or by its dip and the dip direction.
The strike is the geographic direction of a horizontal line occurring on the planar structure. L-4==~
amount is the angle between the planar structure and a horizontal plane.
The dip direction refers to the geographic direction of a horizontal line at a right angle to the
strike and towards the downward inclination of the planar structure. —
Yes, the strike can be measured in all orientations of beds.The strike is a directional line
measured with respect to the North(N}.
lanar
\¢ attitude of a planar
dip direction
ty
Pit, ebay
Beddti a
oe eat NG te
wo
lnecsiady ada
\ Vertteal bedding wa
swans stout
we
Sa aan ae
The quadrants for din amount and dip lection,
AEE Repeecertotion on map for gions?
a WS
a
lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from
PRI
ia Se
pes Y-PAPER-1
—J0T8-IFoS-SOLVED O!
TIONAL GEOLOG
no based on the type of
2. (a) What is a volcano? What are the different types of volcal
eruption and places where the eruption occurred?
Le
ass object, such as Earth, that allows hoe
i ° fF a planetary-m:
Avoleanois a rupture in the crust of a P Tow the surface.
@ magma chamber bel
vofraniess ~ cinder cones, composite volcay
Geologists generally group volcanoes into four main Kinds - Cinder CONGS, NTN" Notsanoes,
shield volcanoes, and lava domes.
pis postin
Cinder cones : Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano.
They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single eens esitha Bas-
charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fa
as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.
Most cinder cones have a bowlshaped craterat-the summit an
thousand feet or so above their surroundings.
Cinder cones are numerous in western North America as well a5 throughout other volcanic
terrains of the world
\d rarely rise more than 3
Scoria Cone
Composite volcanoes : Some of the Earth's grandest mountains are composite volcanoes~
sometimes called strato-volcanoes.
They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layets
of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet
above their bases.
Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the summit which contains a central vent of 2
clustered group of vents.
Lavas either flow through breaks in the crater wall or issue from fissures on the flanks of the
cone, Lava, solidified within the fissures, forms dikes that act as ribs which greatly strengthe?
the cone.
The essential feature of a composite volcano is a conduit system through which magma from?
reservoir deep in the Earth's crust rises to the surface,
The volcano is built up by the accumulation of material erupted through the condult and
* incféases in size as lava, ciriders, ash, etc., are added to its slopes, 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
When 2 composite volcano becomes dormant, erosion begins to destroy the cone.
As the cone is stripped away, the hardened magma filing, the conduit (the volcanic plug) and
fissures (the dikes) becomes exposed, and it too is slowly reduced by erosion.
Finally, all that remains is the plug and dike complex projecting above the land surface.
Some of the most conspicuous and beautiful mountains in the world are composite volcanoes,
including Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Mount Shasta in California, Mount
Hood in Oregon, and Mount St. Helens and Mount Rainier in Washington.
Central vent
sill
Ac" Pyroclastic
BR ARS deposits
Shield volcanoes : the third type of volcano, are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows.
Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents,
building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that of a
warriors shield,
‘They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of highly fluid lava flows called basalt
lava that spread widely over great distances, and then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets.
Lavas also commonly erupt from vents along fractures (rift zones) that develop on the flanks of
the cone.
‘Some of the largest volcanoes in the world are shield volcanoes.
The Hawaiian Islands are composed of linear chains of these volcanoes including Kilauea and
two of the world's most active volcanoes.
Formed by frequent, gentle ayers of
eruptions of thin, runny lava soitaified
Lava 4 atoms
| innit
Mauna Loa on the island of Haw:
Vent
| scoome
ineight
Tut
“Shield volcanoes are usually found at constructive houndasies or over hot spots, : fa 0 mm itr. |
Y-PAPER-1
2018:1F9§-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOS
alatively small, bulbous masses of fay,
Lava dome : Volcanic or lava domes are formed by relatively too
axtrusion, the lava piles over and ar
Viscous to flow any great distance; consequently, on extrust und
its vent, f:
it grows its outer surface coo}
A dome grows largely by expansion from within, AS 7 a IS ang
ides.
hardens, then shatters, spilling loose fragments down its 3 eee ae
Some domes form craggy knobs or spines over the volcanic vent, or,
steep-sided lava flows known as "coulees."
the flanks of large composi
Volcanic domes commonly occur within the craters or on Posite
volcanoes.
, eruption of Katmai Vol
The nearly circular Novarupta Dome that formed during the ae ' Peas an mane.
Alaska, measures 800 feet across and 200 feet high. The internal ee ees
defined by layering of lava fanning upward and outward from the cent it grew
largely by expansion from within. 2018:1F0S-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
2.(b.) Explain in detail about panelomatle, multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensi
Images with example, >
Spectral resolution refers to the qbilty of a satellite sensor to measure specific wavelengths of
the electromagnetic spectrum by the spectral bands or individual bandwidths, The finer the
spectral resolution, the narrower the wavelength range for a particular channel or band,
RN Ee SEE
These bands are;
1, Multispectral band
2. Hyperspectral band
4. BSW bands <
resolution (ISR). However, multispectral (MS) images have high spatial resolution (HSR)
and low spectral resolution,
—~—_~_
MULTISPECTRAL IMAGERY
ean~>ra—nm"—"—ns—hve
* Multispectral imagery is produced by sensors that measure reflected energy within
several specific sections (also called bands) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
. jultispectral sensors usually have between 3 and 10 different band measurements in
each pixel of the images they produce. ee
+ Exgmples of bands in these sensors typically include sible green, visible red, near
iGfraxad, ote. Landsat, Quickbird, and Spot satellites are well-known satelite sensors
that use multispectral sensors.
L Hyperspectral (HS) images usually have high spectral resolution and low spatial
HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGERY
* Hyperspectral sensors measure energy in narrower and more numerous bands than
multispectral sensors.
+ Hyperspectral images can contain as many as 200 (or more) contiguous spectral bands.
The numerous narrow bands of hyperspectral sensors provi ectral
numerous f hyperspectral sensors provide a continuous spe
NNN
measurement 3670s the entire electromagnetic spectrum “and therefore are more
sensitive to subtle variations in reflected energy.
CNL aeeterrenmm > OLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
2018-IFo!
© Images produced from hyperspectral sensors contain much more data than images
from multispectral sensors and have a greater potential to detect differences among
land and water features.
+ For example, multispectral imagery can be used to map forested areas, while
hyperspectral imagery can be used to map tree species within the forest.
PANCHROMATIC BAND IMAGERY.
oa a band that usually contain 2 couple
enlarged bend
‘ormeander
meander
meander wi
narrow neck
orbow lake
(@.cut off meander)
———__——_
seem —+ 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
4. (c.) Discuss about stereographic projections for structural analysis with neat diagrams .
‘* Stereographic_projection is an essential tool of
structural geology. It is used to represent the — Sxicry
orientations of planar and linear structures of an area
and to find out the angular relations among them in a
‘two-dimensional diagram. -
‘© The orientation of a plane is represented by imagining
the plane to pass through the center of a sphere.
+ The line of intersection between the plane and the {isj""
sphere will then represent a circle, and this circle is
formally known as a great circle.
* The plane onto the horizontal plane that runs through the center of the sphere. Hence,
this plane will be our projection plane, and it will intersect the sphere along a horizontal
circle called the primitive circle.
* A.circle shaped projection (part of a circle) then occurs on our horizontal projection
plane, and this projection is a stereographic projection of the plane.
+ The longitudes are planes that intersect in a common line (the N-S line), and thus
appear as great circles in the stereonet.
‘+ The projections of the latitudes, which are not planes but cones coaxial with the N-S
line, are usually referred to as small circles (also their projections onto the stereonet).
The net that emerges from the particular projection described above is called the Wulff
net.
‘+ In the process of collecting data on structural aspects, measurement of linear and
planar attitudes are done,
* A plot of such data may show cluster of points (poles or lineations) on either a
stereoplot or an equal-area plot. A projection that shows only points is called a scatter
diagram or a point diagram. Such clusters on a scatter diagram it is often possible to
estimate the dominant orientation of a structural element.
* To obtain @ precise representation of variations in orientation, quantification of the
number of points per unit area of the projection, equal area net is used.
w . ei F
Paneesere a
(Gesterce)
ESEting
fre. GEOLOGY-PAPEIS
= lw 4FoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GE OLOGY"? AL
J of evolution from,
Q.5{a.) What is orthogenesis? Comment on the progressive trene Gi
Hyracotherium to Equus.
‘© Orthogenesis, also known
evolutionary progress, or progressionism, {st
have an innate tendency to evolve in a definite dire
due to some internal mechanism or "driving force".
olution, progressive evolution,
that organi:
as. orthogenetic ©
he biological hypoth
ction towards some
oal (teleology)
© Family: Equidae
© Order : Perissodactyla
The evolutionary sequence of horse history
Recent.
* Comparing the characters of modern E
Hyracotherium it is possible to trace out tl
= during evolutionary development from ear
summarized as follows;
1. Increase of size with height from 12 inches to above 72 inches
2. Lengthening of limbs with gradual shifting of ankle and wrist away from the toe.
3. Lengthening of neck and straightening and stiffening of back producing 2 stroam-lined
body.
4. Reduction of number of toes in limbs making all tHlimbs one-tocd.
5. Lengthening of neck, straightening and stiffening of back producing a streamline body.
6. Molarization or premolars.
7. Widening of incisors with very sharp edges.
8. Development of high-crowned cheek teeth (hypsodont) from original low-crowned
brachydont type with consequent deepening of frontal part of skull and lower jaw to
is recorded in deposits since Eocene to
quus with those of earliest ancestral form
he lines of change of morphologie characters
liest to modern horse. These trends may be
accommodate those teeth.
9. Development of complex fold-pattern of enamel on the upper surface of the crown of
cheek teeth.
10. Gradual increase of complexity and size of brain.
@
EOHIPPUS MESOHIPPUS MERYCHIPPUS
WW
Miohippus 2
PLIOMIPPUS equus . : Hipparton
‘eath of fosit Noses in evolutionary sequence, 2018-1FoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Q.5(b.) How are abiotic conditions reflected in the test ornamentation of microfossils?
Enumerate with example.
+ The surface of foraminifera may be smooth or characterized by different types of
ornamentation, including spines, nodes, keels, pillars, striations and ribs, The hyaline
and porcelaneous foraminifera are ornamented, but this condition is little visible in
agglutinated types. :
+ The three major types of wall structure in foraminifera are agglutinated, calcareous
hyaline and calcareous porcelaneous.
* The method involves plotting the percentage abundance of the three wall types in the
sample on the ternary plot. The marginal marine, shelf sea and deep-sea samples can be
distinctly distinguished.
* Order (Foraminiferida) and the wall composition and texture formed the basis for
Separation of five suborders. The mode of chamber addition and lamellar characters (in
hyaline forms) and unilocular or multilocular tests (in agglutinate and microgranular
forms) were used to define superfamilies. The suborders included Allogromiina
(organic), Textulariina (agglutinated), Fusulinina(microgranular), _Miliolina
(porcelaneous) and Rotaliina (hyaline).
TectinouS __loosely attached Porelanenun
Sediment gaine Calearsous
1—Tootn
Agglutinated
Assortod sediment grins
bound with come
5 nt hipesline marshes
(hole wong)
2 organe ming =
rms mroe mares
a aa
icrogrnuar yer Ye
eer amost shelf seas,
.
Porcelanoous nto cap S&S
repigy sea gy csias fypesatine lagoons
apace ys",
| oe Up
NS aasaloeted
naling marshes 2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-2
i ater and marine
The organic-walled Allogromiid foraminifera occur in both freshwate
environments
The agglutinated foraminifera are found in marsh to deep marine environments
and with exclusive occurrence below the CCD {ca “4000 m), due to the absence oF
caleareous foraminifera, The deepest marine foraminifera, recorded at depths below
10,000 m in the Pacifi c, are agglutinate taxa comprising the species Hormosing ,
Reophox and Rhabdammina
Marsh and mangroves are the other envi
characteristic assemblage includes Miliammina ,
Haplophragmoides and Trochammina.
nments preferred by agglutinated taxa. The
Jadammina Arenoparella
i marginal
The porcelaneous foraminifera belonging to the order Miliolida occur from marg
marine to deep marine environments and tolerate hypersaline or hyposaline conditions.
The maximum diversity of milolid foraminifera is on the inner shelf. The foraminifera
belonging to other calcareous orders, including Nodosariida, Buliminida, Robertinida
and Rotaliida, are also distributed at all depths of ocean, from shallow marine to deep
marine. fam of hydrological cycle.
Solar
Moisture radiation
Precipitation = ——. 4
——__—-
a Evaporation
Maier aa = —_—— iy
+ cme Ok
[kes and streams :
y et ———S
3 Groundwaterto ocean ae
Deep seepage
+ The hydrological cycle is the system which describes the distribution and movement of
water between the earth and its atmosphere. The model involves the continual
circulation of water between the oceans, the atmosphere, vegetation and land.
* As water evaporates from oceans and lakes and precipitates on land as rain or snow,
the hydrologic cycle transports liquid-water by runoff of surface water (rivers and
streams); by subsurface movement of groundwater (aquifers); through animals (by
respiration), plants (by evapotranspiration), and other organisms; through the soil; and
stores water in oceans, lakes, and glaciers (cryosphere).
+ The oceans (hydrosphere) contain 97 percent of Earth’s water, and glaciers store 2
percent. Therefore, less than 1 percent of Earth’s water remains as surface water,
groundwater, and soil moisture to sustain most life forms in terrestrial ecosystems
© The long-term exchange between glacier ice (cryosphere) and the oceans (hydrosphere)
determines global (eustatic) sea level.
‘Awarmer climate will likely result in increased evaporation and evapotranspiration that
will intensify or accelerate the hydrologic cycle. The rate of exchange of water among its
various phases is expected to increase as it circulates through the atmosphere,
cryosphere, hydrosphere, and through the terrestrial biosphere. ae ee ctceactoe os rr a iat i
2018.1F05-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY PAPER]
‘on the continents, sea level fisy
In response to variations in the volume of glacier Ice on the © ah
ir 1 placials and interglacials. Appronitnatety 26,666
about 125 meters {m) lower than at present
sea level would rise ay
‘edly fallen and risen betwe
years ago, for example, sea level was
(2009). If all of the present glacier ice on land were to melt,
additional 75m,
Hydrological Cycle
ae
2
3.
4.
‘Water evaporates from the ocean and land.
Evaporated water vapour is cartied over the earth by atmospheric circulation.
The water vapour condenses and precipitates on the land and oceans
The precipitated water may be intercepted by vegetation, become overland flow,
infiltrate into the land surface.
Infiltrate water may percolate deeper to recharge groundwater and later become spring
flow or seepage into streams to also become stream flow.
—_—_—
Tees
Freshwater:
Percentage by Volume
Ghcist
Subsutface water
Sat
Aumosp
pial (esh Waieh) peas Sh rr ea tee
2016-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
2.) What at i
aste) re GreeP, solifluction and landstide? Enumerate their significance that leads to
mass scale devastation,
tandslide : defines a group of process.
slope forming materials,
combination of these,
es that causes the downward and outward movement of
» including rock, weathered material, debris material, soil or a
Landslides can be distinguished among different based on four features; ;
(1) the type of material involved (rock or regolith)
(2) the velocity of movement (slow intermediate, or fast)
(3) the character of the moving mass (coherent, chaotic, of slurry}; and
(4) the environment in which the movement takes place (subaerial or submarine).
Geeep : (also known as soil creep) refers to the slow, gradual downslope movement of regolith
ona slope.
* Creep happens when regolith alternately expands and contracts in response to freezing
and thawing, wetting and drying, or warming and cooling.
'n the winter, when water freezes, the regolith expands, and particles move outward,
Perpendicular to the slope. During the spring thaw, water becomes liquid again, and
gravity makes the particles sink vertically and thus migrate downslope slightly.
Solifluction : The type of creep characteristic of tundra regions; during the summer, the
uppermost layer of permafrost melts, and the soggy, weak layer of ground then flows slowly
downslope in overlapping sheets.
© The flowage at rates measured on the order of centimeters per year of regolith
containing water. Solifluction produces distinctive lobes on hill slopes. These occur in
areas where the soil remains saturated with water for long periods of time.
The landslide can be caused by different factors such as;
Geological factors
1. Type and engineering-geological properties of soils/rocks
2. Geological structures
3. Stresses in geological history
Geomorphic factors
‘© Slope gradient is important with regard to landslide ition. In most studies of
landslides, the slope gradient is taken into account as a principal causative or trigger
factor.
Seismic factors
© One of the major factors in the triggering of landslides is seismicity. The most abundant
types of earthquake-induced landslides are rock falls and slides of rock fragments that
form on steep slopes 2018-1FoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER
Ground Water and Rainfall factors
; Sein i ee
failure increases during the rainy season.
eral saturates the slope. In rock
* The rainfall recharges the groundwater and in gen
jevelops water pressure which
slopes the groundwater within the discontinuities 4
results into decrease of shear strength along the discontinuity planes
Man-made factors
A. Undercutting during construction of highways and railroa
gradients, and increases the chance of slope failures.
B. Overloading of hill-slopes by housing construction is common.
eakens the support of soils by tree
ds increases the average slope
C. Clear cutting of trees promotes soil erosion and we
roots.
D. Vibrations occurring in earthquake consequence by hydroelectrcity lakes, or other
artificial causes (machine activities, underground explosions).
1. Rainfall induced landslide: Most landslides and rock slides Ex : Recent Idduki landslide,
Kerala
2. Earthquake induced landslides: Generally rock falls and boulder jumping to long distances
in hilly areas. Example : 2011 Sikkim Earthquake
3. Cloudburst induced landslide: Mostly mud flows and debris flows (and flash floods) along
gullies in the Himalayan region. Ex : 2013 Uttarakhand disaster
4, Landslide dam break : Resulting in flash floods and a large number of landslides due to the
toe erosion along the hill rivers. Ex: 1894 Gohna Lake Dam burst
5, Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) : Common in glaciated Himalayan ridges due to melting of
nearby glaciers, particularly due to global warming; such a flood causes bank undercutting,
landslides, and debris flows. Ex : 1929 GLOF from the Chong Khumdan Glacierin the
Karakoram
6. Freeze and thaw induced rock falls : Occur during sunny days in the snowbound steep rocky
mountains. 66a.) Discuss about the two-fold clas
stages and their ages, Comm
Gondwana basins,
ification of Gondwana group of rocks, mentioning the
nt on the important floras of Lower Gondwana and Upper
The Gondwana basins of Po,
tar India contain mainly thick pile(4000m) of clastic,
Vhalf graben bounded by h
ry high normal faults.
© Amajor part
pans : iE r Of the Gondwana sediments are confined to the thee tracts, which include
‘oder, Son-Mahanadi and Pranhita-Godavari basins.
‘+ Two-fold classification by W-T. Blanford
lower and upper divisions and the line
sediments preserved in graben,
, who divided the Gondwana sequence into
of separation being top surface of the Panchet
Stage. The lower and “per Gondwanas are characterized by Glossoptéris and
Ptilophyllysh floras respectively, it
Three malor groups of fault are recognized in the Godavari basins. These are termed as
boundary faults’ 1.) Basin-marginal faults (2
) Intea-basinal faylts (3.) Basin marginal
cross faults, my), ws
Damodar Valley
The most important coalfields of the Damodar Valley include Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro,North
Keranpura, Ramgarh, South Karanpura, Hutar, Auranga, Daltonganj, Jaintia, Saharjuri and
Girdgih basins.
Age Division Group Formation
et
Lower Cretaceous “/1| Rajmahal Bansa Fm.
Lower Jurassic a Mahadeva Dubrajpura Fm.
Upper Gondwana Parsora Fm.
Upper Triassic Panchet. =| Tikki Fm,
U. Permian = L. Triassic Pali Fm. .(amthi
upper member)
Permian=Upper |. Raniganj Fm.(Kamthi
Permian — Middle : 3 lower member)
Damuda Barren Measures Fi
Permian — Lower ‘m.
Lower Gondwana als ra :
Karaharbari Fm.
Upper Carboniferous: © Talchity <9) | Talchir Frm.
Lower Permian 2018-1FOS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
Talehlr Group
©The Talchle Formation comprises detritus from glaciated land. In some places, the
pebbles are facoted and striated, indicating, their transportation in frozen ice of the
placiers,
Damuda Group
+ The fluvial sedimentation began with what was recognized as the Karharbari
Formation,
©The succeeding fluviat-alluvlal dey
sandstones, siltstones and shales with thick beds of coal is known as the Barakar
Formation,
t comprising, conglomerate, multistoried
* The Barren Measures {also called Kulti Formation), emplaced by flows during flood
© The Raniqan} Formation represents a lacustrine sequence in the alluvial plain.
Panchot Group,
* The Panchet Hlll in the Raniganj Coalfield is made up of coarse-grained feldspathic
sandstones with thin greenish brown shale and red claystone with a few beds of impure
limestone in the upper part and conglomerate with laterite nodules at the base of the
Pan mation.
+ The Tiki (Pall) Formation is made up of arkoste sandstone and red shales-mudstone.
Mahadeva Group
© The Mahadev Formation has been interpreted as aeolian dunes with wadi sand.
# The coarse- to medium-grained cross-bedded sandstones interbedded with ripple-
marked mottled mudstones (Parsora Beds) are characterized by typical Late Triassic
plant fossils,
Rajmahal Group
The Rajmahal Formation is essentially a pile of basaltic lavas with intertrappean
sedimentary strata of the Gondwana spectrum. The intertrappean beds contain rich
suite of plant fossils suggesting an age between Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous.
Floras of Lower Gondwana
The wetter parts of floodplains of the Gondwanic India were lush with forest of seedless,
imine Ea lush with forest of Seemess)
vascular vegetation in the Early Permian.
+ These were reduced to creeping forms by the end of the Permian. Higher and drier
areas were covered by forests of diverse Seed-bearing but not flowering gymnosperms
plants=Glossopteris and Cordiates, a.
+ The Permian flora included Glossopteris indica, Gongamopteris cyclopteroid,
Schizoneura gondwanensis, Noeagerathlopsis hislopi, Neuropteris, Sohenopterrs,
Phyllotheca and Paranocladus (conifer).
nytatere Zac
Zig) a eT Lh bearer Ie
2018-1F0S-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
The plant Glossopteris that
rigours of glaciation invests
By the Late Permian Baraka
&rew in cool climate when the land was going through
the Gondwana with an individuality and uniformity.
Sandan time, the climate had become warm and there was
of water, New species of habdotaenia and Walkomielli appeared in place
of older ones and there was manifold inrease in the diversity in species of
Pteridophytes and gymnosperms.
Floras of Upper Gondwana
The climate became dry and warm in the Triassic time. The vegetation impoverished—
their extent shrank and the composition changed, New floral assemblage comprised
ferns, horsetails, rushes and club mosses,
The Glossopteris-Vertebraria assemblage ofthe Late Permian gave way to the
Dicrodium-Lepidopteris assemblage in the Triassic, as testified by the Raniganj and the
Kamthiflora, —
Estherids made their appearance in the Triassic assemblage.
The Triassic flora includes Schizoneura gondwanesis, Glossopteris, Rhabdotaenia,
Lepidopteris, Recopteris, Trizygia and Speciosa.
The proliferation of Cycadeoides and other cycads in the Upper Triassic was @ major
development. A new type of gymnosperm evolved during the Triassic—Williamsonia.
The Late Jurassic witnessed a marked change in the plant community. The seedbearing
gymnosperms gave way to the flowering angiosperms plants, marking the most
significant development in the evolution of the plant life.
The angiosperms proliferated very rapidly and became the most abundant during the
Cretaceous.
The Rajmahal flora, representing the Cretaceous plant assemblage of the Gondwan
India, comprises Phyllopterides leavis, Equisites, Pachyopteris indico, Thinnfeldia indica,
Ptilophyllum acutifolia, Brachyphyllum, Otozamites, Dictyozamites, Nilssonio,
Podozamites, Ginkgopites, Taenopteris spatulata, Elatocladus confertus, Aurocarites
cutchensis and Coniferocaulon indica. mLaarte Aeros rane Ms atid
Cleave \ “Seach CUE
Ps an GEOLOGY-PAPER-] &§ Mod yeck
BOCK skvenolh 4 ¢- Vio 2018-1Fos-sOLVED OFTIO'
akeength. Wo Ww cali are
Q.6(c.) Define the terms Rock Quality Designation RAD) and Rack Mass Rating (RMR). How
are these parameters useful in the analysis of the design of roof support system in tunnel
a pallial
S " Von © Grou on
memes > ued Ser Sueeh Ege Radler “RB Ning
fq avernbkes
Rock Quality Designation (RQD) is an index for assessing rock quality quantitatively,
* Itrepresents the strength of the in-situ rock.
© To find RQD, the length of the barrel should b
petroleum exploration.
* During calculation of ROD,
.e 200cm (2m), 200cm (9m) in case of
the continuous run length of drill core semples are taken
having run tength greater than J0em. 9.
len
AAD=NWS-3 Ty nop Anse tee Syn ih.
Tee Me & yonB ees nF Sergi t.
[Correlation between RD and Rock Quality ] ae
| RQD (%) [Rock Quality | ~
((<25) [Very poor |
50. | Poor |
(50-75 [Fair ib
| 75-90 | Good
[90-100 | Excellent |
aide Called Ceomuctarnes Dass Geben?
+ Rock Mass Rating (RNR) is classification of rock mass, initially proposed for shallow
Waneling in sedimentary rocks, based on following 6 parameters. > h~ocsh. oad
ZT. Uniaxial Compressive Strength pn °Y aking
2, RQD Aa
320% 7 epathyrAs
3, Spacing of discmaSinies ps Rate mabe ar hw
Ce ae
4, Condition of disestiifities tq
5. Orientation of eisconis s (B)
6. Groundwater conditions As
Classification of Rock mass on the basis of RMR
Rating Class Description
81-100 ! Very good rock
61-80 u ‘Good
41-60 = a Fair
12-40 —
‘oor
Less'than 20 v Poor
= Very poor Se ee eee el | a
2018-IF0S-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
+ £90 is a directionally dependent parameter and its value may shange:s
devendina upon the borehole orie
reducing this directional dependence.
+ An RQD of less than 70% indicates that the rock mass will be more oe
2888: RAD values less than 50% would require close spacing, light loading, and reli
$ to produce acceptable results.
ie at yafue of RMR indicates that the rock mass is on the boundary between the ‘Fair
ao and ‘Good rock’ and other categories. In the initial stages of design and
ccna ae itis advisable to utilise the support suggested for fair rock,
|f the construction is progressing well with no Stability problems, and the support is
performing very well, then it should be possible to gradually reduce the support
requirements to those indicated for a good rack mass, ‘ z
* In addition, if the excavation is Fequired to be stable for a short amount of time, then it
is advisable to try the less expensive and extensive support suggested for good rock.
* However, if the rock mass surrounding the excavation is expected to undergo large
mining induced stress changes, then more substantial support appropriate for fair rock
should be installed. : :
This example indicates that a great deal of judgement is naeded in the application of
J) ‘ork mass classification to support design. — /-PAPER-1.
2018-IFoS-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-P;
2 How is dimorphism establisheg
7a. is ism’ iniferal reproduction
Q.7(a.) What is ‘dimorphism’ in foraminiferal rep aceary chances of fora
through the features in foraminiferal tests? Discuss the evo
through geological ages.
‘+ Dimorphism is the coexistence of two discrel
generations in the life cycle of a single species. f A
fe cycle comprising alternation of asexya)
inifers
te morpho-types representing different
* Foraminifera have a heterophasic lif
(schizogony) and sexual (gamogony) phases of reproduction.
The heterophasie life cycle results in dimorphism in fora i
reproduced by schizogony (the gamonts) have a large proloculus (the initial chamber}
and smaller test compared with those produced by gamogony (the agamonts, also
called the microspheric schizonts).
The tests with large proloculus and of small size are megalospheric (A-form) and those
with small proloculus and of large size are Agamont =
microspheric (B-form). A third generation
occurs in some species, the megalospheric Mutiple
eon
schizonts . ose” Wa vai
Me
minifera. The individuals
In view of this, the three generations are 260
preferably called gamont, agamont and (4
schizont, and the corresponding tests are Az, B
and Ar, respectively.
Gamont Sehiaot
4
© The initial protoplasm in agamonts is small, but Gameles
gamonts and schizonts receive large masses of sz Mions
protoplasm due to cell division. It is also ~ Gametogenesis ane
a2
signifycant that, in asexual reproduction (in ¢
larger benthic foraminifera), the symbionts are _justration of lifecycle of foraminifera
transferred to offspring during showing alternation of generations.
Evolutionary changes through geological history
* During the early Paleozoic period of high productivity, foraminifera had simple and
unilocular, irregular to rounded, or rectilinear to enrolled tubular proteinaceous or
agglutinated tests (Psammosphaeridae, Saccamminidae, Hemisphaeramminidae,
Bathysiphonidae, Hippocrepinidae, Ammodiscidae). Both free-living and at-tached
fission.
surface dwellers were present.
«By the Middle Ordovician, the un-specialized but multilocular and uniserial Reophax
appeared; by Silurian time, the microgranular calcareous tests of early
Parathuramminidae and Tuberitinidae repeated the general morphology of the earlier
agglutinated taxa.
#__. The larger representatives of the Fusulining expanded in the Carboniferous as the non-
fusuline genera de-clined. The maximum foraminiferal diversity of the Paleozoic OC ———————
2018:1F0S-SOLVED OPTIONAL GEOLOGY-PAPER-1
(Visean) had been associ
Gondwana and Laurasia,
diversity
lated with very extensive low-latitude seas separating
tate + and the closing of this seaway led to a gradual decline in
are entirely reversed until the Early Cretaceous
ee en Benera of Miliolina appeared in the late Triassic. In the later
The atone nt Were surpassed in inportance by rapidly diversifying Lagenine
Tcratee tinental seas and maritime ciate ofthe Cretaceous Jed to some
; ication of the water column but relatively minor latitudinal temperature
onation. Nutrient influx was reduced, but as oceanic circulation was slug-gish and
upwelling minimal, nutrient reeycting also was minor. Many new large and complex
genera of Textulariina and Militing evolved on the warm, oligotrophic, shallow-water
car-bonate shelves. These included the subglobular to fusiform Al-veolinidae and
loftustidae; coiled to uncoiled, flabelliform to discoidal_Cyclamminidae,
Spirocyclomminidae, and Praerhap-ydionininae; globular, flabelliform, or conical
Orbitolinidae and Rhapydionininae; discoidal Cyclamminidae and Meandropsin-idae;
ovoid to discoid Fabulariidae; and various Rotolidae, Orbitoididae, Lepidorbitoididae,
and Pseudorbitoididae,
vel
Cretaceous Heterohelicidae, Guembelitridae, Globuligerinidae, Globige-rinelloididae,
Favusellidae, and Rugoglobigerinidae have tests that are nearly globular, or constructed
of loosely attached glob-ular chambers, hence a low surface area relative to volume and
low specific gravity. Discoidal or conical and carinate tests and those with radially
elongate or terminally clavate chambers characterize extant species at greater depth in
the water column, commonly below 100 m, and the stellate-appearing Hastigerinopsis
may occur to 1,000 m.
Por-celaneous larger taxa were few in the Paleocene and early Eocene, but became
more diverse on the shallow water carbonate banks by the middle Eocene (a total of 16
genera), then declined until the early Miocene, when a new expansion of Alveolinidae,
Pe-neroplidae, and Soritidae attained the previous maximum di-versity of the
Cretaceous (17 genera).
Genera and families of the Rotaliina evolved rapidly through the Cenozoic, including
smaller high-spired foraminifers (Buliminidae, Uvigerinidae) and low trochospiral ones
(Eponididae, Glabrotellidae, and Cibcididee). Some larger Nummulitidae, Rotalidae,
Asterocydlinidae, and Discocyclinidae also evolved within the Paleocene.
The global warming at the close of the Paleocene and the onset of the Eocene was
associated with turnover of larger foraminifera, characterized by an increase in test size,
adult dimorphism and an increase in the specific diversity of these fora
keels, apertural lips, secondary calcification and rugose surfaces were
s with smooth surfaces. é
ra.
Tests
replaced by simple trochospiral tests ee
2O1S.IFOS SOLVED OPTIONAL GE
oN
OLOGY-PAPER-L
; «Attempt the
jominant role
Q.7(b.) tn indian stratigraphy, Cudddapah system PlYS aan Add a note on the age of
Stratigraphic classification of the Cuddapah group of S¢
ated.
ential associ
these rocks with special reference to the economic pol
th along ts eastern margin and 145 kry
ae astern Ghat Mobil
2€rOSs in its Widest part Ibis a foreland basin in Trent of nen a Belt,
amplitude a
The Cuctdapah Basin is an arcuate north: plunging, fow-amP
synclinorium. ts western limb dips gently with li intensit
Lies haalea , Tae folds and overthrusts. The intensity of