A PROJECT REPORT ON

“A STUDY ON ABORTION: FOR THE AGAINST”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the award of Degree

Of

BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

SESSION (2022-23)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Ms. Mandeep Kaur Utsav Pal
[Assistant Professor] Roll No. : 22014000770
Class:BBA, 2nd semester

Axis Institute of Higher Education (KN115)

Rooma, Kanpur (UP)
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that this project report entitled “A STUDY ON ABORTION: FOR
AND AGAINST” submitted by Utsav Pal to Department of Management Studies,
AXIS INSTITUE OF HIGHER EDUCATION , KANPUR of Bachelor Of
Business Administration is a bonafide in original research work carried out under my
guidance and supervision. The assistance and help rendered in the form of basic
source material and information have been duly acknowledged.

Ms . Mandeep Kaur Dr. Neetu Singh

Assistant Professor Principal, AIHE
Project guide
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Project Report entitled “A STUDY ON ABORTION: FOR
THE AGAINST” submitted to Axis Institute of Higher Education Kanpur in
partial fulfillment of Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration is the original
work conducted by me. The information and the data given in the report is authentic
to the best of my knowledge .

The Project Report is not being submitted to any other University for award of any
other degree, Diploma and Fellowship.

Place-Kanpur
Utsav Pal

Date: Roll No: 22014000770

BBA 2ndSEMESTER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my guide “Ms.Mandeep

Kaur” for her able guidance and support in completing my project .

I would also like to extend my gratitude to the Principal AIHE “Dr.Neetu Singh” for
providing me all the facility that was required.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing
this project within the limited time frame.

Submitted
By:
Utsav Pal
Roll No: 22014000772
BBA { 2nd semester}
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The study aims to understand the arguments and perspectives surrounding abortion
from both sides of the debate. Abortion is a highly contentious and complex issue,
encompassing various moral, ethical, religious, and legal considerations

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or

fetus.

The study of abortion is important due to its complex and multifaceted nature, as well
as its impact on individuals, society, and public health.

Causes of abortion can vary depending on individual circumstances and societal

factors.
Moreover these causes can be shaped by the legal, cultural, and social context in
which individuals find themselves.
The impact of abortion on society is a complex and multifaceted issue that generates
diverse perspectives.
Public opinion, cultural norms, legal frameworks, and access to comprehensive
reproductive healthcare services all these helps to understand the overall impact of
abortion on society.
National and international policies regarding abortion vary greatly depending on the
country and its legal framework, cultural values, and political climate.

Conclusion:
The study of abortion shows women's rights, bodily autonomy, and health
considerations, emphasizing the need for safe and legal access to abortion services.
On the other hand, opponents prioritize the right to life of the fetus, influenced by
moral, ethical, and religious convictions.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. No. CONTENTS Page No.

1} Introduction

2} Importance and significance of the study

3} Objectives of the study

4} Overview of the Social Problem

5} Impact of the Problem on Society

National Policies and

6}
Regulatory framework analysis

7} Conclusion and suggestions for eradication

8} References
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

INTRODUTION
Abortion is the process of intentionally ending a pregnancy. In this process, incisions
are made in the abdomen and the fetus is removed. In some cases, the baby has been
born alive in spite of using this method.

Abortion touches the hearts of many because its consequences result in the loss of a
human life. Its controversy stems from the fact that people’s opinions on this matter
are rooted in their value systems, religious beliefs, and political socialization.

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of

an embryo or fetus. An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as
a miscarriage or "spontaneous abortion";

Historically, abortions have been attempted using herbal medicines, sharp

tools, forceful massage, or other traditional methods.
Abortion is a contentious and deeply divisive issue that elicits passionate arguments
from both sides. Those in favor of abortion rights argue for a woman's autonomy over
her body and the right to make decisions regarding her reproductive health. They
emphasize the importance of access to safe and legal abortion services, highlighting
the potential physical, emotional, and socioeconomic burdens of unwanted
pregnancies. Proponents of abortion rights advocate for the protection of women's
health, reduction of maternal mortality rates, and the empowerment of women to
shape their own lives. They contend that each individual should have the freedom to
make choices based on their unique circumstances, without undue interference or
judgment.

On the other hand, opponents of abortion argue from a perspective that prioritizes the
sanctity of life, particularly focusing on the rights and moral status of the unborn
fetus. They contend that life begins at conception and terminating a pregnancy is
equivalent to taking a human life. Those against abortion often draw upon moral,
ethical, and religious beliefs to support their stance.

They advocate for alternatives such as adoption, emphasizing the potential for the
unborn child to have a fulfilling life.

The debate surrounding abortion extends beyond individual rights and moral
considerations. It also encompasses broader societal implications. Proponents argue
that access to safe and legal abortion is vital for public health, reducing the occurrence
of unsafe procedures and maternal mortality rates. They assert that it supports gender
equality by enabling women to have control over their reproductive choices and
participate fully in society. In contrast, opponents of abortion express concerns about
the potential devaluation of life and moral implications that may arise if abortion
becomes more accessible.

Understanding the perspectives and arguments presented by both sides is essential for
fostering constructive dialogue and finding common ground on this highly complex
and emotionally charged issue.
 CHAPTER 2
IMPORTANCES AND

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

 The study of abortion from both the pro-choice and pro-life perspectives is of
significant importance due to the complex and deeply divisive nature of the issue.
Abortion is a topic that elicits strong emotions, moral and ethical debates, and has
significant implications for women's rights, reproductive autonomy, public
health, and societal values. By examining the arguments and perspectives
presented by each side, a more comprehensive understanding of the issue can be
attained, leading to informed dialogue, policy development, and ethical
considerations.

 Acknowledging Diverse Perspectives:

Studying abortion from both the pro-choice and pro-life perspectives allows for
the recognition and understanding of diverse beliefs, values, and viewpoints held
by individuals and communities. Abortion is a complex issue that touches upon
personal, cultural, religious, and moral considerations. By studying the different
perspectives, we can gain insights into the underlying beliefs and values that
shape individuals' positions. This understanding fosters empathy, tolerance, and
respect for diverse opinions, contributing to a more inclusive and pluralistic
society.

 To Understand Women's Rights and Reproductive Autonomy:

The pro-choice perspective emphasizes the importance of women's rights and

reproductive autonomy. Studying the arguments in favor of abortion provides an
opportunity to explore the fundamental principles of bodily autonomy, personal
agency, and the right to make decisions about one's own body. Understanding
these arguments is crucial for promoting gender equality, challenging patriarchal
norms, and ensuring that women have control over their reproductive choices. It
highlights the need to protect women's health, well-being, and access to safe and
legal abortion services.
 To Understand Mother’s freedom over her body:

Pro-choicers sometimes assume that the fetus is part of the mother’s body and the
mother can do what she wants with her body. But many people think that you can’t
always do what you want with your own body. For example, some people think
killing yourself is wrong, most of us think using your body to intentionally hurt
another innocent person is wrong, damaging your body through substance abuse is
often considered wrong (what if you can no longer work to support your family?), etc.

 To Understand the Public Health and Safety:

Studying abortion from a pro-choice perspective sheds light on the public health
benefits of ensuring access to safe and legal abortion services. When abortion is
inaccessible or illegal, individuals may resort to unsafe procedures, leading to
significant health risks, complications, and even death. By understanding the
arguments in favor of abortion, we recognize the importance of providing
comprehensive reproductive healthcare, including access to safe and legal
abortion, as a means to protect and promote public health. It underscores the
significance of policies that prioritize the well-being and safety of individuals
seeking abortion services.

 Arguments by analogy:

Much of the thinking on each side of the dispute consists of implicit arguments by
analogy. Pro-life: A fetus and an adult are both persons, so since an adult has a right
to life so too does a fetus. Pro-choice: Or a zygote is more like an unfertilized egg cell
than an adult, so the zygote should have the same moral status as the egg cell.
Legitimate reasons to get an abortion:

Pro-choicers often claim that the embryo or fetus has no right to life because it is not
a person. Some of these same people then claim that there can be illegitimate reasons
for an abortion, such as to choose eye color. But if the fetus has no right to life, and
killing it is not wrong, why exactly shouldn’t one get an abortion for any reason or no
reason at all?
 CHAPTER 3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of studying abortion from both the pro-choice and pro-life perspectives
is multifaceted and encompasses several key goals:

Understanding Diverse Perspectives:

One of the primary objectives is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the

different beliefs, values, and viewpoints surrounding abortion. By studying both sides
of the debate, we can recognize and appreciate the diversity of opinions and the
underlying factors that shape individuals' positions. This understanding promotes
empathy, tolerance, and respectful dialogue, fostering a more inclusive and pluralistic
society.

Enhancing Knowledge and Awareness:

Another objective is to increase knowledge and awareness about the abortion. By

studying the arguments and evidence presented by each perspective, individuals can
develop a understanding of the ethical, moral, legal, and societal dimensions of the
issue. This knowledge equips individuals with the information necessary to engage in
informed discussions and make well-grounded decisions
Promoting Critical Thinking and Analytical Skills:

Studying abortion for and against encourages critical thinking and the development of
analytical skills. It enables individuals to critically evaluate the arguments, evidence,
and assumptions put forth by both sides of the debate. By engaging in reasoned
analysis, individuals can develop their ability to assess complex issues, weigh
conflicting perspectives, and articulate well-informed opinions.

Facilitating Informed Dialogue and Public Discourse:

Objective analysis of the arguments for and against abortion supports the promotion
of informed dialogue and respectful public discourse. It encourages individuals to
engage in meaningful conversations, exchange perspectives, and challenge
assumptions. By fostering open and informed discussions, we can create spaces for
constructive dialogue and bridge the gaps between opposing viewpoints.

Informing Policy Development and Decision-Making:

The study of abortion from both perspectives contributes to the informed development
of policies and decision-making processes. Policymakers and legislators need a
comprehensive understanding of the arguments, evidence, and societal implications
associated with abortion in order to make balanced and well-informed decisions. By
studying abortion for and against, we provide the knowledge necessary for shaping
policies that respect individual rights, protect public health, and address the
complexities of the issue.
Advancing Ethical Considerations and Bioethics:

Another objective is to contribute to ethical considerations and bioethical discussions

surrounding abortion. The examination of abortion from both perspectives allows for
an exploration of the ethical frameworks, values, and principles that inform decision-
making in reproductive healthcare contexts. By engaging in ethical discussions, we
can promote the development of guidelines and practices that uphold ethical
principles, respect individual autonomy, and ensure the provision of quality
reproductive healthcare services.

The objective of studying abortion for and against is to foster a comprehensive

understanding of the issue, promote critical thinking and informed dialogue, inform
policy development, and contribute to ethical considerations in the field of
reproductive healthcare. By examining diverse perspectives, we can work towards a
more inclusive, informed, and ethically grounded approach to addressing the
complexities surrounding abortion.
 CHAPTER 4
OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY
Studying abortion from both the pro-choice and pro-life perspectives provides a
comprehensive understanding of the complex and divisive nature of the issue. It
involves examining the arguments, evidence, values, and ethical considerations
presented by each side. This overview outlines the key aspects involved in studying
abortion for and against.

Background and Context:

The study of abortion begins with understanding the historical, legal, and social
context surrounding the topic. This includes examining the evolution of abortion laws,
landmark court cases, and societal attitudes towards abortion in different regions and
cultures. Understanding the background provides a foundation for exploring the
reasons behind differing perspectives.

Pro-Choice Perspective:

The pro-choice perspective advocates for women's rights, reproductive autonomy, and
access to safe and legal abortion services. Studying the pro-choice side involves
examining arguments related to bodily autonomy, women's health, socioeconomic
factors, and individual decision-making. It explores the ethical considerations and
societal benefits associated with providing access to abortion and the potential
consequences of restricting access.
Pro-Life Perspective:

The pro-life perspective centers on the protection of the unborn fetus and argues
against the termination of pregnancies. Studying the pro-life side involves
understanding the moral, ethical, and religious beliefs that guide opposition to
abortion. It explores arguments related to the sanctity of life, the rights of the unborn,
and the potential physical and psychological impacts on women who undergo
abortions. Additionally, it considers alternatives to abortion, such as adoption, as
viable options.

Reproductive Rights and Women's Health:

Studying abortion for and against entails examining the impact of abortion on
reproductive rights and women's health. It involves analyzing the legal frameworks
and policies surrounding abortion, including access to healthcare services, informed
consent, and counseling. The study explores the consequences of restrictive abortion
laws on women's health outcomes, maternal mortality rates, and the broader
implications for public health.

Ethical and Moral Considerations:

Ethical and moral considerations play a significant role in the abortion debate.
Studying abortion for and against involves exploring the ethical frameworks, religious
perspectives, and philosophical principles that shape each side's arguments. It
examines discussions on the beginning of life, personhood, the rights of the fetus, and
the rights of the pregnant individual. This analysis contributes to a deeper
understanding of the ethical complexities surrounding abortion.

Societal Impact and Public Discourse:

The study of abortion for and against also examines the societal impact and public
discourse surrounding the issue. It involves analyzing the cultural, political, and social
ramifications of abortion, including its influence on gender equality, family dynamics,
and population dynamics. The study explores how abortion intersects with broader
debates on healthcare, morality, religious freedom, and individual liberties.

Policy and Legal Implications:

Understanding the arguments and perspectives from both sides of the abortion debate
is crucial for informing policy and legal decisions. The study involves examining the
impact of different regulatory approaches, including the availability of reproductive
healthcare services, abortion restrictions, gestational limits, and parental consent laws.
It explores the role of policymakers, lawmakers, and judicial systems in shaping the
legal landscape surrounding abortion.

Studying abortion for and against provides a comprehensive understanding of the

multifaceted dimensions of the issue. It involves examining the pro-choice and pro-
life perspectives, understanding reproductive rights, analyzing ethical considerations,
and exploring the societal and legal implications. By studying abortion from multiple
perspectives, researchers, policymakers, and individuals can engage in informed
dialogue, contribute to ethical discussions, and work towards solutions that respect
individual autonomy, protect women's health, and uphold societal values.
 CHAPTER 5
IMPACT OF THE SOCIAL
STIUDY

The Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights describes the

Declaration as, “a common standard of achievement for all peoples and nations” and
states that “the peoples of the United Nations have . . . reaffirmed their faith in
fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, and in the
equal rights of men and women.”4 The second article stresses further that these rights
and freedoms belong to everyone, without discrimination, by virtue of being a human
being: “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration,
without distinction of any kind.”5 In the third article, explains the first of the rights
belonging to everyone, “Everyone has the right to life.” The right to life is the
foundation of all other human rights.6 Though the declaration states the understanding
of the international community regarding human rights, it does not create legal
obligations. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) echoes and
enforces the right to life of the declaration. The Covenant proclaims, “Every human
being has the inherent right to life. Law shall protect this right. No one shall be
arbitrarily deprived of his life.”7 Notably, the covenant articulates the right as
applying to every human being. Unlike the word “person” that, through judicial
interpretation in the United States (US), has left the unborn outside a sphere of
protection, “human being” is a scientific term for a living human organism. Thus, one
view lies that the basic human-rights documents are against abortion; they certainly
do not create a right for abortion

Abortion and the Constitution of India ==While establishing the democratic setup,
our Constitution framers were vigilant and inculcated the sprit that people must be
protected against misuse of power by the government and its officials. They,
therefore, provided for the fundamental rights in part-III of the Constitution. The
article 21 of Indian constitution provide right to life which includes within its ambit
the right to privacy. Right to life and personal liberty is the most sacrosanct, precious,
inalienable and fundamental of all the fundamental rights of citizens. This guarantee
imposes a restraint on the government and it is part of the cultural and social
consciousness of the community in India. In this context, every woman owe an
individual right, right to her life, to her liberty, and to the pursuit of her happiness,
that sanctions her right to have an abortion. The women have reproductive features
and have right to decide about her sexual health and shape her reproductive choices.
To ensure availability of human rights to women and to advance the development, the
international community acknowledged reproductive rights of the woman. In order to
follow the international mandate, governments from all over the world have
recognized and accredited reproductive rights to women to an unprecedented heights.
To fulfill its commitment government enacted formal laws and policies that are prime
indicators in promoting reproductive rights. Thus it can be reiterated that all over the
World each and every woman has an unconditional right to have control over her own
body.

Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971== In India, the Central Family

Planning Board on August 25, 1964 recommended the Ministry of Health to
constitute a committee to study the need of legislation on abortion. The
recommendation was adopted in the later half of 1964 constituting a committee which
consisted of members from various Indian public and private agencies. The committee
– called Shantilal Shah Committee. After analysing a vast expanse of statistical data
available at that time, this committee issued its report on December 30, 1966.12 On
the basis of this report, the government passed the Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Act, 1971 (MTP Act of 1971) and liberalised abortion laws in India. It is noteworthy
that the MTP Act was implemented in the month of April, 1972 and again revised in
the year of 1975 to eliminate time consuming procedures for the approval of the place
and to make services more readily available. This Act was amended in the year 2002
and again in 2005. The Preamble of the Act states, “An Act to provide for the
termination of certain pregnancies by registered medical practitioners and for matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto”.

Socio- ethical issues== In India, which is a country with immense social baggage
supplemented by societal evils such as illiteracy and poverty, the impact of the MTP
Act should be judged in the context of changing social circumstances, values and
attitudes. The social implications of MTP Act, in its very raw form can be segregated
into abortion in unmarried girls versus abortion in married woman. These two have
completely different connotations. In MTP Act married woman is not considered as a
social stigma, whereas unmarried girls are not easily accepted. The fact that it is
unaccepted creates hindrances in safe abortions, sometimes defeating the very
purpose of abortion i.e., health of the woman undergoing abortion. In villages where
there is in access to medical facilities, girls are taken to other distant places for MTP
Act in the name of preserving the girl's future and keeping image in the society intact.
The legalising of MTP Act has obviously had a positive stimulus upon the omen in
need of MTP and has shown reduced incidence of suicide and betterment of health
and safety. The acceptance of the family planning methods has also witnessed wider
acceptance.18 There are however, certain undesirable implications of the MTP and
these lie in the inconsistency in following prescribed standards. This problem is
rampant especially in rural areas due the lack of awareness of the patients and the lack
of surveillance by the government. The effectiveness and safety of these medical
procedures still lie in dim light. The lack of proper cleanliness, staff and facilities
sometimes results in such as infertility, menstrual disturbances and pelvic
inflammatory diseases. In a few cases, this results in death as well.

The real problem lies in the implementation of the laws and existing framework. It is
the responsibility of the government to ensure that MTP Act is done by qualified
surgeons in registered clinics or hospitals. The concerned authorities need to deal with
another major challenge and that is of the genuineness of reasons behind requesting
termination of pregnancy. There have been cases reported where in MTP Act is
performed flimsy ground such as examinations, family weddings, tours etc. such
abortions are conducted by the medical practioners for financial gains and go
unchecked on most occasions due to fabricated reports. Such abortions have both long
term and short term consequences. It is also unfortunate that abortion often is used as
an alternative to regular methods of family planning.20 Such issues can only be
addressed by government initiatives and awareness programs. It is the social
responsibility of doctors to counsel all patients coming for termination of pregnancy
about the use of some contraception. It should be emphasised that contraception use is
much safer than termination of pregnancy. To mitigate the ill effects on society, the
balancing of the negative and positive aspects of this social legislation needs to be
taken up. The ethical debate about the legal stance of prevention of unwanted
pregnancies has been continuing for many years throughout the world, and this
established the idea of enacting a legislation that would balance the ethical and legal
perspective. In India, in spite of legislative and judicial control, ethical controversies
surrounding medical termination of pregnancy still continues. Though many people
believe that medical termination of pregnancy is immoral but today it is a right that
cannot be taken away from the women.
Psychosocial aspects== The famous birth control activist Margeret Sanger once said
that “No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she
will or will not be a mother”. Women have however now come a long way since those
days where in abortion was illegal and medical termination of pregnancy was socially
unacceptable. The crucial consequence that followed this attitude towards abortion
was the psychological implications upon the pregnant woman and her family. These
persons were faced with distress of an uncertain future. In today’s time however, it is
legally available in most countries of the world and due to this the physiological
trauma and social isolation have reduced. Psychologically it gives them a sense of
control upon one’s own future and the power to make choices. However, in the
favorable social circumstances following legalised abortion, the patient’s relief of
getting rid of the unwanted pregnancy out shadows and feeling of guilt that either
used to accompany an illegal and socially unsanctioned procedure. In a minority of
patients, one sees psychological disturbances in the form of major psychoses or
depression. It was not yet recognised as a justification for abortion that the women’s
health would be endangered if the pregnancy is carried to the full term. That step has
not been taken but perceptibly it constitutes a greater inroad in the sanctity of life of
the fetus than a provision intended to guard against danger to the women’s life. But
each person has a right to bodily sovereignty and human rights and various
international instruments protect such rights. Thus it becomes important to secure the
right to abortion to every woman. Those who are pro-life are against abortion and
believe that since life begins at conception, abortion is parallel to murder as it is the
act of taking human life. Abortion is in direct disobedience of the idea of the sanctity
of human life and that no civilized society permits any human to harm or take the life
of another human. Their answer to an unwanted child is adoption and they believe
that with millions of child less parents wanting to adopt a child. In the instance of rape
and incest, etc., they believe that abortion punishes the unborn child who committed
no crime; instead. Their basic premise is that for women who demand complete
control of their body, control should include preventing the risk of unwanted
pregnancy through the responsible use of contraception or, if that is not possible,
through self-restraint. In short, it can be said that abortion should not be used as
another form of contraception. On the other hand, those who are prochoice support
abortion and believe that since the fetus cannot be regarded as a different entity in the
first trimester as a fetus cannot exist independent of the mother.

Nlousion The
parliamentary politics of abortion cannot now be neatly arranged around the twin
poles of ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ – but they never could. The Abortion Act 1967 did
not, and was never meant to, establish a ‘right to choose’ in law. Instead, it was meant
as a partial fix to social problems including poverty, poor housing, and ‘overlarge’
families with tired mothers, but also ‘problem’ families, ‘unfit’ mothers, and
‘delinquent’ children. This was to be achieved not by liberating women to exercise
their reproductive rights, but by engaging medical professionals as social agents and
delivering (especially working-class) women into their care and control. The passage
of the Act relied heavily on the dual image of doctors as socially responsible and of
women seeking abortions as vulnerable and in need of paternal guidance.
This has funnelled discussions in a particular way, ultimately producing debates on
abortion that are not about ‘life’ versus ‘choice’. Debates have instead hinged on
questions of the meaning of ‘health’, the appropriate role of doctors in the governance
of ‘social’ concerns, and the correct way to ‘protect’ women often conceived of as
vulnerable. Attempts to further restrict abortion rights have rarely been made on the
basis of the ‘right to life’ of the unborn, but rather on the basis that abortions are
somehow harming women, while doctors are being corrupted by their role in
performing them. In the wake of allegations that some women are selectively aborting
female foetuses, some have asked questions about the appropriateness of ‘choice’ as a
model for making sense of abortion.
 CHAPTER 6
NATION AL POLICIES AND
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
ANALYSIS
National and international poliy

The Programme of Action of the 1994 International Conference on Population and

Development (ICPD) broadly defined reproductive health to include all matters
relating to the well-being of the reproductive system and its functions and processes.1
It envisioned that every sexual interaction should be free of coercion and infection,
every pregnancy should be intended, and every delivery and childbirth should be
healthy.2 The Programme of Action emphasized the rights of all couples and
individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their
children, the right to information and access to safe, effective, affordable and
acceptable methods of family planning of their choice, as well as the right of access to
appropriate health-care services that ensured safe and healthy pregnancy and
childbirth. The Programme of Action underscored the importance of preventing and
managing unsafe abortions3 and providing services for safe abortion where it is not
against the law. It also urged Governments to prioritize the prevention of unwanted
pregnancies, so as to eliminate the need for abortion. It called upon all Governments
and relevant organizations to “deal with the health impact of unsafe abortion as a
major public health concern” and stated that “[i]n all cases, women should have
access to quality services for the management of complications arising from
abortion”. Since the ICPD, many Governments have modified legal provisions for
abortion and strengthened programmes to provide safe abortion services and post-
abortion care, as well as adopted a variety of policies and programmes to improve
reproductive health services and outcomes. This report presents information on
changes in legal grounds for abortion and related reproductive health policies since
around the time of the ICPD for 197 countries in the world, including all 193 Member
States of the United Nations, 2 Observer States (the Holy See and the State of
Palestine) and 2 non-member States (Cook Islands and Niue) of the United Nations.
The report is based primarily on information available from the World Population
Policies Database (see box). The report also draws information from the World
Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision of the United Nations Population Division
and the ICPD Beyond 2014 Global Survey conducted by the United Nations
Population Fund in 2012, as well as selected data from other sources.
The legal grounds for abortion vary greatly across countries. In 2013, 97 per cent
of Governments permitted abortion to save a woman’s life. Whereas in about two
thirds of countries in 2013, abortion was permitted when the physical or mental health
of the mother was endangered, and only in half of the countries when the pregnancy
resulted from rape or incest or in cases of foetal impairment. Only about one third of
countries permitted abortion for economic or social reasons or on request. Chile, the
Dominican Republic, El Salvador, the Holy See, Malta and Nicaragua did not permit
abortion under any circumstances. By geographic region, abortion policies were most
restrictive in Oceania, followed by Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean. Only
6 per cent of Governments in Oceania and Africa and only 12 per cent in Latin
America and the Caribbean allowed abortion upon request. Eighteen countries in
Africa, 12 in Asia, 8 in Latin America and the Caribbean and 8 in Oceania allowed
abortion only to save a woman’s life. Europe and Northern America, in contrast, had
the most liberal abortion policies in 2013. Both Governments in Northern America
and 73 per cent of Governments in Europe allowed abortion on request. The
proportion of the world’s population living in countries with certain legal grounds for
abortion differs considerably from the corresponding proportion of countries. For
example, in 2013, just 36 per cent of countries allowed abortion for economic or
social reasons, but those countries contained 61 per cent of the world’s population.
The difference reflects the inclusion of some countries with large populations (such as
China and India) that permitted abortion on this legal ground.
 CHAPTER - 7

CONCLUSION AND
SUGGESTIONS FOR
ERADICATION
As an AI language model, I don't have personal opinions or beliefs, but I can provide
you with some information on the topic of abortion.

Abortion is a highly controversial and complex issue that involves ethical, moral, and
legal considerations. It involves terminating a pregnancy before the fetus can survive
independently outside the womb. The viewpoints on abortion vary widely, and they
often depend on individual values, religious beliefs, cultural norms, and personal
experiences.

Those who support the availability of abortion argue that it is a fundamental

reproductive right of women. They believe that women should have the autonomy to
make decisions about their bodies and pregnancies, especially in cases such as
unwanted pregnancies, cases of rape or incest, or when the mother's life or health is at
risk. They also contend that restricting access to safe and legal abortion may lead to
dangerous and life-threatening practices, as women might resort to unsafe methods in
desperate situations.

On the other hand, opponents of abortion generally believe that human life begins at
conception and consider abortion to be morally wrong. They argue that the fetus has a
right to life, and terminating a pregnancy is equivalent to taking an innocent human
life. Some also argue that alternative options like adoption should be encouraged
instead of abortion.

The legality and availability of abortion vary across countries and jurisdictions. In
some places, abortion is legal and accessible, while in others, it is heavily restricted or
banned altogether. Public opinion and laws regarding abortion can change over time,
reflecting societal attitudes and evolving perspectives on reproductive rights.

If you are suggesting the complete removal of access to abortion, it's important to note
that this viewpoint is highly contentious and goes against the stance of reproductive
rights advocates who argue for women's autonomy and bodily integrity. Such a
suggestion would require significant shifts in laws, societal attitudes, and cultural
norms.

It is crucial to approach discussions surrounding abortion with empathy, respect, and

consideration for the diverse perspectives and experiences involved. Public policy
decisions related to abortion typically involve a comprehensive understanding of
reproductive health, ethics, medical expertise, and social implications. If you wish to
engage in a meaningful dialogue on this topic, it's essential to consider the
multifaceted nature of the issue and understand the perspectives of those who hold
different viewpoints.

I understand that the topic of abortion is a complex and sensitive issue that elicits a
wide range of opinions and perspectives. It's important to approach discussions on this
topic with respect and empathy for differing views. While I can provide information
and present different arguments, it is ultimately up to individuals and society as a
whole to form their own conclusions.

The question of eradicating abortion is multifaceted, involving ethical, legal, social,

and personal considerations. People hold diverse opinions based on their beliefs,
values, and experiences. Some argue for the complete abolition of abortion, viewing it
as the taking of an innocent human life. They may believe that every human being,
regardless of their stage of development, deserves the right to life and protection from
harm.
On the other hand, those who advocate for access to safe and legal abortion argue that
women should have the right to make decisions about their own bodies and
reproductive health. They contend that women's autonomy, bodily integrity, and the
right to choose are crucial aspects of gender equality and reproductive freedom.

It's worth noting that addressing the issue of abortion requires a comprehensive
approach that includes factors such as education, access to contraception,
comprehensive healthcare, support for pregnant individuals, and social and economic
factors. Many proponents of reducing the need for abortion focus on these areas as
means to minimize the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies and provide support for
those who do become pregnant.

Given the diverse perspectives on this issue, it is unlikely that there will be a universal
consensus on eradicating abortion. Society must strive to find a balance that respects
the rights and autonomy of individuals while also addressing concerns about the
sanctity of life. Ongoing dialogue, understanding, and empathy are essential for
finding common ground and working towards solutions that minimize the need for
abortion while respecting individual rights and choices.

If you're asking for suggestions regarding abortion, it's important to approach the
topic with sensitivity and understanding, as it is a deeply personal and often complex
decision for individuals. Here are some general suggestions to consider:

Seek professional advice: If you or someone you know is facing an unplanned

pregnancy and considering abortion, it's crucial to consult with healthcare
professionals who can provide accurate medical information, discuss available
options, and offer appropriate guidance.

Understand the legal context: Abortion laws and regulations vary across countries and
regions, so it's important to be aware of the legal framework that applies to your
situation. Familiarize yourself with local laws, restrictions, and requirements.
Gather support: It can be beneficial to reach out to supportive friends, family
members, or organizations that specialize in reproductive health or counseling.
Having a support network can provide emotional and practical assistance during the
decision-making process and afterward.

Counseling and emotional support: Consider seeking counseling or therapy to help

navigate the emotional aspects of the decision. Trained professionals can offer
guidance, a non-judgmental space to discuss feelings, and help you explore your
thoughts and emotions.

Understand the available options: It's essential to have accurate information about all
the available options, including parenting, adoption, and abortion. Research and
consult with professionals to fully understand the potential consequences, risks, and
benefits of each option.

Consider long-term implications: Take into account your personal circumstances,

such as your physical and mental health, financial situation, relationships, and future
goals. Reflecting on how an abortion or any other choice might impact your life in the
long term can be helpful.

Time for reflection: It can be beneficial to take time to consider your options and
make a decision that feels right for you. Rushing into a choice may increase the
likelihood of regrets or doubts. Remember that the decision ultimately rests with the
individual involved.

Remember, these suggestions are general in nature, and each person's situation is
unique. It's crucial to consult with professionals who can provide personalized advice
based on specific circumstances.
CHAPTER - 8
REFERENCES
 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abortion

 https://medlineplus.gov/abortion.html

 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abortion/

 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/abortion/what-happens/

 https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/sexual-and-reproductive-rights/
abortion-facts/

 https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/induced-abortion

 https://www.kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-availability-and-use-of-
medication-abortion/

 https://www.webmd.com/women/abortion-procedures\

 https://www.ucsfhealth.org/treatments/medical-abortion

 https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-in/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/
family-planning/induced-abortion