28 October, 2016
AR 5.4 HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE -II
MOVEMENTS IN WORLD HISTORY
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN
P O S T- I N D E P E N D E N T I N D I A
by: Abhinand Gopal
COURSE CONTENT
• CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN INDIA AFTER
INDEPENDENCE
• CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN INDIAN SUB-CONTINENT
AFTER INDEPENDENCE
• INDIAN ARCHITECTURAL CONTRIBUTUIONS
• DESIGN THEORIES FROM AROUND THE WORLD
• POST-MODERNISM & IMPACTS
• ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE IN INDIA
• CONTEMPORARY WORKS OF INDIAN ARCHITECTS
E V E N T S T H AT C H A N G E D W O R L D H I S T O R Y & A R C H I T E C T U R E
WORLD TIMELINE
POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION TO INDEPENDENCE OF INDIA
1. The Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London designed by Joseph Paxton in 1851
2. Start of the Arts & Crafts movement, 1860s
3. The Great Chicago Fire, 1871
Windrose diagram of Chicago on October 10
4. Thomas Alva Edison creates a Light Bulb, 1874
5. His contemporary Alexander Graham Bell revolutionised the system communications.
6. Louis Sullivan joins Dankmar
Adler's firm in Chicago. 1879
7. Beginning of Art Nouveau ca.1880
Art Nouveau is
considered a
"total" art style,
embracing
architecture,
graphic art,
interior design,
and most of the
decorative arts
including
jewellery,
furniture, textiles,
household silver
and other
utensils, and
lighting, as well
as the fine arts.
8. INVENTION OF THE FIREPROOF METAL
FRAMES FOR TALL BUILDINGS 1880S
9. Gaudí is given the
commission for the
Sagrada Família 1884
Taking more than a century to get completed
10. LE BARON JENNEY
builds the first metal-
frame skyscraper,
the Home Insurance
Building 1885
11. Daniel Burnham designs the
Monadock Building, 1890
12. Louis Sullivan & Dankmar
Adler’s Prudential Building
1894. Last project together
13. Chicago World Expo, 1895
Sullivan's massive Transportation Building and huge arched "Golden
Door" stood out as the only building not of the current style, Beaux-Arts,
and the only multicoloured facade in the entire White City.
“Form ever follows
function”
published in an article titled:
The Tall Building Artistically
Considered in 1896
Father of Skyscrapers
Father of Modernism
14. Frank Lloyd Wright develops the Prairie House 1900s
Infographic Couresy: Vincent Mahé
Birth of Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, son of a clock
enameler and a musician in the Swiss region of Jura.
Charles-Édouard started down his path at the age of
13, when he began his training as an engraver.
At 17 and a half years old I made my first house. It is a
horror of my birth country and I never looked at it again
15. Peter Behrens designs the AEG Turbine Factory
16. Henry Ford creates
assembly line framework
17. Cubismo, 1905
In the work of the Perrets, I see
what concrete is, the revolutionary
forms that it requires.
Traveling to the East, shocking! The mosques of Istanbul: "An elementary
geometry disciplines the masses: the square, the cube, the sphere."
The Parthenon: “Pure creation of spirit, an emotional machine(...) a wise,
correct and magnificent game of volumes under the light."
Play of LIGHT
18. Robie House, 1914 designed by FLW
19. Start of World War I,
1914
I hate this city. And in theory the people too. I don't intend to do anything here, only disgrace
myself." He constructs six houses, one of them la Villa Schwob, where he first created a
process for industrial construction in concrete using standardized elements, which he
calls "Dom-ino" (house + innovation)
The model eliminated
load-bearing walls and
the supporting beams
for the ceiling.
“If houses were built industrially, mass-
produced like chassis, an aesthetic would be
formed with surprising precision”
- Le Corbusier, Toward an Architecture, 1923
He gets settled in Paris. While waiting to become the
greatest architect of the 20th century, he paints in the
mornings.Alongside the painter Ozenfant, he establishes
the purist movement, creating the magazine "l’esprit
nouveau"(The New Spirit), where he firsts uses the
signature, Le Corbusier. ”It is necessary to establish
standards in order to face the issue of perfection."
He sets up his architecture
office in Paris at 35 Sevres
Street, with his cousin Pierre
Jeanneret
He gets settled in Paris. While waiting to become the
greatest architect of the 20th century, he paints in the
mornings.Alongside the painter Ozenfant, he establishes
the purist movement, creating the magazine "l’esprit
nouveau"(The New Spirit), where he firsts uses the
signature, Le Corbusier. ”It is necessary to establish
standards in order to face the issue of perfection."
He sets up his architecture
office in Paris at 35 Sevres
Street, with his cousin Pierre
Jeanneret
la petite maison, built for his mother, who lived here till she was 101 in 1960
After making the plans for the "Ville
Contemporaine," an unbuilt modern city of three
million inhabitants (1922), he creates "Plan Voisin,"
a plan for the radical modernization of Paris. "My
task, my quest, is to pull the modern man out of
disgrace, away from catastrophes, and place him
into happiness, into every day joy, into harmony."
He theorises about the "Five
points of the new architecture":
1) Pilotis [stilts], 2) An open floor
plan, 3) horizontal window, 4) A
free facade, 5) Roof gardens.
Video on 5 points of architecture
He meets up with Oscar Niemeyer and Lucio Costa
for the construction of the Ministry of Education and
Health Building in Rio de Janeiro.
Proposal for Nazi Stadium
Closes his agency in Paris. He heads to
the Pyrenees with his wife and cousin.
Later goes to Vichy where he recklessly &
unsuccessfully attempts to sell his ideas.
First sketch of Modulor, with the silhouette of a six
foot tall man (1,83m): "His value is this: the human
has chosen numbers as its base ... Here is
proportion! Proportion that brings order to
our relationship with our surroundings."
Le Modulor
Sync between Imperial and Metric system
Becomes part of a group of ten international
architects consulted for the construction of the
United Nations Headquarters in New York
He is dismissed from the contest for the construction of the
Unesco Headquarters in Paris. His cabin is built, "a chateau
on the blue coast that is 3,66m x 3,66m," in Roquebrune-Cap-
First drafts for the Ronchamp chapel (submitted in 1955). "The Martin. "What scandalizes my visitors above all else, is the
church is without decoration, because is there a need for decoration toilet bowl in the middle of the room. Because this is one of the
when the building is in and of itself a plastic element?" most beautiful industrially made objects.”
STORY OF INDIA
CONTEMPORARY TRENDS IN INDIA
POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD
Albert Mayer Matthew Nowicki
THE PROVINCIAL
GOVT. BUILDINGS
1 2 ARE LOCATED
THE UPPER EDGE
OF THE CITY
WITHIN A FORK IN
ONE OF THE
RIVERS, WHILE
THE CENTRAL
BUSINESS
3 DISTRICT
OCCUPIES AN
AREA NEAR THE
CENTER. A
CURVING
NETWORK OF
MAIN ROADS
SURROUNDS THE
RESIDENTIAL
BLOCKS, EACH OF
1 - high court WHICH CONTAINS
2 - capitol complex A CENTRAL AREA
3 - business district OF PARKLAND.
M AY E R ’ S P L A N
• Fan shaped master plan
• Spreads gently into the site between two beds
• A curving network of main roads surrounds the residential
blocks
• two axial routes bordered by linear parks connecting the
zones
• overall pattern voids geometry grid system in favour of
loosely curving system
● THE FLATNESS OF THE SITE ALLOWED ALMOST COMPLETE FREEDOM IN CREATING
STREET LAYOUT AND IT IS OF INTEREST TO NOTE THAT THE OVERALL PATTERN
DELIBERATELY AVOIDS A GEOMETRIC GRID IN FAVOUR OF A LOOSELY CURVING
SYSTEM.
Matthew Nowicki,
died in a plane crash
Inauguration of the Cité Radieuse: "I have the honor, the joy,
the satisfaction to submit to you the perfectly sized residential
unit, the world's first demonstration of a form of modern living
space. The work is here, built, against disastrous regulations.
Made for men to put the sensational resources of the times to
use in the home, that fundamental cell of society."
Delivery of the Court of Justice in Chandigarh. "It is an architectural
symphony that surpassed all of my expectations, that shatters and
develops in the light in an unimaginable and tireless way. From up
close, from afar, it is a surprise and a provocation of shadow. It is made
of a crude concrete, from the mixer to the cement" (Letter to Nehru)
MASTER PLAN
● IN 1951 IT WAS GIVEN TO LE CORBUSIER
● IN CHANDIGARH LE CORBUSIER SYTEM OF SELF
SUPPORTING NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT KNOWN AS A
SECTOR HAS WORKED VERY WELL
● SECTOR WHICH IS INTROVERTED IN CHARACTER
COMMUNICATES ONLY AT 4 JUNCTIONS WITH THE
ADJOINING NEIGHBOURHOOD UNITS
● ALL THE HOUSES OPEN UP INSIDE
● GRID PLANNING IS DONE
● CHANDIGARH PLANNING WAS DONE IN AN MANNER
THAT EVERYTHING WAS EASILY CLEAR ABOUT THE
ROUTES AND SECTORS
● 7 V’S ROAD SYSTEM IS USED
● THE ROADS ARE CLASSIFIED AS V1 ,V2 ,V3………V7
● V1 CONNECTS CHANDIGARH TO OTHER CITIES
• The city plan was conceived as post war ‘Garden City’ wherein vertical and high
rise buildings were ruled out, keeping in view the living habits of the people.
• Le Corbusier conceived the master plan of Chandigarh as
analogous to human body, with a clearly defined
• Head (the Capitol Complex, Sector 1),
• Heart (the City Centre Sector-17),
• Lungs (the leisure valley, innumerable open spaces and
sector greens),
• Intellect (the cultural and educational institutions),
• Circulatory system (the network of roads, the 7Vs) and
• Viscera (the Industrial Area).
● V2 ARE THE MAJOR AVENUES OF THE CITY E.G
MADHYA MARG ETC
● V3 ARE THE CORRIDORS STREETS FOR VEHICULAR
TRAFFIC ONLY
● V4…..V7 ARE THE ROADS WITHIN THE SECTORS
● CHANDI GARH HAS BEEN PLANNED ON THE SCIENTIFIC
PRINCIPLES AND TO APPRISE THE COMING
GENERATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES
● THE MAIN FEATURE OF THIS EDICT ARE ITS-
✓ HUMAN SCALE
✓ SELF SUFFICIENT SECTORS
✓ ROADS SYSTEM
✓ AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST
✓ ARCHITECTURAL CONTROL
THREE DISCIPLINES
● THE DISCIPLINE OF MONEY
● LE CORBUISER ONCE REMARKED THAT ”INDIA HAS THE
TREASURES OF A PROUD CULTURE, BUT HER COFFERS ARE
EMPTY.” AND THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT THE DESIRE FOR
GRANDNESS WAS HAMPERED BY THE NEED FOR STRICT
ECONOMY.
● IN WORKING UP HIS DESIGNS,LE CORBUISER CONSULTED
THE PROGRAM FOR EACH BUILDING AS GIVEN IN THE
BUDGET AND THEN PREPARED THE INITIAL PROJECT.
● THE DISCIPLINE OF TECHNOLOGY
● AVAILABLE IN QUANTITY,HOWEVER, WAS GOOD CLAY
STONE AND SAND AND ABOVE ALL ’HUMAN LABOUR.
● THE MATERIALS OF WHICH CHANDIGARH HAS BEN
CONSTRUCTED ARE ROUGH CONCRETE IN THE CAPITOL
COMPLEX AND THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AND FOR
MOST OF THE CITY, ESPECIALLY IN HOUSING, LOCALLY
PRODUCED BRICK.
● THE DISCIPLINE OF CLIMATE
● BESIDES THE ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL
REGULATONS THERE WAS A LAW OF THE SUN IN INDIA.
● THE ARCHITECTURAL PROBLEM CONSISTS;FIRST TO
MAKE SHADE,SECOND TO MAKE A CURRENT OF AIR[TO
VENTILATE],THIRD TO CONTROL HYDRAULICS.
Chandigarh enjoys an extreme climate with hot summers
(March to June) and chilly winters (November to February).
The monsoon season, though pleasant in the evenings, is
humid during the daytime. The best season to visit
Chandigarh is autumn (August to November), when the
weather is pleasant, neither too hot, nor too cold.
PLAN OF THE CITY
THE SECTOR
● TAKING CHANDIGARH AS AN EXAMPLE, WE MAY SEE AT ONCE
THE DEMOCRATIC IDEA WHICH ALLOWS US TO DEVOTE AN
EQUAL CARE TO HOUSING ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY TO SEEK
NEW SOCIAL GROUPINGS, NEW PATTERNS OF EDUCATION
AND PUBLIC WELFARE, AND MADE MORE POSSIBLE BY
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC IDEA WHICH
THROUGH INDUSTRIALISM, GIVES US SUCH BENEFITS AS PIPED
WATER, ELECTRICITY AND CHEAP TRANSPORT.
● EACH SECTOR IS DESIGNATED BY NUMBER,THE CAPITAL
COMPLEX BEING NUMBER 1,WITH THE REMAINING SECTORS
NUMBERED CONSECUTIVELY BEGINNING AT THE NORTH
CORNER OF THE CITY.
● AT PRESENT THERE ARE 30 SECTORS IN CHANDIGARH,OF
WHICH 24 ARE RESIDENTIAL.
● THE SECTORS AT THE UPPER EDGE OF THE CITY ARE OF
ABBREVIATED SIZE.
● IN ALL TYPE OF HOUSING, PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE
GLAZING EXPENSE, PARTLY TO KEEP OUT SUN.
● AS THE MOST ECONOMICAL AND READILY AVAILABLE
MATERIAL FOR BUILDING AT CHANDIGARH WAS
LOCALLY MADE BRICK.
● THIS BECAME THE MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION.
● THE FLAT ROOF WAS EMPLOYED THROUGH OUT IN
CHANDIGARH HOUSING BECAUSE OF ITS USEFULNESS
AS A SLEEPING AREA
● 70% OF THE BUILDING WOULD BE PRIVATE IN ALL THE
SECTORS.
● RESIDENTIAL PLOTS RANGING IN DIMENSIONS FROM
75 SQ. YARDS TO 5000 SQ YARDS.
● THIS IS BECAUSE THE CAPITOL COMPLEX IS CONTAINED WITHIN
THE BOUNDARIES OF SECTOR 3 EXTENDED TO ITS FULL
DIMENSIONS.
● GOVERNMENT HOUSING
● LE-CORBUISER WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE GENERAL OUTLINES
OF THE MASTER PLAN AND THE CREATION OF THE
MONUMENTAL BUILDLINGS,WHILE PIERRE JEANNERET,
MAXWELL FRY AND JANE DREW WERE CHARGED WITH THE
TASK OF DEVELOPING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD SECTORS WITH
THEIR SCHOOLS,SHOPPING BAZAARS,AND THE TRACTS OF
GOVERNMENT HOUSING.
● IN THE PROGRAM PRESENTED TO THE ARCHITECTS,13
CATEGORIES OF HOUSES WERE SPECIFIED,EACH
CORRESPONDING TO A LEVEL OF GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT.
● SMALL WINDOWS OPENINGS HAVE BEEN CONSISTENTLY
EMPLOYED
THE CAPITOL COMPLEX
● THE AREA OF THE GREATEST SYMBOLIC SIGNIFICANCE
IN CHANDIGARH WAS THE CAPITOL COMPLEX , WHICH
IN ITS FINAL FORM WAS BASED ON THE DESIGN OF A
GREAT CROSS AXIS
● THE MOST IMPORTANT GROUP OF THE BUILDINGS
CONSTITUTING THE CAPITOL- RIGHT, THE PARLIAMENT,
LEFT, IN THE BACKGROUND, THE SECRETARIAT
● IN THE FOREGROUND, THE POOL OF THE PALACE OF
JUSTICE
● THE ARTIFICIAL HILLS IN THE FRONT OF THE
SECRETARIAT HAVE NOT BEEN CREATED AND LAID OUT
IN ACCORDANCE WITH COEBUSIER;S CONCEPTIONS
● ALTHOUGH THE SCENE IS HARMONIUS IN EFFECT,
THERE ARE STILL MISSING THE BUILDINGS THAT
BELONG HERE ,SUCH AS , FOR INSTANCE, THE TOWERS
OF SHADOWS
SITE PLAN
OPEN HAND
GOVERNOR’S PALACE
HIGH COURT
ASSEMBLY
SECRETARIAT
● HERE THE SECRETARIAT BUILDING IS TREATED AS A
HORIZONTAL PLATFORM LIKE THE PLAIN OF
CHANDIGARH ITSELF, CARRYING ON ITS ROOF THE
PROVINCIAL ASSEMBLY HALL RISING IN A PARABOLIC
ARCH, A FORM ECHOING THE DISTANT HILLS
● AS A RESPONSE TO THE SUN, THE CAPITOL COMPLEX
CAN BE INTERPRETED AS AN INTERLACED ARRAY OF
SUN BREAKERS
● INSPIRATION FROM L’UNITE
● IT LIES IN THE FOOT OF SHIVALIK HILLS JUST NEXT TO
ARTIFICIAL LAKE
● GOVERNOR,S PALACE WAS SUPPOSED TO BE IN THE
SITE BUT THE IDEA WAS ABANDONED
● THE CAPITOL AREA WAS DESIGNED AS A GREAT
PEDESTRIAN PLAZA WITH MOTOR TRAFFIC SEPARATED
INTO SUNKEN TRENCHES LEADING TO PARKING AREAS
● ALTHOUGH THE SITE IS VERY BIG, IT IS NOT DESIGNED
WITH ALLOWANCE FOR EXPANSION
THE SECRETARIAT,1958
THE SECRETARIAT
● THE FIRST DESIGN FOR THE SECRETARIAT PRESENTS THE
BUILDING AS A TALL THIN SLAB CARRYING A SURFACE BRISE
SOLEIL DIVIDED BY A CENTRAL HORIZONTAL BAND
● THE DESIGN WHICH WAS ACCEPTED ESTABLISHED THE
BUILDING FORN AS A LONG ,HORIZONTAL CONCRETE SLAB
● THE SECRETARIAT, THE LONGEST BUILDING IN CHANDIGARH,
254M LONG,AND 42M HIGH FORMS THE ADMINISTRATIVE
CENTER, WITH MINISTERIAL OFFICES GROUPED IN THE CENTER
AND OFFICES FOR EMPLOYEES ARRANGED ON EITHER SIDE
● THE BUILDING WAS COMPLETED IN 1958
● THE BUILDING IS COMPOSED OF SIX-EIGHT STOREY BLOCKS
SEPARATED BY EXPANSION JOINTS
● THE CENTRAL PAVILION, BLOCK 4, CONTAINS THE OFFICES OF
THE MINISTERS
RAMP ENCLOCURE
SQUARE WINDOWS
ROUGH CONCRETE
FINISH
PROJECTED PORTICOS
FREE FACADE
SMALL ENTRANCE
BIG ENTRANCE
● THE ROUGH CONCRETE AGAIN INTERPOSES IN THE
FENESTRATION OF THE TWO MAIN FACADES ; MORE
THAN 2000 UNITS OF UNIQUE DESIGN
● APPROACH TO THE BUILDING IS THROUGH ROADWAYS
BELOW GROUND LEVEL TO A LARGE PARKING AREA IN
FRONT OF THE CENTRAL BLOCK, AND A FLOOR IS LEFT
OPEN AT THIS LEVEL TO FORM AN ENTRANCE HALL
● BLOCK 1 AND 2 RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUND
● BLOCK 3, 4 AND PART OF 5 FACE ON THE EXCAVATED
AREA OF THE PARKING LOT AND HAVE THE LOWER
STOREY OPEN BETWEEN PILOTIS
● FOR THE REST PART OF BLOCK 5 AND WHOLE OF 6 THE
LEVEL GOES TILL PLAZA HEIGHT, AND LOWER PORTION
OF THESE BLOCKS ARE LEFT OPEN TO A HEIGHT OF TWO
STOREYS
● THE TOP OF THE BUILDING IS DEVELOPED AS A ROOF
GARDEN CONTAINING THE SERVICE BLOCKS AND
CAFETERIA FOR EMPLOYEES
● THE PLASTIC EMPHASIS IS
GIVEN TO THE BUILDING BY
FREE STANDING EXTERIOR
RAMPS ENCLOSED IN ROUGH
CONCRETE WALLS
● FOR SUPPLEMENTARY
COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE
BUILDING , EACH OF SIX
HT OF 2
BLOCKS IS EQUIPPED WITH
INTERIOR STAIRWAYS AND STOREYS
LIMITED ELEVATOR SERVICE LEFT OPEN
● HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION IS
BY MEANS OF A CENTRAL
CORRIDORS
● FOR MINISTER’S BLOCK THE BAY
SIZE IS INCREASED AND THE
COLUMN IS THICKENED
COLUMNS SUPPORTING
THE HIGH COURT
THE HIGH COURT
● THE HIGH COURT FORMED A PART AS “ A GREAT ARCHITECTURAL
VENTURE USING VERY POOR MATERIALS AND A LABOUR FORCE
QUITE UNUSED TO MODERN BUILDING TECHNIQUES
● AN ENTIRE STRUCTURE HAS RESULTED IN THE USE OF DOUBLE
ROOF
● THE UPPER ROOF CANTILEVERED OUT OF THE OFFICE BLOCK IN
THE MANNER OF PARASOL SHADING THE LOWER ROOF
● THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO ROOFS IS LEFT OPEN TO ENABLE
CURRENTS OF AIR TO MOVE BETWEEN THE FLAT ROOF OF THE
OFFICE BLOCK AND THE UNDERSIDE OF THE PARASOL ROOF
WHICH SLOPES TOWARDS CENTER IN THE FORM OF ROWS OF
ARCHES
● IN THE PLAN THE BUILDING TOOK THE FORM OF ABBREVIATED L –
SHAPED WITH LONG FAÇADE FACING THE CAPITOL PLAZA TO
CONTAIN COURT ROOMS
● THE BUILDING IS A RECTILINEAR FRAME WITHIN WHICH THE
INTERIOR FUNCTIONS ARE DEFINED
● THE EIGHT COURT ROOMS ARE IDENTICALLY EXPRESSED ON
THE MAIN FAÇADE AND SEPARATED FROM THE LARGER HIGH
COURT BY A MONUMENTAL COLUMNED ENTRANCE RISING
THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING
● BUILDING RISES DIRECTLY FROM THE EARTH
● THE MAIN FAÇADE IS DEFINED BY A FULL HEIGHT CONCRETE
BRISE SOLEIL
● THE ARCH FORM IS RESTRICTED TO THE UNDERSIDE OF THE
PARASOL ROOF
● IT IS THE VISUAL DRAMA OF THE PIERS RISING SIXTY FEET FROM
THE GROUND TO MEET THE HEAVY OUTWARD THRUST OF THE
ROOF WHICH CREATES THE FOCAL EMPHASIS OF THE PRESENT
PLAN
● ON THE MAIN FAÇADE THE DEEP FIXED CONCRETE BRISE
SOLEIL GIVES A STRONG AND SCALELESS PATTERN TO THE
BUILDING
● IT IS THE CONCRETE SCREEN WHICH GIVES THE MAIN FAÇADE
ITS OVER ALL UNITY
ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
PARASOL ROOF
FORMING ARCHES
DOUBLE ROOF
GAP LEFT BETWEEN
TWO ROOFS
COLOURED MASSIVE PILLARS
FULL HT ENTRANCE
REAR VIEW DOUBLE ROOF
APPROACHED THROUGH ROADS ROUGH CONCRETE FINISHED RAMP
THE ASSEMBLY HALL
THE ASSEMBLY HALL
● THE ASSEMBLY WAS CONCEIVED AS A RECTILINEAR STRUCTURE
● IT IS SQUARE IN PLAN WITH A MONUMENTAL PORTICO FACING
THE MAIN PLAZA
● ON THE LATERAL FACADES BOTH THE PORTICO AND THE OFFICE
BLOCK WOULD BE DEFINED BY SOLID END WALLS
● THE LARGE CHAMBER IS IN HYPERBOLIC FORM OF THE COOLING
TOWER WITH AN AVERAGE THICKNESS OF 15 CMS
● THE SMALL COUNCIL CHAMBER ARE IN RECTILINEAR FRAME
● THE UPPER PORTION OF THE TOWER IS EXTENDING ABOVE THE
ROOF LINE
● AN ASSEMBLY CHAMBER IS 128 FT IN DIAMETER AT ITS BASE AND
RISES TO 124 FT AT ITS HIGHEST POINT
● THIS TOWER WAS DESIGNED TO INSURE THE NATURAL LIGHT,
VENTILATION AND PROPER ACOUSTICS
● OF ALL BUILDINGS OF
THE CAPITOL COMPLEX ,
THE ASSEMBLY IS THE
MOST INTRICATE IN PLAN
● SEPARATE CIRCULATION
ACCOMMODATION OF
ALL GROUPS IS PROVIDED
● EMPLOYING A SYSTEM OF INTERIOR
VIEW OF A
INDIVIDUAL ENTRANCES, CHAMBER
STAIRWAYS, LIFTS AND
RAMP A COMPLETE
SEGREGATION OF MUSHROOM
COLUMN
MEMBERS IS PROVIDED SUPPORTING
● THER ARE TWO SEPARATE ROOF
GALLERIES FOR MEN AND
WOMEN IN COUNCIL
CHAMBER
SECTOR-17,CHANDIGARH
● THE CITY CENTER CONSISTS OF
DIFFERENT SQUARES TIED
TOGETHER BY BROAD AVENUES.
● AT THE PRESENT TIME,WHEN
THIS CENTER IS STILL DEVOID
OF ANY SORT OF
VEGETATION,THE UNSHADED
OPEN AREAS CAN BE QUITE
UNPLEASANT.
● THIS SECTOR-17 IS VIRTUALLY
UNINHABITED,BUT IT IS
ENLIVENED DURING THE
DAYTIME BY THE MANY
SHOPS,BAZARS,
RESTAURANT,CAFES,BANKS
AND DEPARTMENT STORES.
● THERE IS DOUBT THAT AT
PRESENT THE CITY CENTER STILL
LOOKS LIKE AN EXPERIMENT .
● THE URBAN CIRCULATION HERE
IS IN SHARP CONTRAST TO THE
‘ORIENTAL’ BAZAAR
STREETS,THE NARROW ALLEYS
FUL OF NOISE AND PLUNGED IN
SHADOW .
● OF ALL THE CITIES OF INDIA ,
ONLY CHANDIGARH CAN CLAIM
TO BE AN ABSOLUTELY
MODERN TOWN , ”UNTOUCHED
BY THE TRADITION OF THE
PAST,” AS JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU
SO APTLY REMARKED .
SUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARH
● THE CLUB HOUSE- NORTH OF THE CAPITOL NO
ADDITIONAL STRUCTURES WERE TO BE ERECTED,IN
ORDER NOT TO IMPEDE THE VIEW OF THE HIMALAYA.
● THIS WAS AN EXPRESS CONDITION LAID DOWN BY LE
CORBUSIER.
● THE CLUB HOUSE WAS HOWEVER NECESSITY.
● LE CORBUSIER DESIGNED A COMPLEX LYING 3METERS
BENEATH ROAD LEVEL,SO THAT THE HOUSE IS SCARCELY
VISIBLE FROM THE PROMENADE.
● THE CAUSEWAY- CHANDIGARH
IS SURROUNDED BY THE RIVERS
PATIALI AND MANIMAJRA,
WHICH CARRY WATER ONLY
DURING THE MONSOON
SEASON.
● THE REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION IS SIMPLE AND
PLAIN, AND ITS SEVERE LINES
HARMONIZE ENTIRELY WITH
THE NATURAL SETTING.
● AT ALL OTHER TIMES OF THE
YEAR THEY ARE DRY.
● DURING THE HOT MONTHS OF MAY AND JUNE,
ENORMOUS AMOUNTS OF DUST USED TO BLOW INTO
THE CITY.
● TREES AND SHRUBS WERE PLANTED AS A PROTECTIVE
ZONE ALONG THESE RIVERS, SO THAT THE CITY IS NOW
FREE OF THE INCONVENIENCE OF THIS FLYING SAND.
● ONE OF THESE RIVERS HAS BEEN DAMMED.
● IN 1955 THE WATER BOULEVARD WAS EXTENDED IN THE
SHAPE OF A CAUSEWAY, OR DAM, THE RETAINING WALL
BEING MORE THAN
● 20 METERS HIGH AND 4 KMS LONG.
● THIS DAM,WITH ITS WIDTH ON TOP
OF 24METERS, THUS YIELDED A
PROMENADE.
● THE ARTIFICIAL LAKE CREATED
BEHIND THE DAM HAS MODIFIED
THE CLIMATE OF THE CITY.
Carpenter Center of the Visual Arts in Boston.
His only building in the United States.
1965
He resumes the study of he open hand monument in Chandigarh
Le Corbusier drowns in the Mediterranean
in front of his cabin. A few weeks before, he
foreshadowed it:
"We need to rediscover man. We must find
the the thick straight line, the axis that binds
the fundamental laws: biology, nature,
cosmos. The straight line, impassable as
the horizon on the sea."
ASSIGNMENT
• Draw Master plan of Chandigarh city
• Rough conceptual plan of Capitol complex
• Group submission (team size: 4 to 5 students)
REFERENCES
• http://www.fondationlecorbusier.fr
• http://www.colorcoat-online.com/blog/index.php/2011/06/15-
architects-who-changed-our-perspective-of-the-world/
• Illustrations: Vincent Mahé
• www.Dezeen.com
• archdaily.com
• en.WikiPedia.org
• http://www.greatbuildings.com
