i) Occupational Safety: Occupational safety refers to the measures and practices put in place to ensure

the health and safety of workers in their workplace.

ii) Health: Health refers to the overall well-being of an individual, encompassing physical, mental, and
social aspects.

iii) Hazard: A hazard is any potential source of harm or adverse health effect on a person or persons.

iv) Accident: An accident is an unexpected event that results in damage, injury, or harm.

v) Injury: An injury is physical harm or damage to the body caused by an external force or agent.

During an electrical fire, it's crucial to prioritize safety above all else.
Here are some dos and don'ts to keep in mind:

Dos:

1. **Stay calm**: Panicking can lead to poor decision-making. Keep a clear head to assess the situation
and act accordingly.

2. **Evacuate**: If the fire is spreading or you feel unsafe, evacuate the area immediately. Follow
established evacuation procedures and alert others nearby.

3. **Call emergency services**: Dial the emergency number (such as 911 in the United States) to report
the fire and request assistance from the fire department.

4. **Cut off power**: If it's safe to do so, turn off the electrical power supply to the affected area. This
can help prevent the fire from worsening.

5. **Use a fire extinguisher**: If you are trained to use a fire extinguisher and the fire is small and
contained, attempt to extinguish it. Make sure to use the appropriate type of extinguisher for electrical
fires (Class C).

6. **Keep a safe distance**: Stay at least 30 feet away from the fire to avoid inhaling smoke or getting
injured by flames or electrical hazards.
7. **Use non-conductive materials**: If you need to smother the fire, use non-conductive materials like
a heavy blanket or sand. Water should not be used on electrical fires unless specifically trained to do so
and the power is disconnected.

Don'ts:

1. **Don't use water**: Water conducts electricity and can lead to electrocution. Never use water to try
to extinguish an electrical fire unless the power is safely disconnected.

2. **Don't touch electrical equipment**: Avoid touching any electrical equipment or wires near the fire.
Even if the power appears to be off, there may still be residual electrical currents present.

3. **Don't use metal objects**: Using metal objects to try to extinguish the fire can increase the risk of
electrical shock. Keep metal objects away from the fire and the affected area.

4. **Don't ignore smoke**: Even if the fire seems small, smoke inhalation can be deadly. Take any sign
of smoke seriously and evacuate the area immediately.

5. **Don't block exits**: Ensure that pathways and exits are clear to facilitate a swift and safe
evacuation. Blocking exits can impede escape in an emergency.

6. **Don't re-enter the area**: Once you have evacuated, do not re-enter the area until it has been
deemed safe to do so by emergency responders.

Remember, your safety is the top priority during an electrical fire. Always err on the side of caution and
seek professional help when dealing with fires involving electricity.

u4

air borne contaminants

Certainly! Here's a consolidated overview of common airborne contaminants and their sources:

1. **Particulate Matter (PM)**: Fine and coarse particles suspended in the air from sources like vehicle
emissions, industrial processes, construction activities, and wildfires. PM inhalation can lead to
respiratory problems and cardiovascular diseases.
2. **Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)**: Organic chemicals vaporizing from paints, solvents, cleaning
agents, building materials, and vehicle emissions. Exposure to VOCs can cause irritation, headaches,
dizziness, and long-term health effects like organ damage and cancer.

3. **Carbon Monoxide (CO)**: Colorless, odorless gas produced by incomplete combustion of fossil
fuels such as gasoline, natural gas, and wood. Sources include vehicle exhaust, faulty heating systems,
and tobacco smoke. CO inhalation can result in headaches, dizziness, nausea, and fatal poisoning.

4. **Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)**: Reddish-brown gas emitted from combustion processes like vehicle
exhaust, power plants, and industrial facilities. NO2 irritates the respiratory system, exacerbates
asthma, and contributes to smog and acid rain formation.

5. **Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)**: Colorless gas with a pungent odor produced by burning sulfur-containing
fuels and industrial processes. SO2 inhalation irritates the respiratory system, worsens asthma, and
causes respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

6. **Ozone (O3)**: Reactive gas formed by the reaction of VOCs and nitrogen oxides in sunlight.
Ground-level ozone, a component of smog, irritates the respiratory system, reduces lung function, and
increases susceptibility to respiratory infections.

7. **Biological Contaminants**: Airborne microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and pollen from
sources such as indoor mold, pet dander, pollen, and infectious agents. Inhalation can trigger allergic
reactions, asthma attacks, and respiratory infections.

Controlling airborne contaminants involves strategies like source control, ventilation, filtration, and
personal protective equipment to maintain indoor and outdoor air quality and protect public health.

health probs @ work place

Certainly! Here's a consolidated overview of common health problems encountered in various

2. **Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)**: Result from repetitive tasks and poor ergonomics, affecting
office work, manufacturing, construction, and healthcare.

3. **Respiratory problems**: Asthma, bronchitis, and occupational lung diseases from exposure to dust,
fumes, prevalent in mining, construction, manufacturing, and healthcare.

4. **Hearing loss**: Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) from loud environments in construction,
manufacturing, mining, and entertainment.

5. **Stress and mental health disorders**: Anxiety, depression, and burnout from work-related stress,
impacting healthcare, emergency services, and customer service.

6. **Chemical exposures and toxic effects**: Poisoning, organ damage, and cancer from hazardous
chemicals in various industries.

7. **Infectious diseases**: Tuberculosis, hepatitis, and COVID-19 among healthcare workers and those
in close contact with pathogens.

8. **Ergonomic issues**: Musculoskeletal discomfort and eyestrain from poor workstation setup,
affecting office, manufacturing, retail, and service industries.

Addressing these issues requires risk assessment, safety protocols, ergonomic interventions, employee
training, and promoting a supportive work environment prioritizing employee well-being.

Industrial hygiene is a field of occupational health and safety concerned with identifying,
evaluating, and controlling workplace hazards to protect the health and well-being of workers and the
surrounding community. It involves assessing and managing physical, chemical, biological, and
ergonomic hazards present in industrial, commercial, and other work environments.