PLANT PRODUCTION Nitrogen - is fundamental for plant growth, found effective technique for ornamentals or flowering

- The process of making or manufacturing in plant cells, proteins, and chlorophyll. plants, vegetables, fruits, and medicinal plants. It
goods and products from raw materials or Phosphorus - aids in energy transfer within allows for genetic diversity in plant species and
components. plants, stimulates root and flower development, creates new varieties and cultivars of plants. Also,
- It takes inputs and uses them to create an and accelerates maturity. seeds can be stored for a long period of time.
output which is fit for consumption. Potassium - enhances plant vigor, disease Asexual Propagation
resistance, starch/sugar/oil movement in plants, - Asexual propagation of plants can also be called
- The plant production system and fruit quality. ‘vegetative propagation’ because it involves the
encompasses the basic genetic and Impact of disease and pests use of vegetative parts of plants like leaves, stems,
physiological on plant growth. Disease - Plant diseases can significantly impact roots, or modified organs. It’s the best method to
plant growth and yield. For example, fungal use to clone your plants, which means to produce
- The impact on growth of soil, water, diseases, such as powdery mildew and rust, can plants identical to their parents. It involves
nutrients, disease and pests and the reduce plant growth and yield by affecting methods like cutting, division, layering, grafting,
influence of management processes. photosynthesis, respiration, and nutrient uptake budding, and tissue culture techniques. These
Needs of Plants Pests - Insects, mites, myriapods, nematodes, and techniques are commercially exploited mainly to
Light - Sunlight is crucial for plants to carry out other pests can also impact plant growth and yield. produce horticulture plants.
photosynthesis, a process where they convert light For example, insect pests can damage plant Types of Asexual Propagation
energy into chemical energy to grow and survive. tissues, reduce photosynthesis, and transmit 1. Cutting
Air - Plants require air, specifically carbon dioxide, diseases. -This is cutting the vegetative part of the plant
for photosynthesis. They absorb carbon dioxide Management Process (leaf, stem, and root) and then planting it again to
and release oxygen, which is vital for all living Crop rotation - Crop rotation can help manage regenerate the whole plant. The three types of
organisms pests and diseases by reducing the buildup of pest cutting are named after the plant part being
Water - Plants need water for various functions populations and breaking disease cycles. detached/cut:
such as photosynthesis, nutrient absorption, and Use of plant growth-promoting microbes -The technique is also categorized based on the
structural support. (PGPMs) – Help to promote plant growth by type of stem the parent plant has, such as
Soil - Soil provides plants with nutrients necessary improving nutrient uptake, producing plant growth herbaceous cuttings (for herbaceous plants),
for growth. It anchors the plant and serves as a hormones, and protecting plants from pathogens softwood cuttings (for evergreen shrubs and
source of essential minerals. Integrated pest management (IPM) - IPM is a conifers), and hardwood cuttings (for deciduous
KIND OF SOIL holistic approach to managing pests and diseases and evergreen shrubs).
Loam Soil - Loam is soil -rich soil - that is a mix of that combines cultural, biological, and chemical a. Stem cutting
sand, clay, and various organic materials. It is control methods to minimize the use of pesticides b. Leaf Cutting
ideal for most garden plants because it holds and promote sustainable agriculture. c. Root cutting
plenty of moisture but also drains well so that What is the importance of plant production? 2. Division
sufficient air can reach the roots. - Plants form the basic food staple for all life forms. -This is a suitable technique for perennials (plants
Sandy Soil - Sandy Soil is light, warm, dry and They are the major source of food and oxygen on that live for more than two years). It involves
tends to be acidic and low in nutrients. This soil is earth, since no animal can supply these necessary dividing the plant by digging and moving it to an
known as the poorest type of soil for agriculture components without plants. already prepared site. This helps the plant to
and growing plants as they have very low rejuvenate and reduce water and nutrient
nutritional value and poor water holding capacity. METHODS OF PLANT competition. The technique is commonly used to
Clay - It is a type of soil that consists of a large PRODUCTION/PROPAGATION grow herbaceous perennial plants and sometimes
number of clay particles and a very small amount Propagation techniques are divided into two woody shrubs (in this case division should only be
of humus and silt. This soil is so compact that it categories depending on the means of performed when the plants are in dormant phase).
cannot trap air. Vegetables like Broccoli, Brussel propagation: Sexual means of propagation and While dividing the plant part, ensure it doesn't get
sprouts, and cabbage grow well in clayey soil. asexual means of propagation. damaged.
Silt Soil - Silt Soil is a light and moisture retentive Sexual Propagation 3. Layering
soil type with a high fertility rating. As silt soils - Sexual propagation of plants involves the union -In this technique, the attached and bent branch of
compromise of medium sized particles they are (fertilization) of pollen and egg leading to seed the plant is covered with soil and allowed to root.
well drained and hold moisture well. formation. So, it can also be called ‘seed After the emergence and development of roots that
NUTRIENTS propagation’. It’s an old, easy, simple, and
specific part of the plant is cut and allowed to grow 1. Pagprudos ng ng produkto galing sa
as a new plant. This is called ‘layering’. pinagkukunang likas na yaman.
Different types of layering technique include: Halimbawa: Restawran o karinderya Palengki,
Simple Layering: A shoot or branch is bent, a part Groceries at tinging tindahan
of it is buried in the soil, and the tip of the plant 2. Pagkaloob ng Serbisyo kapalit ng kabayaran
stick out. Halimbawa: Barbershop, Vulcanizing shop,
Compound Layering: Similar to simple layering, Patahian, Shoe repair shop, Laundry shop
but with a longer, flexible branch. Cover parts with
soil and leave parts exposed alternately.
Tip Layering: For plants with long branches, put
the tip of a new branch into the ground to grow.
Mound Layering: When the plant is dormant, cut
it at ground level and cover it with soil.
Air Layering: Here, the new roots grow above the
ground. Choose a branch and remove a strip of
bark, then cover the area with a special soil and a
plastic cover.
4. Grafting
•This involves cutting a twig of one plant and
joining it with the stem of another plant in such a
manner that they form a unit and function as one
plant. It is a bit of a complex process but allows
you to bring the desired character to your plant.
However, be sure to sterilize your hands and tools
to make sure you don’t transfer any infections
during the process.
To obtain successful union of attached plants,
ensure the following factors:
• The rootstock and scion chosen for the process
are compatible
• Both plants parts are at a suitable physiological
stage
• Cambium of both the parts are in contact
• Union point is not dry and there's no infection
5. Budding
• In this method, a cut is made in the rootstock and
a single bud with little or no wood is inserted into it
in such a way that they unite and grow as a new
plant.
6. Tissue Culture
- This is the most recent and advanced technique
in which plant tissues are grown in media under
controlled and sterile conditions/environments. It is
extensively used for commercial purposes to
produce clones of plants or mass produce plants.

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