PLANT PROPAGATION

• Plant propagation, in simple words, may be defined as multiplication or

reproduction of plants.

• Commercialization of crops leads to the development of various

techniques and procedures of plant propagation.

• Each technique has its own merits and demerits.

• Each plant responds differently to different methods of propagation.

• Various techniques of propagation have been developed with the

objective to have uniformity in crops, early bearing, increased
production, resistance against pests and diseases, and introduce certain
characters in new generation.

• These objectives have made plant propagation interesting and

challenging.
• These objectives have made plant propagation interesting and
challenging.

• Propagation of plant is the involvement of science and art in a skillful way.

• Basic knowledge and skill of it can be a better source of income through

commercial nurseries.

• It helps in maintaining the plant stock and preserving endangered (extinct)

species.

• Plants can be propagated by sexual and asexual means.

• Vegetative parts of plants like shoots, leaves, roots, stem, buds and
underground parts are used in different ways for reproducing new plants.

• The most common asexual propagation methods include cutting, layering,

grafting and budding, which need specialized skill and are done differently
in different plants.

• Growing of tissues in controlled conditions is an advance and recent

method of vegetative propagation. It is known as ‘tissue culture’. It is a
highly specialized technique of propagation. By using this technique, a
large number of true-to-type virus-free saplings can be produced in a
short span.
Sexual propagation • New varieties and cultivars of ornamental and vegetable crops
can be developed only by this method.
Propagation or multiplication of plants by seeds is known as
‘sexual propagation’. Seeds are formed as a result of successful • A large number of rootstocks for budding and grafting purpose
fertilisation and combination of parental gametes. is also raised by this method.

It is an old and easy method and is widely used for the • Seeds can be transported easily and stored for a longer time
propagation of crops like ornamental annuals, vegetables, using this method.
medicinal and fruit plants, such as papaya.
Demerits of sexual propagation
Merits of sexual propagation
• Sexually propagated plants show variations and are not
• Plants propagated by seeds live longer, are vigorous and more genetically true-to-type to the mother plants.
resistant to biotic (insect-pests and diseases) and abiotic
stresses (environmental conditions). • Plants that are propagated through seeds have long gestation
period, which results in delayed flowering and fruiting.
• It is an easy, simple and convenient method of plant
propagation. • Plants grow vigorously and cause obstruction in intercultural
practices like harvesting and spraying.
• Some plants like papaya, marigold, chilli, capsicum, tomato,
etc., cannot be propagated by asexual method. • Advantages offered by rootstocks and scion as in asexual
propagation cannot be exploited through sexual method.
• It is the only means of creating genetic diversity of plants.
• Crop species, which do not produce seeds like pineapple,
banana, strawberry, fig, jasmine, hibiscus, bougai
Asexual propagation

It is also called ‘vegetative propagation’. The vegetative parts of a plant like leaf, stem,
root or their modified forms are used for propagation. Most of the horticultural crops
are commercially propagated by vegetative or asexual method of propagation.

Merits of asexual propagation Demerits of asexual propagation

• Many fruit and ornamental plants that do not produce seeds are multiplied by this • By vegetative propagation, new varieties
method. cannot be developed.

• Plants propagated by asexual propagation are true-to-type genetically. • It requires specialised skills, so it is an
expensive method of propagation.
• By top working (using budding and grafting), old and economically low productive
fruit plants can be converted into superior ones. • The life span of asexually propagated
plants is short as compared to sexually
• Advantages offered by rootstocks and scion can be exploited through asexual propagated ones.
method.
• These plants are more prone to biotic
• Maturity is uniform and the plant gives quality yield. and abiotic stresses.

• Plants propagated by asexual method are small in size, so spraying of chemicals and
harvesting are easy.

• This method enables noble plant production, e.g., different colours of flowers in a
single rose plant and different types of mangoes in one mango plant can be produced
through asexual method only.
Plant propagation - Cutting

Cutting is a detached vegetative part of a plant, which on separation and

planting is able to regenerate the missing parts and develop itself into a
new plant. It is an inexpensive and quick method of propagation. A large
number of uniform plants can be produced using few parent plants. It
does not involve specialised skills. The method is named after the part of
plant used for cutting, e.g., stem, root and leaf.

Stem cutting Based on the age and maturity of shoots detached for
vegetative propagation, stem cuttings is of four types.

(i) Hardwood cutting

(ii) Semi-hardwood cutting
(iii) Softwood cutting
(iv) Herbaceous cutting
Hardwood cutting

Such a cutting is taken from woody plants. Mostly, deciduous

plants are propagated by this method. One-year old mature
branch is cut into pieces of suitable sizes and planted in the
rooting medium, e.g., rose, grapes, fig, pomegranate,
bougainvillea, tabernaemontana, lagerstroemia, jasminum,
hibiscus, etc.

Procedure

• Select branches of one-year old healthy plants, having pencil

thickness. Cut the branches into 10–15 cm long cuttings.

• Long cuttings are used to raise rootstocks for fruit trees. Each
cutting must have at least 4–5 dormant vegetative buds. Leaves
and thorns, if present, are completely removed. This checks • The secretion of hormones at the bud near the cut portion
transpiration loss. induces rooting. Straight cut at upper end reduces transpiration
loss, which can be inhibited by the application of wax.
• A slanting cut is given at the base of the cuttings just below
the node and a straight upper cut is given away from the top • The cuttings are planted slant-wise in a nursery bed or small
bud. poly bags for growing plants. Callus tissues form the cambium
layer and rooting takes place in this region. The best season for
• The cut portion will help identify the planting position. planting the cuttings is monsoon for evergreen plants and
Slanting cut at the base is given so that a large area of the November–February for deciduous plants. Cuttings can be
cuttings is in contact with the rooting medium for inducing planted in greenhouse or poly-house for better results.
roots.
Semi-hardwood cutting

A semi-hardwood cutting is taken from 4 to 9-month old shoots of

current season woody plants. Most ornamental foliage plants like
croton, acalyphas, aralias, diffenbachia, russelia, cestrum, nerium, etc.,
are propagated by semi-hardwood cuttings.

Procedure

Semi-hardwood cuttings are prepared from branches having pencil

thickness. The length of these cuttings varies from 7.5 to 15 cm.

The cuttings must have at least 4–5 dormant vegetative buds. Some It is useful to dip the top of the cuttings in wax to check
leaves are retained as they help in preparing food by photosynthesis. transpiration and infections.
Large leaves are reduced in size by cutting.
Dipping the base of the cuttings before planting in IBA @
A slant basal cut is given just near the vegetative bud and a straight top 5000 ppm induces early rooting.
cut must be given away from the bud. The slant cut helps to expose
more area of the cambium layer, which helps in more water absorption The cuttings are planted in slanting position so that their
and callus formation. maximum base is in contact with the rooting medium.
The upper straight cut minimises exposure to the atmosphere, which The planting season for semi-hardwood cuttings is
reduces transpiration loss from the cuttings. monsoon. Commercially, such cuttings are rooted under
mist spray or fog.
Softwood cutting

Such a cutting is taken from herbaceous or succulent plants.

Shoots of 2 to 3-month old plants are selected for softwood
cuttings. Examples are alternanthera, coleus, duranta,
clerodendrum, etc.

Procedure

Softwood cuttings are prepared from tender but mature

branches.

The length of these cuttings varies from 10–12 cm. Tender

shoots do not have sufficient food material. Hence, all leaves
present on the shoots are retained for photosynthesis.

The cutting material are gathered early in the morning and

must be kept moist by keeping them in a wet cloth.

Sandy loam medium is the best for planting softwood cuttings.

Herbaceous cutting

Such a cutting is taken from herbaceous plants. Shoots of 1 to 2-month

old plants are selected for herbaceous cuttings. Examples are
chrysanthemum, iresine, pilea, dahlia, petunia, carnation, marigold, etc.

Procedure

• Herbaceous cuttings are made from tender succulents, especially

the leafy part of the stems of herbaceous plants.

• Terminal, measuring 8–12 cm, of a healthy shoot is cut and the

basal leaves are removed, leaving the upper leaves undisturbed.

• The cuttings once detached must not desiccate at the cut and are
rooted well under mist.

• The application of auxins promotes the regeneration of adventitious

roots.

• Sandy loam medium is the best for planting herbaceous cuttings.

Leaf cutting

Selection of cutting Plants with thick fleshy

leaves having buds are propagated by leaf
cutting. Vegetative buds are present in the
notches of leaf margin (bryophyllum) or on the
vein (begonia rex). Leaf blade or pieces of it
with bud are put on the rooting medium under
favourable conditions. In case of black
raspberry, the leaf blade, along with petiole and
a short piece of the stem with attached axillary
buds, are kept in the medium for rooting. Plants
like snake plant (senseveria), blackberry,
rhododendron and bryophyllum are propagated
by this method.
https://www.gardengatemagazine.com/articles/how-to/divide/how-to-propogate-rex-begonias-from-leaf-cuttings/
https://www.wikihow.com/Propagate-Succulents-from-Leaves
Plant propagation BY layering

Layering It is an attached method of propagation. In this method,

roots are allowed to develop on the covered portion of the stem
while still being attached to the mother plant. After the emergence
and development of the roots, this portion is separated from the
mother plant and allowed to grow as a new plant on its own root
stem. Such root stem is known as ‘layer’.

Types of layering

(i) Simple layering

(ii) Compound or serpentine layering
(iii) Trench layering
(iv) Mound layering or stooling
(v) Air layering
Simple layering Procedure

In simple layering, a partial tongue-like cut is given on a branch. • Select one-year old healthy, flexible, long un-branched shoot near
The branch is then bent to the ground and the treated portion is the ground level. Remove leaves of the selected shoot, retaining
covered with soil, keeping the top or terminal portion exposed. some at the top.
The layered branches produce roots in weeks and are ready for
transplanting in a nursery after detaching them carefully. • The retained leaves prepare food through photosynthesis.
Examples are jasmine, ixora, clerodendron, pyrostegia, etc.
• Bend down the shoot so that some part of it touches the ground. At
that portion, generally, 15−30 cm away from the terminal end, a
sharp slanting inward cut of 2−3 cm is given.

• A small matchstick is inserted in the cut to keep the slit open. Bend
down the branch and cover the cut part with soil.

• Keep some weight or stone over the buried part so Simple layering
that it is not pulled upward, and remains in the same position.

• A stake is fixed near the layered branch and the branch operated
upon is tied with it.

• Water the layered portion regularly. After 3−4 weeks, rooting starts
at the operated portion and this can be indicated by sprouting buds
on the shoot. After this, the layer is separated from the mother
plant and planted in a new place.
Compound or serpentine layering Procedure

Compound layering is similar to simple layering, except the • One-year old healthy and flexible long shoot near the ground is
branches are alternately covered and exposed along their selected for compound layering.
length. The branches must be longer so that they can be
layered at several places. This method is followed in plants • The selected stem is placed in soil in a way that the nodes at certain
like bougainvillea, jasmine, clematis, muscadine grape and distance are covered under the soil and the intermediate internodes
wisteria. are exposed.

• Remove leaves from the selected branch but retain few leaves at
the top. Give two circular cut around the bark about 2.5−4 cm wide.

• Remove the bark of the operated portion (girdling). Apply rooting

hormone to the girdled portion and cover it with soil.

• The same branch is operated at 3−4 places at certain distance in the

Girdling is the horticultural
same way.
practice of bark tissue removal
in a ring shape down to the • The growing shoots, which emerge from the covered portion of the
vascular cambium layer, which branch, are separated from the mother plant for planting in a
stops phloem transport of nursery.
photosynthates to the roots
and the other tree parts until
wound heals (Jordan and
Habib, 1996).
Trench layering • Procedure

Trench layering is primarily used in fruit plants. Covering the shoots with soil • One-year old healthy and flexible long
results in etiolation, so it is also known as ‘etiolation layering’. New shoots arise shoot near the ground is selected.
from the length of the burried branches. After rooting, individual shoots are
separated from the mother plant. This method is followed in apple, cherry, pear, • The selected stem is placed in a
jasmine and rhododendron. shallow trench in a way that the
middle portion of it is buried. Remove
leaves from the branch but retain few
leaves at the top.

• Cover the whole branch with moist soil

5–10 cm deep. The terminal portion is
left exposed to manufacture food and
hormones for the developing plants.

• After some weeks, shoots arise from

the nodes, which are covered by soil.
The covering of the shoots with soil
results in etiolation of the shoots and
Etiolation helps in rooting.
Plants grown in the dark have elongated
stems, are white or yellow (due to lack of • Individual shoots with roots (layers)
chlorophyll), and have small leaves This
phenomenon is called etiolation, and it are separated from the mother plant
is a mechanism that increases the and planted in a nursery.
chance that the plant will access light.
Mound layering or stooling Procedure

This method is followed in plants whose branches are • Cut back the upper portion of the plant 2.5 cm above the ground level. After few
firm and difficult to bend. The selected plant must be at days, new shoots will emerge.
dormant stage at the time of layering.
• When the shoots grow to a height of 7−15 cm and become little sturdy, place loose
soil around them so that they are half buried.

• When the shoots attain a height of 20−25 cm, again add soil around them so that
they are half buried. Water the heaped soil regularly.

• It will take 3−4 months to get the layers. Cut the rooted layers close to the base
from the mother plant and plant it in a nursery.

• Examples are apple, guava, currant, gooseberry, pear, etc.

For plants, dormancy declares when to prepare

their soft tissues for freezing temperatures, dry
weather, or water and nutrient shortage.
Instead of exerting energy in an attempt to
grow, they know to stop growing and conserve
energy until mild weather returns.
Air layering

It is also known as ‘gootee’. Examples are Ficus elastica, Callistemon,

croton, monstera, citrus fruits, lychee, philodendron, pomegranate, etc.

Procedure

• Select healthy, vigorously growing aerial branch having pencil-size

thickness.

• The selected branch must be of the past growing season. Girdle the
selected branch up to 2−3.5 cm wide just below the node 15–30 cm
back from the tip of the shoot.

• A strip of the bark from the girdled portion is removed. Scrap the
girdled portion, which helps in the removal of phloem tissues and
prevents formation of bark at the girdled portion.

• Excessive moisture from sphagnum moss is squeezed out before placing

it over the cut portion.

• A piece of polyethylene film is carefully wrapped around the branch so

that the sphagnum moss is completely covered.

• Both the ends of the polyethylene film are made airtight by tying them
with strings.

• The layer is removed from the parent plant when roots are observed
through the transparent polyethylene film. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmbNFS6_EjE

• It takes 2−3 months for rooting , rainy season is the best for air layering.
Plant propagation BY grafting Disadvantages of grafting

Grafting The method of joining parts of two plants in a manner that they form a unit and • It requires specialized skill.
function as one plant is known as ‘grafting’.
• It is an expensive method of propagation.
Advantages of grafting
• New varieties cannot be developed by grafting. Plants
• Plants propagated by grafting are true-to-type, and bear flowers and fruits early. produced through grafting are short lived as compared to
• The plants can be multiplied and preserved by grafting. plants propagated by seeds.

• Local variety of older plants can be improved to superior variety by top working. • When contaminated tools or propagation material are
used in grafting, newly propagated plants may also get
• Wounded or damaged tree trunks can be repaired by special grafting methods. infected.

• Rootstock has an influence on resistance, vigor and quality of grafted plants.

• Certain rootstocks, which are tolerant to saline and alkaline soils and other adverse
conditions, can be used for grafting.

Rootstock Characteristics of rootstock

The part of the graft that provides root • Adaptable to local climatic conditions
system to the grafted plant is known as • Resistant to adverse climatic and soil
‘rootstock’. conditions
It is, normally, raised by seeds in the • Resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases
seedbed, and then, transplanted in the • Propagates easily
nursery bed for budding and grafting. • Compatible with scion
Rootstocks are also raised in pots and • Promotes early healing and formation of
polythene bags. cambium layer.
• Raising of rootstock Scion

• Generally, rootstocks are raised by seeds • The upper portion of graft combination taken from
(mango and citrus fruits), or sometimes, by the desired plant to be multiplied is known as
cuttings (rose). ‘scion’.

• Seeds are sown or cuttings are planted on • Characteristics of scion

raised beds or in poly bags for raising
rootstocks. • Scion wood must be of the previous season but not
from more than one-year old plant.
• After the germination of seeds or rootings
of cuttings, the seedling rootstocks are • Flowering shoots or shoots from where the
transplanted in poly bags or nursery beds. harvesting is recently done must be avoided.

• Once they reach the stage of growth, they • Healthy and well-developed vegetative buds must
are used as rootstocks for grafting or be selected.
budding. Sometimes, the rootstocks are
not of the same species, e.g., for grapes • The scion or bud sticks must be selected from
(Vitis vinifera), the rootstock used is a known performing orchard trees. Selection of scion
related species Vitis berlandieri.
• The mother plant must be vigorous, high yielding,
true-to-type and free from undesirable bud
mutation and viral diseases.

• It is advisable to collect scion from grown-up trees.

• It must be preconditioned by defoliating the branch

before it is used for budding or grafting. Defoliating
helps the buds to swell.
Methods of grafting

Grafting methods can be grouped into the

following.

Scion attached method

In this method, the scion shoot is not detached

from the mother plant until the union takes place.
After the successful union of the scion and
rootstock, the scion is separated in gradual cut
from the mother plant.

For making the grafting handy, the rootstock is

grown in a container or polythene bag.

This method is followed in plants, in which

successful graft unions are difficult to obtain.

‘Approach grafting’ is a type of scion attached

method. It is classified into two types.

• Sliced approach grafting

• Tongue grafting
Approach grafting Selection of grafting material

• Approach grafting is also known as ‘inarching’. • Approach grafting can be done in two ways, and accordingly, their names are given
as ‘sliced approach grafting’ and ‘tongue approach grafting’
• The main feature of approach grafting is that two
independent self-sustaining plants are grafted • In both the methods, the success of grafting depends on the thickness of the scion
together. and rootstock.

• After the successful union of the graft, the scion plant • Both must be compatible and comfortable at the union. The rootstock and scion
is detached below the graft union from the mother must be of almost the same thickness.
plant and the top of the rootstock plant is removed
above the graft. • Select the scion branch on the mother plant of desired characteristics.

• This method is useful for plants, in which successful

graft unions are difficult to obtain.

• This method is, usually, performed for plants growing

in a container, as well as, big tree

• In the latter case, the rootstock seedling is brought

near the scion branch by erecting a platform.
Sliced approach grafting Procedure

• Bring the selected rootstock and scion close

together.

• Find out the most comfortable point of contact.

• At the point of contact, a thin slice of wood along

with a 2.5 to 5-cm long bark from the rootstock
and the scion is removed.

• The operated size must be uniform on both the

stems of the rootstock and the scion.

• The cut surfaces are then brought together so that

they cover each other completely by overlapping.
Press them firmly together and tie them with a
waxed string or polythene tape, so that water
does not enter.

• After successful union, head back the rootstock

above the union and cut the scion below the
union, e.g., mango, guava, sapota, etc.
Tongue grafting

This method differs from the former as cuts are

given on both the scion and rootstock.

Procedure
• Bring the selected rootstock and scion close
together.

• Find out the most comfortable point of

contact.

• Remove a slice of wood along with a 2.5 to 5-

cm long bark from the rootstock and scion.

• A second slanting partial cut downward on

the stock and upward on the scion is made,
producing a thin tongue-like structure of the
same size on the stem of the stock and the
scion.

• Insert the scion in the stock so that these

tongue cuts interlock.

• All operated portions must be in contact with

each other.

• Tie the operated portions.

Scion detached method

This method is a more popular method of grafting and comparatively easier to

perform. Besides, the rate of success of plant propagation is more in this case. In
this method, the scion is first detached from the mother plant, and then, inserted
or tied on the rootstock.

The types of scion detached method are:

• Veneer grafting
• Side grafting
• Wedge or cleft grafting
• Stone or epicotyl grafting
• Whip or splice grafting
• Bark grafting
 Procedure
Veneer grafting
• A shallow 3 to 5-cm long downward cut is made on the selected rootstock.
• It is a simple and economical method of grafting.
• At the base of the first cut, a short inward and downward cut is made that intersects the
• It the most ideal method for establishing in situ
first cut.
orchards and top working of old unproductive orchards.
• In between both the cuts, remove the piece of wood along with the bark by making a
• The best time in north India for veneer grafting is
small notch in the rootstock.
March−April and July−August.
• The scion is operated with a matching long cut on one side and a short cut on the
• Mango, cashew and peach are commercially propagated
opposite side is given at the base.
by this technique. Veneer grafting differs from side
grafting.
• Insert the scion and fix it in the rootstock. Care must be taken to ensure that the cambium
layer matches at least one side of the cut surface.
• In this, the vertical flap of the stock is completely
removed and a slanting cut is given on one side of the
• Wrap and tie the scion and rootstock firmly.
scion.
• Cut back the rootstock above the union after successful union.

• This method is used for grafting conifers, deciduous trees and shrubs.
 A cambium (plural cambia or cambiums), in
Side grafting plants, is a tissue layer that provides
partially undifferentiated cells for plant
In this method, the operated scion is inserted growth. It is found in the area between xylem
into the side of the established rootstock, and phloem. It forms parallel rows of cells,
which has more girth than the scion, e.g., which result in secondary tissues.
hibiscus.

Selection of material Procedure

• A rootstock of 2.5 cm diameter is selected. • Use a sharp knife for cutting the scion.
• The scion needs to have 3–5 buds and must
be about 7.5 cm long. • On the stem of the rootstock, a slanting
• The scion must be comparatively thinner downward and inward cut of about 2.5–5 cm
than the rootstock. deep is made.

• A wedge of the same size (2.5−5 cm) of the

. scion is prepared by two slanting cuts
oppositely towards the base.

• The scion is then inserted into the operated

rootstock.

• Pour wax and make the operated portion

waterproof.

• Wrap and tie the grafted portion to keep it

intact.

• After the graft is complete, cut the stock

above the union.
Cleft grafting Procedure

It is comparatively a simple and an easy method of • The rootstocks of required plant species are raised in poly bags.
grafting, which is widely used in fruit trees, e.g.,
mango, jackfruit, bael, amla, etc. • The seedling of the suitable rootstock, which is 4 to 5–month
old is selected.
Selection of material
• Head back the rootstock.
• The scion must be a terminal shoot with 3–5 buds.
• A sharp vertical downward cut of 3−5 cm is made in the centre
• It must be of the current season and in active of the stem.
growth.
• Two slanting cuts of the same length (3–5 cm) as in the
• The scion shoot is defoliated about two weeks rootstock are given on the sides towards the base on the scion
ahead of being separated from the mother plant. shoot.

• This will help accumulate food in the shoots. As a • This will give a wedge-shaped appearance to the scion stick.
result, the buds on the shoots become swollen.
• The wedge-shaped scion is inserted in the split of the rootstock.
• As compared to the rootstock, the thickness
(diameter) of the scion may be the same or less. • Insert the scion in a way that it matches the cambium layer at
least on one side with the stock.

• Tie the grafted portion firmly in position with a polythene tape.

• After successful union, the terminal buds of the scion begin to

sprout. • Loosen or remove the polythene tape to allow the shoot
to grow normally.

• It is better to stake the newly grafted plant.

Plant Propagation by Budding

Budding is the process of inserting a single mature scion bud into the stem
(rootstock) in a way that results into a union and continues to grow as a new plant. It
is also a type of grafting.

Types of budding There are many methods or techniques of inserting bud into the
rootstock. Some of the common methods are as follows.
T – budding
Now, the bark of the cut portion is loosened.
Since a ‘T’-shaped incision is made for bud
insertion on the rootstock, it is called T – The bud from the desirable plant is selected.
budding. The shield-shaped bud along with the woody
chip is removed from the scion stick.
T – budding is also called ‘shield budding’
as the bud used for insertion is in the shape The bud is inserted in the T-shaped cut in the
of a ‘shield’. stock. After the insertion of the bud with the
help of a budding knife, the bud and stock are
It is widely used for propagating fruit trees firmly wrapped with a polyethylene strip,
and ornamental plants. In this method, the exposing the bud.
rootstocks of compatible plants are raised
in beds or poly bags. The bud sprouts within a month. Examples are
rose, apple, pear, peach, apricot, cherry, sweet
One-year old rootstock of a healthy and orange, etc.
vigorous growth is selected. A T-shaped cut
is made at a height of 15−25 cm from the
ground level on the rootstock with the help
of a sharp knife.

Also, a vertical cut, extending up to

2.5−3.75 cm is given on the bark in the
internodes.

At the top of this vertical cut, another

horizontal cut is given in such a way that
the two cuts resemble the shape of ‘T’.
Patch Budding

A rectangular patch of bark, measuring

2.4×1.5 cm (length and width), is
completely removed from the internodes
of the stock plant.

A similar patch of bark with a healthy bud

is removed from the scion bud stick.

This patch is placed on the cut portion of

the stock and wrapped with a polyethylene
strip, keeping the bud exposed.

This type of budding is useful for the

propagation of plants having a thick bark.
Examples are amla, mango, jamun, rubber,
etc
Ring budding

In this method, a bark of approximately 3−6 cm wide

in ring form is removed from the stock. The same
dimension of bark with a healthy bud is removed from
the scion bud stick and placed on the stalk. After
placing the ring in position, tie it with a polythene
strip, keeping the bud exposed, e.g., ber and cherry.
Flute budding

This is a slight modification of ring budding.

Instead of removing the complete ring, a
narrow portion of the bark about 1/8 of its
circumference is left on the stock.

A similar portion of the scion is removed

along with the bud and is fitted on the cut
portion of the stock. The bark of the stock
and bud are tied with a polyethylene strip,
exposing the growing point e.g., ber.
Tissue Culture

It is a technique for growing plant tissues

isolated from the parent plant in an artificial
medium and controlled environment over a
prolonged period under aseptic conditions.

It is used on commercial scale in gerbera, orchid,

banana, carnation, anthurium, etc. It is based on
the phenomenon of ‘totipotency’ of a cell, which
denotes the capacity of a plant cell to regenerate
into a full-fledged plant having different organs.

Callus is produced on explant in vitro due to

wounding and growth substances, either
endogenous or supplied exogenous in the
medium.

For the collection of explants, plant parts, such as

stem, root or leaves can be used. After
disinfestation, they are induced to form ‘callus’.
Examples are banana, papaya, gerbera, carnation, Totipotency (Lat. totipotentia, "ability for all [things]") is the ability of a
rose, orchid, etc. single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an
organism
Plant propagation by specialized organs

Specialized organs are modified stems or roots, developing above

the ground surface or underground, which may be used for
multiplication of plants. In horticulture, bulbous ornamentals
include bulbs, corms, tubers, tuberous roots and rhizomes.
Bulb
Bulb is a specialised underground structure having
a flat basal stem and surrounded by fleshy scales,
e.g., onion, tuberose, amaryllis. Structurally, bulbs
are tunicated and non-tunicated. In tunicated
bulbs, the outer layer of scales is converted into
dry membranous covering, which gives protection,
e.g., onion, tuberose, amaryllus, tulip, etc. Non-
tunicated bulbs do not possess the enveloping dry
covering and are represented by lilium.

Corm
Corm is an underground modified solid or
compressed stem oriented vertically in the side
having nodes and buds, e.g., gladiolus, crocus, etc.

Tuber
It is an underground storage organ having special
swollen modified stem or roots, e.g., root tuber
like dahlia, caladium, dioscorea, Jerusalem
artichoke, etc; and stem tuber like begonia,
potato, etc.
Rhizome
A modified stem of some plant growing horizontally just below the ground
surface, e.g., canna, ferns, ginger, iris, etc.

Runner
It is a modified stalk, which is creeping in nature, produced in the leaf axil and
grows out from the parent plant. It grows horizontally along the ground, where
roots are produced at the nodes, which can be used to produce new plants, e.g.,
doob grass, strawberry, chlorophytum, etc.

Sucker
It is a special shoot arising from the root or stem portion of a plant below the
ground level, e.g., chrysanthemum (stem), Clerodendron splendens (root
suckers), anthurium, etc.

Tuberous
root It refers to a swollen tuberous growth that functions as a storage organ.
Examples are satavar, dahlia, chlorophytum, etc.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aJqdKxkkHos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-w2gpbyGaM&t=27s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J1LW1Nz0pd4&t=272s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yp1hiQZlSbU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=busgz138Wyo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRgBPLRLMyQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFWvZzMv2Io

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aatd7WLwDWs
Thank You