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Teaching Learning Skills and
Techniques
EDBN 1402

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EDBN 1402
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W. myavsï iÄb ivq, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
Avey mvC` gRyg`vi, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
iIkb Aviv †eMg, mnKvix cÖKí cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
gvKmy`v †eMg, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
MvRx †gvnv¤§` bvRgyj †nv‡mb, wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©v , wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí

MÖš’¯^Z¡
wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ©„K MÖš’¯^Z¡ msiwÿZ| wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi wjwLZ AbygwZ e¨ZxZ G eB‡qi m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK gy`ªY,
cybtgy`ªY ms‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i cÖKvk I weµq wbwl×| G †ÿ‡Î KwcivBU AvBb cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e wkÿv, cÖwkÿY I
M‡elYvg~jK Kvh©µ‡g G eB e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

cÖ_g gy`ªb: wW‡m¤^i 2018

cyb:gy`ªb: gvP© 2020

cÖ”Q`
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evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyiÑ 1705|
(¯§viK b¤^i: 37.00.0000.082.14.005.18.100 ZvwiL: 31 RyjvB 2019 Bs‡iwR, 16 kÖv eY 1426 evsjv Abyhvqx
Aby‡gv`bµ‡g TQI-II cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cÖYxZ RvZxq weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K
cyb:gy`ªb Kiv n‡jv|)

ISBN: 978-984-34-0104-5

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µwgK wk‡ivbvg c„ôv
BDwbU 1: RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 I gva¨wgK wkÿvµg 2012 chv©‡jvPbv
1.1 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 wewfbœ w`K chv©‡jvPbv: gva¨wgK wkÿv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY 1
1.2 RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 chv©‡jvPbv 8
BDwbU 2: wkLb-†kLv‡bvi R‡b¨ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva
2.1 wkLb-†kLv‡bv wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zvrch© I Gi cÖfve Ges wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z 18
e¨w³MZ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Dci Av‡jvPbv,chv©‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab
2.2 wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek¦vm¸‡jv‡K wPwýZKiY I Abykxjb Ges wkÿK wn‡m‡e 26
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ wbav©iY
BDwbU 3: wkÿK †hvM¨Zv
3.1 †hvM¨Zvi aviYv I •ewkó¨, Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv , wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 33
3.2 evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv Kiv Ges we,GW wkÿvµ‡g wbav©wiZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv 34
chv©‡jvPbv Kiv
BDwbU 4: AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv
4.1 AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi aviYv,†kvbvi `ÿZv I KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxjb 39
4.2 wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤ú©‡Ki f~wgKv I ¸iæZ¡ 41
4.3 wdWe¨vK MÖnY I cÖ`vb c×wZ:Rb †nib wdWe¨vK g‡Wj 42
4.4 f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i Rvbv 46
4.5 mv`v-Kv‡jv †evW© e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AR©b 49
BDwbU 5: †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv
5.1 Av`k© †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi aviYv, †K․kj I ¸iæZ¡ 51
5.2 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek t Af¨šÍixY, evwn¨K I mvgvwRK w`K Ges we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i m‡ev©”P 54
e¨envi I wbivcËvi Rb¨ †K․kj wbav©iY
5.3 wkÿv_x© AvPiY bxwZgvjv wbav©iY Ges cyi¯‥vi I kvw¯Í cÖ`vb: BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K 55
5.4 cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv `ÿZv Abykxjb 57
5.5 AwaKmsL¨K wkÿv_x© m¤^wjZ †kÖwYi •ewkó¨ I AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi †K․kj Ges †RÛvi 59
AšÍfyw© ³ wbwðZKi‡Yi †K․kj
5.6 wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_x©‡`i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I mgvav‡bi Dcvq AbymÜvb Ges mgq e¨e¯vcbv 61
BDwbU 6: wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi `ÿZv
6.1 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ Ges wkLb m~θ‡jv‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡j iƒcvšÍi 64
6.2 wkÿK†Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©†Kw›`ªK c×wZi cv_©K¨ I wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ 74
6.3 gv_v LvUv‡bv, gvBÛ g¨vwcs, `jxq Av‡jvPbv, `jxq cÖKí, mZx_© wkÿY, f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj 76
Abykxjb
5
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6.4 GKK KvR, †cv÷ e·,Kvh©Ki `j cybwe©b¨vm,mgm¨v mgvavb I mvÿvrKvi †K․kj Abykxjb 79

BDwbU 7: cvV cwiKíbv

7.1 DËg I Av`k© cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv kbv³KiY I Abykxjb 83
7.2 cÖ`k©b, `jxq KvR I GKK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g GKwU we‡kølYagx© I ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb 94
7.3 QÙ wkÿY I Abywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g GKK KvR, †Rvovq I `jxq KvR, Awfbq, gv_v LvUv‡bv, 100
`jxq Av‡jvPbvmn wewfbœ †K․kj Abykxjb
7.4 gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jvi †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv 105
AbymÜvb Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi †K․kj Abykxjb: my®úóZv, avivevwnKZv, wjwLZ I
†g․wLK
7.5 †kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkK
œ iY: aviYv I Abykxjb Ges D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj 111
7.6 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ: Db¥y³, e× I •ewPΨgq cÖkœ 116
7.7 E †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i †kÖwYweb¨vm 120
7.8 eøy‡gi †kªwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖkœ we‡ePbv 124
7.9 wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZKi‡Yi Dcvq Ges g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †K․kj 127
7.10 Am‡ej-Gi AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi 130
Dcvq

BDwbU 8: wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY

8.1 wkLb mvgMÖx I wkÿY mnvqK DcKi‡Yi aviYv Ges DcKiY cÖ`k©b I Kvh©Ki e¨envi 137
8.2 wkÿK m„ó DcKiY: msMÖn, cÖ¯‧ZKiY I msMVb 142
8.3 wkÿv_x© m„ó DcKiY •Zwi‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i e¨envi Ges DcKiY msiÿ‡Yi Dcvq 143
BDwbU 9: †ckvMZfv‡e Dbœq‡bi Dcvq I `ÿZv
9.1 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv I ¸iæZ¡ Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcv`vb 146
9.2 PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY, PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY I avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb 150
9.3 †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv 159
9.4 †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR (wcGjwm) Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡ 160
9.5 e e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dbœqb †K․kj 162
9.6 cÖwkÿYv_x©i cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc, cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvbv©j, wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷ 165
mnvqK MÖšcwÄ 173

6
BDwbU 1 : RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 I gva¨wgK wkÿvµg 2012 ch©v‡jvPbv
GKUv †`‡ki RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯vi `c©Y †m †`‡ki wkÿvbxwZ| cÖv_wgK wkÿv †_‡K D”Pwkÿvi ¯Íi ch©šÍ wkÿvi jÿ¨,
D‡Ïk¨, KiYxq avivevwnKfv‡e wjwce× _v‡K RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ‡Z| GQvovI mg„× †`k I RvwZ MV‡b wkÿvi wewfbœ w`K
†hgb- KvwiMwi wkÿv, †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY, we‡kl wkÿv, bvix wkÿv, ¯^v¯¨ I µxov wkÿvmn bvbv w`K wb‡q wkÿv bxwZ‡Z
w`K wb‡`©kbv _v‡K| wkÿvbxwZ Avgv‡`i wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi w`K wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i| G BDwb‡U RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Ges RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU w`K Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| G Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‧‡K
wb¤œiƒ‡c web¨vm Kiv n‡q‡Q-
1.1 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbv: gva¨wgK wkÿv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY;
1.2 RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-Gi ch©v‡jvPbv|

1.1 RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi wewfbœ w`K ch©v‡jvPbv: gva¨wgK wkÿv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY
wkÿv Av‡jvwKZ mgvR wewbg©v‡Yi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi| mf¨Zvi Avw`Kvj †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ wkÿv gvbe AwfhvÎvi
Aby‡cÖiYv| wkÿv‡K †X‡j mvRv‡bvi Rb¨ wKQz wbqg k„•Ljv ev bxwZ Av‡Q| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î GB k„•LjvB wkÿvbxwZ|
wkÿvbxwZ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿve¨e¯vi cÖvY¯ú›`b| wkÿve¨e¯v‡K RvZxq Dbœq‡bi evnK wn‡m‡e myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| Zv cÖYq‡b MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b wea„Z mswkøó wb‡`©k bv mg~n [
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evwjKv‡K A‣eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨, (L) mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡bi mwnZ wkÿv‡K m½wZc~Y© Kwievi Rb¨
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wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbiÿiZv `~i Kwievi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Kwi‡eb| aviv-17] we‡ePbvq ivLv n‡q‡Q |
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 ch©v‡jvPbv
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RvZxqZv‡eva Ges Pwi‡Î mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewji [ †hgb: b¨vq‡eva, KZ©e¨‡eva, wkóvPvi‡eva, gvbevwaKvi m‡PZbZv,
k„•Ljv,mnR Rxeb hvc‡bi gvbwmKZv, †m․nv`©¨, Aa¨emvq BZ¨vw`] weKvk NUv‡bv, †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK
AMÖMwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv‡K cÖ‡qvMgyLx, Drcv`b mnvqK I m„Rbag©x K‡i †Zvjv, wkÿv_©x‡`i `vwqZ¡evb I
KZ©e¨civqY e¨w³ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv Ges Zv‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸Yvewj weKv‡k mnvqZv Kivi K_vI wkÿvbxwZ‡Z D‡jøL
Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿv‡K e¨vcKwfwËK Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i weÁvb wkÿv Ges KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wkÿvi
cÖwZ †ewk †Rvi †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| wek¦ åvZ…Z,¡ Amv¤úª`vwqKZv, †m․nv`¨© I gvby‡l gvby‡l mngwg©Zv †eva M‡o †Zvjv Ges
gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj K‡i †Zvjv, MYZvwš¿K †PZbv†eva weKv‡ki Rb¨ cvi®úwiK gZv`‡k©i cÖwZ mnbkxj nIqvi
K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB mv‡_ RxebgyLx e¯‧wbó I BwZevPK `„wófw½i weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv, wkÿvi cÖ‡Z¨K ¯Í‡i
wkÿvi h_vh_ gvb wbwðZ Kiv Ges c~e©eZ©x ¯Í‡i AwR©Z (wkÿvi wewfbœ jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©) Ávb,
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wkÿv jv‡fi mgvb my‡hvM myweav AevwiZ Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Avevi wkÿvi me©¯‡Í i mvsweavwbK wbðqZvi cÖwZdjb
NUv‡bv, cwi‡ek m‡PZbv m„wó Kiv, cÖmvigvb wek¦vqb cÖwµqvq mK‡ji AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿvi wewfbœ
ch©v‡q I †ÿ‡Î D”Pgv‡bi `ÿZv m„wó Kivi Rb¨I wb‡`©kbv Av‡Q|

1
wkÿvbxwZi welqe¯‧‡K †gvU 28wU Aa¨v‡q fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| fvM ¸‡jv n‡jv (1) wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ (2) cÖvK-
cÖv_wgK I cÖv_wgK wkÿv (3) eq®‥ I DcvbyôvwbK wkÿv (4) gva¨wgK wkÿv (5) e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wkÿv (6)
gv`&ivmv wkÿv (7) ag© I •bwZK wkÿv (8) D”Pwkÿv (9) cÖ‡K․kjwkÿv (10) wPwKrmv, †mev I ¯^v¯¨ wkÿv (11)
weÁvbwkÿv (12) Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wkÿv (13) e¨emvqwkÿv (14) K…wlwkÿv (15) AvBbwkÿv (16) bvixwkÿv (17) KviæKjv
I myKzgvie„wË wkÿv (18) we‡kl wkÿv, ¯^v¯¨ I kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯‥vDU I Mvj© MvBW Ges eªZPvix (19) µxovwkÿv (20)
MÖšvMvi (21) cixÿv I g~j¨vqb (22) wkÿv_©x Kj¨vY I wb‡`©kbv (23) wkÿv_©x fwZ© (24) wkÿK cÖwkÿY (25)
wkÿKM‡Yi gh©v`v, AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ (26) wkÿvµg,cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK (27) wkÿv cÖkvmb (28) wkÿvi ¯Íi
wbwe©‡k‡l we‡kl K‡qKwU c`‡ÿc| ZvQvov ms‡hvRb-1-G evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi wkÿv mswkøó KwZcq weavb Ges
ms‡hvRbx -2‡Z RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb, m`m¨mwPe I m`m¨‡`i bvg †jLv n‡q‡Q|
gva¨wgK wkÿv
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ms‡hv‡M m„wó n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK wkÿv| ZvB Gi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi Av‡jv‡K gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 G PgrKvifv‡e Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
wb‡¤œ Zv Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡jv|
D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨
bZzb wkÿv KvVv‡gvq beg †_‡K Øv`k †kªwY ch©šÍ gva¨wgK wkÿv ¯Íi wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| GB ¯Í‡ii wkÿv †k‡l
wkÿv_©xiv mvg_¨© Abyhvqx D”Pwkÿvi wewfbœ avivq hv‡e, bq‡Zv AwR©Z e„wËg~jK wkÿvi wfwˇZ ev Av‡iv e„wËg~jK
wkÿvi gva¨‡g RxweKvR©‡bi c‡_ hv‡e| gva¨wgK wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wb¤œiƒc:
 wkÿv_©xi AšÍwb©wnZ †gav I m¤¢vebvi cwic~Y© weKv‡k mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 Kg©RM‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨, we‡kl K‡i †`‡ki A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î, GKwU ch©v‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZvm¤úbœ
e¨w³iƒ‡c wkÿv_©x‡K •Zwi Kiv|
 gvbm¤úbœ wkÿv`vb K‡i cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvß †g․wjK Ávb m¤cÖmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kiv| Gi d‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i
g‡a¨ gvbm¤cbœ D”Pwkÿvi wfZ k³ n‡e|
 wewfbœ iK‡gi gva¨wgK wkÿvcÖwZôvb I wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK, b„ZvwË¡K I Ab¨vb¨ wcwQ‡q cov †Mvôxi g‡a¨
•elg¨ `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv| wcwQ‡q cov AÂj¸‡jvi Rb¨I hZw`b cÖ‡qvRb we‡kl c`‡ÿ‡ci
gva¨‡g wkÿvi AMªMwZ mg_©b Kiv|
 wba©vwiZ wel‡q mKj avivq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨mw~P cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
†K․kj
wkÿvi gva¨g
1. GB ch©v‡q wkÿvi gva¨g n‡e g~jZ evsjv Z‡e wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvg_©¨-Abyhvqx wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wP Bs‡iwR
gva¨‡gI wkÿv †`Iqv hv‡e| we‡`kx‡`i Rb¨ mnR evsjv wkÿv †`Iqvi e¨e¯v _vK‡e|
wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK
2. gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i wZbwU aviv _vK‡e mvaviY, gv`ivmv I KvwiMwi wkÿvaviv Ges cÖ‡Z¨K aviv K‡qKwU kvLvq
wef³ _vK‡e| me aviv‡ZB Rb-mgZvwfwË m„wói j‡ÿ¨ K‡qKwU †g․wjK wel‡q h_v- evsjv, Bs‡iwR, evsjv‡`k
÷vwWR, mvaviY MwYZ I Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkÿvq Awfbœ wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP eva¨Zvg~jK _vK‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K avivq
GmKj wel‡q Awfbœ cÖkœc‡Î cixÿvi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| Aek¨ cÖ‡Z¨K avivq †mB aviv-mswkøó Avewk¨K I
Hw”QK wewfbœ welq _vK‡e|
3. avivmswkøó welqmg~‡ni †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K avivi wkÿvq DrKl© AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb-wfwËK web¨vm Ges †mB Abymv‡i
m¦ m¦ wkÿvµg •Zwi Kiv n‡e|
4. wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU we‡klÁ KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡e| D³ KwgwU mKj avivi Rb¨
wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e|
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 5. gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i gv`&ivmv I e„wËg~jK wkÿvi we‡kl welqmg~n e¨ZxZ mKj avivi Rb¨ Awfbœ wkÿvµg Ges
mvaviY avivi we‡kl welqmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxq cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡e RvZxq wkÿvµg I
cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©| gv`&ivmv I e„wËg~jK wkÿvi we‡kl welqmg~‡ni cvV¨m~wP I cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡e h_vµ‡g evsjv‡`k gv`&ivmv wkÿv †evW© I evsjv‡`k KvwiMwi wkÿv †evW© |
AeKvVv‡gv Ges wkÿK I ÷vd
6. eZ©gvb D”P we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z GKv`k I Øv`k †kÖwY ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡e Ges D”P gva¨wgK K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z beg I
`kg †kÖwY †Lvjvi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| GB j‡ÿ¨ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z †kªwYKÿ I wewfbœ AvmevecÎ I wkÿv-miÄvg
e„w× Kiv n‡e| D”P we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z D”PZi †kÖwYmg~‡n cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ Bs‡iwRmn cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ welqwfwËK
wkÿK wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e| c`‡ÿc¸‡jvi ev¯Íevq‡b A‡_©i †RvMv‡bi w`‡K we‡kl bRi †`Iqv n‡e|
7. myôy cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K AeKvVv‡gvi Dbœqb mvab Kiv n‡e Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv-DcKi‡Yi
cÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv n‡e| †Ljvayjvi miÄvg I mg„× MÖšvMv‡ii e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| MÖšvMvi myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ MÖšvMvwiK c` m„wó K‡i GB c‡` wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡e|
8. weÁvb-wkÿv`vbKvix cÖ‡Z¨K we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq miÄvg I hš¿cvwZ-msewjZ weÁvbvMvi _vK‡Z n‡e Ges Gi
h_vh_ iÿYv‡eÿY I e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
my‡hvMewÂZ wkÿv_x© I AbMªmi AÂj
9. wewfbœ Kvi‡Y msKzwPZ my‡hvMcÖvß wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ AMÖmi wkÿv_x©‡`i Abyiƒc mg-my‡hvM m„wó Ges wewfbœ
iK‡gi wkÿvcÖwZôvb Ges A‡ji g‡a¨ •elg¨ `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖv_wgK wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ¯vÍ weZ c`‡ÿcmg~‡ni
Abyiƒc Dchy³ e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv n‡e|
A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ I cÖhyw³i Dbœqb
10. A_©‣bwZK Kg©KvÐ I cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi m‡½ AwaK m¤úwK©Z mvgvwRK weÁvb I e¨emvq-wkÿv kvLvi welqmg~n
(†hgb A_©bxwZ, wnmveweÁvb I e¨emvq-wkÿv), KvwiMwi wkÿv, Z_¨cÖhyw³ Kw¤úDUvi Ges weÁv‡bi wewfbœ
wel‡qi †ÿ‡Î we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K AMÖvwaKvi wfwˇZ `ªæZ miKvwi mnvqZv (†hgb wkÿ‡Ki †eZb-fvZv, weÁvb
wkÿvi hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg BZ¨vw`) cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e|
wkÿK-wkÿv_©x AbycvZ
11. wkÿK-wkÿv_©x AbycvZ ch©vqµ‡g 2018 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 1 : 30-G DbœxZ Kiv n‡e|
wkÿK-wb‡qvM
12. miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi Abyiƒc cÖ¯vÍ weZ †emiKvwi wkÿK wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖwZ eQi h_vh_ wjwLZ I †g․wLK
cixÿvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ avivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K welqwfwËK wkÿK wbe©vPb Ki‡e Ges Zuv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K
h_vh_ KZ…©cÿ wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡b wkÿK wb‡qvM Ki‡e|
wkÿK-cÖwkÿY
13. mKj wel‡qi wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| cÖwkÿYwenxb wkÿKMY‡K AbwZwej‡¤^ cÖwkÿY MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb wb‡qvMcÖvß wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi Av‡M †g․wjK wkÿKZv-cÖwkÿY †`Iqvi e¨e¯v
Kiv n‡e| k~b¨c` c~i‡Yi mg‡q cÖwkÿYcÖvß cÖv_©x‡`i AMÖvwaKvi †`Iqv n‡e|
wkÿv_©x-g~j¨vqb
14. `kg †kÖwY †k‡l RvZxq wfwˇZ cvewjK cixÿv AbywôZ n‡e| GB cixÿvi bvg n‡e gva¨wgK cixÿv Ges GB
cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ Øv`k †kÖwY ch©šÍ e„wË cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| Øv`k †kªwYi †k‡l Av‡iv GKwU cvewjK
cixÿv AbywôZ n‡e, Gi bvg n‡e D”P gva¨wgK cixÿv| Dfq cixÿv n‡e m„Rbkxj c×wZ‡Z Ges cixÿvi
g~j¨vqb n‡e †MÖwWs c×wZ‡Z| D”P gva¨wgK cixÿvi djvd‡ji wfwˇZ D”Pwkÿvi Rb¨ e„wË cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
cwi`k©b I cwiexÿY
15. wkÿvcÖwZôvb cÖkvmwbKfv‡e wbqwgZ I Kvh©Ki cwi`k©b I cwiexÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e|

3
Ab¨vb¨
16. mKj K¨v‡WU K‡jR †g․wjK welqmg~‡n Awfbœ wkÿvµg AbymiY Ges mvaviY avivq cvewjK cixÿvq Ask MÖnY Ki‡e|
17. ÔIÕ †j‡fj Ges ÔGÕ †j‡fj wkÿve¨e¯vi cvV¨µg, cixÿv I g~j¨vqb †h‡nZy GKwU we‡`wk avivq nq †m‡nZy
ÔIÕ Ges ÔGÕ †j‡fj‡K we‡kl e¨e¯v wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e| miKvwi Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡ÿ GB wkÿv e¨e¯v
cwiPvwjZ n‡e| Z‡e Dfq‡ÿ‡Î mvaviY avivi mgch©v‡qi evsjv Ges evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR cvV¨m~wPi AšÍf³ z©
Ki‡Z n‡e| G `yÕwU welq cvV¨m~wPi AšÍfwz© ³ mv‡c‡ÿ ÔIÕ†j‡fj DËxY©‡K Gm.Gm.wm Ges ÔGÕ †j‡fj
DËxY©‡K GBP.Gm.wm-i mggvb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
18. ms¯‥…Z I cvwj wel‡q cÖPwjZ Av`¨, ga¨ I Dcvwa †Kvm©wU cÖ‡qvRbxq ms¯‥vimn Ae¨vnZ _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î me
avivi Rb¨ Awfbœ welq evsjv, Bs‡iwR, evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR, mvaviY MwYZ I Z_¨cÖhyw³i mv‡_ aviv mswkøó
Avewk¨K welq ms¯‥…Z I cvwj wkÿv‡K AšÍf³ z© K‡i GKwU AvaywbK wkÿv †Kvm© cÖPjb Kiv n‡e|
19. wek¦we`¨vjq gÄyix Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki Av‡jv‡K mbvZb c×wZi ms¯‥…Z I cvwj wkÿvi mvwU©wd‡KU / Dcvwai
mgZvweavb Kiv n‡e|
wkÿK cÖwkÿY
mywkÿv I gvbm¤úbœ wkÿvi R‡b¨ me‡P‡q †ewk cÖ‡qvRb gvbm¤úbœ wkÿK| wkÿ‡Ki ¸YMZ gvb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
GKw`‡K cÖ‡qvRb weÁvbm¤§Z I m¦”Q wb‡qvM cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g †hvM¨ wkÿK wb‡qvM Kiv, Ab¨w`‡K cÖ‡qvRb gvbm¤§Z
wkÿK-wkÿv Ges Pvwn`vwfwËK hy‡Mvc‡hvMx †c․btcywbK wkÿK cªwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ DrKl© mvab Kiv|
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-Gi Av‡jv‡K wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨
†`‡k cÖPwjZ wkÿK cÖwkÿY e¨e¯v LyeB MZvbyMwZK, Am¤c~Y©, mb`cÎ me©m¦, ZË¡xq we`¨vcÖavb,e¨envwiK wkÿv Ac~Y©,
gyL¯ we`¨vi Ici wbf©ikxj Ges cyi‡bv cixÿv c×wZ Abymvix| ZvB Avkvbyiƒc djjvf n‡”Q bv| eZ©gv‡b gva¨wgK
¯Í‡i wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 14wU miKvwi cÖwkÿY K‡jR, RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯vcbv GKv‡Wgx (bv‡qg), gv`&ivmv wkÿK
cÖwkÿY Bbw÷wUDU, D”P gva¨wgK K‡j‡Ri wkÿK‡`i welqwfwËK cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 5wU GBP.Gm.wU.wU.AvB Ges XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aaxb D”PZi cÖwkÿY I M‡elYvi Rb¨ GKwU wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw¯UwUDU i‡q‡Q| 14wU miKvwi
cÖwkÿY K‡j‡RB weGW wWwMÖ †`Iqv nq| K‡qKwU cÖwkÿY K‡j‡R GgGW wWwMÖI cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjqI
`~i wkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZ eQi weGW wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| GQvov 106 wU †emiKvwi gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿY K‡jR
i‡q‡Q| GMy‡jv‡Z †f․Ze¨e¯v, cÖwkÿ‡Ki gvb Ges cÖ`Ë cÖwkÿY A‡bK †ÿ‡Î LyeB wb¤œgv‡bi|
cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ 53wU miKvwi I 2wU †emiKvwi cÖvBgvwi †Uªwbs Bbw÷wUDU i‡q‡Q|
GMy‡jv‡Z GK eQi †gqvw` cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq| eZ©gv‡b †h wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v i‡q‡Q Zv AcÖZyj, Pvwn`vi Zyjbvq
Ach©vß Ges hy‡Mvc‡hvMx bq| ZvB cÖwkÿ‡Ki msL¨v e„w× I cÖwkÿ‡Yi gv‡bvbœqb Kiv n‡e| cvkvcvwk wkÿK‡`i
wkÿv`v‡b `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯v ivLv n‡e|
wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ I jÿ¨ wb¤œiƒc-
 wkÿK wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡`i wkLb-wkLv‡bv Kjv‡K․kj m¤c‡K© Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
 wkÿK‡`i †ckvMZ Ávb e„w× Kiv Ges mg‡qi m‡½ hy‡Mvc‡hvMxKi‡Y mnvqZv `vb|
 wkÿK‡`i g‡a¨ e¨w³Z¡, D™¢vebx kw³ e„w× Ges †bZ„‡Z¡i MyYvewj RvMÖZ Kiv|
 wkÿK‡`i‡K Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb I †`‡ki Riæix mgm¨vMy‡jvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv Ges Zv‡`imv‡_ m¤c„³
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
 wkÿK‡`i AvPiwYK `ÿZv I `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiv Ges `ye©jZvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i cÖwZ‡kvabg~jK e¨e¯v
MÖn‡Y mnvqZv Kiv|
 wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ AvaywbK DcKiY e¨envi m¤c‡K© `ÿZv AR©b Ges Zv e¨env‡i DrmvwnZ Kiv|

4
  bZyb bZyb wkÿv c×wZ m¤c‡K© `ÿZv I †K․kj e„w× Kiv|
 M‡elYvcÎ •Zwi I cÖwZ‡e`b †c‡ki †ÿ‡Î †ckv`vwiZ¡ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
 mgv‡Ri mKj ag©, eY©, RvwZmË¡v, Av_©-mvgvwRK †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡K mgvb my‡hvM w`‡q cvV`v‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv|
 mgv‡Ri myweav ewÂZ ÿz`ªRvwZmË¡v Ges cÖwZeÜx †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i we‡kl wkLb Pvwn`v Abymv‡i wkLb †mev
cÖ`v‡bi Kjv‡K․kj AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
 mgm¨vw` we‡køl‡Y `ÿZv Ges wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi †hvM¨Zv e„w× Kiv|
 Z_¨cÖhyw³ wkÿvq mKj ¯Í‡ii wkÿK‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY †`Iqv Ges Z_¨cÖhyw³i e¨vcK e¨envi wbwðZ
K‡i DbœZ I AvaywbK evsjv‡`k Movi j‡ÿ¨ Gi m‡e©v”P Abykxj‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv|
 `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m‡PZb †_‡K Kvh© m¤cv`‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
 M‡elYv Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó Ges M‡elYv Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Kiv|
†K․kj
1. wb‡qv‡Mi m‡½ m‡½ cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ `yB gv‡mi eywbqv`x I K‡jR wkÿK‡`i Rb¨
Pvigv‡mi eywbqv`x cÖwkÿY †Kv‡m©i e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿK‡`i Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi
wZb eQ‡ii g‡a¨ h_vµ‡g mvwU©wd‡KU-Bb-GWy‡Kkb I weGW †Kvm© m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wPi AvaywbKxKiY Kiv n‡e|
3. cÖwkÿK‡`i cwiewZ©Z bZyb wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡MB wbR wbR wel‡q cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e
Ges G m¤ú‡K© ch©vß Ávb I aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖv_wgK wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖPwjZ cÖv_wgK wkÿK wkÿv Kvh©µg wm-Bb-GW cwieZ©b K‡i bZyb Kvh©µg cÖeZ©b
Kiv n‡e| G Kvh©µ‡gi †gqv` GK eQi †_‡K e„w× K‡i 18 gvm Kiv n‡e| bZyb Kvh©µ‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv I
g~j¨vq‡bi AvaywbK Kjv-†K․kj ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡e| B›Uvb©wmc e¨e¯v cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g e¨envwiK cvV`v‡bi
†gqv` `yB ch©v‡q Kgc‡ÿ bq gvm Kiv n‡e (B‡Zvg‡a¨ cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ 18 gvm †gqv`x
wWwcGW †Kvm© Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q)|
5. miKvwi K‡j‡Ri wkÿK‡`i eywbqv`x cÖwkÿY RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯vcbv GKv‡Wgx (bv‡qg)G †`Iqv n‡”Q Ges
GwU Pjgvb _vK‡e| ch©vqµ‡g cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK‡K wZb eQi AšÍi welqwfwËK mÄxebx cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv
n‡e| welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY †eMevb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡M GKwU K‡i AvÂwjK wkÿv e¨e¯vcbv GKv‡Wgx
cÖwZôvi e¨e¯v †bIqv n‡e|
6. wkÿv cÖkvm‡b †hvM¨ I AvZ¥wek¦vmx Kg©KZ©v m„wói Rb¨ PvKzwii ga¨ I D”P ¯Í‡i e¨vcK cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e|
7. †emiKvwi we`¨vjq I K‡j‡Ri wkÿKe„›`‡KI eywbqv`x cÖwkÿY †`Iqv n‡e| GBPGmwUwUAvB-†Z eZ©gv‡b
Pjgvb welqwfwËK cÖwkÿY †Rvi`vi Kiv n‡e|
8. †`‡ki mKj cÖwkÿY cÖwZôv‡bi gvb mgch©v‡q DbœxZ Kiv Ges †m¸‡jv‡Z h_vh_ cwi‡ek eRvq ivLvi j‡ÿ¨
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wbR¯^ Kg©KZ©v‡`i mgch©v‡qi cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ e`jxi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e|
9. cÖwkÿK‡`i gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨ †`‡k I we‡`‡k cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e| cÖavb wkÿK/ Aa¨ÿ‡`i Rb¨I
we‡kl cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Ae¨vnZ ivLv n‡e|
10. cÖwkÿ‡Y mncvV¨µwgK Kvh©µ‡gi e¨vcK e¨e¯v Kiv I cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i f~wgKvi Dchy³ g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯v ivLv n‡e|
11. mKj wkÿK wkÿv I cÖwkÿY cÖwZôv‡b B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †`Iqv n‡e hv‡Z mKj GKv‡WwgK óvd Gi
e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivL‡Z cv‡ib|

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 12. cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿK‡`i `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wbweo cwiexÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v ivLv n‡e| †Kv‡bv `ye©jZv cwijwÿZ
n‡j Zv we‡kl e¨e¯vq `~i Kivi c`‡ÿc †bIqv n‡e|
13. wewfbœ ch©v‡qi I ai‡bi wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b (cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK, D”Pwkÿv, cÖwZeÜx, KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK) wfbœ
ai‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi Dc‡hvMx `ÿ wkÿK m„wói Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Kg©m~wPi welqe¯yÍi ZviZg¨ _vK‡e|
14. wkÿK msMVb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Kg©KvÐ ïay †ckvMZ `vwe Av`v‡qi g‡a¨ wb‡qvwRZ bv †i‡L wkÿK‡`i gv‡bvbœq‡b
f~wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e|
15. wek¦we`¨vj‡qi bexb wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg MªnY Ki‡Z wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e|
16. cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i cÖwkÿYKvjxb Avw_©K gÄywi evov‡bv Ges Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
17. cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg Av‡iv e¯‧wbô I Kvh©Ki Ges mve©ÿwYK cÖwkÿ‡Yi ¯^v‡_© wb¤œgv‡bi †emiKvwi wkÿK cÖwkÿY
cÖwZôvb‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i miKvwi cÖwkÿY cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v †h․w³K ch©v‡q e„w× Ges cÖwkÿYv_x©‡`i
cÖwkÿYKvjxb c~Y© Avevm‡bi e¨e¯v Kiv n‡e|

ms‡hvRbx - 1

evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi wkÿv mswkøó KwZcq weavb

17. ivóª
(K) GKB c×wZi MYgyLx I mve©Rbxb wkÿve¨e¯v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Ges AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ ¯Íi ch©šÍ mKj evjK-
evwjKv‡K A‣eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨,
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cÖwkÿYcÖvß I mw`”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z bvMwiK m„wói Rb¨,
(M) AvB‡bi Øviv wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbiÿiZv `~i Kwievi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MªnY Kwi‡eb|

28. ag© cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y •elg¨

(1) †Kej ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvixcyiæl‡f` ev Rb¥¯v‡bi Kvi‡Y †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki cÖwZ ivóª •elg¨ cÖ`k©b Kwi‡eb bv|
(2) ivóª I MYRxe‡bi me©¯‡Í i bvix cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi jvf Kwi‡eb|
(3) †Kej ag©, †Mvôx, eY©, bvixcyiæl‡f` ev Rb¥¯v‡bi Kvi‡Y Rbmvavi‡Yi †Kvb we‡bv`b ev wekªv‡gi ¯v‡b cÖ‡e‡ki
wKsev †Kvb wkÿv-cÖwZôv‡b fwZ©i wel‡q †Kvb bvMwiK‡K †Kvbiƒc AÿgZv, eva¨evaKZv, evav ev k‡Z©i Aaxb Kiv
hvB‡e bv|

41. agx©q m¦vaxbZv

(2) †Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b †hvM`vbKvix †Kvb e¨w³i wbRm¦ ag©-msµvšÍ bv nB‡j Zvnv‡K †Kvb agx©q wkÿvMªnY wKsev
†Kvb agx©q Abyôvb ev Dcvmbvq AskMªnY ev †hvM`vb Kwi‡Z nB‡e bv|

6
 ms‡hvRbx - 2
wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi m¥viK bs- wkg/kvt4/wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevqb †mj-2/2004/121 ZvwiL 23-12-1415 e½vt/06-04-
2009 wLªt Øviv RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| `yB Rb †Kv-AcU Kiv m`m¨mn
KwgwUi P~ovšÍ MVb wb¤œiƒc t
KwgwUi bv‡gi ZvwjKv
‡Pqvig¨vb RvZxq Aa¨vcK Kexi †P․ayix
†Kv-‡Pqvig¨vb W. KvRx LjxKz¾gvb Avng`
†Pqvig¨vb, evsjv‡`k Dbœqb cwil`
mfvcwZ, evsjv‡`k A_©bxwZ mwgwZ
m`m¨-mwPe Aa¨vcK †kL BKivgyj Kwei
cwiPvjK (cÖwkÿY I ev¯Íevqb),
RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯vcbv GKv‡Wgx (bv‡qg), XvKv|
m`m¨ Aa¨vcK W. KvRx knx`yjøvn
DcvPvh©, RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi
Aa¨vcK Avi AvB Gg Avwgbyi ikx`
DcvPvh©, Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyi
Aa¨vcK W. mv‡`Kv nvwjg
mgvRweÁvb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv
Aa¨vcK gynt Rvdi BKevj
wefvMxq cÖavb, Kw¤úDUvi mvBÝ GÛ BwÄwbqvwis
kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq, wm‡jU|
Aa¨vcK W. dKiæj Avjg
Bs‡iRx wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv
Aa¨vcK wQwÏKzi ingvb
wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv
Aa¨vcK W. Rvwibv ingvb Lvb
†jvK cÖkvmb wefvM, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv
Aa¨vcK wbZvB P›`ª m~Îai
gnvcwiPvjK, KvwiMwi wkÿv Awa`ßi, wkÿv feb, XvKv
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Rbve wmivR DÏxb Avn‡g`
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Rbve †gvt Avey nvwdR
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gvIjvbv Aa¨vcK G we Gg wmwÏKzi ingvb
cÖv³b Aa¨ÿ, miKvwi Avwjqv gv`ivmv, XvKv I wm‡jU
†eMg wbnv` Kwei
e¨vwi÷vi, wmwbqi cvU©bvi ‣mq` BkwZqvK Avn‡g` GÛ G‡mvwm‡qUm
Aa¨ÿ Gg. G AvDqvj wmwÏKx
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Bs‡iwR wefvM, Rvnv½xi bMi wek¦we`¨vjq, mvfvi, XvKv

7
1.2 RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 ch©v‡jvPbv
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012
wkÿvµg wkÿv e¨e¯vi mvgwMÖK iƒc‡iLv| ÒCurriculum” kãwU j¨vwUb kã Currere †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q| hvi A_©
Course of study| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z Curriculum k‡ãi DrcwË N‡U‡Q j¨vwUb kã Currer †_‡K| Gi A_© †Nvov
†`․‡oi c_| GKRb wkÿv_©x Kx co‡e, †K cov‡e, †Kv_vq co‡e, Kxfv‡e co‡e, wkLb mvgMÖx Kxiƒc n‡e, Kx ai‡bi
wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` wb‡`©kbvi mgwó‡Z wkÿvµg cÖYxZ nq|
mvaviY A‡_© wkÿvi AbyµgB nj wkÿvµg| wKš‧ e¨vcK A‡_© wkÿvµg n‡”Q ¯‥zj, K‡jR ev gv`&ivmv KZ…K © cwiKwíZ
I wbqwš¿Z mKj wkLb AwfÁZvi mgwó hv wkÿv_©x GKK ev `jxqfv‡e ¯‥z‡ji †fZ‡i ev evB‡i wewfbœ wkÿvg~jK Kv‡h©i
gva¨‡g AR©b K‡i _v‡K| wkÿvbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖ_g avc n‡jv wkÿvbxwZi cÖZ¨vkv Abyhvqx wkÿvµg cÖYqb| RvZxq
wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi GKwU Abb¨ •ewkó¨ n‡jv welqwfwËK wkÿvµg
wn‡m‡e Dc¯vwcZ nIqv| GwU Ggb GKwU `wjj †hLv‡b gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii cÖwZwU †kÖwYi welqwfwËK mywbw`©ó jÿ¨-
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AR©b‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wkÿv_©x Kx Rv‡b Ges Zvi wfwˇZ Avi bZzb Kx Kx wkL‡Z cv‡i Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wPšÍvg~jK
I m„Rbkxj cÖkœ I Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZv hvPvB‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ wkLb AR©b hvPvB
Kivi w`K wb‡`©kbvI GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|
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`k©b I Av`k©, BwZnvm, HwZn¨ I ms¯‥…wZ, DbœZ †`‡ki Pjgvb Dbœqb Kvh©µg, AMÖMwZ we‡ePbvq †i‡L Avgv‡`i
wkÿvµg cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e wkÿvµg cÖYq‡b wkÿvbxwZ †hgb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Zgwb miKv‡ii mvg©_¨I we‡kl
we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z nq| RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 cvuP eQi AwZµg K‡i †ek fvjfv‡eB Gi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i
Avm‡Q| be cÖewZ©Z wkÿvµg,wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i Rvbv Avek¨K| gva¨wgK wkÿvi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Zvj
wgwj‡q wkÿK wkÿvqI cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿvµg wb‡q wkÿKM‡Yi Av‡jvPbv,ch©v‡jvPbvi
cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| GLv‡b g~jZ 2017-‡Z we.GW †Kv‡m©i wkÿvµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K wkÿvi jÿ¨, D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‧,
wkLbdj, wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj Ges g~j¨vqb c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi •ewkó¨
 mvaviY, gv`&ivmv I Bs‡iwR wkÿvavivmn mKj avivi wkÿvi Rb¨ Aóg †kªwY ch©šÍ GKgyLx I Awfbœ wkÿvµg
cÖYqb|
 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, Kg© I RxebgyLx wkÿv/K¨vwiqvi GWy‡Kkb ms‡hvR‡bi cvkvcvwk cÖPwjZ mvgvwRK
weÁvb wel‡qi cwie‡Z© evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq welq ms‡hvRb|
 Rjevqy cwieZ©b, cÖRbb ¯^v¯¨, Z_¨ AwaKvi, AwURg BZ¨vw` welqe¯‧ ms‡hvRb|
 6ô †_‡K 10g †kÖwY‡Z Hw”QK welq wnmv‡e Ôÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‥…wZÕ welq ms‡hvRb|
 hy‡Mi Pvwn`vbymv‡i mKj ¯Í‡ii cÖPwjZ welqvw`i welqe¯‧ AvaywbKvqb Ges GKv`k-Øv`k †kÖwY‡Z Hw”QK
welq wnmv‡e (K) wnDg¨vb ivBUm GÛ †RÛvi÷vwWR (L) ccy‡jkb GÛ †W‡fjc‡g›U ÷vwWR (M) wnDg¨vb
wi‡mvm©†W‡fjc‡g›U Ges (N) Uz¨wiRg GÛ nmwcUvwjwU bZzb welqvw` ms‡hvRb|
 ag© wkÿvmn mKj wel‡q •bwZK wkÿvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb|
 fvlv Av‡›`vjb I gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv Ges Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv weKv‡ki gva¨‡g †`kvZ¥‡eva I RvZxq HK¨
weKv‡ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb| †`kvZ¥‡eva weKv‡ki gva¨‡g AvšÍRv© wZKZv‡eva m„wói cÖqvm|
 weÁvbgb¯‥, hyw³ev`x, Kg©gyLx I `ÿ Rbkw³ m„wói Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc|

8
  gvZ…fvlv evsjv Ges AvšÍR©vwZK fvlv Bs‡iwR wkÿvq welqe¯‧ gyL¯ Kivi cwie‡Z© e¨envwiK PviwU `ÿZv
†kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLv †kÖwYK‡ÿ Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †kLvi my‡hvM m„wó Ges AwR©Z `ÿZv g~j¨vq‡bi c×wZ
cÖeZ©b|
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cÖ‡kœvËi I KvR Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g m„Rbkxj I D™¢vebx ÿgZvi weKv‡ki my‡hvM cÖ`vb|
 †hme wel‡q e¨envwiK KvR Av‡Q †hgb- weÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb, imvqb,RxeweÁvb, K…wlwkÿv, Mvn©¯¨ weÁvb,
kvixwiK wkÿv I ¯^v¯¨, Kg© I RxebgyLx wkÿv, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, Pviæ I KviæKjv wel‡qi ZvwË¡K I
e¨envwiK As‡ki g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ges wkÿv‡K Rxeb I ev¯ÍegyLx Kivi cÖqvm| A_©vr cÖwZwU ZË¡, m~Î I
bxwZ wkÿvi mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨envwiK Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb| nv‡Z Kj‡g K‡i †kLv I `jMZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i †kLvi
Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb|
 †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g cÖhyw³i e¨envi e„w×|
 wkÿv‡K Rxeb I ev¯ÍegyLx Kivi cÖqvm Ges †`kxq †cÖÿvc‡U Dbœqbÿg Rbkw³ m„wói Ici ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb|
 Aa¨vq †_‡K Kx Kx Ávb, `ÿZv, g~j¨‡eva I `„wófw½ AR©b Ki‡e Zv eyw×e„wËK, g‡bv‡cwkR I Av‡eMxq
wkLbdj wnmv‡e cÖwZwU Aa¨v‡qi ïiæ‡Z ms‡hvRb|
 wkÿvi gva¨‡g me©cÖKvi •elg¨ `~i K‡i mgZv weav‡bi my‡hvM m„wó| wj½, ag©, eY©,RvwZ, †ckvMZ I
A_©‣bwZK •elg¨ `~i Kivi j‡ÿ¨ GKxf~Z wkÿvq ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb|
 wek¦vq‡bi Pvwn`v Abymv‡i gvbem¤ú` m„wói cÖqvm|
 cÖwZ wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß e„w×, Aa¨vqwfwËK wcwiqW wba©viY, wkÿve‡l© Kg©w`e‡mi msL¨v e„w×| RvZxq w`emmg~‡n
¯‥zj †Lvjv †i‡L w`em D`hvc‡bi e¨e¯v cÖeZ©b| avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi (MVbKvjxb g~j¨vqb) gva¨‡g wkLb
`ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡i wbivgqg~jK †mevi gva¨‡g wkLb wbwðZKiY|
 cÖPwjZ e¨envwiK cixÿvi ms¯‥vi mva‡bi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ b¤Ÿi cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM eÜ Kiv|
 mvgwóK g~j¨vqb/mvgwqK cixÿv I cvewjK cixÿv c×wZi ms¯‥vi|(m~Î: RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, RvZxq
wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©,XvKv,2012)|
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012: wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 Gi iƒc‡iLv we‡ePbvq wb‡q RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© (GbwmwUwe) KZ©„K RvZxq
wkÿvµg 2012 cÖYqb K‡i †m Abyhvqx cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii wkÿvi Dbœqb Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv n‡”Q|
AvMvgxi wkÿv Pvwn`vi †ÿÎ we‡ePbvq G‡b GbwmwUwe gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡ii lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwY ch©šÍ wkÿvµg
cwigvR©b K‡i bZzb cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYqb I we¯Íi‡Yi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i‡Q| RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 †Z Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK
wkÿvi my¯úó jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi cÖewZ©Z gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ|
wkÿvµ‡g ewY©Z lô †_‡K Øv`k †kÖwYi wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡¤œ Zz‡i aiv n‡jv:
jÿ¨
wkÿv_©xi mvwe©K weKv‡ki gva¨‡g gvbweK, mvgvwRK I •bwZK ¸Ym¤úbœ Ávbx, `ÿ, hyw³ev`x, weÁvb gb¯‥ I m„Rbkxj
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L) wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ gvbweK ¸Yvewj, †hgb- •bwZK g~j¨‡eva, mZZv, Aa¨emvq, mwnòzZv, k„•Ljv, AvZ¥wek¦vm, m`vPvi,
A‡b¨i cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva, bv›`wbKZv‡eva, †m․nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© I b¨vqwePvi‡eva my`„pfv‡e MÖw_Z Kiv|
M) gnvb fvlv Av‡›`vjb, gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Amv¤úª`vwqK g~j¨‡ev‡ai Av‡jv‡K wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg, RvZxqZv‡eva
I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv Ges m¤¢vebvgq bvMwiK wnmv‡e †e‡o DV‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
N) wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© mymsnZ Áv‡bi wfZ iPbv Z_v Gi BwZnvm, HwZn¨, ms¯‥…wZ, Av_© -mvgvwRK I
MYZvwš¿K ivR‣bwZK PP©vi cÖwZ AvMÖn I †hvM¨Zv m„wói gva¨‡g •ewk¦K †cÖÿvc‡U †`‡ki cÖMwZ I Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z
mÿg K‡i M‡o †Zvjv|
9
O) kÖ‡gi gh©v`v, Kv‡Ri Af¨vm I KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx nIqvi cÖwZ BwZevPK g‡bvfve weKwkZ Kiv hv‡Z wkÿv_©x
e¨w³MZ Ges `jMZ Dfq ai‡bi KvR m¤úv`‡b •bwZKZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡i|
P) mKj †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM iÿvq wkÿv_©xi cÖwgZ evsjv fvlvi `ÿZv my`„p I m„msnZ Kiv Ges wbqwgZ
cvVvf¨vm M‡o †Zvjv|
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R) AvaywbK Kg©‡ÿÎ , D”Pwkÿvmn mKj †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvR‡b Bs‡iwR fvlvi †g․wjK `ÿZvmg~n
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡K †hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv|
S) wkÿv_©x‡K MvwYwZK hyw³ , c×wZ I `ÿZvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv‡bv Ges RxebNwbô I we‡k¦i cvwicvwk¦©K mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ MwY‡Zi cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv weKwkZ Kiv|
T) wkÿv_©x‡K cÖhyw³i cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i AvZ¥wek¦vmx, Drcv`bkxj Ges
m„Rbkxj wnmv‡e •Zwi Kiv|
U) wkÿv_©x hv‡Z Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RxebNwbô wewfbœ mgm¨v AbymÜvb I mgvav‡b •eÁvwbK cÖwµqv I c×wZ
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V) †`‡k Ges ewnwe©‡k¦i cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek Ges Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i cwi‡ekMZ
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I e¨envi Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
W) Lv`¨ I cywó, kvixwiK mÿgZv, †ivM-e¨vwa, cÖRbb ¯^v¯¨ Ges e¨w³MZ wbivcËv BZ¨vw`i Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i cwi‡ekMZ
Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡K ¯^v¯¨m¤§Z Rxebhvc‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, Rxeb`ÿZv I `„wófw½ AR©‡b mnvqZv Kiv|
p) wkÿv_©xi g‡b wbR wbR ag©xq wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi cvkvcvwk Ab¨ ag© I ag©vej¤^x‡`i cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡Z mnvqZv Kiv|
Y) wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ evOvwj Ges ÿz`ª RvwZ-‡Mvôxi bvix-cyiæl, eY©, †MvÎ, fvlv, ms¯‥…wZ, wewfbœ †kÖwY I †ckvi gvby‡li
cÖwZ åvZ…Z¡ I kÖ×v‡eva m„wó Kiv|
Z) wkÿv_©xi •`wnK I gvbwmK weKv‡ki j‡ÿ¨ mnwkÿvµwgK Kvh©vewj-‡Ljvayjv, kixiPP©v mvs¯‥…wZK Kg©KvÐ, Pviæ
I KviæKjv Abykxj‡bi wbqwgZ Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv|
_) Rxebe¨vcx wkÿvq AvMÖnx I †hvM¨ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©i e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxeb, AvaywbK Kg©‡ÿÎ Ges ¯^-
Kg©ms¯v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ my`„p Kiv|
`) mn‡hvwMZvg~jK KvR Kivi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi †bZ…Z¡ , mn‡hvwMZv I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv weKv‡k mÿg Kiv|
(Z_¨m~Î: RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©,XvKv,2012)|

RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi welq KvVv‡gv

RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i beg I `kg †kÖwYi cÖ_g wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß 60 wgwbU Ges Ab¨ wcwiq‡Wi
e¨vwß 50 wgwbU| Z‡e wUwdb weiwZi cieZ©x wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß 45 wgwbU| RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i
GKv`k I Øv`k †kÖwYi cÖwZwU wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß 60 wgwbU|
mvaviY wkÿv avivq beg - `kg †kÖwYi welq-KvVv‡gv b¤^i I mgq eÈb
wel‡qi aib welq cixÿvi b¤^i mgqeÈb (K¬vm wcwiqW)
mvßvwnK mvgwqK evwl©K
Avewk¨K 1. evsjv 200 5 80 160
2. Bs‡iwR 200 5 80 160
3. MwYZ 100 4 64 128
4. ag© I •bwZK wkÿv 100 2 32 68
(Bmjvg I ‣bwZK wkÿv/ wn›`yag© I
•bwZK wkÿv/ wLªóag© I •bwZK wkÿv/
†e․×ag© I •bwZK wkÿv)
5. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ 50 2 32 64
6. K¨vwiqvi wkÿv 50 1 16 32
7.kvixwiK wkÿv, ¯^v¯¨ weÁvb I 100 2 32 64
†Ljvayjv
†gvU 800 21 336 672

10
 wel‡qi aib welq cixÿvi b¤^i mgqeÈb (K¬vm wcwiqW)
kvLvwfwËK welq
weÁvb kvLvi Rb¨ 8. c`v_©weÁvb 100 3 48 96
Avewk¨K welq 9. imvqb 100 3 48 96
10. RxeweÁvb /D”PZi MwYZ 100 3 48 96
11. evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 100 3 48 96
weÁvb kvLvi Hw”QK 12.RxeweÁvb/ D”PZi MwbZ/ ÿz`ª 100 3 48 96
welq (GKwU †bIqv b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ,
hv‡e) K…wlwkÿv/Mvn©¯¨weÁvb/ f‚‡Mvj I
cwi‡ek/Pviæ I KviæKjv /
msMxZ/‡ewmK †UªW/ kvixwiK wkÿv
I µxov*
me©‡gvU 1300 36 576 1152
e¨emvq wkÿv kvLvi 8. e¨emvq D‡`¨vM 100 3 48 96
Rb¨ Avewk¨K welq 9. wnmveweÁvb 100 3 48 96
10. wdb¨vÝ I e¨vswKs 100 3 48 96
11. weÁvb 100 3 48 96
e¨emvq wkÿv kvLvi f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek/ evsjv‡`k I 100 3 48 96
Hw”QK welq (GKwU wek¦cwiPq/ K…wlwkÿv/
†bIqv hv‡e) Mvn©¯¨weÁvb/ ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I
ms¯‥…wZ/Pviæ I KviæKjv/
msMxZ/‡ewmK †UªW
me©‡gvU 1300 36 476 1152
gvbweK kvLvi Rb¨ 8.evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I
Avewk¨K welq wek¦mf¨Zv 100 3 48 96
9. f‚‡Mvj I cwi‡ek 100 3 48 96
10.A_©bxwZ /†c․ibxwZ I
bvMwiKZv 100 3 48 96
11.weÁvb 100 3 48 96
gvbweK kvLvi Hw”QK A_©bxwZ/‡c․ibxwZ I bvMwiKZv/ 100 3 48 96
welq Pviæ I KviæKjv/ K…wlwkÿv/
( GKwU †bIqv hv‡e) Mvn©¯¨weÁvb/ ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I
ms¯‥…wZ/ Aviwe / ms¯‥…Z/cvwj/
msMxZ/‡ewmK †UªW/kvixwiK wkÿv
I µxov *
me©‡gvU 1300 36 576 1152
`ªóe¨:
 weÁvb, gvbweK I e¨emvq wkÿv ‡h†Kvb GKwU kvLv wbe©vPb K‡i wbe©vwPZ kvLvi Avewk¨K welqmg~n wb‡Z n‡e|
 mßv‡n 6 w`b •`wbK 6 wcwiqW K¬vk n‡e|
 cÖ_g wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß 60 wgwbU Ges Ab¨vb¨ wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß 50 wgwbU n‡e|
*kvixwiK wkÿv I µxov welqwU ïay evsjv‡`k µxov wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi weÁvb kvLvi I gvbweK kvLvi wkÿv_©xiv Hw”QK
welq wn‡m‡e wb‡Z cvi‡e|

11
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 : wkLbdj
†Kv‡bv GKwU cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©x Kx Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ AR©b Ki‡e †m m¤ú‡K© c~e© wba©vwiZ my¯úó I mywbw`©ó weeiY
nj wkLbdj| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©x G¸‡jv AvqË K‡i| AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wkLbdj
AwR©Z n‡q _v‡K weavq G‡K AvPiwYK D‡Ï‡k¨I ejv nq| wkLbdj c~e© †_‡KB wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
wkLbdj †jLvi wbqg
1. wkLbdj wjL‡Z n‡e wkÿv_©xi cvi`wk©Zvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z, wkÿ‡Ki cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z bq| A_©vr cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©x
Zv‡`i cvi`wk©Zv cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Kx KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e, Zv ¯úó cwifvlvq e¨³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. wkÿvi wZbwU †ÿÎ A_©vr Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ †_‡K wkLbdj wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. wkLbdj mKg©K wµqv evPK k‡ã wjL‡Z n‡e| Dchy³ wµqvc` e¨envi K‡i wkÿv_©xi ch©‡eÿY‡hvM¨ AvPiY
cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb; wkÿv_©x dz‡ji wewfbœ Ask kbv³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G D`vni‡Y kbv³ Kiv wµqvc`wU
wkÿv_©xi Ggb AvPiY‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q hv wkÿK ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| hvi d‡j D‡Ïk¨wU AwR©Z n‡jv
wKbv, Zv mn‡RB cwigvc Kiv hvq|
4. wkLbdj mywbw`©ó, ¯úó I cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e|
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 †Z welq, †kÖwY I Aa¨vqwfwËK wkLbdj †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| hv‡Z eyw×e„Ëxq, Av‡eMxq I
g‡bv‡ckxR GB wZbwU †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡¤œ beg-`kg †kÖwYi evsjv‡`k I wek¦ cwiPq wel‡qi
cÂg Aa¨vq (evsjv‡`‡ki f~cÖK…wZ I Rjevqy) ‡_‡K DwjøwLZ 3wU †ÿ‡Îi AšÍfy³ © wkLbdj D`vniY wn‡m‡e I
ch©v‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
 evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb I mxgvbv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 evsjv‡`‡ki f~cÖvK…wZK A‡ji †kÖwYwefvM I MVb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 f~cÖvK…wZK MVb Kxfv‡e RbmsL¨vi we¯Íi‡Y cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 evsjv‡`‡ki f~wg e¨env‡ii Ici RbemwZ we¯Ív‡ii cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wek¦ gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vb I f~cÖvK…wZK AÂj wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y D×z× n‡e|
 Rjevqy cwieZ©bRwbZ mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq m‡PZb n‡e Ges Awf‡hvR‡b mÿgZvjvf Ki‡e|
(m~Î: RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©,XvKv,2012)|
wkÿvµg 2012: wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj
wkÿvµg ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wkLb wbwðZKiY A_©vr wkLbdj AR©b †h KqwU wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i
Zvig‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj| gva¨wgK wkÿvµg 2012‡Z wkLbdj AR©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨
KZ¸‡jv wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡ji wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GmKj c×wZ I †K․kj m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi
c~‡e© wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡ji mvaviY aviYv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv|
c×wZ t c×wZ n‡jv wkÿvi jÿ¨, wkÿv_©x, wkÿK I cvV¨µg G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi cÖwµqv| Ab¨fv‡e ejv
hvq- †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi eqm, †gav, AvMÖn, †hvM¨Zv, cÖeYZv, †K․Zznj BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿK †h mKj ixwZ-bxwZ
†K․kj ev wbqg Kvby‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿYxq welqe¯‧‡K mnR, mij I mvejxj fvlvq wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S cwi‡ekb K‡i
_v‡Kb Zv‡K wkÿv`vb c×wZ ejv nq| myZivs ejv hvq c×wZ n‡”Q wkÿvµ‡gi wba©vwiZ †Kvb we‡kl jÿ¨ ev D‡Ïk¨
mvg‡b †i‡L mywbw`©ó wkLb†hvM¨Zv ev wkLbdj AR©b‡K †K›`ª K‡i wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj my›`i I myPviæfv‡e
cwiPvjbvi mvgwMÖK iƒc|
†K․kj: †K․kj nj wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ ev¯Íevq‡bi mgy`q Kvh©vewji m~PK we‡kl| GwU `ÿZvwbf©i †PZbv| GwU
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi ch©vqµwgK avc wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| c×wZ‡K mwVK I h_vh_fv‡e djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ bvbvwea
†K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv nq| wkÿY c×wZ mxwgZ msL¨K Ges Zv c~e©wba©vwiZ wKš‧ †K․k‡ji msL¨v Amxg Ges ZvrÿwbK
cwi‡e‡ki Ici wbf©i K‡iB †K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv nq|

12
wkÿK†Kw›`ªK c×wZ: †h c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿK cÖavb f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib Zv‡K wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ejv nq| GLv‡b
wkÿK _v‡Kb g~L¨ f‚wgKvq Avi wkÿv_©xi f‚wgKv †M․Y| GLv‡b wkÿv_©xi PvIqv-cvIqv, eySv-bv eySv, fv‡jv jvMv-g›`
jvMv I Zvi f~wgKvi g~j¨vqb Kivi my‡hvM Kg|
wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ : †h c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿv_©xi f‚wgKv g~L¨ cÿvšÍ‡i wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv †M․Y Zv‡K wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK
c×wZ e‡j| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x mwµq _v‡K| GLv‡b wkÿv_©xi AwfÁZv, gZvgZ aviYvi ¯^xK„wZ †`Iqv nq Ges wbR
KvR Kivi gva¨‡g †kLvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| GLv‡b wkÿK mnvqZvKvixi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012- Gi Av‡jv‡K wkLb-†kLv†bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi c×wZ I †K․k‡ji mswÿß cwiPq †`Iqv
n‡jv:
cÖ`k©b c×wZ ( Demonstration Method )
mvaviYZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb NUbv ev welq cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi cÖwµqv‡K cÖ`k©b c×wZ e‡j| Z‡e
†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡i †Kvb ¯v‡b cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- f~‡Mv‡ji j¨ve‡iUwi,
†mwgbvi Kÿ BZ¨vw`| GB c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡K h_vm¤¢e ev¯Íe aviYv
cÖ`vb | welqe¯‧ cÖ`k©‡bi mgq wkÿK h‡_ó mwµq †_‡K Dc¯vc‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| wkÿv_©xiv Zzjbvg~jK
wbw®…q _vK‡jI wkÿ‡Ki †K․k‡ji Kvi‡Y mwµq n‡q I‡V| A‡b‡Ki Kv‡Q cÖ`k©b c×wZ GKwU mbvZb cvV`vb c×wZ
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ n‡jI AvaywbK hy‡M `ÿ wkÿ‡Ki mywbcyY †K․k‡ji Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq GwUI GKwU mwµq c×wZ n‡Z
cv‡i|
cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z cvV`v‡bi c`‡ÿcmg~n-
 wkÿ‡Ki Dchy³ cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY;
 †kÖwYKÿ‡K cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY;
 DcKi‡Yi `„k¨gvbZv wbwðZKiY;
 AvK©lYxq Dc¯vcb|
cÖ`k©b c×wZ e¨env‡ii myweav
cÖ`k©b c×wZ e¨env‡ii myweavmg~n wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
 GKmv‡_ A‡bK wkÿv_©x‡`i cvV`vb m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S mwµqZv e„w× cvq;
 wewfbœ DcKiY e¨envi Kivi Kvi‡Y wkLb-†kLv‡bv AviI AvKl©Yxq nq;
 wkÿ‡Ki wkLb `ÿZv w`‡b w`‡b e„w× cvq;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb Zzjbvg~jK †UKmB ev ¯vqx nq;
 mycwiKwíZfv‡e welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
`jMZ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkÿv c×wZ
`jMZ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK c×wZ GKwU mdj wkLbc×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z GKB eqtµ‡gi ev GKB ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©xiv
ci¯úi wg_w¯…qvi gva¨‡g wkÿv jvf K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv c‡ivÿ wKš‧ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `jMZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
cÖwZwU wkÿv_©xi ïay Ávb-`ÿZvB e„w× cvq bv, mv‡_ mv‡_ †ek wKQy gvbweK ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U| K_v †kvbvi I K_v
ejvi k„•Ljv AbymiY, cigZ mwnòzZv, †bZ…Z¡, mg‡SvZv BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U|
`jMZ KvR Kivi cÖwµqv
`‡j fvM nIqvi c~‡e©B mg‡eZ K¬v‡m wkÿK ¯úó K‡i `jMZ KvR eywS‡q w`‡eb| wkÿK `‡ji GKRb‡K GKwU Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ `j‡bZv g‡bvbqb w`‡eb| ch©vqµ‡g `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K‡K `j‡bZvi `vwqZ¡ w`‡eb| wkÿv_©xiv `‡j fvM n‡q em‡e|
`‡ji cÖ‡Z¨‡K welqwU wb‡q wPšÍv Ki‡e| Zvici Av‡jvPbv ïiæ Ki‡e| GKRb K_v ejvi mgq Ab¨iv gb w`‡q ïb‡e|
K_vi gv‡S †KD K_v ej‡e bv| Z‡e Av‡jvPbv Ah_v `xN© ev cÖm½ ewnf©~Z n‡j `j‡bZv f`ªfv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡e| `‡ji
cÖ‡Z¨‡K Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡e| Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ZË¡, Z_¨, hyw³ Dc¯vcb I hyw³ LÐb Ki‡e|

13
Kv‡iv K_v AcQ›` n‡j ev gbtcyZ bv n‡j •ah© a‡i ïb‡Z n‡e, c‡i hyw³ w`‡q LÐb Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e ivM Kiv ev
A‡kvfb AvPiY Kiv hv‡e bv| †Rvi K‡i Ab¨‡`i Ici wb‡Ri gZvgZ Pvwc‡q †`Iqvi †Póv Kiv hv‡e bv| Av‡jvPbvi
djvdj `‡ji wm×všÍ wn‡m‡e wjL‡Z n‡e Ges mevB‡K †g‡b wb‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z mg‡eZ K¬v‡m wkÿ‡Ki
wb‡`©kvbymv‡i H Av‡jvPbvi `j‡bZv `‡ji cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯vcb Ki‡e| Ab¨ `‡ji cÖkœ _vK‡j `‡ji c‡ÿ †h †Kvb
GKRb DËi w`‡e|`jMZ KvR Pjvi mgq †Kvb gZv‣bK¨ ev mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j `j‡bZv nvZ Zz‡j wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv
PvB‡e|
GQvovI wkÿvµ‡g cÖkœ-DËi c×wZ,AbymÜvbg~jK KvR-Gi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| wkÿvµ‡gi wkLb-wkLv‡bv wb‡`©kbv As‡k
wewfbœ wkLb-†kLv‡bv †K․k‡ji D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| †hgb- GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR, `„k¨Kí, †QvU `‡j †g․wLK Dc¯vcb,
cÖwZ‡e`b wjLb,cÖkœ-DËi, ch©‡eÿY, gvV Rwic, QK c~iY, gvbwPÎ cÖ`k©b, weZK©, Dcw¯Z e³…Zv, wfwWI wPÎ cÖ`k©b,
wewfbœ AskMÖnY, †cv÷vi/ PvU© cÖ`k©b BZ¨vw`| (m~Î: RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv,
2012)|
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012: g~j¨vqb
mvaviY A‡_© wkÿv_©xi g~j¨vqb n‡jv wkÿv Kvh©µg †_‡K wkÿv_©xi AR©‡bi gvÎv wbY©q Kiv| A_©vr wkÿvµ‡g DwjøwLZ
c~e©wba©vwiZ wkLbdj wkÿv_©x KZUv AR©b K‡i‡Q Zv wbiƒcYB wkÿv_©xi g~j¨vqb| hw`I g~j¨vqb K_vwUi we¯Í…wZ A‡bK
e¨vcK| Avgiv wewfbœ mg‡q bvbvfv‡e wkÿv_©x g~j¨vqb K‡i _vwK| g~j¨vq‡bi mgq I aib we‡ePbvq wkÿv_©xi g~j¨vqb
cÖavbZ `yB avivi| †hgb-
(K) MVbKvjxb ev avivevwnK g~j¨vqb
(L) mvgwóK g~j¨qb|
Avgiv cvV PjvKvjxb ev wbw`©ó cvV¨vsk †_‡K wkÿv_©xi AR©b g~j¨vqb K‡i _vwK| G g~j¨vqb avivevwnK ev MVbKvjxb
g~j¨vqb| Avevi Avgiv wbw`©ó mgq †k‡l ev Kvh©µg †k‡l evwl©K cixÿv , GmGmwm cixÿv BZ¨vw` cixÿvi gva¨‡g
g~j¨vqb K‡i _vwK| G ai‡bi g~j¨vqb n‡jv mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| avivevwnK I mvgwóK Dfq avivi g~jvq‡biB cÖ‡qvRb
Av‡Q| Z‡e avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk| KviY-
 avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wPwýZ wkLb-`ye©jZv ZvrÿwYK wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wbivgqg~jK
e¨e¯v †bIqv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi nv‡Z-Kj‡g e¨envwiK KvR Kivi cÖwµqv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb K‡i wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv hvq|
 wkÿv_©xi we‡kl wKQz `ÿZv †hgb- †kvbv, ejv, cov BZ¨vw` Kg mg‡q Kg Li‡P I mn‡R cwigvc K‡i av‡c
av‡c wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv Ges wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v †bIqv hvq| mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Gme
•ewk‡ó¨i g~j¨vqb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
 wkÿv_©xi A‡eMxq w`Kmg~n we‡kl K‡i e¨w³K I mvgvwRK AvPiY Ges g~j¨‡eva cÖZ¨ÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
g~j¨vqb K‡i wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv hvq|
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ev `ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡ib|
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Kiv hvq| gva¨wgK wkÿvµg 2012 †Z evsjv‡`‡ki lô †_‡K `kg †kÖwY ch©šÍ wb¤œwjwLZ `yBwU †ÿ‡Î avivevwnK
g~j¨vqb Kvh©µ‡gi K_v i‡q‡Q-
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 Av‡eMxq †ÿ‡Îi avivevwnK g~j¨vqb|
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 welqwkÿK welqwfwËK eyw×e„Ëxq I g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡Î avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
 cÖwZwU wel‡q avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z b¤^i 20%

14
cÖwZwU wel‡q avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿÎ I b¤^i e›Ub
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K) †kÖwYi KvR 10
L) evwoi KvR I AbymÜvbg~jK KvR 05
M) †kÖwY Afxÿv 05
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msiÿY Ki‡eb|
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†kÖwYi Kv‡Ri ai‡bi ZviZg¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡kœi DËi ejv ev †jLv, AvuKv (wPÎ/Qwe, mviwY
gvbwPÎ, †jLwPÎ) Av‡jvPbv I weZ‡K© AskMÖnY, PwiÎ-Awfbq, e¨envwiK KvR-G ai‡bi me wKQzB †kÖwYi KvR|
evsjv I Bs‡iwR wel‡q †kvbv, ejv, cov, †jLv BZ¨vw` †kÖwYi KvR wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
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KvR Av‡Q (weÁvb, c`v_©weÁvb, imvqb, RxeweÁvb, K…wlwkÿv, Mvn©¯¨weÁvb, kvixwiK wkÿv I ¯^v¯¨, Kg© I
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mvgwq‡K (Qq gv‡m) 3 evi g~j¨vqb †iKW© msiÿY Kiv n‡e|
evwoi KvR
 wkÿv_©x evwo‡Z wkÿvµgwfwËK †h KvR¸‡jv m¤úbœ K‡i ZvB evwoi KvR| evwoi KvR wkÿv_©x GKKfv‡e
m¤úbœ Ki‡e GUvB cÖZ¨vwkZ| wkÿK wbwðZ n‡eb †h, wkÿv_©x GKvB KvRwU m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q| evwoi Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZv Ges e¨w³K AvPiY I g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e| evwoi KvR g~j¨vqb K‡i
wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb-mnvqZv †`‡eb| wkÿvµ‡gi wkLbd‡ji Pvwn`vi Ici wfwË K‡i
wkÿK evwoi KvR †`‡eb|
 jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e evwoi KvR †hb wkÿv_©x‡K gyL¯ Kivq DrmvwnZ bv K‡i| evwoi KvR Ggb n‡Z n‡e †hb
wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk N‡U Ges m„RbkxjZv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K|
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ AwR©Z aviYvmg~n wPšÍv I Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM †hb evwoi Kv‡R _v‡K| evwoi KvR †hb
wkÿv_©x‡K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖ¯w‧ Z‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †mw`‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿvµg g¨wUª‡· wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg Kjv‡g cÖ`Ë evwoi KvR bgybv wn‡m‡e AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwZwU wel‡qi evwoi KvR¸‡jv Ggb n‡e hv wkÿv_©x 20-25 wgwb‡Ui g‡a¨ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK cÖwZ
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wel‡qi Rb¨ wZbwU evwoi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb I †iKW© msiÿY Kiv n‡e| beg I `kg †kÖwY‡Z Hw”QK welq Qvov
mKj wel‡q cÖwZ mvgwq‡K `ywU evwoi Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb I †iKW© msiÿY Kiv n‡e| †iKW© msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
m‡e©v”P b¤^i cÖvß evwoi KvR¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK †h †Kv‡bv b¤^‡ii evwoi KvR w`‡Z cv‡ib|
Z‡e G‡Z cÖvß b¤^i‡K 5 Gi g‡a¨ cÖvß b¤^‡i iƒcvšÍi K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| iƒcvšÍ‡ii ci fMœvsk
b¤^i n‡j fMœvsk b¤^i wn‡m‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|

15
AbymÜvbg~jK KvR
 AbymÜvbg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi mgm¨v-mgvavb `ÿZv I wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk N‡U| AbymÜvbg~jK
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ K‡qK NÈv †_‡K K‡qKw`‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK welqwU wba©viY K‡i †`‡eb| wba©vwiZ
avc AbymiY K‡i AbymÜvbgyjK KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e| lô †_‡K Aóg †kÖwY ch©šÍ mgm¨v wPwýZ Kiv,
cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni ch©‡eÿY Uzj&m/wmwWDj/cÖkgœ vjv cÖYqb wkÿK K‡i †`‡eb| Z_¨ msMÖn
AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri GKwU †g․wjK ‣ewkó¨ hv wkÿv_©x wb‡Riv m¤úbœ Ki‡e| Z_¨ msMÖn hZ`~i m¤¢e wkÿv_©xi
cwievi, cÖwZ‡ekx Ges wbKU GjvKvq mxgve× ivL‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ msMÖ‡n wkÿv_©x †hb weªeZKi Ae¯vq bv c‡o
wkÿK Zv wbwðZ Ki‡eb| weÁvb welqmg~‡ni Rb¨ Z_¨ msMÖn M‡elYvMv‡i cixÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i|
AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ïiæi mgMÖ cÖwµqv Kxfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e wkÿK Zv eywS‡q †`‡eb|
 cÖvBgvwi I †m‡KÛvwi Drm n‡Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hv‡e| wkÿv_©x Z_¨ we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g djvdj cÖYqb Ges
djvd‡ji Ici gZvgZ †`‡e| mgMÖ Kvh©µ‡gi Ici GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡e`‡b m¤úbœ
Kv‡Ri eY©bv _vK‡e| cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wkÿK †`‡eb| AbymÜvbg~jK KvR wkÿv_©xiv `jMZfv‡e
m¤úbœ Ki‡e| Z‡e Z_¨ we‡kølY, djvdj cÖYqb, djvd‡ji Ici gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ges wi‡cvU© cÖYqb wkÿv_©x
GKKfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡e| G Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb n‡e GKK g~j¨vqb| beg I `kg †kÖwY‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ‡Ki
b~¨bZg mvnvh¨ wb‡q AbymÜvbg~jK KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡e| wkÿK †h †Kv‡bv b¤^‡ii Rb¨ AbymÜvbg~jK KvR w`‡Z
cv‡ib| Z‡e G‡Z cÖvß b¤^i‡K 5 Gi g‡a¨ cÖvß b¤^‡i iƒcvšÍi K‡i †iKW© msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| iƒcvšÍ‡ii ci
fMœvsk b¤^i n‡j fMœvsk b¤^i wn‡m‡e msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
†kªwY Afxÿv
cÖwZwU Aa¨vq †k‡l Afxÿv †bIqv n‡e| Z‡e AwaK b¤^icÖvß Afxÿvi b¤^i †iKW© ivLv n‡e| †kÖwY Afxÿvi DËicÎ
wkÿv_©x‡K †`Lv‡bvi ci †diZ wb‡q msiÿY Kiv n‡e| †hme wel‡qi avivevwnK KvR Av‡Q Hme wel‡q `ywU e¨envwiK
I GKwU wjwLZ Afxÿvi †iKW© msiÿY Kiv n‡e| Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q wZbwU wjwLZ Afxÿvi †iKW© ivLv n‡e| e¨envwiK
Kv‡Ri g~j¨vq‡bi gvb`Û †kÖwY‡Z m¤úvw`Z e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri Abyiƒc n‡e| †kÖwY Afxÿv ¯^í mg‡q H wel‡qi Rb¨
wba©vwiZ K¬vm wcwiq‡W †bIqv n‡e| wba©vwiZ GK K¬vm wcwiq‡Wi AwZwi³ mgq †bIqv hv‡e bv| †kÖwY Afxÿvi w`b
†kÖwYi Ab¨vb¨ wcwiq‡Wi ¯^vfvweK KvRKg© h_vixwZ Pj‡e|

Av‡eMxq †ÿ‡Îi avivevwnK g~j¨vqb

wkÿvµ‡g wkÿv_©xi e¨w³i Dbœq‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKRb wkÿv_©x ïay †gavex n‡jB n‡e bv| Zv‡K
fv‡jv gvbylI n‡Z n‡e| fv‡jv gvby‡li ¸Yvewj AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GKRb wkÿv_©x fv‡jv gvbyl wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z n‡j
Zvi AvPiY I `„wófw½ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e| avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ AvPiY I mvgvwRK
g~j¨‡eva g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e| we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiY I mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva †Kv‡bv GKwU NUbv ev Bmy¨ w`‡q
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e Kg©Kv‡Û g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq bv| we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x †kÖwYi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk cÖwZwbqZ eû Kg©Kv‡Û
AskMÖnY Ki‡e| G¸‡jv n‡jv •`wbK mgv‡ek, †Ljvayjv I µxov, mvs¯‥…wZK Kvh©µg , wkÿv mdi I cwi`k©b, RvZxq
w`em D`hvcb, ag©xq Abyôvb, weÁvb †gjv, MwYZ Awjw¤úqvW, e‡qR ¯‥vDUm Mvj©m, MvBW, weGbwmwm Ges cwi‡ek
msiÿ‡Yi Kvh©µg BZ¨vw`| wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi ga¨ w`‡q `xN© ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i AvPiY I gyj¨‡eva
m¤ú‡K© GKwU wbf©i‡hvM¨ g~j¨vq‡b Avmv hvq| wkÿvµ‡g Av‡eMxq †ÿ‡Îi wkLbdj g~j¨vq‡bi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| G
†ÿ‡Î †h ¸Yvewj I g~j¨‡eva cwigv‡ci AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv- wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, †`k‡cÖg, †bZ…Z¡, mZZv,
k„•Ljv,mn‡hvwMZv, mwµq AskMÖnY, mwnòzZv, m‡PZbZv I mgqvbyewZ©Zv| †kÖwYwkÿK Ab¨vb¨ welqwkÿ‡Ki mv‡_
civgk© K‡i Av‡eMxq †ÿ‡Îi g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb I †iKW© msiÿY Ki‡eb|

16
mvgwqK cixÿv I cvewjK cixÿv
RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012 Gi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i we`¨vj‡qi wkÿve‡l© Qq gvme¨vcx `ywU mvgwq‡K fvM Kiv n‡e| cÖwZ Qq
gv‡m GK mvgwqK wnmv‡e cÖwZ wkÿv eQ‡i `ywU mvgwqK cixÿv AbywôZ n‡e| cÖwZ mvgwqK cixÿv †k‡l avivevwnK
g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß b¤^i‡K GKwÎZ K‡i `ywU mvgwq‡K cixÿvq cÖvß b¤^i Ges avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡b cÖvß b¤^‡ii mgš^‡q cÖwZ
wkÿv_©xi cieZ©x D”PZi †kÖwY ev Kvh©µ‡g DbœxZ Kivi welq we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
mvgwqK Ges cvewjK cixÿvi cÖkc œ Î cÖYqb Ges DËicÎ g~j¨vqb m„Rbkxj cÖkc œ ×wZi wb‡`©kbv Abymv‡i msMwVZ
n‡e| wkÿve‡l©i ïiæ‡Z welqwkÿK cÖavb wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ civgk© K‡i wkÿvµ‡g cÖ`Ë Aa¨vqmg~n‡K `ywU mvgwq‡Ki
Rb¨ eÈb Ki‡eb| we`¨vj‡qi Kvh©w`e‡mi cwigv‡ci Ici wfwË K‡i Aa¨vqmg~n‡K wØZxq mvgwq‡K g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨
e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e Aóg I `kg †kÖwYi cvewjK cixÿvi †ÿ‡Î (†RGmwm, Gm.Gm.wm) GB wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡hvR¨
bq| welqwkÿK †m Abymv‡i cvV Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb| mvgwqK †k‡l Aby‡ôq cixÿv wkÿvµ‡g welq Ges c‡Îi
Rb¨ eivÏK…Z c~Y© b¤^‡i n‡e| D‡jøL¨ †h,wkÿvµg iƒc‡iLvi welqKvVv‡gv‡Z wel‡qi c~Y© b¤^i †`Iqv Av‡Q|
m„Rbkxj cÖkcœ ×wZi cÖkc œ ‡Î `yB ai‡bi cÖkœ _vK‡e| GKwU n‡”Q eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ Ges AciwU n‡”Q m„Rbkxj cÖk|œ
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkc
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mgvwßm~PK eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ Ges (M) Awfbœ Z_¨wfwËK eûwbe©vPbx cÖk|œ eûwbe©vPbx cÖkc
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AvbycvwZKnv‡i _vK‡e| mKj Aa¨vq‡K cixÿvi AvIZvfz³ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖkc œ Î cÖYq‡bi c~‡e© wb‡`©kK QK •Zwi Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœ GKwU DÏxcK _vK‡e Ges DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ 4wU cÖkœ _vK‡e| cÖkœ 4wU w`‡q wPšÍb `ÿZvi
PviwU ¯Íi (Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM Ges D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv) hvPvB Kiv n‡e| b¤^i cÖ`vb wb‡`©wkKv AbymiY K‡i
DËicÎ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß-DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010 ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. gva¨wgK wkÿv Kx?
3. wkÿvµg-Gi aviYv w`b|
4. wkLbdj Kx?
5. c×wZ I †K․kj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6. g~j¨vqb Kx?
7. avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kx?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010-Gi Av‡jv‡K gva¨wgK wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wjLyb |
2. RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012-Gi Av‡jv‡K wkÿK cÖwkÿY Gi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
3. RvZxq wkÿvµg 2012- Gi Av‡jv‡K wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. g~j¨vqb Kx? avivevwnK g~j¨vq‡bi avc¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e we‡kølY Kiæb|

17
 BDwbU 2 : wkLb-†kLv‡bvi R‡b¨ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡eva
wek^vm g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖ_g †mvcvb| ag© I wek^vm †hgb ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ †Zgwb gvby‡li m‡½ wek^vmI IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e
RwoZ| wek^vm Qvov †hgb avwg©K nIqv hvq bv †Zgwb wek^vm Qvov gvbylI nIqv hvq bv| †h gvbyl‡K wek^vm Kiv hvq bv
Ges †h gvbyl wb‡R wek^vmx bq †m †Kvb gvbylB bq| gvbyl cÖK…Z A‡_© gvbyl n‡q D‡V‡Q †mw`b †hw`b †m wek^vm K‡i‡Q
†h Avwg gvbyl| ¯ªóv‡K eyS‡Z n‡j Zuvi m„wó‡K eyS‡Z n‡e| mevi Av‡M eyS‡Z n‡e wb‡R‡K| wb‡R‡K †evSv gv‡b
ev¯Íe‡K †evSv, we‡eK, eyw× I hyw³ w`‡q Rxeb I RMr‡K †evSv Ges mZ¨ I b¨vq‡K Dcjwä Kiv| gvby‡li gvbeZv ev
g~j¨‡eva M‡o I‡V wek^vm‡K Aej¤^b K‡i| †Kvb mgv‡R gvby‡li wek^vm KZUv Av‡jvwKZ Zv `„k¨gvb nq †mB mgv‡R
DbœZ g~j¨‡eva MV‡bi gva¨‡g| wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi R‡b¨ wek¦vm I g~j‡ev‡ai welqe¯‧‡K G Aa¨v‡q wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e web¨vm
K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2.1 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zvrch© I Gi cÖfve Ges wkLb-‡kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z e¨w³MZ wek¦vm I
g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ici Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab;
2.2 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek¦vm¸‡jv‡K wPwýZKiY I Abykxjb Ges wkÿK wn‡m‡e †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ wbav©iY|

2.1 wkLb-†kLv‡bv wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zvrch© I Gi cÖfve

‡Kvb mywbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‧, NUbv ev aviYv‡K †K›`ª K‡i gvby‡li wek^vm M‡o I‡V| gvby‡li ag©xq Abykvmb I g~j¨‡evaI
wek^vm‡Kw›`ªK| wek^vm gvby‡li RxebvPi‡Y I `„wófw½‡Z Mfxifv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wek^v‡mi mv‡_ gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K
†PZbv I †h․w³K `„wófw½I RwoZ| wkÿv_©xi Ávb I `ÿZv AR©‡bi mv‡_ Zvi `„wófw½i cwieZ©b NwU‡q Zvi AvPi‡Y I
gvbwmKZvq gvbweK, •bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK I †`kxq g~j¨‡ev‡ai ¯^vfvweK I ¯^Ztù~Z© weKv‡ki Ici ¸iæZ¡
Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|
g~j¨‡eva wkL‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi AvPi‡YI cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b Avbv m¤¢e| wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î Ávb, wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva G
wZbwUi g‡a¨ wbweo †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q hv wkÿv_©x‡K GKRb cwic~Y© gvby‡l iƒcvšÍwiZ Kivi R‡b¨ we‡klfv‡e mnvqK|
GLv‡b wkLb-†kLv‡bv wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zvrch© I Gi cÖfve Ges wkLb- †kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z e¨w³MZ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
Ici Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab m¤úwK©Z weeiY cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wek¦vm
wek¦vm gvby‡li g‡bi GKwU weg~Z© aviYv| wkïi R‡b¥i c‡iB Zvi g‡b G aviYv Rb¥v‡Z ïiæ K‡i| gv-evev ev Ab¨vb¨
hviv wkïi †mevhZœ K‡ib, Zviv hw` †¯œn-ggZvi mv‡_, mwVKfv‡e Zvi Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Z‡e wkïi g‡a¨
wek¦v‡mi cÖ_g Abyf~wZ Rb¥v‡Z _v‡K| G‡K g‡bvweÁvbx GwiKmb e‡j‡Qb †g․wjK wek¦vm|
†Kvb e¨w³, e¯‧, NUbv, ixwZ-bxwZ cÖ_vi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡ev‡ai Kvi‡Y wek¦vm M‡o I‡V| Avgiv †Kvb wKQz‡Z wek¦vm Kwi,
KviY-
 †mwU †`‡LwQ, ch©‡eÿY K‡iwQ, †m m¤ú‡K© AwfÁZv jvf K‡iwQ|
 Ggb Kv‡ivi Kv‡Q welqwU ï‡bwQ hv‡K Awek¦vm Kiv hvq bv|
 Ggb GKwU NUbv hv †Kvbfv‡eB Awek¦vm Kiv m¤¢e bv|
wek¦vm gvby‡li g‡bi Ggb GKwU weg~Z© aviYv hv Zv‡K †Kvb wKQyi cÖwZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i| †hgb aiv hvK,
Avcbvi GKvšÍ cwiwPZ †jvK Avcbvi Kv‡Q `yB nvRvi UvKv avi PvB‡jb| wZwb GK gvm c‡i UvKvwU †diZ †`Iqvi
cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡jb| GK gvm c‡i H e¨w³ Avcbv‡K UvKvwU †diZ †`‡eb wK-bv G e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi mivmwi Rvbv †bB|
†h †jvKwU Avcbvi Kv‡Q avi †P‡q‡Qb nq Zv‡K avi †`‡eb bv nq avi w`‡Z Am¤§wZ Rvbv‡eb| avi †`Iqv ev bv
†`Iqvi e¨vcv‡i Avcwb Kxfv‡e wm×všÍ †b‡eb?
†h‡nZz UvKv mwZ¨B †m †diZ †`‡e wK-bv G e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi cÖZ¨ÿ Ávb †bB †m‡nZz c‡ivÿ Áv‡bi e¨vcv‡i Avcbvi
wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| Avcwb Zv‡K hZUzKz Rv‡bb ZviB Av‡jv‡K hw` Avcbvi g‡b nq †h, †jvKwU cÖwZkÖæwZ cvjb Ki‡e
Z‡eB Avcwb Zv‡K UvKv avi †`‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î avi †`Iqvi GB wm×v‡šÍi wfwË n‡jv wek¦vm|

18
Zvi AZxZ AvPiY †_‡K hw` Avcbvi G wek¦vm nq †h, UvKvUv †m †diZ †`‡e bv Zvn‡j Avcwb Zv‡K avi †`‡eb bv|
Avcwb †h Zv‡K Awek¦vm Ki‡jb GwUI c‡ivÿ Áv‡bi gva¨‡gB| myZivs GwUI wek¦vm| G‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi wek¦vm nj- †m
UvKv †diZ †`‡e bv|
myZivs ejv hvq, cÖZ¨ÿ Ávb †bB Ggb †Kvb wel‡q †Kvb e¨w³i wm×všÍ †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, †h c‡ivÿ Ávb ev aviYvi
gva¨‡g Zv‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq Zv-B wek¦vm|
wek¦v‡mi Ae¯v
DwjøwLZ D`vni‡Yi wfwˇZ wek¦v‡mi wZbwU Ae¯v nj
1. BwZevPK wek¦vm
G‡ÿ‡Î wek¦vm n‡”Q, †jvKwU‡K avi ‡bIqv UvKv †diZ †`‡e|
2. †bwZevPK wek¦vm
†jvKwU avi wb‡j UvKv †diZ †`‡e bv| GwU‡K †bwZevPK wek¦vm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq|
3. m‡›`nRbK wek¦vm
†jvKwU‡K UvKv avi w`‡j †m UvKv †diZ w`‡ZI cv‡i Avevi bvI w`‡Z cv‡i|

wek¦v‡mi KviY
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wek¦vm AwR©Z nq| wb‡Pi gvBÛ g¨v‡c Zv Zz‡j aiv nj:

wPÎ 1: wek¦v‡mi Kvi‡Yi gvBÛ g¨vc|

wek^v‡mi KviYmg~n wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiv njÑ

cÖZ¨ÿY
mvaviYfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿY nj, cÂBw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g †Kvb wKQz †`Lv, †kvbv, ¯úk© Kiv, NªvY †bIqv Ges ¯^v` MÖnY Kiv|
myZivs Avgiv wb‡Riv hLb †Kvb wKQz cÖZ¨ÿY Kwi Zv Avgiv wek^vm Kwi|
¯§„wZ
†Kvb e¨w³i ¯§„wZ‡Z msiwÿZ AZxZ NUbvewj Zvi wek^vm ¯vc‡b mnvqZv K‡i|
19
Kíbv
gvbyl hLb wKQy wKQz KwíZ wel‡qi Aw¯ÍZ¡ Luy‡R cvq ZLb Zvi Ici wek^vm ¯vcb K‡i|
Abygvb
†Kvb NUbv ev cwiw¯wZ m¤ú‡K© gvbyl hv Abygvb K‡i hLb ev¯Í‡e †mwU N‡U hvq ZLb Zvi cÖwZ wek^vm ¯vwcZ nq|
Ávb
Ávb wek^v‡mi g~j wfwË| †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³i ÿgZv m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡j H e¨w³ mswkøó NUbv NUv‡Z mÿg e‡j Ab¨iv
wek^vm Ki‡e| Avevi hvi kw³ m¤ú‡K© Ávb Av‡Q wZwb AvYweK †evgvi aŸsmhÁ m¤ú‡K© wek^vm Ki‡eb|
wkLb
e¨w³ †h wel‡q wkÿv MÖnY K‡i †m wkL‡bi wfwˇZ ciewZ©‡Z mswkøó KvR myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j gvbyl
wek^vm K‡i|
Av‡eM
†µva, fq, kÖ×v gvby‡li g‡b wek^vm Rb¥vq| †Kvb e¨w³ wbw`©ó †Kvb e¨w³i cÖwZ µz× _vK‡j H e¨w³i weiæ‡× †h †Kvb
Awf‡hvMB mZ¨ e‡j wek^vm Ki‡eb| fxiæ gvbyl Aev¯Íe wel‡q mn‡RB wek^vm K‡i| AnsKvix e¨w³ wb‡R‡K me‡P‡q
eyw×gvb e‡j wek^vm K‡i|
AvMÖn
†Kvb e¨w³i †h wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn †ewk H wel‡q †m †ewk mgq I kÖg †`q| †hgb- hvi we‡`‡k PvKwi Kivi AvMÖn
Av‡Q †m-B Av`g ‡ecvwi‡K wek^vm Ki‡e|
mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ, Av`k©, ms¯‥„wZ, cÖ_v
wewfbœ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k esk ci¤úivq Avgiv mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ, Av`k©, ms¯‥„wZ, cÖ_vi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj n‡q †m¸‡jvi
cÖwZ wek^vm ¯vcb K‡i _vwK, hvi †cQ‡b A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB ‡Kvb hyw³m½Z KviY _v‡K bv|
ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ
ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z Avgiv wek^vm Kwi e‡jB Zv cvjb K‡i _vwK A_©vr wbR wbR ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pwj|

wek¦v‡mi mv‡_ wkÿvi m¤úK©

Avgiv c Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g Ávb ARb© K‡i _vwK| Z‡e cÖZ¨ÿ ÁvbvR©‡bi Rb¨ †ek wKQz †ÿ‡ÎB Avgv‡`i wek¦v‡mi
Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
 ‣kk‡e †K evev Zv gv‡qi Kv‡Q ï‡b wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
 evsjv fvlv †kLvi Rb¨ A, Av,K, L Ges Bs‡iwR fvlvi Rb¨ A, B, C, D †Z wek¦vm Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q |
 †kLvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Yi K_v, eB cy¯Í‡Ki K_v wewfbœ ZË¡ I Z‡_¨ wek¦vmx n‡Z nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, wkÿvi mv‡_ wek¦v‡mi m¤ú©K i‡q‡Q|
g~j¨‡eva
my›`i I myLx Rxeb hvcb Avgv‡`i mK‡jiB Kvg¨| Avi cÖK…Z myL Av‡m Rxeb‡K h_vh_ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb I mwVK PPv©i
gva¨‡g| g~j¨‡eva kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡”Q Value GwU MwVZ n‡q‡Q wZbwU j¨vwUb k‡ãi ey¨rcwËMZ A‡_©i
wfwˇZ| k㸇jv n‡”Q: VALE (A_v©r strength ev kw³), VAL (A_v©r worth ev g~j¨) Ges VALU (A_v©r
valor ev mvnm, civµgv, weµg, †k․h©)| mvgwóKfv‡e G k㸇jvi A_© n‡”Q Ôme DËg wRwbmÕ|
Kv‡RB g~j¨‡eva K_vi A_© g~j¨evb, ghv©`vevb ev kw³kvjx nIqv| Avgvi Rvbv, cwiwPZ ev wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë hv-wKQz Av‡Q,
Zvi †P‡qI AwaKZi g~j¨evb, hv wKQz mÂq K‡i ivLvi gZ Zv-B g~j¨‡eva|
R‡b¥i ci †_‡K wkïi Rxe‡bi eûgyLx weKvk nq| GB weKv‡ki jÿY cÖKvk cvq e¨w³i AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨| AvPiYev‡`i
`„wófw½‡Z ejv hvq, wkïi eqm e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ Zvi Rb¥MZ AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z _v‡K|
GB cwiewZ©Z bZzb AvPiY‡K ejv nq AwR©Z AvPiY| GB AwR©Z AvPiY¸‡jv m„wó K‡i, wkï ev e¨w³i AšÍwb©wnZ
20
KZ¸‡jv AwR©Z •Re-gvbwmK cÖeYZv | †hgb- weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK chv©‡q wkï KZ¸‡jv Af¨vm MVb K‡i| cieZx© chv©‡q
AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ ev NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i KZ¸‡jv ¯vqx AbyivM M‡o I‡V| AviI c‡i †mw›U‡g›U, g‡bvfve BZ¨vw`
‣Re-gvbwmK cÖeYZv¸‡jv M‡o I‡V| cwiYZ eq‡m Gme •Re-gvbwmK cÖeYZv¸‡jvi AwfÁZvi d‡j mgš^q N‡U| G
ai‡bi mgš^‡qi d‡j, †h me©kw³m¤úbœ •Re-gvbwmK msMVb M‡o I‡V, Zv e¨w³i meiKg AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GB •Re-gvbwmK msMVbB nj g~j¨‡eva|
g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖKvi‡f`
Rxe‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i AvPiY m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î wfbœ ai‡bi g~j¨gvb ev Av`©kgvb _vKv ¯^vfvweK| myZivs, e¨w³Rxe‡bi
g~j¨‡eva, Zvi AvPiY‡ÿ‡Îi †cÖwÿ‡Z wfbœiƒc MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b g‡b ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Rxe‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU
g~j¨‡ev‡ai †ÿ‡Î `ywU w`K i‡q‡Q| GKwU nj Zvi cÖKvkgvb w`K, hv‡K AvPiYg~‡j¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq| AciwU nj-Zvi
AvšÍwiK w`K, hv‡K ZvrÿwYKfv‡e cwigvc Kiv hvq bv| g~j¨‡ev‡ai GB AvšÍwiK w`KwU‡K Rxe‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ
cwiw¯wZ‡Z ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK wPšÍvwe` g‡b K‡ib, wkÿv †h‡nZz GKwU Av`k© mvgvwRK cÖwµqv, †m‡nZz Zvi
GKgvÎ `vwqZ¡ nIqv DwPZ, g~j¨‡ev‡ai GB AvšÍwiK w`KwU weKv‡ki †Póv Kiv| wkÿvwe`MY g‡b K‡ib, wkÿvi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ AšÍZ Qq ai‡bi g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki †Póv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv nj- (1) A_©‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva (
Economic Value), (2) mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva ( Social Value),(3) kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK g~j¨‡eva ( Physical and
Recreational Value), (4) •bwZK g~j¨‡eva ( Moral Value), (5) †m․›`‡h©i g~j¨‡eva( Aesthetic Value), (6)
†e․w×K g~j¨‡eva ( Intellectural Value), (7) agx©q g~j¨‡eva ( Religious Value)|
A_©‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva
mvaviYfv‡e †hme e¯‧i wewbg‡q A_© jvf Kiv hvq †mme e¯‧i Avw_©K g~j¨ Av‡Q e‡j a‡i †bIqv nq| welqwU we‡kølY
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †hme e¯‧i Avb›` cÖ`v‡bi mÿgZv Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K Avw_©K g~j¨m¤úbœ e‡j we‡ePbv Kiv nq| A_©vr
A‡_©i m‡½ e¯‧mvgMÖxi ev Rxeb Dc‡fv‡Mi mshyw³ Av‡Q e‡jB Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| e¯‧RM‡Zi m‡½ Avb›`vbyf~wZi
ms‡hvRb cÖ‡qvRb| Avi G ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb h_vh_ cÖwkÿY| myZivs cwiKwíZ wkÿvi gva¨‡g Dc‡fvM¨
e¯‧mvgMÖxi m‡½ e¨w³MZ Avb›`vbyf~wZi ms‡hvM ¯vcb K‡i e¨w³Rxe‡b A_©‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv hvq| e¨w³i
Avw_©K Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g A_©‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva cÖKvk cvq | GR‡b¨B wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨i g‡a¨ wkÿv_©xi A_©‣bwZK
g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva
h_vh_ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯vc‡bi Ici gvby‡li my¯ mvgvwRK Rxebhvcb wbf©i K‡i | †h e¨w³ myôzfv‡e mgv‡R AšÍfy©³
Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i m‡½ m¤úK© ¯vcb Ki‡Z mÿg wZwbB my¯ mvgvwRK Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³| g‡bvweÁvbxMY g‡b
K‡ib,e¨w³i AvšÍwiK g~j¨‡ev†ai gva¨‡g Dchy³ e¨w³i m‡½ h_vh_ mvgvwRK m¤úK© wbiƒcY Kiv `iKvi| †hgb eÜzZ¡
ej‡Z Avgiv †h m¤úK©‡K eySvB Zvi ga¨Kvi gvbwmK mš‧wói g~‡j Av‡Q e¨w³i G aviYvi cÖwZ GK g~j¨‡eva| G‡K
ejv nq eÜz‡Z¡i g~j¨‡eva| †Zgwb †¯œn, fvjevmv G¸‡jv G‡KKwU mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ hw` mgvR
m¤úwK©Z KZ¸‡jv g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv hvq Z‡e †m¸‡jvi cÖfv‡e wkÿv_©xiv e¨w³MZ DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e
‡mBmv‡_ Zv‡`i mvgvwRK KZ©e¨ m¤úv`‡bi `ÿZviI Dbœqb NU‡e|
kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK g~j¨‡eva
gvby‡li Rxe‡bi wewfbœ iKg Pvwn`vi g‡a¨ •RweK I g‡bv‣eÁvwbK Pvwn`v¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨w³Rxe‡b Gme •RweK I
g‡bv‣eÁvwbK Pvwn`v¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e cwiZ…ß n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¨w³mËvi weKvk Av`k© c‡_ nq Ges me‡k‡l e¨w³ Av`k©
Rxe‡bi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ e¨w³i Dchy³ cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ mncvVµwgK Kvh© vewji
gva¨‡g Gme kvixwiK I gvbwmK Pvwn`v cwiZ…ß Kiv hvq| wkÿvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK
g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB G ai‡bi Kvh©vewj e¨w³Rxe‡b Zvrch©c~Y© n‡q DV‡e| myZivs kvixwiK I
we‡bv`bg~jK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk mvab wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨i AšÍf©³
y nIqv DwPZ|

21
‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva
Rxeb Pjvi c‡_ e¨w³ Zvi Kv‡Ri c_ ¯^vaxbfv‡e evQvB K‡i _v‡K| cwiw¯wZ Abyhvqx e¨w³i Kx KiYxq, Kx KiYxq bq
†m wel‡q cÖ‡Z¨K‡K wm×všÍ wb‡Z nq| e¨w³i GB wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Ici Zvi Rxe‡bi mdjZv ev e¨_© nIqv wbf©i K‡i|
ZvQvov GB wm×v‡šÍi h_v_©Zvi gva¨‡g e¨w³ Rxe‡bi g~j¨gvb wba©viY Kiv nq| ‡h ai‡bi g~j¨‡ev‡ai gva¨‡g GB fvj-
g›`, DwPZ-AbywPZ wePvi Kiv hvq, Zv‡K •bwZK g~j¨‡eva ejv nq| ‣bwZK g~j¨‡eva RvMi‡Yi gva¨‡g, e¨w³ mviv Rxeb
Zvi wewfbœ Kg©‡ÿ‡Î AvPiYMZ mvgÄm¨ eRvq ivL‡Z mÿg nq| Rxeb-AwfÁZv e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ e¨w³i fvj-g›` ev
DwPZ-AbywPZ †eva Zvi g‡a¨ RvMÖZ nq| e¨w³i AwfÁZvi †ÿ‡Îi we¯Í…wZi mv‡_ mv‡_ GB g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv †Kw›`ªf~Z nq
Ges ¯vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i| Avevi AwfÁZv AR©‡bi cÖwµqv n‡”Q wkÿv| myZivs, we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i Ggb ai‡bi
AwfÁZvi Abykxjb Kiv‡Z n‡e †h¸‡jvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ •bwZK g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv RvMÖZ nq| GB A‡_© •bwZK
g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk mvab Kiv wkÿvi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡|
‡m․›`h© m‡¤¢v‡Mi g~j¨‡eva
GK we‡kl ai‡bi Abyf~wZg~jK AwfÁZv-B n‡”Q ‡m․›`h© m‡¤¢vM| G AwfÁZv jv‡fi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³i c~e© AwfÁZv
Ges e¨w³i g‡a¨ BwZevPK Abyf~wZ RvwM‡q †Zvjv| †m․›`h© m‡¤¢vM ZLbB m¤¢e nq hLb Avgiv †Kvb e¯‧, NUbv ev
cwiw¯wZ‡K c~e© AwfÁZvi mgš^‡q GKKfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi Ges Zvi Ici Avgv‡`i e¨w³MZ Abyf~wZ‡K cÖ‡qvM Kwi|
e¯‧RM‡Z Gfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿY, DbœZ e¨w³mËvi cwiPvqK| Avi GRb¨ †h gvbwmK Ae¯vi m„wó nq Zv‡K e‡j †m․›`h©
m‡¤¢v‡Mi g~j¨‡eva|

†e․w×K g~j¨‡eva
wkÿvi GKwU Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wkÿv_©xi †e․w×K weKvk (Intellectual Development) | mvaviYfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i
ÁvbvR©‡bi cÖwµqv‡KB ‡e․w×K weKvk wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wKš‧, gvby‡li Áv‡bi cwiwa GZ e¨vcK Ges cÖwZwbqZ
cwieZ©bkxj †h, †Kvb wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ ÁvbvR©‡b m¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB e¨w³Rxe‡b †e․w×K
weKv‡ki cÖK…Z Zvrch© mZ¨ AbymÜv‡bi ¯ú„nv RvMÖZ Kiv| A_v©r e¨w³ hLb cÖK…Z m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb Ki‡Z mÿg nq
ZLbB e¨w³Rxe‡bi †e․w×K weKvk mvab Kiv hvq| `vk©wbKiv e‡j‡Qb, e¨w³ hLb Áv‡bi mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ Avb›`vbyf~wZ
jvf Ki‡e, ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ †e․w×K g~j¨‡eva (Intellectual Value) RvMÖZ n‡e| Avi e¨w³ ZLbB m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb ev
cÖK…Z Áv‡bi AbymÜv‡b cÖe„Ë n‡e hLb Zvi g‡a¨ †e․w×K g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ n‡e| we`¨vj‡q wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î, cvV¨ welqe¯‧i
g‡a¨ cÖK…Z m‡Z¨i AbymÜvb cvIqvi gva¨‡gB wkÿv_©x‡`i †e․w×K weKvk nq| Avi GB ai‡bi †e․w×K weKv‡ki gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©x Rxebe¨vcx ÁvbvbymÜv‡b DrmvwnZ nq| ZvB wkÿvi g~j jÿ¨ AR©b Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ GB †e․w×K
g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
agx©q g~j¨‡eva
me‡k‡l, gvby‡li AvPi‡Y ag©wek¦v‡mi cÖfve e¨vcK| hLb †Kvb e¯‧‡K me©kw³gvb ev Hk¦wiK kw³i m‡½ m¤ú©Khy³
K‡i gnvb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv hvq, ZLbB Zv‡K ejv nq agx©q AwfÁZv (Religious Experience) ev Ava¨vwZ¥K
AwfÁZv (Spiritual Experience)| GB RvZxq AwfÁZvi cwiwa A‡bK we¯Í…Z Ges D`vi| e¯‧RM‡Zi AwfÁZv AR©b
Kivi GB ai‡bi ÿgZv‡K e¨w³i PvwiwÎK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| wkÿv_x©‡`i PvwiwÎK weKv‡k mnvqZv Kiv,
we`¨vj‡q wkÿvi GKwU cÖavb jÿ¨| wkÿv_x©iv hLb KZK¸‡jv †g․wjK mve©Rbxb wek¦v‡mi Øviv wb‡Ri AvPiY‡K
mymvgÄm¨c~Y©fv‡e wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e ZLbB Zv‡`i PvwiwÎK weKvk mvab m¤¢e n‡e| ZvB we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨Zg
cÖ‡PóvB n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ agx©q ev Ava¨vwZ¥K g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv| GRb¨B wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î hv‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i agx©q ev
Ava¨vwZ¥K g~j¨‡eva (Spiritual Experience) weKwkZ nq †mw`‡K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
wkÿv Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| h_vh_ wkÿv, e¨w³Rxe‡b Av`k© g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki mnvqK| ‡Kbbv,
e¨w³Rxe‡b g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk me mgq AwfÁZv wbf©i| g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk †Kej cÖ_vMZ wkÿvKv‡ji g‡a¨ mxgve×
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv, KviY e¨w³ mviv RxebB AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z _v‡K| GKvi‡Y we`¨vj‡qi mxgve× mg‡qi K_v
we‡ePbv K‡i, mwVK Kx g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki cÖ‡Póv Kiv n‡e, †m wel‡q wkÿK‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K
g~j¨‡ev‡ai `ywU w`K Av‡Q- e¨w³MZ (Subjective) I e¯‧MZ (Objective) w`K| KLbI Avgiv g~j¨‡eva ej‡Z
e¨w³i AwfÁZv‡K eySvB, Avevi †Kvb mgq e¯‧i ¸Y ev e¨w³i AvPiYMZ •ewkó¨‡K (Behavioral Characteristic)

22
eySvB| g‡bvwe` I wkÿvwe`M‡Yi g‡Z, g~j¨‡ev‡ai GB `ywU w`K e¨w³Rxe‡b chv©qµ‡g Av‡m| cÖK…Z g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk
nq e¯‧MZ AwfÁZv †_‡K ax‡i ax‡i e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvq DËi‡Yi gva¨‡g| ‡m Kvi‡Y we`¨vj‡q g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki
‡ÿ‡Î DwjøwLZ µg AbymiY Kiv DwPZ| A_v©r g~j¨‡eva weKv‡ki Rb¨ cª_gZ: wkÿv_x©‡`i ch©vßfv‡e AwfÁZvi
m¤§yLxb Kiv‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡`i cvV¨µg †_‡K jvf Kiv AwfÁZv
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b ¯^vaxbfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| AwfÁZvi cyYe©¨env‡ii ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_x©iv †m¸‡jvi m‡½ GKvZ¥Zv
¯vcb K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡e|

wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z e¨w³MZ wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ici Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab

wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z e¨w³MZ wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Df‡qi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB G‡ÿ‡Î Df‡qi e¨w³MZ wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| GKRb wkÿ‡Ki wek^vm Zvi †ckvMZ Kv‡R Zv‡K Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq, Avevi GB wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek^vm
I g~j¨‡evaB GKRb wkÿv_©xi wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva MV‡b cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| wb‡¤œ wkLb -†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wkÿ‡Ki
KwZcq e¨w³MZ wek^vm D‡jøL Kiv nj Ñ
 ¯ªóvi cÖwZ `„p wek^vm;
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥m‡PZbZv I AvZ¥wek^vm;
 wbR †ckv m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv, wek^vm I BwZevPK `„wófw½;
 wkÿKZv †ckvq welqÁv‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi cÖ‡qvM Ges c×wZMZ I e¨w³MZ Kjv‡K․kj e¨envi;
 wkL‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ekI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G K_v wkÿK‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ;
 wkÿK mwVK I ï×fv‡e cov‡eb Ges Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i BwZevPK cwieZ©b NU‡e;
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki m¤¢vlY, †g․wLK Awfe¨w³, kvixwiK fvlv, DcKi‡Yi e¨envi, e¨eüZ D`vniY, cÖkœ Kivi
`ÿZv, DËi Av`v‡qi `ÿZv, welqe¯‧ e¨vL¨vi `ÿZv BZ¨vw` †kÖwYK‡ÿ `ÿZvi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j
wkLb Aek¨B Avb›``vqK I djcÖm~ n‡e;
 wkÿv_©xi †gav hZUzKzB _vKyK wkÿK Zvi e¨w³MZ Kjv‡K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i mn‡RB wkÿv_©x‡`i gb Rq K‡i
Zv‡`i cv‡V AvK…ó Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges `xN©ÿY Zv a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib ;
 wkÿKZv †ckvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki me©cÖKv‡ii kvixwiK, gvbwmK I eyw×e„wËK cÖ¯w‧ Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek^vm I `vwqZ¡
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek^vm I `vwqZ¡ wb¤œiƒc-
 wkÿv_©x‡`i †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× Kiv;
 mKj wkÿv_©xi †kLvi mÿgZv i‡q‡Q, wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv;
 †kLvi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYv m„wó Kiv;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg AskMÖnYg~jK I cÖv‡qvwMK n‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i ÁvbvR©‡bi cvkvcvwk `ÿ Kg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AvZ¥wek^vmx, m„Rbkxj Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ e¨env‡i Drmvnx K‡i Zzj‡Z wkÿK wb‡R
Zv Abykxj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zv‡`i Drmvnx K‡i ‡Zvjv;
 wkÿv_©xiv †hb Zv‡`i AwfÁZv, Kíbv, Z_¨ I cÖ‡qvM‡K mgwš^Z Ki‡Z cv‡i GRb¨ wkÿK‡K cwiKíbv I
DÏxcbv w`‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©xiv cvi¯úwiK wg_w®…qvi gva¨‡g wkL‡e, wkÿK Zv‡`i cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i w`‡eb;
 Kvh©Ki cvV wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡eb;
 wkÿK Zvi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡eb;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wkÿK wb‡RI wKQz wk‡L _v‡Kb, ZvB wewfbœ cv‡V wZwb wbZ¨ bZzb †K․kj e¨envi
Ki‡eb;
 cv‡V mKj wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡eb|
23
wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ g~j¨‡eva
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi KwZcq wek^vm †_‡K wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ †hme g~j¨‡eva M‡o I‡V Zv wb¤œiƒc:
 wbqgvbyeZ©x nIqv;
 cvV¨eB‡qi evB‡i Ab¨vb¨ eB cov;
 cÖwZw`b wKQz bv wKQz †jLvi Af¨vm M‡o †Zvjv;
 wbqwgZ Wv‡qwi †jLv I AbymiY Kiv;
 K¬v‡m hvIqvi c~‡e© cvV cwiKíbv •Zwi K‡i Z`byhvqx cÖ¯w‧ Z †bIqv;
 wkÿv_©xi gZvg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i K…wZ‡Z¡i cÖksmv Kiv;
 b¤^i cÖ`v‡b wbi‡cÿ _vKv;
 we`¨vj‡qi kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvq mnvqZv Kiv;
 mg‡qi cÖwZ m‡PZb nIqv;
 me©`v mZ¨ K_v ejv
 ¯^v¯¨m¤§Zfv‡e Pjv BZ¨vw`|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xi KwZcq wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva wb¤œiƒc:
 wbqgvbyeZ©x nIqv;
 Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ †kÖwY‡Z Dcw¯Z _vKv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i DwPZ wkÿK‡K kÖ×v,m¤§vb I AbymiY Kiv;
 †kÖwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx _vKv ;
 ÁvbvR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Ab¨‡K †mevi g‡bvfve M‡o I‡V;
 wkÿv gvbexq ¸Yvewj •Zwi K‡i;
 wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kvbyhvqx wb‡`©wkZ KvR h_vmg‡q Kiv DwPZ;
 K…wZZ¡ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wbqwgZ cov‡jLv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb;
 wkÿK hv e‡jb g½‡ji Rb¨B e‡jb;
 bv›`wbK m‡PZbZvi AwaKvix nIqv BZ¨vw`|
wkLb †kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ici Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv I ms‡kvab
wkLb †kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ici wkÿv_©xiv `jMZfv‡e cvi¯úwiK gZwewbg‡qi Rb¨ `jxq Av‡jvPbvq
AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK 5/6 Rb wkÿv_©xi mgš^‡q K‡qKwU `j MVb Ki‡eb| wkLb- †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g
Zv‡`iwek^vm I g~j¨‡eva Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zv Zviv cvi¯úwiK gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g wbiƒcY Ki‡eb| Gici Zviv Zv‡`i
`jxq wm×všÍ ch©vqµ‡g Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb| me KÕwU `‡ji Dc¯vcb †k‡l wkÿK G wel‡qi Ici ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡eb
Ges wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Ki‡eb Z_v ms‡kvab Ki‡eb|
AvaywbK hy‡M g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq cÖKU n‡q D‡V‡Q| Avi G msKU †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î eZ©gvb g~j¨‡ev‡ai m‡½ AvaywbK
Rxe‡bi Pvwn`vi msNv‡Zi d‡jB m„wó| myZivs wkÿvi gva¨‡g Avgiv †h g~j¨‡evaB m„wó Kwi bv †Kb, cwieZ©bkxj
mvgvwRK Rxe‡b cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebv †_‡KB hvq| Avi GRb¨B g~j¨‡ev‡aiI msKU n‡e| e¨w³Rxe‡b
g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq GK we‡kl ai‡bi Awf‡hvRb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿvg~jK e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgb wkÿK-wkÿv_©x eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© ¯vc‡bi cvkvcvwk wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZ kÖ×v‡evaI _vK‡Z n‡e| cwiev‡i
wcZvgvZv, eo fvB‡evb, ¸iæRb hviv i‡q‡Qb Zv‡`i cÖwZ kÖ×v, m¤§vb cÖ`k©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB mgv‡R GwU cÖwZdwjZ
n‡e| †KD hLb Zvi wcZvgvZv ¸iæR‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v,m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡ib ZLb Zv Zvi mšÍv‡bi g‡a¨ mÂvwjZ nq|
cwiev‡i wkïwU hv wk‡L G‡m‡Q Zvi Abykxjb we`¨vj‡q bv n‡j ZLbB Ø›Ø ev msNvZ m„wó nq| GKBfv‡e †m we`¨vj‡q
†h g~j¨‡eva wk‡L Av‡m Zv cwiev‡i I mgv‡R Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e|
24
eZ©gv‡b g~j¨‡eva Aeÿ‡qi P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q ‡cu․‡Q‡Q| cwievi I we`¨vj‡q hviv g~j¨‡eva MVb I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi KY©avi
Zv‡`i‡K Gi cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKvi wb‡q fve‡Z n‡e| g~j¨‡eva‡K ZvwË¡K ch©v‡q †i‡L w`‡j n‡e bv| GwU †Kvb †Kvm©
K‡iI †kLv‡bv m¤¢e bq| ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvM I Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
g~j¨‡eva MV‡bi cÖ_g I cÖavb ch©vq nj cwievi| G‡ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv nj Ñ
 wcZvgvZvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I kÖ×v‡eva;
 wcZvgvZvi mv‡_ mšÍv‡bi m¤úK©;
 mšÍv‡bi cÖwZ wcZvgvZvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨;
 wcZvgvZvi cÖwZ mšÍv‡bi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨;
 mšÍvb‡`i ga¨Kvi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©;
 cwiev‡ii `v`v-`v`x, bvbvÑbvbx, PvPv-PvPx, dzdz, Lvjv mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¤úK© I cvi¯úwiK kÖ×v;
 N‡i hw` ‡Kvb mvnvh¨Kvix †_‡K _v‡Kb Zvi cÖwZ kÖ×v, mngwg©Zv I Zvi kÖ‡gi cÖwZ gh©v`v †`Iqv;
 cwiev‡i ag©xq Abykvmb †g‡b Pjv, ag©xq ixwZbxwZ jvjb I Abykxjb| m‡e©vcwi G¸‡jvi Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv;
 wb‡Ri KvR wb‡R Kivi ga¨ w`‡q `vwqZ¡‡eva I k„•Ljvi weKvk;
 cwi¯‥vi-cwi”QbœZv Abykxjb Kiv‡bv;
 M„n wkÿ‡Ki Ici wbf©ikxjZv Kwg‡q wb‡R wb‡RB we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZw`‡bi cov, evwoi KvR wbqwgZ m¤úbœ
Kivi gva¨‡g AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nIqv;
 ‡kÖwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx †_‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b A¯úó welq¸‡jv wkÿK‡K cÖkœ K‡i my¯úó Kivi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡R‡K
AvZ¥wek^vmx K‡i Zzj‡Z Aby‡cÖiYv cÖ`vb Kiv;
 ‡Kvb mšÍvb, wcZvgvZv hv‡Z fvP©yqvj fvBiv‡m AvµvšÍ bv nq †mw`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| †dvb, †dBmeyK,
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui e¨envi Aek¨B A_©c~Y© n‡Z n‡e;
 mšÍv‡bi mv‡_ wcZvgvZv‡K gvbm¤úbœ mgq (Quality Time)AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wcZvgvZvi Av‡qi Dr‡mi •eaZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 cwieviwU GKK bv †h․_ Zv we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gv‡b †ewkifvM cwieviB GKK cwievi| GLv‡b wcZvgvZv PvKzwiRxex n‡j mšÍvbiv GKvKx‡Z¡ †fv‡M| d‡j g~j¨‡eva
MVbKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM I Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| †m‡ÿ‡Î wcZvgvZv‡KB e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wm×všÍ
wb‡Z n‡e Kxfv‡e Zviv Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk NUv‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î KiYxq¸‡jv hv n‡Z cv‡i:
 mšÍvb‡`i †KvqvwjwU UvBg †`Iqv;
 Zv‡`i KvD‡Ýwjs Kiv †h, ev¯Íe Ae¯vi †cÖwÿ‡Z cvwicvwk^©K Kvi‡YB wcZvgvZv‡K RxweKv wbe©v‡ni R‡b¨
PvKwi Ki‡Z n‡”Q| GwU we‡ePbvq G‡b Zv‡`i ¯^cwiPvwjZ n‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv‡`i wKQy wKQz †ÿ‡Î
Z¨vM¯^xKviI Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i| Gme welq we‡ePbvq G‡b Zv‡`i Ici †Kvb wKQz Pvwc‡q bv w`‡q fvj g›`
we‡ePbv K‡i Zviv Kxfv‡e mycwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i wm×všÍ wb‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;
 mšÍvb‡`i fvj-g›`, Avb›` I Kó ci¯úi fvB‡evb‡`i mv‡_ Ges wcZvgvZvi mv‡_ †kqvi Kivi my‡hvM K‡i
†`Iqv;
 wb‡Ri N‡iB Avb›`c~Y© cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv, hv‡Z K‡i Ah_v hvwš¿KZvi AvkÖq wb‡q Ab¨vqfv‡e AmvgvwRK
Kvh©Kjv‡c RwoZ n‡q mgq AwZµvšÍ bv K‡i;
 wbqwgZ ag©xq ixwZbxwZi Abykxjb Kivi Af¨vm MVb;
 eo‡`i kÖ×v Ges †QvU‡`i †¯œn I fvjevmvi Af¨vm MVb Ges cÖwZ‡kva cÖeYZv cwinvi;
 wcZvgvZv I mšÍvb cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki g‡a¨ BwZevPK `„wófw½ MVb I Abykxjb|

25
eZ©gv‡b †h․_ cwiev‡ii msL¨v A‡bKvs‡kB K‡g †M‡Q| †h․_ cwiev‡ii mšÍvb‡`i Av‡eM, Abyf~wZ, †¯œn, fvjevmv, kÖ×v
cÖKv‡ki †ÿÎ A‡bK †ewk weavq GLv‡b g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvkI Zzjbvg~jK mnRZi| †h․_ cwiev‡i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© I
kÖ×v LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GLv‡b g~j¨‡eva PP©vi †ÿÎI we¯Í…Z| †mR‡b¨B GLv‡b mšÍvbiv cÖvK…wZK I mvgvwRK wbq‡gB
g~j¨‡eva PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges fzj _vK‡j Zv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb nq †h, g~j¨‡eva MVb I weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡ÿ‡Î
we`¨vjqI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb wkÿK Ges †kªwYwkÿK Df‡qB g~j¨‡eva MVb I
ms‡kva‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv iv‡Lb hv wb¤œiƒc :
 we`¨vj‡q cÖavb wkÿK, wkÿK I wkÿv_©x mK‡ji mgqgZ Dcw¯wZ;
 wkÿK, wkÿv_©x I Kg©Pvwi‡`i mgš^‡q we`¨vjq I †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi¯‥vi cwi”QbœZv wbwðZKiY;
 wbqwgZ evwoi KvR Av`vq I wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb;
 †kÖwY‡Z cvV eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j wkÿK‡K cÖkœ K‡i ey‡S wb‡Z mnvqZv Kiv| wkÿ‡KiI `vwqZ¡ Zvi †kÖwYi
cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x cvV eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q wK bv Zv hvPvB K‡i wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv;
 ‡KvwPs wbiærmvwnZ Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZwi³ mgq w`‡q AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZv Kiv| hvid‡j H
wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i kÖ×v K‡qK¸Y e„w× cv‡e;
 cÖwZwU cvV¨welq †hgb evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZmn mKj wel‡qB g~j¨‡eva PP©vi †ÿÎ i‡q‡Q| wkÿK cÖ_‡g wb‡R
†m¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡eb Ges cieZ©x‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q Zv Abykxjb Kiv‡eb;
 †Kvb wkÿv_©x fvP©yqvj fvBiv‡m AvµvšÍ n‡j Zv‡K KvD‡Ýwjs K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv e¨env‡i
Af¨¯Í Kiv Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ Zvi wcZvgvZv‡KI m‡PZb K‡i KvD‡Ýwjs Kiv;
 eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx wkÿv_©x‡`i we`¨vj‡qi g~javivq GKxf~Z Kiv n‡”Q, hv GKwU hyMvšÍKvix
c`‡ÿc| Gme wkï‡`i cÖwZ cÖavbwkÿK, mnKvixwkÿK, wkÿv_©x, AwffveK I Kg©Pvixmn mswkøó mKj‡K
mngwg© I †¯œnkxj n‡Z n‡e| Gg~j¨‡ev‡ai Abykxjb hv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR RvqMv †_‡K Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨
mKj‡K mRvM _vK‡Z n‡e| GwU GKwU wUgIqvK©| GLv‡b GKR‡bi Amn‡hvwMZv m¤ú~Y© KvRwU‡K e¨nZ
Ki‡e hv g~j¨‡eva MV‡b †bwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| GwU ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e
Ges GmKj wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡Ri mšÍvb, fvB, †evb A_©vr cwiev‡ii m`m¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K AviI •ewPΨgq I Avb›``vqK K‡i †Zvjv hv‡Z wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi kÖ×v AviI
e„w× cvq;
 wkÿKfxwZ `~i K‡i wkÿK‡K AviI wkÿv_©xevÜe n‡Z n‡e;
 †Ljvayjvmn meai‡bi mncvVµwgK Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wewfbœ RvZxq w`em cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †`kvZ¥‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 m‡e©vcwi cwievi †_‡K AwR©Z g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv we`¨vj‡q Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

2.2 wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek^vm¸‡jv‡K wPwýZKiY I Abykxjb

Ges wkÿK wn‡m‡e †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ wba©viY
welqe¯‧, wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj, wkLb cwi‡ek Gme Dcv`vb wkÿv_©xi wek^vm MV‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †h e¨w³ BwZevPK ev
Kj¨vYKi ¸Yvewj‡K g~j¨ †`b wZwb wkÿK nIqvi †hvM¨| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki wbR †ckv I wkÿv`v‡bi †hvM¨Zv I
AwfÁZvi cÖwZ Zvi Mfxi wek^vmB Zv‡K GKRb `ÿ I Av`k© wkÿK wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi c‡_ GwM‡q wb‡q hvq|
ZvQvov wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿvjvf I Av`k© Rxeb MV‡b wek^vm GK Mfxi g~jgš¿ wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek^vm¸‡jv‡K wPwýZKiY I Abykxjb
†Kvb mywbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯‧, NUbv ev aviYv‡K †K›`ª K‡i gvby‡li wek^vm M‡o I‡V| wek^vm n‡Z cv‡i †Kvb evwn¨K ev
Af¨šÍixY Abyf~wZ ev †Kvb Z_¨ †evaMg¨ nIqv Ges wewfbœ cwiw¯wZ‡Z hvPvB Kivi ci GB †ev‡ai mZ¨Zv m¤^‡Ü ¯vqx
aviYv n‡j Zv‡K Ávb ejv hvq| H c~e©jä Ávb ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g hyw³i mvnv‡h¨ wePvi K‡i mZ¨ e‡j wm×všÍ wb‡j Zv
†_‡K bZzb Ávb Rb¥vq| Gfv‡e g‡bi g‡a¨ †hme mZ¨ Dcjwä nq †m¸‡jv‡K Ry‡o †h Z‡Ë¡i Rvj †evbv n‡Z _v‡K
Zv‡`i MÖnY‡hvM¨ Aby‡gv`bB n‡jv wek^vm|
26
G Áv‡bi we‡klZ¡ nj ïay c~‡e©i AwfÁZvB bq, fwel¨Z cwiw¯wZ I AÁvZ cwiw¯wZ m¤^‡ÜI Gi Øviv fwel¨ØvYx Kiv
m¤¢e Ges †mB fwel¨ØvYxi mvdj¨ wek^vm‡K eRvq iv‡L| wek^vm n‡Z cv‡i GKR‡bi e¨w³MZ Kíbv| †Kvb wKQz‡K fvj
e‡j wek^vm bv n‡j Zv‡K g›` e‡jB m‡›`n n‡e| gvbyl Zvi wek^v‡mi wfwˇZ Rxeb cwiPvjbv K‡i| †hgb- GKRb
e¨w³ gvbweKZvq wek^vmx| wZwb RxeRM‡Zi cÖwZ memgq mnvbyf‚wZkxj| GLv‡b Zvi wek^vm Zv‡K gvbweK AvPiY
Ki‡Z DØy× K‡i‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y wZwb gvbweK AvPiY‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`b ev g~j¨ †`b|
Avgv‡`i Rxeb‡K hv ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i, g~j¨evb K‡i †Zv‡j Zv-B GK K_vq wek^vm| GB wek^vm Avgv‡`i K‡g©
cÖwZdwjZ nq| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g AšÍfy³ © wek^vm bvbv ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î, kvixwiK I
we‡bv`bg~jK, mvgvwRK, •bwZK, †m․›`h© m‡¤¢v‡Mi/bv›`wbK, Ávbg~jK/‡e․w×K I ag©xq wek^vm BZ¨vw`|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek^vm¸‡jv Abykxjb
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †h mvaviY wek^vm¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv we`¨vj‡q Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ wb‡Pi †K․kj¸‡jv Aej¤^b
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
A_©‣bwZK †ÿ‡Î wek^vm
wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ hw` mvgvwRKxKiY nq, Z‡e Dchy³ wkÿvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ A_©‣bwZK †PZbv RvMÖZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| mvaviY wkÿvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ A_©‣bwZK †PZbv RvMÖZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K `yÕw`K †_‡K KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgb-
cÖ_gZ: wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z mgv‡Ri Avw_©K KvVv‡gvwU h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m wel‡q Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb
mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ: mgv‡Ri Avw_©K KvVv‡gvwU‡K eRvq ivL‡Z Ges Zvi DbœwZ mva‡b e¨w³i f~wgKv Kx nIqv DwPZ, †m wel‡q
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wkÿv_©xi †hme wel‡q Ávb cÖ‡qvRb Zv nj-
 wewfbœ wkí ms¯v Kxfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq †m m¤úwK©Z Ávb;
 K…wl Drcv`b msµvšÍ cÖv_wgK Ávb;
 Drcv`b wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î kÖwgK‡`i f~wgKv;
 Drcvw`Z mvgMÖxi g~j¨ wba©viY bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb;
 miKv‡ii A_©‣bwZK f~wgKv msµvšÍ Ávb;
 mvgvwRK I A_©‣bwZK `ye©jZvi KviY;
 A_©‣bwZK wewb‡qvM cÖ_v m¤úwK©Z Ávb|
G ai‡bi e¨w³MZ m‡PZbZv Avbvi Rb¨ we`¨vjq KZ¸‡jv Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
 wkÿv_©x‡`i e„wËg~jK ÿgZv, AvMÖn I m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv `v‡bi e¨e¯v Ki‡j,Zviv mvgvwRK A_©bxwZ‡Z
KZUzKz mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m wel‡q m‡PZb n‡Zcv‡i;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i m¤¢vebv Abyhvqx e„wËg~jK cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z cvi‡j, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ KZ¸‡jv PvwiwÎK ¸‡Yi
weKvk nq, †h¸‡jv Zv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vmx K‡i †Zv‡j;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³MZ Avw_©K mycwiPvjbvi e¨vcv‡i cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©xiv weÁvbm¤§Zfv‡e wb‡R‡`i Pvwn`vi mvgMÖx msMÖn Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e| wb‡Ri Dc‡fv‡Mi mvgMÖx
mwVKfv‡e wbe©vPb Kivi ÿgZv, e¨w³Rxe‡bi ¯vqx PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨| wkÿv_©x G wel‡q, Dchy³ Ávb I
cÖwkÿY jvf Ki‡j, Zv‡`i AvZ¥wba©viY, Av‡Z¥vcjwä I AvZ¥mgš^‡qi ÿgZv e„w× cv‡e|
kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK m‡PZbZv
wkÿvi gva¨‡g kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK m‡PZbZv wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ RvMÖZ Kiv m¤¢e| GRb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb
mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z ¯^v¯¨msµvšÍ I we‡bv`bg~jK Kvh©vewji MyiæZ¡ e¨w³MZfv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i,
†m wel‡q Zv‡`i m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z G msµvšÍ AvPiY¸‡jv m¤úv`‡bi Af¨vm MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i,
†m wel‡q we`¨vjq‡KB Dchy³ e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wkÿK‡K wZbwU ch©v‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e-
cÖ_gZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i G msµvšÍ Ávb mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| G Ávb mieiv‡ni Rb¨ wkÿK m¦v¯¨weÁv‡bi mnvqZv wb‡Z
cv‡ib| ‣`wnK A½-cÖZ¨‡½i MVb Ges Kvh©vewj msµvšÍ Z_¨ ¯^v¯¨weÁv‡bi gva¨‡g cwi‡ekb Kiv hvq| we‡bv`bg~jK
KvR¸‡jv A½mÂvjbg~jK weavq ¯^v¯¨weÁv‡bi Ávb Gme Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
27
wØZxqZ: wkÿv_©x‡`i w`K †_‡K c~‡e©v³ Áv‡bi Zvrch© Dcjwä Kiv GKvšÍ cª‡qvRb| ‣RweK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi m‡½ Hme
Áv‡bi m¤úK© Kx Ges •`wnK weKvk I ¯^v¯¨vf¨vm Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v Z…w߇Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡i, Gme wel‡q
Zv‡`i m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| my¯^v¯¨ Ges m„Rbkxj cÖwµqvq Aemi we‡bv`‡bi cÖ‡Póv e¨w³mËv weKv‡k †h GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K, †m wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Avkvbyiƒc AvPiY m„wó n‡e| wkÿ‡Ki
cÖavb `vwqZ¡ n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPiYMZ ÎæwU¸‡jv wbY©q Kiv I †m¸‡jv‡K c~‡e©v³ Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨vmn cwieZ©‡bi
†Póv Kiv|
Z…ZxqZ: †h‡nZz kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK wµqvKjvc e¨w³i •`bw›`b AvPi‡Yi m‡½ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e m¤úwK©Z †m‡nZz, G
AvPiY¸‡jv Af¨v‡mi ¯Í‡i DbœxZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Avi GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abykxjb| GB Abykxjb cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e wbw`©ó
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡gB m¤¢e| †mRb¨ we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ KwZcq wbw`©ó Kvh©vewj wba©viY K‡i Zv myôz cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z n‡e| †m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
 gva¨wgK wkÿv¯Í‡i kvixwiK wkÿvg~jK Kvh©vewji ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK Kv‡Ri PP©vi
my‡hvM †`Iqv hvq;
 Kg©wkÿvi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i we‡bv`bg~jK Kvh©vf¨vm MVb Kiv m¤¢e;
 kvixwiK I we‡bv`bg~jK Kvh©vewj wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡Ri ÿgZv I m¤¢vebv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j, wb‡Ri
•RweK Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Kg©cšv wbe©vP‡b mÿg nq Ges Pvwn`vi m‡½ wb‡Ri ÿgZvi mvgÄm¨ weavb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
mvgvwRK wek^vm
†h e¨w³ Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³i m‡½ mwVK m¤úK© ¯vc‡b mÿg †m-B mvgvwRKfv‡e cwiYZ| mvgvwRK w`K †_‡K cwiYZ e¨w³
wb‡Ri I A‡b¨i cªZ¨vkv c~i‡Yi Dc‡hvMx cÖwZwµqv Ki‡Z mÿg| wewfbœ mgvRe¨e¯vq AvPiYMZ Av`k© wewfbœ iKg|
Gai‡bi `„wófw½ Rxebv`k©MZ msNv‡Zi m„wó K‡i| GRb¨ AvaywbK wPšÍvwe`MY mvgvwRK wek^v‡mi wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv
mve©Rbxb g~j¨gvb wba©vi‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb| hv GKw`‡K †hgb e¨w³i mvgvwRK AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K
e¨w³¯^vaxbZv w`‡q mvgvwRK AMÖMwZi c_‡K myMg Ki‡e| mve©Rbxb GB mvgvwRK wek^v‡mi g~j wfwË nj e¨w³i wbR¯^
cÖZ¨vkv Ges e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K A‡b¨i cÖZ¨vkvi mv_©K mgš^q| G mgš^‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿv| G D‡Ï‡k¨ we`¨vjq‡K
†hme ch©v‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv nj-
 cÖ_‡gB wkï‡K Zvi wbR¯^ Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ we`¨vjq Zv‡K wewfbœ AwfÁZvi m¤§yLxb
Ki‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| GKBmv‡_ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK
ixwZbxwZ, wbqg Kvbyb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡Z n‡e| KviY, mvgvwRK Pvwn`v I ixwZbxwZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv bv
_vK‡j mgvR Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡K Kx cÖZ¨vkv K‡i wkÿv_©xiv Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mvgvwRK Pvwn`vi mgš^q Kivi cÖwkÿY w`‡Z n‡e| GB cÖwkÿ‡Yi KvR n‡e
mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k| wkÿvwe`MY we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z mvgvwRK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjvi Ici me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q‡Qb| wkÿv_©xiv mgv‡Ri Abyiƒc cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡`i Pvwn`vi m‡½ mvgwMÖK Pvwn`vi mgš^q NwU‡q
¯^vaxbfv‡e †h cÖwZwµqv Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e Zv †_‡KB Zv‡`i g‡b GK ai‡bi mve©Rbxb wek^vm RvMÖZ n‡e|
 mvgvwRK wek^vm MV‡bi cÖwµqvq †h wZbwU †g․wjK Dcv`vb cÖ‡qvRb Zv njÑÁvb ev AwfÁZv, g~j¨vqb I
mgš^q mvab| Ávb Avni‡Yi ch©v‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b cvVµ‡gi AšÍfy³ © Z_¨vewj Dc¯vcb Kiv nq,
g~j¨vq‡bi ch©v‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i Ici `vwqZ¡fvi Ac©Y K‡i Kg©m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM †`Iqv nq Ges mgš^q ¯Í‡i
`je×fv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q Zv‡`i AvPiYMZ wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv nq|
†m․›`h© m‡¤¢vM ev bv›`wbK wek^vm
wek^ cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv‡K my›`i wn‡m‡e Dcjwä Kiv e¨w³mËvi GKwU •ewkó¨| †m․›`h© †hgb meUzKz e¯‧MZ
bq, e¨w³i Abyf~wZi m‡½ RwoZ, †Zgwb †m․›`h© m‡¤¢vMI †Kvb •be©¨w³K cÖwµqv bq| †m․›`‡h©i g~‡j Av‡Q GK ai‡bi
gvbwmK msMVb| G †eva gvby‡li gb‡K KjylZv gy³ K‡i| Gi `yÕwU AvPiYMZ w`K Av‡Q| GKwU w`K nj -
e¨w³‡K e¯‧RM‡Zi cwic~Y© †m․›`h© DcjwׇZ mnvqZv Kiv Ges Aci w`KwU nj Ñ my›`‡ii m„wó| ax‡i ax‡i AwfÁZvi
wfwˇZ e¨w³Rxe‡b G †PZbv RvMÖZ nq| we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ G †eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡¤œi KvR¸‡jv
ch©vqµ‡g Ki‡Z n‡e :
28
  wkÿv_©x‡`i Dchy³ AwfÁZv w`‡q mnvqZv w`‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡qi cvVµ‡gi AšÍfy³ © mvwnZ¨, MwYZ, m½xZ,
b„Z¨, Pviæ I KviæKjv BZ¨vw` wel‡qi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †m․›`h©‡eva dz‡U DV‡e;
 wkÿv_©xi gb †_‡K hvwš¿Kfv‡e gyL¯ Kivi cÖeYZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ welqe¯‧i Zvrch© Dcjwäi w`‡K †Rvi w`‡Z
n‡e;
 wkLb‡K Dcjwäi ¯Í‡i †cu․‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| ïay ¯§„wZi ¯Í‡i wkLb Øviv †m․›`h© m‡¤¢v‡Mi †eva m„wó Kiv hv‡e bv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡R‡`i fzj-ÎæwU m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e, Gi ga¨ w`‡q cÖK…Z †m․›`h© m„wói Aby‡cÖiYv
Avm‡e;
 †m․›`h©‡ev‡ai GKwU w`K nj my›`‡ii m„wó| wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡K my›`‡ii m„wó‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb| Zviv †hb
Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ †m․›`h© dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wkÿK Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡eb|
Ávbxq/‡e․w×K wek¦vm
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿKMY Ávbg~jK Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡jI wkÿv_©xiv H Z_¨¸‡jv AvqË Kivi g‡a¨B Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póv‡K
mxgve× iv‡L| Zviv GB Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ¯^vaxbfv‡e †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡Z cv‡i bv| e¨w³i g‡a¨ †e․w×K wek^vm RvMÖZ
Ki‡Z n‡j †m ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zvi Áv‡bi †ÿ·K wbe©vPb Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e Ges †h †Kvb cÖvß Z‡_¨i Zvrch© wbY©q Ki‡Z
cvi‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ G wek^vm RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡j we`¨vjq‡K mycwiKwíZfv‡e G D‡Ï‡k¨ wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z
n‡eÑ
 wkÿv_©x‡`i G wek^vm m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K Ggb AwfÁZv ev Áv‡bi mvgMÖx wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e
†h¸‡jv wkÿv_©xi ev¯ÍeRxe‡b Zvrch©c~Y©;
 wkÿK‡K wkLb c×wZi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †kÖwY‡Z Ggbfv‡e Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb
wkÿv_©xiv wb‡Riv Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zvi wfwˇZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i|
 wkL‡bi mgq Z_¨ gyL¯ Kivi †P‡q aviYv MV‡bi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e,hv‡Z wkLb cÖwµqv‡K DbœZ ¯Í‡i
msMwVZ Kiv hvq| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡`i AwfÁZv‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 wewfbœ AwfÁZv I aviYvi g‡a¨ wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wKQz cÖ‡qvMg~jK Kv‡Ri
e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e hvi m‡½ ev¯Í‡ei m¤úK© _vK‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b Ávb Avni‡Yi cÖwZ ¯ú„nv RvMÖZ Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i cvV¨eB
QvovI Ab¨vb¨ eB covi e¨vcv‡i Drmvn w`‡eb|
•bwZK wek^vm
e¨w³i •bwZK wµqv mvaviYfv‡e KZ¸‡jv mvgvwRK Av`k© Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| mgvRweÁvbxiv ‣bwZK AvPiY‡K mvgvwRK
AvPi‡Yi g~j¨vwqZ iƒc wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡Kb| g‡bvweÁvbx I `vk©wbKMY •bwZK AvPiYi‡K e¨w³ wba©vwiZ wµqv
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡ib| A_©vr e¨w³ Zvi wbR¯^ Rxebv`‡k©i †cÖwÿ‡Z hLb †Kvb cÖwZwµqv ev AvPi‡Yi †h․w³KZv wePvi
K‡i, ZLbB †mB AvPiY‡K ejv nq ‣bwZK AvPiY| cÖ‡Z¨K •bwZK AvPi‡YiB mvgvwRK ms¯úk© Av‡Q| e¨w³ hLb Zvi
wb‡Ri AvPiY‡K wbR¯^ hyw³ Øviv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i ZLb ‣bwZKZv †eva RvMÖZ nq| we`¨vj‡q wkÿK wn‡m‡e
‣bwZKZv †eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e Ñ
 wkÿv_©x‡`i G msµvšÍ AwfÁZvi m¤§yLxb Ki‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡q cvVµ‡gi AšÍfy³ © welq¸‡jv †hgb
BwZnvm,f~‡Mvj, Pviæ I KviæKjv,RxeweÁvb, ag© I •bwZK wkÿv BZ¨vw` wkÿv_©x‡`i •bwZKZv †eva m¤úwK©Z
AwfÁZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ïaygvÎ Z_¨ ev Ávb mieivn K‡i ‣bwZKZv †eva RvMÖZ Kiv m¤¢e bq| †h ch©šÍ bv AwfÁZv¸‡jv‡K e¨w³MZ
AvPi‡Yi m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y©fv‡e mshy³ Kiv hvq †m ch©šÍ AwfÁZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ PvwjKvkw³ m„wó nq bv| GRb¨
wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i AwfÁZvwfwËK AvPiY m¤úv`‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡eb|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mvaviY wKQz Af¨vm MV‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e| GKevi G Af¨vm¸‡jv MwVZ n‡j Zv Øviv
wkÿv_©xi AvPiY¸‡jv ¯^Zù~Z©fv‡e wbqwš¿Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z Zv‡`i AwfÁZv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q Zv‡`i mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e|
GRb¨ Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q Zv‡`i AvZ¥m‡PZb K‡i Zyj‡Z n‡e|
 wewfbœ cvV¨welqwfwËK AwfÁZv I Kg©AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g hw` wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b `qv, mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv
BZ¨vw`i gZ weg~Z© aviYv¸‡jv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †mw›U‡g›U M‡o †Zvjv hvq Z‡e G¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z Zv‡`i AvPi‡Yi
h_v_©Zv wba©viY Ki‡e|
29
ag©xq wek¦vm
ag©‡K ev` w`‡q gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| †h †Kvb a‡g© wek^vmx gvbyl‡K Ggb GK wek^eªþv‡Ð evm Ki‡Z nq
hv‡K m„wó Kivi AwaKvi Zvi †bB| ZvB †m me©kw³gvb GK ¯ªóv‡K wek^vm K‡i‡Q †KejgvÎ wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g| GB
me©kw³gvb mËvq wek^vm‡K ejv nq Ava¨vwZ¥KZv‡eva| e¨w³Rxe‡b Av`k©iƒc dzwU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡j GB me©Rbxb
Ava¨vwZ¥KZv‡eva Zvi g‡a¨ RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G †eva †h †Kvb ag© wek^vm‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| GB †evaB
gvbyl‡K mZ¨wbô K‡i Zzj‡e| GwU wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z n‡e-
 wkÿv_©x‡`i Dchy³ Ávb mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ a‡g©i g‡a¨ mgš^q NUv‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ me a‡g©i †g․wjK bxwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †h mv`„k¨ Av‡Q Ges mewKQzi g~‡j †h GKwU me©Rbxb
wek^vm KvR Ki‡Q Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i Dcjwä Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb;
 msKxY©Zvgy³ G ai‡bi Ávb wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ KZ©e¨ wba©vi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMv‡Z mÿg n‡e;
 we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi AšÍM©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z ag©xq †g․wjK bxwZ¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi `vwqZ¡ wkÿK‡K wb‡Z n‡e|
 we`¨vj‡q Ggb wKQz Abyôv‡bi Av‡qvRb Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i AwR©Z wek^vm‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i;
 msKxY© ms¯‥vigy³ Ávbmieivn Kiv Ges m‡½ m‡½ †m¸‡jv hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i •`bw›`b AvPiY m¤úv`‡bi
†ÿ‡Î e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g Abykxjb Kivi my‡hvM cvq †m wel‡q Kvh©Ki Kg©m~wP I cwi‡ek iPbv Kiv|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z †`Lv hv‡”Q gvby‡li Rxe‡b †h †Kvb wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk wkÿvi Øviv m¤¢e|
we`¨vj‡q wkÿvi gva¨‡g wkÿK Kx Kx wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk Ki‡Z Pvb Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv weKv‡ki
Rb¨ mwVK I Kvh©Ki AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb| myZivs cÖ‡Z¨KwU wek^vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai m‡½ mswkøó AwfÁZv¸‡jv wkÿK‡K
we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e| cvVµ‡g AšÍfy³ © AwfÁZv¸‡jv‡K h_vh_fv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi `vwqZ¡ wkÿ‡Ki|
wkLb cÖwµqvwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡e wPšÍbg~jK ¯Í‡i Ges mnvqK D`vniY I DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g| wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z
cwic~Y©fv‡e AvPiY m¤úv`‡bi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z
n‡e †h, wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡j we`¨vj‡qi mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek AbyK~j nIqv evÃbxq|
wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ g~j¨‡eva wkÿv_©xiv Rxe‡b Kvw•ÿZ Av`k© wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨
†h g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi †Póv K‡ib wZwb wb‡RI †hb †mB g~j¨‡ev‡ai AwaKvix nb †m wel‡q Zv‡K m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ welq cvV`v‡bi mgqI wkÿK wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ mswkøó wel‡qi ga¨ w`‡q wKQz wKQz g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
†hgb- mvwn‡Z¨i welq¸‡jv cvV`v‡bi mgq H wel‡qi M`¨, c`¨, Dcb¨vm, mvivsk, fvem¤úªmviY †_‡K wewfbœ g~j¨‡eva
wPwýZ Kiv Ges Abykxjb Kiv| Avevi evsjv‡`k I wek^cwiPq wel‡q mvgvwRK I cwi‡ekMZ wKQz g~j¨‡eva Abykxjb
Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| RxeweÁvb wel‡q gvwU `~lY,cwi‡ek iÿv I wech©q, eb myiÿv, Rxe ‣ewPÎ BZ¨vw` g~j¨‡eva
Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| weÁv‡b kã `~lY, wbDU‡bi MwZi m~‡Îi BwZevPK e¨envi, †ZRw®…qZvi BwZevPK e¨envi,
wewfbœ ai‡bi GwmW/ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw`i †bwZevPK e¨envi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kivi ga¨ w`‡q g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| GKBfv‡e AvBwmwU welq, kvixwiK wkÿv, Pviæ I KviæKjv cÖwZwU wel‡qi ga¨ w`‡q g~j¨‡eva Abykxj‡bi my‡hvM
i‡q‡Q hvi wKQz wKQz wkÿvµ‡gI D‡jøL Av‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki AvšÍwiKZv I m„RbkxjZv cÖ‡ qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿv_©xi
g~j¨‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi `vwqZ¡ A‡bKvs‡kB wkÿ‡Ki Ici eZ©vq|
wkÿK wn‡m‡e †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ wba©viY
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg myôz I mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb Avek¨K| GB †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wKQz jÿ¨ wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G jÿ¨mg~n ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z
n‡e| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †ckvRxex‡`i wKQz bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| wkÿKI †h‡nZz GKRb †ckvRxex, myZivs
wkÿK‡KI wKQz wbqg cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †m¸‡jv nj-
 †ckvi cÖwZ AvšÍwiKZv, GKvMÖZv I A½xKvie× _vKv;
 `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b m‡PZb _vKv;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µgmn mKj Kv‡R `ÿZv cÖ`k©b;
 wkÿv_©xi gb gvbwmKZvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv;

30
  †kLvi AvMÖn I mv¤úªwZK Z_¨ Rvbvi AvMÖn;
 wbijm Ávb”P©vq gMœ _vKv;
 mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ð Ae`vb ivLvi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ ivLv|
wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvZ¥we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿK wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi †ÿ‡Î AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_
AvZ¥we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zvui †ckvMZ Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z n‡e| GRb¨ wkÿK wb‡R‡K wb‡¤œv³ cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g h_vh_ cÖ¯w‧ Z wb‡q hvb wKÑbv;
 wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v m¤ú‡K© mPivPi m‡PZb _v‡Kb wKÑbv;
 mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvb `„wó †`b wKÑbv;
 wkÿv_©x‡K fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cªkswmZ K‡ib wKÑbv;
 AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb wKÑbv;
 Zv‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡b KZUzKz AvšÍwiKZvi cwiPq w`‡q _v‡Kb;
 †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ D‡`¨vM †bqv nq wKÑbv;
 †ckv m¤úwK©Z mv¤úªwZK Z_¨ m¤^wjZ eB covi Af¨vm Av‡Q wKÑbv;
 wbR D‡`¨v‡M mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯vc‡bi †Póv K‡ib wKÑbv;
 mncvVµwgK Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvq AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib wKÑbv |
wkÿK wb‡RB hLb wb‡R‡K AvZ¥we‡kølYg~jK cÖkœ Ki‡eb Ges Gi Dˇii †cªwÿ‡Z AvZ¥we‡køl‡Y †Kvb NvUwZ wPwýZ
K‡i Zv mgvav‡b m‡Pó n‡eb ZLbB Zvi †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡e|
wkÿK wn‡m‡e e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ wkÿv_©x‡`i I mgv‡Ri wbKU GKRb Av`k© wkÿK nIqv| `ÿ, AwfÁ I
cvi`k©x wkÿK wn‡m‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i Z_v mgvR‡K KZUzKz w`‡Z †c‡i‡Qb †mUvB Zvi jÿ¨ nIqv DwPZ| GKRb fvj
wkÿ‡Ki †hme ¸Yvewj _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj Ñ
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv `ÿZv
Ñ cvV cwiKíbv •Zwii `ÿZv;
Ñ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi `ÿZv;
Ñ RwUj cvV e¨vL¨vi `ÿZv;
Ñ wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v ‣ah©mnKv‡i †kvbv I †evSvi `ÿZv;
Ñ `ÿfv‡e †kÖwY k„•Ljv wbqš¿Y;
Ñ Afxÿv I cixÿvi cÖkc œ Î cÖYq‡bi `ÿZv;
Ñ Afxÿv I cixÿvi DËicÎ g~j¨vq‡bi `ÿZv|
 wkLb- †kLv‡bv Kvh©µg msµvšÍ Ávb
Ñwelqmswkøó Áv‡bi MfxiZv;
Ñ cvV¨m~wPi Ávb;
Ñwe`¨vj‡qi wbqg-Kvbyb msµvšÍ Ávb;
Ñ c×wZ I †K․kjMZ Ávb;
Ñ cixÿv c×wZMZ Ávb;
Ñ RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ msµvšÍ Ávb|
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv `„wófw½
Ñ wkLb m¤^Üxq BwZevPK `„wófw½;
Ñ welq msµvšÍ BwZevPK `„wófw½;
Ñ •ah© I mnbkxjZv;
Ñ mymsMwVZ Kvh©µg;
Ñ †RÛvi m‡PZbZv;
Ñ `vwqZ¡ m‡PZbZv;
Ñ Kg©mnvqK M‡elYvi gva¨‡g wkLb-†kLv‡bv †K․kj msµvšÍ mgm¨v mgvavb|
31
e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc (Reflective Diary) msiÿY I Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©‡bi Rb¨ Abykxjb
cÖ‡qvRb| G Abykxjb mviv Rxebe¨vcx Ges avivevwnKfv‡e Pj‡e| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK Zvi wb‡Ri Kv‡Q GKwU
Wv‡qwi ivL‡eb Ges cÖwZw`b Zvi K¬v‡mi c‡i wbqwgZfv‡e Wv‡qwi wjL‡eb| G ai‡bi Wv‡qwii bvg cÖwZdjb
Wv‡qwi|G Wv‡qwi‡Z Kx Kx Z_¨ _vK‡e Ges KLb wjL‡eb Zv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv njÑ
Ñ cÖwZw`b K¬vm †kl nIqvi ci H K¬v‡mi mej w`K I `ye©j w`K ;
Ñ wkÿK Kxfv‡e K¬vmwU AviI fvj Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb G e¨vcv‡i AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv I gZvgZ;
Ñ mnKg©x wkÿK A_ev mZx_© cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿ‡Yi ci H K¬v‡mi mej
w`K, `ye©j w`K Ges H wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ civgk©µ‡g H K¬v‡mi Dbœq‡bi w`K;
Ñ mn‡hvMx wkÿK A_ev welq mswkøó we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨vb¨ AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki †kÖwY Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY †k‡l D³
K¬v‡mi mej, `ye©j I Dbœq‡bi w`K;
Ñ eB c‡o, B›Uvi‡b‡U, mZx_©‡`i mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i fvj wkÿK •Zwi msµvšÍ gZvgZ, c×wZ ev
Z_¨ †c‡j Zv Wv‡qwi‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b Wv‡qwi †jLvi ci Avevi wbqwgZ co‡ZI n‡e| we‡kl K‡i
†kÖwY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ¯w‧ Z Mªn‡Yi mgq Wv‡qwi Ly‡j co‡Z n‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx K¬v‡mi cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY K‡i K¬v‡m
†h‡Z n‡e| Avi G Abykxjb Pj‡e mviv Rxebe¨vcx|
myZivs wkÿK wn‡m‡e mgv‡R, we`¨vj‡q I Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q GKRb Av`k© e¨w³ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf Ki‡Z n‡j
wkÿK‡K K‡g©i cÖwZ AvZ¥wb‡qvM I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b cÖwZÁve× n‡Z n‡e| ZvB †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ jÿ¨
nIqv DwPZ †`k , RvwZ, mgvR I wkÿv_©xi wbKU wb‡R‡K AwfÁ, cvi`k©x I Av`k© wkÿK wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Kiv|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß-DËi cÖkœ
1. wek^vm ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

2. Kx Kx Kvi‡Y wek^vm AwR©Z nq?

3. wek^vm I wkÿv ci¯úi m¤úwK©Z Ñe¨vL¨v Kiæb|

4. g~j¨‡eva ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

5. wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wkÿv_©xi e¨w³MZ wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

6. wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv wjLyb|

7. wkLb-†kLv‡bv m¤úwK©Z mvaviY wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKRb wkÿK Kxfv‡e wewfbœ cÖKvi wek^vm I g~j¨‡eva AR©‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZv Ki‡eb?

2. wkÿK wn‡m‡e †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Avcbvi e¨w³MZ jÿ¨ Kx nIqv DwPZ? Avcwb Kxfv‡e G jÿ¨ AR©b
Ki‡eb? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

32
 BDwbU 3 : wkÿK †hvM¨Zv
wkLb †kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q †Kv‡bv Ávb, `ÿZv ev `…wófw½ cwic~Y©fv‡e AvqË Kivi ci †KD Zvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡b
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j †mB Ávb, `ÿZv ev `…wófw½‡K Zvi GKwU †hvM¨Zv ejv nq| G Aa¨v‡q
†hvM¨Zvi mvaviY aviYvi cvkvcvwk †hvM¨Zvi •ewkó¨,Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK
¯Í‡ii wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi Av`k©gvb¸‡jv e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‧‡K wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e web¨vm K‡i
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q-
3.1 †hvM¨Zvi aviYv I •ewkó¨, Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv, wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv;
3.2 evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv Kiv Ges we,GW wkÿvµ‡g wba©vwiZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv|

3.1 †hvM¨Zvi aviYv I •ewkó¨, Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv, wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
†hvM¨Zvi aviYv
†hvM¨Zv ej‡Z †Kvb KvR Kivi ev Ki‡Z cvivi ¸Y, mvg_¨© ev mÿgZv‡K eySvq| The ability to do something
successfully or efficiently is competency.(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/)| †hvM¨Zv ev mvg_©¨¸‡jv
Aek¨B wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ AR©b‡hvM¨ n‡e| GKB mv‡_ †m¸‡jv hvPvB ev g~j¨vqb‡hvM¨ ev cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡e| wkÿvi
†ÿ‡Î ejv hvq GKwU wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii wkÿv †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv †h Ávb, `ÿZv I `…wófw½Õi mgš^‡q MwVZ mvg_©¨¸‡jv AR©b
Ki‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv nq †m¸‡jv‡K †hvM¨Zv e‡j| A competency is the capability to apply or use a set of
related knowledge, skills, and abilities required to successfully perform "critical work functions" or
tasks in a defined work setting. Competencies often serve as the basis for skill standards that specify
the level of knowledge, skills, and abilities required for success in the workplace as well as potential
measurement criteria for assessing competency attainment.
(http://www.instruction.greenriver.edu/avery/faculty/pres/tesol04/comptetencies3.htm)|
evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k
wkÿvi wewfbœ †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg Pvjy Av‡Q| 1986 mv‡j me©cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡k cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i †hvM¨ZvwfwËK
wkÿvµg cÖYq‡bi KvR ïiæ nq| †`ke¨vcx cÖ_g †kÖwY‡Z †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg cÖeZ©‡bi KvR Avi¤¢ nq 1992
mv‡j| †h wkÿvµ‡g †Kvb ¯Í‡ii wkÿv †k‡l cÖ‡Z¨K welq I †kÖwYi wba©vwiZ AR©b Dc‡hvMx †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv µgvbymv‡i
AR©b Kivi j‡ÿ¨ web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡K †hvM¨ZvwfwËK wkÿvµg e‡j|

†hvM¨Zvi •ewkó¨
1. †hvM¨Zvmg~n Aek¨B Ávb, `ÿZv ev `…wófw½ AR©b‡hvM¨ cwic~Y© I `„k¨gvb cÖKvk n‡Z n‡e|
2. †hvM¨Zvmg~n Aek¨B cwigvc‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
3. †hvM¨Zv AR©bKvix ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q †m¸‡jv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j †mB Ávb, `ÿZv ev
`…wófw½‡K Zvi GKwU †hvM¨Zv ejv hv‡e|
4. wkLbd‡ji (learning objectives) mv‡_ †hvM¨Zvi (Competencies) cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| wkLbdj Z˦xq Ávb I
cÖ‡qvwMK `ÿZvi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| wKš‧ †hvM¨Zv n‡jv Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½i cÖv‡qvwMK I `„k¨gvb Ae¯v|
G Rb¨ ejv nq Competencies, therefore, may incorporate a skill, but are more than the skill;
they include abilities and behaviours, as well as knowledge that is fundamental to the use of a
skill.(http://www.talentalign.com/skills-vs-competencies-whats-the-difference/)
5. wkLbd‡ji gZB †hvM¨Zvmg~n †jLvi mgq mywb©w`©ó, cwigvc‡hvM¨ Ges AvPiwYK cwifvlvq wjL‡Z nq|
wkLbd‡ji gva¨‡g †hLv‡b ïay cÖwkÿYv_x© ev wkÿv_x© Kx AR©b Ki‡e Rvbv hvq †mLv‡b †hvM¨Zvi gva¨‡g †m
AR©b¸‡jv Kxfv‡e AR©b I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e Zv wbwðZ Kiv nq|
6. †hvM¨Zv cÖK…Zc‡ÿ `„k¨gvb I Dchy³ mvg_©¨ cÖ`k©‡bi Ici cÖwZwôZ|
33
Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv
†ckvMZ Ávb, cÖv‡qvwMK `ÿZv, wek^vm, g~j¨‡eva Ges `„wófw½ mgš^‡q MwVZ GK¸”Q †UKmB ¸Yvewj, †hvM¨Zv mvg_©¨,
hv GKRb wkÿK‡K wbR Kg©‡ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨vwkZ gvb Abyhvqx Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ I Kvh©µg Kvh©Kifv‡e m¤úv`‡b mvg_©¨evb K‡i
†Zv‡j ZvB Av`k© wkÿ‡Ki †hvM¨Zvgvb| Z‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvi Ici wkÿY †hvM¨Zv †K›`ªxf~Z _vK‡jI
wkÿKZv †h †Kvb wbw`©ó Kvh©fvi †_‡K AwaKZi e¨vcK welq| wkLb †kLv‡bvi ga¨ w`‡q †Kv‡bv Ávb, `ÿZv ev
`…wófw½ cwic~Y©fv‡e AvqË Kivi ci †KD Zvi ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi mg‡q Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡j †mB Ávb, `ÿZv
ev `…wófw½‡K Zvi GKwU †hvM¨Zv ejv nq| Av`k© wkÿK‡hvM¨Zvgv‡bi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q ejv hvq A characteristic
and measurable pattern of knowledge, skill and ability, demonstrated through behaviors, which
underlies and drives exceptional performance.
(https://www.med.umich.edu/umhshr/doc/Definition_of_a_Competency.pdf)

wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Avgv‡`i wkÿK,wkÿv e¨e¯v I wkÿvµ‡gi A‡bK mejw`K _vKv m‡Ë¡I GKwU `ye©j w`K n‡”Q cÖPwjZ wkÿK-wkÿv_x©
g~j¨vqb e¨e¯v| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k cvewjK I we`¨vjqwfwËK Af¨šÍixY g~j¨vq‡bi bv‡g †h wjwLZ cixÿv ms¯‥…wZ
Pj‡Q Zv‡Z ïay wkÿv_x©‡`i ÁvbMZ w`KwUB cwigvc nq wKš‧ Zv‡`i Kg©`ÿZv (g‡bv†ckxR) Ges wek¦vm I g~j¨‡ev‡ai
w`K¸‡jv (Av‡ewMK) m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB D‡cwÿZ †_‡K hv‡”Q| hvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©iv m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB gyL¯gyLx, cixÿvgyLx,
b¤^igyLx, mvwU©wd‡KUgyLx m‡e©vcwi cÖvB‡fU I †KvwPsgyLx n‡q c‡o‡Q| Avgv‡`i wkÿK wkÿv I cÖwkÿY e¨e¯v I wkÿK
g~j¨vq‡b GKB mgm¨v weivRgvb| wKš‧ cÖPwjZ wkÿK g~j¨vqb e¨e¯vq †hLv‡b wkÿKM‡Yi g‡bv‡ckxR w`‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqvi K_v wQj †mLv‡b ZË¡xq wjwLZ cixÿvi gva¨‡g wkÿK g~j¨vqb nevi d‡j cÖK…Z Ges AbycÖvwYZ wkÿK Luy‡R
cvIqv w`b w`b KwVb n‡q co‡Q| Avgv‡`i bexb wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨ jy°vwqZ Av‡Q Acvi m¤¢vebv I m„RbkxjZv| wkÿK
wkÿv wkÿvµ‡g hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b bv Avb‡Z cvi‡j ¸YMZ wkÿv AR©‡bi Kvw•ÿZ j‡ÿ¨ †c․uQv m¤¢e n‡e bv| we‡k¦i
Ab¨Zg cÖvPxb I e„nr wkÿve¨e¯v‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbv, gvbm¤§Z cÖwkÿY wbwðZ Kiv I M‡elYvi e¨vcK my‡hvM
m„wói gva¨‡g †gavex cÖRb¥‡K wkÿKZv †ckvq AvK…ó Kivi j‡ÿ¨ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wUwPs
†KvqvwjwU B¤úªyf‡g›U Bb †m‡KÛvwi GWz‡Kkb cÖ‡R›U -2q chv©q gva¨wgK wkÿKM‡Yi †hvM¨Zv wPwýZ Kivi D‡`¨vM
MÖnY K‡i|
3.2 evsjv‡`‡ki gv¨awgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv Kiv Ges we,GW wkÿvµ‡g
wbav©wiZ †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv chv©‡jvPbv
cVb-cvV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †Kvb Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ cwic~Y©fv‡e AvqË Kivi ci gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †Kvb wkÿK hw` Zvi
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b †mB jä Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j mw¤§wjZ mvdj¨‡K H wkÿ‡Ki
†hvM¨Zv e‡j wPwýZ Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK wkÿvi eZ©gvb cUf~wg‡Z mgq G‡m‡Q G ¯Í‡ii wkÿvi ¸YMZgvb
wbwðZKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv_x©iv KZUzKz Ávb, `ÿZv Ges Kxiƒc BwZevPK `„wófw½ I g~j¨‡eva AR©b Kij Zv mywbw`©ó
Kiv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ †hvM¨ wkÿKmgvR| wKš‧ `ytLRbK n‡jI GK_v mwZ¨ †h GZ eQi ciI
Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿKM‡Yi †hvM¨Zvgvb wbav©iY Kiv nqwb| GB cÖ_gev‡ii gZ evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii
wkÿKM‡Yi †hvM¨Zv wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq †h,A`~i fwel¨‡Z †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ wkÿK •Zwi n‡e hviv ïaygvÎ
eZ©gvb Pvwn`v †gUvevi †hvM¨ wkÿv_x©B bq, fwel¨Z Rxe‡b GKRb cÖvßeq¯‥ myLx gvbyl Ges mgvR I RvwZi
gvbem¤ú‡` cwiYZ n‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i h_vh_fv‡e •Zwi Ki‡e|
wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi †ÿÎ
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wkÿvgš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb wUwPs †KvqvwjwU BgcÖæf‡g›U Bb †m‡KÛvwi GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡RU
(wUwKDAvB-†mc-wØZxq chv©q) cÖK‡íi Aaxb wkÿvwe‡klÁ, wkÿK cÖwkÿK, AvšÍRv© wZK I †`kxq civgk©K wewfbœ
Kg©kvjv I RvZxq chv©‡qi wewfbœ mfv, †mwgbvi K‡i wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi PviwU cÖavb †ÿÎ D™¢veb K‡ib| GB PviwU †ÿÎ
n‡jv-
34
 1. †ckvMZ Ávb (Professional Knowledge)
2. †ckvMZ Abykxjb (Professional Practice)
3. wkÿKZv †ckvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³(ICT Integration in Teaching Profession)
4. †ckvMZ •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva (Professional Learning Ethics and Values)

†ckvMZ Ávb

†ckvMZ †ckvMZ
•bwZKZv I wkÿK‡hvM¨Zv Abykxjb
g~j¨‡eva cwiwa

wkÿKZv †ckvq
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³

wPÎ 2: wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi †ÿÎ

Dc‡iv³ wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖavb PviwU †ÿ‡Î Avevi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó Dc‡ÿÎ I †hvM¨Zv wbavi©Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G‡ÿ‡Î †ckvMZ Ávb‡ÿ‡Îi 18wU, †ckvMZ Abykxjb‡ÿ‡Îi 12wU, wkÿvMZ †ckvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³†ÿ‡Îi
8wU Ges †ckvMZ •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva‡ÿ‡Îi Rb¨ 15wU Ges me©‡gvU 53wU mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†m¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
gva¨wgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi Av`k©gvb
(Secondary Teachers Competency Standard)
†ÿÎ Dc‡ÿÎ mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv
1. †ckvMZ 1.1 welqe¯‧i 1.1.1 welqe¯‧i Ici cwic~Y© Ávb cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cviv
Ávb Ávb 1.1.2 welq m¤ú©‡K mgmvgwqK Ávb AbymÜvb Kiv
1.1.3 wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© Ávb cÖ`k©b Kiv
18 wU mywbw`©ó 1.1.4 welqe¯‧/welq Gi g‡a¨ AvšÍtm¤ú©K kbv³ Kiv
†hvM¨Zv 1.2 welqe¯‧ I 1.2.1 wkÿYmsµvšÍ welqÁvb mnRZifv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv
wkÿY 1.2.2 wkÿY-wkLb msµvšÍ †K․kj I `ÿZv Abyaveb I cÖ‡qvM Kiv
msµvšÍ Ávb 1.2.3 wkÿv_x©‡`i we‡kølYg~jK/mgv‡jvPbvg~jK wPšÍ‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv
cÖ‡qvM 1.2.4 fvlv `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Kiv
1.2.5 ‣ewk^K m‡PZbZv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv
1.2.6 wkÿY wb‡`©kbv wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Kiv

35
 †ÿÎ Dc‡ÿÎ mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv
1.3 wkÿv_x©i 1.3.1 wkÿv_x©‡`i ea©b I weKvk m¤ú©‡K wkÿ‡Ki Ávb I Dcjw× _vKv
Dbœqb 1.3.2 wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœgyLx Dbœqb I ea©b wPwýZKiY I mg_©b †`Iqv
1.3.3 wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K wkÿv wb‡`©kbv I hZœ cÖ`vb Kiv
1.3.4 wkÿv_x©‡`i cwic~Y© e¨w³ wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡Z mvnvh¨ Kiv|
1.3.5 wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb cÖwµqv we‡kølY Kiv
1.3.6 cÖwZwU wkï‡K GKwU BwZevPK I cÖwZcvjbg~jK m¤ú©Khy³ cwi‡ek
cÖ`vb Kiv
1.3.7 wj½ mgZv I GKxf~Z wkÿv DrmvwnZ Kiv
1.3.8 wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ mnvbyf~wZc~Y© m¤úK© ¯vc‡b m‡PZbZv cÖ`k©b Kiv
2.†ckvMZ 2.1 wkLb- 2.1.1 cvV cwiKíbv I †kÖwY Kvhv©ewj msMwVZ Kiv
Abykxjb †kLv‡bv 2.1.2 wewfb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ e¨envi K‡i wkLb Kvh©vewj web¨¯Í Kiv
cwiKíbv 2.1.3 GKxf~Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv mvgMÖx cÖYqb I msMÖn Kiv

12wU mywbw`©ó 2.2 wkLb- 2.2.1 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq mnvqZv `v‡b Kvh©Ki wkÿY †K․kj e¨envi Kiv
†hvM¨Zv †kLv‡bv 2.2.2 Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e¨envi K‡i wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv‡K
Kjv‡K․kj Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv
2.2.3 we‡kl Pvwn`v m¤úbœ wkÿv_x©‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
†K․kj Abykxjb Kiv
2.2.4 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wkÿv_x©‡`i Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
2.2.5 ev¯Íe wkÿv DcKiY I cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
cÖwµqv‡K Avb›``vqK Kiv

2.3 g~j¨vqb 2.3.1 Kvh©Ki g~j¨hvPvB c×wZ I †K․kj kbv³ Kiv

2.3.2 djcÖm~fv‡e wkÿv_x©‡`i g~j¨hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Kiv
2.3.3 g~j¨hvPvB cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb I e¨envi Kiv
2.3.4 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv g~j¨vqb Kiv

3.wkÿKZv 3.1wkÿvq Z_¨ 3.1.1 wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i e¨envwiK †ÿÎ †K․kj wPwýZ Kiv
†ckvq Z_¨ I I †hvMv‡hvM
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv
cÖhyw&³ 3.2Z_¨ I 3.2.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DcKiY e¨env‡ii †g․wjK Ávb I `ÿZv _vKv
†hvMv‡hvM 3.2.2 †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (B›Uvi‡bU) e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †ckvMZ †hvMv‡hvM,
08wU mywbw`©ó cÖhyw³i DcKiY mn‡hvwMZv Ges mn-m„wói `ÿZv _vKv|
†hvM¨Zv m¤úwK©Z Ávb I
`ÿZv
3.3wkÿvµg 3.3.1 cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i mv‡_ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mgš^q mvab Kiv
ev¯Íevq‡b Z_¨ 3.3.2 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mgš^q mvab Kiv|
I †hvMv‡hvM 3.3.3 g~j¨vq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mgš^q mvab ey‡S Ki‡Z cviv|
cÖhyw&³i mgš^q 3.3.4 GKxf~Z wkÿvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cviv|
mvab
3.4Rxebe¨vcx 3.4.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g wkÿK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvZ¥-
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡b cÖwZdjb Abykxjb Kiv|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³

36
 †ÿÎ Dc‡ÿÎ mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv
4 †ckvMZ 4.1 ‣bwZKZv I 4.1.1 ‡ckvMZ ‣bwZK gvb c«`k©b Kiv
wkLb, g~j¨‡eva 4.1.2 e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡b g~j¨‡eva m¤úbœ AvPiY cÖ`k©b Kiv
‣bwZKZv I Abykxjb
g~j¨‡eva 4.2 cÖvwZôvwbK 4.2.1 we`¨vj‡qi jÿ¨ I bxwZmg~n Abyaveb Kiv
(Profession `vq-`vwqZ¡ 4.2.2 we`¨vj‡qi iƒcKí ms¯‥…wZ(culture)I ‣ewkó¨(ethos)Gi mv‡_
al Learning
Awf‡hvwRZ nIqv
Ethics and
Values) 4.2.3 we`¨vj‡qi iƒcKí I eªZ cwic~iY Kiv
15wU 4.2.4 hZœkxj I AvšÍwiKZvc~Y© we`¨vjq cwi‡ek cwiPh©v Kiv
4.2.5 we`¨vj‡qi iƒcKí(vision), e«Z (mission) ch©v‡jvPbvq Ae`vb ivLv

4.3 ‡ckvMZ 4.3.1 wbR we`¨vj‡qi mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ Kg©-m¤úK© ¯vcb Kiv
wkLb, mn‡hvwMZv 4.3.2 wkÿv_©xi wkÿv wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b mnKg©x‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
I †bZ…Z¡ mn‡hvwMZvi ‡ÿÎ ‣Zwi Kiv
4.3.3 wbR we`¨vjq Ges Avk cv‡ki we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi mv‡_ Ávb Ges
AwfÁZv wewbgq Kiv
4.3.4 wkÿ‡Ki ‡ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivLv
4.3.5 we`¨vj‡q ‡bZ…‡Z¡i `ÿZv cÖ`k©b Kiv
4.3.6 wkÿKZv †ckvq †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kiv|

4.4 KwgDwbwU 4.4.1 we`¨vj‡qi e…nËi KwgDwbwUi mv‡_ wg_w¯…qvq AskM«nY Kiv
m¤ú„³Zv 4.4.2 wkÿv m¤úwK©Z KwgDwbwUi cwi‡lev Ges †¯^”Qv‡mevq AskMÖnY Kiv

evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿK †hvM¨Zv cÖwgZgvb

(Secondary Teachers’ Competency)
evsjv‡`k gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿK †hvM¨Zv cÖwgZgvb PviwU ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_v©r GKRb wkÿ‡Ki cy‡iv
Kg©Kvj‡K PviwU ¯Í‡i wef³ K‡i ¯ÍiwfwËK †hvM¨Zvi cÖwgZgvb wPwýZ K‡i wb‡¤œv³fv‡e wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
1. bexb wkÿK (Beginning Teacher)
G RvZxq †hvM¨Zv¸‡jv wkÿKMY wkÿKZv †ckvq †hvM`vbKv‡ji †hvM¨Zv ev wfwˇhvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e cÖ`k©b K‡ib| bexb
wkÿKMY wkÿK wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †_‡K m`¨ DËxY© MÖvRy‡qU| G‡`i‡K avivevwnK cÖwkÿY (Continuous
Professional Development-CPD)†`qvi gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. weKvkgvb wkÿK (Developing Teacher)
G ¯Í‡ii wkÿKMY hw`I GKwU wbw`©ó gvÎvi wkÿK †hvM¨Zv cÖ`k©b K‡ib wKš‧ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi bvbvwea Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
Ges wmwbqi mnKgx©‡`i †_‡K cÖvß AwfÁZv †_‡K †hvM¨Zv e„w× K‡ib| AwaKš‧ welq I †cWvMwRwfwËK wmwcwW
cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvM¨Zv‡K Av‡iv gReyZ K‡ib|
3. AMÖmigvb wkÿK (Advanced Teacher)
G RvZxq wkÿKMY Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ m‡šÍvlRbK †hvM¨Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Guiv wb‡R‡`i wkÿv cÖwZôvbwfwËK †ckvMZ wkLb
mgv‡Ri gva¨‡g mnKgx©‡`i †bZ…Z¡, civgk© I we‡kl wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. cvi`kx© wkÿK (Expert Teacher)
G ¯Í‡i wkÿKMY D”P cvwÐZ¨m¤úbœ wkLb-†kLv‡bv `ÿZv cÖ`k©b K‡ib| Zvu‡`i G Mfxi cvwÐZ¨ bexb mnKgx©‡`i
wkÿY‡hvM¨Zv Dbœq‡b mwµq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

37
 gva¨wgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi Av`k©gvb (D`vniY)
†ÿÎ 1: †ckvMZ Ávb
Dc‡ÿÎ 1.1: welqe¯‧i Ávb
†hvM¨Zvi weeiY t wkÿK Ggb GKwU mnvqK wkÿv cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡eb †hLv‡b mKj wkÿv_x© Kvw•ÿZ
welqe¯‧¸‡jv mn‡R wkL‡Z cvi‡e |
mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv 1.1.1 : welqe¯‧i Ici cwic~Y© Ávb cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cviv
¯ÍiwfwËK †hvM¨Zv
bexb wkÿK weKvkgvb wkÿK AMÖMvgx wkÿK cvi`kx© wkÿK
 welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K©  welqe¯‧i Ici  welqe¯‧i Ici wZwb  welqe¯‧i Ici wZwb
mvaviY aviYv wZwb m‡šÍvlRbK mgwš^Z aviYv cÖ`k©b m¤úªmvwiZ aviYv nv‡Z-
cÖ`k©b/Dc¯vcb aviYv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Kj‡g cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| cvi‡eb|  welqe¯‧i AšÍfy©³ cÖavb cvi‡eb|
 cÖavb cÖavb  welqe¯‧i wewfbœ cÖavb wkLbxq  cÖavb cÖavb wkLbxq
wkLbxq †ÿθ‡jv aviYvi Ici †ÿθ‡jvi mv‡_ m¤ú©K †ÿθ‡jvi AšÍM©Z I
m¤ú©‡K cÖPwjZ weåvwšÍ `~i ¯vc‡b mÿg n‡eb| ewnM©Z welqe¯‧i aviYvi
¯úó/‡g․wjK Ki‡Z mnvqZv  cÖavb cÖavb wkLbxq A_©en I mgwš^Z aviYvi
aviYv jvf/cÖ`vb Ki‡eb †ÿθ‡jvi mv‡_ m~Pbv Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb|
Ki‡eb| mv¤úªwZK mswkøó wewfbœ  wkÿY-wkLb †ÿÎmgy‡ni
MwZaviv I Av‡jvP¨ evB‡iI wewfbœ w`‡Ki cÖwZ
welq¸‡jvi Ici c~Y© wkÿv_x©‡`i Ávb I †K․Zznj
aviYv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z D¾xweZ Img„× Kiv
cvi‡eb|
Avkv Kiv hvq gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi Av`k©gvb cÖwµqv wbwðZ n‡j A`~i fwel¨‡Z ¸YMZ wkÿK cvIqv wbwðZ
n‡e|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. †hvM¨Zv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ?
2. †hvM¨Zvi •ewkó¨ Kx Kx ?
3. Av`k© wkÿK †hvM¨Zvgv‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi †ÿθ‡jv Kx Kx ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. K. gva¨wgK wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi Av`k©gvb¸‡jv wjLyb|
L. wkÿK †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. K. evsjv‡`k gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿK †hvM¨Zv cÖwgZgvb¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
L. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡Z wkÿK †hvM¨Zv cÖwgZgvb¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡_ evavmg~n wPwýZ Kiæb|

38
 BDwbU 4 : AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv
AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv Rxeb `ÿZvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv Acwinvh©| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z †evSvq †kÖwY‡Z we`¨gvb
wkÿv_x©‡`i eqm, gvbwmK Ae¯v I Av‡ewMK Ae¯v we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿK,wkÿv_x© I welqe¯‧i g‡a¨ GKwU Kvh©Ki
†hvMm~Î •Zwi Kiv| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki K_v ejv, ï× D”Pvi‡Y K_v ejv, K_v ejvi mgq KÚm¦‡ii IVvbvgv Kiv‡bv,
ev‡K¨ Dcgv e¨envi, cvV e¨vL¨v, eY©bv I we‡kølY Kiv, cÖkœ Kiv, D”PZi wPšÍb`ÿZv weKvk Dc‡hvMx cÖ‡kœi e¨envi
Kiv, h‡_vchy³ wkÿY-mnvqK DcKiY e¨envi Kiv, Avb›` I nvm¨im mnKv‡i cvV`vb Kiv, BZ¨vw`i KzkjZv ev
`ÿZv‡KB †kÖwYKÿwfwËK †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e‡j| wkÿY-wkL‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ GiKg AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
AZxe cÖ‡qvRb| G BDwb‡U AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi wewfbœ Dcv`vb we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB
BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‧‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c web¨vm K‡i eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q-
4.1 AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi aviYv, †kvbvi `ÿZv I KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxjb;
4.2 wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤ú©‡Ki f~wgKv I ¸iæZ¡;
4.3 wdWe¨vK MÖnY I cÖ`vb c×wZ:Rb †nib wdWe¨vK g‡Wj;
4.4 f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i Rvbv;
4.5 mv`v-Kv‡jv †evW© e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AR©b|

4.1 AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi aviYv,†kvbvi `ÿZv I KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxjb

AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi aviYv
†g․wLK I kvixwiK fvlv Ges wjwLZfv‡e wb‡R‡K mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi mvg_©¨, A‡b¨i K_v mwµqfv‡e Ges g‡bv‡hvM
w`‡q †kvbvi `ÿZv, Ab¨‡K †`vlv‡ivc bv K‡i K_v ejvi `ÿZv, Abyf~wZ mwVKfv‡e cÖKvk Kivi `ÿZvi mgwó‡K
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e‡j| Good communication helps to improve relationships with family, friends,
teachers and other adults.(http://extension.udel.edu/factsheets/communication-skills-for-you-and-
your-family/)| AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv ej‡Z †evSvq `yRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ‣Zwi Kivi `ÿZv| GUv‡K GK e¨w³i
mv‡_ Ab¨ e¨w³i m¤úK©‡K †evSvq| †h e¨w³i AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv i‡q‡Q †m e¨w³i mv‡_ wewfbœ R‡bi m¤úK© AwZ
DbœZ Ges mn‡RB wZwb Ab¨e¨w³i mv‡_ m¤úK© •Zwi Ki‡Z I m¤úK© a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡ib| `„p cÖZ¨qg~jK `ÿZv, ÔbvÕ
ejvi `ÿZv,Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi `ÿZv,Ab¨‡K ¯^g‡Z Avbvi `ÿZvmg~n AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZvi AšÍf©y³| GKwU we`¨vj†q
AvšÍte¨w³K m¤úK© ej‡Z †evSvq we`¨vjq KZ…c © ÿ I AwffveK m¤úK©, wkÿK I wkÿv_x© m¤úK©, we`¨vjq wbqš¿YKvix
Kg©KZ©v I wkÿK Kg©Pvix m¤úK©,wkÿK I AwffveK m¤úK©, wkÿK-wkÿK m¤úK©| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó
wewfbœ e¨w³i g‡a¨ mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L KvR Kivi d‡jB wewfbœ jÿ¨ AwR©Z nq hv AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi
AšÍfy³
© | ZvB ejv hvq, djcÖm~ e¨e¯vcbvi c~e©kZ© n‡”Q myôz †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv|
AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZvi •ewkó¨ n‡jv-
 A‡b¨i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯vcb I eRvq ivLvi mvg_©¨;
 m¤úK© †Q` Ki‡Z n‡j MVbg~jKfv‡e Zv Kivi mÿgZv;
 wb‡Ri hyw³msMZ gZ cÖwZôvq AUj _vKv, Ab¨vq, A‡h․w³K I AbvKvw•ÿZ Pvc cÖZ¨vLvb Kiv;
 A‡b¨i KvR I Ae`vb‡K m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv;
 Ab¨‡K fv‡jv KvR Ki‡Z cÖfvweZ Kivi mvg_©¨|
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e…w×i Dcvq
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv Rxe‡bi A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj wb‡Ri g‡bi K_v ev Dw³ Aci‡K ¯úófv‡e
eywS‡q †`Iqv| †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e…w×i wKQy Dcvq wb¤œiƒc:

39
1| k‡ãi mgš^q I kvixwiK fvlv
wb‡Ri aviYv I Abyf~wZ fvM K‡i wb‡q K_v ejvi gZB gy‡Li Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK fw½gv †ek ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| K_v ejvi mv‡_
A½fw½i cÖK…Z mgš^q g‡bi fve‡K A‡b¨i Kv‡Q ¯úóZi K‡i †Zv‡j | †kÖvZv‡`i mv‡_ mshy³ _vKvi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj
†Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L K_v ejv| †Pv‡L †PvL ivL‡j †kÖvZv‡`i mv‡_ ms‡hvM ‣Zwi nq Ges ZvivI e³vi e³‡e¨ AvK…ó nq|
e³‡e¨i mv‡_ Abyf~wZi m½wZ _vKv Riæwi| †bwZevPK K_v ejvi mgq gy‡L nvwm bv _vKvi †h․w³KZv †bB|
2| g‡bv‡hvMx kÖeY
Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g nj kÖeY| welqe¯‧‡K dywU‡q Zyj‡Z Ab¨‡`i K_vI ïb‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi Ici
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q c‡i wb‡Ri †MvQv‡bv e³e¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| k‡ãi mwVK e¨envi
K_v ejvi mgq mwVK kã e¨envi Kiv Riæwi| †Kvb kã e¨env‡i wbwðZ n‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv eR©b KivB †kÖq| mwVK
D”PviY Ges K_v ejvi MwZ I k‡ãi ZxeªZv‡K Ggbfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv DwPZ hv‡Z Ab¨‡`i AvM«n a‡i ivLv hvq| RoZv
KvwU‡q †Kvb wel‡qi Ici ¯úó e³e¨ †kªvZviv ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i MÖnY K‡i| †kªvZv‡`i KvQ †_‡K mvov wb‡q Zv‡`i
gZvgZ Rvb‡j AvZ¥wek¦vm Rb¥vq|
4| wbqwgZ Abykxjb
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv‡K DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ Abykxjb Avek¨K| we‡klÁ‡`i KvQ †_‡K †`‡L †kLvUvI A‡bK mvnvh¨ K‡i
_v‡K| wewfbœ wel‡q mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g AvZ¥wek¦vm evwo‡q fvjfv‡e K_v ejv hvq| DbœZZi †hvMv‡hvMKvix nIqv †Zgb
KwVb bq| mwVK Ávb I hyw³hy³ wµqvi gva¨‡gB †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv‡K kvwYZ K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e|
†kvbvi `ÿZvi Abykxjb I Avwe®‥vi
fvlvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi PviwU †ÿÎ †kvbv, ejv, cov I †jLvi g‡a¨ †kvbvi `ÿZv AR©b cÖ_g Ges GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †ÿÎ|
Z‡e mvaviYZ ejvi `ÿZv AR©‡b gvbyl hZUv mveavb, †kvbvi †ÿ‡Î ZZUvB D`vmxb _v‡K| kÖeY`ÿZv GKwU
AZ¨vek¨Kxq welq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i kÖeYB †kvbvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi cÖv_wgK KvR| †Kbbv fvlv wkL‡bi
cÖ_g `ÿZv ïb‡Z ïb‡ZB wkïiv ej‡Z ïiæ K‡i| †kvbv, †`Lv Ges cov Avgv‡`i gw¯Í‡®‥ Z‡_¨i †RvMvb †`q| A_©vr
gw¯Í®‥‡K K‡i mg…×| fvlvi `ÿZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖavb Abyl½ n‡”Q kÖeY`ÿZv AR©b| mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ `ÿZv¸‡jv
mgvbfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| kÖeY`ÿZvmn mKj `ÿZv PP©v ev Abykxj‡bi e¨vcvi| mwVK Ávb I hyw³hy³ wµqvi gva¨‡gB
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv‡K kvwYZ K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e| Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret
messages in the communication process. Listening is key to all effective communication. Without the
ability to listen effectively, messages are easily misunderstood. As a result, communication breaks
down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.
(http://abma.uk.com/listening-skills/)

†kvbvi `ÿZvi Abykxjb Kivi Dcvq

mv_©K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi cÖwZwU Dcv`v‡bi mv_©K cÖ‡qvM
Acwinvh©| cÖwZwU Dcv`vbB Avevi Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ m‡ev©cwi †hvM¨Zvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| kÖeY `ÿZv AR©b Ggb
GKwU †hvM¨Zv hv evi evi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cwic~Y© Ki‡Z nq| wkÿK ¯úó, ï× D”Pvi‡Y, mnR fvlvq Ges A_©c~Y©
fw½‡Z hv ej‡eb wkÿv_x©iv †m¸‡jv g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q, wkÿ‡Ki †Pv‡L †PvL †i‡L Abyaveb Kivi †Póv Ki‡eb| mvwe©Kfv‡e
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi mdjZvi Ici wkLb-†kLv‡bvi mv_©KZv wbf©i K‡i| G Rb¨B ejv nq Inspire creativity,
critical thinking, collaboration and communication so that students are ready for tomorrow's world.
(https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED567059.pdf)| kÖeY`ÿZv g~jZ fvlv `ÿZv, K_vi ¯úóZv, g‡bv‡hvM I
GKvMÖZv, kÖeY AvMÖn BZ¨vw`i Ici wbf©i K‡i| kÖeY`ÿZv Abykxj‡bi c`‡ÿc¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact;
Step 2: Be attentive, but relaxed;
Step 3: Keep an open mind;
Step 4: Listen to the words and try to picture what the speaker is saying;
Step 5: Don't interrupt and don't impose your "solutions;"
Step 6: Wait for the speaker to pause to ask clarifying questions;
40
Step 7: Ask questions only to ensure understanding;
Step 8: Try to feel what the speaker is feeling;
Step 9: Give the speaker regular feedback;
(https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/womensmedia/2012/11/09/10-steps-
to-effective-listening/&refURL=https://www.google.com/&referrer=https://www.google.com/)
†kvbv ejv, cov, I †jLvi gva¨‡g `ÿZv AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk †jLwPÎ, mviwY, cÖZxK, bKkv, Qwe, WvqvMÖvg AsKb
BZ¨vw`i gv¨a‡g Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM ¯vcb nq| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv h_vh_fv‡e
wkÿv MÖnY, Kg©‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡e‡ki cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY, K_v ejv I †kvbvi cvi`wk©Zv AR©b K‡i _v‡K|

KÚ¯^i, D”P I wb¤œ¯^i, weiwZ e¨envi I Abykxjb

Kvh©Ki wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †h †Kvb †kÖwYi AvbyôvwbK wkÿv‡K ev¯ÍegyLx,
cÖ‡qvMgyLx, I mnR‡eva¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿi AbyK~j cwi‡ek AZ¨vek¨K hv cv‡V wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn eûjvs‡k
e„w× K‡i| †kÖwYK‡ÿi †f․Z Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk gvbweK Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ †ewk cÖ‡qvRb| wkÿ‡Ki
KÚ¯^i, D”P I wb¤œ¯i^ , weiwZ e¨envi †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek‡K Avb›``vqK,¯^v”Q›`¨c~Y© Ges AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zv‡j|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ mvaviY bxwZgvjv i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
 wkÿ‡Ki KÚ¯^i †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e;
 my¯úó D”P ¯^‡i I ï× D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †kÖwYi mevB ïb‡Z cvq;
 KÚ¯^‡ii DVvbvgv Ggb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLv hvq;
 ¯^inxb Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ A½fw½ I gyLfw½ e¨envi K‡i welqe¯‧ AvKl©Yxq I cÖvYešÍ Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx n‡eb;
 welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq kã D”Pvi‡Yi MwZ,bvUKxqZv, cv‡Vi Zvj, jq, KÚ¯^i DuPz-wbPz Kivi †K․kj
e¨envi Kiv Avek¨K;
 cvV`vbKv‡j wkÿ‡Ki KÚ¯^i kÖæwZgayi I AvKl©Yxq Kiv evÃbxq;
 cvV Dc¯vc‡bi mgq h_vh_ ¯v‡b weiwZ wP‡ýi e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

4.2 wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤ú©‡Ki f~wgKv I ¸iæZ¡

wkÿv_©xB wkÿvi cÖavb Dcv`vb| wkÿv_©xi e¨w³‡Z¡i mylg weKv‡ki Rb¨ Ges mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ Ae¨vnZ ivLvi Rb¨B
wkÿv| RxegvÎB †k‡L| Avevi Rx‡ei g‡a¨ gvbyl me‡P‡q †ewk †k‡L| gvby‡li wkÿv MÖnY Kivi ÿgZv mnRvZ| Gi
d‡j wkÿv_©x cyivZb AvPiY Z¨vM K‡i AwfÁZvi gva¨‡g b~Zb AvPiY AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_©x wkÿv cÖwµqvi †kÖô
Dcv`vb| wkÿv_©x Zvi Rxeb cwiµgvi cÖwZ ¯Í‡i bZzb wPšÍv, aviYv, Kg©c×wZ AR©b K‡i Ges G¸‡jv Zv‡K AviI
DbœZZi ch©v‡q wb‡q hvq| wkÿv_©xi wbKU wkÿv cÖwµqv me©`vB D‡Ïk¨g~jK Ges GwU me`©vB AvMÖ‡ni cwiZ…wß NUvq|
wkÿv cÖwµqvi Avi GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb nj wkÿK| wkÿ‡Ki mvnvh¨ Qvov wkÿv_©xi c‡ÿ wKQy †kLv m¤¢e bv|
wkÿv_x©© †h cwi‡ek n‡Z wkÿv jvf K‡i, wkÿK †mB cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e hy³| wkïi GB mKj AwfÁZv
AR©b Kivi Rb¨ wkÿvi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e wkÿ‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U| wkÿv_©x †h cwi‡ek n‡Z wkÿvjvf K‡i, wkÿv_©xi †mB
cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ wkÿK wbweofv‡e hy³| wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡K †Kej ÁvbvR©‡b mvnvh¨ K‡ib bv, wZwb GKvav‡i wkÿv_©xi
mnvqK eÜz, civgk©`vZv, AwffveK, wn‣Zlx I c_cÖ`k©K| wkÿv_©xi Rxeb`k©b MV‡b wZwbB n‡jb cÖavb mnvqK|
wkÿKB wkÿv_©xi g‡b cvV¨ wel‡q AbyivM ev †cÖiYv RvMvb| we`¨vjq mgv‡Ri †bZv n‡q wZwb wkÿv_x©‡`i evÃbxq c‡_
cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv fwel¨‡Z mybvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i| GK K_vq ejv hvq, wkÿv cÖwµqvq wkÿK n‡”Qb
GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb| wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv| we`¨vj‡q
†Kej wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µgB cwiPvwjZ nq bv, wkÿv_©x‡`i gb¯ÍvwË¡K I mvgvwRK ¸Yvewji weKvk mvabI n‡q _v‡K|
we`¨vjqB wkÿv_©x‡`i †e․w×K, Av‡ewMK, mvgvwRK I gvbweK weKv‡ki †kªô ¯vb|

41
mvgvwRK e„nËi cwigЇj wkïi cÖ‡e‡ki cÖ_g Øvi we`¨vjq| M„‡n AwR©Z ¸Yvewj wb‡q wkï we`¨vj‡q Av‡m| GLv‡b
Zvi wg_w¯…qv N‡U wkÿK I Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x© Z_v mncvVx‡`i m‡½| mncvVx‡`i mn‡hvwMZvg~jK, †m․nv`¨©c~Y© I
mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ AvPiY wkï AbyKi‡Yi †Póv K‡i| wcZv-gvZvi ciB wkÿ‡Ki AvPiY wkï‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wkÿ‡Ki
wewfbœ ¸Yvewj, welqe¯‧i Ávb, Dc¯vcb `ÿZv, wkÿ‡Ki e¨envi wkï‡K fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi c_ cÖ`k©b K‡i| wkÿ‡Ki
AwZwi³ kvmb, cÿcvZg~jK AvPiY wkÿv_x©‡K AvµgYvZ¥K, Ac‡ii cÖwZ kª×vnxb I cÖwZwnsmvcivqY, `ywe©bxZ K‡i
†Zv‡j| cÿvšÍ‡i wkÿ‡Ki eÜzmyjf AvPiY, MYZvwš¿K cwiPvjbv, mnR cwi‡ek wkï‡K ¯^vaxb wPšÍvq, mn‡hvwMZvg~jK
AvPi‡Y I bvbvb mrK‡g©i Drmvn †hvMvq|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi cÖavb PviwU Dcv`vb nj wkÿK, wkÿv_x©, wkÿvµg I wkÿvi cwi‡ek| GB PviwU Dcv`v‡bi
g‡a¨ wkÿv_x© ev wkï Ggb GKwU Dcv`vb hv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ab¨ wZbwU Dcv`vb KvR K‡i| A_v©r wkÿv_x© ev wkïB wkÿvi
cÖavb ev g~j Dcv`vb| wkï wb‡R wkÿv cÖwµqvi cÖavbZg DcKiY n‡jI cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB wkÿvi cÖK…wZ, welqe¯‧ I
c×wZ wbav©i‡Y †mB wkï‡KB m¤ú~Y© Ae‡njv K‡i Avm‡Q| wkïi wbR¯^ cÖ‡qvRb, mvg_¨©, AvMÖn, cQ›`-AcQ›`, Gme‡K
D‡cÿv K‡i †m¸‡jvi ¯v‡b eo Kiv n‡q‡Q wcZvgvZv, mgvRcwZ, HwZn¨, mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ BZ¨vw`i `vwe‡K| wkïi
¯^vaxbZv I wbR¯^ Kg©cÖ‡Póvi †KvbI ¯vb wQj bv GB MZvbyMwZK wkÿve¨e¯vq| †Kb wkï wkL‡e, Kx wkL‡e, Kxfv‡e
wkL‡e, KLb wkL‡e G m‡eiB me©gq wbqš¿K wQ‡jb wcZvgvZv, wkÿK, mgv‡Ri eq¯‥ e¨w³MY| wkÿvq wkïi ¯^vaxbZv
e‡j †Kvb wKQzB wQj bv| meB wkÿK c~e© †_‡K wbav©iY K‡i w`‡Zb Ges wkï‡K †m wb‡`©k Aÿ‡i Aÿ‡i cvjb Ki‡Z
nZ| Gi d‡j GK w`‡K †hgb wkïi cÖvYkw³i ¯^vfvweK Awfe¨w³ Le© nZ, †Zgwb Zvi m„Rbg~jK Kg©`ÿZv
AvZ¥cÖKv‡ki Afv‡e bó n‡q †hZ|
wKš‧ µgk wkÿv cÖwµqvq wkïi f~wgKv eo K‡i †`Lvi BwZevPK cÖeYZv †`Lv w`‡Z _v‡K| AvaywbK wkï‡Kw›`ªK wkÿvi
me©cÖavb •ewkó¨ nj ¯^vaxbZv| wkÿv_x©iv wb‡R‡`i B”QvgZ Pjv‡div, cQ›`gZ `jMVb Kiv, cvV¨e¯‧ wbav©iY Kiv,
bvbvwea e¯‧ •Zwi Kiv, ¯‥z‡ji Kg©Kv‡Ð mwµq AskMÖnY Kiv, BZ¨vw` eû •ewPΨc~Y© Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q cÖPzi ¯^vaxbZv
†fvM Kivi †ÿÎ cÖ¯yZÍ n‡q _v‡K| wkÿv_x©†Kw›`ªK wkÿvq wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve‡K cÖkqª bv w`‡q
mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eÜzZ¡, fvjevmv I `je× g‡bvfve
m„wó K‡i Ges mylg I ¯^v¯¨gq e¨w³mËv MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| ZvB mn‡hvwMZvg~jK AskMÖnY c×wZB AvaywbK wkÿv
e¨e¯vi wfwË|

4.3 wdWe¨vK MÖnY I cÖ`vb c×wZ:Rb †nib wdWe¨vK g‡Wj

mvaviYfv‡e GKwU Kv‡Ri m¤úv`b cÖwµqv Ges m¤úv`‡bi djvdj m¤ú‡K© A‡b¨i gšÍe¨ hv m¤úv`bKvix‡K cieZx©‡Z
Kg© m¤úv`‡bi gvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i Zv‡K djveZ©b ejv nq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wb‡Ri
Kv‡‡Ri mejZv-`ye©jZv wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ †ckvMZfv‡e AwfÁ Ab¨‡K ch©‡eÿY Kwi‡q †m Abyhvqx cieZx©‡Z †h
ms‡kvabg~jK e¨e¯v †bIqv Zvi mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv‡K djveZ©b ejv nq| †h †Kvb †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi GKwU AvaywbK I
Kvh©Ki gva¨g n‡”Q djveZ©b| wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Y Gi BwZevPK cÖfve jÿ¨Yxq|
†kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿK cvV`vbKv‡j Ges cvV`vb †k‡l wkÿv_x©‡`i Ges mZx_© wkÿKM‡Yi wbKU †_‡K gZvgZ, g~j¨vqb,
mgv‡jvPbv, BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K, wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vw` Avkv K‡ib| G †ÿ‡Î cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿ‡Ki cvV`v‡bi Ici
mZx_© wkÿ‡Ki, cÖwkÿ‡Ki wKsev wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ`Ë gZvgZ, g~j¨vqb, mgv‡jvPbv, BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K,
wb‡`©kbv†K djveZ©b ejv n‡e| wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ †h KvR¸‡jv K‡ib Zv wZwb c~e© cwiKíbv K‡i, A‡bK wPšÍv-fvebv
K‡i m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‧ Zvi †mB KvR¸‡jv mwZ¨B h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`b n‡”Q wKbv Zv cvV`vbKvix wkÿK
wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡ib bv| †Kbbv wZwb wb‡Ri mdjZv ev e¨_©Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki
Dcvq n‡jv GB †ckvi Ab¨Rb hw` wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ch©‡eÿY K‡i G wel‡q civgk© †`b, fyj _vK‡j ms‡kvab
K‡i †`b, fvj KvR¸‡jvi Rb¨ cÖksmv K‡ib Ges Drmvn †`b Zvn‡j cvV`vbKvix wkÿK civgk© Abyhvqx c`‡ÿc wb‡Z
cv‡ib|
42
wdWe¨vK MÖnY I cÖ`vb c×wZ (Process of feedback)
Feedback is an essential part of education and training programmes. It helps learners to maximise
their potential at different stages of training, raise their awareness of strengths and areas for
improvement, and identify actions to be taken to improve performance.
(https://faculty.londondeanery.ac.uk/e-learning/feedback/what-is-feedback)|
A_v©r AvaywbK wkLb-†kLv‡bv
c×wZ‡Z djveZ©b †ckvMZ Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ Dbœq‡bi GKwU Kvh©Ki †K․kj ev cÖwµqv| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿK
wb‡Ri mej I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| fzj ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡q IV‡Z cv‡ib| Kvh©Ki
djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
 ch©‡eÿK Ges ch©‡ewÿZ wkÿK DfqB Av‡jvPbv K‡i cvV`v‡bi c~‡e© wkLb-†kLv‡bvi wKQz `ÿZv I
†K․kj‡K djveZ©‡bi wbYv©qK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡eb;
 ch©‡ewÿZ wkÿ‡Ki cÖZ¨vkv Abymv‡i wPwýZ `ÿZv I †K․kj¸‡jv wb‡q ch©‡eÿYKvix wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡eb;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb ch©‡eÿK Kxfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡eb Zv c~‡e© wbav©iY Ki‡eb;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg †iKW© Ki‡Z PvB‡j c~‡e©B ch©‡ewÿZ wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡eb;
 ch©‡eÿY PjvKvjxb mej-`ye©j w`Kmg~‡ni †bvU ivL‡eb;
 cvV`vb PjvKvjxb †Kvb K_v ev gšÍe¨ K‡i cv‡Vi mvejxjZv I MwZkxjZv e¨nZ Kiv hyw³m½Z n‡e bv;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i mv‡_ AcÖ‡qvRbxq K_v e‡j cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡g weNœ m„wó Kiv hv‡e bv;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg †k‡l ch©‡eÿK Ges ch©‡ewÿZ wkÿK GKmv‡_ e‡m c~e©wbav©wiZ wbYv©qK Abymv‡i
MVbg~jK djveZ©b w`‡eb Ges djveZ©b MÖnY Ki‡eb;
 mKj ch©‡ewÿZ wkÿK‡K wfbœfv‡e djveZ©b w`‡Z n‡e|

djveZ©‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv
Feedback is an essential part of effective learning. It helps students understand the subject being
studied and gives them clear guidance on how to improve their learning.
(https://www.reading.ac.uk/internal/engageinfeedback/Whyisfeedbackimportant/)
 ¸YMZ cvV`vb I Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ djveZ©b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©;
 g~j¨vqb Kivi †K․kj iß nq;
 AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi DbœwZ nq;
 mgv‡jvPbv ev †bwZevPK gšÍe¨ MÖnY Kiv ev †gvKvwejv Kivi cÖwkÿY nq;
 AwR©Z wkLbdj Rvbv hvq;
 wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i †hvMv‡hvM e„w× K‡i;
 cÖwkÿYv_x©i g‡bvfve †evSv hvq;
 cÖwkÿYv_x©i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY Kiv hvq;
 cÖwkÿK m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|
djcÖm~ djveZ©b cÖ`vb †K․kj
djveZ©b cÖwkÿ‡Yi GKwU welq| djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿK, cÖwkÿYv_x©, wkÿv_x© wbwe©‡k‡l mevB DcK…Z nq| wkLb-
‡kLv‡bvi ¸bMZ Dbœq‡b djveZ©b BwZevPK f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i ZvB cÖwkÿK, cÖwkÿYv_x© I Kg©m~wPi Dbœqb NUv‡Z
n‡j djveZ©‡bi Avek¨KZv Ab¯^xKvh©| djcÖm~ djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ †K․kj¸‡jv Aej¤^b Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
 cvV`v‡bi djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kivi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g †_‡K K¬v‡m _vK‡Z n‡e;
 ‡Kvb& †Kvb& w`K we‡ePbv K‡i djveZ©b †`Iqv n‡”Q Zv D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e;
 LwÐZfv‡e djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kiv DwPZ bq;
 c~e© †_‡KB djveZ©‡bi wbw`©ó wbYv©qK _vKv DwPZ;
 djveZ©b Aek¨B wbi‡cÿ n‡Z n‡e;
 djveZ©‡b cª_†g BwZevPK w`K Ges c‡i †bwZevPK w`K ejv DwPZ;
 djveZ©b ïay we`¨gvb ¸Y ev †`vl cÖKvk K‡ibv, fwel¨‡Zi w`K wb‡`©kbvI _v‡K|

43
 Rb †nib Gi wdWe¨vK g‡Wj
Rb †nib GKRb weL¨vZ M‡elK I wkÿvwe`| wZwb hy³iv‡R¨i mv‡i wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Human Potential Research
Project Gi cÖwZôvZv cwiPvjK wQ‡jb| wZwb AskMÖnYg~jK M‡elYvi cÖe³v wn‡m‡e mviv c„w_ex‡Z cwiwPZ| djveZ©b
c×wZwU cvV`vb Abykxjb Kvh©µ‡g LyeB Kvh©Ki| Zvui djveZ©b g‡WjwU wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg
Dbœq‡b AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q| G c×wZ‡Z cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿKM‡Yi AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Ges Nwbófv‡e †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| wewfbœ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Ges Abykxjb cvV`vb PjvKvjxb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZvi
Dbœq‡b Rb n¨vib djveZ©b g‡WjwU e¨eüZ nq|

wPÎ 3: Rb †nib

 G g‡W‡j wkÿK cÖwkÿK, cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK, mZx_© mnKgx©, we`¨vj‡q cÖavbwkÿK ev mn‡hvMx wkÿK
ch©‡eÿ‡Ki f‚wgKvq _vK‡eb|
 G g‡W‡ji 3wU ¯Íi GKwU wb‡`©wkZ µg AbymiY K‡i|
1. wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi c~‡e© KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK Ges ch©‡eÿK GK‡Î e‡m Av‡jvPbv K‡i c~‡e©B wkÿ‡Yi wKQz `ÿZv djveZ©‡bi ev wbY©vqK
wba©viY K‡i †b‡eb|
 wbe©vwPZ wbYv©qKMy‡jv mywbw`©ó †ckvMZ `ÿZvi Dbœqbmswkøó n‡Z n‡e Ges cvV`v‡bi mgq ch©‡eÿ‡Y g~j¨vqb Kiv
n‡e|
2. wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvKvjxb KiYxq
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK KZ©„K wkÿY Kvh©µg †kl Kivi g‡a¨ cÖwkÿK I ch©‡eÿK Zvi cv‡Vi fzjÎæwUMy‡jv kbv³
K‡i †bvU LvZvq wj‡L iv‡Lb|
 GQvov cv‡Vi mejw`K Ges welqe¯‧i Áv‡bi wkÿY †K․kj m¤ú‡K© gZvgZ wj‡L iv‡Lb|

3. wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv †k‡l KiYxq

 wkÿY †k‡l cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK, cÖwkÿK ev ch©‡eÿK Av‡jvPbvq em‡eb;
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK I ch©‡eÿK c~‡e© wba©vwiZ wbY©vq‡Ki wfwˇZ Zvi MVbg~jK djveZ©b †ck K‡ib Ges
cv‡Vi fzjÎæwU Zz‡j a‡ib;
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK wbY©vq‡Ki wfwˇZ Zvi wkÿY m¤ú‡K© Abyaveb Ki‡eb Ges wkÿ‡Yi mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv
e¨³ K‡i Dbœq‡b Avi Kx Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv ej‡eb;
 ch©‡eÿKMY wkÿY `ÿZvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ BwZevPK civgk© †`‡eb;
 ch©‡eÿK cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿ‡Ki wkÿY Kvh©µ‡gi Ici MVbg~jK gšÍe¨ Ges eY©bvg~jK djveZ©b †`‡eb;
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK ch©‡eÿ‡Ki gšÍ‡e¨i Av‡jv‡K cieZx© wkÿY Kvh©µg Dbœq‡b m¤§Z n‡eb|

44
 Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ civgk©

cÖ_gZ: ch©‡e¶K
wk¶K Dbœq‡bi Ab¨vb¨
AbymiY Ki‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq wel‡qi
wbR cv‡Vi Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ
wel‡qi Ici AeZviYv Ki‡eb|
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb|

wØZxqZ: GKgZ nIqv

BwZevPK welq

wk¶K
AbymiY Ki‡e ch©‡e¶K
cv‡Vi BwZevPK w`KMy‡jv
cv‡Vi BwZevPK AwZwi³
D‡jøL Ki‡eb|
w`KMy‡jv D‡‡jøL Ki‡eb|

wkÿK ch©‡eÿK

wPÎ 4: Rb †nib Gi djveZ©b g‡Wj

djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv

 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK ch©‡eÿ‡Ki djveZ©‡bi mgq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó bv K‡i Zvi e³e¨ kyb‡eb c‡i
wZwbÔfv‡jvÕGesÔKg cÖ‡qvRbÕ G msµvšÍ gšÍe¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ch©‡eÿKI cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿ‡Ki djveZ©‡bi mgq †Kvb evav bv w`‡q kyb‡eb;
 djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `vwqZ¡c~Y© Ges mn‡hvwMZvg~jK AvPiY| `ye©j w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Av‡M mej
w`KMy‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb;
 mywbw`©ó `ÿZvi Ici Av‡jvPbv Kiv DwPZ;
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK †h welq¸‡jv Av‡M D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb ch©‡eÿ‡Ki †m w`K¸‡jv cybivq Av‡jvPbv bv Kiv|
 djveZ©b nIqv DwPZ c~e©wba©vwiZ wbY©vqK ev kZ© Abymv‡i;
 djveZ©b n‡e MVbg~jK Ges mnR, mywbw`©ó I eY©bvg~jK;
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿK Abykxjb cvV`vb PjvKvjxb wkÿK cÖwkÿK, mZx_© cÖwkÿYv_x©i KvQ †_‡K G g‡W‡ji
wfwˇZ djveZ©b †c‡Z cv‡ib hv Zvi wkÿY `ÿZvi mvwe©K Dbœqb NUv‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|

45
4.4 f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i Rvbv
†QvU wkïiv AbyKiYwcÖq| we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e©B Zviv fvB-†evb, †Ljvi mv_xiv GK‡Î †Ljvi Q‡j Awfbq K‡i
_v‡K| Zviv evev, gv, wkÿK, wkÿv_x©i f~wgKvq Awfbq K‡i, hv AbyKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wk‡L _v‡K| Zviv ¯^Z©tù~Z©fv‡e
Gme K‡i _v‡K| Zv‡`i G AvMÖn wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkLb AviI djcÖm~ n‡e|
f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Gi gva¨‡g mn‡RB wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv
m¤¢e| Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g †Kvb cvV¨welq Dc¯vc‡bi cÖwµqvB nj f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-†kLv‡bv
Kvh©µ‡g ‣ewPΨ Avbq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B G c×wZi D™¢e|
G c×wZ e¨env‡ii mgq wkÿK wb‡RI wkÿv_x©‡`i m‡½ Awfbq Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev wZwb wb‡`©kbv I e¨e¯vcbvi
AšÍiv‡j _vK‡Z cv‡ib| wkïiv bvUK †`L‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Zviv Awfbq Ki‡ZI cQ›` K‡i| wkÿbxq welq bvU‡K,
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡q Awfbq Kiv‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i H welq m¤ú©‡K ¯úó aviYv Rb¥vq| ¯úó aviYv Qvov †Kvb
wbw`©ó Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡i Zv dzwU‡q †Zvjv m¤¢e bq| myZivs Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ H welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K©
my¯úó I cÖZ¨ÿ aviYv R‡b¥|
f~wgKvwfb‡qi •ewkó¨
 f~wgKvwfb‡qi `„k¨cU nq cvV¨ welqe¯‧i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©;
 f~wgKvwfb‡q wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi f~wgKvq AeZxY© Ki‡Z nq;
 G †K․k‡j PwiÎ I cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯v‡K GKm‡½ †`Lv‡bv nq;
 wkÿv_©xiv †hb ev¯Íe Ae¯vq wkÿv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i †m w`‡K `„wó ivLv nq;
 G †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g m¤¢vlY, kvixwiK fvlv I evPbfw½i DbœwZ N‡U|

Kvh©Ki f~wgKvwfb‡q wkÿ‡Ki KiYxq

 welqe¯‧ wbav©iY;
 PwiÎ my¯úó Ki‡Z `„k¨cU ev Kvwnbx wPÎ cÖYqb;
 `jxq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Pwi‡Î Awf‡bZv wbev©Pb;
 K‡_vcK_‡bi fvlv, †g․wLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK fvlvi w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb;
 Awfbq cwiPvjbv;
 wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb (wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i AskMÖn‡Y);
 g~j wkÿYxq welq wkÿv_x©i wbKU †_‡K Av`vq|
wkÿv_x©i cÖKvwkZ ¸Yvewj
 wkÿYxq welq my¯úó nq;
 cvVwU Avb›``vqK n‡q I‡V;
 wkLb A‡cÿvK…Z ¯vqx nq;
 `jMZ Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve M‡o I‡V;
 wkÿv_x©i fvlvÁvb e„w× cvq;
 wkÿv_x©i Kíbvkw³, m„RbkxjZvi weKvk nq;
 AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Zi †Kvb NUbv‡K ev¯Í‡ei gZ iƒc †`Iqv m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿv_x©i Ávb I AwfÁZvi cybM©Vb nq;
 AvšÍte¨w³K m¤ú©K wbY©‡q mÿg nq|

46
f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji cÖ‡qvM‡ÿÎ
evsjv, Bs‡iwR, BwZnvm, f~‡Mvj, ag© wkÿv cÖwZwU wel‡q G †K․kj Kvh©Ki|
f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji myweav
 MZvbyMwZK cvV`vb A‡cÿv G †K․kj wfbœZi;
 GK‡N‡q fve `~i nq;
 cvV`vb I cvVMÖn‡Y •ewPΨ Av‡m;
 wkÿv_©xiv Avb‡›`i mv‡_ cvV MÖnY Ki‡Z mg_© nq|

f~wgKvwfbq †K․k‡ji Amyweav

 f~wgKvwfbq mgqmv‡cÿ cÖwµqv;
 me wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM GKm‡½ a‡i ivLv KóKi;
 mwVK cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hvM¨ cvi`kx© wkÿK cÖ‡qvRb|
f~wgKvwfb‡qi †K․k‡ji aib
m¤¢vlY †K․kj
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK-wkÿv_x© m¤ú©K AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿK-wkÿv_x© m¤ú©K n‡e eÜzZ¡c~Y© I mnR| Avi GB
mym¤úK© ¯vc‡bi cÖavb †K․kj n‡jv wkÿ‡Ki m¤¢vlY|
mvaviYfv‡e m¤¢vlY A_© evK¨vjvc| KviI mv‡_ Avjvc Kivi c~‡e© †h k㸇jv e¨envi Kiv nq; †hgb- Av‡i fvB, I‡n,
I‡Mv BZ¨vw`| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK hLb cÖ‡ek K‡ib ZLb wkÿ‡Ki cÖ_g m¤¢vlY LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G e¨vcv‡i wkÿ‡Ki
cwiKíbv I cÖ¯w‧ Z _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| m¤¢vlY †K․kj n‡e-
 my›`i I AvK©lYxq m¤¢vl‡Yi gva¨‡g Kzkj wewbgq;
 we‡kl w`b n‡j †mfv‡e ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Ki‡eb †hgb- bee‡l©i, gv`vim †W, bvix w`e‡mi ï‡f”Qv BZ¨vw`;
 wkÿv_x©i mn‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv;
 wkÿv_x©i bvg a‡i WvKv;
 ÔZzwgÕ m‡¤^vab Kiv;
 wkÿK‡Ki nvwmLywk _vKv, iæÿ bv nIqv;
 ‡¯œnc~Y© g‡bvfve cÖKvk cvq Ggb fvlv ev kã e¨envi Kiv|
m¤¢vl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
 wkÿv_x© ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i;
 wkÿv_x©iv my›`i I gvwR©Z AvPiY AR©b K‡i;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg mnR I MwZkxj nq;
 wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó nq;
 wkÿv_x© AvZ¥wek¦vmx nq;
 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv mg„× nq|
†g․wLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK fvlv
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †g․wLK Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| Awfe¨w³nxb e³…Zvq wkÿv_x©
K¬vwšÍ‡eva K‡i, Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó nq bv| e³…Zvi gv‡S gv‡S wkÿK A½fw½ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡K AvK…ó
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j Zviv cv‡V AvMÖnx nq Ges mn‡R Z‡_¨i g~jfve eyS‡Z cv‡i|

47
wkÿ‡Ki Awfe¨w³ I kvixwiK A½fw½i e¨envi
 AvKl©Yxq gvwR©Z evPbfw½ I fvlvi e¨envi;
 cvV m~Pbvq fvlv I Awfe¨w³ n‡e AvK©lYxq;
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ wPËvKl©K M‡íi gZ imv‡jv fvlvq gvwR©Zfv‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wewfbœ ai‡bi fve cÖKv‡k gyLgÐjmn wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨‡½i wewPÎ fw½ Ki‡Z Af¨¯ n‡Z n‡e| †hgb- †Kvb
KvR cvuPevi Ki‡Z ej‡j cvuP Av½y‡j †`wL‡q ejv;
 welqe¯‧i cÖ‡qvR‡b AvÂwjK fvlv GgbwK we‡`kx fvlvI e¨envi Ki‡Z Rvb‡Z n‡e;
 KweZv Ave„wË, Mí ejv, g~Kvwfbq, f~wgKvwfb‡qi mgq kvixwiK A½fw½i e¨envi mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e;
 Áv‡bi MfxiZv _vK‡Z n‡e †hb cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kvb `„óvšÍ, Mí, D×…wZ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 wkÿ‡Ki •`wnKfvlv Ggb n‡e †hb wkÿv_x©iv Zvi •`wnK fvlv †_‡KB e³e¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i;
 GK RvqMvq `uvwo‡q wkÿK K_v ej‡eb bv Avevi †ewk nvUvnvwUI Ki‡eb bv;
 fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK„wZ hLb wZwb w`‡eb ZLb Zvi cÖKvkI H kã e¨env‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡e;
 cvV`vbKv‡j wkÿK nvwmLywk I bgbxq _vK‡eb;
 wkÿK‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ GKRb fvj Awf‡bZvi f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡Z n‡e|
ejv ev covi m‡½ ïaygvÎ evKcÖZ¨½ bq †`nI K_v e‡j| wkÿK hLb c‡ob ZLb KÚ aŸwb •Zwi K‡i Ges †mB m‡½
nvZ, †PvL, I gyL mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evwo‡q †`q|

m¤¢vlY †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© w`K

K…ZÁZv Ávcb : K…ZÁZv Ávc‡bi fvlv Aek¨B kvjxb, †m․Rb¨c~Y© cÖksmvevPK n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î we‡klYevPK I ¸YevPK
kãvewj e¨eüZ nq| Z‡e K…ZÁZvi bv‡g A‡nZzK webq I wkóZv wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³mËv‡K ÿzbœ K‡i|
`ytL cÖKvk : `ytL cÖKv‡ki †ÿ‡ÎI mshg I cwiwgwZ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †hme kã I evK¨vsk e¨eüZ nq Zv
njÑ Avt LyeB `ytLRbK, me wVK n‡q hv‡e BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î Dchy³ ¯^ifw½ I kvixwiK fvlvi e¨envi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
Aby‡ivaÁvcb : Aby‡iv‡ai fvlvq webq I †m․Rb¨ cÖKvk cv‡e| Z‡e g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Aby‡iva Ki‡Z wM‡q †hb
nxbgb¨Zv cÖKvk bv cvq| Ab¨w`‡K Aby‡iva †hb Ô`vweÕ bv n‡q hvq †mwUI †`L‡Z n‡e| ÔAvgiv Avkv Kwi, Avcwb
Avgv‡`i KvRwU K‡i †`‡ebÕ G K_vwU hZUv MÖnY‡hvM¨; ÔAvcbv‡K KvRwU Ki‡ZB n‡eÕ, ZZUv গ্রহণ‡hvM¨ bq|

ab¨ev` Ávcb : ab¨ev` Ávc‡bi fvlvq webq I b¤ªZv _vK‡e| ¸YevPK we‡kl¨, we‡klYevPK †hgb-ab¨ev`, PgrKvi,
Ac~e©, A™¢zZ, fv‡jv, †ek fv‡jv BZ¨vw` kã G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
wb‡`©k I Av‡`k cÖ`vb : wb‡`©k I Av‡`k cÖ`v‡bi fvlv n‡e `„pZve¨ÄK| G‡ÿ‡Î wb‡`©kcÖvß e¨w³ mn‡R ey‡S
Z`vbyhvqx KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb mij I mswÿß fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡`k I wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi mgq †kÖvZvi
wbieZv GKvšÍ Kvg¨|
Af¨_©bv Ávcb : Af¨_©bv Ávc‡bi fvlvq myiæwP I †m․Rb¨‡ev‡ai cÖKvk NU‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î webq I wkóZv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
†hgb-Ô Avmyb, AvmybÕ, ÔGBgvÎ Avcbvi K_v fvewQjvgÕ, ÔMwi‡ei evwo‡Z ay‡jv cojÕ; BZ¨vw` evK¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z
†`Lv hvq|
Avb›` cÖKvk : Avb›` cÖKv‡ki fvlvq Av‡e‡Mi ¯úk© _vK‡e| Kɯ^‡ii IVvbvgvI G‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡ÿ‡Î †hme kã
I evK¨vsk e¨eüZ nq Zv njÑ Awfb›`b, †gveviKev`, †eu‡P _vK, myLx nI, BZ¨vw` |
48
4.5 mv`v- Kv‡jv †evW© e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AR©b
mv`v-Kv‡jv †evW© GKwU myjf, Kvh©Ki I mev©waK e¨eüZ wkÿv DcKiY| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg djcÖm~
Kivi †ÿ‡Î mv`v-Kv‡jv †evW© AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© DcKiY| g~j¨ I ¯vwq‡Z¡i wePv‡i GwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq| †h †Kvb welq
ïaygvÎ †g․wLK e³…Zvi gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb bv K‡i Qwe Gu‡K, wj‡L Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU Zv mn‡RB †evaMg¨
nq| evsjv, Bs‡iwR, MwYZ, weÁvb, mvgvwRK weÁvbmn mKj wel‡qB †ev‡W©i e¨envi Avek¨K| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †kÖwYK‡ÿ
†ev‡W©i e¨envi Qvov KLbI cvV`vb djcÖm~Zv jvf K‡i bv|
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †ev‡W©i ¸iæZ¡
 †evW© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I mnRjf¨ DcKiY;
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM AvK©l‡Yi Rb¨ GwU GKwU Ab¨Zg wkÿv DcKiY;
 GwU `xN©¯vqx Ges ¯^í Li‡P cvIqv hvq;
 †ev‡W© wkÿv_x©i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡K mwµq I Avb›`c~Y© K‡i †Zvjv hvq;
 wewfbœ Z_¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i LvZvq †jLvi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb ¯vqx nq;
 AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_x©i †kÖwY‡Z Z_¨ Dc¯vc‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv †evW©;
 wkÿv_x©iv †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g wkL‡bi mwVK wb‡`©kbv cvq|
†ev‡W©i h_vh_ e¨envi wbwðZ Ki‡Z wkÿK‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi KZ¸‡jv wbqg AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †m¸‡jv nj-
 †evW©wU †kÖwYK‡ÿi Ggb ¯v‡b ¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †kªwYi mKj wkÿv_x© †`L‡Z cvq Ges Zv †_‡K Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb bv nq;
 †ev‡W©i †Kvb As‡k Kx Z_¨ †jLv n‡e Zv cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e;
 †jLv ïiæi Av‡M †evW©wU cwi®‥vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
 †ev‡W©i G‡Kev‡i Dci †_‡K †jLv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 †ev‡W©i evg w`K †_‡K †jLv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq mivmwi †ev‡W©i w`‡K gyL K‡i `uvwo‡q †jLv hv‡e bv;
 †jLvi mgq Ggbfv‡e `uvov‡Z n‡e †hb wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖwZ `„wó ivLv hvq;
 †ev‡W©i †jLvi jvBb †mvRv n‡e;
 †jLvi MwZ Lye `ªæZ n‡e bv;
 wkÿK‡K †ev‡W© †jLvi mv‡_ mv‡_ gy‡LI D”PviY Ki‡Z n‡e;
 †jLv Z_¨¸‡jv wkÿv_x©iv LvZvq Zz‡j wb‡”Q wKbv Zv-I †`L‡Z n‡e;
 ¯úó I my›`i n¯Ívÿ‡i wjL‡Z n‡e †hb †kÖwYK‡ÿi †kl Ae¯vb †_‡K ¯úó †`Lv hvq;
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨¸‡jv AvÛvijvBb Kiv ev Avjv`v is e¨envi K‡i †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i;
 c‡q›U Dc¯vc‡b avivevwnKZv _vK‡Z n‡e;
 cÖ‡qvRbxq MÖvd, wPÎ AsKb mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e;
 †evW© †gvQvi c~‡e© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e †h, mKj wkÿv_x© Z_¨¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e wjL‡Z †c‡i‡Q;
 †ev‡W©i †jLv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbfy©j n‡Z n‡e;
 GKwU aviYvi ci Ab¨ GKwU aviYv AeZviYv Kivi mgq c~‡e©i †jLv gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| bZzev bZzb aviYvi cÖwZ
wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó n‡e bv;
 †ev‡W©i KvR hw` `xN©mgq a‡i Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S e¨vL¨v w`‡Z n‡e;
 †ev‡W©i KvR Lye †ewk mgq a‡i bv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^íZg mg‡q †kl Ki‡Z n‡e;
 gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_x©‡`iI †ev‡W© AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb;
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mgq †hb PK ev Kj‡gi kã bv nq †mw`‡K `„wó ivL‡Z n‡e;
 cvV`vb †k‡l †kÖwYKÿ Z¨vM Kivi c~‡e© wkÿK wb‡R ev wkÿv_x©i mnvqZvq †evW© gyQ‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i my›`i nv‡Zi †jLvi Abykxjb I fvlv‣kjxi Rb¨ †jLvi `ÿZv AR©b cÖ‡qvRb|

49
mv`v-Kv‡jv †ev‡W© nv‡Zi †jLvi `ÿZv Dbœqb
 †ev‡W© cÖwZwU jvB‡b Wvej †¯úm e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e;
 gvwR©b †i‡L †jLv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 `ywU k‡ãi g‡a¨ chv©ß RvqMv ivL‡Z n‡e;
 Bs‡iwR‡Z io Aÿi Ges †QvU Aÿ‡ii AvKvi mgvb n‡e|
†evW© e¨env‡ii myweav
 ¯^í e¨‡q `xN©w`b e¨envi‡hvM¨;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖnYg~jK Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Kiv hvq;
 MwY‡Zi †ÿ‡Î weg~Z© welq¸‡jv eySv‡bvi Rb¨ †evW© AZ¨vek¨K DcKiY;
 `jxq KvR Dc¯vc‡bi mgq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U wj‡L wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM AvK©lY Kiv m¤¢e;
 evsjv, Bs‡iwR, weÁvb, f~‡Mvj, BwZnvm wel‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wPÎ, kã, Z_¨ mnRfv‡e †ev‡W© Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq|
Amyweav
 P‡Ki ¸uov wkÿv_©x I wkÿ‡Ki †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ÿwZKi;
 GQvov wkÿ‡Ki Kvco-‡Pvco, Pzj, gyLgÐjI gqjv K‡i;
 cÖwZ K¬v‡mi c‡i nvZ ay‡q cwi®‥vi KivI mgm¨v;
 A‡bK mgq †ev‡W© †jLvi Rb¨ mgq †ewk e¨q nq|
†ev‡W©i Kv‡R cwi”QbœZv
 †ev‡W© mgvšÍivjfv‡e kã ev evK¨ wjL‡Z n‡e;
 †Kvbfv‡eB †evW© Acwi”Qbœ Kiv hv‡e bv;
 cÖvmw½K welq mswÿßfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡e;
 Qwe, wPÎ ¯úófv‡e AsKb Ki‡Z n‡e|
mv`v-Kv‡jv †evW© e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ gvB‡µvwUwPs-Gi GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿKM‡Yi †ev‡W©i
e¨envi Abykxjb Kiv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ
1. AvšÍte¨w³K I †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. kvixwiK fvlv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. wdWe¨vK Kx ?
iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ
1. K) †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e…w×i Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
L) †kvbvi `ÿZvi Abykxjb Kivi Dcvq wPwýZ Kiæb|
2. K) †kÖwYK‡ÿ KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxj‡bi mvaviY bxwZgvjv D‡jøL Kiæb|
L) wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤ú©‡Ki f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. K) Kvh©Ki djveZ©‡bi Rb¨ KiYxq¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
L) Rb †nib wdWe¨vK g‡WjwUe¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. K) f~wgKvwfbq ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
L) f~wgKvwfb‡qi †K․kj wn‡m‡e m¤¢vlY †K․k‡ji ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5. K) wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †evW© e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
L) †evW© e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î GKRb wkÿ‡Ki Kx Kx wbqg AbymiY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb? D‡jøL Kiæb|

50
 BDwbU 5 : †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv
†kÖwY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZdjb N‡U †kÖwYK‡ÿ| ZvB †kÖwYK‡ÿ BwZevPK cwi‡ek Avek¨K| GB cwi‡ek •Zwii g~j `vwqZ¡
cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv cl©`, cÖwZôvb cÖavb, wkÿK, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvwi Ges mgv‡Ri| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ae¯vbiZ wkÿv_©x‡`i
mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvq KiYxq-eR©bxq w`K Rvbv Avek¨K| G Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‧‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c web¨vm K‡i Dc¯vcb Kiv
n‡jv-
5.1 Av`k© †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi aviYv, †K․kj I ¸iæZ¡;
5.2 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek: Af¨šÍixY, evwn¨K I mvgvwRK w`K;
5.3 wkÿv_©xi AvPiY bxwZgvjv wba©viY;
5.4 cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv `ÿZv Abykxjb;
5.5 AwaKmsL¨K wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYi •ewkó¨ I AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi †K․kj;
5.6 wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I mgvav‡bi Dcvq AbymÜvb|

5.1 Av`k© †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi aviYv, †K․kj I ¸iæZ¡

wkÿv e¨e¯vi mKj •ewkó¨ wkÿvbxwZ, m¤ú`, cÖkvmb Ges †bZ…Z¡, AvBb Ges mvgvwRK g~j¨eva, Kg©m~wP Ges †ckvMZ
Dbœqb, wkÿvµg Ges g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw`i me Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK-wkÿv_©x †h GKwU wbw`©ó ¯v‡b msMwVZ n‡q
Zv‡`i Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i ZvB †kÖwYKÿ| †hLv‡b cÖvq mgeqmx wKQz wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨, wbw`©ó mg‡q, GKRb
wkÿK GKwU welqe¯‧ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib|
†h †Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi ÿz`ª GKK nj †kÖwYKÿ| GwU cÖwZôv‡bi Pvi †`qv‡ji wfZi n‡Z cv‡i Avevi wkÿv½‡bi
evB‡iI n‡Z cv‡i| g~jZ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Ávb PP©vi ¯vbB nj †kÖwYKÿ| A_©vr †hLv‡b wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Ae¯vb K‡i
Ávb PP©v Kiv nq Zv‡KB †kÖwYKÿ ev Classroom e‡j| hLb ejv nq Ò wek¦‡Rvov cvVkvjv †gvi mevi Avwg QvÎÓ
ZLb †kÖwYK‡ÿi †PZbvi cwimi AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK n‡q `vuovq|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ Dchy³ Ávb PP©vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv| we`¨vj‡qi †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv
ej‡Z wkÿvi Kvw•ÿZ jÿ¨ nvwmj Kivi Rb¨ †f․Z Ges gvbexq Dcv`v‡bi mvwe©K e¨e¯vcbv K‡i Ávb PP©vi AbyK‚j
cwi‡ek m„wói mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv‡KB †evSvq| A_©vr †h e¨e¯vcbvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x Ges wkÿ‡Ki cvi¯úwiK †m․nv`©c~Y©
AvPi‡Yi Øviv †f․Z I gvbexq Dcv`v‡bi mvwe©K e¨envi K‡i Ávb PP©vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek m„wó nq Zv‡KB †kÖwYKÿ
e¨e¯vcbv ev Classroom Managrment e‡j| G‡K Avevi ZvwË¡K I e¨vcK A‡_© †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv
nq| †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v n‡jb †kÖwY wkÿK|
Av`k© †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi aviYv
wkÿK wkÿvµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb cÖwµqv‡K mdjfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj Kvh©µg
MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡KB †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv hvq| eZ©gv‡b wek¦ wkÿv e¨e¯vq wkÿvigvb Dbœqb
wel‡q cwiKíbvwe`, wkÿvwe`, A_©bxwZwe`, ivRbxwZwe` I mgvR weÁvbx‡`i cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ
n‡”Q| KviY GKwU †`‡ki mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi cÖavb m~PK n‡”Q H †`‡ki mKj bvMwi‡Ki mylg I gvbm¤§Z wkÿv cÖ`vb|
wkÿvwe`‡`i g‡Z cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk wkÿve¨e¯v, wkÿvbxwZ‡Z cwieZ©b, wkÿvµg cwigvR©b Ges wkÿv`vb
c×wZ‡Z †K․kj cwieZ©b GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv|
wkÿvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿKM‡Yi ÿgZv I wbqš¿Y mZx_© wkÿY cÖwµqv Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv
wkÿv_©xi wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kivi ga¨ w`‡q wkÿKM‡Yi †kÖwYK‡ÿi GK”QÎ Avwac‡Z¨i Aemvb n‡Z cv‡i| G cÖwµqvq
wkLb mivmwi wkÿK KZ…K © wbqwš¿Z nq bv| Zv‡`i g‡Z, wkÿ‡Ki mivmwi ZË¡veavb wkÿv_©x-wkÿv_©x cvi¯úwiK
wg_w¯…qv‡K aŸsm K‡i †`q| wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK G beZi c×wZ‡Z wkÿK‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ D`viZvi cwiPq w`‡Z nq Ges
Zviv wb‡RivI wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ Gc×wZ m¤ú‡K© AviI AwfÁZv jvf K‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wkÿvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, GKwU mdj †kÖwYKÿ wewbg©v‡Yi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡”Q wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© Ges †m Av‡jv‡K wkÿvµg I cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY Ges wkÿKM‡Yi‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡Z wkÿK
wkÿv_©x hyM¥fv‡e mKj Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡i wkLbdj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
51
wkÿv M‡elKM‡Yi g‡Z wkÿv e¨e¯vq BwZevPK cwieZ©b n‡j Zv cÖwZdj‡bi GKgvÎ ¯vb n‡”Q †kÖwYKÿ| KviY
wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi c×wZi m~Pbv NU‡Q| DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k me©‡ÿ‡Î AvR wkÿvi gvb
wb‡q kswKZ| G Ae¯v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ wkÿv e¨e¯vcbv, wkÿK cÖwkÿY, wkÿvµg, wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq
cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I ms¯‥v‡ii cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q| G mKj Kg©Kv‡Ði P‚ovšÍ jÿ¨ n‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ DbœZZi cvV`vb|
Avi G me Kg©KvЇK mv_©K Kivi †ÿ‡Î whwb Pvj‡Ki Avm‡b e‡m Av‡Qb wZwb n‡”Qb wkÿK| KviY mKj ms¯‥vi
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi †K›`ªwe›`y n‡”Q †kÖwYKÿ| wkÿv e¨e¯vq wkÿK cÖwkÿY I wkÿvbxwZ‡Z hZ ms¯‥viB Kiv †nvK bv
†Kb Gi cÖwZdjb †kÖwYK‡ÿ cvV`vb cÖwµqvq cÖwZdwjZ bv n‡j wkLbgvÎvq Gi †Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡e bv|
†kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq, †hgb-
1. †f․Z e¨e¯vcbv
2. gvbexq e¨e¯vcbv
1. †f․Z e¨e¯vcbv
G e¨e¯vcbvi AšÍM©Z †f․Z myweavw`, †hgb
 †kÖwYKÿ
 wkÿv_©x Dc‡hvMx Avmb mvgMÖx
 †evW©
 †ev‡W© †jLvi mvgMÖx
2. gvbexq e¨e¯vcbv
wkÿv_©xi cvV aviY Dc‡hvMx myweavw` G e¨e¯vcbvi AšÍf©y³| †hgb,
 †kÖwYweb¨vm
 cvV Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek m„wó
 djcÖm~ cvV Dc¯vcb
 wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn m„wó
 welqe¯‧ mswkøó DcKiY e¨envi
 c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM
 †kÖwY ch©‡eÿY
 cÖ‡qvR‡b wbivgqg~jK cvV Dc¯vcb|

†kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi †K․kj

†kÖwYKÿ wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi cvV`vb I cvV MÖn‡Yi Ab¨Zg ¯vb| GLv‡b wkÿK-wkÿv_©x GKwU Ab¨iKg Aven m„wó K‡i|
KviY wkÿv_©x †kÖwYK‡ÿi bvqK, cwiPvjK n‡jb wkÿK| wb‡Ri me wKQz‡K DRvo K‡i w`‡q welqe¯‧ wkÿv_©xi
ü`qMÖvnx K‡i †Zv‡jb wkÿK, D‡Ïk¨ GKwUB wkÿv_©xi cÖK…Z wkÿv AR©b| ZvB cwicvwU mymw¾Z GKwU †kÖwYK‡ÿ
welqe¯‧i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L AvKl©Yxq wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z wkÿK KL‡bvB Kvc©Y¨ K‡ib bv| cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y
¯úó fvlvq K_v ejvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv m¤¢e nq| wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³‡Z¡ e¨w³MZ cwi”QbœZv,
kvjxb I iæwPkxj †cvkvK Ges MÖnY‡hvM¨ †kÖwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv e¨e¯vcbv †K․k‡ji g‡a¨B c‡o|
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë Kv‡Ri cÖksmv Kiv, †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvb bRi ivLv cvV`v‡bi Ab¨Zg †K․kj| G‡Z
†kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K| Z‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i bvg a‡i WvKv wkÿ‡Ki GKwU we‡kl ¸Y Ges cvV Dc¯vcb †K․kj|
hvid‡j †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvq BwZevPK mvov cvIqv hvq| wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i eqm Pvwn`v I mvg_©¨
we‡ePbv Kiv nq| AskMÖnYg~jK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †kÖwYKvh©µg cwiPvjbv †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi
Ab¨Zg †K․kj| mKj ai‡bi †gavi wkÿv_©x‡`i (D”P †gav, ¯^í †gav I wb¤œ‡gav ev wcwQ‡q cov) cÖ‡qvR‡b
†ev‡W©†W‡K G‡b †Kvb wKQz wjL‡Z †`IqvI †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi GKwU †K․kj| G‡Z wkÿv_©xi AvZ¥wek¦vm ev‡o| †kÖwY
k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K Ges wkÿv_©x cvV MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx nq| Ab¨w`‡K †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi cÖkvmwbK †K․kjMZ w`KI i‡q‡Q|
52
G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i wbqwgZ Dcw¯wZ m¤^‡Ü m‡PZb Ki‡eb| Avevi Zv‡`i Kvw•ÿZ AvPiYI wbwðZ Ki‡eb|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ Kvw•ÿZ AvPi‡Y D‡`¨vMx n‡q e„nËi mgv‡R †hb wb‡R‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i †m w`KwUI wkÿK
h‡_ó ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv K‡i c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡eb| wkÿvi j‡ÿ¨i ev¯Íeiƒc w`‡Z wkÿK m‡Pó n‡eb| †m D‡Ï‡k¨
cvV AvKl©Yxq, ‣eÁvwbK `„wófw½ MVb I `xN©¯vqx wkLb Dc‡hvMx K‡i Zzj‡Z wkÿv DcKiY •Zwi I h_vh_ e¨envi
Ki‡eb|
†kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæZ¡
Kvh©Ki cvV`vb I cvVMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| KviY †kÖwYK‡ÿB wkÿv_©xi AvPiwYK,
mvgvwRK I wb‡`©kbvg~jK wkÿv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ZvB cvV`v‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv Avek¨K| wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨
†kÖwYi KvR †kl Kiv, †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv, wkÿv_©xi Dcw¯wZ wbwðZ Kiv, cvV cwiKíbv Abyhvqx avivevwnKfv‡e
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Dc‡iv³ KvR¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæZ¡
AZ¨waK| wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cvV`vb Kvh©µg †kl K‡i wkLbdj wbwðZ n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x
g~j¨vqb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© avc| GB cÖm‡½ weÁ wkÿvwe`MY e‡j‡Qb, †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv Ges Kvh©Ki wkLb cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© hy³ Ges G‡K A‡b¨i Ici wbf©ikxj d‡j wkÿv`vb cÖwµqv‡K Kvh©Kix I Avb›`gq Kivi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv`vb
cÖwµqvq •ecixZ¨ Avbvqb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvq GUvB cÖZxqgvb n‡”Q †h Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡bi Rb¨
†kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|
G K_v mZ¨, we`¨vj‡q Ávb PP©vi ¯ÍiwfwËK †K›`ª¯j n‡jv †kÖwYKÿ| †hLv‡b wkÿ‡Ki GKwbô ZË¡veav‡b wkÿv_©xiv
welqMZ Ávb AR©b K‡i _v‡K| Kv‡RB we`¨vj‡q welqwfwËK Ávb AR©‡bi †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbvq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi e¨vcK my‡hvM i‡q‡Q hv
nq‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv_vI cvIqvi my‡hvM bvI n‡Z cv‡i| we`¨vj‡q †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K‡qKwU w`K wb‡P
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
 †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K AevwiZ Ávb PP©vi my‡hvM †`Iqv nq;
 Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ae¯v‡bi ¯^v¯¨Ki cwi‡ek iÿv nq;
 †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbvi gva¨‡g we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_©xi Ávb AR©‡bi cwimi ewa©Z nq;
 Gi d‡j †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi Ávb AR©‡bi †K․Z~nj e„w× cvq;
 Av`k© †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvq †kÖwY‡Z Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x‡`i `yóywg cÖeYZv K‡g;
 †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv h_v_© n‡j wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM e„w× cvq;
 Av`k© †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi dj cvV‡K mRxe K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K †kÖwY‡Z c×wZMZfv‡e cvV`vb Kiv m¤¢e n‡q _v‡K;
 Av`k© †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi gva¨‡g †kÖwY‡Z wkÿv_©xi Dcw¯wZ h‡_ó ev‡o Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek `~lYMZ Ae¯v
†iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡q _v‡K;
 Gi d‡j †kÖwYKÿ‡K cwi”Qbœ ivLv hvq;
 Av`k© †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi d‡j Avb›``vqK Ges mvejxj cvV`vb e¨e¯v‡K wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡ qvRbg‡Zv m¤úbœ Kiv
m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i AvwZ¥K m¤úK© e„w× cvq;
 we`¨vj‡q Ávb PP©vi AbyK‚j cwi‡ek •Zwi nq;
 h_v_© DcKi‡Yi mwVK e¨envi mywbwðZ nq;
 wkÿv_©xi g~j¨vqb h_v_©fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq;
 we`¨vj‡q avivevwnK g~j¨vqb Kvh©µg djcÖm~ Kiv hvq;
 S‡i cov ev AbyËxY© wkÿv_©xi msL¨v n«vm cvq;
 mvwe©K g~j¨vq‡b we`¨vj‡qi djvdj fvj nq;
 wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ m‡PZbZv Ges Kg© ZrciZv m¤úªmvwiZ nq|

53
5.2 †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek : Af¨šÍixY, evwn¨K I mvgvwRK w`K
†kÖwYKÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek hw` AbyK‚j bv nq Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv
g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q Avb›` mnKv‡i cvVMÖn‡Y AvMÖnx n‡e bv| AZGe †kÖwYK‡ÿi †fZi-evwni A_©vr Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K
w`K e¨envi Dc‡hvMx nIqv evÃbxq| h_vh_fv‡e cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki w`‡KI we‡kl bRi
w`‡Z n‡e| G mKj w`K we‡ePbvq †kÖwY K‡ÿi cwi‡e‡ki wZbwU w`K i‡q‡Q| K) †kÖwYK‡ÿi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek L)
†kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn¨K cwi‡ek M) †kÖwYK‡ÿi mvgvwRK cwi‡ek| wb‡¤œ G ¸‡jv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
K) †kÖwYK‡ÿi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek
†kÖwYK‡ÿi my›`i cwi”Qbœ Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek cvV`vb I cvVMÖn‡Yi AvMÖn evwo‡q †`q| †kÖwY Kvh©µg‡K Avb›``vqK I
MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gi Rb¨ welq I welqe¯Íi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wkÿv DcKiY I cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ
w`‡q †kÖwYKÿwU mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| †kÖwYK‡ÿi †g‡S, cv‡ki ‡`qvj, Dc‡ii Qv` cwi®‥vi _vKv evÃbxq| Avmb
web¨vm mymw¾Z _vKv Avek¨K| †kÖwY‡Z `jxq KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖk¯Í, cwi”Qbœ I cÖ‡qvRbxq AvmevecÎmn †kÖwYKÿ
cÖ‡qvRb| †gvU K_v †kÖwYKÿwUi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek Ggb n‡e hv †`L‡j wkÿv_©xiv AvKl©Y Abyfe K‡i| hZUv mgq
†kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g Ask MÖnY Ki‡e ZZUv mgq hv‡Z cÖvYešÍ _v‡K| †kÖwYK‡ÿi bxwZgvjv gvbv, iæwUb Abyhvqx
†kÖwYKvh©µg, cvV`v‡bi wbw`©ó mgq‡K h_vh_ e¨envi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek‡K my›`i iv‡L|
wkÿv_©xi msL¨vi Ici wbf©i K‡i wewfbœ AvK…wZ‡Z web¨¯Í Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †kÖwY K‡ÿi Af¨šÍ‡i Aek¨B ch©vß Av‡jv-
evZv‡mi e¨e¯v _vKv evÃbxq| †mRb¨ K‡ÿi gvc Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `iRv Rvbvjv ivL‡Z n‡e| hv‡Z
†kÖwYK‡ÿi GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ evZvm †Ljv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †kÖwY Af¨šÍ‡i jvBU h_vh_ RvqMvq jvMv‡Z n‡e| †hb
K‡ÿi mKj ¯v‡b Av‡jv ‡cu․‡Q| Av‡jvi wecix‡Z ‡nvqvBU ‡evW© ev eø¨vK †evW© ¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e ‡hb cy‡iv †kÖwYi
wkÿv_©x‡`i †ev‡W©i †jLv †`L‡Z Amyweav bv nq| `jxq KvRmn Ab¨vb¨ cvV`vb c×wZ I †K․kj my›`ifv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi
Rb¨ †kÖwY Af¨šÍ‡i ch©vß RvqMv ivL‡Z n‡e|

L) †kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn¨K cwi‡ek

wkÿv_©xiv †h K‡ÿ †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g m¤ú„³ _vK‡e †m K‡ÿi evB‡ii cwi‡ek‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn¨K cwi‡ek †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q| †hgb :eviv›`v, wmuwo, gvV, we`¨vj‡qi cÖ‡ekc_,cvwb I cqtwb®‥vkb e¨e¯v BZ¨vw`| Aek¨B †kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn¨K
cwi‡ek wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq n‡Z n‡e| †mw`‡K cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb, wkÿK, Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix,cwiPvjbv cl©` I
wkÿv_©x‡`i bRi w`‡Z n‡e| †Kvb †Kvb wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi eviv›`vq evwj, KvM‡Ri UzK‡iv, wPc‡mi c¨v‡KU, †ZuZzj
wewPmn wewfbœ gqjv AveR©bvq ficyi _v‡K| wmuwo¸‡jv, bvjv b`©gv Acwi®‥vi, `yM©Ühy³ G ai‡bi cwi‡ek- A¯^v¯¨Ki
I PjvP‡ji Abyc‡hvMx| Ggb cwi‡ek cwiw¯wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V gb emv‡bv KóKi| ZvB †kÖwYK‡ÿi evwn¨K
cwi‡ek hv‡Z my›`i I cwi”Qbœ nq †mw`‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e bRi w`‡Z n‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi evwn¨K cwi‡ek cÖvK…wZK †m․›`©‡h¨
my‡kvwfZ K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi Pvwiw`‡K ebR, dj` I Jlwa Mv‡Qi Pviv jvMv‡Z n‡e| we`¨vj‡qi mvg‡b
†g․mygx dz‡ji Pvl Ki‡j we`¨vj‡qi cÖv½‡b mviv eQi D¾¡j _vK‡e| wKQz wKQz dzjMvQ Av‡Q †h¸‡jv‡Z mvov eQi Ry‡o
dzj †dv‡U †hgb- Rev, †Mvjvc BZ¨vw` Mv‡Qi Pviv jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZôv‡bi wmuwo I evivÜvq bvbvb dz‡ji ev cvZv evnv‡ii MvQ U‡e mvRv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| U‡ei Mv‡q wfbœ wfbœ is‡qi
cÖ‡jc w`‡q ivwO‡q †`Iqv hvq| cy‡iv cÖwZôv‡b `„k¨gvb ¯v‡b gblx‡`i evYx Uv½v‡bv hvq| GQvovI †`‡ki bvbv ¯v‡bi
†hgb: my›`ieb, bxjwMwi, K·evRvi, cvnvocyi BZ¨vw` ¯v‡bi Qwe ¯vcb K‡i evwn¨K †m․›`h© e„w× Kiv hvq| G QvovI
weL¨vZ e¨w³‡`i Qwe, fvlv knx` , exi‡kÖô, †`‡ki gvbwPÎ †mu‡U †`Iqvi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi ‡m․›`h©
†hgb evo‡e †Zgwb GQwe ¸‡jv †_‡K wkÿv_x©iv wkL‡ZI cvi‡e|

M) †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡e‡ki mvgvwRK w`K

mgvR I wkÿv cÖwZôvb G‡K Ac‡ii m¤ú~iK Ges cwic~iK| GKwU e¨ZxZ Ab¨wUi K_v fvevB hvq bv| mgvR †bB‡Zv
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wkÿv cÖwZôvb n‡jv mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mvgvwRK Aw¯iZv cÖwZôv‡bi ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µ‡g
weNœ NUvq| ZvB †Kvjvnj gy³, wbweo cwi‡e‡k wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi
e¨vNvZ m„wó bv K‡i| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e we`¨vjq mgv‡Ri cÖwZ”Qwe GLv‡b mKj ag© I e‡Y©i, †kÖwY, †ckvi gvby‡li
54
mšÍvbiv cÖK…Z gvbyl nIqvi gš¿ wb‡e| AZGe G cwi‡ek my›`i ivLvi, kvšÍ ivLvi `vwqZ¡ mgv‡Ri mK‡jiB| ZvB
wkÿK, wkÿv_©x, AwffveK, mvgvwRK msMVb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mym¤úK© Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿ wbivc` wkLb
cwi‡ek m„wói cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i †W‡K we`¨vjq cwiPvjbvi civgk© wb‡Z
n‡e| we`¨vj‡qi wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ð mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡Z n‡e| gv mgv‡ek ev wkÿK AwffveK mgv‡ek K‡i
mK‡ji KiYxq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Ki‡j we`¨vjq Z_v †kÖwY K‡ÿi cwi‡ek Dbœq‡b mgv‡Ri BwZevPK cÖfve co‡e|
Avgv‡`i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †kÖwYKÿ †_‡K •Zwi n‡e AvMvgxi mg„× evsjv‡`k| ZvB †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek wbivc` ivLvi
`vwqZ¡ mgv‡RiI i‡q‡Q| †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek hw` †bwZevPK nq wkÿv_©xiv g›` AvPiY ‡k‡L| Aek¨B Gi cÖfve
mgv‡Ri Ici co‡e| GQvov †kÖwYK‡ÿ wfbœ wfbœ †ckv,ag©,eY©, abx,`wi`ª cÖf…wZ gvby‡li mšÍvbiv GK m‡½ †jLvcov
K‡i| mK‡ji g‡a¨ hv‡Z åvZ…‡Z¡i GKwU eÜb m„wó nq †mBw`‡K Aek¨B wkÿK‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| wkÿK KLbI
†Kvb cÖKvi †Mvôx ¯^v‡_© K_v ej‡eb bv| Z‡eB GKwU myôy my›`i I MÖnY‡hvM¨ †kÖwY cwi‡ek m„wó n‡e| hv Av‡jvwKZ
mgvR M‡o ‡Zvjvi ‡ÿ‡Î mnvqK|
we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i m‡e©v”P e¨envi I wbivcËvi Rb¨ †K․kj wba©viY
cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡biB wKQz m¤ú` _v‡K hv w`‡q cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| cÖ_g †_‡KB hw` m¤ú`¸‡jvi myôz
e¨envi I iÿYv‡eÿY wbwðZ Kiv hvq Zv n‡j cÖwZôvb jvfevb nq| KviY mxwgZ m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q ax‡i ax‡i
e„nr K‡g©i w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv hvq Ges w`b w`b m¤ú` evov‡bv m¤¢e nq| hw` we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i e¨envi h_vh_ bv nq
Ges G¸‡jv bó n‡q hvq ev nvwi‡q hvq Zvn‡j cÖwZôvbwU wU‡K _vKv Kó mva¨ n‡q `vuovq| m¤ú‡`i h_vh_ e¨envi Ges
msiÿ‡Y Kvh©Ki e¨e¯v MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg I ¸YMZ gvb w`b w`b e„w× cv‡e| wb‡P mswÿß
cwim‡i KiYxq¸‡jv wjwce× Kiv nj-
cÖ_gZ : cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq m¤ú„³ e¨w³‡`i mswkøó Kv‡R `ÿ n‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ : m¤ú‡`i cÖ‡qvRbvbymv‡i e¨envi Dc‡hvwMZv we‡ePbvq GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges h_vh_ ¯v‡b
msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ : welq Abyhvqx Avjv`v Kÿ wbw`©ó K‡i m¤ú` msiÿY Ki‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq e¨envi Kiv mnR nq|
PZz_©Z : msiwÿZ ¯vbwU KZUv wbivc`, †iv‡` cyo‡e, e„wó‡Z wfR‡e A_ev nvwi‡q hvIqvi m¤v¢ebv Av‡Q Ggb ¯vb
wba©viY bv Kiv †kÖq| ¯vbwU m¤ú` msiÿ‡Y Dchy³ n‡Z n‡e|
cÂgZ : mswkøó e¨w³ ev e¨w³eM©‡K m¤ú`¸‡jv †`Lvi I hZœ †bIqvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó K‡i wjwLZfv‡e `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|
lôZ : e¨env‡ii Rb¨ m¤ú`¸‡jv †K, KLb wb‡q‡Q Zv ZvwiL D‡jøLc~e©K †iwRóªv‡i wjwce× ivLv Riæwi| G‡Z m¤ú`
nviv‡bvi m¤¢ebv K‡g hvq|
me‡k‡l cÖwZôv‡bi mKj cÖKvi m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi, msiÿY I hZœ †bIqvi g~j `vwqZ¡ cÖwZôvb cÖav‡bi| wZwb gv‡S
gv‡S m¤ú`¸‡jvi w¯wZ Ges Ae¯v †`Lvi e¨e¯v ivL‡eb|

5.3 wkÿv_©x AvPiY bxwZgvjv wba©viY

wkÿv_©xiv †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq bv ivL‡j †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g weNœ N‡U| wkÿKM‡Yi wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cvV¨m~wP m¤úbœ Kiv
KóKi n‡q c‡o| ZvB †kÖwY Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb wkÿv_©x‡`i Kvg¨ AvPiY bxwZgvjv wb‡¤œ cÖ`Ë n‡jv-
K) wbw`©ó mg‡q we`¨vj‡q Dcw¯Z nIqv;
L) K¬v‡ki wbqgKvbyb †g‡b Pjv;
M) wbw`©ó BDwbdg© cwiavb Kiv;
N) cov-‡jLvq g‡bv‡hvMx nIqv;
O) ¯‥zj cvjv‡bv †_‡K weiZ _vKv;
P) wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZwU Av‡`k wb‡la gvb¨ Kiv;
Q) we`¨vj‡q ev †kÖwYK‡ÿ †Kvbiƒc wek„„•Ljvi m„wó bv Kiv;
R) we`¨vj‡qi mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ (QvÎ-QvÎx) mgvb m¤§vb, kÖ×v I †¯œ‡ni g‡bvfve m„wó Kiv;
S) †kÖwYi KvR, evwoi KvR, †kÖwY Afxÿv, wba©vwiZ KvR BZ¨vw` h_vh_ fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv|
55
Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿKe„›`‡K mnvqZvKvixi f‚wgKvq AeZxY© n‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ AvšÍwiK
I eÜzZ¡c~Y© AvPiY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i †QvU-Lv‡Uv fyjÎæwU AZ¨šÍ my›`ifv‡e ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i
e¨w³MZ †Kvb mgm¨v _vK‡j Zv GKv‡šÍ †R‡b wb‡q MVbg~jK civgk© w`‡eb wkÿK| gv-evev, AwffveK, mgv‡Ri
m`m¨‡`iI wkÿv_©x‡`i mr AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ civgk© w`‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xiv eqtmwÜKv‡ji|
Zv‡`i AvPi‡Y DMÖZv _vK‡ZB cv‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i mšÍv‡bi g‡Zv MY¨ K‡i Zv‡`i myc ivgk© w`‡j Zviv wbðqB BwZevPK
AvPiY cÖ`k©b Ki‡e| wkÿv_©xiv mgq‡K g~j¨ w`‡e| †kÖwY Kvh©µg †k‡l wbw`©ó mg‡q evwo ev evmvq wd‡i hv‡e| mܨvi
ci cÖv_©bv †k‡l co‡Z em‡e| wUwf, wm‡bgv †`‡L ev cÖhyw³wbf©i wWfvBm e¨envi K‡i mgq bó Ki‡e bv| D‡jøwLZ
AvPiwYK bxwZgvjv cvj‡bi Abykxjb ev PP©vi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z cvi‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i AvPi‡Y Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b Avm‡e|
wkÿ‡Ki eÜzZ¡c~Y© AvPi‡Yi d‡j wkÿv_©xiv Zvui mKj Av‡`k wb‡`©k h_vh_fv‡e cvjb Ki‡e| †kÖwY k„•LjvI eRvq
_vK‡e|
cyi¯‥vi I kvw¯Í cÖ`vb : BwZevPK I †bwZevPK w`K
kvmb Kiv ZviB mv‡R, †mvnvM K‡i †h| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i Dchy³ wkÿv`v‡bi Rb¨ kvmb I †mvnvM A_©vr cyi¯‥vi
I kvw¯Í `y‡UvB cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| cÖev` Av‡Q ev‡c evbvq fzZ, wkÿK evbvq cyZ| evevi Kv‡Q _vK‡j †h mšÍvb cÖK…Z A‡_©
gvbyl nq bv Zv‡K wkÿK cyi¯‥vi I cÖ‡qvR‡b kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖK…Z gvbyl •Zwi K‡i| cyi¯‥vi n‡jv wkÿv_©xi
m`vPi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvß †cÖlYv hv cieZ©x‡Z wkÿv AR©b I myk„•Ljfv‡e Pjvi Rb¨ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zv‡j|
‡hgb: Zzwg PgrKvi DËi w`‡qQ| Avwg GgbwUB fvewQjvg| A_ev mwVK Dˇii Rb¨ GB †cwÝjwU †Zvgvi| Z‡e g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥v‡ii †P‡q gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi A‡bK †ewk `xN©¯vqx| e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥vi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡K †jvfx
K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvB e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥vi cwiZ¨vM Kiv DwPZ|
Ab¨w`‡K mvaviY fvlvq kvw¯Í ej‡Z Ávb PP©vi D‡Ï‡k¨i cwicšx †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ kvixwiK wKsev gvbwmK `Ð`vb‡KB
†evSv‡bv nq| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b miKvi AvBb K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi welqwU iwnZ K‡i‡Q| wkÿv gš¿Yvjq KZ…K ©
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i kvixwiK I gvbwmK kvw¯Í iwnZ Kiv msµvšÍ bxwZgvjv-2010 bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G
bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq kvixwiK kvw¯Í ej‡Z †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi •`wnK AvNvZ Kiv‡K eySv‡e| †hgb:
K) †Kvb QvÎ-QvÎx‡K nvZ-cv ev †Kvb wKQz w`‡q AvNvZ Kiv/ †eÎvNvZ Kiv;
L) wkÿv_©xi w`‡K PK/ Wv÷vi ev G RvZxq †Kvb e¯‧ Quy‡o gviv;
M) AvQvo †`Iqv I wPgwU KvUv;
N) kix‡ii †Kvb ¯v‡b Kvgo †`Iqv ;
O) Pyj a‡i Uvbv ev Pzj †K‡U †`Iqv ;
P) Nvo a‡i av°v †`Iqv;
Q) Kvb a‡i Uvbv ev DVem& Kiv‡bv;
R) †Pqvi, †Uwej ev †Kvb wKQzi wb‡P gv_v w`‡q `vuo Kiv‡bv ev nvuUz †M‡o `vuo K‡i ivLv;
S) †iv‡` `vuo K‡i ev ïB‡q ivLv wKsev m~‡h©i w`‡K gyL K‡i `vuo K‡i ivLv;
T) QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i w`‡q Ggb †Kvb KvR Kiv‡bv hv kÖg AvB‡b wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq
gvbwmK kvw¯Í ej‡Z †Kvb wkÿv_©x‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ggb gšÍe¨ Kiv †hgb- gv-evev/ esk cwiPq/‡MvÎ / eY©/ ag© BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© Akvjxb gšÍe¨ Kiv, A‡kvfb A½fw½ Kiv ev Ggb †Kvb AvPiY Kiv hv wkÿv_©xi g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mf¨Zvi e¨vcK AMÖMwZi hy‡M wkÿv½‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i Ab¨vq AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ gb¯ÍvwË¡K kvm‡bi Ici we‡klfv‡e †Rvi
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q| KviY wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡`i†K kvw¯Í w`‡Z wM‡q hy× K‡i‡Qb GgbwU fvevi my‡hvM †bB| wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi
m¤úK© c~‡e©i ¸iæ-wk‡l¨i m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv bq| GLb c„w_ex A‡bKUvB e`‡j †M‡Q mKj wKQz‡ZB bZzbZ¡ G‡m fxo
Rwg‡q‡Q| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î gb¯ÍvwË¡K kvw¯Íi c×wZMZ cÖwµqvi cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi m¤úK© n‡q‡Q †¯œnc~Y©
m¤úªxwZg~jK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK| eZ©gvb wkÿv½‡b wb‡¤œv³ g‡bv‣eÁvwbK kvw¯Í cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici wkÿv g‡bvweÁvb
we‡klfv‡e †Rvi w`‡q‡Q| †hgb : Pÿz kvmb, Kɯ^‡ii `„pZvi kvmb, †¯œn ev cyi¯‥vi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv, wkÿv_©xi K…Z
K‡g©i Rb¨ wkÿK GKUz ivM Kiv BZ¨vw`|
we`¨vj‡q kvw¯Íi weavb ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K Aek¨B KZ¸‡jv wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| †hgb:
1. kvw¯Í n‡e cwiwgZ;
2. kvw¯Í n‡e bgbxq;
56
3. kvw¯Í n‡e ms‡kvabg~jK;
4. gb¯ÍvwË¡K fve avivq gb Rq K‡i ms‡kvab n‡j cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb;
5. kvixwiK kvw¯Í †Kvbfv‡eB cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv|
kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi †bwZevPK w`K
wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi m¤úK©wU eÜz‡Z¡i| wZwb Zvi weÁZv w`‡q wkÿv_©xi gb ey‡S BwZevPK civgk© w`‡eb| KviY wZwb ïay
wkÿK bb wZwb GKRb g‡bvweÁvbxI | kvw¯Í g‡bvweÁvbm¤§Z bq| wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ nxbgb¨Zv m„wó K‡i| D‡Ïk¨ A‡bK
mgq e¨_©Zvq cwiYZ nq| G‡Z c‡ivÿfv‡e wbôziZv _v‡K| d‡j wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj wewNœZ nq|wkÿv_©x cov‡jLvi cÖwZ
AvMÖn nvwi‡q †d‡j| we`¨vjq wegyL nq| cvVMÖn‡Y wcwQ‡q c‡o| S‡i covi cÖeYZv †e‡o hvq| d‡j †eKviZ¡ ev‡o|
gvbem¤ú` mgm¨vq cwiYZ nq| †`‡ki †evSv ev‡o|
cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi BwZevPK w`K
Avb‡›`i cyi¯‥vi †K bv cQ›` K‡i| †QvU wkï †_‡K e‡qve„× ch©šÍ cyi¯‥v‡ii cÖwZ mevi AvKl©Y _v‡K| cyi¯‥vi wkÿv_©xi
g‡a¨ †cÖlYv m„wó Kivi gva¨‡g wkL‡b MwZ Av‡b| bZzb bZzb wkL‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z wkÿv_©x AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V|
cyi¯‥vi `yÕai‡bi Av‡Q e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥vi I gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi| e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥vi n‡jv, eB, †µ÷, mb` , UvKv, Kjg, †Ljbv,
cÖvBReÛ, c`K BZ¨vw`| Avi gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi n‡jv †g․wLK cÖksmv, Awfb›`b, wkÿv_©xi BwZevPK w`K wb‡q A‡b¨i
mvg‡b Dc¯vcb Kiv, wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q fvj wKQz Avkv Kiv BZ¨vw`|
gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi cÖvwßi d‡j, wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ †Kvb †bwZevPK cÖfve _vK‡jI Zv KvwU‡q DVvi †Póv K‡i| wkÿv_©x cv‡V
g‡bv‡hvMx nq| me mgq †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V, S‡i covi nvi K‡g| d‡j wkÿv_©xiv fvj
dj jvf K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K G cyi¯‥v‡ii cÖfve nq `xN©¯vqx| cÖwZôvb, wkÿK-wkÿv_©x, AwffveK Z_v †`k BwZevPK
fvebvq M‡o I‡V| †`‡ki gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡b mydj e‡q Av‡b| ZvB mxwgZfv‡e e¯‧MZ cyi¯‥vi †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e AdzišÍfv‡e gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb GKvšÍ evÃbxq|
mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© we`¨vjq wkÿv_©x‡`i kvw¯Í w`‡q weiƒc cwiw¯wZi m„wó bv K‡i cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi g‡a¨ PgrKvi we`¨vjq
cwi‡ek •Zwi Kiv DËg| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg mv_©K n‡e e‡j cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq| KviY Avgv‡`i g‡b ivLv `iKvi
kvw¯Íi gva¨‡g KLbB †Kvb welq cwic~Y©fv‡e †kLv‡bv hvq bv hZUv Avb›` ev cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †kLv‡bv hvq|

5.4 cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv `ÿZv Abykxjb

gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©xiv eqtmwÜKv‡ji| Giv †h †Kvb mgq †kÖwYK‡ÿ AevwÃZ AvPiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mw`‡K mRvM
`„wó ivL‡Z n‡e AwfÁ wkÿKM‡Yi| wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z cvV`v‡bi mgq †Kvb ai‡bi wek„•Ljv m„wó Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m
wel‡q wkÿK‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| wkÿK KZ…©K AbvKvw•ÿZ AvPiY †gvKv‡ejv‡KB cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv `ÿZv e‡j|
wkÿK Aek¨B G‡nb cwiw¯wZ cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯Z ‧ _vK‡eb| KviY GK ev GKvwaK wkÿv_©xi A‡m․Rb¨g~jK
AvPiY cy‡iv †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g AšÍivq m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi k„•Ljv k³ nv‡Z eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e G Rb¨ hv‡Z mvaviY
wkÿv_©x‡`i Ici ¯^í msL¨K wkÿv_©x cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
wkÿv_©x‡`i G ai‡bi AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ ïay wkÿKM‡Yi A`ÿZv‡K `vqx Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| G †ÿ‡Î Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯v,
ivR‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Aw¯iZvI A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| †kÖwYK‡ÿi evB‡ii k„•Ljvi Rb¨ mgv‡Ri m‡nv‡hvwMZv‡bIqv
cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e †kÖwYi Af¨šÍixY k„•Ljv iÿvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡KB †ewki fvM BwZevPK c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©x‡`i bvbv ai‡bi AvPiwYK mgm¨vi mgvavb cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY KwgwUi gva¨‡g Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY evÃbxq|
wb‡¤œv³fv‡e wkÿK cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡ib-
cÖ_gZ:wkÿK‡K Aek¨B ms‡e`bkxj g‡bvfvevcbœ n‡Z n‡e| †h†Kvb ai‡bi †bwZevPK AvPi‡Yi K_v g‡bv‡hvM
mnKv‡i ïb‡Z n‡e| †K, KLb, †Kvb cwiw¯wZ‡Z Kx e‡j‡Q ev Kx NwU‡q‡Q, †Kvb cwiw¯wZ‡Z NwU‡q‡Q Zv wkÿ‡Ki
we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e| NUbv mswkøó mevi Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici wbi‡cÿfv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e|
wØZxqZ : wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi †h ai‡bi AvPiwYK m¤úK© eRvq _vKvi K_v Zvi Ab¨_v n‡jB wkÿK mZ¨wU ev ï×wU
wkÿv_©x‡K Rvwb‡q w`‡eb| hv‡Z cybivq Gai‡bi cwiw¯wZi m„wó bv nq| wkÿK-wkÿv_©x Df‡qi cÖwZ kÖ×v‡eva †¯œ‡ni
57
cik hv‡Z Agwjb _v‡K †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivLv AZxe Riæwi| AbvKvw•ÿZ AvPiY I fvlvi AgvwR©Z ewn©cÖKvk Kiv
†_‡K weiZ ivLvi Rb¨ wkÿK wb‡R m‡PZb n‡eb Ges wkÿv_©x‡KI †kLv‡eb|
Z…ZxqZ: G eq‡mi wkÿv_©x‡`i †h cÖeYZv GKUz †ewk †`Lv hvq Zv n‡jv GKRb †Kvb GKUv `yózwg Ki‡Q †`L‡j Ab¨iv
GKB iKg `yózwg ïiæ K‡i †`q| †hgb: GKRb nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji gUKv fv½‡j Ab¨ivI ïiæ K‡i| G‡Z †kÖwY k„•Ljv
eRvq ivLv KwVb n‡q c‡o| Ggb cwiw¯wZ †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ I cÖwZ‡iva e¨e¯v MÖn‡Y wkÿK‡K c~‡e©B `ÿZvi BwZevPK
cwiPq Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mgMÖ †kÖwY‡Z mywbqš¿Y e¨e¯v mywbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
PZz_©Z : wkÿK‡K cvV`v‡bi avivevwnKZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| A_©vr cvV`v‡b hv‡Z Q›` cZb bv N‡U| wkÿv_©x †kÖwY‡Z
k„•Ljv bó Kivi my‡hvM hv‡Z bv cvq Ges †Kvb mgm¨v n‡j Zv hv‡Z ZvrÿwYK mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡ib †mw`‡K mRvM `„wó
ivL‡Z n‡e wkÿK‡K| †gvU K_v wkÿK `ÿZvi mv‡_ mywbcyYfv‡e †kÖwYi Kvh©µg m¤úbœ Ki‡eb| G QvovI †kÖwY
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi mgq †kÖwY K‡ÿ wfbœiKg †Kvb NUbv NU‡j Zv †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K cÖ¯Z ‧ _vK‡Z n‡e|
†hgb- cVb-cvVb KvR ïiæ nIqvi ci †Kvb wkÿv_©x †kÖwY‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Avmb wb‡q wek„•Ljv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, G‡Z
†kÖwY k„•Ljv wewNœZ nq| wkÿK `ÿZvi mv‡_ Gai‡bi cwiw¯wZi myôz mgvav‡bi e¨e¯v Ki‡eb| wkÿK †kÖwY Kvh©µg
ïiæi c~‡e©B wkÿv_©xi D”PZv, eqm I D”P †gav, ¯^í †gav, ga¨g †gav we‡ePbvq †i‡L Avmb web¨vm K‡i ivL‡eb|
†kÖwY‡Z cvV`vb KvR ïiæi Av‡M wkÿv_©xiv wek„•Lj Ae¯vq _vK‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Zv‡`i mv‡_ Kzkj wewbgq I c~e©Ávb
hvPvB‡qi ga¨‡g †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e| wkÿK mywbcyYfv‡e †kÖwY‡Z cv‡Vi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡Z m‡Pó
n‡eb| Uvbv e³…Zv c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM bó n‡Z cv‡i ZvB gv‡S gv‡S cÖkœ Kiv, cÖvmw½K Mí
Kiv I wewfbœ iKg †K․kj †hgb : GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †kÖwY wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡e, †Kvb iƒc
wek„•Ljvi m„wó n‡e bv| cvVmswkøó DcKiY e¨envi, `jxqKvR Z`viwK, wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Ri cÖksmv Kiv cÖ‡qvR‡b
cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: †Zvgv‡`i KvR PgrKvi n‡”Q ev †ek fvj Ki‡Qv †Zvgiv BZ¨vw` gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Ri MwZ‡K `ªæZZi K‡i| †kÖwY k„•LjvI eRvq _v‡K| Avevi †kÖwYi mKj Kv‡Ri mgš^q mva‡bi
gva¨‡gI †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv m¤¢e nq| GQvov wkÿ‡Ki djcÖm~ cvV Dc¯vcbI †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek wkLb Dc‡hvMx
nIqvi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ|

mgm¨v m„wóKvix wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ e¨envi

wkÿve‡l©i ïiæ‡ZB cÖwZôv‡bi wbqgKvbyb¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i AewnZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †hb wbqgewnf©~Z KvR Ki‡j Kx Kx
Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i Zv ¯úó _v‡K| G K_v mZ¨ †Kvb †Kvb we`¨vj‡q mgm¨v m„wóKvix GK ev GKvwaK wkÿv_©x _vK‡Z
cv‡i| Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ïay kvmb ev ïay Av`i bq Zv‡`i mv‡_ A¤ø gayi GKUv m¤úK© •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e †m ev
Zviv mgm¨v ev wek„•Ljv m„wó‡Z weiZ _v‡K| mgm¨vm„wóKvix wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S gv‡S wKQz `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Ges myôzfv‡e
KvR m¤úv`b †k‡l gvbwmK cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z `yózwgi gvÎv Kg‡e| †gvU K_v wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi eÜz n‡Z
n‡e| Zv‡`i‡K fvj Kv‡Ri Av‡`k I g›` Kv‡Ri wb‡la Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xi †QvU Lv‡Uv †Kvb fz‡ji Rb¨ Zv‡K
BwZevPK civgk© w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z fz‡ji cybive„wË bv N‡U| GKevi ev `yÕevi mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wKQz bv ej‡j
Zviv †ec‡ivqv n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Ges eo ai‡bi mgm¨v m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wkÿK‡K mRvM †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡K
mycivgk© cÖ`vb Ges cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx nIqvi wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿK‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, wkÿv_©x Lvivc AvPiY
Ki‡j wkÿK Lvivc AvPiY Ki‡eb bv| KviY wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ †ev‡ai RvqMvUv •Zwi nqwb| ZvB wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ fvj
e¨envi K‡i Zvi e¨w³MZ †`vlÎæwU¸‡jv GKv‡šÍ Av‡jvPbv K‡i wbivg‡qi e¨e¯v Kiv wkÿ‡Ki Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡| wkÿv_©x
bvbv Kvi‡Y †kÖwY‡Z k„•Ljv f½ K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-
 cvwievwiK wewfbœ AkvwšÍ;
 gv-evevi g‡a¨ SMov I we‡”Q`;
 mr gv‡qi AZ¨vPvi;
 A_©‣bwZK •`b¨Zv;
 Abv`i I Ae‡njv;
 wbivcËvnxbZv;
 cvwievwiK wkÿvi Afve|
58
DwjøwLZ Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©xiv bvbv ai‡bi Av‡e‡M RR©wiZ n‡q AbvKvw•ÿZ AvPiY Ki‡Z D‡`¨vMx n‡q I‡V| KviY Zviv
Av‡e‡Mi Kvi‡Y Av”Qvw`Z _vKvq fvj-g›` †evSvi ÿgZv nvwi‡q †d‡j| wKš‧ †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv Aek¨ KZ©e¨|
wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi gvbwmKZv ey‡S c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xi Am`vPi‡Yi gvÎv ey‡S Zv‡K cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨
bvbv ai‡bi †K․kj MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| †kÖwY k„•Ljv †UKmB Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv hvq-
 wek„•Ljv ev mgm¨v †K I †Kb m„wó K‡i‡Q Zv Rvbv;
 KvRwU Kivi Kvi‡Y djvdj Kx n‡Z cv‡i Zvi KvQ †_‡K †g․wLK e³e¨ Av`vq Kiv;
 G ai‡bi KvR Ab¨ †KD Ki‡j mgm¨v m„wóKvix wkÿv_©xi Ici Zvi Kx cÖfve co‡e Zv Rvbv;
 G ai‡bi KvRK‡g©i R‡b¨ AZx‡Z Kx c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj, Ggb NUbv ev Mí Zvi mvg‡b Dc¯vcb
Kiv;
 fwel¨‡Z hv‡Z Avi GiKg mgm¨vi m„wó bv K‡i Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡K m‡PZb Kiv;
 cybivq mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡j Zvi Rb¨ KwVb f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡Z n‡e e‡j Zv‡K mveavb Kiv;

g~jZ †kÖwY k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡jI cÖwZôv‡bi cÿ n‡Z wKQz cÖwZwôZ wbqg Kvbyb ivLv evÃbxq| G
ai‡bi wbqg Kvbybm¤^wjZ †cv÷vi cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb cÖavb ¯v‡b cÖ`k©b Kiv DwPZ †hb mK‡j †`L‡Z I co‡Z cv‡i|
GQvov gv‡S gv‡S AwffveK gn‡jI cÖPvi Kivi e¨e¯v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖwZôv‡bi gvb eRvq ivL‡Z cÖkvmb `„p
cÖwZÁve×| myZivs eQ‡ii cÖ_g ‡_‡K Gwel‡q m‡PZb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| GQvov †kÖwY‡Z gv‡S gv‡S mKj wkÿK G
w`KwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡eb| Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv m‡PZb n‡Z m‡Pó n‡e|

5.5 AwaKmsL¨K wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYi •ewkó¨ I AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi †K․kj

AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYi •ewkó¨
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q cÖwZwU †kÖwY K‡ÿ wbqgvbyhvqx 40 Rb wkÿv_©x _vKvi K_v| †kÖwY‡Z wkÿK- wkÿv_©xi AbycvZ 1:60-
Gi †ewk n‡j a‡i wb‡Z n‡e †kÖwY‡Z AwaK wkÿv_©x i‡q‡Q| D‡jøL¨ †h, †Kvb †Kvb ¯‥z‡ji cÖwZwU †kÖwY‡Z 120-150
Rb ch©šÍ wkÿv_©x _v‡K| AwaK wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwY‡Z wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ mKj wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv| wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl bRi †`Iqv cÖvq Am¤¢e| G ai‡bi †kÖwY‡Z k„•Ljv iÿv Kiv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨
KóKi n‡q c‡o| wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ djveZ©b †`Iqv KóKi n‡q c‡o| Avevi wkÿv_©x‡`i djveZ©b myPviæfv‡e MÖnY
KivI m¤¢e nq bv| wkÿ‡Ki Kɯ^i †kÖwYi †klZg †e‡Âi wkÿv_©x ch©šÍ †c․uQv‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµqfv‡e
cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ `jMZ KvR cÖ`vb ev mwµqZvag©x Ab¨vb¨ cvV`vb †K․kj¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| AwaK msL¨K
wkÿv_©xi Dcw¯wZi Kvi‡Y †kÖwYK‡ÿ A¯^v¯¨Ki cwi‡ek m„wó nIqvq wkÿv_©xiv Aemv`MÖ¯ n‡q c‡o| GB ai‡bi
†kÖwYK‡ÿi wcQ‡b emv wkÿv_©xiv PK †ev‡W©i KvR †`L‡Z cvq bv| wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ evwoi KvR Av`vq Kiv I Zv g~j¨vqb
Kiv mgqmva¨ I KóKi n‡q c‡o| G‡nb cwiw¯wZ †_‡K cwiÎv‡Yi Rb¨ ¯‥z‡ji †kÖwYmg~n AvqZKvi nIqv Avek¨K|
KZ©„cÿ KZ…K© ¯‥z‡ji cÖwZ †kÖwY‡Z ch©vß Av‡jv evZv‡mi e¨e¯v Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡jvi wecix‡Z PK †evW©
¯vcb Kiv DwPZ| †ev‡W© ¯úófv‡e eo eo K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv †ev‡W©i KvR wj‡L †bIqvi ci Zv gy‡Q †dj‡Z
n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i ch©vqµ‡g cÖ_g mvwi †_‡K †kl mvwi‡Z emvi e„ËvKvi wbqg Pvjy Kiv `iKvi|
wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZKiY †K․kj
cvV`vb GKwU gvbwmK cÖwµqv| wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm we‡ePbvq †kÖwYi Kvh©µ‡g g‡bv‡hvMx I mwµq †i‡L wkLb‡K djcÖm~
Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ cvV`v‡b GKgywLZv cwinvi Kiv Avek¨K| AvaywbK cvV`vb †K․k‡j ZvB mwµqZvag©x
AskMÖnYg~jK, wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK cvV`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ †hmKj †K․kj Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv nj-
1. cvV¨ wel‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZv Lyu‡R †ei Kiv;
2.†kÖwYi Kv‡R AskMÖnY;
3. DËi`v‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡`i cÖksmv Kiv;
59
 4. wcwQ‡q cov I myweav ewÂZ wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó _vKv;
5. wkÿv_©x‡`i me mgq GKKfv‡e †kÖwYi KvR bv w`‡q †Rvovq ev `‡j KvR †`Iqv I Dc¯vc‡bi e¨e¯v Kiv;
6. PK†evW© e¨envi Kiv;
7. cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q PK†ev‡W© ev †nvqvBU †ev‡W©i †jLv‡bv;
8. wkÿv_©xiv LvZvq Zzj‡Q wKbv Zv g„`y cvqPvixi gva¨‡g Z`viK Kiv;
9. wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ K‡i Zv‡`i wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM †`Iqv| Zviv †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi bv cvi‡j wkÿK Zv‡`i
mnvqZv Ki‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡`i e× cÖkœ Kg K‡i †ewk †ewk Db¥y³ cÖkœ Kiv DËg|
10. wkÿK †kÖwY‡Z Ggb fv‡e `uvov‡eb ev cvqPvix Ki‡eb hv‡Z cy‡iv †kÖwYi wkÿv_©xiv Zvui `„wói bvMv‡j _v‡K;
11. gvBÛ g¨vwcs, †eªBb ÷wg©s, †cv÷e·, G·cvU© wRMm& BZ¨vw` Drmvne¨ÄK †K․kj¸‡jv †kÖwY‡Z e¨envi Kiv;
12. †kÖwYi KvR ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki †P‡q mZx_©‡`i Øviv Ki‡j Zv‡`i AskMÖnY evo‡e;
13. mgMÖ †kÖwYi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ K‡i Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv G·, WweøD, †RW BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i DËi wb‡j cy‡iv †kÖwY
wkÿ‡Ki wbqš¿‡Y _vK‡e Ges wkÿv_©xiv †kÖwY‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e;
14. `jxq Kv‡Ri †k‡l †g․wLK Dc¯vc‡bi mgq A‡cÿvK…Z PzcPvc wkÿv_©x‡`i Øviv `jxq KvR Dc¯vcb Ki‡j
wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
15. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Kiv| m¤¢e n‡j gvwëwgwWqv e¨envi K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb Ki‡j wkÿv_©xi
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq;
16. `ye©j wkÿv_©x‡`i †ewk K‡i wewfbœ Kv‡R m¤ú„³ Ki‡j Zv‡`i wkLb m¤ú~Y© nq|

g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e mKj Kv‡Ri †k‡l wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖksmv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j mK‡jB †Kvb bv †Kvbfv‡e †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g
AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ AvMÖnx n‡e| Gfv‡eB AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e|
†RÛvi AšÍf©yw³ wbwðZKi‡Yi †K․kj
†RÛvi (Gender)kãwU eZ©gv‡b h‡_ó Av‡jvwPZ| c~‡e©i aviYv cwiewZ©Z n‡q GLb †RÛvi kãwUi A‡_©i wfbœZv jÿ¨
Kiv hvq| GB wfbœZv cÖ_g cÖKvk cvq 1970 mv‡j| Ann Oakley cÖ_‡g †RÛvi kãwU wfbœ A‡_© e¨envi K‡ib hv
we‡k¦ MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv jvf K‡i| c~‡e© †RÛvi kãwU wj½ (Sex) A‡_© e¨envi Kiv nZ| †mg‡Z, gvbeK~j‡K wZb ai‡bi
wj‡½ wef³ Kiv nq| †hgb, cyswj½, ¯¿xwj½ I wK¬e wj½| eZ©gv‡b wj½ ej‡Z eySvq bvix I cyiæ‡li kvixwiK
•ewkó¨m~PK wfbœZv| GwU g~jZ ‣RweK •ewkó¨ we‡kl| Avi G wfbœZvi m~ÎcvZ nq cÖvK…wZKfv‡e hv Rb¥MZ|
‡RÛvi kãwUi DrcwË nq mvgvwRKfv‡e hv bvix cyiæ‡li m¤úK©, bvix-cyiæ‡li f~wgKv wb‡`©k K‡i| Avevi †RÛvi
bvixcyiæ‡li Kg©KvÛI wba©viY K‡i| D‡jøL¨ †h, †RÛvi wba©viY cÖvK…wZK bq, mgvRm„ó| hvi g‡a¨ wbwnZ Av‡Q `vwqZ¡ I
cÖZ¨vwkZ AvPiY| ZvB eZ©gv‡b mgvR I AwfÁZvi wfwˇZ bvix-cyiæ‡li ‣ewkó¨, Avkv, AvKv•ÿv Ges AvPiY †RÛvi
KZ©„K wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯Z mKj wkÿv_©xi wb‡`©kK, mnvqZvKvix, eÜz| ïay mvg‡bi ev †cQ‡bi wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ we‡kl
¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb, Zv wKš‧ bq| †kÖwYK‡ÿi Wv‡b, ev‡g, mvg‡b I †cQ‡bi wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvbfv‡e Zvu‡K `„wó w`‡Z
n‡e| †hme we`¨vj‡q mn-wkÿv we`¨gvb †mLv‡b †kÖwY‡Z ïay †Q‡j wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m
e¨vcv‡i wkÿ‡Ki mZ©K `„wó ivLv cÖ‡qvRb| we‡kl †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©x ev `j hv‡Z e¨w³MZ ev `jxq ÿgZv ev cÖfve cÖ`k©b
Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| †kÖwY‡Z †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ †Q‡j‡`i g‡Zv h‡_ó RvqMv eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b
ivL‡Z n‡e †Q‡j-†g‡q Df‡qB Avcbvi wkÿv_©x, ZvB Zv‡`i cÖwZ mgvb `„wó w`‡Z n‡e| ïay †Q‡jiv bq Avevi ïay
†g‡qivI bq,‡Q‡j †g‡q Dfq‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ AvbycvwZK nv‡i Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e| †kÖwYi KvR
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mgq †Q‡j †g‡q Df‡qi KvR mgfv‡e ch©‡eÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †kÖwY‡bZv wbe©vP‡bi mgq †Q‡j-†g‡q
Dfq‡K mgvbfv‡e `j‡bZvi `vwqZ¡ eywS‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †kÖwY‡Z `jMZ KvR Kivi mgq †Q‡j-‡g‡qi mgvb mwµq
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡| †kÖwY‡Z Aek¨B †RÛvi wbi‡cÿ wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi, wbi‡cÿ kã Ges
†RÛvi wbi‡cÿ D`vniY Dc¯vcb Kiv DwPZ| G‡Z wkÿK †hgb †kÖwYK‡g© cvi½gZvi cwiPq †`‡eb †Zgwb m¤§vwbZ
†eva Ki‡eb| †RÛvi wbi‡cÿ kã ev fvlv ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q wkÿv_©x, †nW wUPvi, mfvcwZ, Aa¨ÿ, wkÿK
BZ¨vw`|

60
`jMZ KvR cÖ`vb K‡i wb‡`©kbv †k‡l wkÿK wbweo ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi AwaK AskMÖnY I K_v ejvi my‡hvM
m„wó Ki‡eb| G‡Z welqe¯‧ eyS‡Z I eySv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv Drmvn †eva Ki‡e| †kÖwY‡Z cÖkœ Kivi mgq †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
wkÿv_©x‡K Bw½Z K‡i ev bvg a‡i †W‡K cÖkœ bv K‡i mK‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| hviv cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e
Zv‡`i nvZ DwV‡q wkÿ‡Ki g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z Drmvn w`‡Z n‡e Ges †Q‡j-‡g‡q Df‡qi †_‡K mgvb msL¨K
wkÿv_©x‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ej‡Z n‡e| PzcPvc e‡m _vKv wkÿv_©x‡`i mwVK Dˇii cybive„wË Ki‡Z n‡e| mwVK
DËi`vZv‡`i cÖksmv Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv cieZ©x‡ZI †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Kivi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ nq|
wkÿ‡Ki †Q‡j-‡g‡q Df‡qi gZvgZ‡K mgvb ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv `iKvi| wkÿK‡K AvšÍwiKfv‡e †Póv Ki‡Z
n‡e| †kÖwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi mgq A_ev we`¨vjq PjvKvjxb mg‡q †Q‡j-‡g‡q Df‡qi bvg a‡i WvK‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
Zviv wb‡R‡`i m¤§vwbZ †eva Ki‡e| ZvQvov †Kv‡bv Kv‡R dvuwK †`Iqv ev Ab¨vq Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³ nIqv †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡e| wkÿK‡K GUvI g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bi †fZi Av`‡k©i wfZwU cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb ZLbB hLb
welqÁvb Zvui fv‡jv _vK‡e Ges welqe¯‧ fv‡jvfv‡e eySv‡bvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi eqm Ges Pvwn`v‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡eb| Gi
gva¨‡g me wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm M‡o DV‡e| G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve I cwi‡ek m„wó n‡e| †Q‡j-
‡g‡q Df‡qi g‡a¨ hv‡Z `~iZ¡ m„wó bv n‡q eÜz‡Z¡i GKwU my›`i eÜb m„wó nq †mB j‡ÿ¨ wkÿK‡K KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|

5.6 wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v wbiƒcY I mgvav‡bi Dcvq AbymÜvb

†kÖwYK‡ÿ D”P †gav, ¯^í †gav I wb¤œ †gav ev wcwQ‡q cov G wZbai‡bi wkÿv_©x _v‡K| Giv wewfbœ cwi‡ek †_‡K
G‡m‡Q| †KD abx †KD Avevi Mixe| Zv‡`i evmv ev evwoi cwi‡ekI wfbœ| ZvB G‡`i A‡b‡KB B”Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
wkL‡b GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY evmvq ev evwo‡Z covi cwi‡ek BwZevPK bq| Avevi KL‡bv KL‡bv †`Lv hvq
cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Am‡PZbZv, D`vmxbZvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©x wcwQ‡q co‡Q| AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ
wkÿ‡Ki me wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvb `„wó †`Iqv m¤¢e nq bv e‡j wkÿv_©xiv wcwQ‡q c‡o| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©xi duvwK
†`Iqvi g‡bve„wË Av‡Q e‡j Zviv me mgq †cQ‡bi †e‡Â e‡m Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ wkÿ‡Ki `„wó Gwo‡q jywK‡q _vKvi
cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| d‡j Zviv wcwQ‡q c‡o| welqÁvb m¤úbœ †hvM¨Zg wkÿ‡Ki AfveI wkÿv_©x‡`i wcwQ‡q covi
Ab¨Zg GKwU KviY| wbiÿi cwiev‡i †e‡o DVv wkÿv_©x‡`i AwffveK‡`i D`vmxbZv Zv‡`i wcwQ‡q covi Ab¨Zg
Av‡iKwU KviY| wkÿv_©x‡`i wcwQ‡q covi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU KviY n‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ `xN© w`b Abycw¯Z _vKv|
†kÖwYKvh©µ‡g Abycw¯Z _vKvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©x‡`i A‡b‡KB cv‡Vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Zviv wcwQ‡q c‡o|
wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨w³MZ †LuvR Lei bv †bIqvi Kvi‡YI Zviv ¯‥zj wegyL nq| eZ©gv‡b cÖhyw³i Ace¨envi I wkÿv_©xi
wcwQ‡q covi Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq| A‡bK mgq kvixwiK Amy¯Zv I bvbviKg kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡YI wkÿv_©xiv
wcwQ‡q c‡o| Avevi †`Lv hvq †Kvb cwievi AmvgvwRK Kvh©Kjv‡c wjß _v‡K| d‡j †mB cwiev‡ii mšÍv‡biv
mvaviYfv‡eB wkÿv wegyL n‡q c‡o| †`Lv hvq †Kvb †Kvb wkÿK †kÖwY‡Z Ag‡bv‡hvMx _v‡Kb| Avevi me wkÿK
h‡_vchy³ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib bv| ZvB A‡bK wkÿv_©x G my‡hv‡Mi †bwZevPK mبenvi K‡i Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o|
Gfv‡e µ‡gB wkÿv_©x wcwQ‡q c‡o| we`¨vj‡q Avmv-hvIqv Ges Ae¯v‡bi †Kvb Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©x gvbwmKfv‡e
wbivcËvnxbZvq c‡o hv Zv‡K we`¨vjq wegyL K‡i †Zv‡j| GQvov †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi ÎæwU _vK‡jI wkÿv_©x Drmvn nvwi‡q
†d‡j Ges Ae‡k‡l AbMÖmi ev myweav ewÂZ wkÿv_©x‡Z cwiYZ nq|
wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq
wcwQ‡q cov mgm¨vi mgvavb
wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i wbiƒwcZ mgm¨v¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK AwffveK Dfq‡K m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
wkÿv_©x‡`i `ye©jZv¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv mnR n‡e Ges mgvav‡bi Dcvq Lyu‡R †ei Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i wbw`©ó
welqe¯‧a‡i evi evi Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g mgm¨vi mgvavb m¤¢e| wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ we‡kl hZœ wb‡Z n‡e
wbivgqg~jK K¬vk †bIqvi gva¨‡g| †hgb- †h welq¸‡jv‡Z `ye©j †m welq¸‡jv we`¨vj‡qi †kÖwY Kvh©µg ïiæ nIqvi
c~‡e© GK †_‡K `yB NÈv Abykxjb, K¬vk PjvKvjxb Abykxjb, K¬vk †k‡l Abykxjb.Ges GKB welqe¯‧i Ici evwoi KvR
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g `ye©jZv KvwU‡q †gavex wkÿv_©x nIqv m¤¢e| we`¨vj‡q wbqwgZ Dcw¯Z _vKvi welqwU wbwðZ Ki‡j
BwZevPK dj cvIqv hv‡e| covi mgq wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e mܨv †_‡K iv‡Z KqUv ch©šÍ †Kvb †Kvb welq co‡e|
†Kvb welq wjL‡e| Z‡e Aek¨B †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e,mܨv †_‡K AšÍZ ivZ `kUv ch©šÍ evmvq hv‡Z †Uwjwfkb bv P‡j|
G‡Z GKvMÖwP‡Ë wkÿv_©x †jLvcovq g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i|
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wkÿv_©x‡K wewfbœ iK‡gi cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j †m wbR‡K cov †jLvq
AvMÖnx Ki‡e Ges welqe¯‧i `ye©jZv KvwU‡q DV‡Z mÿg n‡e| wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©xi mgm¨vi K_v AwffveK I
wkÿK‡K AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_ ïb‡Z n‡e Ges mwVK c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z n‡e|
Aek¨B AwffveK‡K wkÿv cÖwZôvb Z_v wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖhyw³i BwZevPK e¨envi
wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb bv _vK‡j wkÿv_©xi nv‡Z †gvevBj, U¨ve BZ¨vw` bv w`‡j wkÿv_©xi mgq bó n‡e bv|
†jLvcovq g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e| wcwQ‡q covi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cv‡e|
we`¨vjq cÖkvmb hw` hZœevb _v‡K Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xi wcwQ‡q cov †iva Kiv m¤¢e nq| wkÿv_©xi wcwQ‡q covi KviY wbY©q
K‡i †mfv‡e Zv‡K M‡o Zzj‡Z m‡Pó n‡j wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©xI AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i| m‡e©vcwi wkÿvµg AvaywbK I
wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v ‡gvZv‡eK n‡j wcwQ‡q covi †Kvb my‡hvM _vKvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K bv|
mgq e¨e¯vcbv
mgq n‡”Q GKwU Ach©vß m¤ú`| wkÿKMY Aek¨B Zvu‡`i cÖvc¨ mg‡qi cwiKíbv Ki‡eb Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ eiv×K…Z
mgqUzKz LiP Ki‡eb| wkÿvµ‡gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq Giƒc DcKi‡Yi Ici mgq bó Kiv n‡j Zviv eivÏK…Z mg‡qi
g‡a¨ wkÿvµ‡gi wbav©wiZ welqe¯‧ †kl Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv|
‡kÖwYK‡ÿ iæwUb Abyhvqx wkÿK‡K GKwU wbw`©ó mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ GKwU cvV Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U
Zv 40-50 wgwbU| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwiKíbv gvwdK AZ¨vek¨Kxq welqe¯‧ hv‡Z Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq †m Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
mgq e¨e¯vcbvi| †kÖwYK‡ÿ cvV`vb e¨e¯vcbvq wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wkLbdj AR©‡bi welqwU wewfbœ Pj‡Ki Ici
wbf©i K‡i| †hgb: cv‡Vi welqe¯Í, wkÿK, wkÿv_©x, wk‡ÿvcKiY, cvV`v‡bi mgqKvj, we`¨vj‡qi †f․Z cwi‡ek,
wkÿv_©xi eyw×gËv, wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb †K․kj, Av_© mvgvwRK †cÖÿvcU BZ¨vw`|
Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ we`¨vj‡q Ae¯v‡bi wba©vwiZ mgq Kg| Kv‡RB wkÿKM‡Yi
DwPZ h_vh_fv‡e G mxwgZ mgq‡K D™¢vebxg~jK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g `ÿZvi mv‡_ e¨envi Kiv| wkÿKM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K
m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v”P mn‡hvwMZv cvIqvi AwaKvi cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi i‡q‡Q| myZivs wba©vwiZ mg‡q †Kvb ai‡bi •el‡g¨i
(†hgb: †Q‡j-†g‡q) wkKvi bv n‡q hv‡Z †kÖwYK‡ÿi cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x m‡e©v”P mydj cvq †m w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv wkÿ‡Ki
KZ©e¨|
mwVK mg‡q wba©vwiZ cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK mKj Kg©m~wPi h_v_© ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ mgq e¨e¯vcbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mgq
e¨e¯vcbv †gvZv‡eK ch©vqµ‡g Kg©m~wP¸‡jv m¤úv`b Ki‡j mdjZv Av‡m| Kvh© mdjZvi †g․wjK †PZbv nj mwVK
mg‡q mwVK Kvh© m¤úv`b| mgq e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæ‡Z¡i K‡qKwU w`K wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj-
1. mgq e¨e¯vcbvi gva¨‡g mgqg‡Zv KvR Kiv hvq;
2. Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íevq‡b Kvh© avivevwnKZv eRvq _v‡K;
3. Kg© m¤úv`‡b MwZkxjZv Av‡m;
4. mKj‡K h_vmg‡q Kvh© nvwm‡ji ZvwM` †`Iqv hvq;
5. Kg© m¤úv`‡b e¨w³i wbR¯^ D‡`¨vM •Zwi nq;
6. DaŸ©Zb Ges Aa¯Íb e¨w³i Kvh© mgš^q nq;
7. mgq Ges Kg©m~wPi mgš^q iÿv Kiv hvq;
8. cÖvwZôvwbK ch©v‡q Kvh© k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K;
9. GK Kg©m~wPi †k‡l Ab¨ Kg©m~wPi cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv hvq;
10. cÖvwZôvwbK Kvh© mybvg ewa©Z nq;
11. Kv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ Abyhvqx mgq eivÏ Kiv hvq;
12. Gi gva¨‡g mg‡qi KvR mg‡q m¤úbœ Kivi D‡`¨vM †bIqv hvq|
62
 cÖkœgvjv

mswÿß-DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv ej‡Z KxeySvq ?
2. †kÖwYK‡ÿi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek Kx ?
3. cyi¯‥vi I kvw¯Í ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
4. cÖwZ‡ivag~jK k„•Ljv Kx ?
5. †RÛvi AšÍf©wz ³ wbwðZKiY ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?
6. wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x Kviv ?
7. we`¨gvb m¤ú‡`i m‡ev©”P e¨envi wbwðZ Kivi †K․kj¸‡jv wjLyb|
8. wkÿv_©xi AvPiwYK bxwZgvjv Kx Kx ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Av`k© †kªwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv ej‡Z Kx eySvq ? †kÖwYKÿ e¨e¯vcbv †K․kj¸‡jv wPwýZKiYc~e©K Gi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek ej‡Z Kx eySvq ? †kÖwYK‡ÿi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K cwi‡ek †kªwY e¨e¯vcbvq KZUv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j Avcwb g‡b K‡ib ? hyw³ w`b|
3. cyi¯‥vi I kvw¯Í ej‡Z Kx †ev‡Sb ? cyi¯‥vi cÖ`v‡bi BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv Ges kvw¯Í cÖ`v‡bi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv wjLyb|
4. AwaK wkÿv_©x m¤^wjZ †kÖwYi •ewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiæb| wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZKiY †K․kj¸‡jv wjLyb|
5. mgq e¨e¯vcbv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq ? mgq e¨e¯vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

63
 BDwbU 6 : wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi `ÿZv
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi wZbwU cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡”Q wkÿK,wkÿv_x© I wkL‡bi welqe¯‧| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi
wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿK wQ‡jb wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi †K›`ªwe›`y| wZwbB wQ‡jb GKKfv‡e mwµq| wkÿ‡Ki c‡iB wQj
welqe¯‧i Ae¯vb| wkÿv_x©iv wQj †M․Y| wkÿK ev ¸iæ hv †kLv‡Zb, †hfv‡e †kLv‡Zb ZvB wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡Z nZ
A‡bKUv eva¨ n‡q| Kv‡ji cwiµgvq GB wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿv_x©ivB
†K›`ªwe›`y| eZ©gvb mg‡q wkÿv AR©b Kiv wkÿv_x©i KvR Avi wkL‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡”Q wkÿ‡Ki KvR| wkÿK wkÿv_x©i
ev wkïi eqm, AwfÁZv, iæwP, AbyivM Ges cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ jÿ †i‡L wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb| G BDwb‡U wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi aviYv, cÖKvi‡f`, wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi g‡a¨
cv_©K¨, wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Ges wkLb-‡kLv‡bviwewfbœ c×wZ I †K․kj Av‡jvPbv I we‡kølY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G BDwb‡Ui welqe¯‧‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c web¨vm K‡i eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q-
6.1 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ Ges wkLb m~θ‡jv‡K wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡j iƒcvšÍi;
6.2 wkÿK†Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©†Kw›`ªK c×wZi cv_©K¨ I wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡;
6.3 gv_v LvUv‡bv, gvBÛ g¨vwcs, `jxq Av‡jvPbv, `jxq cÖKí, mZx_© wkÿY, f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj Abykxjb;
6.4 GKK KvR, †cv÷ e· ,Kvh©Ki `j cybwe©b¨vm,mgm¨v mgvavb I mvÿvrKvi †K․kj Abykxjb|

6.1 wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ Ges wkLb m~θ‡jv‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡j iƒcvšÍi
wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi aviYv
c×wZ kãwU Bs‡iwR method Gi evsjv cwifvlv| Gi kãMZ A_© n‡”Q To proceed according to the right
way A_©vr mwVK c_ a‡i mvg‡b hvIqvB n‡”Q c×wZ| myZivs ejv hvq †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Avgiv h_vh_ †h Dcvq
Aej¤^b Kwi ZvB n‡”Q c×wZ| mvaviYZ method ej‡Z †evSvq a particular way of doing something.
Ab¨w`‡K wkÿY c×wZ n‡”Q wkÿv_x© I welqe¯‧i g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯vcb I Zv iÿv Kivi cÖwµqv| wkÿK G cÖwµqv Aej¤^b
K‡ib| A_v©r †h cÖwµqvq wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ ev AvbyôvwbK cwi‡e‡k wkïi gb I cvV¨ wel‡qi gv‡S h_v_© †mZzeÜb iPbv
K‡ib| Avevi wkÿY c×wZ ej‡Z wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨gyLx wewfbœ †K․kj¸‡jvi mgš^q‡K eySvq| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ev
cvV`vb mdj I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj c×wZ ev Dcvq Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq ‡m¸‡jv‡K wkÿv`vb c×wZ e‡j| A_©vr
wkL‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨, Ab¨K_vq wkLbdj jv‡fi Rb¨ †h mKj mywPwšÍZ Dcvq ev Kvh©c×wZ MÖnY Kiv
nq G¸‡jv‡KB wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ ev wkÿv`vb c×wZ ejv hvq| A teaching method comprises the principles
and methods used by teachers to enable student learning. These strategies are determined partly on
subject matter to be taught and partly by the nature of the
learner.(https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_different_teaching-learning_methods)| wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi
KvR n‡”Q wkÿv_x© I Zvi wkÿYxq wel‡qi g‡a¨ eÜb •Zwii gva¨‡g AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨ ev wkLbdj AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv|
Teaching-learning approaches are combined processes where an educator assesses learning needs,
establishes specific learning objectives, develops teaching and learning strategies, implements plan of
work and evaluates the outcomes of the instruction.
(www.igi-global.com/chapter/current-and-future)

wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi wfwË

wkÿvµg I cvV¨m~wP hZ AvaywbK I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiv †nvK bv †Kb wkÿvweÁvbm¤§Z wkÿY c×wZ AbymiY I cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi mKj cÖ‡Póv e¨_© n‡q hvIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| wkÿv mv_©K I Kvh©Ki nq
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ mymsnZ I weÁvbwfwËK cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g| Ávb AR©‡bi cÖavb gva¨g n‡”Q Bw›`ªqmg~n|
wkÿv_x© hZ †ewk msL¨K Bw›`ªq‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e, Áv‡bi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i aviYv ZZ †ewk Mfxi n‡e|
g‡bvweÁv‡bi GB Z‡Ë¡i Ici wbf©i K‡iB AvaywbK wkÿY c×wZ¸‡jvi D™¢e n‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b wZbwU ev PviwU Bw›`ªq GK
mv‡_ e¨envi K‡i cvV †`Iqvi e¨e¯v _v‡K| wkï gb me mgq mwµq _v‡K| wkïiv me mgq wKQy bv wKQy Ki‡Z Pvq|
Zv‡`i AvMÖn‡K MVbg~jK Kv‡R jvwM‡q wkÿv`v‡b eªZx n‡j AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix dj cvIqv hvq| GB Z‡_¨i Ici wfwË K‡i
AvaywbK wkÿY c×wZ¸‡jv M‡o D‡V‡Q|
64
wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZi cÖKvi‡f`
eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡`i †`‡k cÖv_wgK, gva¨wgK I D”Pwkÿv ch©v‡q wewfbœ iKg wkÿY c×wZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| w`‡b w`‡b G
mKj c×wZi cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b n‡”Q| Z‡e wkï‡Kw›`ªK wkÿvi G hy‡M be Avwe®K…Z c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
wkï ev wkÿv_©x‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b †h mKj c×wZ Pvjy Av‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K MZvbyMwZK I AvaywbK ev
wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK GBfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq|

wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ (Teachers Centred Method)

†h wkÿY c×wZ I †K․k‡ji †ÿ‡Î cvV¨welq Dc¯vc‡b wkÿ‡Ki Kg©ZrciZv ev f~wgKv †ewk A_©vr wkÿv_x©i †P‡q
wkÿKB †ewk mwµq _v‡K Zv‡K wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ e‡j| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K A`¨vewa †ekwKQy wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ P‡j
G‡m‡Q| †m `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G‡`i‡K mbvZb ev MZvbyMwZK c×wZ ejv P‡j| †h cvV`vb c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv gyL¨
Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i f~wgKv †M․Y †m c×wZ¸‡jv wkÿK†Kw›`ªK c×wZ| †hgb e³…Zv I cÖ`k©b| G c×wZ‡Z cwVZ welqe¯‧i
Dc‡hvwMZv Abymv‡i cvV`vb †K․kj wkÿK wb‡RB wba©viY K‡ib hv‡Z K‡i wZwb welqe¯‧ Zvi aviYvg‡Z mvwe©Kfv‡e
†c․u‡Q w`‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki Dc¯vwcZ aviYvg‡Z Reve †`Iqvi †Póv K‡i| D‡jøL¨, AvbyôvwbK wkÿv e¨e¯vi
ïiæ nq ag© wkÿv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ges agx©q cÖwZôvbB G Kv‡R e¨eüZ nZ| e¨w³†Kw›`ªK wkÿvi Rb¨ AwfRvZ †kªwYi
ïaygvÎ †Q‡jiv wbR A‡j ev `~ieZx© †Kvb A‡j ¸iæi evwo‡Z †hZ Ges ¸iæM„‡n GKwU wbw`©ó mgq a‡i Ae¯vb K‡i
¸iæi mKj cÖKvi †mev K‡i Zvi wb‡`©‡k RxebwfwËK wkÿv MÖnY KiZ| GUv wQj wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi m~Pbv|

wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ (Learner Centred Participatory Method)

eZ©gv‡b wkÿvµg, cvV¨m~wP mewKQyB wkï ev wkÿv_x©‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖYxZ| AvaywbK wkÿve¨e¯vi cÖavb •ewkó¨ nj wkïi
mwµqZv, Kg©‡Kw›`ªKZv, mvg_©¨ I AvMÖn‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv| myZivs ejv hvq wkÿv_x©i •`wnK gvbwmK mvg_©¨, eyw×,
AvMÖn, g‡bv‡hvM Aemv` BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h mKj c×wZ
ev †K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv nq †m mKj c×wZ¸‡jv‡K wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ e‡j|Participatory
Approach is a learner-centered approach in which learners can work freely in a democratic
environment. (http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE1534.pdf)| AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ GKwU mdj
wkLbc×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xiv cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯…qvi gva¨‡g wkÿv jvf K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv c‡ivÿ wKš‧
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AskMÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖwZwUwkÿv_©xi ïay Ávb I `ÿZvB e„w× cvq bv, mv‡_ mv‡_ †ek wKQy gvbweK ¸Yvewji
weKvk N‡U| AvZ¥wek¦vm, k„•Ljv AbymiY, cigZ mwnòzZv, †bZ…Z¡, mg‡SvZv BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U| In a
participatory teaching-learning situationteachers are expected to talk less than learners, creating
learning-opportunities for them through active and self-involvement.
(https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-27720)| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©xMY wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq wb‡RivB Mfxi
wPšÍv I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g welqe¯‧i †fZ‡i wM‡q wb‡Ri g‡a¨ AvZ¥¯ K‡i| MVbev` ZË¡ Abymv‡i wkÿv_x©iv wb‡Ri
c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ bZzb welqe¯‧ Áv‡bi ms‡hvM NwU‡q mwµqfv‡e e¯‧wbô DËi cÖ`v‡b Zrci _v‡K|
wkÿK†Kw›`ªK c×wZ wkÿv_x©†Kw›`ªK c×wZ
 e³…Zv c×wZ  Av‡jvPbv c×wZ
 cÖ`k©b c×wZ  cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj c×wZ  Av‡ivwcZ KvR c×wZ
 Ave„wË c×wZ  †mwgbvi c×wZ
 m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯v  weZK© c×wZ

65
wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ
 e³…Zv c×wZ (Lecture Method)
wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ wn‡m‡e e³…Zv c×wZ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| e³…Zv c×wZ Ggb GKwU c×wZ hvi
†ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K †g․wLK wee„wZi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿYxq welqe¯‧ wkÿv_x©i Kv‡Q Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b wkÿ‡Ki
e³…Zv`v‡bi cvi`wk©Zv, e³…Zv`v‡bi Kjv‡K․kj, welqe¯‧‡K wkÿv_x©i wbKU ü`qMÖvnx K‡i †Zvjvi ÿgZv, wkÿv_x©i
eqm, †gav, AvMÖn, cviMZv, †evaMg¨Zv BZ¨vw`i cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z welqe¯‧‡K AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi `ÿZvi Ici
wkÿv`v‡bi mv_©KZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| evPwbK ZrciZvi gva¨‡g welqe¯‧i we¯Í…Z eY©bv Ges e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiv
G c×wZi cÖavb •ewkó¨|e³„Zv c×wZ‡Z †kLv‡bv me‡P‡q Kg e¨qmv‡cÿ, KviY wkÿ‡Ki †g․wLK wee„wZ‡K m¤^j K‡iB
GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`vb P‡j| ZvQvov e³„Zv c×wZ‡Z GK mv‡_ A‡bK wkÿv_x©‡K wkL‡b mnvqZv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
Ab¨w`‡K e³„Zv c×wZi me‡P‡q eo mxgve×Zv n‡jv wkÿv_x©‡`i mwµqZvi Afve|
wkÿv_x©iv wbw®…q e‡j Zviv Ab¨ †Kvb wel‡q g‡bv‡hvMx n‡q c‡o|e³„Zv c×wZ Abymi‡Y DbœZ †gav I ÿxY †gavm¤úbœ
wkÿv_x©iv me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯ nq| d‡j ZvivB †kªwY k„•Ljv webó Ki‡Z †ewk D‡`¨vMx nq|
 cÖ`k©b c×wZ (Demonstration Method)
†kªwY cvV`v‡b †Kvb ev¯Íe NUbv ev welq cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi cÖwµqv‡K cÖ`k©b c×wZ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB
c×wZ‡Z cvV Dc¯vc‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K ev¯Íefv‡e †`Lv‡bv| cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿK
Dc¯vc‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q wewfbœ wkÿv‡cvKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Ges †g․wLK wee„wZi gva¨g welqe¯‧ wkÿv_x©‡`i
ü`q½g Kiv‡Z m‡Pó nb| cÖ`k©b c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv mvaviYZ wbw®…q †kªvZv I `k©K wn‡m‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ Dcw¯Z
_vK‡jI wkÿ‡Ki mwµqZv wkÿv_x©‡`i †P‡q †ewk| Z‡e †kªwY‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i msL¨v †ewk n‡j Zv‡`i wbie †kªvZv I
`k©K wn‡m‡e Dcw¯Z _vKv Qvov cv‡V mivmwi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM Kg| †h me we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x©i msL¨vbycv‡Z hš¿cvwZ
I DcKi‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q †mLv‡b A‡cÿvK…Z ¯^í msL¨K hš¿cvwZ I wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi K‡i †ewk msL¨K
wkÿv_x©‡K wkÿv †`Iqv hvq| Z‡e wkÿv‡cvKi‡Yi AcÖZzjZv‡nZz GB c×wZ myôyfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Kiv AwaKvsk mgqB
m¤¢eci n‡q D‡V bv|
 wUDUwiqvj c×wZ ( Tutorial Method)
wUDUwiqvj wkÿv`vb c×wZ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU c×wZ‡K eySvq †hLv‡b wkÿv_x©i msL¨v _v‡K AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ Ges wkÿK
wkÿv_x©‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e cvV¨wel‡q mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡Kb| wUDUwiqvj GKwU mycÖvPxb c×wZ| wMÖK `vk©wbK
m‡µwUm me©cÖ_g G c×wZ Pvjy K‡ib e‡j G‡K m‡µwUm c×wZI ejv nq| wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡bi DbœwZ-AebwZ g~j¨vqb
Kivi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi wUDUwiqvj cixÿvI MÖnY Kiv nq| wek¦we`¨vj‡q Abvm© I gv÷vm© wWwMÖ ch©v‡q wUDUwiqvj K¬vm
†bIqvi cÖ_v eûw`b †_‡K Avgv‡`i †`‡kI cÖPwjZ| mvaviYZ †kªwY‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i msL¨v Lye †ewk _vK‡j Zv‡`i
e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q †Kvb mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv wKsev wkÿv_x©‡`i e¨w³MZ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv wkÿ‡Ki c‡ÿ
m¤¢eci nq bv|
 Ave„wË c×wZ (Recitation Method)
Ave„wËg~jK c×wZ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU wkÿY cÖwµqv‡K eySvq hvi mnvqZvq wkÿK cvV¨ welqe¯‧ mwVK D”PviY mn‡hv‡M
wkÿv_x©i Kv‡Q Zz‡j aivi †Póv K‡ib| mvaviY A_©, Q›`, Zvj, jq I hwZ wPývw`i cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L h_v_© D”PviY
mnKv‡i eB †`‡L ev eB QvovB †Kvb KweZv g‡bvig fw½‡Z cvV Kiv Ave„wË c×wZi KvR| d‡j KweZvi g~j e³e¨
AwZ mn‡RB cvVK I †kªvZvi ü`‡qi Mfx‡i †cu․‡Q Zvi Abyave‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Ave„wËg~jK c×wZi e¨envi fvlv
wkÿv`v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB †ewk cÖ‡hvR¨|
 m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯v (Monitorial System of Education)
GK mgq fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k wewfbœ wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wkÿ‡Ki AcÖZzjZv †nZz D”P †kªwYi †hvM¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K
KvD‡K KvD‡K w`‡q A‡cÿvK…Z wb‡Pi †kªwY‡Z wkÿv`v‡bi KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv nZ| GB ai‡bi wkÿv`vb c×wZ‡K
m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯v bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki MÖvgxY g³‡e G ai‡bi wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ GL‡bv Pvjy
Av‡Q| mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j DbœZ †`kmg~‡nI Avgv‡`i †`‡ki GB m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯v bZzb K‡i cÖPjb Kivi ZrciZv †`Lv
hv‡”Q| m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯vi bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Monitorial System of teaching|
66
wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ
 Av‡jvPbv c×wZ (Discussion Method)
†h c×wZ AbymiY K‡i cvV¨ welqe¯‧i g~j e³e¨ wkÿv_x©iv wb‡Riv G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i AvqË
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv AvqË Ki‡Z †Kvb RwUj mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡j welq wkÿ‡Ki civgk© I Zvi mv‡_ Avjvc-
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mwVK mgvavb Lyu‡R cvq, Zv‡K Av‡jvPbv c×wZ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv
¯^wkwÿZ nIqvi my‡hvM cvq| Av‡jvPbv c×wZ‡Z wkÿK I wkÿv_x© DfqB mwµq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Av‡jvPbv
GK ai‡bi `jMZ c×wZ| wkÿK-wkÿv_x©i mwµqZvi d‡j wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg AwaK Kvh©Ki nq| mvaviYZ wbw®…q
I AšÍg©yLx wkÿv_x©iv mwµq nevi my‡hvM cvq| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv jvf Ki‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i wbR¯^ AwfgZ MV‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó nq| ¯^‡Póvq Ávb AR©‡bi d‡j jäÁvb AwfÁZvq cwiYZ nq Ges †mB AwfÁZv Zv‡`i g‡b `xN©¯vqx nq| Z‡e
GB c×wZ DbœZ †gavi ¯^í msL¨K wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡jI gvSvwi I wbgœ †gavm¤úbœ wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ we‡kl djcÖm~
nq bv| Av‡jvPbv c×wZ mdj Kivi Rb¨ c~‡e©B cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †m Abymv‡i welqe¯‧ wbe©vPb I mgq
wba©viY K‡i Av‡jvPbv c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j djcÖm~Zv jvf Kiv hvq|
 cÖk-œ DËi c×wZ (Question-Answer Method)
†QvU †QvU cÖkœ K‡i Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi †c‡q hLb †Kvb welq wkÿv_x©iv Rvb‡Z I eyS‡Z †Póv K‡i †m c×wZ‡K cÖ‡kœvËi
c×wZ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb welq‡K †K›`ª K‡i KZ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU cÖ‡kœi mvnv‡h¨ cv‡Vi g~j
e³e¨‡K wkÿv_x©‡`i Kv‡Q Dc¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g wkLbdj ev AvPiwYK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv nq| cÖ‡kœvËi
c×wZ‡Z GKB cÖkœ wewfbœ †gavi wkÿv_x©‡`i Kiv nq| †Kvb cÖ‡kœi DËi wkÿv_x©i Rvbv bv _vK‡j wkÿK wb‡R †m
cÖ‡kœi DËi †`b, c‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡q mwVK Dˇii cybive„wË K‡i †bb| G c×wZi me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡”Q g~j e³e¨
†_‡K wePz¨wZ nIqvi my‡hvM wkÿK I wkÿv_x© Df‡qiB Kg _v‡K| Z‡e G c×wZi mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i
wkÿ‡Ki cÖkœ Kivi `ÿZv I †K․k‡ji Ici| `ÿ I AwfÁ wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZ cwiPvwjZ n‡j wkLb-
‡kLv‡bvi g~j jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡kœvËi c×wZi mdj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wkÿvMZ I
cÖwkÿYMZ †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRb| DrK…ógv‡bi cÖkœ •Zwi Ges welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© †h †Kvb ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi
†gvKv‡ejv Kivi mvg_©¨ me wkÿ‡Ki _v‡K bv| m‡e©vcwi wkÿ‡Ki welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z h_v_© bv n‡j cÖ‡kœvËi
c×wZ‡Z mvdj¨ AR©b m¤¢eci bq| G c×wZi gva¨‡g cvV w`‡j wkÿv_©x wPšÍvkxj I mwµq _v‡K| †kÖwY wbqš¿‡Y G
c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kvh©Kix dj jvf N‡U| wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb Kiv mnR nq|
 Av‡ivwcZ KvR c×wZ (Assignment Method)
Av‡ivwcZ KvR Ggb GKwU wkÿY c×wZ, hv‡Z wkÿK wb‡R cvV¨welq Av‡jvPbv Kivi c~‡e©B wkÿK wkÿv_x©‡`i
wb‡R‡`iB cvV¨welqwU Abyaveb Kivi wb‡`©k `vb K‡ib| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv ¯^vaxbfv‡e cvV¨welq m¤ú‡K© wPšÍv
fvebv, gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM cvq| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv ¯^wkwÿZ nIqvi my‡hvM jvf K‡i _v‡K| wkÿ‡Ki
wb‡`©k g‡Zv wkÿv_x©iv cvV¨welqwU c‡o I ey‡S wb‡RivI Zvi gg© MÖn‡Y Zrci n‡j Zv‡`i Kíbv kw³, wPšÍvkw³,
wePvi-we‡kølY ÿgZv, gZvgZ MV‡bi `ÿZv e„w× cvq| cieZx© ch©v‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i wPšÍv, Kíbv, gZvgZ, wm×všÍ
BZ¨vw`‡Z †Kvb AmvgÄm¨ †`Lv w`‡j wkÿK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, ch©v‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq
wb‡`©k `vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 †mwgbvi c×wZ (Seminar Method)
Bs‡iwR ‘Seminar’ k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYvi Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GKwU †QvU K¬vm| †mwgbv‡i cÖeÜ
†jLv I Zv Dc¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb cÖwµqvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq| †mwgbv‡i
cÖavbZ mgm¨vg~jK Ges Bmy¨wfwËK welq wb‡q M‡elYvagx© cÖeÜ Dc¯vcb Kiv nq| myZivs †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv c×wZ
mvaviYZ eq¯‥ I cwiYZ eyw×m¤úbœ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i Rb¨B AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx| K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_x©ivB
cÖavbZ †mwgbvi RvZxq Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi D”P †kªwY‡ZI †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv c×wZ AbymiY Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wkÿ‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b c~e© wba©vwiZ welqe¯‧ †_‡K wbw`©ó wkÿv_©xiv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j G c×wZ‡Z cvV
MÖnY mv_©K nq| †mwgbvi Av‡jvPbv ¯^vaxbfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi ÿgZv evovq Ges ¯^qswkÿv AR©b Kivi Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq|

67
  weZK© c×wZ (Debate Method)
weZK© g~jZ GKwU Av‡jvPbv| †Kvb welq hyw³m½Z wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †m wel‡q †Kvb wbw`©ó cÖ¯Ív‡ei c‡ÿ ev wec‡ÿ
cÖwZc‡ÿi Dcw¯wZ‡Z hyw³ cÖgvYmn e³…Zv Kiv n‡”Q weZK©| GB Av‡jvPbvq wba©vwiZ †Kvb welq ev Bmy¨‡Z `yÕ`j
wkÿv_x© c‡ÿ ev wec‡ÿ hyw³ Dc¯vcb I hyw³LЇbi gva¨‡g Av‡jvPbvq mwµq nq| Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_x©iv G Av‡jvPbv
ï‡b| wkÿK weZK© Abyôv‡b mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| weZK© g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK wePviK _v‡Kb|
wkÿKMY wePvi‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| G c×wZ‡Z welqe¯‧ I mgq wbw`©ó K‡i †`Iqv nq| weZ‡K©i gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©xiv ZvrÿwYK wPšÍv K‡i ¯^vaxbfv‡e gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z mg_© nq| Avevi ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×všÍI MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Avgv‡`i †`‡k weZK© GKwU RbwcÖq gva¨g| Z‡e mn-cvVµwgK Kvh©µ‡g weZK© eûj e¨eüZ n‡jI †kªwY wkÿ‡Y G
c×wZ †Zgb cÖPwjZ bq|
wkLb m~θ‡jv‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡j iƒcvšÍi
mvaviYZ wkLb ej‡Z AwfÁZv I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½i cwieZ©b‡K †evSvq| wkL‡bi gva¨‡gB
cÖvwY Zvi AvPi‡Yi Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b NUvq| gvbe wkïi Rxe‡b wkLb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| bZzb wKQy AvqË KivB
n‡”Q wkLb| †mUv n‡Z cv‡i KZ¸‡jv aviYv, ZË¡ I Z_¨, †Kvb wek¦vm, †Kvb `„wófw½, Avevi KZK¸‡jv Kv‡Ri `ÿZvI
n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ bZzb hv AvqË Kiv n‡”Q Zvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q cyiv‡bv AwfÁZv| †mB cyiv‡bv AwfÁZv Avgv‡`i GwM‡q
w`‡”Q bZzb AwfÁZvi w`‡K| bZzb I cyiv‡bvi g‡a¨ †evSvcov K‡iB nq †kLv| ÒAZxZ AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvB
n‡”Q wkLbÕÕ| g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, AwfÁZvi d‡j Avgv‡`i e¨env‡i †h cwieZ©‡bi Qvc jv‡M, ZvB nj wkLb|
mvaviYfv‡e wkLb ej‡Z eySvq- bZzb †Kvb Ávb, AwfÁZv AR©b, `ÿZv ev `„wófw½ hv cÖvYx‡K Awf‡hvwRZ n‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| A_©vr bZzb cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bevi Rb¨ cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨ †h Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b NUvq Zv‡K wkLb
ejv nq| Ab¨w`‡K ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, AwfÁZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖvwYi bZzb welq AvqË Kivi bvgB n‡jv wkLb| myZivs
AwfÁZv Ges `ÿZvi gva¨‡g cÖvwYi AvPi‡Yi †h ¯vqx cwieZ©b N‡U, Zv‡KB ejv nq wkLb| A_v©r AwfÁZv I
Abykxj‡bi d‡j AvPi‡Yi †h A‡cÿvK…Z ¯vqx cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq Zv‡K wkLb e‡j|
Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ© n‡”Q wkL‡bi AbyK~j cwi‡ek| cwi‡ek hw` AbyK~j bv nq Ges wkÿv_x©i c~e© AwR©Z
AwfÁZv hw` mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dc‡hvMx bv nq Zvn‡j Kvh©Ki wkLb Avkv Kiv hvq bv| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_x© hw` Zvi
wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póv I wkL‡bi djvdj †`L‡Z cvq Ges Zvi AwR©Z dj hw` Zvi g‡b Aby‡cÖiYv RvMv‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j wkLb
mv_©K n‡e| Avevi wkLb mÂvj‡bi e¨e¯v _vK‡jI wkLb mv_©K nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| c~‡e© †h wkLb wkÿv_x© AR©b
K‡i‡Q Zv hw` †m mÂvjb, m¤cÖmviY I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j wkLb Kvh©Ki nq| wkL‡bi †ek wKQz m~Î i‡q‡Q|
Gi g‡a¨ B.Gj. _b©WvBK Gi ms‡hvRbev`ev cÖ‡Póv I fyj ms‡kvab gZev`, AvBfvb c¨vfj‡fi wPivqZ mv‡cÿxKiY
gZev` Iwe.Gd. w¯‥bvi-Gi KiY wkLb gZev` D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
1. _b©WvB‡Ki cÖ‡Póv I fyj ms‡kvab wkLb gZev`
gvwK©b g‡bvweÁvbx GWIqvW© wj _b©WvB‡Ki g‡Z,ÔDÏxcK Avi cÖwZwµqvi g‡a¨ mwVK ms‡hvM ¯vcbB nj wkLbÕ| Avi
mwVK ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖvYx evi evi †Póv K‡i fyj¸‡jv‡K ïa‡i †d‡j Ges GK mgq mwVK ms‡hvM ¯vc‡b mg_©
nq| ZLbB ejv nq †h wkLb m¤ú~Y© n‡q‡Q| wZwb GB wkLb Z‡Ë¡i bvg w`‡q‡Qb cÖ‡Póv I fzj gZev` (Trial and Error
Method) | _b©WvBK wkL‡bi Ici A‡bK m~Î D™¢veb K‡ib| Z‡e wkL‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU m~·K cÖ avb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv
hvq, †hgb-K. cÖ¯w‧ Zi m~Î ( Law of Readiness); L. djjv‡fi m~Î (Law of effect);M. Abykxj‡bi m~Î (Law of
Exercise)|
K. cÖ¯w‧ Zi m~Î ( Law of Readiness):me cÖvYxi g‡a¨ wkL‡bi Rb¨ •`wnK I gvbwmK cÖ¯w‧ Z _v‡K| wZwb weovj wb‡q
GKwU cixÿvi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| weovjwU wQj ÿzavZ©| Zv‡K GKwU LvuPvi g‡a¨ ivLv nq| evB‡i Szjv‡bv wQj gv‡Qi
UzKiv hv weovjwU LvuPvi wfZi †_‡K †`L‡Z †cZ| LvuPvwUi e¨e¯v Ggb †h we‡kl GKwU Pvwe‡Z Pvc w`‡jB LvuPvi `iRv
Ly‡j hv‡e Ges weovjwU †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cvi‡e| weovjwU gvQwU cvevi Rb¨ LvuPvi wfZi G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e †Póv K‡i|
GK mgq h_v¯v‡b _vevi PvcwU covq `iRv Ly‡j hvq Ges weovjwU evB‡i G‡m gvQwU †c‡q hvq| cÖ_gevi †ei n‡q
Avm‡Z weov‡ji mgq †j‡MwQj 160 †m‡KÛ| Gici GKB cwiw¯wZ m„wó K‡i weovj‡K evi evi H LvuPvi g‡a¨ ivLv
nq| †`Lv hvq cieZ©x cÖwZwU cÖ‡Póvq Zvi mgq Kg jvM‡Q| 24Zg cÖ‡Póvq LvuPv †_‡K †ei n‡q Avm‡Z Zvi mgq
†j‡MwQj gvÎ 7 †m‡KÛ| G †_‡K †evSv hvq cÖvwY cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g fyj ïa‡i wk‡L|

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L. djjv‡fi m~Î (Law of effect): wkLb ZLbB msNwUZ nq hLb cÖvYx DÏxcK Avi cÖwZwµqvi gv‡S mwVK ms‡hvM
mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| G wkLb ¯vqx nq| Z‡e wkLb ¯vqx bv n‡j wkL‡b AZ…wß wQj| _b©WvB‡Ki g‡Z ïay BZi cÖvYxB bq
gvbylI GB c×wZ‡Z wk‡L _v‡K|
M. Abykxj‡bi m~Î (Law of Exercise): _b©WvBK g‡b K‡ib evi evi Abykxj‡bi d‡j †Póv djcÖm~Zv jvf K‡i|
D‡jøL¨ evi evi †Póvi d‡j DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ cÖwZwµqvi ms‡hvM `„p nq| G‡KB wZwb Abykxjb e‡j‡Qb| myZivs
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡gB wkLb mv_©Kiƒc jvf K‡i| fvlv, AsK, bvgZv, e¨vKiY, BZ¨vw` wkL‡Z gvbyl cÖ_‡g fyj K‡i
Zvici cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g ax‡i ax‡i †m fyj¸‡jv ïa‡i mwVK cªwZwµqv Ki‡Z cv‡i| mvaviY cÖvYxi gZ wkïi Rb¨I
c×wZwU cª‡hvR¨| GwU GKwU mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv| Abykxjb Qvov wkLb m¤¢e bq mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb †cÖlYv, AvMÖn| Abykxjb
Qvov †KD `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wkL‡bi Rb¨ •`wnK I gvbwmK cÖ¯w‧ ZI AwZ Avek¨K|
2. c¨vfj‡fi wPivqZ mv‡cÿxKiY wkLb gZev`
ivwkqvi kixiZË¡we` AvBfvb c¨vfjf-Gi g‡Z cÖK…Z DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ GKwU K…wÎg DÏxcK evi evi Dc¯vwcZ n‡j †h
cÖwZwµqv nq, cieZ©x‡Z ïay K…wÎg DÏxc‡Ki Dcw¯wZ‡ZB Abyiƒc cÖwZwµqv nIqv‡K mv‡cÿxKiY e‡j| G e¨vcv‡i
c¨vfjf GKwU KzKzi‡K wb‡q cixÿv Pvwj‡q‡Qb| wZwb cÖ_‡g KzKz‡ii mvg‡b GK UzKiv gvsm ivL‡jb, †`L‡jb †h Zv‡Z
KzKz‡ii gyL †_‡K jvjv wbM©Z n‡”Q| Gici ïay NÈv aŸwb Ki‡jb Zv‡Z jvjv wbM©Z nj bv| Zvici wZwb NÈv aŸwb
†`qvi ciciB gvsm LÐ KzKz‡ii mvg‡b Dc¯vcb Ki‡jb| †`L‡jb †h Gev‡i jvjv wbM©Z n‡”Q| G e¨vcviwU wZwb evi
K‡qK Ki‡jb| Zvici ïay NÈv aŸwb Ki‡jb| †`L‡jb Zv‡ZI jvjv wbM©Z n‡”Q| ïay NÈv aŸwb‡Z Av‡M jvjv
Av‡mwb| wKš‧ gvsm wc‡Ði ms‡M G‡K Ry‡o †`Iqvi d‡j cieZ©x‡Z ïay NÈv aŸwb‡Z jvjv wbM©Z n‡”Q| NÈv aŸwbi cÖwZ
jvjv wbtmiY‡K c¨vfjf bvg w`‡jb mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZ©x wµqv| GLv‡b gvsmwcÐ n‡”Q ¯^vfvweK DÏxcK Avi NÈv aŸwb
n‡”Q wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK| Gfv‡e wbi‡cÿ DÏxcK‡K ¯^vfvweK DÏxc‡Ki m‡½ evi evi mshy³ Ki‡j GK mgq wbi‡cÿ
DÏxcKB mv‡cÿ DÏxc‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges †mB mv‡cÿ DÏxcK w`‡q mv‡cÿ cÖwZwµqv NUv‡bv m¤¢e| GB RvZxq
wkLb‡K cÖwZeZ©wµqv ejv nq| c¨vfj‡fi mv‡cÿ cÖwZeZ© wµqv AbymiY K‡i d¬vm KvW© e¨envi K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i kã,
fvlv BZ¨vw` wkLv‡bv hvq|
3. we.Gd. w¯‥bvi Gi KiY wkLb gZev`
g‡bvweÁvbx we.Gd. w¯‥bvi Gi g‡Z, Ô†h me AvPiY ev cÖwZwµqv e¨w³i ev cÖvYxi Rxe‡b †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb mvab K‡i ev
†Kvb †cÖlYv wbe„wË Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i †m AvPiY wkLb‡K KiY wkLb e‡j|Õ KiY wkL‡bi g~j K_vB n‡”Q cÖvYxi mš‧wó
ev Z„wß jvf| †Kvb AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b ev wkLb ZLbB m¤¢e n‡e hLb Zv Kivi m‡½ m‡½ e¨w³ cyi¯‥…Z nq ev Z„wß jvf
K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡K gv‡S gv‡S cyi®‥vi ev Reinforcement wn‡m‡e cÖksmvm~PK kã e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

GKzk kZ‡Ki wkLb `ÿZv

ÔGKzk kZ‡Ki `ÿZvÕ ej‡Z eySv‡bv n‡”Q we¯Í…Z Ávb I `ÿZv, Kg©, Af¨vm Ges PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj hv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi
Kg©m~wP, mgmvgwqK K¨vwiqvi MV‡b Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î mdjZvi mv‡_ GKRb gvwb‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i| GB Uvg©wU wkÿv †ÿ‡Î
e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡”Q| mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq GKzk kZ‡Ki `ÿZv mKj GKv‡WwgK wel‡q Ges GKRb wkÿv_©xi
wkÿv Rxe‡bi mKj wkÿv Kvh©µg, K¨vwiqvi MVb I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ mswkøó Ki‡Z n‡e|
M‡elYvi djvd‡j GKzk kZ‡Ki `ÿZvi Dc‡hvMx n‡q M‡o DVvi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K 16wU `ÿZv AR©‡bi Ici
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G 16wU `ÿZv‡K 3wU †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv: †g․wjK mvÿiZv, †hvM¨Zv Ges
PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj| †g․wjK mvÿiZv bv _vK‡j Avgiv GKRb‡K wbiÿi e‡j _vwK| 16wU `ÿZvi g‡a¨ 6wU n‡jv †g․wjK
mvÿiZv, h_v: Aÿi mvÿiZv, MvwYwZK mvÿiZv, •eÁvwbK mvÿiZv, AvBwmwU mvÿiZv, Avw_©K mvÿiZv Ges
mvs¯‥…wZK I mvgvwRK mvÿiZv| G †g․wjK welq¸‡jv Aek¨B wkÿvµ‡g Ges cvV¨cy¯Í‡K AZ¨šÍ m‡PZbfv‡e AšÍf³ ©y
Ki‡Z n‡e|
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†g․wjK mvÿiZvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x 4wU `ÿZv wb‡q GKzk kZ‡Ki Dc‡hvMx Kg©ÿg bvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o DVvi
Rb¨ †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡e| G †hvM¨ZvUzKz AR©‡bi Rb¨ †h `ÿZv¸‡jv PP©v Ki‡Z n‡e †m¸‡jv n‡jv: mgv‡jvPbvg~jK
wPšÍv/mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv, m„Rbkxj `ÿZv, †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv Ges mn‡hvwMZvjg~K `ÿZv| wkÿvµg ev cvV¨cy¯Í‡K G
`ÿZv¸‡jv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jB wkÿv_©xiv G †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e welqwU Zv bq eis wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi
g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU `ÿZvi Rb¨ cÖwµqv¸‡jv mwbœ‡ewkZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKzk kZ‡Ki †hvM¨ wkÿv_©x •Zwii Rb¨ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi †K․kjmg~n-
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK wPšÍv/mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv (Critical thinking/Problem solving skill)
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK wPšÍv ev mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv n‡jv †Kvb GKwU welq m¤c‡K© Kx Kiv hvq ev Kx Kiv DwPZ †m m¤c‡K©
¯cófv‡e I †h․w³Kfv‡e wPšÍv Kivi mÿgZv| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, GwU n‡jv GKwU cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g †Kvb welq
m¤c‡K© AvZ¥¯ K‡i, cÖ‡qvM K‡i, we‡kølY I ms‡kølY K‡i Ges g~j¨vqb K‡i mwVK wm×všÍwU MÖnY Kiv| wm×všÍ MÖnY I
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ G cÖwµqvq mevB‡K n‡Z n‡e hyw³ev`x, we‡kølK I g~j¨vqbKvix| mgv‡jvPbvg~jK wPšÍb `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jv DbœZ we‡k¦ Kiv‡bv nq, †m¸‡jv n‡jv kbv³ Kiv ev †Pbv, cv_©K¨ Kiv,
weg~Z© welq‡K g~Z© Kiv, AvbyµwgK ev µgvbyhvqx K‡i mvRv‡bv, fwel¨revYx Kiv, Abygvb Kiv, g~j¨vqb Kiv, we‡kølY
Kiv, ms‡kølY Kiv, Dcmsnvi Uvbv, †kªwYe× Kiv BZ¨vw`| eZ©gvb wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki g‡a¨ †_‡K wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µ‡g †h †K․kj I cÖwµqv e¨envi Kiv hvq †m welq¸‡jv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
cÖk-œ DËi †K․kj: †kªwY‡Z †h welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡”Q †mwU m¤c‡K© Kgc‡ÿ 10 wgwbU mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivi
my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœ Kivi †K․kj¸‡jv cÖ_‡gB wkwL‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: 6wU k¦vkZ cÖk:œ †K (gyL¨ PwiÎ ev
cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj e¯‧), Kx (Kvh©vewj), KLb (mgq), †Kv_vq (`„k¨Kí ev Drmmg~n), †Kb (D‡Ïk¨) Ges Kxfv‡e
(c×wZmg~n)| cÖ_g w`‡K Kxfv‡e cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq Zv †h‡Kv‡bv 2/3wU welq wb‡q cÖkœ Kivi †K․kjwU wkwL‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv cÖkœ Kivi †K․kj¸‡jv wk‡L †b‡e Ges Avb‡›`i mv‡_ mgqwU Dc‡fvM Ki‡e|
mgm¨v mgvavb †K․kj: G †K․kjwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ 10/15 wgwbU mgq †bIqv hvq|†kªwYK‡ÿ cvV mswkøó †h‡Kv‡bv
welqe¯‧ †_‡K GKwU mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| G †K․kjwU GKwU cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ w`‡q mgvav‡bi cÖ‡Póv wb‡Z n‡e|
cÖ_gZ, mgm¨vwU wkÿv_©x‡`i fv‡jvfv‡e eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, G mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ cQ›`¸‡jv
wkÿv_©xiv wPwýZ Ki‡e| Z…ZxqZ, wPwýZ mKj cQ›`¸‡jvi cÖ‡Z¨KwUi cwiYwZ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e| PZz_©Z, cwiYwZi
wfwˇZ †miv mgvavbwU wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
welqe¯‧i e¨vL¨v: †kÖwYK‡ÿ welqe¯‧ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv PjvKvjxb mswkøó welqe¯‧ m¤c‡K© 5/10 Rb wkÿv_©x‡K e¨vL¨v
Kivi Rb¨ ej‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq welqe¯‧i we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv K‡i Gi fv‡jv-g›`, Kvh©Ki-AKvh©Ki
w`K, myweav-Amyweav BZ¨vw` Zz‡j a‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †Póv Ki‡e| G †K․kjwU cÖwZwbqZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Pvi †KvYv weZK©: Ab¨vb¨ weZ‡K©i gZ GKwU welq wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| G weZ‡K©i g~j welq n‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿi mKj
wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM Av‡Q| weZ‡K©i wel‡qi Ici 4wU `j, h_v:- †Rviv‡jvfv‡e c‡ÿ, c‡ÿ, †Rviv‡jvfv‡e
wec‡ÿ Ges wec‡ÿ mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i fvM Ki‡Z n‡e| †kÖwYK‡ÿi Pvi †KvYvq 4wU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ_‡g Av‡jvPbvi
my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K `j †_‡K 2/3 Rb‡K e³e¨ †`Iqvi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| 4 `‡ji e³e¨ †kvbvi ci †KD
`j cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq wKbv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z n‡e| †KD Zv PvB‡j Kx Kvi‡Y cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Pvq Zv ïb‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e
weZK©‡K cÖvYešÍ K‡i †kl Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi weZK© mßv‡n ev cvwÿKfv‡e Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i
mgv‡jvPbvg~jK `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e|
eyw×i †Ljv: wkÿv_©x‡`i welqwfwËK eyw×i †Ljv B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv wb‡q evsjvq Abyev` K‡i
wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx K‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq| ZvQvovI evRv‡i eyw×i †Ljv welqK eB cvIqv hvq| GUzAvB-Gi
D‡`¨vM wK‡kvi evZvq‡b eyw×i †Ljv bv‡g GKwU evUb Av‡Q †mLvb †_‡KI wewfbœ †Ljv msMÖn Kiv hv‡e| †kÖwYK‡ÿ
wkÿv_©xiv GK‡N‡qwg Abyfe Ki‡j mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i `‡j fvM K‡i G †Ljvi e¨envi Kiv hvq| †hgb: GKwU Szwo‡Z
6wU wWg Av‡Q, 6Rb GKwU K‡i 6wU wWg wb‡j Kx K‡i 1wU wWg Szwo‡Z _vK‡e?
Dcw¯Z e³…Zv:G †K․kjwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ 10 wgwbU mgq †bIqv hvq| †kªwYK‡ÿ †Kvb welq Dc¯vcbvi †k‡li 10 wgwbU Dcw¯Z
e³…Zvi Rb¨ ivLv hvq| wkÿK c~e© †_‡KB welqe¯‧ mswkøó 10/15wU cÖkœ wVK K‡i †QvU KvM‡Ri UzKivq wj‡L ivL‡eb| wkÿv_©x‡`i
mvg‡b †W‡K GKwU KvM‡Ri UzKiv †U‡b Gi Ici 2 wgwbU e³…Zv w`‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ch©vqµ‡g mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i
AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
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G †K․kj¸‡jv mKj wel‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| m¤§vwbZ wkÿKgÛjx wb‡R wm×všÍ wb‡eb †Kvb wel‡qi Rb¨ †KvbwU
e¨envi Kiv hvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, G¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK †K․kj i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv †kªwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Kiv hvq Ges m‡PZbfv‡e
wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i G¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e G¸‡jv wbqwgZ †kªwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j wkÿv_©xiv
Avb‡›`i mv‡_ wkL‡e I mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
m„Rbkxj wPšÍb `ÿZv (Creative Thinking skill)
GwU n‡jv bZzb wKQz wPšÍv Kiv ev †Kvb GKUv welqe¯‧ wb‡q cÖPwjZ wPšÍvi evB‡i bZzbfv‡e wPšÍv Kiv| m„Rbkxj `ÿZvi
Rb¨ memgq ev‡·i evB‡i †_‡K wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e| GB `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K m„Rbkxj `ÿZv n‡jv †Kvb GKwU welqe¯‧i
cvwicvwk¦©K wPšÍv A_ev hv ¯có bq †mwUi GKwU KvVv‡gv m¤c‡K© AewnZ nIqvi mvg_¨© AR©b Kiv| m„Rbkxj `ÿZv
AR©‡bi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ †h mKj KvRKiv hvq Gevi Zv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv| wkÿKMY‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm Dc‡hvMx
Kvh©µ‡gi w`‡K we‡kl bRi w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm Dc‡hvMx aviYv ¯có nIqvi Rb¨ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿvµ‡gi
Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| G `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ †h mKj KvR Kiv hvq †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
 m‡PZbZv: †h‡Kvb welqe¯‧ m¤c‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i m‡PZb Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKwU welqe¯‧ m¤c‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©eZ©x aviYvi wfwˇZB †m welqe¯‧ m¤c‡K© aviYv ¯có nq| †Kvb
Ae¯vq GKwU welqe¯‧ wkÿKMY e¨vL¨v Ki‡eb bv| †hgb: Pvicvk A_©vr Wv‡b-ev‡g, mvg‡b-wcQ‡b ev c~e©-
cwðg, DËi-`wÿY m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbvi ïiæ‡ZB wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kiv Ô‡Zvgvi nv‡Z †cwÝj ev Kj‡gi KqwU
w`K Av‡Q?Õ cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb msµvšÍ Av‡jvPbvi ïiæ‡ZB wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kiv Ô‡Zvgvi Rvbv cwi‡e‡ki
g‡a¨ big e¯‧i GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki|Õ
 AbymwÜrm¨y: wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i †XvKvi Rb¨ JrmyK K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| Zv Kivi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb
cÖkœ K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ mgq w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: AvKv‡ki is bxj †Kb?
GKRb b‡fvPvix n‡Z †Zvgvi Kx Kx cQ›` Kiv DwPZ?
 Abygvb Kiv: wkÿv_©x‡`i Abygvb Ki‡Z †kLv‡Z n‡e| Abygvb Kivi wcQ‡b †h․w³KZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GRb¨
wkÿv_©x‡`i GKKfv‡e KvR w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: GLv‡b evR co‡j Kx n‡e? AvMvgx 10 eQi ci †Zvgvi ¯‥zjwU
†Kgb †`L‡Z PvI? AvMvgx 10 eQi ci †Zvgvi †`kwU †Kgb †`L‡Z PvI?
 mvejxjZv: wkÿv_©x‡`i mvejxj K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i K_vevZ©vq I wPšÍvfvebvq †Kvb RoZv ivLv Pj‡e
bv| mvejxj Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i j¤^v ZvwjKv •Zwii KvR w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: evRv‡i †Zvgvi †`Lv jvj
is‡qi wRwbmc‡Îi GKwU ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki| †Zvgvi Rvbv VvÛv ev Mig e¯‧i ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki| evievi j¤^v
ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i mvejxjZv e„w× cv‡e|
 bgbxqZv: wkÿv_©x‡`i bgbxq nIqvi †K․kj †kLv‡Z n‡e| bgbxqZv †kLv‡bvi †K․kj n‡jv Ôe„‡ÿi gZ
†Zvgvi †cwÝj Lvov †Kb?Õ Ôÿz`ª, weivU, Av‡jv k㸇jvi mv`„k¨ wewfbœ e¯‧ wjwce× KiÕ KvR¸‡jv †`Iqv
hvq|
 ¯^KxqZv: cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi ¯^KxqZv e„w×i Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi KvR †`Iqv hvq| †hgb:Ô‡Zvgvi fvjjvMvi
welq¸‡jv wjwce× Ki|Õ ÕGKwU bZzb ai‡bi Lvevi ev AvBmµxg •Zwii cÖYvjx wjL Ges Gi bvg `vI|Õ
 wek` eY©bv Kiv: wkÿv_©x‡`i †h‡Kvb welq wek` eY©bv Kivi KvR w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: Ô‡Zvgvi Rxe‡bi Mí
ej|Õ Ô‡Zvgvi Rxe‡bi GKwU we‡kl w`‡bi Mí ej|Õ Avwg †Uª‡b hvw”Q... Avwg evRv‡i †Mjvg...|Õ G ai‡bi
GKwU jvB‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡i †`Iqv Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv wek` eY©bv wjL‡Z w`‡Z n‡e|
 Aa¨emvqx nIqv: wkÿv_©x‡`i Aa¨emvqx nIqvi PP©v Kiv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ eyw×i †Ljv w`‡Z n‡e| evRv‡i eyw×i
†Ljvi eB cvIqv hvq| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq| ZvQvov ÔwK‡kvi evZvqbÕ †_‡K eyw×i †Ljv wbe©vPb
K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Ae¯vq eyw×i †Ljvi DËi¸‡jv e‡j †`Iqv hv‡e bv|

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G ai‡bi KvR¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i †kªwYK‡ÿ Ges evwoi KvR wn‡m‡e cÖwZwbqZ Kiv‡Z n‡e| G KvR¸‡jv Kiv‡bv n‡j
wkÿv_©x‡`i m„Rbkxj `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e| GLb †kªwYK‡ÿ cvV mswkøó †h †K․kj¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Kiv nj:
Mí ev cÎ †jLv: evsjv wel‡q †Kvb Mí cov‡bvi ci G MíwU weKí Kxfv‡e n‡Z cviZ Zv cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡K wjL‡Z
w`‡Z n‡e| ZvQvovI †ivRbvgPv wjL‡Z †`Iqv, eÜyi wbKU cÎ †jLv BZ¨vw` wbqwgZ Kiv‡j G `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ †`qvj cwÎKvi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq| cÖwZ mßv‡n ev cvwÿK Zv cÖKvk Kivi e¨e¯v wb‡Z n‡e|
AvuK‡Z †`Iqv: cÖwZw`b wkÿv_©x‡`i †Kvb bv †Kvb wel‡q AvuK‡Z †`Iqv DwPZ| Zv cwiKwíZfv‡e n‡Z n‡e| †h‡Kvb
wel‡q GKwU `„k¨Kí •Zwi K‡i Zv AvuK‡Z ej‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i Kíbvkw³ e„w× cv‡e Ges m„Rbkxj
`ÿZv evo‡e|
Mí ejv:wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q avivevwnK Mí ejvi Af¨vm Kiv‡Z n‡e| ZvQvovI evsjv ev mvgvwRK weÁvb cvV mswkøó
welqe¯‧i Ici wkÿv_©x‡`i Mí ej‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Mí ejvi †ÿ‡Î KvíwbK PwiÎ I NUbvi AeZviYv Kivi
Rb¨ ej‡Z n‡e| D™¢U ev AvR¸we PwiÎ n‡jI wkÿv_©x‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wbqwgZ Mí ejvi Af¨vm Kiv n‡j
wkÿv_©x‡`i m„Rbkxj `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e|
¯^cœ †`Lv: wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯^cœ †`Lv‡Z n‡e| Am¤¢e‡K m¤¢e Kivi ¯^cœ †`Lv‡Z n‡e| †hgb: wngvj‡qi P~ovq DVv, b‡fvPvix
nIqv, g½j MÖn‡K ev‡mi Dc‡hvMx Kiv BZ¨vw`| wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯^cœ¸‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ ejv Ges †jLvi Abykxjb Kiv‡Z n‡e|
f~wgKvwfbq: evsjv, Bs‡iwR, mvgvwRK weÁvb, K¨vwiqvi wkÿv BZ¨vw` wel‡q †Kvb welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbvi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i
`‡j wef³ K‡i †m welqe¯‧i Ici f~wgKvwfb‡qi Av‡qvRb Kiv hvq| Zv Kivi c~‡e© wkÿv_©x‡`i cøU •Zwii Rb¨ mgq
w`‡Z n‡e| cøU •Zwii †ÿ‡Î GKUv m~Pbv, K¬vB‡g·, Gw›U-K¬vB‡g· Ges cwimgvwßi cÖ‡qvRb nq, †m m¤c‡K©
wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯có aviYv w`‡Z n‡e| GK-`yB evi †`wL‡q w`‡jB wkÿv_©xiv f~wgKvwfb‡qi cøU •Zwi K‡i G `ÿZv AR©b
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
eyw×i †Ljv: c~‡e©i eY©bv †gvZv‡eK wkÿv_©x‡`i eyw×i †Ljv †`Iqv n‡j Zv‡`i GKvav‡i m„Rbkxj `ÿZv Ges mgm¨v
mgvavb `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e|
wg_w¯…qv: G †K․kjwUi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i m„Rbkxj `ÿZv e„w× cv‡eB| GwU †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ 10/15 wgwbU
mgq wb‡Z n‡e| GKwU welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbv Kivi ci †ev‡W© GKwU mgm¨v ev GKwU weeiY wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z
n‡e| G cÖwµqvq wkÿv_©x‡`i mywbw`©ó _vK‡Z ej‡Z n‡e| mgm¨v ev weeiYwU cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯có Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb bZzb aviYv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU
aviYv wkÿv_©x‡`i ej‡Z w`‡Z n‡e, cybive„wË n‡jI wkÿv_©x‡`i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb aviYv †ev‡W© wjwce×
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me¸‡jv †_‡K m‡e©vËg aviYv¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i Øviv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
G †K․kj¸‡jv mKj wel‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| wkÿKMY wb‡R wm×všÍ wb‡eb †Kvb wel‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb
†K․kjwU e¨envi Kiv hvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, G¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv A‡bK †K․kj i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Kiv hvq
Ges m‡PZbfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i G¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e G¸‡jv wbqwgZ †kªwYK‡ÿ
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡j wkÿv_©xiv Avb‡›`i mv‡_ wk‡L m„Rbkxj `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv (Communication skill)
†hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv n‡jv †Kvb GKwU welqe¯‧i †g․wLK ev wjwLZ eY©bv| AvšÍt‡hvMv‡hvM I wWwRUvj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g
wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©b Kiv| wcUvi. Avi. Mvi‡ei (2008) M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq, Avgiv †gvU mg‡qi
70% mgq Ab¨v‡b¨i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨q K‡i _vwK| ZvB G `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cov, †kvbv, ejv I †jLvi `ÿZv
AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| G `ÿZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î 16% mgq cov, 9% mgq †jLv, 45% mgq †kvbv Ges 30% mgq ejv‡Z
e¨q Kiv hvq| wkÿv_©x‡`i †g․wLK †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ †h KvR¸‡jvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e, †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
fvlvÁvb e„w×, k‡ãi my›`i D”PviY, ejvi mgq D”Pvi‡Yi ZviZg¨ Kiv, kvixwiK fvlv mshZ ivLv, †ewk cov, †ewk
†kvbv, Ávbx‡`i mv‡_ K_v ejv, fvj wPšÍvi Af¨vm Kiv, `ªæZ K_v bv ejv, mvaviY kã e¨envi Kiv, GKRb‡K mš‧ó
Kivi Rb¨ bv ejv, AvZœwek¦v‡mi mv‡_ ejv, BwZevPK gšÍe¨ Zz‡j aiv, †kªvZvi mv‡_ h_vh_ Pÿz †hvMv‡hvM ¯vcb Kiv,
mwVK mg‡q nvmvi †Póv Kiv| wkÿv_©x‡`i †g․wLK †hvMv‡hvM PP©vi mgq DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jvi Ici bRi w`‡Z n‡e|
D‡jøL¨, GLb †hvMv‡hvM kãwU e¨vcK A‡_© e¨eüZ nq hv ïaygvÎ cwievi ev we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× bq| †`‡ki
Af¨šÍ‡i Ges c„w_exi GK cÖvšÍ _‡K Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ mKj Dbœqb Ges †MøvevjvB‡Rk‡bi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM| ZvB
†kªwYK‡ÿ G `ÿZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ †h †K․kj¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv:
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†kvbvi `ÿZv: wkÿv_©x‡`i G `ÿZv evov‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK cvV mswkøó welqe¯‧i GKwU Ask c‡o †kvbv‡e, mv‡_ mv‡_
wkÿv_©xiv Kx eySj Zv ejvi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv hLb wKQz ej‡e ZLb †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e hv ej‡e Zv
†hb mevB ïb‡Z cvq Ges Dc‡i ewY©Z KvR¸‡jvi Ici ¸iæZ¡ †`q|
†g․wLK Dc¯vcbv: †h‡Kvb wel‡q cvV Dc¯vc‡bi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv †g․wLKfv‡e ejvi e¨e¯v Kiv hv eZ©gv‡b †kÖwY
Kvh©µ‡g g~j¨vq‡bi GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e fvev nq| †g․wLK Dc¯vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î K¬v‡mi mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e, G Rb¨ wkÿKMY mRvM _vK‡eb †hb mKj wkÿv_©x AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq|
K‡_vcK_b Ges Av‡jvPbv: GKwU cvV Dc¯vc‡bi ci H welqe¯‧i Ici wkÿK KZ©…K wba©vwiZ GKwU welq wb‡q
†Rvovq K‡_vcK_b Kiv hvq| Avevi `jxqfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv‡bv hvq| welqe¯‧ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Lqvj ivLv DwPZ †hb
†mwU †Kvb cÖkœ AvKv‡i bv nq| eis Zv n‡Z n‡e wk‡ivbvg AvKv‡i, Dcwk‡ivbvg AvKv‡i ev weeiY ev mgm¨v AvKv‡i|
†hgb, ÔC‡` e¨vcKfv‡e moK `yN©Ubv n‡”Q Gi cÖwZKvi Kxfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i?Õ Ôcwjw_b GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‧, ZvB e‡j
wK Gi e¨envi GZUv mnRjf¨ nIqv DwPZ?Õ ÔXvKv kn‡ii e¨vcK hvbR‡U †Kvb KvRwU Riæwi? Ôe¨vcK km¨ I djg~j
Drcv`‡b KxUbvk‡Ki e¨envi Avgv‡`i †Kvb ai‡bi ¯^v¯¨ SzuwKi w`‡K hv‡”Q?Õ BZ¨vw`|
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g e¨envi Kiv: eZ©gvb we‡k¦ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wewfbœ †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b
e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g e¨eüZ n‡”Q| wkÿv_©x‡`i mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi BwZevPK e¨env‡i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x GKwU †mvmvj †bUIqvK© •Zwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU jvwb©s MÖæc •Zwi K‡i ¯^-wkL‡bi e¨e¯v wb‡Z cv‡i| GUzAvB-Gi wK‡kvi evZvqb
wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM m„wó Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Av`k© cø¨vUdig wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
¯^íKvjxb e³…Zv: †h‡Kvb wel‡q cvV Dc¯vc‡bi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q 1/2 wgwb‡Ui e³…Zvi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq| e³…Zv
†`Iqvi mgq ïiæ‡Z h_vh_ G‡Wªm Kiv, c‡i e³…Zvi welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiv, hyw³ Zz‡j aiv, hyw³i ¯^c‡ÿ †idv‡iÝ
†`Iqvi †Póv Kiv, GKwU Dcmsnvi Uvbv BZ¨vw` †K․kj wkÿv_©x‡`i wkwL‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZv
•ewPΨc~Y© wewfbœ `‡ji aviYvi cÖwZ h_vh_ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b K‡i †Kvb KvR‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e m¤cbœ Kivi `ÿZvB n‡jv
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZv| wkÿv_©x‡`i G `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ges †kÖwYi evB‡i wbqwgZ `jMZ KvR w`‡Z
n‡e| ZvQvovI wkÿv_©x‡`i Abykxjb Kiv‡Z n‡e- †Rvovq †Kvb welqe¯‧ wb‡q K‡_vcK_b, K‡_vcK_‡bi GKwU
Dcmsnvi Uvbv, A‡b¨i mvnvh¨ †bIqvi gvbwmKZv •Zwi, Ab¨‡K cÖksmv Kiv, wbR m¤c‡K© A‡b¨i cÖksmv †kvbv,
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g †hvM †`Iqv, A‡b¨i mgv‡jvPbv MÖnY Kiv, wb‡`©kbv gvbv, mncvwV‡`i cÖkœ Kiv, Ab¨‡K
ab¨ev` †`Iqv, ÔbvÕ ej‡Z cviv, bv-‡K MÖnY Kiv, Ab¨‡K Drmvn †`Iqv, e¨w³‡K bq eis Zvi aviYvi mgv‡jvPbv Kiv,
mswÿßKiY, ¯cóxKiY, wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ m¤c‡K© Rvbv I eY©bv Kiv, A‡b¨i Abyf‚wZ¸‡jv Rvbv, mnvbyf‚wZkxj n‡q K_v
ejv, cvi¯cwiK Av‡jvPbv Kiv, A‡b¨i m¤c‡K© wb‡Ri mswkøóZv evov‡bv, †kvbv, D‡ËwRZ bv nIqv, weiw³ cÖKvk bv
Kiv, `vwqZ¡ †bIqv, fz‡ji Rb¨ ÿgv PvIqv, Ab¨‡K †evSv‡bvi †Póv Kiv, Uv¯‥ †kl Kiv BZ¨vw`|. wkÿv_©x‡`i G `ÿZv
e„w×i Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ wb¤œiƒc wewfbœ †K․kj e¨envi Kiv hvq:
†Rvovq ev `jMZ KvR: eZ©gv‡b wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †Rvovq Ges `jMZ KvR cÖwZwbqZ †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨eüZ n‡q
_v‡K| wKš‧ m‡PZbfv‡e G `ÿZv e„w×i w`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv nq bv| †hgb `jMZ Kv‡R †Kvb GKwU cÖkœ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z
†`Iqv nq, †m‡ÿ‡Î †h wkÿv_©x G cÖkwœ Ui DËi wjL‡Z ev ej‡Z mÿg †m wkÿv_©xB gyL¨ f‚wgKv iv‡L Ges Ab¨ mevB
wbw¯…q _v‡K| G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZv evovi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| ZvB wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S G `ÿZv
e„w×i Rb¨ †h †Kvb welqe¯‧ wkÿK wb‡R e¨vL¨v bv K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvc~e©K †Rvovq ev `jMZ KvR w`‡Z
n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, `jMZ KvRwU †hb †Kvb cÖkœ AvKv‡i bv nq eis cvV mswkøó mgm¨v, wkÿv_©x‡`i
gZvgZ †`Iqvi Rb¨ GKwU weeiY ev wk‡ivbvg ev Dc wk‡ivbvg BZ¨vw` iƒ‡c †`Iqv nq|
`jxq weZ‡K©i e¨e¯v Kiv: wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ wbqwgZ †kÖwYIqvix weZ‡K©i e¨e¯v
Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cvV mswkøó welqe¯‧ wbe©vPb Kiv hvq| †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ÔPvi
†KvYv weZK©Õ e¨e¯v Kiv hvq hv c~‡e©B Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ mßv‡n wbqwgZ weZ‡K©i e¨e¯v Kiv n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i
gv‡S mgm¨v mgvavb `ÿZv, †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv Ges mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e|
f~wgKvwfbq: †kªwY‡Z GKwU welqe¯‧ Av‡jvPbvi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i D³ welqe¯‧‡Z Av‡iv Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvi Rb¨
wewfbœ `‡j fvM K‡i f~wgKvwfb‡qi e¨e¯v Kiv hvq| Av‡jvP¨ welqe¯‧ wb‡q `jMZfv‡e PwiÎ m„wó, WvqjM wb‡q
Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ GKUv wba©vwiZ mgq eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K wba©vwiZ mg‡q Dc¯vcbvi my‡hvM K‡i
w`‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q MwVZ GKwU Rywi †ev‡W©i gva¨‡g `jxq Dc¯vcbvi g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯v wb‡Z n‡e|
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†`qvwjKv ev AbjvBb g¨vMvwRb cÖKvk Kiv: eZ©gv‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡q wewfbœ RvZxq w`em Dcj‡ÿ †`qvwjKv
cÖKv‡ki e¨e¯v Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GwU‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i cÖwZ cvwÿK †kÖwYIqvix †`qvwjKv cÖKv‡ki e¨e¯v wb‡Z n‡e hv
†kÖwYK‡ÿ msiÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ K‡i Zv cÖKv‡ki e¨e¯v †bIqv hvq,
wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡qB GKwU m¤cv`bv cwil` MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| †`qvwjKv cÖKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ Zv g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯v wb‡Z
n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K †kÖwYi cÖKvwkZ †`qvwjKv †_‡K †jLv wb‡q we`¨vj‡qi I‡qemvB‡U GKwU AbjvBb g¨vMvwRb cÖKv‡ki
e¨e¯v wb‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡Z¨K ‡kÖwYi GKRb K‡i cÖwZwbwa wb‡q GKwU m¤cv`bv cwil` MVb Kiv hvq| †Kvb
wkÿv_©x GKev‡ii †ewk m¤cv`bv cwil‡`i m`m¨ wn‡m‡e _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv| cÖ_g w`‡K †`qvwjKv/g¨vMvwR‡bi gv‡bi
welq ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖwZwU we`¨vj‡q cÖavb wkÿKmn mKj wkÿK m‡PZbfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i 4wU `ÿZvi welq we‡ePbvq wb‡q †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g
ewY©Z †K․kj¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j 21 kZ‡Ki Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Rbkw³ •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| Gi d‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i †hgwb
†gav I gbbkxjZv e„w× cv‡e †Zgwb wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb, `ÿZv I BwZevPK AvPiwYK cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g 21 kZ‡Ki
P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| ZvQvovI cvewjK cixÿvq wkÿv_©x‡`i djvd‡j Av‡iv DbœwZ cwijwÿZ n‡e|
(m~Î:Avn‡g`,dviæK, GKzk kZ‡Ki wkLb `ÿZv, XvKv: GUzAvB-2017)

6.2 wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi cv_©K¨ I wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡

wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj A‡bK ai‡bi| Gi K‡qKwU wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK Ges K‡qKwU wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK| wkLb-†kLv‡bv
cÖwµqvq wkÿv_©xi mwµq AskMÖnY wkÿvjv‡f mnvqK| me c×wZiB Kg‡ewk myweav I Amyweav Av‡Q| Ggb †Kvb c×wZ
ev †K․kj †bB †hwU mKj wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ mgfv‡e Dc‡hvMx ev me ai‡bi welqe¯‧i Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| wkÿ‡Ki wewfbœ
c×wZ I †K․k‡ji Ici `ÿZv Ges †kÖwY I cvV Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I †K․k‡ji h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici wbf©i K‡i
wkÿv_©xi wkLb mvdj¨| Ggb †Kvb eva¨evaKZv †bB †h GKwU cvV cwiPvjbvq wkÿK‡K GKwU c×wZi Ici wbf©i
Ki‡Z n‡e| cvV‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK cwiw¯wZ Abymv‡i GKvwaK c×wZ I †K․k‡ji mswgkª‡Y wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i
cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cv‡Vi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i wkÿ‡Ki wePÿYZv Ges welqÁvb I wkLb c×wZi h_vh_
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Ici| GRb¨ ejv nq wkÿKB m‡e©vrK…ó c×wZ| Z‡e wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi `ye©jZv nj G‡Z wkÿK cvV¨m~wP
Abyhvqx g~j welqe¯‧ Zz‡j a‡ib, wkÿv_x© ïay †kÖvZv n‡q †kv‡b| †Kvb we‡kl Ask m¤ú‡K© wkÿK Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib,
gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_x©‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ iv‡Lb, wkÿv_x© g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i ïb‡Q wKbv †mw`‡K †Lqvj iv‡Lb, evwoi KvR
cÖ`vb K‡i mKj cÖKvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb †f‡e mš‧wó jvf K‡ib| Acic‡ÿ wkÿv_x© †Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©i wPšÍv
kw³ mPj _v‡K, cÖ‡Z¨KwU welqe¯‧ †m m‡½ m‡½ AvZ¥xKi‡Yi †Póv K‡i, wb‡Ri c~e© Áv‡bi m‡½ w`‡bi cvV¨welqe¯‧i
Áv‡bi m¤úK© ¯vcb K‡i, Áv‡bi MfxiZv Dcjwä K‡i wkÿ‡Ki wbKU †Lvjv‡gjv cÖkœ K‡i, mncvVx Ges wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_
ZvwK©‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| †gavex I wPšÍvkxj wkÿv_x©iv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cwi‡e‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i wb‡Ri DbœZ wPšÍvi
weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ eûwea| Z‡e wkÿ‡Ki AwaK msL¨K c×wZ I †K․k‡ji Ici
`ÿZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| Zvn‡j wZwb †h †ÿ‡Î †h c×wZ Dc‡hvMx Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡qvR‡b GKvwaK c×wZi
mswgkª‡Y wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i cvV cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvV cwiPvjbvi mgq wkÿK hw` eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h cÖ‡qvMK…Z
c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡b djcÖm~ n‡”Q bv ZLb wZwb c×wZ cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨M‡jv we‡klfv‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv-
wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ
 wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki e³…Zv cÖ`vb I  wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv Kx wkL‡Q, Kxfv‡e
wkÿv_x©‡`i †bvU MÖn‡Yi Ici cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv wkL‡Q, Kx cwi‡e‡k wkL‡Q †m welq¸‡jvi Ici †Rvi
nq| †`Iqv nq|
 wkÿK†Kw›`ªK c×wZ †gavex wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ hZUv  wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ †ewkifvM †ÿ‡ÎB
Kvh©Ki, Kg †gavex‡`i Rb¨ ZZUv bq| GKxf~Z wkÿv wbwðZ K‡i|
 wkÿK†Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i ¯^vaxbZv  G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i Aeva ¯^vaxbZv we`¨gvb
K‡Vvifv‡e wbqwš¿Z| _v‡K|

74
  wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K wkL‡bi  wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`iwkL‡bi
Ici wbR¯^ gZvgZ †`Iqvi my‡hvM Lye mxwgZ| Ici wbR¯^ gZvgZ †`Iqvi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K wkÿ‡Ki  wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i mn‡hvwMZv,
gZvgZ, `„wófw½ I AvMÖ‡ni Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z mngwg©Zv I `jxq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g KvR Kivi
nq| Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯^ `„wófw½ I AwfÁZv
cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K|
 GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK cwVZ welqe¯‧i Dc‡hvwMZv  GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©e„›` wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq
Abymv‡i cvV`vb †K․kj wb‡RB wba©viY K‡ib wb‡RivB Mfxi wPšÍb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g cwVZ
hv‡Z K‡i wZwb welqe¯‧ mv_©Kfv‡e wkÿv_x©i welqe¯‧i cÖK…Z aviYv wb‡Ri g‡a¨ AvZ¥¯ K‡i|
Kv‡Q †cu․‡Q w`‡Z cv‡ib|  GB c×wZi jÿ¨ n‡”Q wkÿv_x©i wkLb Dbœqb
 GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK wkÿv_x©i wbKU Áv‡bi Kiv| myZivs wkÿK wbR¯^ wkLb-†kLv‡bv
mÂvjb K‡ib| †ewki fvM †ÿ‡Î wZwb mbvZb c×wZ I †K․kj Dbœq‡b m`v Zrci _v‡Kb|
wkÿv c×wZ e¨env‡i ¯^vPQ›`¨‡eva K‡ib|  D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ n‡jv
 D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ n‡jv e³…Zv Av‡jvPbv c×wZ, cÖkœ-DËi c×wZ, Av‡ivwcZ
c×wZ, cÖ`k©b c×wZ, Ave„wË c×wZ, wUD‡Uvwiqvj KvR c×wZ, †mwgbvi c×wZ, weZK© ,
c×wZ I m`©vi-c‡ov e¨e¯v| f~wgKvwfbq c×wZ, mvÿvrKvi c×wZ, `jxq
KvR|

wkL‡b wkÿv_x©‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡

cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B ¯^Zš¿| wkÿv_©x‡`i †ÿ‡Î Zv †ewk we‡ePbvi `vwe iv‡L| cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x Zvi wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i wbR
MwZ‡Z †k‡L| ZvB e¨w³¯^vZ‡š¿¨i K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L h_vm¤¢e wkÿv_©xi Dc‡hvMx Dcv‡q mn‡hvwMZv †`Iqv n‡j
wkÿv_©xi wkLb mnR nq| wkÿv_x©‡`i KvR Ki‡Z w`‡j, AvBwWqv †kqvi Ki‡Z w`‡j Zv‡`i AskMÖnY ev‡o| we`¨vj‡qi
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq Dchy³ c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©| c×wZ Ges †K․kj¸‡jv MZvbyMwZK Ges AvaywbK G
`yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbK c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK, AskMªnYg~jK Ges wg_w¯…qvg~jK| wkÿ‡Y
AskMÖnYg~jK Kjv-‡K․kj ej‡Z †evSvq †kªwYK†ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g mKj wkÿv_x©i mswµq AskMÖnY I
m¤ú„³KiY| G¸‡jvi e¨envi wkÿv_©xi me©v½xb weKv‡ki wbðqZv †`q| Avgv‡`i gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡q MZvbyMwZK c×wZ
e¨env‡ii cÖeYZv jÿ Kiv hvq, hvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi h_vh_ weKvk m¤¢e nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †ckvMZ
`vwqZ¡ nj, AskMªnYg~jK AvaywbK c×wZ I †K․kj e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿY cwiPvjbv Kiv| G‡Z gyL¯we`¨vi Ici
wbf©ikxjZv Kg‡e Ges wkÿv_©x mwµqfv‡e wkL‡e| AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv A‡bKUv mvnvh¨Kvixi gZ
n‡jI †Kvb As‡kB †M․Y bq| wkÿK wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g mK‡ji AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡eb| AskMÖnYg~jK
c×wZ‡K ZvB wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ ejv nq| AskMÖnYg~jK wkÿY-wkLb c×wZ I Kjv-‡K․kj eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ
wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK GK‡N‡q Avb›`nxb c×wZ I †K․k‡ji wecix‡Z GKwU AvaywbK mwµqZvwfwËK MwZkxj c×wZ| wkL‡b
wkÿv_x©‡© `i AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡¤œv³fv‡e Dcjw× Kiv hvq-
 wkÿv_x©‡`i ¯^wµq AskMÖnY Zv‡`i AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× K‡i;
 RoZv we‡gvPb nq;
 wkÿK,wkÿv_x© I welqe¯‧i †hvMm~Î mnRZi nq;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i †gav, mvg_©¨, mejZv, `ye©jZv wPwýZKi‡Yi my‡hvM N‡U;
 wbw®…q wkÿv_x©‡`i wPwýZ Kiv hvq;
 Avb›`gq wkLb cwi‡ek m„wó nq;
 wm×všÍ MÖnY I gZvgZ cÖ`v‡b Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôv nq;
 wkLb Kvh©Ki nq;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i g~j¨hvPvB Kiv mnR nq;
 Dc¯vcb `ÿZv e„w× cvq;
 m„RbkxjZv e„w×i my‡hvM m„wó nq|
75
cÖvPxbKv‡j ¸iæ I wkl¨wfwËK wkÿve¨e¯vq wkl¨ ¸iæi M„‡n GKwU wbw`©ó Kvj ch©šÍ Ae¯vb KiZ| ¸iæ Zvi wk‡l¨i
mKj ai‡bi wkÿvi fvi MÖnY Ki‡Zb| g‡b Kiv nZ wkÿKivB me Rv‡b, Aciw`‡K wkÿv_x©iv wKQzB Rv‡b bv| Zv‡`i
KvR n‡jv wkÿ‡Ki K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïbv Ges gyL¯ Kiv| G RvZxq e¨e¯v‡K ejv nZ ÔÔRM-gM ZË¡|
µgvš^‡q wkÿv_x© msL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi e¨vcK cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q| wkÿ‡Ki GKK f~wgKv ax‡i
ax‡i n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K Ges wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_x©‡`i mwµq Kivi ms¯‥…wZ cÖwZwôZ n‡Z _v‡K|
†kÖwYKÿwfwËK wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿv_x©i `jMZ, GKK mwµq AskMÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI †`Lv w`j| d‡j wkLb- †kLv‡bv
c×wZ‡Z wkÿK‡Kw›`ªKZv n‡Z wkÿv_x©†Kw›`ªKZv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e‡j Abyf~Z nq| wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK
wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x mwµq _vK‡e, wb‡Ri AvMÖ‡n wkL‡e, wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póvq wkL‡e Ges wb‡Ri AwfÁZv wb‡R
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Z…wß jvf Ki‡e| ZvQvov e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿Zv iÿv I weKv‡ki Rb¨ wkL‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY Acwinvh© e‡j
g‡bvweÁvbx‡`i wbKU cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q| Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq, A student-centered classroom æis an environment
where previously reluctant learners transition into engaged learners, taking on the role of helping
shape their own curriculum” (Henriksen, 2010, p. 46).

6.3 gv_v LvUv‡bv, gvBÛ g¨vwcs,`jxq Av‡jvPbv, `jxq cÖKí, mZx_© wkÿY, f~wgKvwfbq †K․kj Abykxjb
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi wZbwU cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡”Q wkÿK,wkÿv_x© I wkÿYxq welqe¯‧| cÖvPxb I ga¨hy‡Mi
wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿK wQ‡jb wkÿv cÖwµqvi †K›`ªwe›`y| wZwbB wQ‡jb GKKfv‡e mwµq| wkÿ‡Ki c‡iB wQj welqe¯‧i
Ae¯vb| wkÿv_x©iv wQj †M․Y| wkÿK ev ¸iæMY hv †kLv‡Zb, †hfv‡e †kLv‡Zb ZvB wkÿv_x©‡`i wkL‡Z nZ A‡bKUv
eva¨ n‡q| Kv‡ji cwiµgvq GB wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿv_x©ivB †K›`ªwe›`y|
eZ©gvb mg‡q wkÿv AR©b Kiv wkÿv_x©i KvR Avi wkL‡b mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡”Q wkÿ‡Ki KvR| wkÿK wkÿv_x©i ev wkïi
eqm, AwfÁZv, iæwP, AbyivM Ges cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ jÿ †i‡L wkÿY-wkLb c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb|
AvaywbK wkÿve¨e¯vq wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ¸‡jv‡K AskMÖnYg~jK wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| mg‡qi
cwiµgvq wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ¸‡jvi cwie‡Z© wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv Avgv‡`i wkÿve¨e¯vq cÖvavb¨ jvf
Ki‡Q| G c×wZ‡Z GKB eqtµ‡gi ev GKB ch©v‡qi wkÿ_©xiv ci¯úi wg_w®…qvi gva¨‡g wkÿv jvf K‡i| wkÿK
GLv‡b mvnvh¨Kvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv c‡ivÿ wKš‧ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `jMZ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖwZwU
wkÿv_©xi ïay Ávb I `ÿZvB e„w× cvq bv, mv‡_ mv‡_ †ek wKQy gvbweK ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U| K_v †kvbvi I K_v
ejvi, k„•Ljv AbymiY, cigZ mwnòzZv, †bZ…Z¡, mg‡SvZv BZ¨vw` ¸Yvewji weKvk N‡U| wb‡¤œ wKQz wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ
I †K․kj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv †h¸‡jvi †ewkifvM wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK Ges AskMÖnYg~jK|
 gv_v LvUv‡bv(Brain storming)
mvaviYfv‡e †eªBb ÷wg©s ej‡Z gv_v LvUv‡bv, wPšÍvi So ev Av‡jvob eySvq| Z‡e mvaviYZ †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© aviYv,
mgm¨v ev Bmy¨ wb‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i wKQy mgq mvaviYZ (1-2 wgwbU) wPšÍv Ki‡Z ejv nq| c‡i Zv‡`i wPšÍvi dj e‡j ev
wj‡L cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †`Iqv nq| wkÿv_©x‡K GKK ev `jxqfv‡e KvR K‡i,wPšÍv K‡i mgvav‡bi c_ LyuR‡Z nq| mgvavb
mwVK ev fyj †nvK, m¤ú~Y© ev AvswkK hvB †nvK Zv wb‡q mgvav‡bic‡_ GwM‡q wb‡q hvq| wkÿv_©xi wPšÍv Kivi GB
cÖwµqv‡K gv_v LvUv‡bv e‡j|
G †K․kj cwiPvjbvi mgq cÖwkÿK ev wkÿK‡K `yÕ‡Uv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bxwZ †g‡b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| bxwZ `yÕ‡Uvi
GKwU n‡”Q, cÖwkÿYv_x©/wkÿv_x© mK‡ji gZvgZ bv cvIqv ch©šÍ wkÿK/cÖwkÿK wm×všÍ †bIqv †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb|
Ab¨wU n‡”Q,`j †_‡K hZ †ewk aviYv †ei K‡i Avbv hv‡e ZZ †ewk mwVK Ges c~Y© Kvh©µ‡gi ZvwjKv I aviYv wPwýZ
Kiv hvq| G cÖwµqvq cÖvß aviYvmg~‡ni ZvwjKv cwi‡kvab cÖwµqvq cwigvR©b Kiv hvq| wkÿv_x©‡`i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kv‡R †eªBb ÷wg©s ev wPšÍvi Av‡jvob bvbv w`K w`‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

76
  gvBÛ g¨vwcs(Mind Mapping)
†Kvb welq‡K †K›`« K‡i wPšÍb cÖwµqvq RwoZ nIqv, wPšÍv msiÿY Kiv Ges m‡e©vcwi Zv `k©b‡hvM¨fv‡e Dc¯vcb Kivi
cÖwµqv‡K gvBÛ g¨vwcs e‡j| A_v©r †Kvb welq wb‡q wkÿv_©x hLb wPšÍv K‡i ZLb †m m¤ú‡K© Zvi wewPÎ aviYv
wewÿßfv‡e cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| GK GKwU aviYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ab¨ eû aviYv G‡K G‡K g‡b Avm‡Z _v‡K| GLv‡b
D‡jøL¨ †h, wkÿv_©x Gfv‡e fve‡Z fve‡Z g~j welq Qvwo‡q eû `~i P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i ev wew”Qbœ n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| wkÿK
G e¨vcviwU wbqš¿Y Ki‡eb| welq wb‡q wewÿßfv‡e wPšÍvcÖm~Z aviYv¸‡jv‡K ci¯úi hy³ Ki‡j GKwU gvbwP‡Îi D™¢e
nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K gvBÛ g¨vwcs ev gbwPÎ ejv nq| gbwPÎ wPšÍb cÖwµqvq mswkøó nIqvi GKwU msMwVZ Dcvq|
mvaviYZ gbwP‡Îi gva¨‡g wPšÍvK…Z aviYv I Gi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© cÖ`k©b Kiv nq hv †evaMg¨ nIqv
A‡cÿvK…Z mnR| A mind map is a graphical way to represent ideas and concepts. It is a visual thinking
tool that helps structuring information, helping you to better analyze, comprehend, synthesize, recall
and generate new ideas. Just as in every great idea, its power lies in its
simplicity.(https://litemind.com/what-is-mind-mapping/)| gbwPÎ ‣Zwii `ÿZv mn‡R AvqË Kiv hvq|
gbwPÎ `yB iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| gvKomv gbwPÎ I wkKj gbwPÎ| GB gvKomv gbwPÎ wP‡Î g~j welqwU‡K †K‡›`ª ¯vcb
K‡i mswkøó aviYvmg~n-Gi Pvicv‡k ¯vcb Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K wkKj gbwP‡Î GKwU †Kw›`ªq aviYv‡K µgvš^‡q av‡c
av‡c cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z nq|

wPÎ 5 : gvKomv gbwPÎ

77
  `jxq Av‡jvPbv(Group discussion)
welqe¯‧ msµvšÍ †Kvb KvR ev mgm¨v mgvav‡b wkÿv_©xiv `jMZ AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| mgMª KvRwU‡K †QvU †QvU As‡k
fvM K‡i Kv‡Ri e›Ub Kiv hvq| Avevi GKB wel‡q mK‡ji wbR¯^ aviYv mgwš^Z K‡i djvdj wbY©q Kiv hvq| `ywUB
`jMZ KvR| jÿbxq †h, Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB wkÿv_©xi m¤ú~Y© AskMÖnY Acwinvh©| me †ÿ‡ÎB cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x‡KB wb‡R wPšÍv
Ki‡Z n‡e, wewPÎ aviYvi cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU wm×v‡šÍ w¯i n‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e `jxq Kv‡Ri djvd‡j eûR‡bi
¯^KxqZvi wgkª‡Y bZzb Ges Kvh©Ki cšvi D™¢veb N‡U| Group discussion is a group activity carried by 8 to 10
members group for 15-20 minutes. GD is designed to exchange the thoughts and ideas among the
members of the group on a particular subject. It is the best tool to select the prospective candidates in
a comparative perspective. It is a useful tool to screen the candidates’ potential as well as their skills.
(https://blog.wisdomjobs.com/what-is-group-discussion-tips-for-an-effective-group-discussion/)|
wewfbœfv‡e `j MVb Kiv hvq| mg-mvg‡_¨©i wkÿv_©x‡`i `j, wgkª mvg‡_¨©i wkÿv_©x‡`i `j, welqwfwËK `j,
AÂjwfwËK `j BZ¨vw`|
 `jxq cÖKí/AbymÜvb (Group project)
cÖ‡R± c×wZ Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z c~e© wba©vwiZ Kg©m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©iv
wkLbdj AR©b K‡i| Rb wWDB cÖewZ©Z mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi avivevwnKZvq Zuvi wkl¨ DBwjqvg †nW wKjc¨vwÆK
cÖ‡R± c×wZi D™¢veb K‡ib| ¯^vfvweK cwi‡e‡k Kg©m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkLbdj AR©b Kiv n‡”Q G c×wZi g~j jÿ¨|
cÖ‡R± c×wZ‡K w÷‡fbm wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡j‡Qb A_©vr ÒcÖKí n‡jv GKwU mgm¨vg~jK Kg©, hv Gi
cÖvK…wZK web¨vm ev ¯^vfvweK cwi‡e‡k m¤úbœ nq| Project method is one of the modern method of teaching in
which, the students point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of
studies. This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of 'Learning by
doing'. It demands work from the pupils.
(https://www.slideshare.net/MandeepGill1/project-method-of-teaching).
GLv‡b wkÿv_©xi †hvM¨Zv I AvMÖ‡ni Ici wbf©i K‡i KvR e›Ub Kiv nq| wkÿv_©x Zvi ¯^Kxq †cÖiYvq KvR K‡i,
cÖ‡qvR‡b wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv †bq| wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ mK‡ji KvR †kl n‡j `j‡bZv ev wkÿ‡Ki `vwq‡Z¡ GKwU
mgwš^Z iƒc `uvo Kiv‡bv nq hv †_‡K mgm¨vi mgvavb wbY©q Kiv nq| Z‡e, mgvavb m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ wkÿv_©xiv wb‡Riv
w¯i K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv m„Rbkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡q K‡g©i gva¨‡g wkLb AwfÁZv jvf K‡i| G‡Z
wkÿv_x©‡`i wbR¯^ wPšÍv I Kg©‡K․kj weKwkZ nq| Zv‡`i m„Rbkxj ÿgZvI ev‡o| G c×wZ‡Z AwR©Z wkLb AwfÁZv
wkÿv_x©‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡bI Kv‡R jv‡M| G w`K †_‡K wkÿv n‡q D‡V RxebgyLx| G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©iv A‡b¨i we‡klZ
wkÿ‡Ki cÖfvegy³ n‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR¯^ avivq wkLb AwfÁZv AR©‡b mÿg nq|
 mZx_© wkLb(Peer learning)
AvaywbK wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ‡Z mZx_© wkLb ev RywU‡Z wkLb ev Peer Learning GKwU RbwcÖq I Kvh©Ki wkLb
†K․kj| Gi kvwãK A_© †Rvovq †Rvovq †kLv| hLb ¯^‡MvÎxq ev mggbv wkÿv_x©‡`i GKRb Ab¨R‡bi RywUe× n‡q
wkL‡b ci¯úi‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i Zv‡K RywU‡Z wkLb e‡j| AvaywbK wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi we‡kl •ewkó¨ n‡jv wkÿv_x©‡`i
mwµq AskMÖnY| RywU‡Z wkLb †m †ÿ‡Î GKwU Kvh©Ki I mdj c×wZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e RywU •Zwii
mgq hw` wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_x©i mv‡_ AMÖMvgx wkÿv_x©‡K wgwj‡q †`Iqv nq Zvn‡j GwU Av‡iv Kvh©Ki I djcÖm~ nIqvi
m¤¢vebv †ewk| G †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j †kªwY‡Z cvi`k©x wkÿv_©x Zvi wkLb Ae¯v hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmx
nq| †kªwYi Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv_©xiv mncvVxi wkL‡bi mv‡_ wb‡Ri Ae¯v Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mg`„wófw½ M‡o †Zvjvi
my‡hvM jvf K‡i| Peer learning essentially refers to students learning with and from each other as fellow
learners without any implied authority to any individual, based on the tenet that students learn a great
deal by explaining their ideas to others and by participating in activities in which they can learn from
their peers.(http://www.cdtl.nus.edu.sg/success/sl13.htm)
 f~wgKvwfbq (Role Play)
cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB cvV¨welq‡K bvUK AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g cov‡kvbvi e¨e¯v P‡j G‡m‡Q|
†kªwYK‡ÿ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g GK‡N‡qwg `~i Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨B G c×wZi D™¢e| AbyKiYwcÖq wkïiv we`¨vj‡q fwZ©
nevi Av‡M †_‡KB gv-evev, fvB-‡evb, cÖf„wZ AvcbR‡bi Kv‡Ri AbyKiY K‡i cÖPzi Avb›` cvq| wkï‡`i ¯^Ztù‚Z©
78
AvMÖn‡K wkLb †kLv‡bvi Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j mydj cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkïiv ¯^fveZB bvUK ïb‡Z I †`L‡Z
fvjev‡m, bvUK Ki‡Z Av‡iv †ewk fvjev‡m| myZivs wkÿYxq welq‡K bvUK AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡q
Awfbq Kiv‡j Zv‡Z AvkvcÖ` mydj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| KwíZ welq Ges AZxZ NUbv‡K ev¯Í‡ei g‡Zv `„k¨gvb
K‡i †Zvjv hvq Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g| f~wgKvwfbq c×wZi Avi GKwU myweav n‡jv bvU‡Ki welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© fvj iKg Ávb
n‡jB Awfb‡q wewfbœ PwiÎ iƒc ev nvefve dzwU‡q †Zvjv m¤¢e| myZivs wkÿv_x©iv hLb †Kvb welq wb‡q bvUK iPbv K‡i
I Awfbq K‡i A_ev H wel‡qi Ici iwPZ bvU‡Ki wewfbœ Pwi‡Î Awfbq K‡i ZLb †mB welqe¯‧i Ici Zv‡`i m¤ú~Y©
AwaKvi Rb¥vq| mvwnZ¨, BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‧ Awfb‡qi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ mv_©Kfv‡e †kLv‡bv hvq| Z‡e f~wgKvwfb‡qi Rb¨
†hvM¨ cvi`kx© wkÿK cÖ‡qvRb| KviY mwVKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ bv n‡j wkL‡bi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ GgbwK e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|

6.4 GKK KvR, †cv÷ e· ,Kvh©Ki `j cybwe©b¨vm,mgm¨v mgvavb I mvÿvrKvi †KŠkj Abykxjb
 GKK KvR(Individual work)
†Kvb KvR hLb wkÿv_©x GKvB m¤úbœ K‡i Ges KvRwUi djvd‡j Zvi GKK gZvgZ cÖwZdwjZ nq ZLb †mB KvR‡K
GKK KvR e‡j| wkÿv_©x hLb †Kvb Kv‡R wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡ew`Z K‡i A_©vr GKvMÖwP‡Ë †Kvb KvR m¤úbœ K‡i
ZLb †m KvRwUi cÖwZwU c`‡ÿ‡c wbR¯^ cÖwZfv I m„RbkxjZv I AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvM NUvq| †m A‡_© GKK KvRI GK
ai‡bi mwµq AskMÖnYg~jK KvR| G ai‡bi Kv‡R wkÿv_©x wb‡RB me K‡i, d‡j Kv‡Ri me As‡k Zvi e¨w³‡Z¡i
m¤ú~Y© cÖKvk NUvi my‡hvM _v‡K|
 †cv÷ e· Gw±wfwU (Post box activities)
WvK †cÖi‡Yi gZ GwU wkL‡bi GKwU RbwcÖq cÖwµqv| G †K․k‡j wkÿv_x©iv †kÖwY‡Z mwµq _v‡K, cvV`vb •ewPΨgq I
AvKl©Yxq nq Ges Avb›`Nb cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡`i gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g †kLvi KvRwU m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| G
†K․kjwU cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ c~‡e©B b¤^i †`Iqv 5/6 wU ev· msMÖn K‡i ivL‡Z nq ( †hgb-wUmy¨ e·, Jl‡ai ev· ev †gvUv
KvM‡Ri Øviv •Zwi ev·)| wkÿK mswkøó welqwfwËK 5/6 wU cÖkœ UzK‡iv KvM‡R wj‡L ivL‡eb| KvR ïiæi Av‡M `j
MVb K‡i wb‡eb| 1 b¤^i cÖ‡kœi DËi wjwLZ KvMRwU 1 b¤^i ev‡· ‡dj‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e b¤^i Abymv‡i Dˇii
KvMR¸‡jv me ev‡· †dj‡Z n‡e| wkÿK wWwRUvj Qwe wWwRUvj K‡›U‡›Ui gva¨‡g †cv÷ e· †`Lv‡eb| G wel‡q
mswÿß Av‡jvPbv K‡i aviYv ¯úó Ki‡eb| wkÿK 5/6 wU `j MVb K‡i mswkøó mgm¨v wb‡q †cv÷ e· †K․kj cÖ‡qvM
Kivi cÖwµqv †`wL‡q w`‡eb|
 Kvh©Ki `j cybwe©b¨vm (Expert Jigsaw)

G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i wewfbœ `‡ji wewfbœ iKg cÖkœ ev mgm¨v mieivn Ki nq| mgm¨v¸‡jv n‡e H w`‡bi cvV mswkøó|
GKB `‡ji cÖwkÿYv_x©iv mgm¨v ev cÖkœ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e I mvivsk •Zwi Ki‡e| Gici bZzb `j MVb Kiv n‡e,
†hLv‡b g~j `‡ji GKRb K‡i cÖwZwbwa _vK‡e| bZzb `‡ji AskMÖnYKvixiv wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ c~‡e© i Av‡jvwPZ welq wb‡q
gZ wewbgq Ki‡e ev Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Zvici g~j `‡j wd‡i hv‡e Ges wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
 mgm¨v-mgvavb c×wZ (Problem-solving Method)
†h cÖwµqvq wkÿK I wkÿv_x© mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq wkÿvmsµvšÍ †Kvb mgm¨v ev Amyweav `~i K‡i Zv‡KB mgm¨v-mgvavb
c×wZ ejv nq| wkÿ‡Y G c×wZ Ab¨vb¨ c×wZi gZB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mgm¨v-mgvavb c×wZ‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v ev wel‡qi
mgvavb ev Abykxjb wkÿv_x©‡`i w`‡qB Kiv nq| wek¦weL¨vZ wkÿv`vk©wbK Rb wWDB cÖ‡qvMev`x `k©‡bi wfwˇZ G
c×wZi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wkÿvi jÿ¨ n‡jv wkÿv_x©‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi Dc‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv| G †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v-mgvavb
c×wZ LyeB Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| G c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡`i wPšÍvkw³i weKvk NUvq| mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿv_x©‡`i ch©‡eÿY I
ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK `„wófw½i weKvk NUvq| †h c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿK †kªwYK‡ÿ welqe¯‧ mswkøó †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi mwVK I
Dchy³ mgvavb wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU Dc¯vcb K‡ib †mUvB mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZ| Avi †kªwYK‡ÿ

79
wkÿv_©xiv wkÿK KZ…©K DÌvwcZ mgm¨vi ev¯ÍewfwËK mgvavb wPwýZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg
Kvh©Ki Kivi R‡b¨ GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿK KZ©„K welqe¯‧ mswkøó †Kv‡bv mgm¨v wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z
nq| wkÿv_©xiv G mgm¨vwUi hyw³MÖvn¨ mwVK I Dchy³ mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq| GB c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi
d‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i †h․w³K wPšÍb I D™¢vebxg~jK `ÿZvi Kvh©Kix weKvk mvwaZ nq| wkÿv_©x†`i eyw×e„wËK weKvk mva‡bi
Rb¨ GB c×wZ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Kix| GB c×wZ Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x†`i •eÁvwbK `„wófw½ MVb Ges Ávbg~jK
`ÿZvi weKvk mvab nq|
mgm¨v-mgvavb c×wZi myweav
1. G c×wZ wkÿv_x©‡`i wPšÍvkw³i weKvk NUvq;
2. wkÿv_x©‡`i †h․w³K we‡køl‡Yi ÿgZv evovq;
3. wkÿv_x©‡`i ch©‡eÿY I ch©v‡jvPbvg~jK `„wófw½i weKvk NUvq;
4. `jMZ KvR Kivi Ges wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv evovq;
5. wb‡R KvR Kivi Ges wm×všÍ †bIqvi ÿgZv evovq;
6. wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡Z DØy× K‡i|
mgm¨v-mgvavb c×wZi Amyweav
1. Avgv‡`i cvV¨m~wP eûjvs‡k ZË¡wbf©i| d‡j cvV¨m~wPfy³ welqe¯‧i A‡bK †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq bv;
2. G c×wZ †ek mgqmv‡cÿ| d‡j welqe¯‧i we‡kl †Kvb As‡ki †cQ‡bB mgq P‡j hvq| mgMÖ cvV¨m~wP †kl Kiv
hvq bv;
3. welqe¯‧i avivevwnKZv me mgq eRvq ivLv hvq bv;
4. h_vh_ mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z wkÿv_x© e¨_© n‡j wkL‡bi cÖwZ Zvi AvMÖn bó n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
 mvÿvrKvi (Interview Method)
†Kvb mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© eB-cy¯ÍK, cÎ-cwÎKv wKsev miKvwi, †emiKvwi Z_¨ weeiYx AvkvcÖ` mgvav‡b †cu․Qv‡Z h‡_vchy³
ev wbf©i‡hvM¨ we‡ewPZ bv n‡j Ges mswkøó wel‡qi we‡klÁ‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK e¨w³‡Z¡i gZvgZ MÖnY cÖ‡qvRbxq
we‡ewPZ n‡j c~e© wba©vwiZ cÖkc
œ ‡Îi gva¨‡g ev e¨w³MZfv‡e wRÁvmvev‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ Zv‡`i mv‡_ †h mvÿvrKvi Abyôvb
cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Zv‡K mvÿvrKvi c×wZ ejv nq| †Kvb †g․wjK wel‡qi Ici weÁvbm¤§Z I wbf©i‡hvM¨ M‡elYv Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨B GB ai‡bi mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eB-cy¯ÍK, miKvwi, †emiKvwi Z_¨ weeiYx‡Z cÖvß Z‡_¨i mZ¨Zv
hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ mswkøó e¨w³e‡M©i gZvgZ mvÿvrKvi Gi gva¨‡g MÖnY Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i †`kmn wewfbœ †`‡k D”P
wkÿv¯Í‡i mvÿvrKvi c×wZ eûw`b a‡i Abym„Z n‡q Avm‡Q| Avgv‡`i †`‡k AvbyôvwbK D”P¯Í‡i Ges DcvbyôvwbK
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î mvÿvrKvi c×wZ Pvjy _vK‡jI gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i G c×wZ †Zgb cÖPwjZ bq| Z‡e GB c×wZwU mnwkÿvµwgK
Kvh©vewj‡Z cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkÿv_x©iv mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡Yi Kjv‡K․kj AvqË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

 AYywkÿY (Micro-teaching)
wkÿ‡Ki `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GwU GKwU Kvh©Kix †K․kj| wkÿK GKB mv‡_ eû `ÿZv Dbœqb Ki‡Z mg_© bv n‡j G
cÖwµqvq GKwU ev `ywU `ÿZvi Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡ib| G Rb¨ †h †Kvb GKwU `ÿZv wbe©vPb K‡i mxwgZ mg‡q K…wÎg
†kÖwYwkÿ‡Y Zvi Abykxjb Ki‡eb Ges ax‡i ax‡i Zvi Dbœqb NUv‡eb| Micro-teaching is a teacher training and
faculty development technique whereby the teacher reviews a recording of a teaching session, in
order to get constructive feedback from peers and/or students about what has worked and what
improvements can be made to their teaching technique.(https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-
importance-of-micro-teaching)
80
AYywkÿ‡Yi `ÿZvmg~n
1. cvV cÖ¯w‧ Z;
2. DÏxcbvi ZviZg¨;
3. D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z cÖkœ;
4. D”Pgv‡bi cÖkœ;
5. wewfbœgyLx cÖkœ
6. cÖkKœ i‡Y ¯^v”Q›`gqZv;
7. eje„w×KiY;
8. wkÿ‡Ki wbieZv I fvlvnxb Bw½Z;
9. g‡bv‡hvMx AvPi‡Yi ¯^xK…wZ;
10. e³„ZvKiY ev evPbfw½;
11. wek`KiY I D`vni‡Yi e¨envi;
12. cwiKwíZ cybiæw³;
13. ms‡hv‡Mi m¤ú~Y©Zv mvab;
14. mgvwßKiY
cieZ©xKv‡j hy³iv‡óªi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi dvi I‡q÷ wek¦we`¨vjq AviI 4wU `ÿZvmn †gvU 18wU `ÿZv ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i|
†m¸‡jv n‡jv -
15. kÖeY-`k©b DcKi‡Yi e¨envi
16. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki cÖvYešÍZv
17. `jMZ Av‡jvPbvq Drmvn cÖ`vb
18. wkÿ‡Ki welqe¯‧ e¨vL¨v
 mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿY ev QÙ wkÿY(Simulation)
ev¯Íe Ae¯vi KvQvKvwQ GKwU K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wói gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡K cÖK…Z aviYv cÖ`v‡bi †Póv Kiv‡K QÙwkÿY ev
mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿY e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿY †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖewZ©Z GK ai‡bi
Kvh©Kix †K․kj hvi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Ávb, `ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv e„w× cvq Ges cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki AvPiwYK
cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I cwigvR©b N‡U| mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿ‡Y wkÿKM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K GKRb wkÿKiƒ‡c Ges Ab¨vb¨
wkÿKMY wkÿv_x© wn‡m‡e Awfbq K‡i _v‡K| AYywkÿ‡Yi mv‡_ G †ÿ‡Î †h AwgjwU cwijwÿZ nq Zv n‡jv QÙ
wkÿ‡Y GKwU K¬v‡mi m¤ú~Y©UvB cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq, Ab¨w`‡K AYywkÿ‡Y ïay GKwU ev `ywU `ÿZvi Ici cÖwkÿY
†`Iqv nq| QÙwkÿY †K․kjwU GKwU MÖæ‡c m¤úbœ nq| QÙwkÿ‡Yi mgMÖ Kvh©µgwU cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿKM‡Yi f~wgKv
cÖZ¨ÿY I f~wgKvwfb‡qi GKwU cÖwkÿY wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nq| ch©‡eÿK `j cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki mej I `ye©j w`K
†iKW© K‡ib Ges †kªwYK‡ÿ cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Zv wewfbœ Dcv‡q e¨³ K‡ib hv‡Z Zuvi Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© mwVK
djveZ©b jvf Kiv hvq| QÙ wkÿY-Gi myweav I Amyweav wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿY ev QÙ wkÿY-Gi myweav
 ev¯Íe Ae¯v m¤¢e bv n‡jI wecix‡Z K…wÎg cwi‡e‡k cvV`vb Kiv m¤¢e nq|
 cÖwkÿYv_x© wkÿY `ÿZv AR©b K‡i|
 mivmwi chv©‡jvPbvq mej I `ye©j w`K wPwýZ nq|
 RoZv `~i nq|
81
  mZx_© wkÿKM‡Yi mivmwi gZvgZ Rvbv hvq|
 mivmwi gZvgZ Rvbv e‡j `ye©jZv¸‡jv ZvrÿwYK `~i Kivi D‡`¨vM †bIqv hvq|
 QÙwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Yi ZvwË¡K-e¨envwiK w`‡Ki mgš^q nIqv‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©xi wkÿY `ÿZvi DrKl© mvab
ev Dbœqb NUv‡bv hvq|
 QÙwkÿ‡Yi Abykxjb †ckvMZ `ÿZv e„wׇZ wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK|
mv`„k¨g~jK wkÿY ev QÙ wkÿY-Gi Amyweav
 QÙ wkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖK…Z †kÖwYi cwi‡ek m„wó nqbv|
 A‡bK mgq Gi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ mdj nqbv|
 mZx_© wkÿv_x©‡`i †KD †KD A‡bK mgq ïay †`vl I `ye©jZv wPwýZ K‡ib| d‡j A‡b‡KB G‡Z AvZ¥wek¦vm
nvwi‡q †d‡j|
 Ab¨w`‡K mZx_© wkÿv_x©‡`i †KD †KD A‡bK mgq †`vl I `ye©jZv bv e‡j ïay fvj w`K¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡ib/
wPwýZ K‡ib| d‡j A‡b‡KB G‡Z AwZ AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡q c‡ob|

cÖkœgvjv

mswÿß DËi cÖkœ

K. wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
L. wkÿK-†Kw›`ªK c×wZ Kx?
M. wkÿv_x©-†Kw›`ªK c×wZ Kx?
N. _b©WvB‡Ki cÖ‡Póv I fyj ms‡kvab wkLb gZev` Kx?

iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ

1. K.wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZ¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
L. wkÿK‡Kw›`ªK I wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK c×wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
2. K.†kÖwYK‡ÿ KÚ¯^i e¨envi I Abykxj‡bi mvaviY bxwZgvjv D‡jøL Kiæb|
L. wkL‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m~θ‡jv eY©bv Kiæb| †kÖwY‡Z G c×wZ¸‡jv Kxfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq?

82
 BDwbU 7 : cvV cwiKíbv
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kivi Rb¨ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi cwiKíbv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU welq| cwiKíbvwenxbfv‡e
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb `ye©j I Kvh©µgwU AKvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| GB wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg cwiKíbvq †h mKj welq AšÍfy³ © _v‡K Zv n‡”Q ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv, wewfbœ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I
†K․k‡ji h_vh_ e¨envi, wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi †K․kj, †kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkK
œ iY `ÿZv, wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi
wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj, wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZKiY, wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †K․kj,
wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Rb¨ AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki e¨envi| GB mKj welq we‡ePbv K‡i
GB BDwbU‡K wb‡¤œv³ mve BDwb‡U mvRv‡bv n‡jv:
7.1 DËg I Av`k© cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv kbv³KiY I Abykxjb;
7.2 cÖ`k©b, `jxq KvR I GKK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g we‡kølYag©x I ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb;
7.3 AYywkÿY I QÙ wkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR I `jxq KvR, Awfbq, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq
Av‡jvPbvmn wewfbœ †K․kj Abykxjb;
7.4 gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jvi †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv
AbymÜvb Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi †K․kj Abykxjb: my¯úóZv, avivevwnKZv, wjwLZ I †g․wLK;
7.5 †kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkœKiY: aviYv I Abykxjb Ges D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj;
7.6 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖk:œ Db¥y³, e× I •ewPΨgq cÖk;œ
7.7 †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i †kÖwYweb¨vm;
7.8 eøy‡gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖkœ we‡ePbv;
7.9wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZKi‡Yi Dcvq Ges g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †K․kj;
7.10Am‡ej-Gi AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Dcvq|

7.1 DËg I Av`k© cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv kbv³KiY I Abykxjb

Avgiv †h †Kvb KvR ïiæ Kivi Av‡MB wPšÍv Kwi KvRUv Kxfv‡e ev Kx cÖwµqvq m¤úbœ Kie| KvRUv †Kb Kie, Kx Kx
DcKiY `iKvi n‡e, Kxfv‡e KvRwU‡K fvM Kie, Gi mgvwßB ev Kxfv‡e Kie Zv wb‡q fve‡Z _vwK| GB wPšÍv -fvebvB
n‡”Q KvR m¤úv`‡bi gvbwmK cwiKíbv| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I RwUj KvR| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri mdj
ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cwiKíbv| †kÖwYK‡ÿ djcÖm~fv‡e wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbv Kivi g‡a¨B wkÿ‡Ki
mv_©KZv| GKwU †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡`i Kx †kLv cÖ‡qvRb Ges Kxfv‡e GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡qi cv‡Vi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mg‡qi
g‡a¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i Kvh©Kifv‡e †kLv‡bv hv‡e Zvi †ivW g¨vcB n‡”Q cvV cwiKíbv| A_©vr h_vh_fv‡e GKwU cvV
cwiKíbv cÖ¯Z‧ Ki‡Z cviv wkÿ‡Ki GKwU Avek¨Kxq `ÿZv Ges GwU GKwU wkÿK †hvM¨Zv|
cvV cwiKíbvi aviYv
wkÿK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g GKwU cv‡V Kx †kLv‡eb, KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ †kLv‡eb, KZUzKz
†kLv‡eb, †Kb ev Kx D‡Ï‡k¨ †kLv‡eb, wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ †kLv‡eb,Kx Kx c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi Ki‡eb, †kÖwY‡Z Zvui
KiYxq KvR Kx Kx n‡e,wkÿv_©xiv Kxfv‡e cv‡V AskMÖnY Ki‡e ev mvov cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i Kxfv‡e g~j¨vqb
Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` hveZxq welq c~‡e© wVK K‡i †bIqv‡K cvV cwiKíbv e‡j |
Ab¨ K_vq, mywbw`©ó welqe¯‧i wfwˇZ †Kvb cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ AR©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿY ïiæi c~‡e© cÖYxZ Kvh©Ki
cwiKíbvB n‡”Q cvV cwiKíbv|

mnR K_vq ejv hvq ‣`bw›`b †Kvb cv‡Vi †kªwY Kvh©µg myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z ev wPšÍv Zvi wjwLZ
iƒc‡KB ejv nq cvV cwiKíbv| †KD †KD †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b GKwU we‡kl cvV Dc¯vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
cÖYqbK…Z we¯ÍvwiZ wjwLZ iƒc‡K cvVwUKv e‡j _v‡Kb| cvVwUKv kãwU mxwgZ A_© cÖKvk K‡i ZvB cvVwUKv bv e‡j
e¨vcK A‡_© e¨eüZ cvV cwiKíbv kãwUB Avgiv e¨envi Kie|

83
cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ev Dc‡hvwMZv
‡Kvb ¯vcbv •Zwii Rb¨ cÖ‡K․kjxi †hgb wjwLZ bKmv _v‡K, wkÿ‡Ki nv‡Z †Zgb wjwLZ cvV cwiKíbv Kvh©Kifv‡e
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Pvwe¯^iƒc| wkLb‡K D‡Ïk¨gyLx Kivi Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbvi Dc‡hvwMZvi †ÿÎmg~n
wb¤œiƒc:
 cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wkÿ‡Ki aviYv ¯úó nq;
 cv‡Vi avivevwnKZv iÿv Kiv hvq;
 welqe¯‧ mswkøó _vKv hvq;
 Dchy³ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ, †K․kj I `ÿZv wbe©vPb Kiv hvq;
 Dchy³ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki `ÿZv e„w× m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµq ivLv hvq;
 cvV mswkøó cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY msMÖn I cÖ¯Z ‧ Ki‡Y m‡PZb nIqv hvq;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K m‡ev©”P djvdj AR©b Kiv‡bv m¤¢e nq;
 mg‡qi h‡_vchy³ e¨envi m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó‡Z mnvqK nq;
 wkÿ‡Ki h_vh_ cÖ¯w‧ Z jvf nq;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn,g‡bv‡hvM I †cÖlYv m„wó‡Z wkÿK m‡PZb nq;
 cieZx© cv‡Vi Kvh©Ki wkÿ‡Y mnvqK nq;
 bZzb wkÿK mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv cvq;
 wkÿvµg‡K h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY Kiv m¤¢e nq;
 wbw`©ó cvV¨m~wP h_vmg‡q m¤úbœ Kiv hvq|

cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wfwË

GKRb wkÿK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡R Kxfv‡e AMÖmi n‡eb , Kxfv‡e cv‡Vi avivevwnZKv eRvq ivL‡eb cvV cwiKíbv
†mB wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i| †Kvb †Kvb wkÿK Av‡Qb , hvuiv MZvbyMwZKfv‡e wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib| Zvuiv
cvV m¤ú‡K© †Kvb c~e© wPšÍv-fvebv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡ib bv| G m¤ú‡K© c~‡e© †Kvb mywbw`©ó bxwZI wQj bv| cvV
cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b weL¨vZ Rvg©vb `vk©wbK I wkÿvwe` ‡hvnvb †d«WwiK nve©vU (Johann Friedrich Herbart) Gi bvg
we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| nve©v‡Ui g‡Z, AvR‡Ki wkÿv_©x GK mg‡qi wkï| R‡b¥i mgq wkïi gb _v‡K k~b¨, G‡Kev‡i
†gvQv †¯ø‡Ui gZ| cÖK…wZ I mgv‡Ri ms¯ú‡k© wkï †h AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i †m AwfÁZvi ga¨ w`‡qB Zvi gvbwmK
weKvk N‡U| Zvui g‡Z, wkïi GB AwfÁZv‡K AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i `yB ai‡bi cÖwµqv|

wPÎ 6: †hvnvb †d«WwiK nve©vU (Johann Friedrich Herbart)

Rb¥ ZvwiL I ¯vb: 4 †g 1976, I‡ìbevM©, Rvg©vwb
g„Zz¨i ZvwiL I ¯vb: 14 AvM÷ 1841, †MvwU‡Mb, Rvg©vwb
84
K. cÖZ¨ÿY: cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯vcb K‡i Bw›`ªq Øviv Dcjwä Kivi ÿgZv
L. AvZ¥xKiY: Dcjwä‡K AvqË K‡i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ MÖnY Kivi ÿgZv|

wZwb e‡j‡Qb, wkï me mgq Zvi c~e© AwfÁZv‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q bZzb cwiw¯wZ‡Z Ávb AvniY K‡i _v‡K| Zvi g‡Z,
wkÿv_©x‡K Zvi c~e© Áv‡bi wfwˇZ bZzb Áv‡bi mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡Z n‡e| Rvbv wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z K‡i bZzb
wel‡qi AeZviYv Ki‡j cv‡V wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn m„wó nq| ZvB bZzb cvV ïiæi Av‡M wkÿK‡K †K․k‡j wkÿv_©xi
c~e©Áv‡bi ms‡hvM NwU‡q bZzb Áv‡bi m~Pbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xi bZzb Ávb AvqË Kiv mnR n‡e| GRb¨
wkÿv_©x‡K bZzb wKQz †kLv‡bvi Av‡M wkÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZv †R‡b †bIqv|

cvV cwiKíbvq nve©v‡Ui Pvi †mvcvb

nve©v‡Ui g‡Z, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv‡K AvMÖnwfwËK Ki‡Z n‡j PviwU ¯Íi ev †mvcvb cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv nj:
cÖ_g ¯Íi:c~e©Áv‡bi my¯úóZv
GLv‡b my¯úóZv ej‡Z wZwb we‡klfv‡e ch©‡eÿ‡Yi K_vB e‡j‡Qb| A_©vr †kÖwY‡Z wkÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡K
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xi Pvicv‡ki bvbv wel‡qi g‡a¨ hv m¤ú‡K© Zvi c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZv Av‡Q, †m
Áv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i Zv‡K bZzb Ávb †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKRb wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi GB Áv‡bi ¯Íi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
n‡e| GUvB c~e©Áv‡bi my¯úóZv|
wØZxq ¯Íi:bZzb Z‡_¨i ms‡hvRb
wkÿv_©x‡K wkÿK †h bZzb Ávb ev Z_¨ ev AwfÁZv Rvbv‡Z Pvb Zv Rvbv‡Z n‡j wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb ev AwfÁZvi mv‡_
wkLb AwfÁZvi ms‡hvM mvab Ki‡Z n‡e|

Z…Zxq ¯Íi:†kÖwYKiY/ mvgvb¨xKiY

wkÿK wØZxq ¯Í‡ii Ávb, Z_¨ I AwfÁZv¸‡jv msnZ, mswÿß I avivevwnKfv‡e wkÿv_©xi wbKU Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb|
wkÿv_©x wØZxq ¯Í‡i jä Ávb I Z_¨¸‡jv c~e©Áv‡bi Z_¨ I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ †kÖwYKiY K‡i mvgvb¨xKi‡Y †c․uQv‡e|
PZz_© ¯Íi:cÖ‡qvM
GB ¯Í‡i wkÿv_©x be jä Ávb‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| Gfv‡eB wkLb Kvh©Ki n‡e|

nve©v‡Ui c †mvcvb
nve©v‡Ui PviwU †mvcvb AbymiY Ki‡Z wM‡q Amyweav †`Lv †`Iqvq Zvui AbyMvgx wRjvi, †ib cÖgyL wkÿvwe` nve©v‡Ui GB
PviwU ¯Í‡ii wKQz cwieZ©b K‡i wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi cvuPwU †mvcv‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib| Zv nj-
1. Av‡qvRb ev cÖ¯w‧ Z
2. Dc¯vcb
3. Zzjbv ev weg~ZK
© iY
4. mvgvb¨xKiY
5. Awf‡hvRb ev cÖ‡qvM

nve©v‡Ui wÎ †mvcvb
cieZ©xKv‡j nve©v‡Ui AbyMvgx †ib I wRjvi GB c †mvcvb bxwZi AviI GKevi ms¯‥vi K‡ib| GB bZzb ms¯‥i‡Y
wZbwU †mvcvb ivLv nq| Zv nj-
1. Av‡qvRb ev cÖ¯w‧ Z
2. Dc¯vcb
3. cÖ‡qvM
GLv‡b c †mvcv‡bi Dc¯vcb †mvcv‡bi mv‡_ Zzjbv ev weg~ZK© iY Ges mvgvb¨xKiY‡K GKxf~Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
85
Møvfvi cwiKíbv
weÁvb wel‡qi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î cv‡Vi aib Abyhvqx nve©v‡U©i c †mvcvb ev wÎ-‡mvcv‡bi †P‡q
AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx cwiKíbv n‡”Q Møvfvi cwiKíbv| we‡kl K‡i weÁvb wkÿ‡Y hLb cixÿvMvi c×wZ, A¨vmvBb‡g›U,
cÖKí c×wZ, AbymÜvbg~jK KvR cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, ZLb Møvfvi cwiKíbv e¨envi Kiv myweavRbK| GB cwiKíbvq PviwU
¯‧i _v‡K|
1. cÖkKœ iY: cvV mswkøó cÖkmœ g~n avivevwnKfv‡e wRÁvmvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡Vi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i cv‡Vi
welqe¯‧i mv‡_ cwiPq NUv‡Z nq| ïiæ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g ïiæ K‡i
cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ GwM‡q wb‡Z n‡e| Avevi †Kvb wPÎ, Qwe, wfwWI , PvU©, g‡Wj BZ¨vw` DcKiY w`‡qI cvV ïiæ
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb Mí ev †KBm Gi weeiY w`‡qI cvV ïiæ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e m~Pbv n‡e mswÿß Ges
DÏxcbvg~jK|
2. Av‡jvPbv: †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡`i K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji wkÿv_©x‡`i wbR¯^ aviYv, Ávb I gZvgZ‡K
¯^vaxbfv‡e cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i eyw×e„wËK †ÿ‡Î Amyweavmg~n `~ixf~Z n‡e|
3. AbymÜvb:GB ¯Í‡i cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i Ici GKK ev †Rvovq ev `jMZfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn I Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i ev
cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î j¨ve‡iUix‡Z KvR K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i AbymÜvbg~jK KvR ev cÖKí m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖKvk ev eY©bv: wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Kxfv‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Z_¨ ev aviYv ev fve wewbgq Ki‡e Zvi mv‡_ cÖKvk
ev eY©bv m¤úwK©Z| cÖKvk wewfbœfv‡e Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- ch©‡eÿY I kÖeY (wbw®…q ai‡bi cÖKvk), nv‡Z
Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖKvk ( mwµqfv‡e cÖKvk), wkLb cwi‡e‡ki web¨vm (mvsMVwbK cÖKvk), •kwíK cÖKvk
BZ¨vw`|
DËg cvV cwiKíbvi •ewkó¨
 cvV cwiKíbv wjwLZ AvKv‡i nIqv DwPZ;
 wkÿ‡Ki wbKU wkLb D‡Ïk¨ my®úó n‡Z n‡e;
 fvlv mnR Ges †evaMg¨ n‡e;
 welqe¯‧i c×wZ gvwdK Dc¯vcbv _vK‡Z n‡e;
 avivevwnK Ges h_vh_ wkÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi e¨e¯v _vK‡e| hv‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi
mgq D™¢zZ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
 GwU wkÿK‡K Aby‡cÖiYvg~jK †K․kj I wkÿY DcKiY wba©vi‡Yi wm×všÍ wb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i;
 GwU welqe¯‧, c×wZ, Kvh©µg Ges wkÿY DcKi‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e;
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ GKwU †h․w³K Abyµ‡g Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i gvbwmK ¯Íi Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e;
 cvV cwiKíbvi cÖwZwU av‡c wkÿv_©x‡`i Askx`vwi‡Z¡i e¨e¯v _vK‡Z n‡e;
 g~j¨vq‡bi Kvh©Ki Ges ev¯ÍweK †K․kj e¨envi Kiv nq;
 mnRjf¨ Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wkÿY DcKiY wbe©vPb Kiv nq;
 wkÿv_©xiv hv‡Z wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ ms‡hvM wew”Qbœ n‡q wbw®…q nIqvi my‡hvM bv cvq cvV cwiKíbvq Ggb e¨e¯v
ivLv nq;
 cvV cwiKíbv wcwiq‡Wi wba©vwiZ mg‡qi mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L cÖYxZ n‡e;
 c~e©Áv‡bi wfwˇZ bZzb Ávb Avni‡Yi cwi‡ek •Zwii my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e;
 AMÖMvgx wkÿv_©x‡`i Drmvn ea©‡bi cvkvcvwk cðvrc` wkÿv_©x‡`i GwM‡q †bIqvi Dc‡hvMx KvR I mywPwšÍZ
e¨e¯v _vK‡Z n‡e;
 cvV cwiKíbvq wkÿv_©xi jä Áv‡bi cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g g~j¨vq‡bi e¨e¯v _vK‡Z n‡e|

86
cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi c~e©kZ©
 wkÿvµg m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©x m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e;
 wel‡qi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv _vKv evÃbxq;
 welqe¯‧ m¤úwK©Z aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e;
 wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj m¤ú‡K© aviYv I G¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvM Rvb‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv DcKi‡Yi Drm I e¨envi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e;
 g~j¨vqb †K․kj m¤ú‡K© my®úó Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e;
 mgq eivÏKiY m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
DËg I Av`k© cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vbmg~n
cwiwPwZ : GLv‡b `yB ai‡bi cwiwPwZ _v‡K | GKwU n‡”Q mvaviY cwiwPwZ I Ab¨wU cvV msµvšÍ cwiwPwZ| mvaviY
cwiwPwZ As‡k wkÿK I wkÿv_©x msµvšÍ mvaviY Z_¨vewj _v‡K| cvV cwiwPwZ‡Z wel‡qi bvg, cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg,
wcwiqW, cv‡Vi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq BZ¨vw` _v‡K| cwiwPwZ ce© †_‡K cUf~wg Rvbv hvq| cwiwPwZ Ask †_‡K
wkÿv_©x‡`i Mo eqm, wkLb Pvwn`v,cv‡Vi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq, †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x msL¨v, wkÿv_©x‡`i †RÛviMZ Ae¯v I
cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg Rvbv hvq| d‡j wkL‡bi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki cwiKíbv Kiv mnR nq|
wkLbdj : AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ †_‡K wkÿv_©x Kx Ávb AR©b Ki‡e ev Kx `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e ev `„wófw½i Kx ai‡bi
cwieZ©b NU‡e Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL _v‡K| wkLbdjB n‡”Q wkLb cÖwµqvi g~jwfwË| hw` wkLbdj Rvbv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j
wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx I AvšÍwiK ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡eb| wkLb-wkLv‡bv Kvh©µg, DcKiY wbe©vPb I e¨envi,
wkÿv_©xi wkLb hvPvB BZ¨vw` wkLbd‡ji Ici wbf©i K‡i Kiv nq|
cÖ¯w‧ Z : g~j welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi c~‡e© wkÿK cvV`v‡bi cwi‡ek •Zwii Rb¨ wKQy KvR Ki‡eb| †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡e‡ki
c~‡e©B wkÿK mswkøó cy¯ÍKvw` co‡eb, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv mvgMÖx msMÖn Ki‡eb I cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡eb| †kÖwYK‡ÿ
cÖ‡e‡ki ci wkÿv_©x, wkÿK I cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ GB wZbwUi ms‡hvM mva‡bi Rb¨ Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i gvbwmK cwi‡ek m„wói
Rb¨ wkÿK cvV mswkøó Kx KvR Ki‡eb Zv GLv‡b D‡jøL Ki‡eb| GB c‡e© wkÿK evwoi KvRI Av`vq Ki‡eb ( hw`
†`Iqv _v‡K)|
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj : GwUB cvV cwiKíbv cÖavb Ask| GLv‡bB cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb
Kivi cÖwµqv wjwce× _vK‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i my¯úó wb‡`©kbv †`‡eb| wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i
Dchy³ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi cÖwµqv GLv‡b †jLv _vK‡e| †h mKj Kvh©µg wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Ki‡eb
ZviB wjwLZ iƒc GUv| G c‡e© mnR †_‡K RwUj, Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv, we‡kl D`vniY †_‡K mvaviY D`vniY-G aviv
eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î wkLbd‡ji Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK welqe¯‧‡K LÛvs‡k wef³ K‡i wfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKiY I mnvqK mvgMÖx : wkÿv_©xiv wkLbdj AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h KvR¸‡jv Ki‡e Zvi Rb¨ †Kvb DcKiY
ev †Kvb mvgMÖx cª‡qvRb n‡j †m m‡ei ZvwjKv •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| DcKiY wkÿK I wkÿv_©x Df‡qi Rb¨ `iKvi| Gi
mvnv‡h¨ wkÿY I wkLb DfqwU djcÖm~ Kiv hvq| cvV‡K cÖvYešÍ I wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv I Zv‡`i Kv‡R
wb‡qvwRZ ivLvi Rb¨ mnvqK DcKiY cÖ‡qvRb| mywbw`©ó wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wkLb-‡kLv‡bv mvgMÖx
wkÿK‡K evQvB I msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cwiw¯wZ I mxgve×Zv we‡ePbv K‡i DcKiY wbe©vPb Kiv AZxe Riæwi|

cÖ‡qvM ev g~j¨vqb : cv‡Vi Kvh©KvwiZv G c‡e©i mdjZvi gvÎvi Ici wbf©i K‡i| G‡Z wkLbdj AR©‡bi gvÎv
wbiƒc‡Yi e¨e¯v _v‡K| G‡Z AšÍfy©³ _v‡K wkÿv_©x Avm‡j Kx wk‡L‡Q, wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡bi RwUjZv ev mgm¨v Kx Zv
wbiƒcY Ges wkLb m¤úwK©Z djveZ© msMÖn Kiv | g~j¨vq‡bi djvd‡ji gva¨‡g cieZ©x cvV cwiKíbvi Rb¨ Z_¨ cvIqv
hvq|

87
Avevi cvV †_‡K AwR©Z AwfÁZv wkÿv_©x cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e wKbv Zv hvPvB Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿK evwoi KvR †`b|
GLv‡b wZwb Kx KvR †`‡eb ïay †mwU wjL‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡ii welqe¯‧ †_‡K AwR©Z Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿK KZ©„K mieivnK…Z wkLb mvgMÖx wn‡m‡e GKwU cvV cwiKíbv I
wb‡P †`Iqv QK AbymiY K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©xiv/cv‡V AskMÖnYKvixiv cvV cwiKíbvi Dcv`vbmg~n kbv³ Ki‡eb Ges Zv
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡eb|

GKwU cvV cwiKíbv QK

we`¨vj‡qi bvg : welq :
cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki bvg: mvaviY cvV :
‡ivj b¤^i- AvR‡Ki cvV :
‡RÛvi: mgq :
‡kªwY : beg wcwiqW :
Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x : †gvU - Rb| ZvwiL :
cwiwPwZ

evjK- Rb, evwjKv - Rb

wkÿv_©x‡`i Mo eqm:
wkLb GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv -
dj 

‡mv KvR I mgq wkÿ‡Ki KvR wkÿv_©xi KvR wkÿv
cvb DcKiY
ï‡f”Qv
wewbgq I
evwoi KvR
cÖ¯w‧ Z Av`vq

g‡bv‡hvM
AvKl©Y I
cvV †NvlYv
wkLb-
‡kLv‡bv

Kvh©v
ewj/
Dc¯vcb

g~ wkLb
j¨v hvPvBg~jK
q cÖkœ
b
evwoi KvR
cÖ`vb

88
 evsjv wel‡qi GKwU cvV cwiKíbvi bgybv
we`¨vj‡qi bvg : welq : evsjv
cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿ‡Ki bvg: mvaviY cvV : evsjv KweZv
†ivj b¤^i- AvR‡Ki cvV : Rb¥f~wg
†RÛvi: mgq : 50 wgwbU
†kªwY :lô wcwiqW : 2q
†gvU wkÿv_©x: 60 ZvwiL : ------
Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x : †gvU - 50 Rb|
cwiwPwZ

evjK- 30 Rb, evwjKv - 20 Rb

wkÿv_©x‡`i Mo eqm:
wkLb GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv -
 Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii mswÿß cwiPq ej‡Z cvi‡e|
dj
 ÔRb¥f~wgÕ KweZvwU ï×fv‡e Ave„wË Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 mv_©K, Rbg, gy`e, abiZb cÖf…wZ k‡ãi A_© ej‡Z cvi‡e I ev‡K¨ cÖ‡qvM †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e|
 Kwei †kl B”Qv Kx Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
 KweZvq Rb¥f~wg‡K ivwb m‡¤^vab Kivi †h․w³K KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
†mv KvR I wkÿ‡Ki KvR wkÿv_©xi KvR DcKiY
cvb mgq
g‡bv‡hvM  Kzkj wewbgq I evwoi KvR Av`vq wkÿv_©xiv ‡`L‡e, ïb‡e I m¤¢ve¨ cÖvK…wZK
AvKl©Y DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e `„k¨ Av‡Q
I cvV  cÖvK…wZK `„k¨ Av‡Q Ggb GKwU Ggb GKwU
cÖ¯w‧ Z †NvlYv †cv÷vi ev nv‡Z AvuKv Qwe †`wL‡q †cv÷vi ev
cÖm‡½i AeZviYvi gva¨‡g cvV †NvlYv nv‡Z AvuKv
4 wg. Ki‡ev Ges †ev‡W© cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg Qwe/ wPÎ
wjLe- wbR wbR LvZvq cvV wk‡ivbvg
wj‡L wb‡e
Rb¥f~wg
iexb`ªbv_ VvKzi
wkLb- Kwe Kwei Qwe cÖ`k©b Kie| g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i eB co‡e I Kwei Qwe
†kLv‡bv cwiwPwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i eB †_‡K hv‡K wRÁvmv Kiv n‡e †m GKwU
(gvBÛg¨vwcKwe cwiwPwZ c‡o GKwU K‡i Z_¨ D‡jøL Z_¨ ej‡e | PK‡evW©/
Kvh©v s)
ewj/ Ki‡Z eje (wØiæw³ bv K‡i)| †nvqvBU
4 wg. †evW©/
Dc¯vcb Zv‡`i DwjøwLZ Z_¨ AvšÍtm¤úK© we‡ePbvq wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv AbymiY K‡i
†i‡L gvBÛg¨vc AvKv‡i mv‡_ mv‡_ †ev‡W© wjLe †ev‡W© wjwLZ Z_¨ LvZvq wj‡L †cv÷vi
I wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K LvZvq wj‡L wb‡Z eje| wb‡e| †ccvi
†Kv‡bv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ AbywjøwLZ _vK‡j Zv
D‡jøL K‡i †ev‡W© wj‡L w`e|
Av`k© cvV GK ¯v‡b `vuwo‡q KweZvi wbe©vwPZ Ask cvV¨eB AbymiY K‡i Ave„wË AwWI,
(Ave„wË) my›`i K‡i (MwZfw½, D”PviY, Zvj,jq ïb‡e wfwWI
4 wg. wVK †i‡L) Ave„wË Kie|
mie cvV wbe©vwPZ 3/4 Rb wkÿv_©x‡K ch©vqµ‡g wbe©vwPZ 3/4 Rb wkÿv_©x mie IqvW© KvW©
I (cv‡Vi G‡KKwU Ask G‡KK Rb wkÿv_©x) cvV Ki‡e| I PK‡evW©/
D”PviY cy‡iv cvV GKevi mi‡e co‡Z eje| mKj wkÿv_©x cvVK wkÿv_©x‡K †nvqvBU
ms‡kvab IqvW© KvW© †`wL‡q ev †g․wLKfv‡e AbymiY Ki‡e| †evW©
(Ave„wË) djveZ©b cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i ÎæwUhy³ D”PviY †bvU Ki‡e I
89
 †mv KvR I wkÿ‡Ki KvR wkÿv_©xi KvR DcKiY
cvb mgq
5 wg. cv‡Vi ÎæwU¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i w`e| D‡jøL Ki‡e|
m¤¢ve¨ kã: Av‡jv, MMb, Rb¥f~wg, gy`e ms‡kvwaZ D”PviY gb‡hvM mnKv‡i
BZ¨vw`| ïb‡e, wgwj‡q wb‡e I wb‡R
ms‡kvwaZ n‡e|
wkLb- kãv_© I ‡K, †Kvb k‡ãi A_© Rv‡b bv-Zv GKKfv‡e DËi w`‡e|
†kLv‡bv evK¨MVb wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K D‡jøL Ki‡Z eje Ges †Rvovq wPšÍv wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g
Kvh©v
(PK‡evW© †ev‡W©i evg cv‡k wb‡P wb‡P wjLe| k‡ãi A_© wjL‡e I ev‡K¨
ewj/ mvims‡ ‡Rvovq wPšÍv K‡i A_© wjL‡Z I evK¨ •Zwi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e|
Dc¯vcb ÿc I Ki‡Z eje| m¤¢ve¨ kãmg~n- bqb, MMb,
†Rvovq gy`e, abiZb BZ¨vw`| ‡Rvovi GKRb DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e I
KvR) ‡Rvovq Kv‡Ri DËi ïbe Ges Zv‡`i wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv AbymiY K‡i
4 wg. DËi mswkøó k‡ãi cv‡k wjLe Ges fzj mK‡j Zv ms‡kvab K‡i wj‡L wb‡e|
DËi ms‡kvab K‡i w`e|
cvV 1.mswÿß e³…Zvq cvV we‡kølY K‡i w`e| e³…Zv ïb‡e I cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖkœ †cv÷vi
we‡kølY 2.`jxq KvR: (K) cÖwZ 5/6 Rb K‡i `j Ki‡e| †ccvi,
MVb K‡i `‡ji bvg, `j‡bZv,‡jLK, gvK©vi,
20 wg. Dc¯vcK, ch©‡eÿK wbe©vPb K‡i GKxf~Z `j MV‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e| Kg©cÎ
wkLb wbwðZ K‡i wb‡Pi DÏxc‡Ki `‡ji Rb¨ wb‡`©wkZ mgm¨vwU
Av‡jv‡K `jxq KvR wjL‡Z w`e- gv_v LvwU‡q m¤¢ve¨ mgvavb
Ôabavb¨ cy®úfiv Avgv‡`i GB emyÜiv; LvZvq/ †cv÷v‡i wjL‡e|
Zvnvi gv‡S Av‡Q †`k GK-mKj †`‡ki †miv;
I †m ¯^cœ w`‡q •Zwi †m ‡`k ¯§„wZ w`‡q †Niv; `‡ji c‡ÿ GKRb Dc¯vcb
Ggb †`kwU †Kv_vI Lyu‡R cv‡e bv‡Kv Zzwg, Ki‡e I wkÿ‡Ki djveZ©‡bi
mKj †`‡ki ivwb †m †h- Avgvi Rb¥f~wg|Õ mv‡_ wgwj‡q wb‡e I ms‡kvab
* DwjøwLZ PiY¸‡jv ‡Z ÔRb¥f~wgÕ KweZvi †Kvb Ki‡e|
w`KwUi wgj jÿ¨ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
(L) ‡kÖwYi KvR ch©‡eÿY I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Kie|
(M) `‡ji c‡ÿ 1 Rb‡K Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z eje,
cvkvcvwk †cv÷v‡i/ †g․wLKfv‡e djveZ©b
cÖ`vb Kie|
g~ wkLb AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi wkLbdj KZUzKz AwR©Z n‡q‡Q cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e| g~j¨vqbcÎ
hvPvBg~j Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wb¤œwjwLZ cÖkœ¸‡jv Kie-
j¨v K cÖkœ  Kwei A½ Ryovq wK‡m?
(wjwLZ/  Kwei †kl B”Qv Kx?
q †g․wLK)  Kwei gb AvKzj nq wK‡m?
5wg.  Ôgy`e bqb †k‡lÕ ej‡Z Kwe Kx †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb?
b evwoi evwoi KvR †ev‡W©/ Pv‡U© wj‡L w`e| wkÿv_©xiv wbR wbR LvZvq evwoi PvU©/
KvR KvR: ÔRb¥f~wgÕ KweZvq Rb¥f~wg‡K ivwb KvR wj‡L wb‡e| PK‡evW©/
cÖ`vb 3 m‡¤^vab Kivi †h․w³K KviY LvZvq wj‡L †cv÷vi
wg. Avb‡e| †ccvi
cvV DcKiY ¸wQ‡q †evW© gy‡Q wkÿv_©x‡`i wkÿv_©xiv m¤§vb Rvbv‡e|
mgvwß ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q NÈv evRvi ci †kÖwYKÿ
Z¨vM Kie|
90
 e¨emvq D‡`¨vM wel‡qi GKwU cvV cwiKíbvi bgybv
cvV bs -----
we`¨vj‡qi bvg: †kÖwY: beg
wkÿ‡Ki bvg: welq: e¨emvq D‡`¨vM
†ivj b¤^i- : Aa¨vq 1: e¨emvq cwiwPwZ
wkÿvel©- : AvR‡Ki cvV: e¨emvq cwi‡ek,
Dcw¯Z wkÿv_x© ------- Abycw¯Z wkÿv_x©--------- mgq: 50 wg.ZvwiL:
wkLbdj: G cvV †k‡l wkÿv_x©iv-
1. e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡e|
3. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
4. A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Ae¯v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
avc wkÿ‡Ki KvR wkÿv_x©‡`i KvR c×wZ I †K․kj wkÿvDcKiY mgq e›Ub
cÖ cÖ_‡gB ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Kie| g‡bv‡hvM hvPvB Ges wkÿv_x©iv ï‡f”Qvi Reve †`‡e Ges mswÿß
¯‧ AvR‡Ki cv‡Vi cÖwZ AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ mK‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi wb‡¤œv³ m¤¢ve¨ DËi w`‡e- e³…Zv 07 wgwbU
wZ wb‡¤œv³ cÖk¸
œ ‡jv Kie-  Avgv‡`i Pvwicv‡k hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB Av‡jvPbv
 cwi‡ek ej‡Z ‡Zvgiv Kx eyS? cwi‡ek| cÖk-œ DËi
 cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kx Kx?  cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj gvbyl,MvQ-
cÖ‡kœi Dˇii Rb¨ wkÿv_x©‡`i ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q AvR‡Ki cvjv, b`x, mgy`ª, cvnvo I wkÿv
cvV wk‡ivbvg †ev‡W© wj‡L w`e|Òe¨emvq cwi‡ekÓ cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`|
 wkÿv_x©iv LvZvq ev †bvUey‡K wk‡ivbvg
Zz‡j wb‡e|
 e¨emvq cwi‡ek m¤ú©‡K wkÿv_x©‡`i †Kvb aviYv  wkÿv_x©iv wb‡R‡`i AwfÁZv †_‡K cwi‡e‡ki Av‡jvPbv 10 wgwbU
D Av‡Q wK bv wRÁvmv Kie| wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi bvg ej‡e Ges Zv‡`i GKRb cÖk-œ DËi
c  wkÿv_x©‡`i cÖ`Ë aviYv¸‡jv‡K we‡kølY Kie| G‡m †ev‡W© †m¸‡jv wjL‡e| cÖ`k©b Dcv`v‡bi PvU©
¯v  wb‡Ri ‣Zwi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`v‡bi GKwU PvU© cÖ`k©b Kie Ges  wkÿv_x©iv Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë gZvg‡Zi mv‡_ Pv‡U©i
c wkÿv_x©‡`i gZvg‡Zi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wbe| Dcv`vb¸‡jv wgwj‡q wb‡e|
b  cÖvK…wZK I A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©  wkÿv_x©iv cÖvK…wZK I A_©‣bwZK cwi‡ek Av‡jvPbv 10 wgwbU
wkÿv_x©‡`i aviYv I gZvgZ Rvb‡Z PvBe Ges m¤ú‡K© Zv‡`i wbR¯^ aviYv I gZvgZ w`‡e cÖk-œ DËi

91
 aviYv ¯úó Kie Ges wkÿK cÖ`Ë aviYv LvZvq Zz‡j wb‡e|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K 8 Rb K‡i GK GKwU `j  wkÿv_x©iv `jxqwfwˇ‡Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i `jxq KvR ‡cv÷vi 12 12 wgwbU
MVb Kie| †cv÷vi †ccv‡i cÖvK…wZK I A_©‣bwZK I Dc¯vcb †ccvi cÖ`k©b
 cÖ`Ë `j¸‡jv‡K cvi®úwiK Av‡jvPbvi wfwˇZ Zv‡`i cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi bvg wjL‡e|
wb‡R‡`i GjvKvq weivRgvb e¨emvq mnvqK cÖvK…wZK I  cÖwZ`j †_‡K GKRb G‡m Zv‡`i KvR
A_©‣bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv wjL‡Z eje| Dc¯vcb Ki‡e|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i†K `jxq KvR Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z
Avnevb Kie|
 wkÿv_x©‡`i Dc¯vwcZ gZvgZ g~j¨vqb K‡i
wdWe¨vK cÖ`vb Kie|
g~  mgMÖ cv‡Vi wfwˇZ wb‡¤œv³ cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi gva¨‡g  wkÿv_x©‡`i ga¨ †_‡K wbev©wPZiv 08 08 wgwbU
j¨v g~j¨vqb Kie cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi w`‡e|
q  e¨emvq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb KqwU I Kx Kx? cÖk-œ DËi
b  b`x †K&vb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb?
 e¨vwKs cÖwZôvb †K&vb ai‡bi cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb?
 RbmsL¨v †Kvb& ai‡bi cwi‡e‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb?
 AvenvIqv †Kvb& ai‡bi cwi‡e‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb?
evwoi KvR cÖ`vb:  wkÿv_x©iv evwoi KvR LvZvq Zz‡j wb‡e 3
 AvMvgx K¬v‡m wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ evwoi wgwbU
KvR w`e
Zzwg †h GjvKvq emevm K‡iv †m GjvKvi A_©‣bwZK
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv e¨emv‡qi Rb¨ KZUv AbyK~j
ev cÖwZK~j wPwüZ Kiv|
cvV  mKj‡K ab¨ev` Rvwb‡q Ges AvMvgx K¬v‡m  wkÿv_x©iv `vwo‡q we`vq m¤§vb Rvbv‡e
mgvwß h_vmg‡q Dcw¯Z _vKvi Avnevb Rvwb‡q we`vq
wbe|

92
 GbwmwUwe I †mwmc KZ…©K cÖYxZ f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek wel‡qi GKwU cvV cwiKíbvi bgybv
wØZxq Aa¨vq : gnvwek¦ I Avgv‡`i c„w_ex
cvV: evwl©K MwZ I evwl©K MwZi dj mgq : 50 wgwbU
wkLbdj wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj wkLb AR©b hvPvB wkÿv DcKiY
AvwýK MwZ I evwl©K MwZ cvV mswkøó AwfÁZvwfwËK cÖkœ: 12 wgwbU mwVK DËi wjwLZ †cv÷vi cÖ`k©b K‡i mvg‡b-  Zvi I ej Øviv
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e| K) KZ w`‡b eQi nq? wcQ‡bi †Rvovi g‡a¨ KvR wewbgq‡i gva¨‡g evwl©K •Zwi m~‡h©i
 wefvwRZ wkLb dj: L) wK‡mi wfwˇZ eQi MYbv Kiv nq? MwZi aviYvi mwVKZv hvPvB I ms‡kvab
1| evwl©K MwZi aviYv eY©bv Dˇii m~Î a‡i Zvi w`‡q Kÿc_ I ej Øviv m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K c„w_exi Pvwiw`‡K
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| N~Y©‡bi g‡Wj K‡qK Rb wkÿv_©x‡K w`‡q e¨envi K‡i evwl©K MwZi c„w_exi N~Y©‡bi
aviYv cÖ`vb g‡Wj
†Rvovq KvR: cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvov evwl©K MwZi aviYv LvZvq wjL‡e|  PK‡evW©/
2| Awael© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cÖ‡kœvËi: 08 wgwbU wPšÍvg~jK KvR/cÖkœ: †nvqvBU †evW©
cvi‡e| K) †deªæqvwi gvm KZ w`‡b nq? 1500 mvj wK Awael©? Dˇii mc‡ÿ hyw³
L) †deªæqvwi gv‡mi w`‡b msL¨v evov ev Kgvi KviY Kx? `vI|
Dˇii m~Î a‡i MvwYwZK we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Awael© e¨vL¨v Kiv|  w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm-
3| evwl©K MwZi djvdj cÖ‡kœvËi: 10 wgwbU e„w×i wPÎ
D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡e| K) m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K c„w_exi cwiµgY c_ e„ËvKvi bv Dce„ËvKvi? m¤^wjZ Kg©cÎ,
L) Dce„ËvKvi Kÿc_ _vKvi d‡j Kx Kx N‡U? †cv÷vi †ccvi/
DËi Av`v‡qi ci wkÿv_©xMY g‡Wj †_‡K evwl©K MwZi `yBwU djvdj D‡jøL Ki‡e|
mwVK DËi cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv Kiv| LvZv I gvK©vi
4| w`evivwÎi n«vm-e„w×i KviY cÖ`k©b I `jMZ KvR: 20 wgwbU ‣`ePq‡bi wfwˇZ Dc¯vwcZ cÖwZwU Kvi‡Yi ev Kjg
I cÖwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e| c„w_exi cwiµgY c‡_i we‡kl PviwU Ae¯v‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K Avjv`v Avjv`v K‡i mwVKZv hvPvB I ms‡kvab
wkÿv_©x‡`i †`Lv‡bv|  `jxq Kv‡Ri Dc¯vcb ch©‡eÿY Ges
‡Rvovq KvR: cÖ‡Z¨K `j w`b-iv‡Zi n«vm-e„w×i KviY D‡jøL K‡i Zv g‡W‡ji
gva¨‡g Dc¯vcb Ki‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I e¨vL¨v mshy³ K‡i
`jMZ KvR: cÖ‡Z¨K `j‡K GKwU K‡i w`b-ivwÎi n«vm-e„w×i wPÎ ms‡kvab|
m¤^wjZ Kg©cÎ cÖ`vb| wPÎ Abyhvqx Kg©c†Î cÖ`Ë cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi wj‡L
Dc¯vcb |
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Ae¯v‡bi Rb¨:
1. c„w_exi Giƒc Ae¯v‡bi
ZvwiL KZ?
2. w`b-iv‡Zi ZviZ‡g¨i aib
†Kgb?
3. `yB †gizi cvi¯úwiK Ae¯vb
Kxiƒc?
4. w`b-iv‡Zi •`N©¨ KZ NÈv?
5. cÖwZwU ZvwiL‡K Kx bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq Ges †Kb?
cv‡Vi Ab¨vb¨ we‡eP¨ welq: wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥ cÖwZdjb:
ZvwiL:
93
7.2 cÖ`k©b, `jxq KvR I GKK Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g we‡kølYag©x I ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb
wkÿv_©xi wkL‡bi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek •Zwii Rb¨ †h mKj Dcv`vb KvR K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kv‡Ri avivevwnKZv I fvimvg¨c~Y© web¨vm| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K ¯^vfvweK wkÿY cÖwµqv eRvq
†i‡L cv‡V AMÖmi nIqv Ges wkÿv_©xi wkLb Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek eRvq †i‡L wkÿv_©x‡`i Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi cÖwZ `„wó ivL‡Z
nq| wkÿY Ges wkLb GB Dfq Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri cwimi I mxgv wba©viY Ki‡Z nq|
GQvov cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgq wba©viY,KvRmg~‡ni avivevwnKZv iÿvi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri µg ZvwjKv cÖYqb,mgMÖ KvRwU‡K
†QvU †QvU c‡e© wef³KiY Ges cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri web¨vm Ki‡Z nq|

cvV cwiKíbvi ce© I ce©wfwËK wewfbœ Kvh©vewj

‡`‡ki wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi †kÖwYK‡ÿi cÖwZw`‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi Ici wbf©i K‡i M‡o D‡V RvwZi fwel¨r| †kÖwYK‡ÿi
Kvh©µgB wkÿv e¨e¯vi cÖvY¯^iƒc| †kÖwYK‡ÿ Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡bi Ici wkÿK I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i|
†kÖwYK‡ÿi GKwU cvV‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i †`Lvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| †Kbbv, GKwU wel‡qi I GKwU †kÖwYi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ
Kvh©µg mviv‡`‡k GKB mv‡_ P‡j| GKwU cvV Zvi c~e©eZ©x ev cieZ©x cv‡Vi mv‡_ †hvMm~Î ¯vcb K‡i, GKBfv‡e
GKwU †kÖwYi mv‡_ Ab¨ †kÖwYi GKB wel‡qi ev wfbœ wel‡qi g‡a¨I †hvMm~Î _v‡K| ZvQvov wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb, Abyf~wZ ev
`„wófw½ I `ÿZvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wbf©ikxjZv we`¨gvb| Kv‡RB GKwU cv‡Vi wkLb‡K ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© wkLb fve‡j fyj
n‡e| Gi mv‡_ Ab¨ cvV, Ab¨ welq I Ab¨ †kÖwYi †hvMm~Î Av‡Q| †kÖwY‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î
wkÿK‡K GmKj welq we‡ePbvq wb‡q cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj wba©viY Ges Ab¨vb¨
Kvh©µg wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| wkLb D‡Ïk¨ I welqe¯‧i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K †QvU †QvU c‡e© fvM
K‡i cÖwZwU c‡e©i KvR avivevwnKfv‡e cwiPvjbv wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq| wkLb D‡Ïk¨mg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K bvbvwea
KvR Ki‡Z nq| GmKj Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj- wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZv hvPvB, bZzb cv‡Vi cÖwZ gvbwmK
cwi‡ek m„wó, bZzb Z‡_¨i mv‡_ c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi mgš^q , †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ Dchy³ c×wZ I †K․kj Kvh©Kifv‡e
cÖ‡qvM , cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqK mvgMÖx ev DcKiY e¨envi , g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn m„wó , wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB, cÖwZeÜKZv `~i ,
bZzb AwR©Z Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvM cwiw¯wZ m„wó, cÖ‡qvM `ÿZv hvPvB , wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖnY BZ¨vw`| G mKj Kv‡Ri
cÖwZwUB wkLb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| G KvR¸‡jvi avivevwnK I †h․w³K web¨v‡mi Ici wbf©i Ki‡e
wkÿv_©xi‡`i Kvh©Ki wkLb| cÖwZwU KvR‡K aib I •ewkó¨ Abyhvqx ce©f~³ Kiv Riæwi| cÖ‡Z¨K ce©B wkLb D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡bi mnvqK n‡e| cwiKíbvwenxb I G‡jv‡g‡jv wkÿY Kvh©µg jÿ¨ AR©‡b †gv‡UI mnvqK bq| GRb¨B cÖwZwU ce©
avievwnKfv‡e I mywbw`©ó mxgv Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨
mgš^q iÿvi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ I wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx KvR¸‡jv ce©f~³ K‡i avivevwnKfv‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbvi wewfbœ Ask

GKwU ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z A‡bK ai‡bi Z_¨ mshy³ Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-
 cwiwPwZ
 wk‡ivbvg: cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i bvg|
 ‡kªwY: †h †kÖwYi wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiKíbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 mgq : mgMÖ wkLb-‡kLv‡b KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq me©‡gvU mgq Ges cÖwZwU c‡e©i Rb¨ eivÏK…Z mgq|
 iƒc‡iLv: welqe¯‧ I welqe¯‧ wkL‡b wkÿv_©x‡`i f~wgKv Ges cieZ©x AR©b|
 wkLb D‡Ïk¨: welqe¯‧ †_‡K wkÿv_©xiv †h AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡e|
 DcKiY : wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ welqe¯‧ mswkøó wewfbœ ai‡bi Dcv`vb|
 wewfbœ ce© I ce©f~³ Kvh©vewj : c~e© AwfÁZv hvPvB, welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb, g~j¨vqb, cÖ‡qvM BZ¨vw` wkLb †kLv‡bv
m¤úwK©Z hveZxq KvR|
 m~Î : welqe¯‧, aviYv, †Kvb c×wZ, DcKiY m¤ú‡K© hw` †Kvb Z_¨ wkÿv_©x‡K mieivn Ki‡Z nq ev wb‡Ri
Rb¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq ev wkÿv_©x‡K †Kvb wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z nq|

94
cÖ`k©b, `jxq KvR I GKK KvR cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbvi bgybv
we`¨vj‡qi bvg : welq : c`v_©weÁvb
†kªwY: beg-`kg mvaviY cvV : ej
Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x : †gvU - Rb cvV wk‡ivbvg: MwZi Dci Nl©‡Yi cÖfve
evjK- Rb, evwjKv - Rb mgq : 50 wgwbU
cwiwPwZ

wkÿv_©x‡`i Mo eqm: wcwiqW :

ZvwiL :
iƒc‡iK. c~e©Ávb hvPvB 06 wgwbU
L.
Lv
1. welqe¯‧ wkLb : cÖ`k©b I GKK KvR 08 wgwbU
2.welqe¯‧ wkLb : cÖ`k©b I `jxq KvR 09 wgwbU
3. welqe¯‧ wkLb: †Rvovq KvR 08 wgwbU
4. welqe¯‧ wkLb: cÖkœ-DËi 07 wgwbU
M. mvgwMÖK wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB 08 wgwbU
N. cÖ‡qvM 04 wgwbU
wkLb GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv -
dj  Nl©Y e‡ji gvb †h †h wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e
 Uvqv‡ii c„ô, iv¯Ívi gm„YZv I MwZ wbqš¿‡Y Nl©‡Yi f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
DcKi gv‡e©j, m~uZv, LmL‡m Zj, †QvU B‡Ui UyKiv, gm„Y Zj, †Ljbv Kvi, gm„Y w`qvkjvB e· I AvUv w`‡q evjy
Y jvwM‡q Agm„Y Kiv (LvuRKvUv) w`qvkjvB e·,
†mv ce© KvR c×wZ/ †K․kj mgq
cvb
ce©-K: KvR 1: GKwU gv‡e©j †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q w`‡q,m~uZvi GK cÖv‡šÍ cÖ`k©b
c~e©Ávb GKwU †QvU B‡Ui UzK‡iv †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖvšÍ nv‡Z †i‡L `ywj‡q Ges 06wg
hvPvB LmL‡m Z‡j †Kvb wKQz Mwo‡q w`‡q wR‡Ám Kie: wK‡m wK‡m I .
cÖ¯‧ MwZ evavMÖ¯Í nq?
wZ wb‡Pi wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i wfwWIwU cÖ`k©b cÖ‡kœvËi
Kie:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DULw4dFpc
Dw(A_ev GB wjsK †_‡K c~‡e© bvwg‡q ivLv wfwWI wK¬K K‡i
cÖ`k©b Kie)
KvR 2: wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jv Kie-
1. nv‡Zi Zvjy Nl‡j Kx nq?
2. Mvoxi Bwćbi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ Nl©Y NU‡j Kx nq?
3. Bwćbi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ gwej †Zj e¨envi Kiv nq
†Kb?
4. Nl©Y Kx? Nl©Y ej MwZi †Kvb w`‡K wµqv K‡i?
5. MwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i †Kvb ej|
wkÿv_©xiv cÖ`wk©Z `„k¨ I wfwWI †`L‡e I wPšÍv K‡i cÖkœ¸‡jvi
DËi w`‡e|

95
 †mv ce© KvR c×wZ/ †K․kj mgq
cvb
wkLb- ce©-L: KvR 1: GKwU gv‡e©j †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q w`‡q,m~uZvi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU cÖ`k©b I GKK 08
†kLv‡ welqe¯‧ †QvU B‡Ui UzK‡iv †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖvšÍ nv‡Z †i‡L `ywj‡q Ges LmL‡m KvR wg.
bv wkLb Z‡j †Kvb wKQz Mwo‡q w`‡q wR‡Ám Kie: wK‡m wK‡m MwZ
Kvh©v evavMÖ¯Í nq?
ewj Nl©Y e‡ji gvb †h †h wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv
Kie
gm„Y mgZj I LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv Kv‡ii MwZ Zzjbv Ki‡Z
GKwU wPÎ †ev‡W© AsKb K‡i e¨vL¨v Kie|
Av‡jvPbvi ci wb‡Pi KvR GKKfv‡e Ki‡Z w`e|
KvR: K. gm„Y mgZ‡j A_ev LmL‡m Z‡ji †KvbwU‡Z †Ljbv cÖ`k©b I `jxq
Kvi †ewk MwZ cv‡e? †Kb? - LvZvq wjL‡e| KvR
Gevi GKUz †nwj‡q gm„b mgZ‡j †Ljbv KviwU †Q‡o w`e|
AZtci 09
GKUz †nwj‡q LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv KviwU †Q‡o w`e| wkÿv_©xiv wg.
ch©‡eÿb Ki‡e I GKKfv‡e wb‡Pi cÖ‡kœi DËi LvZvq wjL‡e|
cÖk-œ gm„Y mgZ‡j I LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv Kv‡ii MwZi Zzjbv †Rvovq KvR
wkLb- Ki|
†kLv‡ ‡KvbwUi Nl©Y †ewk ? †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖk-œ DËi 08
KvR 2: e¯‧i fi/IRb
bv wg.
†W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q cÖ_‡g 1wU c‡i 2 wU Zvici 3wU eB 1 dzU
mwi‡q wb‡Z †KvbwU mnR n‡e ? †Kb? `jxqfv‡e LvZvq wjL‡e|
Kvh©v wkÿv_©xiv cÖ_‡g c`v_©weÁv‡bi GKwU eB †W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1
ewj dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| G eBwUi Dci Zv‡`i mncvVxi Avi 1 wU eB
†i‡L Avevi †W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| Gevi GB eB 07
`yBwUi Dci Zv‡`i mncvVxi Avi GKwU eB †i‡L GKBfv‡e wg.
†W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| Gevi `jxqfv‡e wb‡Pi
cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡e|
cÖk:œ †Kvb eB miv‡bv mnR n‡q‡Q? †KvbwUi Nl©Y †ewk? †Kb?
e¨vL¨v Ki|
KvR 3: e¯‧i LvuR-
GKB f‡ii I AvK…wZi GKwU gm„Y w`qvkjvB e· I AvUv w`‡q
evjy jvwM‡q Agm„Y Kiv GKwU Aí †njvb Z‡j †Q‡o w`‡q
†KvbwUi MwZ †ewk n‡e ev †KvbwU Mwo‡q Av‡M co‡e? †KvbwU‡Z
Nl©b †ewk n‡e Ges †Kb , Zv †Rvovq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v
Ki‡e|
KvR 4: Uvqv‡ii c„ô I iv¯Ívi gm„YZv-
Uvqv‡ii c„ô, iv¯Ívi gm„YZv I Mvoxi MwZ wbqš¿‡Y Nl©Y f~wgKv
iv‡L D‡jøL K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡Pi cÖkœ ¸‡jv Kie-
1. Uvqvi I iv¯Ívi ga¨eZ©x Nl©Y e‡ji gvb wK‡mi Ici wbf©i
K‡i?
2. Uvqv‡ii Dci wewfbœ bKkvq `vuZ I LvuR _vKvq iv¯Ív I
Uvqv‡ii ga¨eZ©x Nl©Y ej Kxiƒc n‡e? Gi d‡j myweav I
Amyweav Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
3. cyiv‡bv Uvqv‡ii LvuR¸‡jv wgwj‡q wM‡q mgZj n‡j Nl©Y
ej Kxiƒc n‡e? Gid‡j myweav I Amyweav Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?

96
 †mv ce© KvR c×wZ/ †K․kj mgq
cvb
g~ ce© -M: KvR 1- †g․wLK cÖk:œ wkLbd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i wb‡¤œv³ cÖk-œ DËi 08
mvgwMÖK cÖk¸
œ ‡jv wRÁvmv Kie- wg.
j¨v wkLb  ‡Kvb ai‡bi c„‡ô †ewk Nl©Y Ges †Kvb ai‡bi c„‡ô Kg
AMÖMwZ Nl©Y m„wó n‡e?
q hvPvB  MwZkxj e¯‧‡Z Nl©‡Yi cÖfve Kxiƒc n‡e?
 wRgbvó Zv‡`i nv‡Z PK e¨envi K‡i †Kb?
b  eidRgv n«‡`i Dci w`‡q Pj‡Z Amyweav n‡e wK?
Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|
 iv¯Ív Lye †ewk gm„Y n‡j Mvox mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e
wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
ce©- N:
KvR 2- evwoi KvR cÖ`vb-
cÖ‡qvM 04
hw` †Zvgvi ¯^vfvweK Rxeb Pjvi Rb¨ Nl©‡Yi Dcw¯wZ bv _vK‡Zv
Z‡e †Kvb KvRwU mnR Ges †Kvb KvRwU KwVb n‡Zv? wg.

cÖ`k©b, `jxq KvR I GKK KvR cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbvi bgybv
(wfbœfv‡e Dc¯vcb)
we`¨vj‡qi bvg : welq : c`v_©weÁvb
†kÖwY : beg mvaviY cvV : ej
Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x : †gvU - Rb| cvV wk‡ivbvg: MwZi Dci Nl©‡Yi cÖfve
evjK- Rb, evwjKv - Rb mgq : 50 wgwbU
cwiwPwZ

wkÿv_©x‡`i Mo eqm: wcwiqW :

ZvwiL :
iƒc‡i K. c~e©Ávb hvPvB 06 wgwbU
Lv L.
1. welqe¯‧ wkLb : cÖ`k©b I GKK KvR 08 wgwbU
2.welqe¯‧ wkLb : cÖ`k©b I `jxq KvR 09 wgwbU
3. welqe¯‧ wkLb: †Rvovq KvR 08 wgwbU
4. welqe¯‧ wkLb: cÖkœ-DËi 07 wgwbU
M. mvgwMÖK wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB 08 wgwbU
N. cÖ‡qvM 04 wgwbU

wkLb GB cvV †k‡l wkÿv_©xiv-

dj  Nl©Y e‡ji gvb †h †h wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e
 Uvqv‡ii c„ô, iv¯Ívi gm„YZv I MwZ wbqš¿‡Y Nl©‡Yi f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

DcKi gv‡e©j, m~uZv, LmL‡m Zj, †QvU B‡Ui UyKiv, gm„Y Zj, †Ljbv Kvi, gm„Y w`qvkjvB e· I AvUv w`‡q evjy
Y jvwM‡q Agm„Y Kiv (LvuRKvUv) w`qvkjvB e·,

c×wZ  cÖ`k©b
I  GKK KvR
†K․k  `jxq KvR
j  †Rvovq KvR
 cÖk-œ DËi
97
Kvh©cYÖ vjx
ce© K: cvV mswkøó c~e©Ávb hvPvB 06 wgwbU
KvR 1: GKwU gv‡e©j †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q w`‡q,m~uZvi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †QvU B‡Ui UzK‡iv †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖvšÍ nv‡Z †i‡L `ywj‡q
Ges LmL‡m Z‡j †Kvb wKQz Mwo‡q w`‡q wR‡Ám Kie: wK‡m wK‡m MwZ evavMÖ¯Í nq?
wb‡¤œi wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i wfwWIwU cÖ`k©b Kie:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DULw4dFpcDw (A_ev GB wjsK †_‡K c~‡e© bvwg‡q ivLv wfwWI
wK¬K K‡i cÖ`k©b Kie)
KvR 2: wb‡Pi cÖk¸ œ ‡jv Kie-
 nv‡Zi Zvjy Nl‡j Kx nq?
 Mvoxi Bwćbi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ Nl©Y NU‡j Kx nq?
 Bwćbi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ gwej †Zj e¨envi Kiv nq †Kb?
 Nl©Y Kx? Nl©Y ej MwZi †Kvb w`‡K wµqv K‡i?
 MwZ‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i †Kvb ej?
wkÿv_©xiv cÖ`wk©Z `„k¨ I wfwWI †`L‡e Ges wPšÍv K‡i cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi w`‡e|
m¤¢ve¨ DËi:
Nl©Y n‡jv GK ai‡bi evav`vbKvix ej, hv e¯‧i MwZ‡K gši K‡i|
Nl©Y ej me©`v MwZi wecixZ w`‡K wµqv K‡i Ges MwZ‡K evuav †`q|

ce© L: welqe¯‧ wkLb (8wg.+9 wg.+ 8 wg.+7 wg.)= 32 wgwbU

KvR 1: GKwU gv‡e©j †g‡S‡Z Mwo‡q w`‡q,m~uZvi GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †QvU B‡Ui UzK‡iv †eu‡a Ab¨ cÖvšÍ nv‡Z †i‡L `ywj‡q
Ges LmL‡m Z‡j †Kvb wKQz Mwo‡q w`‡q wR‡Ám Kie: wK‡m wK‡m MwZ evavMÖ¯Í nq?
Nl©Y e‡ji gvb †h †h wel‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kie
gm„Y mgZj I LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv Kv‡ii MwZ Zzjbv Ki‡Z GKwU wPÎ †ev‡W© AsKb K‡i e¨vL¨v Kie|
Av‡jvPbvi ci wb‡Pi KvR GKKfv‡e Ki‡Z w`e|
GKK KvR. gm„Y mgZ‡j A_ev LmL‡m Z‡ji †KvbwU‡Z †Ljbv Kvi †ewk MwZ cv‡e †Kb? - LvZvq wjL‡e|
Gevi GKUz †nwj‡q gm„b mgZ‡j †Ljbv KviwU †Q‡o w`e| AZtci GKUz †nwj‡q LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv KviwU †Q‡o w`e|
wkÿv_©xiv ch©‡eÿY Ki‡e I GKKfv‡e wb‡Pi cÖ‡kœi DËi LvZvq wjL‡e|
cÖk-œ gm„Y mgZ‡j I LmL‡m Z‡j †Ljbv Kv‡ii MwZi Zzjbv Ki|
‡KvbwUi Nl©Y †ewk ? †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
KvR 2: e¯‧i fi/IRb
‡W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q cÖ_‡g 1wU c‡i 2 wU Zvici 3wU eB 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡Z †KvbwU mnR n‡e ? †Kb? wkÿv_©xiv
`jxqfv‡e LvZvq wjL‡e| wkÿv_©xiv cÖ_‡g c`v_©weÁv‡bi GKwU eB †W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| G eBwUi
Dci Zv‡`i mncvVxi Avi 1 wU eB †i‡L Avevi †W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| Gevi GB eB `yBwUi Dci
Zv‡`i mncvVxi Avi GKwU eB †i‡L GKBfv‡e †W‡¯‥i Dci w`‡q 1 dzU mwi‡q wb‡e| Gevi `jxqfv‡e wb‡Pi cÖ‡kœi
DËi w`‡e|
cÖk:œ †Kvb eB miv‡bv mnR n‡q‡Q? †KvbwUi Nl©Y †ewk? †Kb? e¨vL¨v Ki|
`jxq KvR †k‡l `j‡bZv Zv Dc¯vcb Ki‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kie|
KvR 3: e¯‧i LvuR-
GKB f‡ii I AvK…wZi GKwU gm„Y w`qvkjvB e· I AvUv w`‡q evjy jvwM‡q Agm„Y Kiv GKwU Aí †njvb Z‡j †Q‡o
w`‡q †KvbwUi MwZ †ewk n‡e ev †KvbwU Mwo‡q Av‡M co‡e? †KvbwU‡Z Nl©Y †ewk n‡e Ges †Kb ,Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i
†Rvovq Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z eje| wkÿv_©x‡`i †Rvovq KvR †kl n‡j •`ePq‡bi wfwˇZ K‡qK †Rvovi KvR
Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z eje| Dc¯vcb †k‡l cÖ‡qvRbxq djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kie|
98
KvR 4: Uvqv‡ii c„ô I iv¯Ívi gm„YZv-
Uvqv‡ii c„ô, iv¯Ívi gm„YZv I Mvoxi MwZ wbqš¿‡Y Nl©Y f~wgKv iv‡L D‡jøL K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡¤œi cÖkœ ¸‡jv Kie-
 Uvqvi I iv¯Ívi ga¨eZ©x Nl©Y e‡ji gvb wK‡mi Ici wbf©i K‡i?
 Uvqv‡ii Dci wewfbœ bKkvq `vuZ I LvuR _vKvq iv¯Ív I Uvqv‡ii ga¨eZ©x Nl©Y ej Kxiƒc n‡e? Gi d‡j myweav
I Amyweav Kx Kx n‡Z cv‡i?
 cyiv‡bv Uvqv‡ii LvuR¸‡jv wgwj‡q wM‡q mgZj n‡j Nl©Y ej Kxiƒc n‡e? Gid‡j myweav I Amyweav Kx Kx
n‡Z cv‡i?
wkÿv_©xiv cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î DËi ms‡kvab K‡i w`e| wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖnY Kie|
ce© M: mvgwMÖK wkLb AMÖMwZ hvPvB 08 wgwbU
KvR 1- †g․wLK cÖk:œ wkLbd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i wb‡¤œv³ cÖk¸œ ‡jv wRÁvmv Kie| •`ePq‡bi wfwˇZ cÖk¸œ ‡jv wRÁvmv
Kie| Ggbfv‡e cÖkœ Kie †hb †kÖwYi mKj w`‡Ki wkÿv_©x cÖkœ-Dˇii AvIZvq Av‡m|
 ‡Kvb ai‡bi c„‡ô †ewk Nl©Y Ges †Kvb ai‡bi c„‡ô Kg Nl©Y m„wó n‡e?
 MwZkxj e¯‧‡Z Nl©‡Yi cÖfve Kxiƒc n‡e?
 wRg‡bóiv nv‡Z PK e¨envi K‡i †Kb?
 eidRgv n«‡`i Dci w`‡q Pj‡Z Amyweav n‡e wK? Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI|
 iv¯Ív Lye †ewk gm„Y n‡j Mvox mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡e wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
wkÿv_©xiv cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡e| DËi fzj n‡j ms‡kva‡bi e¨e¯v Kie| cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖnY Kie|
ce© M: cÖ‡qvM 04 wgwbU
KvR 1- evwoi KvR cÖ`vb
wb‡¤œi KvRwU evwo †_‡K m¤úbœ K‡i Avbvi Rb¨ †ev‡W© wj‡L w`e A_ev c~‡e© wjwLZ KvW© Szwj‡q w`e|
evwoi KvR: hw` †Zvgvi ¯^vfvweK Rxeb Pjvi Rb¨ Nl©‡Yi Dcw¯wZ bv _vK‡Zv n‡e †Kvb KvRwU mnR Ges †Kvb KvRwU
KwVb n‡Zv?
wkÿv_©xiv wbR wbR LvZvq evwoi KvR wj‡L wb‡e| LvZvq wVKgZ wjL‡Q wKbv Zv gwbUi Kie|

wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb hvPvB‡qi gvb`Û :

Awa‡ekb PjvKv‡j wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e -
 wkLbd‡ji Ici wfwË K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi m¤ú~Y©, AvswkK, Dˇii h_v_©Zv I ¸wQ‡q ej‡Z cviv ;
 mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY;
 Av‡jvPbvq AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv wbiƒcY;
 wkÿv_©xiv Kvh©µgmg~n h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv cwiexÿY;
 welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡b mvejxjZv I mwVKZv wQj wKbv?
 welqe¯‧ eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv A_©vr e‡j eySv‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv?

99
7.3 QÙwkÿY I AYywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g GKK KvR, †Rvovq I `jxq KvR,
Awfbq, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq Av‡jvPbvmn wewfbœ †K․kj Abykxjb
wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki bvbvwea `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †h wkÿ‡Ki
`ÿZv cÖ‡qvM Kivi †hvM¨Zv hZ †ewk wZwb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ZZ myPviæiƒ‡c m¤úbœ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb| †Kvb
†Kvb wkÿK Rb¥MZfv‡eB wkÿY `ÿZvmg~‡ni AwaKvix| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb wkÿK wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póvq `ÿZvmg~n AR©b
Ki‡Z mÿg nb| A‡bK wkÿKB Av‡Qb hv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZvmg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq cÖwkÿY ev Abykxjb|
wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Ges Abykxjb Kvh©µgI P‡j h_vh_ c×wZ I †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g| wkÿKM‡Yi
wkÿY `ÿZvmg~n AvqË I AvZ¥¯ Kivi cÖavbZg `yBwU c×wZ n‡”Q QÙ wkÿY I AYywkÿY| QÙwkÿY I AYywkÿY
Avm‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi †Kvb c×wZ ev †K․kj bq| wkÿKM‡Yi wkÿY `ÿZvmg~n AR©‡bi `yÕwU c×wZ n‡”Q
QÙwkÿY I AYywkÿY| hw`I KLbI KLbI †KD QÙwkÿY‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g e¨env‡ii K_vI e‡jb|
QÙwkÿ‡Y GKRb wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nb Avi K‡qK Rb mncvVx wkÿK wkÿv_©xi f~wgKv MÖnY K‡ib|
cÖwkÿYv_©x-wkÿK wbw`©ó cvVwU K…wÎg †kÖwY cwi‡e‡k Dc¯vc‡bi ci wkÿ‡Ki AvPiY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
Gfv‡e wkÿK‡Ki mywbw`©ó `ÿZv djveZ©b cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Dbœqb Kiv nq| G cÖwµqvq wkÿ‡Ki `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î
wKQz mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q| GB mxgve×Zv `~ixKi‡Y wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZvi Dbœq‡b †h c×wZwUi AvkÖq †bIqv nq Zv nj
AYywkÿY|

QÙwkÿ‡Yi aviYv
g~jZ cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci wegvb evwnbxi cvBjU‡`i †Uªwbs‡qi Rb¨ QÙwkÿ‡Yi wbqgZvwš¿K e¨envi ïiæ nq| Z‡e
A‡b‡Ki g‡Z wesk kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡K wkÿv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z QÙwkÿY ÁvbMZ I Av‡ewMKfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K
Zrci Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Q| wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi †h †K․kj ev¯Íe Ae¯vi KvQvKvwQ GKwU K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wói gva¨‡g †Kvb
welq m¤^‡Ü wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S cÖK…Z aviYv wPÎvq‡bi †Póv K‡i Zv‡K QÙwkÿY e‡j| GB c×wZ‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK
wkÿv_©xi, wkÿ‡Ki Ges g~j¨vqbKvixi f~wgKvq AeZxY© nq| G‡Z cÖwkÿK mnvqZvKvix I †cÖlYv`vbKvixi f~wgKv cvjb
K‡ib| QÙwkÿY n‡jv Ggb GKwU wkÿY †K․kj hv eq¯‥ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi cwiw¯wZ m„wói gva¨‡g Ávb,
`ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I AvPiwYK cwieZ©b Avbq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| ÒQÙwkÿY n‡jv ev¯Íe cwiw¯wZi GKwU mijxK…Z
g‡Wj|Ó (P¨vwcb, 1969)|
ÒQÙwkÿY n‡jv ev¯Íe wek¦ cwiw¯wZi AweKj wPÎ hv wkL‡b g~j¨evb| wkÿvg~jK QÙwkÿY GKRb e¨w³‡K G e¨e¯vi
GKRb Kg©ÿg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e m„wó K‡i Ges jÿ¨ w¯iKi‡Y, Kg©m~wP cÖYq‡b, Z_¨ we‡køl‡Y Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mÿg
K‡i †Zv‡j ( K¬vB‡Um)|Ó
QÙwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g AskMÖnYKvix wkÿK cwiKwíZfv‡e cvV Dc¯vcb K‡ib| Zvi cvV Dc¯vc‡bi `ye©jZv¸‡jv‡K
ZviB mnKg©x cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK MVbg~jK Av‡jvPbv/mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ïawi‡q wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| GKRb
cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK‡K w`‡q hw` GKB wel‡q ev wewfbœ wel‡q QÙwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g K‡qKwU cvV Dc¯vcb Kiv‡bv hvq Ges
djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡K ïawi‡q †bIqv hvq Zvn‡j wkÿK wn‡m‡e Kvh©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ Zvi g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm, •ah©¨,
axiw¯i I MwZkxj g‡bvfve m„wó n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v †kvbvi Ges mgvav‡bi gvbwmKZv m„wó n‡e| G c×wZ‡Z
wkÿK mvwe©K ZË¡veavqK, c_ cÖ`k©K, civgk©K wn‡m‡e wkLb‡K Kg©‡Kw›`ªK K‡i †Zv‡jb| GB Kg©‡Kw›`ªKZvi Kvi‡YB
wkÿv n‡q D‡V Avb›``vqK I K¬vwšÍnxb| Z_¨ mieivn, ZrciZv Ges ms‡køl‡Yi `iæY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i A‡bK¸‡jv
Bw›`ªq‡K G e¨e¯vq wkL‡b e¨envi Kiv hvq| e³„Zv QvovI QÙwkÿY cÖ‡kœvËi, Av‡jvPbv, cÖ`k©b, Av‡ivnx-Ae‡ivnx,
wkÿv_©x†Kw›`ªK cÖf„wZ c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| G‡Z AskMÖnYKvix‡`i Ávb, `ÿZv, AvPiY I `„wófw½‡Z
Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡Z cv‡i|

100
QÙwkÿ‡Yi myweavmg~n
 QÙ wkÿY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wkL‡b D×z× K‡i;
 wkLb I wkÿ‡Yi `ye©jZv ev ÎæwU¸‡jv ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`q;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i gv‡S wkL‡bi cÖwZ abvZ¥K g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i ga¨ †_‡K g~j¨vqbKvix wb‡qvM K‡i Zv‡`i MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPK, KZ©e¨civqY I `vwqZ¡evb
K‡i †Zv‡j;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek •Zwi nq;
 ch©vqµ‡g mKj‡K cvV`vbKvix I g~j¨vqbKvix evbv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i GKvwaK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․k‡ji mgš^q mva‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i †ckvMZ I e¨w³MZ Dbœqb mvab K‡i;
 AskMÖnYKvix‡`i `„wófw½, g‡bvfve, `ÿZvi BwZevPK cwieZ©‡b mnvqZv K‡i;
 wm×všÍ MÖnYg~jK `ÿZv e„w× K‡i;
 wewfbœ f~wgKvq AskMÖnYKvix‡`i m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i|
QÙwkÿ‡Yi `ye©jZv ev mxgve×Zv
 K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i wkÿY †K․kj AvqË Kiv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq, ZvB AskMÖnYKvixMY cÖK…Z ev ev¯Íe
Ae¯vi Zzjbvq Kg g‡bv‡hvMx nq;
 K…wÎg cwi‡ek m„wói gva¨‡g cvV Dc¯vc‡bi Kvi‡Y ev¯ÍeZv m¤ú‡K© AskMÖnYKvix‡`i g‡b åvšÍ aviYv m„wó
n‡Z cv‡i;
 A‡bK mgq Kg mgq eiv‡Ïi Kvi‡Y Av‡jvPbv fvjfv‡e Kiv hvq bv| d‡j G c×wZi gva¨‡g Kvw•ÿZ
djvdj AR©b Kiv m¤¢e nq bv;
 K¬v‡m wkÿv_©x msL¨v †ewk n‡j Kvw•ÿZ djvdj AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq;
 wkÿK hw` G c×wZ cwiPvjbvi Dc‡hvMx cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY bv K‡i wkÿY KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib , Z‡e Avkvbyiƒc
dj cvIqv hvq bv;
 cÖ‡qvRbxq AwWI-wfRy¨qvj mvgMÖxi mnvqZvi Afv‡e fvj djvdj cvIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq;
 QÙwkÿY AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wkL‡bi AvMÖn‡K †Kvb †Kvb mgq Kwg‡q †`q;
 AskMÖnYKvixMY †Kvb †Kvb mgq h_vh_fv‡e wkÿv_©xi f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î Kvh©µg wewNœZ
n‡Z cv‡i;
 QÙwkÿ‡Y KLbI KLbI Ab¨vb¨ wkÿY c×wZi cÖ‡qv‡M ¸iæZ¡ K‡g hvq;
 AskMÖnYKvixMY mZx_© weavq Zv‡`i m‡¤^va‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
QÙwkÿ‡Yi PµvKvi avc
QÙwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi wewfbœ †K․kj AR©‡bi Rb¨ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i wb‡¤œv³ avc AbymiY Ki‡Z nq:
 cvV`vb
 djveZ©b
 cybtcwiKíbv  welqe¯‧ cwieZ©b K‡i cvV`vb
 cybtdjveZ©b
 cybtcvV`vb
 cybtdjveZ©b

101
 cvV`vb
GKRb AskMÖnYKvixi
Ab¨vb¨ AskMÖnYKvix‡`i
mvg‡b cvV`vb

cybtdjveZ©b djveZ©b
`ye©jZv ms‡kvab wk¶K I AskMÖnYKvix‡`i
K‡i GKB wel‡q civgk© Abyhvqx `ye©jZv
cvV`vb ms‡kvab K‡i Avevi GKB
wel‡q cvV`vb

cybtwk¶Y cybtcwiKíbv
AskMÖnYKvix welqe¯‧ cwieZ©b
cwieZ©b K‡i K‡i cvV`vb
djveZ©b
cvV`vb
wk¶K I AskMÖnYKvix‡`i
civgk© Abyhvqx `ye©jZv
ms‡kvab K‡i cwiewZ©Z
welqe¯‧‡Z cvV`vb

wPÎ 7: QÙwkÿ‡Yi PµvKvi avc

AYywkÿY cwiwPwZ
Micro k‡ãi A_© n‡jv Lye †QvU ev AYy Ges Teaching k‡ãi A_© - wkÿv`vb| Micro Teaching A_©-AYywkÿY| G
c×wZ‡Z GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK 5/6 wgwbU mg‡q wkÿv`vb Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Yi GKwU †K․kj AvqË Kivi
†Póv K‡ib| †Kvb †Kvb mgq GKwU †K․kj AvqË Kivi Rb¨ cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK‡K evi evi †Póv Ki‡Z nq| wkÿK
cÖwkÿK wkÿY †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi ÎæwU¸‡jv awi‡q w`‡q cÖwkÿYv_©x‡K ïawi‡q †bIqvi †Póv K‡ib|
Ggwm, bvBU Gi g‡Z,ÔÔAYywkÿY n‡jv Ggb GK wkÿY †K․kj hvi ga¨‡g evi evi Abykxj‡bi Øviv bZzb wkÿY `ÿZv
AvqË Ges cyivZb `ÿZv‡K DbœZZi Kiv hvq|ÕÕ
G¨v‡jb Ges Bf-Gi g‡Z, ÔÔwbw`©ó †Kvb wkÿvg~jK AvPi‡Y g‡bv‡hvM †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i wbqwš¿Z cwi‡e‡k cvV`v‡bi
wbqwš¿Z †K․kj‡K AYywkÿY e‡j|ÕÕ
wkÿ‡Yi me¸‡jv †K․kj GKev‡i AvqË bv K‡i Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g gvÎ GKwU K‡i †K․kj GKev‡i AvqË Ki‡Z nq|
mgMÖ wkÿv`vb‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª As‡k wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Abykxjb KivB AYywkÿY| myZivs AYywkÿY
Ggb GK wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯v hvi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó wkÿY `ÿZv evievi Abykxjb Kiv hvq|
AvaywbK wkÿvweÁv‡bi GwU GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Avwe®‥vi| wkÿv`vb we‡kl K‡i cÖwkÿYiZ wkÿK‡`i †kÖwY wkÿv`v‡b
ev¯Íe cÖwkÿY †`Iqvi Rb¨ G †K․kj GKUv mvdj¨RbK Dcvq|
1963 m‡b Av‡gwiKvi ÷¨vb‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q G wkÿY c×wZwU D™¢vweZ nq| c×wZwUi mv_©K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z wKQyUv
mgq jv‡M| 1968 m‡b GKB wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK cÖwkÿY Kvh©µ‡g G c×wZwUi mv_©K cÖ‡qvM ïiæ nq Ges wkÿK‡`i
cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ 14wU `ÿZv ev †K․kj kbv³ Kiv nq|

102
AYywkÿ‡Yi `ÿZvmg~n
1. cvV cÖ¯w‧ Z; 2. DÏxcbvi ZviZg¨; 3. D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z cÖkœ; 4. D”Pgv‡bi cÖk;œ 5.wewfbœgyLx cÖkœ 6. cÖkKœ i‡Y
¯^v”Q›`gqZv; 7.eje„w×KiY; 8. wkÿ‡Ki wbieZv I fvlvnxb Bw½Z; 9. g‡bv‡hvMx AvPi‡Yi ¯^xK…wZ; 10.e³„ZvKiY ev
evPbfw½; 11.wek`KiY I D`vni‡Yi e¨envi;12. cwiKwíZ cybiæw³; 13. ms‡hv‡Mi m¤ú~Y©Zv mvab; 14. mgvwßKiY
cieZ©xKv‡j hy³iv‡óªi K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi dvi I‡q÷ wek¦we`¨vjq AviI 4wU `ÿZvmn †gvU 18wU `ÿZv ZvwjKvfy³ K‡i|
†m¸‡jv n‡jv -
15. kÖeY-`k©b DcKi‡Yi e¨envi
16. †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki cÖvYešÍZv
17. `jMZ Av‡jvPbvq Drmvn cÖ`vb
18. wkÿ‡Ki welqe¯‧ e¨vL¨v
AYywkÿ‡Yi †K․kj ev `ÿZvmg~n Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K cuvPwU avc AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| avc¸‡jv n‡jv -
1. cvV`vb
2. djveZ©b ev wdWe¨vK
3. cybtcwiKíbv
4. cybtcvV`vb
5. cybtdjveZ©b
G avc cuvPwU PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| PµwU wb¤œiƒc-

cvV`vb
Kgcঠ5/6 wgwbU
cÖwk¶‡Ki mvg‡b
cvV`vb
cybt djveZ©b djveZ©b
fyjÎæwU ms‡kvab cÖwk¶‡Ki civgk© Abyhvqx
K‡i H GKB welq fyjÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i
cvV`vb Avevi GKB wel‡q cvV`vb

cybtwk¶Y
ïay wk¶v_©x cwieZ©b cybtcwiKíbv
K‡i cvV`vb welqe¯‧ cwieZ©b
K‡i cvV`vb

wPÎ 8: AYywkÿY Pµ

GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR I `jxq KvR, Awfbq, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq Av‡jvPbvmn wewfbœ
†K․kj Abykxjb: gva¨g QÙwkÿYI AYywkÿY
QÙwkÿY c×wZ e¨envi K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿKM‡Yi ev we`¨vjq wkÿKM‡Yi wewfbœ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †K․k‡ji h_vh_
e¨envi m¤ú‡K© `ÿ K‡i †Zvjv hvq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywbw`©ó welqe¯‧ wbe©vPb K‡i †m welqe¯‧ Dc‡hvMx †K․kj
wbe©vPbc~e©K QÙwkÿY cwiKíbv Kiv| GUv †kÖwYK‡ÿ `jxqfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †h †K․kjwUi e¨envi
Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e cwiKíbvq †m †K․kjB AšÍfy³ © Ki‡Z n‡e| `jwfwËK Abykxj‡b `jxq m`m¨‡`i cvi¯úvwiK
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GK GKwU `j‡K GK GK †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnYKvix Zvi
wbR welqe¯‧i Ici †K․kj cÖ‡qvMwfwËK 10 wgwbU wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡eb| cwiKíbv Q‡K †h welq¸‡jv
AšÍfy³© _vK‡e Zv n‡”Q- welqe¯‧, †kÖwY,wkLbdj, KvR (GKK, †Rvovq, Awfbq, `jxq KvR, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq
103
Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`)| cwiKíbv Kivi ci cÖwZ`j QÙwkÿY c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡eb| wba©vwiZ AskMÖnYKvix I
mnvqZvKvix djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| djveZ©‡bi `ye©jZvmg~n we‡ePbv K‡i welqe¯‧ cwieZ©b K‡i cybivq cwiKíbv
Ki‡eb| cybtcwiKíbv Abyhvqx cybtcvV`vb Ki‡eb| cybt djveZ©b †`Iqv n‡e| Gfv‡e PµvKv‡i cybt cwiKíbv,
cybtcvV`vb I cybtdjveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †K․kjwU e¨env‡ii `ÿZv Abykxjb Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e `‡ji
cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ Abykxj‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †h‡nZz QÙwkÿ‡Y wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ cy‡iv mgqUvB e¨envi
Kiv hvq †mRb¨ QÙwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g GKK KvR,‡Rvovq KvR, Awfbq, `jxq KvR, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq Av‡jvPbv BZ¨vw`
†K․kj¸‡jvi e¨envi I Abykxjb Kivi h‡_ó my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †K․kj¸‡jv e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AwR©Z
nq|
QÙwkÿY cÖwµqvwU e¨env‡ii Dcvqmg~n‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvRv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i :
 ev¯Íe Ae¯vi KvQvKvwQ GKwU K…wÎg Ae¯v ev cwi‡ek m„wóKiY;
 K…wÎg cwi‡ek‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿi g‡Wj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv;
 ‡K․k‡ji `ÿZv AvqË Kivi Rb¨ GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©xi wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKvq AeZxY© nIqv, h_vh_ cvV cwiKíbv
cÖYqb,Aby‡gv`b I cvV cwiKíbv Abyhvqx wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Kiv;
 cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i 2/3 Rb ch©‡eÿK n‡q g~j¨vqb Q‡Ki gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR g~j¨vqb Kiv;
 Ab¨ mKj cÖwkÿYv_©xi wkÿv_©xiƒ‡c †kÖwYK‡ÿ AskMÖnY;
 Awa‡ekb †k‡l mevi g~j¨vqb QK I `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i `ye©j I mej w`K wPwýZKiY;
 g~j¨vqb Q‡Ki †ÿ‡Î 3/5/7 c‡q‡›Ui †¯‥j e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i;
 we‡kl †Kvb gšÍe¨ _vK‡j †Lvjv gb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv / mgv‡jvPbv Kiv;
 memgq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv AZ¨šÍ eÜzfvevcbœ,bgbxq Ges DÏxcbvg~jK f½x‡Z cÖKvk Kiv
fvj|
AYywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †K․kjmg~n Abykxjb
AYywkÿY c×wZ e¨envi K‡i cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿKM‡Yi ev we`¨vjq wkÿKM‡Yi wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi wewfbœ `ÿZv AR©b Kiv
mnR nq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mywbw`©ó welqe¯‧ wbe©vPb K‡i †m welqe¯‧ Dc‡hvMx †K․kj wbe©vPbc~e©K AYywkÿY cwiKíbv
Kiv| GUv †kÖwYK‡ÿ `jxqfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †h †K․kjwUi e¨envi Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e cwiKíbvq
†m †K․kjB AšÍfy³© Ki‡Z n‡e| `jwfwËK Abykxj‡b `jxq m`m¨‡`i cvi¯úvwiK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GK GKwU `j‡K
GK GK †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb `j †Kvb †K․kj AbykxjY Ki‡e †m `‡ji cÖ‡Z¨K
AskMÖnYKvix Zvi wbR welqe¯‧i Ici †K․kj cÖ‡qvMwfwËK 10 wgwbU wkLb D‡Ï‡k¨ cwiKíbv Ki‡eb| wkÿ‡Yi
me¸‡jv †K․kj GKev‡i AvqË bv K‡i Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g gvÎ GKwU K‡i †K․kj AvqË Ki‡Z nq| mgMÖ wkÿv
Kvh©µg‡K ÿz`ª ÿz`ª As‡k wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K c„_K c„_K fv‡e Abykxjb KivB AYywkÿY| ÔcÖ‡PóvÕ I ÔfyjÕ G
c×wZ Aej¤^‡b GKwU GKwU K‡i D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi wkÿv †`IqvB AYywkÿ‡Yi cÖavb KvR|

AYywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb-wkLv‡bv †K․kjmg~n AvqË Kivi cÖwµqv

 GKwU †K․kj †QvU GKwU ch©‡eÿK `j I wkÿv_©x `j (5/6 Rb) Gi mvg‡b 7/8 wgwbU mg‡qi g‡a¨
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx cÖwkÿYv_©x Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb| cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q GKwU we‡kl †K․kj we‡klÁ‡`i
ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AvqË Kiv|
 we‡klÁMY wZb †_‡K cvuP c‡q›U †¯‥‡ji GKwU g~j¨vqb wkU Gi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb|
 cÖwkÿYv_©x Aí wKQzÿY ci H GKB †K․kj Avevi Ab¨ GK`j wkÿv_©xi mvg‡b Dc¯vcb Ki‡eb|
 wØZxqevi AbykxjbKv‡j H †K․kjwU c~e©eZ©x mgv‡jvPbvi Ici wfwË K‡i DbœZZi n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweKfv‡e
a‡i †bIqv nq|
Gfv‡e AbywkÿY cÖwµqvwU PµvKv‡i Pjvi gva¨‡g †h Abykxjb n‡e Zv‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©x ev wkÿKMY GKwU wkLb †K․kj
e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡eb|
104
 AYywkÿ‡Yi bgybv cvV cwiKíbv QK
cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK : †kÖwY :
†K․kj : ZvwiL :
mgq :
1. D‡Ïk¨ :

2.wkÿY c×wZ :
K. m~Pbv :

L. weKvk mvab :

M. mgvwß :
N. wkÿv DcKiY :
3. wkÿY †k‡l wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv :
4. wfwWI‡Z wb‡Ri cvV †`Lvi ci AvZ¥ mgv‡jvPbv :
5. ch©‡eÿ‡Ki mgv‡jvPbv :
AYywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †kÖwY‡Z GKK KvR, †Rvovq KvR, Awfbq, `jxq KvR, gv_v LvUv‡bv, `jxq Av‡jvPbvmn wewfbœ
wkÿY †K․kj e¨envi I Abykxjb Kiv m¤¢e nq| †Kbbv GB cÖwµqvwUi g~j •ewkó¨B n‡jv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª `ÿZv¸‡jv
Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Avq‡Ë wb‡q Avmv| Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g †K․kj¸‡jv e¨env‡ii `ÿZv AwR©Z nq|

7.4 gva¨wgK we`¨vjq¸‡jvi †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZv AbymÜvb
Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi †KŠkj Abykxjb: my¯úóZv, avivevwnKZv, wjwLZ I †gŠwLK
evsjv‡`‡ki gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv‡ZB AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cwiPvjbvi Dc‡hvMx e¨e¯v †bB| wKš‧
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi K‡i cvV`vb Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb fv‡jv nq| GmKj we`¨vj‡q
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cwPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †h mKj mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q Zvig‡a¨ cÖavb K‡qKwU n‡jv, AwaK msL¨K
wkÿv_©x, †kÖwYi Avmb e¨e¯v AbyK‚j bq, wcwiq‡Wi e¨vwß Kg,‡kÖwYK‡ÿi AvKvi AvK…wZMZ mgm¨v, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg h_vh_fv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZvi Afve, †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvmevecÎ I
miÄv‡gi NvUwZ BZ¨vw`| GmKj Kvi‡Y †kÖwYK‡ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K bvbv iKg
mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| GRb¨ gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi wkÿKM‡Yi Rvbv DwPZ Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U †Kvb †Kvb
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx| cÖ‡qvM Dc‡hvMx GmKj c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi K‡i †kÖwY Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wkÿ‡Ki wKQz mywbw`©ó `ÿZv AR©b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avevi †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿY Kv‡R wkÿv_©x‡`i bvbv
ai‡bi wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| GmKj wb‡`©kbv hw` ¯úó bv nq Ges avivevwnKZv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †kÖwY Kvh©µg
AKvh©Ki n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| G mKj wb‡`©kbv wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i Avevi †g․wLKI n‡Z cv‡i|

†kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZvi cÖavb †ÿÎmg~n
 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv
 wkÿ‡Ki cÖ¯w‧ Z I cwiKíbv
 ‡hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv
 AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv

105
  we‡kølYg~jK wPšÍb `ÿZv
 g‡bv‣eÁvwbK `ÿZv / AvPiY m¤úwK©Z `ÿZv
 wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi `ÿZv
 GKxf‚ZKiY `ÿZv
 cÖkK
œ i‡Yi `ÿZv
 e¨e¯vcbvi `ÿZv
 welqe¯‧ mswkøó DcKiY wPwýZKiY, msMÖn I mg‡qvc‡hvMx e¨envi `ÿZv
 wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨vqb Kivi `ÿZv
†kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi `ÿZvmg~‡ni weeiY wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv
wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZvi †ÿÎ A‡bK eo| Z‡e mxgve×Zv we‡ePbv K‡i †kÖwYK‡ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj
cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki †ckv`vwiZ¡‡K wkÿ‡Ki fvefw½, mgqvbyewZ©Zv,k„•Ljv‡eva I welqwfwËK Ávb GB 4wU
Dc‡ÿ‡Îi AvIZvq Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr GKRb wkÿ‡Ki AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î `„wófw½ n‡Z n‡e
BwZevPK| mgqvbyewZ©Zvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ k„•Ljv‡eva RvMÖn Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿ‡Ki wb‡R‡KI
k„•Ljvi PP©v Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov k„•Ljv eRvq ivL‡Z bv cvi‡j AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM h_vh_fv‡e Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e bv| wkÿKZv †ckvi GKwU Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ n‡”Q welqwfwËK Ávb| welqwfwËK Áv‡bi wfwˇZB GKRb
wkÿK wba©viY Ki‡Z mÿg n‡eb wZwb †Kvb †Kvb c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi Ki‡eb Ges Zv KLb, Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb|
welqwfwËK Áv‡bi NvUwZ _vK‡j AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e
n‡q co‡e|

 wkÿ‡Ki cÖ¯w‧ Z I cwiKíbv

wkÿvµ‡gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i Ici wfwË K‡i cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges †m Abyhvqx cÖ¯w‧ Z †bIqvi `ÿZv
_vK‡Z n‡e| Gi AvIZvq c‡o cvV cwiKíbv I c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z|
 cvV cwiKíbv:cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi `ÿZv GKRb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ Acwinvh©| wkÿvµ‡gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
AR©‡bi Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, MZvbyMwZK cvV cwiKíbv bq,wkÿv_©x‡`i
AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb `ÿZv _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ cvV cwiKíbv cÖY qb
Ki‡Z n‡e| cvV cwiKíbvq KvR¸‡jv n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg_©¨ I eqm we‡ePbv K‡i| cv‡Vi †h †Kvb As‡ki
AcviMZvi Rb¨ wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi cwiKíbv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z: cv‡Vi cÖwZwU KvR myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z _vK‡Z n‡e| c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z bv _vK‡j
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e n‡e bv| †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡ek †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i cvV mgvwß ch©šÍ cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri cÖ¯w‧ Z Av‡MB
wb‡q ivL‡Z n‡e| cÖ¯w‧ Zi cÖavb †ÿθ‡jv n‡”Q, welqe¯‧ mvejxjfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ welqe¯‧i aviYv I
Z_¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© `Lj _vK‡Z n‡e| cvV cwiKíbvq DwjøwLZ DcKiYmg~n c~‡e©B cÖ¯Z ‧ K‡i ivLvi `ÿZv AR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e| AskMÖnYg~jK KvR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨cÎ, Kg©cÎ I Ab¨vb¨ mvgMÖx cÖ¯Z ‧ K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e| wjwLZ I †g․wLKfv‡e MVbg~jK I mvgwóK g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wkU cÖ¯Z ‧ K‡i ivL‡Z cvivI G
`ÿZvi AšÍfy³
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 †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj e¨env‡i †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi ¸iƒZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv mwVKfv‡e †hvM‡hvM Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡j wkLbdj AR©b m¤¢e n‡e bv| cÖwgZ D”Pvi‡Y K_v ej‡Z n‡e| ¯úó D”Pvi‡Y K_v ejvi `ÿZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
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wkÿv_©x‡`i K_v g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ïb‡Z n‡e Zvici wb‡R ej‡Z n‡e ev DËi w`‡Z n‡e|
106
 AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv
wkÿK-wkÿv_©x Ges wkÿv_©x-wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ AvšÍte¨w³K `ÿZv AR©b Kiv‡bvi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 we‡kølYg~jK wPšÍb `ÿZv
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi K‡i wkLb-wkLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbvq KLbI KLbI mgm¨v mgvavb ev wm×všÍ
MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| mgm¨v mgvavb ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb RwUj cwiw¯wZ m„wó n‡”Q wKbv Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cviv
Ges †m Abyhvqx `ªæZ e¨e¯v MÖnY Kivi `ÿZv GKRb wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
 AvPiY m¤úwK©Z `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡`i gb¯ÍË¡ ey‡S †m Abyhvqx c×wZ, †K․kj e¨envi Ki‡j Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ AvPiY Ki‡j wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©Ki, djcÖm~ I myôyfv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv mnR n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ BwZevPK m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi `ÿZv _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb| AskMÖnYg~jK Kv‡R wkÿv_©x‡`i Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î cÖksmv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv
hv‡Z welqe¯‧i cÖwZ AvMÖnx nq Ggb †hvM¨Zv cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvovI AviI †h mKj Dc-`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv n‡jv-
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n‡e| Zv‡`i‡K weKí KvR ev aviYv welhe¯‧ cQ›` Kivi my‡hvM w`‡j wkLb AwaKZi wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡e
Ges Zv Kvh©Ki n‡e| cQ›` Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkÿv_©xiv AwaKZi `vwqZ¡kxj n‡e Ges wkÿvi cÖwZ
hZœevb n‡e|
 mZx_© wkÿ‡Yi Aby‡gv`b: wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K ci¯úi mn‡hvwMZv Kivi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| Gid‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i
g‡a¨ wg_w¯…qv Kivi `ÿZv e„w× cv‡e| wkÿv_©xiv hw` Zv‡`i Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM cvq Ges
mZx_©‡K eySv‡Z mÿg nq Zvn‡j wb‡Riv AbycÖvwYZ, cÖwZkÖæwZe× I Drmvnx nq|
 •ah©¨kxj nIqv: wewfbœ wkÿv_©x wfbœ †cÖÿvc‡U wfbœ µg AbymiY K‡i wk‡L| hw` †Kvb wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki †`Iqv
c¨vUvY© AbymiY bv K‡i wfbœfv‡e wkL‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ A‣ah©¨ nIqv DwPZ bq| Giƒc cwiw¯wZ‡Z •ah©¨kxj
n‡Z cvivi `ÿZv wkÿ‡Ki _vKv Riæwi|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYv m„wói `ÿZv: wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖiYv m„wó Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv cvV mn‡R wk‡L|
AvMÖnx wkÿv_©xiv †ewk wkL‡Z cv‡i| BwZevPK †cÖlYv m„wói mv‡_ m¤úK© i‡q‡Q ¯úófv‡e cv‡Vi Dcv`vb¸‡jv
e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv, welqe¯‧i mvivsk Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z cvivi| wkÿv_©x‡`i DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K
welqe¯‧i cÖwZ AvMÖnx Ki‡Z n‡e, welqe¯‧i ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Kiv‡Z n‡e, cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Dc¯vcb c×wZ
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e, ch©vß mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges welq mswkøó †K․ZzK Dc¯vc‡bi `ÿZv _vK‡Z
n‡e|
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AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj evQvB Kivi `ÿZv AR©‡bi Ici Gi Kvh©KvwiZv wbf©i K‡i|
 mgm¨vMÖ¯Í wkÿv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi `ÿZv : wKQz AvPiY ev KvR wb‡`©k K‡i †h,wkÿv_©x mgm¨vMÖ¯Í Av‡Q|
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welbœ †gRvR, ÿwZKi Av‡ewMK cÖwZwµqv, AvKw¯§K Drmvn K‡g hvIqv, Lye weåvwšÍKi AvPiY cÖ`k©b
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mwZ¨B mgm¨v Zv mg_©b Kiv BZ¨vw`| GB cÖwµqv¸‡jv Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿK mgm¨vMÖ¯Í
wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZv Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|

107
 wkÿv_x‡`i cv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi `ÿZvi Ici AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj e¨env‡ii mdjZv wbf©i K‡i|
wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi `ÿZvi AvIZvfy³ Dc-`ÿZvmg~‡ni eY©bv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv -
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mwµqfv‡e RwoZ Kiv‡bvi `ÿZv : wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwY‡Z KvR Ki‡Z †kLv‡Z n‡e| †h mKj
wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki mvg‡b emv wKš‧ mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i bv †Kej K_v ï‡b Zv‡`i‡K mwµqfv‡e Kv‡R
AskMÖnY Kiv‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x‡`i me©`v cixÿY cwiPvjbv, welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcbv ev cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Ki‡Z
n‡e bv| Zviv wkÿK‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv, Av‡jvPbv Kivi gva¨‡gI cv‡V AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ mKj wkÿv_©x‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Ges wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯…qv Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
K‡i|
 cÖ‡Póv I fzj ms‡kva‡bi gva¨‡g wkLb‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi `ÿZv: wkÿv_©x hv‡Z Zvi fz‡ji gva¨‡g wkL‡Z
cv‡i †kÖwY‡Z †miKg cwi‡ek cÖwZôv Kiv wkÿ‡Ki KvR I `ÿZv| wkÿv_©x cÖ_g c`‡ÿ‡cB me wKQz
mwVKfv‡e wkL‡Z cvi‡e Ggb Avkv Kiv DwPZ bq| hZÿY ch©šÍ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv ZZÿY
ch©šÍ wkÿv_©x‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 my®úó wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb: †h †Kvb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wkL‡bi ïiæ †_‡K my¯úó n‡Z n‡e Ges
mKj Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv wkÿv_©x‡`i †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e|
 mgm¨v mgvavb‡K ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`v‡bi `ÿZv
Rxe‡bi GKwU Avek¨Kxq `ÿZv n‡”Q †Kvb mgm¨v eySvi mvg_©¨ Ges Zv mgvavb Kiv| GB `ÿZv AR©b Kiv hvq
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c×wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b mgm¨v Zz‡j aiv nq| wkÿv_©x mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mywbw`©ó Ávb I `ÿZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Zvi mgvavb K‡ib| GB c×wZ‡Z wkÿK wb‡`©k‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i mgm¨v mgvav‡bi `ÿZv Dbœq‡b
mnvqZv K‡ib| AskMÖnYg~jK wkL‡b ¯^xKvi Kiv nq †h, cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿv_©x Ab¨‡`i †_‡K wfbœ Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Avjv`v `ÿZv
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cv‡i| we`¨gvb cwiw¯wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i m‡e©vËg mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Kivi mvg_¨© _vK‡Z n‡e| AskMÖnYg~jK wkL‡b
wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡”Q wkÿv_©x‡`i GiKg cvVmswkøó mgm¨v Zz‡j a‡i mgvav‡b `ÿ Kiv|
 wm×všÍMÖnY Abykxj‡bi `ÿZv
wm×všÍ MÖnY Ggb GKwU `ÿZv hv Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g AR©b Kiv hvq| ev¯Íe Ges KvíwbK cwiw¯wZ •Zwi Kivi `ÿZv wkÿ‡Ki
_vK‡Z n‡e| djkÖæwZ‡Z wkÿv_©x GB `ÿZvi Abykxjb Kivi my‡hvM cv‡e| hv wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡e|
 ev¯ÍeZvi mv‡_ cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i m¤úK© ¯vcb `ÿZv
eZ©gvb Kv‡j GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h, wkÿv_©x Kx wkL‡Q Ges ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Zv Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jvM‡e Zv eyS‡Z Pvq| AskMÖnYg~jK
wkL‡bi jÿ¨ n‡”Q, †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb Ges ev¯Íe RM‡Zi cÖ‡qvR‡bi mv‡_ †h Zdvr Zvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab Kiv| †kÖwYK‡ÿi
wkLb I ev¯Íe RM‡Zi cwiw¯wZi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi g‡Zv cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv‡bv wkÿ‡Ki KvR|
 GKxf~ZKi‡Yi `ÿZv
wkÿKMY A‡bK mgq wb‡Ri ARv‡šÍB ev Awb”QvK…Zfv‡eB hviv mvaviY wkÿv_©x †_‡K wfbœ Zv‡`i w`‡K mvov cÖ`vb
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Kiv hv‡e bv| mvgwMÖK c×wZ‡Z ( Holistic Approach) cvV cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
 cÖkK œ i‡Yi `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z my‡hvM cÖ`vb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi
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Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †kÖwYi mK‡j mwµq _v‡K| Ggb ai‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍvkw³ weKvk jvf K‡i|
wkÿ‡Ki cÖkK œ iY Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb `ÿZv AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZi cÖ‡qvM‡K djcÖm~ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î
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Dˇii ÎæwU ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
108
 e¨e¯vcbvi `ÿZv
e¨e¯vcbvi Ici AskMÖnYg~jK wkLb-†kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi h_v_©Zv wbf©ikxj| e¨e¯vcbvi AvIZvq
i‡q‡Q A‡bK Dc‡ÿÎ| wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †h¸‡jv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡”Q, †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv, cwiexÿY
`ÿZv, mgq e¨e¯vcbv I k„•Ljv e¨e¯vcbvi `ÿZv|
 †kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv: †kÖwY‡Z wkÿv_©x emvi e¨e¯v †_‡K ïiæ K‡i mKj evwn¨K cwi‡ek ev AeKvVv‡gvMZ w`‡Ki
e¨e¯vcbv Gi AšÍf©y³| AskMÖnYg~jK wkL‡bi Rb¨ mvwi I KjvgwfwËK bq, MÖæcwfwËK ev †÷kbwfwËK
emv‡bvi e¨e¯v Kiv fv‡jv| wkÿv_©xi mvgvwRK w`‡Ki A_©vr mvgvwRK `ÿZvmg~n e¨e¯vcbv Kivi `ÿZv
wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
 cwiexÿY `ÿZv: wkLb e¨e¯vcbvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cwiexÿY `ÿZv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| AskMÖnYg~jK KvRmg~n
wkÿv_©xiv mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Q wKbv ev Ki‡jI KZUv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q, bv cvi‡j Zv‡`i mn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g KvR‡K
GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi `ÿZv wkÿ‡Ki _vK‡Z n‡e|
 mgq e¨e¯vcbv:GKwU cv‡Vi Rb¨ †gvU KZ mgq eivÏ †mB Abymv‡i cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri
Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i mgq eivÏ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mywbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †mB KvRwU †kl Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e cÖwZwU
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i ch©vß mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
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wkLb Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
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109
my®úó wb‡`©kbv
mn‡R AbymiY‡hvM¨ wb‡`©kbv †_‡K mKj wkÿv_©x DcKvi cvq| my®úó wb‡`©kbv wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwZeÜx Ges AwURg
•ewkó¨m¤úbœ wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ AwaKZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †m Kvi‡Y wkÿK‡K mywbw`©ó, my¯úó Ges `y‡e©va¨ bq Ggb wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b `y‡e©va¨ I ب_©K kã I evK¨ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK †kÖwY‡Z †h wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv A‡bK mgq †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi wbKU †evaMg¨ bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wkÿ‡Ki DwPZ wb‡`©kbvwU mevB
eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB Kiv| GB hvPvB wb‡`©kbv mswkøó cÖkœ K‡iI Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Avevi †kÖwYi wewfbœ KY©v‡ii
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q wM‡q Zv‡`i Kv‡Q †_‡K Rvbv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wkÿv_©x‡`i KvQ †_‡K cÖkœ AvnŸvb K‡iI wbwðZ
nIqv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, Zviv wb‡`©kbvwU eyS‡Z †c‡i‡Q wKbv| wb‡`©kbvi my¯úóZvq AšÍfy³
© welqmg~n n‡jv-
 wb‡`©kbv e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq mswkøó D`vniY e¨envi Kiv;
 wkÿv_©xiv wb‡`©kbv ey‡S‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ‡kœi h_vh_ DËi cÖ`vb;
 †h AskUzKz wkÿv_©x‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav , Zv cybiæ‡jøL Kiv;
 wb‡`©kbvi welqwU av‡c av‡c Dc¯vcb Kiv;
 h‡_vchy³ MwZ‡Z wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb;
 wKQz Ask e¨vL¨v Kivi ci wPšÍv Kivi Rb¨ GKUz mgq †`Iqv;
 cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ Kx ev Zviv Kx Ki‡Z mÿg n‡e wb‡`©kbvi ci wkÿv_©x‡`i Zv AeMZ Kiv‡bv;
 †h․w³K c×wZ‡Z wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb I cvV Dc¯vcb|
wb‡`©kbvi avivevwnKZv
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg myôzfv‡e GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv ¯úó nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ wb‡`©kbvi
avivevwnKZvI A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡`©kbv¸‡jv ev GKwU mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kbvi wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ hw` avivevwnKZv bv
_v‡K Zvn‡j †kÖwY‡Z wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i Ges D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx KvRwU mdj bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Kv‡RB
wb‡`©kbvi †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K avivevwnKZv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| Av‡Mi KvR c‡i Ges c‡ii KvR Av‡M Ki‡Z ej‡j
wkÿv_©x‡`i eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡e Ges KvRwUi djvdj n‡e AcÖZ¨vwkZ I D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ m½wZwenxb| ZvQvov wkÿK
hw` cÖ_‡g GKwU Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv w`‡q ciÿ‡YB Ab¨ GKwU wb‡`©kbv †`b Zvn‡j Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ weNœ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
Z‡e cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wb‡`©kbv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j †mUvI my¯úó n‡Z n‡e Ges wb‡`©kbvi g‡a¨ avivevwnKZv _vK‡Z
n‡e|
wjwLZ I †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv
wjwLZ I †g․wLK G `ywU g~jZ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi aib ev cÖwµqv| A_©vr wb‡`©kbvi my¯úóZv I avivevwnKZv eRvq ivL‡Z
wb‡`©kbv wjwLZ ev †g․wLKfv‡e †`Iqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K wjwLZ I †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡b my¯úóZv I avivevwnKZv
eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| hLb †Kvb wb‡`©kbv gy‡L K_v ejvi gva¨‡g cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv ejv nq| Avevi
hLb †Kvb wb‡`©kbv wjwLZfv‡e ev †Kvb Qwe ev MÖv‡di gva¨‡g ev kã, Qwe, wPÎ BZ¨vw` we‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ †`Iqv nq
ZLb Zv‡K wjwLZ wb‡`©kbv e‡j| GKUz eo AvKv‡ii ev †Kvb RwUj welq we‡kølY ev ms‡kølY Kivi Rb¨ wjwLZ
wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡qvRb nq| cwiKíbv K‡i †mgZ wjwLZ wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i eyS‡Z myweav nq| Avevi KLbI
KLbI wjwLZ wb‡`©kbv‡K AwaKZi ¯úó Kivi Rb¨I †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| wkÿv_©x‡`i †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv
my¯úófv‡e †evSvi Rb¨ A‡bK †K․kj Av‡Q| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †K․kj n‡jv-
 wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi c~‡e© wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i Ggbfv‡e emv‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †g․wLK wb‡`©kbv ¯úó ïb‡Z cvq Ges wb‡`©kbvi mnvqK wn‡m‡e hv
†`Lv‡bv nq Zv †`L‡Z cv‡i;
 mswÿß ev‡K¨ A_ev †QvU †QvU As‡k fvM K‡i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv;
 µgevPK kã e¨envi K‡i wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kiv| †hgb- cÖ_gZ;, wØZxqZ, Z…ZxqZ... me©‡kl|
 ‡g․wLK Ges A‡g․wLK Bw½Z we‡kølY Kiv;
 kvixwiK A½fw½i h_vh_ Ges ch©vß e¨envi Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx KÚ¯^i DVvbvgv Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i BwZevPK †kvbvi AvPi‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Drmvn I cyi¯‥vi cÖ`vb Kiv|
110
7.5 †kÖwYK‡ÿ †gŠwLK cÖkœKiY : aviYv I Abykxjb Ges D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †KŠkj
wkÿv_©x‡`i †g․wLK cÖkKœ iY wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| Kvh©Ki wb‡`©kbv †g․wLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Ici wbf©i K‡i| wkÿK I wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ wg_w¯…qvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB wg_w¯…qv wkÿv_©x‡`i hyw³ cÖ`v‡bi
`ÿZvi weKvk mva‡b mnvqZv K‡i| myMwVZ cÖkœ mdj wkÿ‡Yi GKwU Acwinvh© Ask| wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡Vi GKwU wbw`©ó
w`‡Ki Ici cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g MVbg~jK g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| wkÿK cÖkK œ i‡Yi gva¨‡g cvV cwiKíbvi wbw`©ó ¯Í‡ii
Kvh©KvwiZv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| h_vh_ cÖkœ wkL‡bi cÖmvi‡K kw³kvjx K‡i Ges wkÿY cÖwµqv‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
wbf©i‡hvM¨ djveZ©‡bi Ici wbf©i K‡i cv‡V wkÿv_©xi mwµq Ask MÖnY| wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi cÖkœ KivI wkLb cÖwµqvi
GKwU MyiæZ¡c~Y© Ask| cv‡Vi †h †Kvb ch©v‡q cv‡Vi avivevwnKZvq weNœ m„wó bv K‡iI †g․wLK cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i Dˇii gva¨‡g wkÿK eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, GKwU cv‡Vi †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U wkÿv_©x‡`i eyS‡Z
KwVb wK bv, wkÿv_©x mwVKfv‡e †cÖlYv m„wó n‡q‡Q wK bv, cv‡Vi MwZ Lye `ªæZ wKbv, cv‡Vi Ask we‡kl cybtcv‡Vi
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv, cv‡Vi AviI e¨vcK ch©v‡jvPbvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wKbv , cvV cwiPvjbvq Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ e¨envi
Kiv cÖ‡qvRb ev e¨eüZ c×wZ I †K․kj cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb wKbv BZ¨vw`| wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi †h
c×wZB e¨envi Kiæb bv †Kb cÖkK œ i‡Yi gva¨‡g H c×wZ e¨env‡ii djcÖm~Zv A‡bK †ewk nq Ges welqe¯‧
wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU mnR‡eva¨ nq| cÖkK œ iY Ggb GKwU †K․kj hv †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZwU ch©v‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq|
Kv‡RB †kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkKœ iY I D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj Rvbv AZ¨vek¨K|

†kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖ‡kœi aviYv

cÖkK
œ iY Kx, G cÖ‡kœi Dˇi ejv hvq- A question is any sentence which has an interrogative form or
function”. A_©vr cÖk‡œ evaK iƒc A_ev KvR msewjZ evK¨‡K cÖkœ ejv nq| †kªwYK‡ÿ cÖkœKiY ej‡Z wkÿv_©x†`i
Kv‡Q Z_¨ cwienb Ges wkÿv_©xiv Kx Ki‡e I †Kgb K‡i Ki‡e Zvi wb‡`©kbvi gva¨g‡K †evSvq|

cÖkœKi‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

1. wkÿv_x© Kx Rv‡b bv Zv Rvbv;
2. wkÿv_©x Kx Rv‡b Zv Rvbv;
3. wkÿv_x©‡K wkL‡bi cÖwZ AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;
4. wkÿv_x©‡`i evievi PP©v/Abykxjb Kivi Af¨vm MVb Kiv;
5. cv‡Vi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© As‡ki Ici †Rvi †`Iqv;
6. cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i cÖwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;
7. wkÿv_©x‡`i Rvbv welq¸‡jv e¨³ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv;
8. Ag‡bv‡hvMx wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv;
9. wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i wkL‡b ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mnvqZv Kiv;
10. wkÿv_x©‡`i wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk mvab Kiv-
 wkÿYxq welqe¯‧ mw¾ZKi‡Y wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZv Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i welqe¯‧ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv;
 KviY I djvd‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯vc‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
 cVbxq welqe¯‧i mvi-ms‡ÿc Ki‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZv Kiv;
 wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK cÖwµqvi D‡b¥l NUv‡bv;
 A‡b¨i gZvgZ/Dˇii mv‡_ GKgZ/wfbœgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z †kLv;
 welqe¯‧i cy•Lvbycy•L we‡kølY Ki‡Z †kLv|

111
DËg cÖkœKi‡Yi aviYv
DËg cÖkK œ iY Av`k© wkÿ‡Ki GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© •ewkó¨| Kv‡RB GKRb fvj wkÿK‡K GB •ewkó¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
DËg cÖkK œ iY `ÿZv _vK‡j GKRb wkÿK Zv cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb gv‡bi Dbœqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb †mBmv‡_
mn‡RB wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ wkÿ‡KiI m¤úK© Dbœqb n‡e| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki me cÖkBœ †h, DËg cÖkœ n‡e GK_v ejv hvq
bv| wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm, †gav, welqe¯‧i KvwVb¨Zvi gvÎv I cÖkœ Kivi bxwZgvjv †g‡b cÖkœ Kiv DËg cÖkK œ i‡Yi kZ©|
wkÿKMY A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wPšÍb `ÿZvi wb¤œ¯‡Í ii cÖkœ K‡ib hv wkÿv_©x‡K Zvi ¯§„wZ,Abyaveb I aviYvi Ici wfwË K‡i
DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-hgybv †mZzi •`N©¨ KZ? G cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡b wkÿv_©xi we‡kølY ev †Kvb wbR¯^ gZvgZ
cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM †bB| Ab¨w`‡K D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡b wkÿv_©x Zvi wbR¯^ wPšÍv, we‡kølY ÿgZv,
ms‡kølY `ÿZv I wePviKiY ev wm×všÍ cÖ`vb `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î mgm¨v n‡”Q, †kÖwYi me ai‡bi
wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ me mgq G ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv hvq bv| †Kbbv, wb¤œ¯‡Í ii wPšÍb `ÿZvi cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi I D”PZi wPšÍb
`ÿZvi cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi GKB mgq w`‡j Zv h_v_© n‡e bv| †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi †evaMg¨Zvi gvÎvI GKB
ch©v‡qi bq| Avevi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZvi mKj ¯Í‡ii Ae¯v hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ GKB iKg cÖkœ
cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| AZGe GKRb wkÿK hLb cwi‡ek,cwiw¯wZ I DËg cÖkœ Kivi h_vh_ wbqg †g‡b welqe¯‧i Pvwn`v
Abyhvqx wPšÍb `ÿZvi wewfbœ ¯Íi hvPvBg~jK cÖkœ cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb ZLb Zv-B n‡e DËg cÖkK œ iY|

†kÖwYK‡ÿ fv‡jv ev DËg cÖ‡kœi we‡eP¨ welq

‡kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivi c~‡e© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e †h, cÖkœ †hb g~j D‡Ï‡k¨i cwicwš bv nq| †m Rb¨ we‡ePbvq
ivL‡Z n‡e †h, fv‡jv cÖkœ- Z‡_¨i g~jfve enb K‡i, myMwVZ I mnR‡eva¨ nq, wkÿK wb‡`©wkZ welq m¤úwK©Z,
Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_©xi c~e© I eZ©gvb AwfÁZvi mv‡_ mgwš^Z, mywbw`©ó , A_©‡evaK I mywbqwš¿Z, wkLb Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i,
wkÿv_©xi eyw× I mvg_©¨fy³, Drmvne¨ÄK, wkÿv_©xi AvZ¥weKv‡ki my‡hvM mg„×|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖkœKi‡Yi bxwZgvjv
 wkÿv_©xiv Kx Rv‡b ev KZUzKz Rv‡b, ïay Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖkœ bv K‡i mvgwMÖKfv‡e cvV`v‡bi †K․kj wn‡m‡e cÖkœ Kiv|
 cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Dc‡hvMx cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 cÖkœ n‡e ¯úó, mij I mywbw`©ó †hb wkÿv_©xiv mn‡R Zv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 †Kvb AevšÍi ev AwZwi³ wel‡qi AeZviYv bv K‡i mivmwi cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 AwbwðZ, ب_©‡evaK, weåvwšÍg~jK I wel‡qi mv‡_ m¤úK©nxb cÖkœ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 kãevû‡j¨i Kvi‡Y wkÿv_©xiv g~j welq †_‡K `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB G ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv †_‡K weiZ
_vK‡Z n‡e|
 †kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©x mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i Ggb kã e¨envi K‡i cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 fvj I DËg gv‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e hv †kÖwYi wkLb Kvh©µg‡K djcÖm~ Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i I wkÿv_©xi D”PZi
wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk mvab K‡i|
 mivmwi cvV¨cy¯ÍK Gi Z_¨ ev ZË¡ gyL¯ K‡i ev e¨envi K‡i DËi †`Iqv hvq Ggb cÖ‡kœi I wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb
`ÿZvi weKv‡k mnvqK nq Ggb cÖ‡kœi mgb¦q NwU‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 Ggb wKQz cÖkœ& _vKv DwPZ hv‡Z D”P, ga¨g I wb¤œ †gavi wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K cv_©K¨ Kiv hvq|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖkœ Kivi †K․kjmg~n
Kvh©Ki cÖkK
œ i‡Yi †K․kjmg~n‡K 5wU cÖavb †ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv hvq| †ÿÎmg~n nj-
1. cÖkK
œ i‡Yi Rb¨ †kÖwY‡K cÖ¯Z‧ Kiv;
2. cÖkœ Kivi fw½ ev aib;
3. wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv Kivi mgq cÖ`vb;
4. wkÿv_©xKZ©„K cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb;
5. wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë Dˇii Dbœqb ev weKvk mvab|

112
 1. cÖkK
œ i‡Yi Rb¨ †kÖwY‡K cÖ¯Z‧ Kiv
 cvV ïiæ Kivi c~‡e© wkÿv_©x‡`i Avmb h_vh_fv‡e web¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e;
 cvV ïiæ Kivi Av‡M wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †h, †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©x wkÿK‡K †`L‡Z cvq I wkÿ‡Ki K_v ïb‡Z
cv‡i;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i Awe‡”Q`¨ g‡bv‡hvM Qvov cvV bv AvMv‡bv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hv‡M †Q` NUv‡Z cv‡i Ggb e¯‧ mvgMÖx¸‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b †_‡K mwi‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
2.cÖkœ Kivi fw½ ev aib
 cÖkwœ U my®úó I wbLuyZfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 mgMÖ †kªwYi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ Kiv| Z‡e KLbI KLbI cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a †Kvb wkÿv_©x‡K GKKfv‡eI cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©x‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i cÖkœ Kiv †hb mKj wkÿv_©x me mg‡q mZK© I cv‡Vi cÖwZ
g‡bv‡hvMx I Drmvnx _v‡K;
 cÖ_‡g †kÖwYi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ K‡i GKUz mgq weiwZ Zvici hviv nvZ Zzj‡e Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K bvg
†W‡K cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i;
 WvK bvg ev A¯úó evK¨vsk e¨envi K‡i wkÿv_©x‡K WvKv DwPZ bq| hw` †kÖwY‡Z GKvwaK wkÿv_©xi GKB bvg
_v‡K †m‡ÿ‡Î weKí e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e;
 Zzwg Kx DËi w`‡Z PvI bv, Ggb K_v ejv hv‡e bv;
 mnR mij fvlvq, eÜzZ¡c~Y© cwi‡e‡k, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbviZ Ae¯vq nvwmgy‡L cÖkœ Kiv;
 ‡h ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi †h․w³K DËi †bB ev wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †bB Ggb cÖkœ Gwo‡q Pjv;
 Ag‡bv‡hvMx, ÿxY †gav/wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g Zv‡`i bvg a‡i WvKv, Zvici Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i
cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv;
 AcÖ‡qvRbxq cybive„wË (†hgb- GKB cÖkœ evievi wRÁvmv Kiv ev mwVK DËi A‡bK evi ejv) Gwo‡q Pj‡Z
n‡e, hv avivevwnKZvq n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i I wkÿv_©x‡`i Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z mnvqZv K‡i;
 †K․Z~njx cÖk,œ wPšÍvg~jK cÖk,œ w`K wb‡`©kbvg~jK AMÖmigvb cÖk,œ cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ Dˇii †hb †Kvb Bw½Z bv _v‡K
Ggb cÖkœ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ Kiv;
 GK K_vq DËi †`Iqv hvq Ggb cÖkœ Kg Kiv;
 GKmv‡_ †Kej GKwU cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡Z n‡e, GKvwaK bq;
 cÖkœ Kivi †ÿ‡Î GKB k‡ãi wewfbœ iƒc e¨envi Kiv DwPZ;
 Z_¨g~jK Ges wPšÍv DÏxcK Dfq ai‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 Avj¼wiK cÖkœ Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e|
3. wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv Kivi mgq cÖ`vb
 cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kivi ci cÖkœ I Dchy³ DËi m¤ú‡K© fvevi Rb¨ mgq w`‡Z n‡e| cÖkœ I Dˇii RwUjZv
we‡ePbv K‡i fvevi mgq eivÏ Kiv DwPZ ev Ki‡Z n‡e;
 cÖkœ I DËi µgvMZfv‡e Kiv hv‡e bv| GKwU cÖ‡kœi Dˇii ci cieZ©x cÖ‡kœi Rb¨I mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
4. wkÿv_©x KZ©„K cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb
 cÖ‡kœi DËi m¤ú~Y© ev‡K¨ nIqv DwPZ;
 ‡kÖwYi †Kej K‡qKRb mej wkÿv_©x‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv Gwo‡q Pj‡Z n‡e| †kÖwYi wewfbœ w`‡Ki wfbœ wfbœ
wkÿv_©x‡K wbe©vPb Kiv DwPZ;
 AwaK †Rv‡i kã K‡i I mg¯^‡i DËi cÖ`vb wbiærmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_x©‡Kw›`ªK GKwU cÖvYešÍ †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xiv AwaKvsk cÖkœ wR‡Ám Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb my‡hvM †`Iqv;
 mwVK Ges h_vh_ DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwYi mK‡j kÖeY‡hvM¨ gvÎvq †Rv‡i Ges ¯úó K‡Ú DËi cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i wPrKvi K‡i DËi cÖ`v‡b AbygwZ cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv;
 AvMÖnx I AbvMÖnx Dfq ai‡bi wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|

113
5. wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë Dˇii Dbœqb ev weKvk mvab
 wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖ`Ë Dˇii gva¨‡g wb‡`©kbv I cÖ‡kœi Kvh©KvwiZv g~j¨vqb Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i Dˇi Z‡_¨i Ach©vßZv mgm¨v wb‡`©k K‡i| mgm¨vi gvÎv Ges aib wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ GKB cÖkœ Ab¨
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kiv| hw` DËi¸‡jv Am‡šÍvlRbK e‡j g‡b nq Z‡e cv‡Vi wKQz w`K A¯úó Ges Zv cybivq
wkLv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb;
 wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Dˇii Bw½Z cÖ`vb Kiv;
 GKB cÖ‡kœi DËi GKRb wkÿv_©x bv cvi‡j Ab¨ †h cvi‡e e‡j m¤§Z Zv‡K wRÁvmv Kiv;
 hLb wkÿv_©xiv ¯úóKi‡Yi Rb¨ wKQz wRÁvmv K‡i ZLb Ab¨ mncvVx wkÿv_©x‡K e¨vL¨v Kivi my‡hvM cÖ`vb
AZtci wkÿ‡Ki wb‡R e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv|
cÖkœKiY cÖwµqv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY c×wZ
 cÖkœ g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q ï‡b;
 cÖ‡kœi A_© Abyaveb K‡i;
 wb‡Ri g‡b GKwU DËi •Zwi K‡i;
 mwVK evK¨ MVb K‡i DËi †`Iqvi gva¨‡g;
 GKwU ms‡kvwaZ DËi •Zwi K‡i|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkK
œ iY Abykxjb
†kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkKœ iY Abykxj‡bi Rb¨ †kÖwYi AskMÖnYKvix‡`i K‡qKwU `‡j fvM K‡i `‡ji GKRb cv‡Vi Ask
we‡kl Dc¯vc‡bi gva¨‡g cÖkœKiY Abykxjb Ki‡eb Ges Ab¨iv wkÿv_©xi f~wgKvq Awfbq Ki‡eb| cÖkK œ i‡Yi
djveZ©b cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ GKRb‡K wba©viY Ki‡eb| djveZ©b cÖ`vbKvix cÖkK œ i‡Yi bxwZgvjv I †K․k‡ji Av‡jv‡K
ch©‡eÿYc~e©K djveZ©b cÖ`vb Ki‡eb| G‡ÿ‡Î D`vniY¯^iƒc wKQz welq wb‡P †`Iqv nj-
 cÖ‡kœi A_© I fvlv KZUv mnR‡eva¨ wQj?
 cÖ‡kœi DËi wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZvi †Kvb ¯Í‡ii?
 cÖkœ Kivi ci DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ KZ mgq weiwZ wQj?
 cÖkœ Kivi mgq cÖkK œ Z©vi Awfe¨w³ †Kgb wQj?
 DËi cÖ`v‡b AskMÖnYKvix‡`i m¤ú„³Ki‡Y Kx †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb?
 AskMÖnYKvixMY †kÖwY wkÿv_©xi f~wgKv cvj‡b KZUv Zrci wQ‡jb?
 cÖkmœ g~n cv‡Vi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ msMwZc~Y© wQj wK bv?
D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj
GKzk kZ‡Ki wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi GKwU Ab¨Zg ‣ewkó¨ n‡”Q wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi h_vh_
e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvb| D”PZi wPšÍb GKwU m¤ú~Y© bZzb gvÎv wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i| wkÿv_©xiv D”PZi wPšÍb e¨envi K‡i †Kej
gyL¯Í Kivi cwie‡Z© welqe¯‧i D”P¯Í‡ii aviYv eyS‡Z cv‡i| D”PZi wPšÍ‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv NUbv ev Z_¨ eyS‡Z
cv‡i I Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i Avevi Ab¨ NUbv ev aviYvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i I Zzjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †Kvb
welq ev cwiw¯wZ m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvq †c․uQv‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv avc AwZµg Ki‡Z
nq| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg‡b cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq wewfbœfv‡e cÖkœ K‡ib| d‡j wkÿv_©x µgk
D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv AR©‡b Drmvnx nq| Avevi wkÿK wewfbœ iKg c×wZ‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib|
G‡Z K‡i wkÿv_©xiv wPšÍb `ÿZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM cvq| cÖkK œ iYmn wkÿK †h mKj cÖwµqv ev †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g
wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡ib Zv nj-
wkLb-†kLv‡bv †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g
D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv Kx Zv wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g wba©viY Kiv hvq| Ggb wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †K․kjmg~n e¨envi
Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv D”PZi wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Kxfv‡e fv‡jv gv‡bi cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq Zv wkÿK Zv‡`i
†`Lv‡Z cv‡ib| GUv cieZ©x †K․kj Kx n‡e Zv wba©vi‡Y mnvqZv K‡i|
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cÖkKœ i‡Y DrmvwnZ Kiv
‡kÖwYK‡ÿ Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv †h †Kvb cÖKvi †bwZevPK cÖwZwµqv e¨ZxZ Zv‡`i
mZx_©‡`i ev wkÿK‡K wbf©‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges m„Rbkxj n‡Z ¯^vaxbZv Abyfe K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y †kÖwY Kvh©µg PjvKvjxb Zv‡`i‡K cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kivi mgq bv cvIqv hvq Z‡e
†`wL‡q w`‡Z n‡e †h, Zviv wb‡Riv Kxfv‡e cÖkm
œ g~‡ni DËi w`‡Z cvi‡e|
aviYv mshy³KiY
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K GKwU aviYvi mv‡_ Ab¨ GKwU aviYv Kxfv‡e ms‡hvM Ki‡Z nq Zv †kLv‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿK
Zv‡`i‡K wkLv‡Z cv‡ib Zviv B‡Zvg‡a¨ hv Rv‡b Ges bZzb K‡i hv wkL‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab Kiv| GB ¯Í‡ii
wPšÍv wkÿv_©x‡K GKvwaK aviYvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM •Zwi Ki‡Z †kLv‡e hv Zv‡`i‡K aviYvmg~n AviI †ewk ¯úó K‡i eyS‡Z
mnvqZv Ki‡e| hvid‡j Zviv AviI D”PZi wPšÍ‡bi w`‡K avewZ n‡e|

wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z wkLv‡bv

ev¯Íe RM‡Zi D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Abygvb Gi aviYv wkLv‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯^iƒc wkÿv_x©‡`i AvenvIqv
wkLv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i‡K Abygvb Ki‡Z ejv †h, hw` MvQcvjv bv _vK‡Zv Z‡e AvenvIqv †Kgb n‡Zv?
MÖvwdK AiMvbvBRvi e¨envi Kiv
wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv fvebv I aviYv‡K PgrKvifv‡e mvRv‡bvi GKwU Dcvq n‡”Q MÖvwdK AiMvbvBRv‡ii e¨envi| cv‡Vi
welqe¯‧i wewfbœ aviYvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi Rb¨ bvbviKg MÖvwdK AiMvbvBRvi e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
WvqvMÖvg ev gvBÛ g¨vc AsK‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ aviYvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK©
†`Lv‡Z wk‡L| GwU wkÿv_x©‡`i‡K aviYvi ms‡hv‡Mi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e|
mgm¨v mgvavb †K․kj †kLv‡bv
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xiv av‡c av‡c KvR Kivi †K․kj wk‡L| GB Dcv‡q D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi Abykxjb nq hv
mgm¨vi `ªæZ Ges mnRZi mgvav‡b mnvqZv K‡i| mgm¨v mgvav‡bi weKí c×wZ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g D”PZi wPšÍb
`ÿZvi weKvk N‡U|
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Dˇii we¯Í…wZ †kLv‡bv
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Zv‡`i DËi¸‡jv we¯‧„Z Ki‡Z Ges Zviv hv wkL‡Q Zv wb‡q K_v ej‡Z n‡e | wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K `„pZvi mv‡_
cÖk¸
œ ‡jv wRÁvmv Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i DËi¸‡jv AviI we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i| Gid‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i
wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk NU‡e|
D”PZi ¯Í‡ii cÖkK œ iY
wPšÍb `ÿZvi ¯ÍiwfwËK cÖkK œ i‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e| †eÄvwgb eøyg KZ©„K
wefvwRZ wPšÍb †ÿÎwU 6 wU ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í| ¯Íi¸‡jv n‡jvÑ Ávb, Abyaveb,cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb|
wkÿv_©x‡`i we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb `ÿZvi weKvk NUv‡bvB nj D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk| Kv‡RB wkÿK‡K
†Kej wb¤œ¯‡Í ii wPšÍb `ÿZvg~jK (Ávb, Abyavb, cÖ‡qvM) cÖkœ bv K‡i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi ¯Í‡i cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvn‡jB wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk NU‡e| Avevi Ávbg~jK I mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖ‡kœi mv‡_ mv‡_ †K›`ªPz¨wZ I
g~j¨vqbg~jK cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K Kíbv Ki‡Z wkLv‡bv
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kíbv kw³i weKvk mva‡bi gva¨‡g D”PZi wPšÍb‡K cÖmvwiZ Kiv hvq| wkÿv_©xiv mvaviYZ Pvicv‡k
cÖwZwbqZ hv NU‡Q Zv wb‡qB wPšÍv Ki‡Z Af¨¯Í| me©ÿY †Pv‡Li mvg‡b NU‡Z †`Lv hvq bv, A_P NU‡Z cv‡i ev NUv
DwPZ Ggb welq wb‡q wkÿv_©x‡K Kíbv Ki‡Z wkLv‡Z cvi‡j Zvi D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv A‡bK †ewk weKwkZ n‡e|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Kíbv kw³ e„w×i Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK hv Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zvi GKwU D`vniY n‡Z cv‡i- wkÿv_©x‡`i †`Lv‡bv
nq †h, mgf~wg †_‡K DPuy GKwU GjvKv ev wUjvcÖeY GjvKv †hLv‡b †ek MvQcvjv Av‡Q, evwoNi Av‡Q, iv¯Ív Av‡Q| Zvi
Avkcv‡k ch©vß Rjvf~wg Av‡Q|- G `„k¨ †`Lv‡bvi ci ev GB Z_¨ †`Iqvi ci hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq-
 `„k¨wU‡Z Kx Kx wQj?
 evwoNi¸‡jv †Kgb?
 MvQ¸‡jv †Kvb ai‡bi?
115
cÖk¸
œ ‡jvi DËi DwjøwLZ `„‡k¨i/Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ Av‡Q| wkÿv_©x DËi †R‡b‡Q, ïay ¯§„wZ nvZ‡o ej‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‧ hw`
Ggb cÖkœ Kiv hvq
 Rjvf~wg I MvQcvjv cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv Ki‡Q-e¨vL¨v Ki|
 hw` MvQcvjv I cvnvo bv _vK‡Zv Z‡e Rjevqy †Kgb n‡Zv? e¨vL¨v Ki|
 GB GjvKvwU‡Z gvwUi •Zwi Ni _vKvi c‡ÿ cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb Kxfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
G cÖk¸
œ ‡jv wkÿv_©x‡`i fvwe‡q †Zv‡j Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi `„‡k¨i/ Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ bvB| wkÿv_©x‡K w`‡Z n‡j Zvi
wbR `„wófw½ I Kíbv kw³ e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| hvid‡j wkÿv_©xi D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk NU‡e| D”PZi wPšÍb
`ÿZvi weKv‡k DrmvwnZKiYg~jK cÖ‡kœi cÖavb jÿ¨ nÕj Ñ wkÿv_©xi wPšÍvvkw³i weKvk NUv‡bv Ges Zv‡K Zvi wbR¯^
gZvg‡Zi Ici wfwË K‡i AvZ¥wek¦vmx I AvZ¥m‡PZb K‡i M‡o †Zvjv|

7.6 wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ : Db¥y³, e× I •ewPΨgq cÖkœ

wewfbœ ai‡bi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqv msMwVZ nq| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g GKwU cvV †_‡K
wkÿv_©x wewfbœ ai‡bi Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ AR©b K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡K Gme Ávb, `ÿZv I `„wófw½ AR©b Kiv‡bvi Rb¨
welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡b †hgb wewfbœ ai‡bi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi Kiv nq, †Zgwb wkLb hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
bvbv c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| wkÿv_©xi wkLb hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ I †K․k‡ji g‡a¨ cÖkK œ iY AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi AwR©Z Ávb,`ÿZv I `„wófw½ hvPvB‡q †g․wLK cÖ‡kœi f~wgKv Abb¨| cÖkœ Kivi †ÿ‡Î
wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i eqm, †gav, c~e©Ávb, †kªwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek, welqe¯‧i cÖK…wZ BZ¨vw` m¯ú‡K© m‡PZb _v‡Kb| ZvQvov
Dc¯vwcZ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x Kx wkL‡e, Kx AR©b Ki‡e ev Zvi †Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©b n‡e, G e¨vcv‡iI wkÿK‡K
m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq| Kv‡RB wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi cy‡iv mgqe¨vcx GKB ai‡bi cÖkœ e¨envi Ki‡j GKw`‡K
†kÖwYK‡ÿ GK‡N‡qwg I K¬vwšÍKi cwi‡ek m„wó nq Avevi Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i eûgyLx I wewPÎ `ÿZv hvPvB Kiv hvq
bv| wkLb-wkLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i welqe¯‧i Ávb, `ÿZv, g‡bvfve, mvgvwRK ¸Yvewj, `„wófw½,
‣bwZKZv I k„•Ljv‡evamn AviI eûwe` w`K weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡ib| ZvB wkÿv_©xi eûgyLx cÖwZfvi weKv‡ki Rb¨ †kÖwY
Kvh©µ‡gi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ wkÿK‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ e¨envi Ki‡Z nq|
cÖ‡kœi cÖKvi‡f`
cÖk‡œ K wewfbœfv‡e †kªwYKiY Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ: cÖkœ `yB cÖKvi t
1| e× cÖk(œ Closed question ) Ges
2| D¤§y³ cÖk(œ Open question)
e× cÖkœ I Db¥y³ cÖk‡œ K cybivq `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P cÖ‡kœi G wefvRbwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-

cÖkœ (Question)

e× cÖkœ (Closed gy³ cÖkœ (Open

Question) Question)

Ávbg~jK cÖ&kœ mg‡Kw›`ªK gyj¨vqbg~jK cÖkœ ‡K›`ªPy¨Z cÖkœ

(Cognitive memory cÖkœ(Convergent (Evaluative (Divergent
Question) Question) Question) Question)

116
e×cÖkœ
†h cÖ‡kœi GKwU gvÎ mwVK DËi _v‡K Zv‡K e× cªK…wZi cÖkœ ejv nq| GB mKj cÖ‡kœi Dˇi mvaviYZ nu¨v / bv ej‡jB
nq A_ev mswÿß DËi w`‡Z nq| G¸‡jv‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z closed A_ev skinny cÖkœ ejv nq|
e× cÖK…wZi cÖkœ Øviv ¯§„wZi cybiæ‡`ª‡Ki gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi mvnv‡h¨ wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb hvPvB
Kiv hvq Ges wkL‡bi ci AwR©Z Ávb hvPvB Kiv nq|
KLbI KLbI e× cÖK…wZi cÖkœ Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi iƒc jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| e× cÖ‡kœi GKwU ‣ewkó¨ n‡”Q, e× cÖ‡kœi Dˇii
GKwU wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv _v‡K| †h welqe¯‧i Ici wfwË K‡i e× cÖkœ Kiv nq, Zvi GKwU wbw`©ó cwimxgv _v‡K| cÖkœ
welqe¯‧i †hLvb †_‡K B”Qv Kiv hv‡e bv| DËiI w`‡Z n‡e GK ev GKvwaK wbw`©ó aviYv †_‡K| A_©vr G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi
DËi cÖ`v‡b wkÿv_©xi ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K bv| hw` cÖkœ ev DËi †KvbUviB wbw`©ó †Kvb mxgv bv _v‡K Z‡e Zv Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi
¸Yvewj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
e× cÖ‡kœi ‣ewkó¨
 DËi`vZv mn‡R I `ªæZ DËi w`‡Z cv‡i;
 weKí Dˇii mv‡_ KvVv‡gvMZ AvB‡Ug _v‡K;
 DËi Lye mn‡RB Zzjbv Kiv hvq;
 mKj DËi`vZvi Dˇii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_¨i Drm GK;
 DËi`vZv ¯§„wZ †_‡K Z_¨ cybiæ×v‡ii my‡hvM cvq;
 Dˇii MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cÖ‡kœi h_v_©Zv wbwðZ K‡i;
 mKj ai‡bi †gavi (D”P, ga¨g I wb¤œ) wkÿv_©xB DËi w`‡Z mÿg;
 fyj Dˇii m¤¢vebv _v‡K;
 Dˇii g‡a¨ m~² cv_©K¨ Kiv m¤¢e nq bv;
 cv‡Vi mKj w`K we‡ePbvq bvI Avm‡Z cv‡i|
e× cÖK…wZi cÖ‡kœ wKQy mxgve×Zv _vK‡jI wkÿv_x©i Ávb AR©‡b G cÖkœ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| e× cÖk†œ K `yfv‡e fvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q-
K. Ávbg~jK cÖkœ (Cognitive memory Question )
L. mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖkœ (Convergent Question )
K. Ávbg~jK cÖkœ
G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi DËi ¯§„wZ wbf©i| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_©x Rvbv †Kvb Z_¨ ¯§iY K‡i DËi †`q| m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Rvbv
Z‡_¨i RMZ †_‡K g‡b K‡i wkÿv_©xiv DËi w`‡Z cv‡i †m ai‡bi cÖkœ GLv‡b Kiv nq| Gai‡bi cÖ‡kœi Dˇii
Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq eB, I‡qemvBU I Ab¨vb¨ †idv‡iÝ| g~jZ G cÖ‡kœi DËi nq me©Rbxbfv‡e ¯^xK…Z|
†hgb-evsjv‡`‡ki me© `wÿ‡Yi †Rjvi bvg Kx ? Gai‡bi cÖkœ mvaviYZ †K, Kx, †Kv_vq, †Kb e¨envi Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb- k¦mb Kx? Dw™¢‡`i cywó Dcv`vb KqwU? my›`ieb †Kvb †Kvb †Rjvq Aew¯Z ?
L. mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖkœ
Gai‡bi cÖkœ e× cÖ‡kœi AšÍf©y³ Ges wPšÍvg~jK| G cÖ‡kœi GKwUB ï× DËi _v‡K| A_©vr wkÿv_©x‡K wPšÍv K‡i
DËi w`‡Z nq Ges GKwUB mwVK DËi _v‡K| cÖ`Ë Z‡_¨i ev g‡b Kiv Z‡_¨i we‡kølY I GKwÎKiY‡K
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix cÖkBœ n‡”Q mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖk|œ mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖ‡kœi cwimi Ávbg~jK cÖ‡kœi †P‡q GKUz †ewk| e¨vL¨v
Kiv, m¤ú‡K©i weeiY †`Iqv, cv_©K¨ Kiv I Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ mg‡Kw›`ªK cÖkœ Kiv nq| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ mvaviYZ
†Kb, Kxfv‡e, Kx cÖwµqvq BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: AvenvIqv I Rjevqyi `yÕwU cv_©K¨ ej|
Db¥y³ cÖkœ
†h cÖkœ wkÿv_©xi D”PZi I RwUj wPšÍb weKv‡ki my‡hvM m„wó K‡i Zv‡K Db¥y³ cÖkœ ev gy³ cÖkœ e‡j| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi
gva¨‡g AbymÜvb KvR †Rviv‡jv Kiv nq| Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i bZzb wKQz Luy‡R †ei Kivi
cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq | Bs‡iwR‡Z GB cÖKv‡ii cÖk‡œ K Open ended cÖkœ ejv nq|
117
wkÿv_x© hLb †Kvb welqe¯‧z e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K RwUj cÖK…wZi wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i cª‡ek
K‡i wkÿv_©x wewÿß Z_¨mg~n msMÖn K‡i, †m¸‡jvi cvi¯úvwiK m¤§Ü Abyhvqx wgj K‡i Ges Gfv‡e ms‡kølY, we‡kølY
I wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z wM‡q †m D”PZi wPšÍv Kivi `ÿZv AR©b K‡i I mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gvq DËi cÖ¯Z ‧ K‡i| Db¥y³
cÖK…wZi cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g Z_¨ mwÂZ nq,A‡bK †ewk e¨w³MZ Dˇii †ÿÎ cÖ¯Z ‧ nq| Gi d‡j Av‡jvPbv ev cÖ‡kœvˇii
my‡hvM e„w× cvq| cvV Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡Vi cÖwZ wkÿv_x©i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK Db¥y³ cÖK…wZi cÖkœ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| G mgq wZwb wkÿv_x©‡`i wbKU †Kvb mywbw`©ó DËi cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib bv| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj
wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ Mfxi Drmvn mÂvi Kiv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨ cvV msµvšÍ Z‡_¨i cÖwZ Pvwn`v I AvMÖn m„wó Kiv|

Db¥y³ cÖ‡kœi •ewkó¨

 DËi`vZv wbR¯^ kã e¨envi K‡i DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
 GKvwaK m¤¢ve¨ / mwVK DËi n‡Z cv‡i;
 DËi`vZvi `„wófw½ I gZvgZ we¯‧„Zfv‡e cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i;
 DËiv`vZv B”QvgZ DËi‡K ¸Yvwš^Z I cwikxwjZ Ki‡Z cv‡i;
 Av‡eM Dc‡fv‡Mi welq¸‡jv‡Z Abyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM _v‡K;
 wewÿß DËi cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i;
 wkÿv_©xi wPšÍvkw³i MfxiZv I ¯^”QZvi cÖKvk N‡U;
 wkÿv_x©‡f‡` Dˇii MfxiZv wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i;
 DËi cÖ¯Z ‧ Ki‡Z AwaK mgq I cÖ‡Póvi cÖ‡qvRb nq;
 hyw³nxb DËi Avmvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K;
 Ag‡bv‡hvMx ev Ajm cÖK…wZi wkÿv_x© GB ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ ¯^v”Q›`¨‡eva K‡i bv;
 AšÍgyL© x wkÿv_©xiv DËi w`‡Z ms‡KvP‡eva Ki‡Z cv‡i|
D¤§y³ cÖ‡kœi cÖKvi‡f`
Db¥y³ cÖkœ `yB ai‡bi| h_vÑ
K. ‡K›`ªP¨ywZ cÖkœ ( Divergent Question)
†h cÖ‡kœi DËi mywbw`©ó bq, wkÿv_©x wPšÍv fvebv K‡i I wb‡Ri gZ Abymv‡i DËi w`‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †K›`ªPz¨wZ
cÖkœ e‡j| G cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv weKwkZ nq| †hgb-`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq ‡Zvgvi GjvKvq
Kx ai‡bi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi? eb¨v mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq mncvVx‡`i mgš^‡q †Zvgiv Kx ai‡bi D‡`¨vM
MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi? we`¨vj‡q e„ÿ‡ivcY Kvh©µ‡g †Zvgvi f~wgKv Kx n‡e ?
L. g~j¨vqbg~jK cÖkœ (Evaluative Question)
†h cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x †Kvb wel‡qi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z †k‡L Zv‡K g~j¨vqbg~jK cÖkœ e‡j| G cÖ‡kœi †ÿ‡Î
gZvgZ cÖ`vb, hyw³ cÖ`vb, wm×všÍ †`Iqv, mycvwik Kiv cÖf…wZ kã e¨envi Kiv nq, hv wkÿv_©xi m„Rbkxj
cÖwZfvi weKvk NUv‡bvi cwic~iK| †hgb- ÔRjevqyi Ici K…wlR m¤ú` wbf©ikxjÕ g~j¨vqb Kiæb| A_©‡‣bwZK
Dbœq‡b RbmsL¨v mgm¨v†K cÖavb AšÍivq aiv nq †Kb ? Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wk‡ívbœq‡b we`y¨‡Zi f~wgKv Kx ?

•ewPΨgq cÖkœ
eZ©gv‡b †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqv wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK| wkÿK-wkÿv_©x I wkÿv_©x-wkÿv_©xi cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯…qv G
cÖwµqvi cÖavb PvwjKv kw³| wkÿv_©xiv wkL‡bi Rb¨ cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ wb‡q ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM cvq|
wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡”Q wkÿv_©x‡`i Gai‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`Iqv|
‡eÄvwgb eøyg Gi U¨v‡·vbwg Abymv‡i wkLb D‡Ïk¨‡K cÖavb wZbwU †ÿ‡Î Ges cÖwZwU †ÿ·K Avevi Dc-‡ÿ‡Î fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wkLb D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLbhvPvB Kiv nq| GB wkLbhvPvB‡qi Rb¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi wkÿv_©x‡`i
cÖ‡kœvˇii gva¨‡g welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq| Gmgq Zv‡`i Ávb AR©b, Áv‡bi Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY,
118
ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw` me ¯Íi †_‡KB cÖkœ Kiv nq| ‣ewPΨgq cÖkœ wn‡m‡e †kÖwY wkÿ‡Y †Kej cÖavb †ÿÎmg~n bq
Dc‡ÿÎmg~n AbymiY K‡iI cÖkœ Kiv nq| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn m„wó I g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K
•ewPΨgq cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq|
g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK mvaviYZ †hmKj †K․kj Aej¤^b K‡ib Zv njÑ
 A_©c~Y©fv‡e mgMÖ cvV‡K †QvU †QvU As‡k fvM Kiv;
 cÖwZwU Ask †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖkœ wbe©vPb Kiv;
 wkÿv_©xi eûgyLx weKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ •ewPΨgq cÖkœ Kivi w`‡K †Lqvj ivLv;
 cÖkœ Kivi dvu‡K welqe¯‧i Ici mswÿß e³…Zv cÖ`vb;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i mvg_¨© I cÖeYZvi cÖwZ mZK© †_‡K cÖkœ Kiv;
 cÖkœ Kivi †K․kj †hgb- Kɯ^i, evK¨, kã, we‡kl k‡ãi cÖwZ †Rvi †`Iqv, mgq, Avgš¿Y †K․kj BZ¨vw`
wel‡q m‡PZb _vKv;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq cÖ`vb;
 mKj wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY wbwðZKiY;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i DËi cÖ`v‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb;
 DËi cvIqvi ci h_vh_ cÖwZwµqv e¨³ Kiv|
†kªwYK‡ÿ cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ `yÕwU AbymiYxq c`‡ÿc D‡jøL Kiv hvq,
 AbymÜvbg~jK cÖk(œ Probing Question)
 wg_w¯…qv ¯vbvšÍi (Shifting interaction)
AbymÜvbg~jK cÖkœKiY(Probing Question)
welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i wM‡q mvgwMÖK Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i ¯^”Q aviYv †`Iqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h cÖkœ Kiv Zv‡K AbymÜvbg~jK cÖkœ
e‡j| G †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi KvQ †_‡K cyY©v½ DËi †ei K‡i Avbv nq| †m Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRb mv‡c‡ÿ g~j cÖk‡œ K †QvU †QvU
cÖ‡kœ wef³ Kiv nq| AbymÜvbg~jK cÖ‡kœ wkÿv_x© hw` c~Y©v½ DËi w`‡Z bv cv‡i ZLb cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wkÿK cÖkwœ U‡K
†QvU As‡k fv‡½b, †Kvb g‡ZB wZwb wkÿv_x©i ÔÔAvwg Rvwb bvÓ DËi MÖnY K‡ib bv| Probing-Gi A_© nj cÖkœ K‡i
K‡i welqe¯‧i mvgwMÖK Z_¨ wkÿv_x©i DËi †_‡K µgkt †ei K‡i wb‡q Avmv|†hgb-‡Rvqvi fvUvi KviY Kx?

wg_w¯…qv ¯vbvšÍi(Shifting interaction)

GB †K․k‡ji gva¨‡g welqe¯‧i aviYv GK wkÿv_x© †_‡K Ab¨ GK wkÿv_x©i g‡a¨ mÂvwjZ Kiv nq| cÖ_g wkÿv_x© hw`
mwVK DËi w`‡Z bv cv‡i ZLb wkÿK Zv‡K wfbœfv‡e A_©vr mnR K‡i cÖkwœ U Avevi wRÁvmv K‡ib| Gfv‡e K‡qKevi
cÖkœ Kivi ci hw` wkÿv_©x DËi w`‡Z Amg_© nq, ZLb GKB cÖkœ wZwb Ab¨ wkÿv_x†K K‡ib Ges c~‡e©i wkÿv_©x‡K
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z e‡jb| GB cÖwµqvq †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ µgkt Z_¨ mÂvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K Ges cÖ‡kœvˇii
mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ cvi¯úvwiK Av`vb-cÖ`vb Pj‡Z _v‡K| d‡j mKj wkÿv_©x mwµq n‡q I‡V Ges GKBmv‡_
g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, wkÿK wb‡¤œv³ cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib
evqy`~l‡Yi cÖavb cÖavb KviY Kx ?
wkÿv_©x hw` DËi w`‡Z bv cv‡i, Z‡e wZwb wRÁvmv Ki‡eb,
evqy Kxfv‡e `~wlZ nq Zvi GKwU KviY ej|
G †ÿ‡Î wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi DËi w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i Askwe‡kl g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib, Gfv‡e Zvi KvQ
†_‡K cÖ‡kœi DËi Av`vq Ki‡eb|

119
7.7 †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi wkÿvi D‡Ï‡k¨i †kÖwYweb¨vm
†eÄvwgb eøyg (Benjamin S. Bloom)
29 †deªæqvwi 1913-13 †m‡Þ¤^i 1999
†eÄvwgb eøyg GKRb wek¦ weL¨vZ gvwK©b Aa¨vcK Ges wkÿv g‡bvweÁvbx| wZwb 1913 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi Av‡gwiKvi
†cwÝjfvwbqv A½ iv‡R¨i j¨vÛm‡dv‡W© Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb GKRb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK wQ‡jb| 1940 mv‡j wZwb
wkKv‡Mv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cixÿv †ev‡W©i óvd †g¤^vi wbhy³ nb Ges 1943 mvj ch©šÍ GB c‡` wQ‡jb| 1944 mv‡j wZwb
wkKv‡Mv wkÿv wefv‡Mi cÖwkÿK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM cvb Ges 1970 mv‡j Pvj©m GBP.myBdU-G wewkó mvwf©m Aa¨vcK
wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nb| eøg 1999 mv‡ji 13 †m‡Þ¤^i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|

wPÎ 9: †eÄvwgb eøyg

eø‡gi ZË¡ (Blooms Theory)
wkÿvMZ D‡Ï‡k¨i Kvh©KvwiZvi cÖwZ wbeÜ Kiv‡KB eøyg‡mi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| wPšÍb RwUjZv
Abyhvqx wkÿvMZ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv msMwVZ Kivi cÖwZ wZwb g‡bv‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡ib| wkÿv_©x‡`i g~j¨hvPvB Ges wkÿvMZ
PP©vi djvdj wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ hv‡Z cixÿv‡K AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨ c×wZi Ggb GKwU msNUb ev Abyµg (Hierarchy)
wba©viY Kiv hvq| GB ai‡bi †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi djvd‡ji gva¨‡g †Kej g~j¨hvPvB KvR A_©vr Afxÿv cÖYq‡bi Dcvq
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Zv bq eis wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ •Zwii KvVv‡gvI cÖ`vb K‡i| D”PZi gvbwmK cÖwµqvi
‣ewkó¨ hv‡Z msMwZc~Y©fv‡e †evSv hvq †miKg GKwU cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzj mieivn Ki‡Z eøyg AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| eøyg wkÿvi
D‡Ï‡k¨i †kÖwYweb¨v‡mi evB‡iI wkÿvq A‡bK Ae`vb iv‡Lb| wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv I Zvi weKv‡ki IciI KvR
K‡ib| wZwb wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q M‡elYvq †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb| `xN©w`‡bi M‡elYvi dmj wn‡m‡e Zvi ÔwkLb ZË¡Õ
Dc¯vcb K‡ib hv eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg wn‡m‡e eZ©gvb we‡k¦ eûj Abym„Z Ges RbwcÖq|

†eÄvwgb eøyg I Zvi †U‡·vbwg

†eÄvwgb eøyg Zvui wkLb Z‡Ë¡ GKRb wkÿv_©x Kx wkL‡e Ges wkÿv †k‡l Kx Ki‡e, Zvi cÖwZdjb NUv‡Z †Pó K‡i‡Qb|
wkL‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q cÖ_g GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z Ges hyw³hy³fv‡e cÖ_gev‡ii gZ aviYvcÎ Dc¯vcb K‡ib †eÄvwgb eøyg|
1956 mv‡j wZwb †U‡·vbwg wk‡ivbv‡g Zvi wkLb ZË¡wUi aviYv e¨³ K‡ib| cÂv‡ki `k‡K GK`j wkÿv
g‡bvweÁvbx‡K m‡½ wb‡q †eÄvwgb eøyg, gvbe wkïi wkL‡bi ¯Íimg~n‡K mywbw`©óKiY Ges †kÖwY web¯ÍKi‡Yi Rb¨
M‡elYvg~jK Kg©cÎ •Zwii KvR K‡ib| cÖ‡Póvi dmj n‡jv wkL‡bi cÖavb 3wU †ÿ‡Îi Dc‡ii we‡køwlZ iƒc hv eøy‡gi
†U‡·vbwg wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wZwb P~ovšÍfv‡e cÖ¯vÍ e K‡ib †h, †h †Kvb †`q KvR wZbwU g‡bv‣eÁvwbK †ÿ‡Îi GKwUi
AbyK~‡j hv‡e| †ÿÎ wZbwU n‡”Q, wPšÍb, Av‡eM ev Abyf~wZ I g‡bv‡ckxR| eøy‡gi †U‡·vbwg‡Z wkLb D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K 3wU
cvi¯úwiK wbweo m¤úK©hy³ ¯Í‡i web¨¯Í Kiv nq| wZwb wkL‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~n‡K 3wU †ÿ‡Î fvM K‡i‡Qb-
1.wPšÍb/ gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain)
2. Abyf~wZg~jK ev Av‡ewMK †ÿÎ (Affective Domain)
3. g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ (Psychomotor Domain)
120
1.wPšÍb/ gbbkxjZvi †ÿÎ (Cognitive Domain)
G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi Ávb I mvg_©¨ AR©‡bi Ici †Rvi †`Iqv nq hv‡Z ¯§iY, wPšÍb Ges hyw³i cÖ‡qvRb nq|wPšÍb †ÿ‡Îi
g‡a¨ Av‡Q Ávb Ges Gi weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv| G †ÿÎ †_‡K wkÿv_©xi Ávb I †e․w×K weKvk msµvšÍ cÖkœ
Kiv nq| wPšÍb †ÿÎwU Ávb I eyw×e„wËK weKv‡ki mv‡_ m¤ú„³| eøyg Avevi wPšÍb †ÿ·K 6wU Dc‡ÿ‡Î wef³ K‡ib|
†m¸‡jv n‡jv-Ávb, Abyaveb, cÖ‡qvM, we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb| G 6 wU Dc‡ÿ·K c`‡mvcvwbK AvKv‡i mvRv‡bv
n‡q‡Q Ges Zv mnR †_‡K KwVbZg cÖwµqvq|
2. Abyf~wZg~jK ev Av‡ewMK †ÿÎ (Affective Domain)
G‡ÿ‡Î Dcjwä, Av‡eM, `„wófw½, g‡bvfve, Abyave‡bi Ici †Rvi †`Iqv nq| Abyf~wZg~jK †ÿÎ ej‡Z gvby‡li
Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki aib‡K eySvq| †hgb- Abyfe, g~j¨‡eva, Av‡eM, †cÖlYv I g‡bvfw½|
3. g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ (Psychomotor Domain)
G‡ÿ‡Î gb I †ckx mÂvjbx •kjx I Abyaveb cÖwµqvi Ici †Rvi †`Iqv nq| nv‡Z-Kj‡g KvR Kiv A_ev kvixwiK
`ÿZv (skills) G †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ e¯‧ / aviYv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi g‡bvfve, `„wófw½, Abyf~wZ I g~j¨gvb appreciation
ev cÖksmvg~jK, D”Q¡vm I AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡ÎiI mnR †_‡K RwUjZi wefw³ Av‡Q| g‡bv‡ckxR
†ÿ‡Î, kvixwiK `ÿZv AR©b‡K †K›`ª K‡i hv wKQz AvewZ©Z nq Zv‡KB eySvq| †hgb- bov-Pov, mgš^qmvab, cÖvavb¨
we¯ÍviKiY| Gme `ÿZv AR©‡b Abykxjb `iKvi nq Ges MwZ I mÿgZvi gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv hvq|
mvaviY †kÖwYKi‡Yi gZ eøygm U¨v‡·v‡bvwgi D‡Ï‡k¨i avc DuPz †_‡K wbPz w`‡K AMÖmi nq| A_©vr DuPz ¯Í‡ii wkLb wbPz
¯Í‡ii Ávb I `ÿZvi Ici wfwË K‡i M‡o I‡V| GRb¨ †ÿθ‡jvi Avevi KZ¸‡jv Dc‡ÿÎ Av‡Q hv e¨w³i weKv‡k
mnR †_‡K RwUj w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wkÿv_©xi AR©‡bi wbw`©ó ¯Íi †_‡K cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ GB †kªwYKiY D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv
iv‡L|

wPšÍb †ÿÎ (Cognative Domain)

Ávb, gvbwmK `ÿZv I Zvi cÖ‡qvM, g~j¨vqb BZ¨vw` wPšÍb †ÿ‡Îi AšÍfy³ © | mvaviYZ GKRb wkÿK †kÖwYwkÿ‡Y
wkÿv_©x‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ kZKiv cÖvq 80 fvM cÖkœ wPšÍb †ÿ‡Îi Dc¯Íi Ávb †_‡K K‡ib| wkÿvi me©v½xb weKv‡k GB Ávb
¯Í‡ii mv‡_ D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi cÖkœ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| D”PZi ¯Í‡ii wPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ wkÿv_©xi gvbwmK ÿgZv kw³kvjx
K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î †Kvb wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZ I mywbw`©ó e¨vL¨v †`Iqvi `ÿZv AR©b K‡i| eøygm U¨v‡·vbwgi wPšÍb
†ÿ‡Î wb¤œ †_‡K D”PZi ¯Í‡i wPšÍb AMÖmi nq| GB wPšÍb †ÿ·K Qq fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| wb‡P †m¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c
avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
(K) Ávb (Knowledge)
c~‡e© cwVZ †Kvb welq ¯§iY Kiv, †Kvb Z_¨ g‡b ivLv, †Kvb cÖwµqv Rvbv BZ¨vw` GB †kÖwYi AšÍfy³© | c~‡e© †kLv
†Kvb welqe¯‧ †_‡K msÁv, aviYv, bxwZ, m~Î BZ¨vw` ¯§iY Kiv| †hgb, XvKvi `ªvwNgv KZ? we‡kl¨ c` Kv‡K e‡j ?
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯vcbv ey¨‡iv KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q? †Kvl wefvR‡bi avc¸‡jv Kx? evRvi Kv‡K e‡j?
(L) DcjwÜ ev Abyaveb(Comprehension)
†Kvb wKQz fv‡jvfv‡e eyS‡Z cviv, e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cviv Ges wb‡Ri fvlvq ms‡ÿ‡c cÖKvk Ki‡Z cviv, web¨¯Í Ki‡Z
cviv BZ¨vw` Gi AšÍf³ y© | †h msÁv, aviYv ev bxwZ wkÿv_©x ¯§iY K‡i‡Q, Zvi A_© Abyaveb Kiv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x
wbR fvlvq welqe¯‧i e¨vL¨v ev Zvrch© D‡jøL Ki‡Z cv‡i ev D`vniY w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y
g~j¨‡ev‡ai nvwb N‡U Kxfv‡e- e¨vL¨v Ki| D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Ae¨q c` eywS‡q `vI| gvby‡li cwicvK wµqv e¨vL¨v
Ki| evqyPv‡ci ZviZ‡g¨i KviY e¨vL¨v Ki|
(M) cÖ‡qvM (Application)
ey‡S ï‡b †Kvb AwR©Z Ávb, `ÿZv, †K․kj mywbw`©ó ev ev¯Íe Ae¯vq Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cviv| †Kvb Z_¨ m¤úwK©Z
bxwZ, m~Î, AvBb, ZË¡, aviYv ev wbqg Ab¨ †Kvb wel‡qi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z ev mgm¨v mgvav‡b ev mswkøó †Kvb
Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv| †hgb- cÖvwYK~j †e‡Pu _vKvi Rb¨ Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb nq †Kb? evRv‡i Pvj I †Z‡ji g~j¨ e„w×
mv‡c‡ÿ Pvwn`v I mieivn m~‡Îi cÖfve eY©bv Ki| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ AsKb K‡i LivcÖeY AÂjmg~n wPwýZ
Ki| wkjv I Lwb‡Ri cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki|
121
(N) we‡kølY (Analysis)
†Kvb wel‡qi wewfbœ Ask Rvbv Ges Zv †QvU †QvU As‡k we‡kølY Ki‡Z cviv| welqe¯‧i AšÍwb©wnZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K
Zv‡`i ¯^KxqZv eRvq †i‡L wew”Qbœ Kiv †hb Zvi ¯^Zš¿ •ewkó¨ wPwýZ Kiv hvq| †hgb, wek¦ kvwšÍ iÿvq RvwZms‡Ni
f~wgKv we‡kølY Ki| cjøx Kwe wn‡m‡e Rmxg D`&`xb-Gi Kwe cÖwZfvi eY©bv `vI| Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ Drcv`bKvix •ewkó¨
e¨vL¨v Ki|
(O) ms‡kølY (Synthesis)
†Kvb wel‡qi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv‡K ms‡hvRb/mgš^q Ki‡Z cviv| †Kvb welqe¯‧i wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi msMV‡b wfbœ Avw½‡K
bZzb KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv| †hgb, RbMY‡K AvqKi cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z Kx Kx c`‡ÿc †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i?
ùwUKxKiY c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Kxfv‡e evwo‡Z jeY •Zwi Ki‡e eY©bv Ki|
(P) g~j¨vqb (Evaluation)
†Kvb welq, aviYv ev Z‡Ë¡i ¸Yv¸Y mwVKfv‡e wePvi Ki‡Z cviv| wkÿv_©x KZ©…K cÖwZwôZ welqe¯‧i •ewkó¨ ev ¸Yv¸‡Yi
wfwˇZ †Kvb wm×v‡šÍ †cu․Qv‡bv| †hgb, AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vB GKwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi nvwZqvi-G cÖm‡½ †Zvgvi gZvgZ
`vI| evj¨weev‡n cvwievwiK cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki| †`kxq ms¯‥…wZ weKv‡k evsjv‡`‡ki wUwf P¨v‡bjmg~‡n cÖPvwiZ
bvUKmg~‡ni f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki|

wPÎ 10 : eøygm †U‡·vbwg (wPšÍb †ÿÎ)

Abyf~wZg~jK †ÿÎ (Affective Domain)
GB †ÿÎwU †Kvb welq MÖnY, eR©b, cQ›`, AcQ›`, Abyf~wZ Ges Av‡e‡Mi gvÎv BZ¨vw` wb‡`©k Kiv| GB †ÿ·K cvuPwU
fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ms‡ÿ‡c avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
(K) MÖnY Kiv (Receiving)
†Kvb welq, e³e¨, evYx, NUbv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i Abyaveb Kiv| kÖ×v mnKv‡i A‡b¨i e³e¨ †kvbv| †Kvb DÏxc‡Ki
Dcw¯wZ ev Aw¯ÍZ¡ Abyfe K‡i Zv‡K bv Gwo‡q MÖn‡Y”Qv RvMÖZ n‡j Zvi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó n‡e, BnvB MÖnY cÖwµqv|
g~jZ †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ m‡PZb nIqvi ci MÖn‡Yi B”Qv RvMwiZ n‡jB cÖ_‡g Zvi †Kvb bv †Kvb As‡ki cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvM
AvKwl©Z n‡e Ges mgqvšÍ‡i GK Ask †_‡K Ab¨ As‡k g‡bv‡hvM ¯vbvšÍwiZ n‡e| GwUB Abyf~wZg~jK †ÿ‡Îi MÖ nY
ch©vq|
122
(L) cÖwZwµqv e¨³ Kiv ev mvov cÖ`vb (Responding)
†Kvb welq, e¯‧, NUbv m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK/†bwZevPK cÖwZwµqv cÖKvk Kiv| †Kvb wel‡q AskMÖnY K‡i cÖwZwµqv e¨³
Kiv| †Kvb welq MÖnY Z_v g‡bv‡hv‡Mi cieZ©x ¯Íi nj mvov cÖ`vb| mvov cÖ`vb‡K wZbwU Dc¯‧‡i ev cÖwµqvq fvM Kiv
nq| h_v- mvov cÖ`v‡b †g․b m¤§wZ, ¯^Ztù~Z© B”Qv I Z…wß| †Kvb wewawb‡la †g‡b Pjvi Rb¨ g‡b g‡b cÖ¯Z‧ nIqv nj
mvov cÖ`v‡bi cÖ_g ch©vq ev †g․b m¤§wZ ch©vq| wewfbœ wel‡q me©‡kl Z_¨ Rvbvi Rb¨ ¯^Ztù~Z© cov‡kvbvi gva¨‡g
cÖ¯w‧ Z †bIqv nj wØZxq ch©vq| wewfbœ †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †Kvb wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq Avb›` cvIqv ev ‡Kvb wel‡q cov‡kvbvq
Avb›` cvIqv BZ¨vw` nj Z…wß ch©vq|
(M) g~j¨wePvi ev ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb (Valuing)
†Kvb NUbv, welq, Kvh©µ‡gi ¸Y wePvi we‡kølY Kivi ci MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j Gi cÖwZ AbyK~j AvPiY Kiv| †Kv‡bv wek¦vm,
e¯‧ ev AvPi‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z e¨w³‡K g~j¨ †`Iqv| †hgb- e¨w³ Ges mvs¯‥…wZK ‣ewPΨ‡K ¯úk©KvZi wn‡m‡e wb‡Z
cviv Ges g~j¨vqb Kiv|
(N) msMwVZ Kiv (Organizing)
msMVb nj wewfbœ g~j¨‡ev‡ai •ewiZv `~i K‡i mKj‡K GKwÎZ Kiv| wewfbœ g~j¨‡ev‡ai Zzjbv Ges mgš^q mvab K‡i
AmvaviY g~j¨‡eva MVb Kiv| †hgb-¯^vaxbZv Ges `vwqZ¡kxj AvPi‡Yi fvimv‡g¨i cÖ‡qvRb kbv³ Kiv| wkÿv_©x hLb
cici wKQz g~j¨ AvZ¥¯ K‡i Ggb cwiw¯wZi m¤§yLxb nq hvi mv‡_ GKvwaK g~j¨ mswkøó nq| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb nq (1)
g~j¨mg~n‡K GKwU k„•Ljvq ev cÖwµqvq msMwVZ Kiv; (2) g~j¨mg~‡ni g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wba©viY Kiv Ges (3)
cÖavb Ges cwie¨vß g~j¨mg~n cÖwZôv Kiv|
(O) g~j¨‡evawfwËK •ewkó¨ ev ¯^fveRvZKiY(Characterizing)
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wbR¯^ g~j¨‡eva i‡q‡Q hv Zvi AvPiY Øviv wbqwš¿Z ev cÖKvwkZ nq Ges cieZx© mg‡q Zv Af¨v‡m cwiYZ
nq| hLb †Kvb wek¦vm AvZ¥¯ n‡q e¨w³i wbKU ¯vqx Avmb †c‡Z †bq Ges mswkøó AvPiY ¯^fveRvZ n‡q ¯vqx Af¨v‡m
cwiYZ nq, ZLb ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡eB AvPiYwU N‡U hvq hw` G wel‡q ‡Kvb evwn¨K Ø›Ø ev fqfxwZ bv _v‡K| wek¦vm †_‡K
¯^fveRvZ AvPi‡Yi ¯^Ztù~Z©Zv Ggb ch©v‡qI †c․uQvq †h, †Kvb fqfxwZ ev Ø›ØI Zv‡K †miƒc AvPiY Kiv †_‡K weiZ
ivL‡Z e¨_© nq|
g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ(Psychomotor Domain)
†h KvR gb I †ckxi mgš^q mva‡bi gva¨‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿÎ ejv hvq| †hgbÑ (1) weÁv‡bi
e¨envwiK KvR, (2) K…wl wkÿvq nvjPvl w`‡q Rwg •Zwi, (3) e„wËg~jK wkÿvqÑ †mjvB †gwkb †givgZ Kiv BZ¨vw`|
Gi mv‡_ AšÍfy³© wkÿv_©xi kix‡ii bov-Pov ev MwZ, mgš^q Ges hš¿ ev e¯‧ e¨env‡ii `ÿZv| G ai‡bi `ÿZvi Rb¨
`iKvi Abykxjb| MwZ, wbf©yjZvi gvÎv, `~iZ¡, c×wZ A_ev ev¯Íevqb †K․kj Gi gva¨‡g GB `ÿZv cwigvc Kiv hvq|
g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ·K cvuPwU Dcfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
(K) AbyKiY (Imitation)
†h mKj KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q †ckxi mgš^‡qi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †Kej gb wKsev †ckxi Øviv Kiv m¤¢e nq| A‡b¨i KvR
AbyKiY K‡i Kv‡Ri †K․kj †kLv, †hgb-AbyKiY K‡i UvBc Kiv ev wPÎ ev Qwe AvuKv| G‡ÿ‡Î K…wZZ¡ wb¤œgv‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
(L) AbyPvjb ev nv‡Zi KvR (Manipulation)
Av‡`k Abymv‡i A_ev wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK KvR m¤úbœ Kiv| wb‡`©kbv AbymiY K‡i wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv KvR Kivi mÿgZv
Ges Abykxjb| †hgb- cÖwkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK Kw¤úDUv‡i †U·U †jLv Abykxjb K‡i WKz‡g›U UvBc Kiv|
(M) LywUbvwU KvR wbLyuZfv‡e Kiv ev wbLuyZvqb(Precision)
`ªæZ I wbLyuZfv‡e KvR m¤úbœ Kiv| KvR ms‡kvab Ges Av‡iv wbf©yj Ki‡Z cviv| †hgb-Kw¤úDUv‡i †Kvb WKz‡g›U
UvBc Kiv Ges fzj ms‡kvab Kiv|
(N) MÖšbv (Articulation)
wewfbœ Kvhv©w`i g‡a¨ avivevwnKfv‡e mgš^q mvab Kiv| GKB wmwi‡Ri ev GKB †m‡Ui ev GKB ai‡bi KZ¸‡jv Kv‡Ri
mgš^qmvab, HK¨Zvb ¯vcb Ges Af¨šÍixY mvgÄm¨ wbwðZ Kiv| †hgb- WKz‡g›U UvBc Kiv I wcÖ›U Kiv (wbf©yjfv‡e
UvBc Kiv I GjvB‡g›U wVK Kiv)|
(O) ¯^vfvweKiY(Naturalization)
cÖwZwbqZ Abykxjb Ki‡Z Ki‡Z ¯^fv‡e cwiYZ nIqvi d‡j cieZx© mg‡q Zv ¯^qswµq Ges ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e N‡U _v‡K|
A_©vr †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Ggb D”P gvÎvq `ÿZv AR©b Kiv †h, KvR Ki‡Z †Zgb wPšÍv Kivi `iKvi nq bv|
123
7.8 eøy‡gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖkœ we‡ePbv
eøg †U‡·vbwgi wPšÍb `ÿZvi QqwU Dc‡ÿ·K we‡ePbv K‡iB m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e GB QqwU
Dc‡ÿ·K 4wU `ÿZvi AvIZvq G‡b m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv wb‡¤œi Av‡jvPbvq AviI ¯úó Kiv n‡q‡Q|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi aviYv
GK K_vq wkÿv_©x‡`i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡ki Rb¨ †h cÖkœ Kiv nq Zv-B m„Rbkxj cÖk|œ Ab¨K_vq wkÿv_©xi wPšÍb `ÿZv
weKv‡ki Rb¨ †eÄvwgb eœyg Gi †U‡·vbwg Abyhvqx K‡qKwU cÖkœ I GKwU `„k¨Kí mgš^‡q †h cÖkœ Kiv nq †mUvB
m„Rbkxj cÖk|œ
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb KvVv‡gv
GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU bZzb cwiw¯wZhy³ DÏxcK Ges DÏxcK mswkøó PviwU cÖkœ _v‡K| DÏxcK wn‡m‡e
GKwU `„k¨Kí ev NUbv ci¤civ eY©bv Kiv nq| `„k¨Kí wn‡m‡e wPÎ ,WvqvMÖvg, mviwY I PvU© e¨envi Kiv hvq| cÖkœ
PviwU KvwV‡b¨i µgvbymv‡i ch©vqµ‡g _v‡K|
GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ wPšÍb `ÿZvi wewfbœ ¯Íi hvPvB Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 10 b¤^i eivÏ _v‡K|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wPšÍb `ÿZvi Dc¯Íimg~n‡K (eøg †U‡·ªvbwgi 06 wU Dc¯Íi‡K) 04 wU Dc¯Í‡i KvwV‡b¨i
gvÎv Abymv‡i web¨¯Í Kiv n‡q‡Q| hv wb¤œiƒc-
1. Ávb
2. Abyaveb
3. cÖ‡qvM
4. D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv ( we‡kølY, ms‡kølY I g~j¨vqb)
1. Ávb
GwU n‡jv wPšÍb `ÿZvi me©wbgœ¯Íi| Gi A_© n‡”Q c~‡e© Rvbv †Kv‡bv wKQy ¯§iY Kiv| Gi g‡a¨ †hme welq
AšÍfy³© †m¸‡jv n‡jv- mvaviY kãmg~n, we‡kl ZË¡, Z_¨, c×wZ, cÖwµqv, aviYv Ges bxwZgvjv BZ¨vw` ¯§iY
Kiv ev wPb‡Z cviv| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ •Zwi Kiv mnR| Ávb ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi mivmwi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cvIqv hvq|
2. Abyaveb
Abyaveb nj †Kv‡bv wel‡qi A_© †evSvi `ÿZv| Zv n‡Z cv‡i Z_¨, bxwZgvjv, m~Î, wbqg, c×wZ, cÖwµqv
BZ¨vw` eyS‡Z cviv| eyS‡Z cvi‡j e¨vL¨v A_ev Abyev` Kiv hvq| eyS‡Z cvi‡jB †g․wLKfv‡e Ges cÖZxK,
MÖvd, mviwY I wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb Kiv m¤¢e nq| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœi DËi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Ávb ¯Í‡ii
Zzjbvq AwaKZi `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb| wkLb Ges g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi e¨envi ¸iæZ¡¡c~Y©|
3. cÖ‡qvM
cÖ‡qvM ej‡Z eySvq c~‡e©i †kLv welq‡K bZzb †Kv‡bv cwiw¯wZ‡Z e¨envi Kivi `ÿZv| AvBb, wewa, ZË¡, m~Î,
wbqg, c×wZ, aviYv, bxwZ BZ¨vw`i cÖ‡qvM n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvM `ÿZv ¯Í‡i AšÍfy³ © _vK‡Z cv‡i PvU© I MÖvd
•Zwi Kiv, c×wZi mwVK e¨envi I cÖ`k©b Ges wnmve-wbKvk Kiv|
4. D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv
D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv ej‡Z †evSvq †Kv‡bv wel‡qi we‡kølY (we‡kl †_‡K mvaviY), ms‡kølY (mvaviY †_‡K
we‡kl) Ges g~j¨vqb (wePvi-we‡ePbv,hyw³)| †Kv‡bv mgMÖ welq, aviYv ev welqe¯‧‡K wewfbœ Dcv`vb ev As‡k
wef³ Kiv Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ m¤úK© wPwýZ Kiv| welq mswkøó GK¸”Q Z_¨/Dcv`vb/Ask msMwVZ Ges
mgMÖ‡Z iƒcvšÍi Kiv| wewfbœ Drm †_‡K Z_¨ ev aviYv msMÖn K‡i Zv w`‡q GKwU KvVv‡gv ev bKkv •Zwi Kiv|
†Kv‡bv gZvgZ, KvR, mgvavb Ges c×wZi g~j¨ wePvi Kiv| `ÿZvi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi wn‡m‡e Gi g‡a¨ wbgœZi
¯Í‡ii Ab¨ me wPšÍb `ÿZv¸‡jv AšÍfy³ © _v‡K| c~‡e©i Rvbv Z_¨ ev ZË¡ (Ávb) e¨envi K‡i bZzb †Kv‡bv
cwiw¯wZ‡Z wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Ges g~j¨vq‡bi `ÿZvB n‡jv D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi b¤^i e›Ub
Ask/ cÖkœ ¯Íi eivÏK…Z b¤^i
K Ávb 01
L Aby a veb 02
M cÖ‡qvM 03
N D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv 04
†gvU: 10

124
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖ_g AskwU (K) Ávb ¯Í‡ii hv mnR I wbZvšÍB ¯§„wZwbf©i| cÖkwœ U ¯§„wZwbf©i n‡jI Zv †hb A_©en
Ges wkÿYxq nq| G AskwUi Rb¨ 1 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wØZxq Ask (L) nj Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii cÖk|œ Gi gva¨‡g wkÿvµ‡gi AvIZvq cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯Íz
Abyaveb Kivi ÿgZv hvPvB Kiv nq| cvV¨eB‡q wewfbœ NUbv ev welqe¯Ízi weeiY †`Iqv _v‡K| G ai‡bi cÖ‡kœ mivmwi
cvV¨eB‡qi Abyiƒc weeiY Rvb‡Z PvIqv nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡K welqe¯Íz m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v ev eY©bv w`‡Z ejv nq|
cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 2 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|
cÖ‡kœi Z…Zxq AskwU (M) nj cÖ‡qvM ¯Í‡ii cÖk|œ m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi G AskwU fv‡jvgv‡bi bZzb cwiw¯wZhy³ DÏxc‡Ki
Ici wbf©ikxj| A_©vr DÏxcK hw` Lye gvbm¤úbœ nq Z‡e cÖ‡qvM `ÿZvi cÖkwœ U cÖYqb Kiv m¤¢e| G cÖ‡kœi DËi
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e| cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z_¨ Ges Gi Abyaveb DÏxc‡K ewY©Z bZzb cwiw¯wZ‡Z
wkÿv_©x cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| cvV¨eB‡qi welqe¯‧ wkÿv_©x fv‡jvfv‡e co‡j †m wel‡q Zvi ¯úó aviYv n‡e Ges †mUv bZzb
†ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©xi cÖ‡qvM Kivi ÿgZvB cÖ‡qvM `ÿZv| cÖ‡kœi G As‡ki Rb¨ 3 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwU (N) n‡”Q D”PZi `ÿZvi cÖk|œ G ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wePvi-we‡ePbv Kivi
`ÿZv, †Kv‡bv welq ev NUbv we‡kølY Kivi `ÿZv, wm×všÍ †bIqvi `ÿZv BZ¨vw` hvPvB Kiv nq| G cÖ‡kœi DËi Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡e Ges mswkøó Z_¨ bZzb cwiw¯wZ‡Z e¨envi K‡i wkÿv_©x Zvi wePvi-we‡køl‡Yi,
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi I g~j¨vq‡bi `ÿZv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM cv‡e| cÖ‡kœi PZz_© AskwUi Rb¨ 4 b¤^i eivÏ _vK‡e|
DÏxc‡Ki aviYv
DÏxcK wkÿv_©xi mvg‡b GKwU bZzb cwiw¯wZ Dc¯vcb K‡i| †h cwiw¯wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x Zvi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i
ev e¨envi K‡i GKwU bZzb cwiw¯wZ we‡kølY, bZzb cwiw¯wZ‡Z hyw³ cÖ`k©b , wm×všÍ MÖnY I g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
DÏxc‡K †h mKj Dcv`vb _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q, welq mswkøó mswÿß Aby‡”Q`,wPÎ, gvbwPÎ, mviwY, †jLwPÎ, Qwe,
D×…wZ I gšÍe¨ BZ¨vw`| DÏxcK •Zwi‡Z Drm wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i, cÎ cwÎKv, †idv‡iÝ eB, cÖeÜ, †iwWI I
†Uwjwfk‡b cÖPvwiZ Z_¨ ev NUbv , cÖvgvb¨ wPÎ, weÁvcb I weÁvcb wPÎ BZ¨vw`|
DÏxc‡Ki Dc‡hvwMZv I wb‡`©kbv
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ `ÿZvi ¯Íi Abyhvqx I DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K cÖYqb Kiv nq| Kv‡RB DÏxcK Gwo‡q wM‡q †hb wkÿv_©xiv
mKj ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`vb Ki‡Z bv cv‡i †m w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| Avevi DÏxc‡Ki •`N©¨ †hb h_vh_ nq Zvi
cÖwZI `„wó w`‡Z n‡e| Gme w`K we‡ePbvq †i‡L DÏxc‡Ki Dc‡hvwMZv I wb‡`©kbvi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
cÖYq‡b wb‡Pi wb‡`©kbvmg~n Abymi‡Y m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e-
1. †h welqe¯Íz‡K wb‡q cÖkœ Ki‡eb Zv wkÿvµ‡gi AšÍfy³ © n‡Z n‡e|
2. ¸iæZ¡nxb(Trivial) welq Rvbvi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv hv‡e bv|
3. cÖ‡kœi ïiæ‡Z GKwU †g․wjK, AvKl©Yxq I mswÿß DÏxcK •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e| DÏxcK cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K mivmwi
†bIqv hv‡e bv| Z‡e DÏxcK Aek¨B wkÿvµg/wm‡jevm/cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki †Kv‡bv welqe¯Ízi Av‡jv‡K cÖYxZ n‡Z n‡e|
4. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z welq¯Íyi Av‡jv‡KB PviwU cÖkœ (K, L, M Ges N Ask) •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. DÏxc‡K †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi _vK‡e bv| eis DÏxcK wkÿv_©x‡K wewfbœfv‡e wPšÍv Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
6. DÏxcK we‡ePbvq bv †i‡L ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ As‡ki DËi †`Iqv m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i|
7. DÏxcK we‡ePbvq bv †i‡L ÔMÕ I ÔNÕ As‡ki DËi †`Iqv †Kvb µ‡gB m¤¢e n‡e bv|
8. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖwZwU Ask Zvi mv‡_ mswkøó `ÿZv cwigv‡ci Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
9. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ Ask (ÔKÕ, ÔLÕ, ÔMÕ I ÔNÕ Ask) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K MwVZ n‡jI Askmg~n
mswkøó `ÿZv cwigv‡ci Dc‡hvMx bvI n‡Z cv‡i| G †ÿ‡Î DÏxcK/cÖkœ ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
10. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ Ask (ÔKÕ, ÔLÕ, ÔMÕ I ÔNÕ Ask) Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb wewfbœ
As‡ki Dˇi cybive„wË bv N‡U|
11. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkc œ Î Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e †hb cÖkc œ ‡Îi wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki DˇiI
cybive„wË bv N‡U|
12. GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki c~Y© ev AvswkK Dˇi (c~Y© ev AvswkK DËi wewfbœfv‡e †jLv †h‡Z cv‡i)
b¤^i cÖ`vb Kx n‡e Zv cÖkœ cÖYq‡bi mgq AvMvg we‡ePbv K‡i b¤^i cÖ`vb wb‡`©wkKv wVK K‡i wb‡Z nq|
13. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv As‡ki DËi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb A_©vr Z_¨, ZË¡, aviYv, m~Î BZ¨vw` Aek¨B
wkÿvµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy¯Í‡K _vK‡Z n‡e|
14. m„Rbkxj cÖkœ •Zwii mg‡q wKQy ÎæwU `„wó‡MvPi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi b¤^i cÖ`vb wb‡`©wkKv I bgybv
DËi •Zwi Kivi mg‡q cÖ‡kœi mejZv I `ye©jZv (ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ) `„k¨gvb n‡e Ges Gi wfwˇZ cÖkœ ms‡kvab
Ki‡Z n‡e|
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eøy‡gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi D`vniY
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi `vI:
iwgR wgqv Avjy Drcv`b K‡i evRv‡i weµq K‡ib| Avjyi `vg hLb 15 UvKv ZLb wZwb 30 †KwR †hvMvb w`‡Z
B”QzK| `vg 18 UvKv n‡j wZwb 45 †KwR †hvMvb w`‡Z B”QzK|
K. A_©bxwZ‡Z †hvMvb Kv‡K e‡j? Ávb 1
L. A_©‣bwZK `ª‡e¨i GKwU •ewkó¨ eY©bv Ki| Abyaveb 2
M. Dc‡ii Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ Avjyi †hvMvb †iLv AsKb K‡i e¨vL¨v Ki cÖ‡qvM 3
N. AswKZ †hvMvb †iLvi AvK…wZi mv‡_ Pvwn`v †iLvi AvK…wZi cv_©K¨ e¨vL¨v Ki| D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv 4

eøy‡gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi D`vniY

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges cÖk¸ œ ‡jvi DËi `vI
AvwkK 5,00000/- UvKv wb‡q GKwU Lvev‡ii †`vKvb †`b| cuywRi Afv‡e Pvwn`v _vKvi ciI wZwb †`vKv‡bi kvLv
Lyj‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv | nVvr GK AwMœKv‡Û Zvi †`vKv‡bi e¨vcK ÿwZ nq Ges †`bv cwi‡kv‡ai ci wZwb ch©vß cywuR
e¨emvq mieivn Ki‡Z cviwQ‡jb bv| ZLb Avwk‡Ki GK eÜz Zvi e¨emvq cybivq Pvjyi Rb¨ wjwLZ mg‡SvZvi
gva¨‡g cuywR mieivn K‡ib| cieZ©x K‡qK eQ‡i XvKvi K‡qKwU cÖwm× GjvKvq Zviv kvLv †Lv‡jb| GK ch©v‡q Zv‡`i
e¨emvq †jvKmvb nq| AvwkK I Zvi eÜz Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK †`bv cwi‡kva Kivi ci AvwkK †`‡Lb †h, wZwb
¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e wb‡R Av‡iKwU e¨emv ïরু Ki‡Z mÿg|
K. †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwZôvb wbeÜbcÎ cvIqvi ciB e¨emvwqK Ávb 1
Kvh©µg Avi¤¢ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
L. ¯vqx g~jab ej‡Z Kx eySvq? D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Ki| Abyaveb 2
M. Avwk‡Ki cÖ_g ch©v‡qi mvsMVwbK e¨emv‡qi aibwU e¨vL¨v Ki| cÖ‡qvM 3
N. eÜzi mv‡_ Avwk‡Ki e¨emvq Kivi wm×všÍwU wK mwVK wQj? D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv 4
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Dˇii ¯^c‡ÿ hyw³ `vI |

m„Rbkxj cÖkœcÎ gWv‡ik‡b we‡eP¨ welqmg~n

 GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ welqe¯‧i e¨vcKZvi †P‡q wPšÍb `ÿZvi wewfbœ ¯Íi g~j¨vq‡bi Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i;
 GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx wPšÍb `ÿZvi mKj ¯‧i cÖwZwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g g~j¨vqb
Kiv hvq wK bv Zvi wfwˇZ cÖkc œ ‡Îi h_v_©Zv hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e;
 GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi GKwU DÏxcK _v‡K Ges Gi Ici wfwË K‡i PviwU As‡k wef³ cÖkœ _v‡K| DÏxcK
wjwLZ wKQz n‡Z cv‡i Avevi mviwY, MÖvd/‡jLwPÎ, Qwe A_ev WvqvMÖvg AvKv‡i n‡Z cv‡i A_ev G¸‡jvi
mgwš^Z iƒcI n‡Z cv‡i;
 ‡Kv‡bv welq/ c‡Îi GKwU Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jv‡K A_ev GKvwaK Aa¨v‡qi mgš^‡q DÏxcK MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 DÏxcK Aek¨B cÖ‡kœi DËi cÖ`v‡bi h‡_vchy³ n‡Z n‡e wKš‧ Ggb `xN© n‡e bv hv‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i co‡Z
A‡bK mgq e¨q nq;
 AcÖ‡qvRbxq ev AmvgÄm¨c~Y© †Kv‡bv Z_¨ DÏxcK A_ev cÖ‡kœi †Kv‡bv As‡k _vK‡e bv|
 k‡ãi e¨envi, evK¨ MVb Ges aviYv msMVb BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi A¯úóUv/ ب_©KZv cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e;
 m„Rbkxj cÖkœ Ggb †K․k‡j cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e †h, GKwU cÖ‡kœi wewfbœ As‡ki Dˇii g‡a¨ cybive„wË (cÖveiY)
n‡e bv| cÖkc œ ‡Îi wewfbœ wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi Dˇii g‡a¨I cÖveiY bv _vKv evÃbxq| cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖkœ (K, L, M Ges
N Ask) ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡b m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi cÖwZ As‡ki Rb¨ b¤^i cÖ`vb
wb‡`©wkKv I bgybv DËi ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡Z cv‡i;
 GKvwaK cÖkc œ ‡Îi †mU •Zwii †ÿ‡Î jÿ ivL‡Z n‡e †hb cÖkc œ ‡Î cÖ‡kœi KvwV‡b¨i web¨v‡m I Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î
wewfbœ †m‡Ui g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ wbwðZ nq|
126
m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi ÔKÕ As‡ki DËi mnR Ges cvV¨cy¯Í‡K mivmwi _vK‡e| wkÿv_©x Zvi wkL‡bi aviYvMZ w`‡K ¯úó wK
bv, Ab¨‡K eySv‡Z cv‡i wK bv Zv Abyaveb ¯Í‡ii (ÔLÕAsk) DËi †_‡K hvPvB K‡i †`Lv nq| cÖ‡qvM (ÔMÕ Ask) I
D”PZi `ÿZv (ÔNÕ Ask) ¯Í‡ii cÖ‡kœi Dˇii ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK †ewk Ges Gi gva¨‡g cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki evB‡ii cwiw¯wZ‡Z
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Z‡_¨i Av‡jv‡K wkÿv_©xi wPšÍv Kivi `ÿZv g~j¨vqb Kiv nq| DÏxcK wbR †_‡K †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi
mieivn K‡i bv wKš‧ GKwU cwiw¯wZ‡Z wPšÍv Ki‡Z wkÿv_©x‡K DÏxß K‡i|

7.9 wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZKi‡Yi Dcvq Ges g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †KŠkj
‡kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©xi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †h mKj †K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv nq Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk
Ges Kvh©Kifv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq wkÿv_©x‡K DËg gv‡bi cÖkK œ iY| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv GKwU wØgyLx cÖwµqv| hvi GKw`‡K
_v‡K wkÿK Ges Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_©x| GB wØgyLx cÖwµqvq cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n n‡”Q, welqe¯‧, cwi‡ek, wkLb-
‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj , wkLb mvgMÖx ev DcKiY Ges g~j¨hvPvB †K․kj| wkÿK‡Ki KvR n‡”Q G mKj Dcv`vb‡K
wbqš¿Y K‡i welqe¯‧, Z_¨ ev AwfÁZv wkÿv_x‡`i gv‡S mÂvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wkÿ‡Ki G f~wgKv wkÿv_©x‡`i mvov
cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv K‡i| wkÿv_©xi mvov e¨e¯vKiY A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Kix nq, hw` wkÿv_©x‡K cÖkK œ i‡Y DØy× K‡i †Zvjv
hvq| †Kej wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ K‡i m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wkLb hvPvB Kiv hvq bv| Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿv_©x KZ©„K
wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Kiv| mvaviYZ wkÿv_©xiv wbR D‡`¨v‡M wkÿK‡K †Kvb cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i bv| GgbwK KLbI KLbI †kÖwY
Kvh©µ‡gi †kl w`‡K wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i †Kvb cÖkœ Av‡Q wKbv wRÁvmv Ki‡jI wkÿv_©xiv bxie _v‡K| wkÿv_©x‡`i GB
bxieZvi A_© memgq GB bq †h,wkÿv_©x me ey‡S‡Q ev †Kvb cÖkœ †bB| cwiw¯wZ‡K fq cvIqv ev Gwo‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y
Zviv bxie _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki KvR n‡”Q wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkK œ i‡Yi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv| wkÿK‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ Ggb
cwi‡ek M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wkÿv_©xiv welqe¯‧ wb‡q wPšÍv fvebv Kivi my‡hvM cvq Ges Zv‡`i gb AbymwÜrmy n‡q
I‡V|
Good learning starts with questions, not answers.
Guy Claxton, Bristol University
wkÿv_©x‡K cÖkœKi‡Y DrmvwnZKi‡Yi Dcvqmg~n
†K․Zznj m„wó Kiv: kw³kvjx DÏxcK e¨envi K‡i †K․Zznj m„wó Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î Qwe, eB, d‡UvMÖvd Ges
wkíKg© e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi ü`q ¯úk© Kiv‡bv wfwWI cÖ`k©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| D‡ËRK welqe¯‧ cvV Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| wmgy‡jkb †Mg †Ljv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv cÖ`k©b Ki‡j ev e¨envi Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i †K․Zznj m„wó n‡e|
d‡j cÖkK
œ i‡Y DrmvwnZ n‡e|
†eªBbóg© m„wó Kiv:welq ev aviYv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ-†eªBb÷g© m„wói Rb¨ evej ev gvBÛ g¨vwcs Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cÖkœ Ab¨
cÖkœ m„wó K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i •Zwi cÖ‡kœi e¨vsK •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wkÿv_©xiv cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡e|
wPšÍv Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq †`Iqv:wkÿv_©x‡`i wPšÍv‡K msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨ mgq w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡gB wkÿv_©x‡`i nvZ
Zzj‡Z ejv hv‡e bv| KvD‡K WvKvi Av‡M Zv‡`i‡K cÖkœ¸‡jv wjL‡Z ev msMwVZ Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| mZx_©‡`i mv‡_
Zv‡`i wPšÍv wewbgq Kivi c~‡e© cvU©bv‡ii mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e| d‡j cÖkK
œ i‡Y DrmvwnZ n‡e|
AbymÜv‡bi ms¯‥…wZ m„wó Kiv: A‡š^lY Ges cÖkK
œ i‡Y DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ev¯Íe RxebwfwËK A_©c~Y© mgm¨v cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e| mgm¨vi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨ZevYx K‡i, ¯úó e³e¨ cÖ`vb K‡i c~‡e©i Áv‡bi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
hv wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
aviYvi Ici †dvKvm Kiv: NUbv m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ bv K‡i NUbvi wcQ‡bi eo aviYv¸‡jvi Ici †dvKvm Ki‡Z cvi‡j
wkÿv_©xiv cÖkK
œ i‡Y Drmvn †eva Ki‡e|
Db¥y³ cÖkœ Kiv:wkÿv_©x‡`i Db¥y³ cÖkœ Ki‡j Zv‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvi weKvk NU‡e| d‡j Zviv Kíbv Ki‡Z wkL‡e
I wb‡Ri g‡b bvbv iKg cÖ‡kœi D‡`ªK n‡e| cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡e|
bZzb cv‡Vi welhe¯‧i Ici cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kiv:bZzb welqe¯‧ cov‡bvi ïiæ‡Z welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©©xiv Kx Rvb‡Z Pvq
ev Zv‡`i aviYv Kx, Gm¤ú‡K© 5 wU cÖkœ Ki‡Z ej‡j wkÿv_©xiv DrmvwnZ n‡e Ges cÖkœ Ki‡e| wkÿK hw` welqe¯‧
cov‡bvi mgq GB cÖkœ¸‡jv Kfvi K‡i cvV Dc¯vcb K‡ib Zvn‡j wkÿv_©xiv cieZ©x‡Z AviI cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
n‡e|
127
BwZevPK mvov cÖ`vb Kiv : A_©nxb ev Zz”Q cÖkœ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡K Aeg~j¨vqb Kiv hv‡e bv| Gi cwie‡Z© eis
wkÿv_©x‡K BwZevPK mvov cÖ`vb K‡i ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †Kb Zzwg GiKg ej‡j GKUz mgq wb‡q fve, Zvici Avevi cÖkœ
Ki| ZLb wkÿv_©x bZzb K‡i fve‡e Ges cÖkœ Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ n‡e|
D”PZi wPšÍb ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ Kiv : wkÿv_©x‡K Ggb cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb †m wPšÍvi Dcv`vb cvq| G‡ÿ‡Î D”PZi wPšÍb
`ÿZvi cÖkœ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wPšÍv K‡i DËi ‣Zwi Kivi mgq Zvi g‡b bvbv iKg cÖkœ Rb¥ wb‡e| Zv‡K DrmvwnZ
Ki‡j I cÖkœ Ki‡Yi cwi‡ek ‣Zwi Ki‡j wkÿv_©x cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡e|
GQvovi wb‡¤œi †K․kj¸‡jv e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e:
 Ggb wKQy cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e hvi Dˇi wkÿv_©x cÖkœ Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
 †kÖwY‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i wbw`©ó welqe¯‧i Ici cÖkœ cÖYq‡Yi KvR w`‡Z n‡e| KvR †kl n‡j GK `j Ab¨ `j‡K
A_ev wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Ki‡e| d‡j cÖkœ cÖYqb I cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kivi Af¨vm M‡o IV‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡`i evwoi KvR wn‡m‡e welqe¯‧i wbw`©ó Ask †_‡K cÖkœ •Zwi K‡i Avb‡Z ej‡j wkÿv_©x Zv •Zwi K‡i
wb‡q Avm‡e | Zvu‡`i •Zwi cÖkœ¸‡jv †kÖwYK‡ÿ G‡K Aci‡K Kivi my‡hvM w`‡j Zviv DrmvwnZ n‡e|
 wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ †hb †Kvb wØav, ØÜ ev fq bv _v‡K|
 wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ Nwbó m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
 †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©xi AbyK~j cwi‡ek M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_©x‡K †K․Zznjx K‡i Zzj‡Z cvi‡jB †m cÖkœ Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e
 wkÿv_©x hLb cª‡kœi DËi †`‡e ev wb‡R cÖkœ Ki‡e ZLb Zvi cÖwZ we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e
 wkÿv_©xi †h †Kvb cÖwZwµqv, cÖkœ ev DËi me †ÿ‡ÎB wkÿK Zv‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡eb, Zvi cÖksmv Ki‡eb|
†hgb, Òevt! fvix my›`i cÖkœ K‡iQ †Zv,Ó
 GKRb wkÿv_©x cÖkœ Ki‡j †kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©x‡K †mw`‡K g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z ejv Ges Zv‡`i m¤ú„³ Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó _vKv
 GKR‡bi g‡Zi mv‡_ Ab¨‡`i gZvg‡Zi wgj, Awgj, Ø›× BZ¨vw` mgš^q Kiv
 welqe¯Í mswkøó †Kvb mgm¨v wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K GKKfv‡e ev `jxqfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡Z w`‡Z n‡e| mgm¨v
mgvav‡bi c_ LyuR‡Z wM‡q wkÿv_©xiv GKw`‡K G‡K Aci‡K cÖkœ Ki‡e Avevi Ab¨w`‡K wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ Dcvq
Lyu‡R bv †c‡j ev †Kvb aviYv m¤ú©‡K ¯úóZv bv _vK‡j wkÿK‡K cÖkœ Ki‡e|
 welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq wkÿK hw` gv‡S gv‡S wkÿv_©x‡K cÖkœ Ki‡Z DØy× K‡ib Ges my‡hvM †`b Z‡e wZwb
wkÿv_©xi welqe¯‧i †evaMg¨Zvi gvÎv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
 gvbyl hLb †Kvb welq wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ cÖ‡kœi Rb¥ nq| A_©¨vr cÖkœKi‡Yi c~e©kZ© nÕj wPšÍv| ZvB
wkÿv_©x‡K cÖkœKi‡Y DØy× Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki Ab¨Zg KvR n‡e welqe¯‧ m¤§‡Ü wkÿv_©xi wPšÍvi D‡`ªK NUv‡bv|

wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM I AvMÖn a‡i ivLvi †K․kj

†kÖwYK‡ÿ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq †g․wLK cÖkK œ iY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡Ri cÖwZwU c‡e© ev
¯Í‡i hw` wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ K‡ib , Z‡e wkÿv_©x mwµq nq Ges cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z wM‡q wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq, Z_¨
AbymÜvb Ki‡Z nq, wkÿK Ges mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ fve wewbgq Ki‡Z nq, Gme Ki‡Z wM‡q †m welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© AvMnx
n‡q c‡o I wkL‡b g‡bv‡hvMx nq| myZivs wkLb-wkLv‡bv Kv‡R cÖkK
œ iY cÖavbZ `yB ai‡bi f~wgKv cvjb K‡i-
1. cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv ;
2. cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i aviYv I Z_¨ we‡kølY I ms‡køl‡Yi mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv;
1. cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x‡K AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv
wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ cvV¨wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn I DÏxcbv m„wói GKwU Dcvq nj †kªwYK‡ÿ Dc¯vwcZ welqe¯‧‡K ev¯Íe
Rxe‡bi NUbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv| GB m¤ú„³KiY D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g Zz‡i aiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Avevi wkÿv_©x‡`i ev¯Íe
Rxeb Nwbô cÖkœ DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wkL‡bi welqe¯‧ m¤^‡Ü wkÿv_x©i g‡b AvMÖn m„wó n‡j cieZx©‡Z
Zvi g‡b Gi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q cÖkœ RvM‡e| G ai‡bi cwiw¯wZ‡Z wkÿv_©x wKQz cÖ‡kœi DËi †m wb‡R Zvi cvwicvwk¦©KZv
†_‡K Luy‡R †ei K‡i, wKQz Zvi mncvVx‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Ges wKQz wkÿ‡Ki Dc¯vwcZ Z_¨vewj
†_‡K msMÖn K‡i mgš^q K‡i|

128
2. cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i aviYv I Z_¨ we‡kølY I ms‡køl‡Yi mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv
cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq cÖwZwU aviYv ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ cÖkœ Kiv GKwU DËg †K․kj| wkÿK KvwV‡b¨i avivµg
eRvq †i‡L cÖkœ Ki‡Z _vK‡eb, wkÿv_©x cÖ_g w`‡K Zv‡`i Rvbv RMr †_‡K DËi w`‡e| Gfv‡e avivevwnKfv‡e DËi
w`‡Z w`‡Z GKmgq wewfbœ aviYv I Z‡_¨i g‡a¨ mgš^q ev ms‡hvM Ki‡Z wkL‡e| d‡j Áv‡bi mvwe©K KvVv‡gv •Zwi
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| myZivs wkÿv_x©i g‡b AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡j wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi wewfbœ ch©v‡q wkÿK‡K cÖkœ
Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, wkÿ‡Ki cÖkœ Kivi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x GKw`‡K Ávb AR©b Ki‡e, Ab¨w`‡K welqe¯‧i Ici
`ÿZv AR©b Ki‡e| cÖkœ Kivi mgq mn‡R †evaMg¨ kã I ev‡K¨i MVYI n‡e mij I my¯úó| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvMx
Kivi Rb¨ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Yi cÖwZwU Kv‡RB avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L cÖkœ Ki‡Z n‡e| DËg cÖkœKi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb
cwi‡ek AvKl©Yxq nq Ges wkÿK wbwe©‡Nœ wkLb-‡kLv‡bv KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hvM m„wói Rb¨ cÖkK
œ i‡Yi †K․kj
 welqe¯‧i aviYv ¯úó Kivi Rb¨ ev¯‧e Rxe‡bi NUbvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i Dc¯vcb;
 g~j aviYv‡K wfwË K‡i †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖkœ Kiv;
 cÖkœ Kiv Ges wkÿv_x©i DËi cÖ`v‡bi g‡a¨ ga¨eZ©x mgq ev wait-time wn‡m‡e 3 †_‡K 5 †m‡KÛ mgq
†`Iqv| wb¤œ¯‡Í ii wPšÍb `ÿZvi cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 3 †m‡KÛ mgq Ges D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZvg~jK cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ 5
†m‡KÛ mgq wPšÍv Kivi Rb¨ w`‡Z nq;
 ï× DËi †c‡jB mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖksmvm~PK evK¨ D”PviY Kiv;
 fyj DËi‡K mivmwi fzj bv e‡j, mwVKZvi w`‡K avweZ Kivi †K․kj Aej¤^b Kiv|
GQvovI wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn m„wó I g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡¤œ ewY©Z †K․kjmg~n AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
 welqe¯‧ I wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i DcKiY e¨envi Kiv| wewfbœ ai‡bi ev¯Íe DcKiY, PvU©, g‡Wj,
gvbwPÎ I B›UviGKwUf wWfvB‡mi e¨envi wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡b cÖkœ RvMÖZ K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿ‡Ki Kiv cÖ‡kœi
DËi cÖ`v‡bI g‡bv‡hvMx nq;
 welqe¯‧‡K †QvU †QvU As‡k fvM K‡i wewfbœ wkÿY c×wZ e¨envi K‡i Dc¯vcb Kivi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i
AvMÖn m„wó Kiv hvq I g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv hvq;
 welqe¯‧i cÖwZwU Ask †_‡K wPšÍb `ÿZvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ Kiv;
 ‣ewPΨgq cÖkœ Kiv;
 cÖ‡kœi DËi cvIqvi Rb¨ m¤ú~iK cÖkœ Kiv ;
 AbymÜvbg~jK cÖkœ Kiv;
 welqe¯‧i RwUj Ask‡K D`vni‡Yi gva¨‡g my®úó Kiv;
 cÖkK œ i‡Yi †ÿ‡Î h_vh_ kã I evK¨ web¨vm Kiv, mnR‡eva¨ fvlv e¨envi Kivi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivLv;
 cÖ‡kœ mivmwi DËi e‡j bv w`‡q, wkÿv_©x‡K DËi cÖ`v‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
 wkÿv_©x‡K DËi cÖ`v‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges mwVK DËi cÖ`v‡b cÖksmv Kiv;
 wewfbœ mg‡q wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi cÖkœ K‡i welqe¯‧i cÖwZ ax‡i ax‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv;
 g~j wel‡qi cÖwZ `„wówbeÜ Kivi †K․kj Aej¤^b K‡i cvV cwiPvjbv Kiv;
 D”PgvM©xq wPšÍ‡b DrmvwnZ nIqvi cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv;
 wkÿ‡Ki wkÿY D‡Ïk¨ I wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLbdj AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkLbhvPvB I wkLb cwiexÿY Kiv;
 cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ msµvšÍ wPšÍvg~jK wKQz wjL‡Z †`Iqv;
 cvVmswkøó †Kvb †QvU cÖKí Ki‡Z †`Iqv;
 mn‡hvwMZvg~jK wkLb cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I †K․kj e¨envi K‡i wkÿY
KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv;
wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn m„wó I g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ hZ iKg †K․kjB cÖ‡qvM Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, Zvi mdjZvi Rb¨
Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q, cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ n‡Z n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb weKv‡ki ¯Íi Abyhvqx| wkÿv_©xi mvg‡_©¨i †P‡q mnR ev
KwVb †Kvb mgm¨v w`‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖnx I g‡bv‡hvMx Kiv KóKi GgbwK Am¤¢e| Kv‡RB welqe¯‧, aviYv Z_¨ I
mgm¨v n‡Z n‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i Ávb weKv‡ki ¯‧i ev mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx|
129
7.10 Am‡ej-Gi AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki D‡Ïk¨ Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb I
AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi Dcvq
‡WwfW Am‡ej (David Ausubel) I AMÖMvgx msMVK

wPÎ 11: †WwfW Am‡ej

Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ g‡bvweÁvbx W. †WwfW Am‡ej 1918 mv‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi my`xN© Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wkïi Ávb
weKvk†K †K›`ª K‡i M‡elYv K‡i‡Qb| 1960 mv‡j wZwb AMÖMvgx msMVK cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †kªwYwkÿ‡Y Z_¨ Dc¯vc‡bi
mgq wkÿK hw` wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ AwfÁZv †_‡K ïiæ K‡ib, Z‡e †m AwfÁZv bZzb Z‡_¨i mv‡_ mgwš^Z nIqvi my‡hvM
cvq| d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb wkLb cwi‡ek AvKl©Yxq n‡q I‡V, Ab¨w`‡K bZzbfv‡e MwVZ wkÿv_©xi G AwfÁZvI c~Y©Zv
jvf K‡i| wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb Z‡_¨i mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ Am‡ej †h Z_¨ Ges wkLb AwfÁZvi msMVb
I web¨vm K‡i‡Qb, Zv‡K AMÖMvgx msMVK ejv n‡q‡Q|
AMÖMvgx msMVK wkÿv_©xi wkLb cÖwµqv‡K Pjgvb K‡i, †mB mv‡_ bZzb ÁvbvR©‡bi c_ ‣Zwi K‡i| wkÿv_©x hLb †Kvb
bZzb Ávb ev Z_¨ Zvi wbR¯^ Áv‡bi ¯Í‡i cÖvmw½K aviYvi mv‡_ m‡PZb Ges m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †gjv‡Z cv‡i ZLbB Zvi †kLv
mv_©K nq|

AMÖMvgx msMVK
1. A "statement of inclusive concepts to introduce and sum up material that follows" (Woolfolk, 2001).
2. Cognitive instructional strategy used to promote the learning and retention of new information
(Ausubel, 1960).
3. It is a method of bridging and linking old information with something new.
myZvis G K_v ejv hvq †h AMÖMvgx msMVK GKwU †K․kj| G †K․kj e¨envi K‡i
 bZzb Z‡_¨i mv‡_ cyiv‡bv Z‡_¨i ms‡hvM N‡U I GKwU †hvMm~Î iwPZ nq|
 bZzb Z_¨ msiwÿZ nq Ges wkLb AMÖMwZ m¤úbœ nq|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ mieivn Kiv nq I GKwU mvgwMÖK aviYv MwVZ nq|
AMÖMvgx msMVK wkÿv_©x‡K †Kvb bZzb welq †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki GKwU wb‡`©kbv †K․kj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| bZzb
welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© wee„wZ †`Iqvi Av‡M wkÿK cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_¨i †h msMVb K‡ib †mUvB AMÖMvgx msMVK| AMÖMvgx
msMV†Ki KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi Av‡M bZzb welqe¯‧i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wkÿv_©xi c~e© Ávb‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j
 Rvbv welqwUi cybiyÌvcb n‡e
 bZzb welqwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU weg~Z© aviYv Rb¥v‡e
 G `yÕ‡qi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯vwcZ n‡e|
wbweo I avivevwnKfv‡e m¤úK©hy³ KZ¸‡jv aviYv ev Z_¨‡K hLb GKwU welqe¯‧i AšÍM©Z cwim‡i avivevwnKfv‡e
Dc¯vcb Kiv nq ZLb †mB aviYv ev Z_¨¸‡jvi mvgwMÖK web¨vm‡K AMÖMvgx msMVK e‡j|
130
AMÖMvgx msMV†Ki D‡Ïk¨
 AMÖMvgx msMVK †Kvb aviYvi mvwe©K iƒc‡iLv Ges mvivsk cÖKv‡ki g‡a¨B mxgve× _v‡K bv| mvgwMÖKfv‡e
cyi‡bv aviYvi mgš^‡q GKwU mvaviY aviYvi Rb¥ †`Iqv I weg~Z© Áv‡bi weKvkB G msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨| myZivs
AMÖMvgx msMVK wkÿv_©xi wbR¯^ aviYvi mv‡_ bZzb Áv‡bi Rb¨ †hvMm~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi
¯Íi cybM©Vb Ges e„w× GB msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨|
 wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi ¯Íi cybM©Vb I e„w× AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki D‡Ïk¨|
 wkÿv_©xi †e․w×K wfwË DbœZ I `„p Kivi Rb¨ AMÖMvgx msMVK KvR K‡i|
 hLb cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK Z_¨ msMwVZ n‡q GKwU wbw`©ó aviYv cÖKvk K‡i, wkÿK †mLv‡b AMÖMvgx
msMVK e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 AMÖMvgx msMV‡bi e¨env‡i wkL‡b ú~Y©Zv Avmvi Av‡M ÁvbKvVv‡gv avivevwnKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K|
 bZzb Ávb‡K cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi D‡Ï‡k¨ c~e© Áv‡bi c~bM©Vb I mgš^‡qi Rb¨ AMÖMvgx msMVK gva¨g
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
†kÖwY‡Z wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kv‡R AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
wkÿv_©x‡K bZzb †Kvb welq †kLv‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K me©v‡MÖ †h w`KwU‡Z ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e †mwU n‡jv-
 bZzb Z_¨wUi A_© h‡_ó ¯úó wKbv;
 wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ Zv KZUv m½wZc~Y©|
Am‡e‡ji g‡Z †g․wLK wee„wZi gva¨‡g bZzb †Kvb Z_¨ †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ Z‡_¨i A¯úóZv `~i Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Ges wkÿv_©xi
Z_¨ MÖn‡Yi mvg_©¨ A_©vr Zvi c~e© AwfÁZv we‡ePbv Kiv me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkÿv_©x †hb cwi‡ewkZ Z_¨ m¤ú~Y©
¯úófv‡e MªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †mBmv‡_ †m Zvi †e․w×K wfwË DbœZ I `„p Ki‡Z cv‡i, AMÖMvgx msMVK †mfv‡eB
KvR K‡i|
‡kªwY wkL‡b wkÿvµ‡gi mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki hveZxq KvR‡K mgwš^Z Kivi Rb¨ Am‡ej AMÖMvgx msMV†K `yÕwU bxwZi K_v
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb-
1. µgea©gvb c„_KxKiY (Progressive differentiation)
2. mgwš^Z m½wZweavb (Integrative reoncillation)
1. µgea©gvb c„_KxKiY (Progressive differentiation) t G bxwZ Abymv‡i welqe¯‧‡K Ggbfv‡e msMVb
Ki‡Z n‡e †hb, Áv‡bi mnR †_‡K KwVb †ÿ‡Î Zv Dc¯vwcZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z_¨ ax‡i ax‡i Áv‡bi Mfx‡i
cÖ‡ek Ki‡e Ges D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Dc‡hvMx mywbw`©ó A_© cÖKvk Ki‡e|
2. mgwš^Z m½wZweavb (Integrative reoncillation) t G bxwZ Abymv‡i welqe¯‧ we‡køl‡Yi mv‡_ mv‡_
wkÿv_©xi eZ©gvb Ávb ¯Í‡ii m‡½ Z‡_¨i m½wZ ¯vwcZ n‡Z _vK‡e|
cvV¨cy¯Í‡K welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb wb‡q †kªwYwkÿ‡Y Avgiv †h mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nB Am‡ej †m w`KwUi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb|
cvV¨cy&¯Í‡K GKwU wel‡qi avivevwnK Dc¯vcb bv K‡i hw` GKwU welqe¯‧i Ici mvgwMªK Ávb AR©‡bi w`‡K jÿ¨ †i‡L
Zvi wewfbœ w`‡Ki avivevwnK Dc¯vcb Kiv nq Z‡e wkÿv_©xi †e․w×K wfwË MV‡b Zv A‡bK †ewk mnvqK nq| d‡j
welqe¯‧i Mfx‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq wkÿv_©xi c~e©Áv‡bi wfwˇZB AMÖmi nIqv hvq|
AMÖMvgx msMVK Gfv‡e wkÿv_©xi †e․w×K weKv‡ki D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wfwË iPbv K‡i, †hLv‡b bZzb I ARvbv Z_¨
†kLvi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x Zvi c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ G¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Am‡ej ej‡Qb, †Kvb bZzb Z_¨ ev cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ GKvwaK Z_¨ hLb msMwVZ n‡q GKwU wbw`©ó aviYv cÖKvk
K‡i, ZLb Zvi cÖwZwU †ÿÎ ¯úó, mnR‡eva¨, cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK© I mgš^q G mewKQz Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ AMÖMvgx msMVK
Kvh©Kix nq|
†kÖwYwkÿ‡Y AMÖMvgx msMVK cÖ‡qvM Kivi mgq jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, †hb welqe¯‧ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv cÖvmw½K
Z_¨‡K ïayB ZvwjKve× K‡i Dc¯vcb bv Kiv nq| ZvwjKve× Z_¨¸‡jv ïay cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK©hy³B _vK‡e bv, †m¸‡jv
avivevwnKfv‡e Dc¯vwcZ n‡Z n‡e| msM„nxZ c~e© AwfÁZvi Ici wbf©i K‡iB cieZ©x Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK
hLb eyS‡eb †h wkÿv_©xiv KviY¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó ¯úó aviYv jvf K‡i‡Q ZLb G m¤ú‡K© AviI Mfxi I we¯Í…Z aviYv
†`Iqvi Rb¨ eB, Ab¨ †Kvb wkLb mvgMÖx, PvU© ev QK BZ¨vw` mieivn Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©xiv G‡ÿ‡Î bZzb †hme Z_¨
msMÖn Ki‡eb †m¸‡jv Zv‡`i c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ †gjv‡bvi Rb¨ mywbw`©ó QK e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨, GB
Q‡Ki Ici wbf©i K‡i cieZx‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i AwR©Z Ávb cwigvc Kiv hvq|
131
ZË¡MZfv‡e Avgiv G K_v ej‡Z cvwi, AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki gva¨‡g bZzb Ávb‡K A_©en I cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨
c~e©Áv‡bi cybM©Vb I mgš^q msNwUZ nq|
wkÿv_©xi c~e©Áv‡bi c~bM©V†bi gva¨‡g bZzb Ávb‡K kw³kvjx I A_©en K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ AMÖMvgx msMVK‡K nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î AMÖMvgx msMVK †hfv‡e KvR K‡i -
 wkÿv_©xiv Av‡MB eyS‡Z cv‡i Kx Z_¨ Zviv cv‡”Q;
 ‡m m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bvq hvIqvi Av‡MB GKwU weg~Z© Ges A¯úó aviYv Zv‡`i gvbmc‡U wPwÎZ n‡q hvq;
 AZGe bZzb aviYvwU‡K ¯vcb Kivi Rb¨ †m GKwU RvqMv Luy‡R cvq;
 c~e© Áv‡bi Av‡jv‡K bZzb Z_¨ ZLb A_©en nq, ¯úó nq Ges wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q Zv g~Z©iƒ‡c weKvkjvf K‡i|
AMÖMvgx msMVK cÖ‡qvM K‡i †g․wLK wee„wZi gva¨‡gB wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi KvVv‡gvi cybM©Vb Kiv hvq| Z‡e e³‡e¨i mv‡_
mv‡_ hLb PvU©, wPÎ, gvbwPÎ BZ¨vw` e¨envi Kiv nq ZLb msMVb AviI †ewk †Rviv‡jv f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|
wkL‡bi m¤ú~Y©Zv Avmvi Av‡M m¤ú~Y© Ávb KvVv‡gv avivevwnKfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| bZzb Ávb MªnY cÖwµqvi m~Pbv
†_‡K wkÿv_©xi eZ©gvb aviYvi cwieZ©b ïiæ nq| eZ©gvb aviYvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© ev wg‡j hvIqv AskUyKz †m MªnY K‡i,
cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ n‡j A_©vr wkÿv_©x mš‧ó n‡j †m bZzb aviYvi Abykxjb K‡i| d‡j cyiv‡bv aviYvi mv‡_ bZzb Áv‡bi
ms‡hvR‡b aviYv bZybfv‡e MwVZ nq| Abykxj‡bi d‡j GB bZzb Áv‡b †m Af¨¯Í nq| eZ©gvb aviYvi mv‡_ bZzb
Áv‡bi †Kvb Am½Z Ask wkÿv_©x MªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| bZzb bZzb Z_¨ Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi ¯Íi Gfv‡eB
avivevwnKfv‡e e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
wkÿK †h bZzb Z_¨ Dc¯vcb Ki‡Qb, wkÿv_©xi mnR I `ªæZ wkL‡bi Rb¨ Zvi A_© ¯úó nIqv cÖ‡qvRb| †m Kvi‡Y
AMÖMvgx msMV†Ki KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi Av‡M
 bZzb welqe¯‧i mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© c~e©Ávb‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e t wkÿK wkÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h welqe¯‧ wbe©vPb
K‡i‡Qb †m m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi c~e© aviYv hv wkÿv_©x c~‡e©i †kªwY †_‡K ev e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Póv ev cwi‡ek †_‡K
msMÖn K‡i‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© wkÿ‡Ki aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| ZLb wkÿK wkÿv_©xi eZ©gvb aviYvi mv‡_ bZzb
welqe¯‧‡K mgš^q Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bZzb Z_¨ Ges wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e t wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb
wel‡qi mgš^‡qi Rb¨ cÖv_wgK cÖ‡qvRb nj `yÕ‡qi †hvMm~Î ¯vcb Kiv| A_©vr wkÿv_©x bZzb welq wb‡q wPšÍv
Ki‡Z wM‡q †hb cwiwPZ ev mvgÄm¨c~Y© cwiw¯wZi m¤§yLxb nq| d‡j †m weåvšÍ n‡e bv Ges wkL‡b Avb›`
jvf Ki‡e |
 wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q Z_¨wU A‡bK †ewk A_©c~Y© I ¯úó Ki‡Z n‡e t wkÿv_©x hLb †`L‡e bZzb welqwU Zvi †Pbv ev
Rvbv †Kvb welqmswkøó ZLb ¯^fveZB †m Drmvnx n‡e| bZzb Z_¨wU m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Ávb ev †Kvb Z_¨ Zv‡K
AvKl©Y Ki‡e Ges Gfv‡e m¤ú~Y© welqwU c~Y© A_© wb‡q Zvi Kv‡Q ¯úó n‡q DV‡e|
ZLbB AMÖMvgx msMVK wkÿv_©x‡K †Kvb bZzb welq †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q GKwU wb‡`©kbv †K․kj wn‡m‡e
e¨envi‡hvM¨ n‡e|
‡m Kvi‡Y bZzb Z_¨ Ges wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZvi g‡a¨ hw` †hvMm~Î ¯vcb Kiv hvq wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q Z_¨wU A‡bK †ewk
A_©c~Y© I ¯úó nq| d‡j wkÿv_©x Zv wkL‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_x©‡`i c~e©Ávb Ges AwfÁZvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi Dcvq
†kLv‡bvi welqe¯‧i A‡bK wKQzB wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU cwiwPZ _v‡K bv| A‡bK bZzb I RwUj welqI wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©xi
Kv‡Q Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z nh| †m †ÿ‡Î welqmswkøó c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb Ávb mgš^q ev ms‡hvM K‡i Dc¯vcb
Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkÿv_©xi wbKU cvVwU AvKl©Yxq nq I mn‡R †evaMg¨ nq|
c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZv
‡Kvb welqe¯‧ m¤^‡Ü aviYv ev Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi Av‡M wkÿv_©x †m m¤ú‡K© Kx Rv‡b, KZUv Rv‡b, ev Rvbvi MfxiZv
KZUv wkÿK †m m¯ú‡K© c~e© aviYv wb‡q _v‡Kb| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡i wkÿv_©xi c~e© AwfÁZvi Ici wbf©i K†i cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
welqe¯‧ web¨vm Kiv nq| A_©vr wkÿv_©x c~‡e©i †kªwY‡Z hv c‡o‡Q wVK Zvici †_‡K ev †kl aviYv †_‡K cieZ©x †kªwY‡Z
welqe¯‧ ms‡hvRb Kiv nq| A_ev Z_¨ Ggbfv‡e web¨vm Kiv nq †hb wkÿv_©x Av‡Mi †kªwY‡Z hv c‡o‡Q Zvi
cybtiæÌvcb nq Ges †mBmv‡_ G m¤ú‡K© cieZ©x I AviI GKUz Mfxi Ávb AR©‡bi my‡hvM _v‡K| g~jZ: c~e©Áv‡bi
m‡½ bZzb aviYvi mgš^‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi Rb¨ Am‡ej AMÖMvgx msMV‡bi PviwU cÖKvi‡f` †`wL‡q‡Qb|
132
 1. weeiY‡hvM¨ AMÖMvgx msMVb (Expository advance organizers): G msMV‡b wkÿK welqe¯‧ m¤úwK©Z
aviYv c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMm~Î iPbv K‡i e¨vL¨v, eY©bv ev wee„Z K‡ib|
2. cÖm½hy³ AMÖMvgx msMVb (Narrative advance organizers): GLv‡b wkÿK cÖm½ DÌvcb K‡i Mí ev †Kvb
NUbvi weei‡Yi gva¨g welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb K‡ib|
3. MvVwbK AMÖMvgx msMVb (Graphical advance organizers) : G‡ÿ‡Î welqe¯‧ mswkøó QK, wPÎ, bKkv ev
†jLbxi gva¨‡g wkÿK welqe¯‧ I c~e© aviYvi Dc¯vcb K‡ib|
4. g~jfvemg„× AMÖMvgx msMVb (Skimming): G‡ÿ‡Î wkÿK AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask ev` w`‡q ïayB g~j Z_¨ Zz‡j a‡ib|
eZ©gvb cv‡Vi welqe¯‧i mv‡_ c~e© avivevwnKZv iÿvKvix †Kvb aviYv ev Z_¨ †h m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©xi c~e© †_‡K cÖvß †Kvb
Ávb ev AwfÁZv Av‡Q Zv‡K c~e©Ávb e‡j|
c~e© AwfÁZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
ïay cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡KB †h wkÿv_©x AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i Zv bq| welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq †kªwY cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ
Dcv`vb, wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³Z¡, Zvi Dc¯vwcZ Z_¨, †K․kj, wewfbœ DcKiY BZ¨vw` mewKQyi mv‡_ wkÿv_©xi wg_w®…qvq Zvi
wewPÎ AwfÁZv mwÂZ nq| welqe¯‧i Z_¨ †_‡K AwR©Z †m AwfÁZv kyay †ewkB bq, A‡bK mgq Zvi MfxiZv eû`~i
ch©šÍ we¯ÍZ
… nq| Gme wKQy wbf©i K‡i wkÿ‡Ki wkÿY †K․kj I wkÿv_©xi MÖnY ÿgZvi Ici| G QvovI wkÿv_©x Zvi
wbR¯^ MÖnY ÿgZv, •`bw›`b RxebhvÎv I cvwicvwk©¦KZv †_‡K welqe¯‧ mswkøó eû Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zvi
mvgwMªK AwfÁZv †kªwYK‡ÿi wbw`©ó MÛx Qvwo‡q hvq| myZivs GKB †kªwYi wewfbœ wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ AwfÁZvi wfbœZv I
‣ewPΨ †`Lv hvq| Z‡e wkÿK me mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mgvb AwfÁZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z †Póv K‡ib|
ZvB Av‡Mi †kªwY‡Z welqe¯‧i wbw`©ó Ask Dc¯vwcZ _vK‡jI wkÿK Rv‡bb †h wewfbœ wkÿv_©x wewfbœ gvÎvq AwfÁZv
AR©b K‡i‡Q| †m Kvi‡Y Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi Av‡M Avcbv‡K wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb hvPvB Ki‡Z n‡e| c~e© AwfÁZv hvPvB
Kivi mgq †h me w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Zv nÕj-
 wkÿv_©xi eqm, †gav I †kªwY
 wkÿv_©xi cwi‡ek, ms¯‥…wZ I cwievi
 ‡kªwY‡Z Zvi Ae¯vb, MwZwewa I AvPiY
 Zvi `„wófw½, fvlv I cÖeYZv
 cvV¨cy¯Í‡K welqe¯‧i Ae¯vb - Aa¨vq, †kªwY, welq ,mgq ,cwimi I MfxiZv BZ¨vw`|
welqe¯‧i c~e© aviYv †h ïay Av‡Mi †kªwYi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K ewY©Z _v‡K Zv bq, GKB †kªwYi Ab¨ AviI cvV¨cy¯Í‡KI Z_¨
wfbœfv‡e, wfbœ Avw½‡K Dc¯vwcZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi GKB cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Ab¨ †Kvb Aa¨v‡q (c~‡e© ev c‡i) wfbœ
cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ †Kvbfv‡e cwi‡ewkZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi Av‡M wkÿ‡Ki G wel‡q ¯úó aviYv ivL‡Z
n‡e| wkÿK‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e wkÿv_©x welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© †Kv_v †_‡K, Kx Dcv‡q I KZUv Ávb msMÖn K‡i‡Q ev Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Gme Rvbv _vK‡j wkÿK Kx hvPvB Ki‡eb, Kxfv‡e Ki‡eb, †Kb Ki‡eb, G wel‡h wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
‡hgb Aóg †kÖwY‡Z mvgvwRKxKiY I Dbœqb m¤úwK©Z welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcbvi c~‡e© †kÖwY wkÿv_©xi †gavMZ Ae¯v I gvb
we‡ePbv K‡i wkÿK‡K aviYv Ki‡Z nq, wkÿv_©xi G m¤úwK©Z Ávb cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡KI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †kÖwYi
mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ wkÿK mvaviYfv‡e GKB cÖKvi hvPvB †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb| we‡kl †ÿ‡Î we‡klfv‡e AvMÖnx
wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ wkÿK‡K wfbœ †Kvb †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e ev c„_Kfv‡e mgq w`‡Z n‡e| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi Rb¨
wkÿK wewfbœ †K․kj e¨envi Ki‡eb| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi m‡½ cv‡Vi cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM •Zwi Kivi f~wgKv
Av‡Q| G mgq wkÿv_©x hw` eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, †m †h welqwU Rv‡b wkÿK Zv wb‡q cÖkœ Ki‡Qb ev K_v ej‡Z hv‡”Qb Z‡e
†m Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB AvMÖnx n‡e|
†m Kvi‡Y wkÿK‡K Lye mZK© n‡q hvPvB †K․kj wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K wkÿK wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡ib AvR‡Ki
welqe¯‧i †Kvb ¯vb ev aviYvi †Kvb Ask †_‡K ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e | †Kbbv †Kv_v †_‡K Avi¤¢ Ki‡j wkÿv_©x mn‡RB
welqe¯‧i aviYvi g‡a¨ cª‡e‡ki my‡hvM cv‡e ev Zvi c~e© aviYvi mv‡_ †gjv‡Z cvi‡e †m wel‡q A‡bK wPšÍv fvebv K‡i
wm×všÍ wb‡Z n‡e| myZivs c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi mgq wkÿK‡K `ywU KvR GKmv‡_ Ki‡Z n‡e Ñ 1.welqe¯‧ m¤^‡Ü
wkÿv_©xi c~e© aviYv hvPvB; 2. welqe¯‧i cÖwZ wkÿv_©xi g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y|
wkÿK Zvui cwiKíbvi G ¯Í‡i Lye ¸iæ‡Zi¡ mv‡_ wewfbœ †K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb| e¨eüZ †K․kj I Kvh©KvwiZvi Ici
mvgwMÖKfv‡e wkÿ‡Yi mdjZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i Ki‡e| hw` GKevi wkÿv_©x‡K g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i †Zvjv hvq Z‡e Zv
cieZ©x‡Z a‡i †i‡L Zvi wkLb mdj I Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq| c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi mgš^q mdj wkL‡bi Ab¨Zg kZ©|
133
c~e© AwfÁZv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ wKQy †K․kj
 cÖkK
œ iY : wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi gvÎv m¤^‡Ü aviYv †bIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ wkÿK Dchy³ cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 DcKiY cÖ`k©b ev cÖ‡qvM : wkÿv_©xi c~e© cwiwPZ †Kvb DcKiY cÖ`k©b K‡i ev Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY K‡i
Zv‡`i c~e©Áv‡bi gvÎv †evSv hvq| DcKiYwU hw` wkÿv_©x‡`i nv‡Z w`‡Z nq Z‡e mKj wkÿv_©x †hb Zv
fvjfv‡e †`L‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ ch©vß mgq w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Gÿ‡Î cÖ`k©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖkK œ iY †K․kjI
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
 Mí ev †Kvb NUbv eY©bv Kiv t welqe¯‧ mswkó†Zv e‡UB wkÿv_©xi c~e© aviYvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z †Kvb Z_¨ M‡í
ev NUbvq _vK‡Z n‡e| GLv‡bI wkÿv_©xi aviYvi m~Î a‡i cÖkœ Ki‡Z nq|
 ‡Kvb cÖm½ D‡jøL Kiv t †kªwYK‡ÿi †Kvb Ae¯v ev wkÿv_©x‡`i †Kvb AvPiY ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb cÖm½, hv
wkÿv_©xi Avq‡Ëi g‡a¨ Av‡Q, Ggb wKQy wel‡qi cÖm½ Zz‡j c~e© aviYv hvPvB Kiv hvq| GLv‡b wkÿK
wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ K‡_vcK_‡b †h‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿK cÖkœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib, A‡bK mgq wkÿv_©xiv cÖkœ K‡i|
Gfv‡e wewfbœ †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb m¤^‡Ü †R‡b wb‡Z cv‡ib|
c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ bZzb aviYv ms‡hvRb
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K djcÖm~ Ges cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ mn‡R †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv_©x‡`i c~e©Ávb‡K bZzb aviYvi mv‡_
ms‡hvRb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GKvRwU cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx h_vh_fv‡e Ki‡Z cvi‡j wkL‡bi cÖwZ wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn evo‡e|
c~e©AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi ms‡hvR‡bi ¸iæZ¡
Avgiv Am‡ej Gi wkLbZË¡ †_‡K †R‡bwQ †h wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi ¯Í‡ii cybM©Vb I e„w× mdj wkL‡bi Ab¨Zg kZ©|
wkÿv_©x hv Rv‡b Zvi Dc‡i Zvi Áv‡bi ¯Íi M‡o I‡V| ZvB c~e©Áv‡bi cybM©Vb I e„w× Kiv wkÿ‡Yi jÿ¨|
wkÿv_©xi wbR AvMÖn I gvbwmK ÿgZvi Ici wbf©i K‡i Zvi Áv‡bi ¯Íi M‡o I‡V| welqe¯‧ hLb †mB Áv‡bi ¯Íi ¯úk©
K‡i wkÿv_©x ¯^fveZB Avbw›`Z nq Ges wb‡Ri B‡”Q‡ZB welqe¯‧i w`‡K GwM‡q Av‡m| cÖwZwU aviYv ev Z‡_¨i
Dc¯vc‡b †m AvMÖnx nq Ges wb‡Ri †eva ev Áv‡bi m‡½ ms‡hvRb Ki‡Z ¯^v”Q›`¨ †eva K‡i| welqe¯‧i cÖwZ wbR
AvMÖ‡n mvov †`IqvB wkL‡bi g~j K_v| Rvbv RMZ †_‡K wkÿK ïiæ K‡ib e‡j wkÿv_©x AvMÖnx I g‡bv‡hvMx nq Ges
Zvi wkL‡bi cÖwZwU avc ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| A_©vr c~e© AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi ms‡hvRb wkLb‡K mdj I
djcÖm~ K‡i †Zv‡j|
Ab¨w`‡K wkÿv_©x wbR AvMÖ‡n mvov †`q e‡j wkÿ‡Ki cwikªg A‡bK Kg nq| wkÿv_©x‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z wZwb m‡Pó nb,
Z…wßjvf K‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e wZwb cwiKíbv K‡ib, m‡PZb _v‡Kb I g‡bvwb‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gfv‡e wZwb
Zvi Kv‡R mv_©KZv jvf K‡ib|
c~e©AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi ms‡hvRb †K․kj
welqe¯‧ Dc¯vc‡bi mgq aviYv¸‡jv G‡K G‡K avivevwnKfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
wkÿv_©xi c~e©AwfÁZvi mv‡_ wgwj‡q Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z n‡e| ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ wewfbœ †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡M mgš^‡qi G
aviv iÿv Ki‡eb| wb‡P c~e©AwfÁZvi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ K‡qKwU †K․kj Zz‡j aiv nÕj-
 aviYv gvbwPÎ MVb(Concept mapping)
†Kvb GKwU aviYv wbe©vPb K‡i †m m¤^‡Ü wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ I wewPÎ AwfÁZv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ †bIqv nq|
wkÿv_©x‡`i Z_¨¸‡jv‡K aviYvi PZzw`©‡K wewÿßfv‡e web¨vm Kiv nq| mvgwMÖKfv‡e aviYvwUi c~e© I cieZ©x
eûZ_¨mg„× GKwU wPÎ dz‡U I‡V|
 AbymÜvbg~jK cÖk(œ Probing question)
†Kvb aviYv m¤ú‡K© wkÿv_©x Kx Rv‡b Zv hvPvB‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ avivevwnKfv‡e †m m¤^‡Ü cÖkœ Kiv †K Probing
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hvq| cÖkœ Ki‡Z Ki‡Z wkÿK bZzb Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †bb, d‡j wkÿv_©x GKvZ¥ †eva K‡i|
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G †K․kj Aej¤^b K‡i wbw`©ó aviYv wb‡q wkÿv_©xiv †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wkÿv_©x‡`i wewPÎ gZvgZ,
AwfÁZv, m‡›`n, hyw³ BZ¨vw` mn‡hv‡M aviYv m¤ú‡K© eû Z_¨ msM„nxZ nq| Av‡jvPbvq wkÿK AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges bZzb Z_¨ Dc¯vcb K‡i AwfÁZvi cybM©Vb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib| wkÿ‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b
wkÿv_©xiv beiƒ‡c MwVZ GKwU wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i|
134
  cÖevn wPÎ
†Kvb aviYvi wbw`©ó GKwU Ae¯vi ïiæ †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ Z_¨¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e D‡jøL Ges cÖ`k©b Kiv nq|
Z_¨¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© e³e¨ wjwLZ AvKv‡i A_ev wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e Dc¯vwcZ Z_¨mg~n
aviYvi wbw`©ó Ae¯vi avivevwnK wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i| avivevwnKZv iÿvi Rb¨ wkÿv_©xi Rvbv ¯Íi †_‡K ARvbv ¯Íi
ch©šÍ †cu․Qv‡bv hvq|
 †nwis‡evb †K․kj
†Kvb GKwU g~j aviYv m¤ú‡K© hLb †K, Kx, †Kb, KLb, †Kv_vq Ges †Kgb GB Qq Avw½‡K cÖkœ Zz‡j Zvi
mgvav‡bi Rb¨ aviYvwU‡K we‡kwlZ Kiv nq ZLb Zv gv‡Qi KuvUvi iƒc †bq| Gfv‡e aviYv we‡kølY Ki‡Z
Ki‡Z wkÿv_©xiv Z‡_¨i Mfx‡i †c․uQ‡Z cv‡i Ges GKwU aviYv m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖkœ
Ki‡Z Ki‡Z wkÿK Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Z‡e wkÿv_©x AvU‡K †M‡j wkÿK Zvi m‡›`n `~i K‡i †`b| d‡j
aviYvwU wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q mnR I †evaMg¨ nq Ges Zviv Mfxi Ávbjv‡f mÿg nq|
 gv_v LvUv‡bv (Brain storming )
wbw`©ó GKwU aviYvi Ici `‡ji mKj m`m¨ c„_Kfv‡e Zv‡`i gZvgZ ev AwfÁZv cÖKvk K‡i| gZvgZ
cÖKv‡ki mgq Zviv gv_v LvwU‡q, wPšÍv K‡i h_vm¤¢e hyw³c~Y© AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i| wewfbœ gZvgZ G‡K Ac‡ii
AwfÁZv e„w× I cybM©V‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| `j‡bZv Gme gZvgZ mgwš^Z K‡i| mvwe©K wm×v‡šÍ mKj m`‡m¨i
AwfgZ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q aviYvwUi bZzb iƒc cÖKvk cvq|
 cVb
wkÿv_©x hv Rv‡b Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i †Kvb welqe¯‧i cieZ©x Askwe‡kl Zv‡K co‡Z †`Iqv nq| wkÿv_©x
wb‡R c‡o welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© Zvi wb‡Ri `„wó‡KvY †_‡K aviYv M‡o †Zv‡j| c‡i wkÿ‡Ki e³e¨, cÖkK œ iY ev
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb A¯úóZv _vK‡j Zv `~i n‡q hvq|
 gZvgZ wewbgq
wkÿv_©x Rv‡b Ggb †Kvb aviYvi mv‡_ Zvi cieZ©x aviYv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨gvjv Dc¯vcb K‡i wkÿv_©xi gZvgZ
PvIqv nq| wkÿK Z_¨gvjv wjwLZfv‡e Dc¯vcb K‡i gZvgZ wb‡Z cv‡ib A_ev gZvgZ msMÖn K‡i †ev‡W©
wj‡L cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
c~e©Ávb I AwfÁZvi ms‡hvR‡bi dj
wkÿv_©xi wb‡Ri RM‡Zi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wkÿK welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb K‡ib e‡j wkÿv_©x cÖ_‡g †K․Z~njx nq,
g‡bv‡hvMx nq Ges ax‡i ax‡i AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V| d‡j Dc¯vwcZ Z‡_¨i m‡½ Zvi `~iZ¡ Kg‡Z _v‡K Ges GKmgq †m
GKvZ¥†eva K‡i| wkL‡b wkÿv_©x wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M AskMÖnY K‡i, Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †m wb‡RB msMÖn K‡i| Zvi
AwR©Z Ávb ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges evi evi cÖ‡qvM Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡i †m wkL‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q I‡V|
Gfv‡e Zvi wkLb ¯vqx nq|
c~e©Ávb hvPvB wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i †Zv‡j| wkÿK wkÿv_©x m¤úK© Dbœq‡b c~e©Ávb hvPvB Acwinvh©| G Rb¨
wkÿv_©xi cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡K AeMZ _vK‡Z nq| wbw`©ó †Kvb Z_¨ cwi‡ek‡bi c~‡e© †m m¤^‡Ü c~e©Ávb hvPvB
Ki‡Z nq| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Ki‡Z D”PgvM©xq cÖkK œ iY Kvh©Kix nq bv| e¨w³MZ Kzkj wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g c~e©Ávb hvPvB
Kiv hvq| GKB †K․kj †kªwYi mKj wkÿv_©xi c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki nq bv| Z_¨ we‡kølY Ki‡Z c~e©Ávb hvPvB
w`K wb‡`©kbv †`q| welqe¯‧ m¤^‡Ü wkÿv_©xi Áv‡bi ¯Íi AbymÜvb Kiv‡K c~e©Ávb hvPvB e‡j| c~e©eZ©x aviYv m¤úwK©Z
gy³ Av‡jvPbv c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi Ab¨Zg †K․kj| c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ cÖkKœ iY cÖavb †K․kj| eZ©gvb cv‡V wkÿv_©xi
AMÖMwZ hvPvB Ki‡Z c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kiv hvq| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi mgq wkÿK cv‡Vi cwi‡ek iPbv K‡ib| c~e©eZ©x
†kªwYi welq m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡K we¯ÍvwiZ Ávb ivL‡Z nq| c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ DcKiY e¨envi Acwinvh©|

135
 cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ
1. cvV cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b nve©v‡Ui 5wU †mvcv‡bi bvg wjLyb|
2. DËg cvV cwiKíbvi 5wU •ewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|
3. AYywkÿY I QÙwkÿY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
4. AYywkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv †K․kjmg~n Kxfv‡e AvqË Kiv hvq?
5. †kÖwYK‡ÿ AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki Kx Kx `ÿZv _vKv DwPZ?
6. wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡`©kbvi Ômyy¯úóZvÕ D`vniYmn eywS‡q w`b|
7. †kÖwYK‡ÿ †g․wLK cÖkK œ i‡Yi 5wU †K․k‡ji bvg D‡jøL Kiæb|
8. AbymÜvbg~jK cÖ‡kœi D`vniY w`b|
9. m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv Ask eywS‡q w`b|
10. wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖn m„wóg~jK cÖkK
œ i‡Yi 5wU †K․kj D‡jøL Kiæb|
11. c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ bZzb aviYvi ms‡hvR‡bi D`vniY w`b|

iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ

1. GKwU DËg I Av`k© cvV cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb¸‡jv kbv³ Kiæb| GmKj Dcv`v‡bi mswÿß weeiY w`b|
2. GKK KvR I cÖ`k©b c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g GKwU ce©wfwËK cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiæb|
3. †kÖwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Dc‡hvMx AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ I †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv kbv³ K‡i
D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. wkÿv_©x‡`i D”PZi wPšÍb `ÿZv e„w×i †K․kj Kx nIqv DwPZ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb| Db¥y³ I e× cÖ‡kœi †kÖwYwefvM
D‡jøL K‡i D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
5. †eÄvwgb eøy‡gi †kÖwYweb¨vmwe`¨vi Av‡jv‡K m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi MVb KvVv‡gv Zz‡j aiæb| gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii †h †Kvb
welq †_‡K GKwU m„Rbkxj cÖkœ cÖYqb Kiæb|
6. Kx Kx Dcv‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkK œ i‡Y DrmvwnZ Kiv hvq Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
7. AMÖMvgx msMVK Kx? wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡R AMÖMvgx msMV‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©KvwiZv we‡kølY Kiæb|

136
 BDwbU 8 : wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY
wkÿv DcKiY e¨env‡ii BwZnvm my`xN©Kv‡ji| kZ eQ‡iiI †ewk mgq c~‡e© Bsj¨v‡Û m¨vi Rb GWvg 1901 mv‡j
me©cÖ_g †kÖwYK‡ÿ AvKl©Yxq I h_vh_ DcKiY e¨env‡ii bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡ib, hv AvRI Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q| AZx‡Z
cvV¨cy¯ÍK I †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki e³…Zv cÖ`vb KivB wQj wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi GKgvÎ Dcvq| AvaywbK wkÿve¨e¯vq
wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi mnvqK DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖeYZv DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| wkÿv
DcKiY †kªwYK‡ÿ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K my›`i, mRxe I AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zv‡j| Pxb †`‡k GKwU cÖev` cÖPwjZ
Av‡Q †h, `k nvRvi kã e¨envi K‡i hv †evSv‡bv hvq bv GKwU gvÎ fvj Qwei mvnv‡h¨ Zv Abvqv‡m †evSv‡bv hvq|
wkÿK DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki weg~Z© aviYv‡K g~Z© K‡i wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU cwi‡ekb K‡ib Ges wkÿv_©xi Ávb,
†K․kj, †evakw³ I aviYvjv‡f mvnvh¨ K‡ib| G Aa¨vq‡K wb¤œiƒ‡c web¨vm K‡i Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡jv:
8.1 wkLb mvgMÖx I wkÿY mnvqK DcKi‡Yi aviYv;
8.2 wkÿK m„ó DcKiY: msMÖn, cÖ¯Z
‧ KiY I msMVb;
8.3 wkÿv_x© m„ó DcKiY: DcKiY •Zwi‡Z wkÿv_x©‡`i e¨envi Ges DcKiY msiÿ‡Yi Dcvq|

8.1 wkLb mvgMÖx I wkÿY mnvqK DcKi‡Yi aviYv Ges Kvh©Ki e¨envi
wkÿK Zvi wkLb-†kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi g‡a¨ Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b Avb‡Z m‡Pó _v‡Kb| Avi Gi djcÖm~Zv
Av‡m AvKl©Yxq, mwVK I Kvw•ÿZ wkÿv DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g| wkÿv DcKiY e¨env‡ii d‡j †h †Kvb wkÿYxq
welqe¯‧ mnR I wPËvKl©K K‡i †Zv‡j| Gi mvnv‡h¨ wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©vewj‡K †hgb ü`qMÖvnx K‡i †Zvjv hvq †Zgwb
Ab¨w`‡K Zvi kw³ I ¯vwqZ¡ evwo‡q †`q|

wkLb mvgMÖx
mdj, mv_©K I Kvh©Ki wkL‡b †h mKj wkÿv mnvqK DcKiY cª‡qvRb †m¸‡jv‡K GKm‡½ ejv nq wkLb mvgMªx| Gme
wkLb mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ cvV¨cyy¯ÍK, mnvqK cy¯ÍK, IqvK©eyK, wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, wkÿK mnvwqKv, Z_¨cy¯ÍK, cvV mnvqK I
cvVvf¨vm m„wó‡Z mnvqK wewfbœ ai‡bi eB, mv`vKv‡jv †evW©, gvbwPÎ, PvU©, g‡Wjmn bvbviKg wkLb †kLv‡bv mnvqK
DcKiY, hš¿cvwZ BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| GQvov eZ©gv‡b wfwWI K¨v‡mU, wUwf, gvB‡µvwdj¥, ¯øvBW †cÖv‡R±i, gvwëwgwWqv
†cÖv‡R±i, j¨vcUc BZ¨vw`I e¨eüZ n‡”Q|

cvV¨cy¯ÍK we‡k^i mKj †`‡k wkL‡bi cÖavb mvgMªx wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K| wkL‡b AvMÖn m„wó‡Z Ges cvVvf¨vm MV‡b
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †hme †`‡k cvV‡hvM¨ AwZwi³ eB cy¯ÍK cÖ‡qvRbvbyhvqx cvIqv hvq bv †mme †`‡k
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ AviI †ewk| Dbœqbkxj I ¯^‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z A_©‣bwZK Kvi‡Y GKvwaK cvV¨cy¯ÍK wkÿv_©xi nv‡Z
Zz‡j †`Iqv mnRmva¨ bq| Gme †`‡k cÖwZwU wel‡qi Rb¨ gvÎ GKwU K‡i cvV¨cy¯ÍK mieivn Kiv nq| GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z
Gme †`‡k ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AZ¨waK|

wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb, we‡kl K‡i wkÿv_©xi wkLb gvb Dbœq‡b hZ¸‡jv nvwZqvi i‡q‡Q Zb¥‡a¨ eûj e¨eüZ n‡”Q
cvV¨cy¯ÍK| wkÿv_©xi Dc‡hvMx ¸YMZ gvbm¤úbœ, wbf©yj I AvKl©Yxq cvV¨cy¯ÍK iPbv Avek¨K| G Qvov †kÖwY cvV‡K
mnR, †evaMg¨ I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq jvMmB DcKiY Ges Gi Kvh©Ki e¨env‡i wkÿKMY‡K cvi`k©x K‡i Zzj‡Z
wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv cÖ‡qvRb|

137
wkLb mvgMÖx K‡qK ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi wkLbmvgMÖx wPwýZ K‡i G¸‡jv‡K GKwU c¨v‡K‡Ri AvIZvfy³
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G c¨v‡K‡R mvaviYZ †h wZb ai‡bi Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Zv wb¤œiƒc Ñ
 wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ : cvV¨cy¯ÍK, IqvK©eyK, IqvK©wkU BZ¨vw`|
 wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ : wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, Z_¨cy¯ÍK, wkÿK mnvwqKv BZ¨vw`|
 wkÿK wkÿv_©x Df‡qi Rb¨ : PvU©, g‡Wj, gvbwPÎ, wdj¥, wfwWI K¨v‡mU ¯øvBW, mvR-miÄvg BZ¨vw`|
wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K mnR, cÖvYešÍ, Kvh©Ki I •ewPΨgq Kivi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ KZ¸‡jv mnvqK mvgMÖxi
mnvqZv wb‡Z nq| wkLb‡K djcÖm~ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkÿK KZ¸‡jv g~Z© e¯‧, Dcv`vb ev `ªe¨mvgMÖx e¨envi K‡ib hv
wkÿv_©xi Bw›`ªqmg~n‡K DÏxß K‡i wkÿv_©x‡K Drmvn, DÏxcbv, Avb›` I AvMÖnf‡i wkL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i I wkLb welq‡K
Dc‡fvM¨ K‡i †Zv‡j| G¸‡jvi mnvqZvq wkLb A‡cÿvK…Z ¯vqx nq| wkLb †kLv‡bv cÖwµqvq e¨eüZ Gme
`ªe¨mvgMÖx‡K ejv nq wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY|
wkÿYxq welq‡K Zvrch©gq, AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zzj‡Z wkÿv DcKiY e¨envi Kiv nq| Bnv wkLb cwi‡ek‡K Avb›`gq K‡i
†Zv‡j, weg~Z© welq‡K g~Z© iƒc †`q Ges wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡V g‡bv‡hvMx K‡i Zyj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|

wkÿv DcKi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡

 wkÿv mnvqK DcKiY e¨env‡ii d‡j cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki wewfbœ welqe¯‧ MZvbyMwZK c×wZi evB‡i Av‡jvPbvi
my‡hvM m„wó nq d‡j wkL‡b •ewPΨ Av‡m;
 wkÿv_©x Kíbv Ki‡Z †k‡L Ges m„Rbkxj Kv‡R Drmvnx nq;
 ‡`Lv I †kvbvi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xi wbKU welqe¯‧ ¯úóZi K‡i †Zvjv hvq Ges gyL‡¯i †P‡q †gav PP©vq
wkÿv_©x‡K Drmvnx K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e;
 wkÿv DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g jä Áv‡bi ¯vqxZ¡ A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk nIqvq wkLb Z¦ivwš^Z nq;
 ARvbv welq‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q †`Iqv hvq e‡j wkÿv_©xi AwfÁZvi RMr m¤úªmvwiZ nq Ges Áv‡bi weKvk
N‡U;
 weg~Z© welq‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zvjv m¤¢e nq;
 wkÿv_©x †K․Z~njx nq Ges gvbwmK cÖ¯w‧ Z m„wói gva¨‡g Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv mnRZi nq;
 wkÿv_©x nv‡Z Kj‡g †kLvi my‡hvM cvq Ges ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi mv‡_ wkÿvi †hvMm~Î ¯vcb Ki‡Z cv‡i;
 ‡kÖwYi `ye©j I AbMÖmi wkÿv_©x‡KI welqe¯‧ m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q aviYv †`Iqv m¤¢e nq;
 GKm‡½ AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g mwµq ivLv m¤¢e nq;
 mgm¨v mgvav‡b mwVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j •eÁvwbK `„wófw½ M‡o I‡V|

wkÿv DcKi‡Yi †kÖwYwefvM

DcKi‡Yi †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© wKQz Rvbvi c~‡e© Edgar Dale Gi Cone of Experience g‡Wj m¤ú‡K© `yÕGKwU
Z_¨ †`Iqv nj| wZwb ÔcÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZvÕ bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡i GKwU wÎfzR •Zwi K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ wZwb cÖZ¨ÿ
AwfÁZv msµvšÍ 11wU cÖKvi‡f` †`wL‡q‡Qb|

138
 wPÎ 12: Edgar Dale Gi Cone of Experience g‡Wj
Dale AwfÁZvmg~n‡K g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z© wn‡m‡e mvwR‡q‡Qb A_©vr me‡P‡q weg~Z© nj gy‡Li fvlv| KviY gy‡Li K_v ï‡b
g‡b ivL‡Z nq| wKš‧ †Pv‡L †`Lv mvgMÖx gvbmc‡U GKwU ¯vqx wPÎ AsKb K‡i| †mRb¨ weg~Z© Ávb m¤úwK©Z K_v¸‡jv
DcKiY e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g g~Z© Kiv hvq|
jÿ¨`‡ji cvV`v‡bi welqe¯‧i Pvwn`vi wfwˇZ wfbœ wfbœ DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| wkÿvwe`MY wewfbœ
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K wkÿv DcKi‡Yi †kªwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb|
K) msMÖ‡ni Drm wn‡m‡e wkÿv DcKiY `yÕai‡bi| h_v Ñ
Ñ evwYwR¨K DcKiY
Ñ mnRjf¨ DcKiY
L) Kvh©KvwiZvi aib Abyhvqx wkÿv DcKiY `yÕai‡bi| h_v Ñ
Ñ cÖ‡ÿcY‡hvM¨ DcKiY
Ñ cÖ‡ÿcnxb DcKiY
M) e¨env‡ii ¸Yv¸‡Yi wfwˇZ wkÿv DcKiY cuvP cÖKv‡ii| h_v Ñ
Ñ kÖeYwfwËK DcKiY
Ñ `k©bwfwËK DcKiY
Ñ kÖeYÑ`k©bwfwËK DcKiY
Ñ AbymÜvbg~jK DcKiY
ÑKg©m¤úv`bg~jK DcKiY|
139
wb‡¤œ QK AvKv‡i †`Lv‡bv nj Ñ
DcKiY

kÖeYwfwËK `k©bwfwËK kÖeY-`k©bwfwËK Kg©m¤úv`bg~jK AbymÜvbg~jK

цiwWI Ñ wÎgvwÎK(e¯‧, Ñ mvgvwRK Drm Ñ cwigvcK hš¿
Ñ †Uwjwfkb
ÑK¨v‡mU/wmwW g‡Wj, bgybv) (e¨w³/wkÿK, Ñ cixÿY hš¿
Ñ wfwmwc
†cøqvi Ñ gyw`ªZe¯‧(cvV¨cy¯ÍK, `k©bxq ¯vb, `k©bxq Ñ Kg©m¤úv`b hš¿
Ñ Pjw”PÎ
Ñ MÖv‡gv‡dvb wkÿK wb‡`©wkKv, Kg© e¯Íy) Ñ ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw`
Ñ Kw¤úDUvi
цUc‡iKW©vi wb‡`©kcÎ, Kg©cÎ, cÎ Ñ cÖvwZôvwbK
Ñ gwbUi
Ñ gvB‡µv‡dvb cwÎKv, g¨vMvwRb, Drm(Lvgvi,
Ñ wWwfwW †cøqvi
Ñ mvDÛe· Rvb©vj) cÖwZôvb, wgDwRqvg,
ÑPK‡evW©/‡nvqvBU cwi‡ek cÖK…wZ)
†evW©/¯§vU© †evW©
Ñ ey‡jwUb †evW©
Ñ PvU©/‡cv÷vi
Ñ d¬v‡bj †evW©
Ñ w¯i wPÎ
(cÖ‡ÿcnxb:
Ñd‡UvMÖvd
Ñ Aw¼Z wPÎ;
cÖ‡ÿcb‡hvM¨:
Ñ wdj¥ w÷ªc cÖ‡R±i,
Ñ Ifvi‡nW cÖ‡R±i
ѯøvBW cÖ‡R±i
Ñ gvwëwgwWqv
cÖ‡R±i)
Ñ MÖvwd· (†Møve,
g¨vc, bKkv, Qwe/wPÎ,
MÖvd, cÖevn wPÎ, aviYv
gvbwPÎ)

wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖ`k©b I Kvh©Ki e¨envi

wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿK I wkÿv_©xi ga¨Kvi †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wkL‡b mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i wkÿK
Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g Drmvnx K‡i Zzj‡eb Ges Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivL‡eb Zvi Ici| DbœZ cÖhyw³i
¯ú‡k© wkÿv_©xi g‡b bvbviKg cÖkœ RvMÖZ nq| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK Zv‡`i G †K․Z~nj‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q †kÖwY Kvh©µg‡K
cÖvYešÍ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib| AvKl©Yxq cvV Dc¯vc‡b wkÿ‡Ki e¨eüZ wewfbœ †K․k‡ji g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj wewfbœ ai‡bi
wkÿv DcKiY cÖ`k©b I Gi Kvh©Ki e¨envi|

140
wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖ`k©b I e¨env‡ii †ÿ‡Î Gi ¸Yv¸Y wePvi Kiv Avek¨K| G ¸Yv¸Y wePv‡i DcKi‡Yi wZbwU
•ewk‡ó¨i Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv cª‡qvRb| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ
 Dc‡hvwMZv
 wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
 mnRjf¨Zv|
Dc‡hvwMZv
wkÿv DcKi‡Yi Dc‡hvwMZv wePv‡ii †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œ ewY©Z wewfbœ w`‡Ki cÖwZ jÿ¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb
 wkÿv DcKiY wbw`©ó welqe¯‧ m¤ú„³ nIqv Avek¨K| †hgb gybxi †P․ayixi ÔKeiÕ bvUKwU cov‡Z wM‡q knx`
wgbv‡ii Qwe †`Lv‡bv cÖvmw½K| G‡ÿ‡Î RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡m․‡ai Qwei mv‡_ wel‡qi m¤ú„³Zv †bB| Abyiƒcfv‡e
KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Rxebx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Zvi iwPZ MÖšvewj †`Lv‡bv cÖvmw½K, iex›`ªbv‡_i bq|
 wkÿv DcKiY wbe©vP‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbw`©ó †kÖwYi wkÿv_©xi ¯Íi, eqm, mvg_©¨ I wkÿvi gvb we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
KviY DcKiY ïay welqe¯‧ Dc‡hvMx n‡j Pj‡e bv, †kÖwYiI Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i †h Qwe, g‡Wj
ev ev¯Íe DcKiY wkÿv_©x‡K AvK…ó K‡i Ges GKB m‡½ Zv‡`i AwfÁZvi RMZ‡K m¤úªmvwiZ K‡i, wVK †m
DcKiYwU gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii wkÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ †K․Z~n‡jvÏxcK bvI n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs GB ¯Í‡ii H GKB wel‡qi
Rb¨ wkÿv DcKi‡Yi welqwU wfbœfv‡e we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
 wkÿv DcKiY `k©b‡hvM¨ nIqv Avek¨K| G‡ÿ‡Î DcKi‡Yi AvKvi, i‡Oi e¨envi BZ¨vw` we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z
n‡e| DcKi‡Yi AvKvi †kÖwYi AvKv‡ii mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡Z n‡e †hb †kÖwYi mvg‡b Szwj‡q w`‡j mevB †mUv
†`L‡Z cvq;
 †kÖwYK‡ÿ wVK †Kvb mg‡q DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wkÿK‡K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| mvaviYfv‡e
cÖ¯w‧ Zc‡e©i †k‡l Ges Dc¯vcb c‡e©i ïiæ‡Z DcKiY cÖ`k©‡bi Dchy³ mgq e‡j a‡i †bqv nq| Z‡e cvV¨
welqe¯‧ AwaKZi A_©c~Y© I Zvrch©c~Y© Ki‡Z Ab¨vb¨ c‡e©I DcKiY e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| GQvov cv‡Vi
g~j¨vqb c‡e© wbivgqg~jK e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i;
 DcKiY Aek¨B AvKl©Yxq I ‣ewPΨc~Y© n‡Z n‡e| DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ bZzbZ¡ I AwfbeZ¡ _vK‡j Zv
wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ †K․Z~nj m„wó K‡i| G‡Z cv‡V wkÿv_©xi AvMÖn I g‡bv‡hvM m„wó nq| `xN©Kvj a‡i e¨eüZ
A¯úó I weeY© DcKiY e¨envi bv KivB †kÖq|
DcKiY mn‡R e¨envi Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| wkÿv_©x ev wkÿK †hb Zv mn‡RB enb Ki‡Z mÿg nb Zv †Lqvj Ki‡Z
n‡e| DcKiY e¨env‡i wkÿv_©xi m¤ú„³Zv cvV‡K A_©en K‡i †Zv‡j|

wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv
†kÖwY‡Z cVb cvV‡b mnvqK DcKiY wbf©i‡hvM¨ nIqv Avek¨K| wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv wePv‡i wb‡¤œi w`K¸‡jvi Ici †Rvi
w`‡Z n‡e;
 DcKi‡Y cÖ`wk©Z Z_¨ n‡Z n‡e wbf©yj| Z_¨ Aek¨B mv¤úªwZK n‡e| cyi‡bv Z_¨ cv‡Vi mnvqK n‡e bv eis
Zv n‡e wkÿv_©xi Rb¨ weåvwšÍKi| †hme Z_¨ mg‡qi mv‡_ cwieZ©bkxj Zv nvjbvMv` nIqv evÃbxq|
 DcKiY wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg wbivc‡` e¨env‡ii Dc‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| •e`y¨wZK miÄvg
e¨env‡ii c~‡e© G¸‡jv wbivc` wKbv Zv cixÿv K‡i †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| ivmvqwbK `ªe¨vw` e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq
wewawb‡la †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
 DcKiY cÖ`k©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gi AvKvi I AvqZ‡bi w`KwU †hgb †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb Gi †kvfbZv I
fv‡evÏxcb ÿgZvI wePvi we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖPwjZ g~j¨‡eva I wek^vm‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ggb †Kvb
DcKiY e¨envi Kiv †Kvbµ‡gB mwVK n‡e bv|
 DcKi‡Yi mnRjf¨Zv wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡K DcKiY e¨env‡i DrmvwnZ K‡i| ¯vbxqfv‡e cvIqv hvq Ggb
¯^íg~‡j¨i A_ev webvg~‡j¨i DcKiY e¨env‡ii Ici †ewk †Rvi †`Iqv cÖ‡qvRb| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb
DcKi‡Yi mnRjf¨Zv we‡ePbvq Avbv nq Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb wkÿK I wkÿv_©xi D™¢vebx ÿgZv weKv‡ki my‡hvM
m„wó nq| G e¨vcv‡i wb‡¤œi ewY©Z welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avbv cÖ‡qvRb|
 cv‡Vi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L avivevwnKfv‡e DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 †kÖwYi mKj wkÿv_©x †hb DcKiY †`Lvi my‡hvM cvq Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
 DcKiYwUi me©vwaK e¨envi‡hvM¨Zv _vKv|
 GwU ¯^í mg‡q I ¯^í Li‡P •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
141
  ev¯Í‡e e¨envi‡hvM¨ n‡Z n‡e|
 GwU •Zwi‡Z •kwíKZv _vK‡e|
 Gi AvKl©Y ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
 cvV MÖn‡Y wkÿv_©xi mnvqK n‡Z n‡e|
GQvov †Kvb †K․kj Aej¤^b Ki‡j GwU wkÿv_©xi me©vwaK Dc‡hvMx n‡e Zv hvPvB K‡i DcKiY e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e|

8.2 wkÿK m„ó DcKiY: msMÖn, cÖ¯‧ZKiY I msMVb

wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K Kvh©Kix I djcÖm~ K‡i †Zvjvi R‡b¨ wkÿv_x©i Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wkÿv DcKiY ‣Zwi I
Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv we`¨gvb| evsj‡`‡ki RvZxq ev‡R‡U wkÿvLv‡Z e¨‡qi cwigvY cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq LyeB AcÖZzj| cÖwZwU
miKvwi I †emiKvwi we`¨vj‡q miKv‡ii c‡ÿ wkÿv DcKiY mieivn m¤¢e bq| Avevi cÖwZwU wel‡qi wewfbœ cv‡Vi
R‡b¨ GKvwaK wkÿv-DcKiY e¨env‡ii cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| †mRb¨ wkÿK ¯^-D‡`¨v‡M Pvicv‡k Qwo‡q _vKv †`kR m¤ú`
Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zvi D™¢vebx kw³i mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB wewfbœ DcKiY †hgb- PvU©, bKkv, g‡Wj, hš¿cvwZ •Zwi Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| Gme DcKiY wZwb A‡bK mgq webvg~‡j¨ ev ¯^íg~‡j¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib wKsev evwo‡Z cwiZ¨³ wewfbœ `ªe¨ ev
cwi‡ek †_‡K ¯^íg~‡j¨ KvuPvgvj msMÖn K‡i wbR nv‡Z welqmswkøó DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿK KZ…K © msM„nxZ
ev •ZwiK…Z Gme DcKiYB nj wkÿK m„ó DcKiY|
wkÿv DcKiY `vgx wKsev weL¨vZ ¯vb †_‡K msM„nxZ n‡Z n‡e Ggb †Kvb K_v †bB| Av‡kcv‡k mn‡RB cvIqv hvq
Ggb Dcv`vb e¯‧ mvgMÖx msMÖn K‡i DcKiY •Zwii †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| wkÿK D™¢vebxg~jK ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡j
mn‡RB wb¤œewY©Z DcKiY ‣Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 Kv‡Vi UzKiv, KvMR, nvW©‡evW©, †c‡iK, myZv BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i †kªwYK‡ÿ, evmM„n, AvmevecÎ, cvnvo-ce©Z BZ¨vw`|
 cÖK…wZ ch©‡eÿY K‡i evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM, e„wócv‡Zi c~ev©fvm, m~‡h©i FZzwfwËK Ae¯vb BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z PvU©,
weeiYx BZ¨vw`|
 Zvgvi cvZ, •e`y¨wZK Zv‡ii †Quov UzKiv, cyivZb e¨vUvwi BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ •eÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ|
 K…wl Kv‡R cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq Ggb Z_¨ m¤^wjZ PvU©, wb‡`©kbv ZvwjKv BZ¨vw`|
 evuk, KvV I wU‡bi LwÛZ Ask e¨envi K‡i wewfbœ nvwZqv‡ii g‡Wj BZ¨vw`|
 cøvw÷‡Ki •Zwi cvwbi †evZj, Bb‡RKk‡bi wmwiÄ, m¨vjvBb †mU BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i weÁv‡bi bvbviKg
hš¿cvwZ, cwigvcK hš¿, gvc‡PvO, weKvi, wmwjÛvi, dv‡bj BZ¨vw`|
 _v‡gv©‡dvg, †gvg iO, nvW©‡evW© e¨envi K‡i wb‡lK cÖwµqvi g‡Wj •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 Kvu‡Pi cv‡Î ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ e¨envi K‡i wkÿK cÖK…Z e¯‧ msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wewfbœ cÖKvi PvU©, †hgb- cwimsL¨vb PvU©, e„ÿ PvU©, cÖevn PvU© •Zwi K‡i Zv †kªwYK‡ÿ e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ev¯Íe DcKiY †hgb- ZvRvdzj, cvZv, cwÎKvi KvUz©b, K¨v‡jÛvi msMÖn K‡i wkÿK e¨envi
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 GQvov wWwRUvj K‡›U›U •Zwi K‡iI ev¯Íe aviYv w`‡Z cv‡ib|

¯^-D‡`¨v‡M wkÿv DcKiY •Zwi I msMÖ‡ni †K․kj

wkÿK welqmswkøó wkÿv DcKiY msMÖ‡ni I ‣Zwii Rb¨ wb‡Pi †K․kj¸‡jv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 welq mswkøó cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Yi GKwU ZvwjKv ‣Zwi Kiv|
 ZvwjKvq ewY©Z DcKiY ev Gi Dcv`vb Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq wK bv A_©vr mnRjf¨ wK bv
Zv we‡ePbv Kiv|
 webvg~‡j¨ DcKiY msMÖn Kivi welqwU ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv|
 msM„nxZ DcKiYwU `xN©w`b e¨envi Kiv hvq wK bv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv_x©i eqm, AvMÖn, mvg_©¨ I iæwPi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L wkÿv DcKiY msMÖn I •Zwi Kivi cwiKíbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 m¤¢ve¨ DcKiYwU wkÿv_x©i cvV MÖn‡Y AvMÖn m„wói Rb¨ h‡_ó mnvqK wK bv Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
 GKB DcKiY wewfbœ wel‡q e¨envi Kiv hvq wK bv Zv †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
 wkÿv DcKiY †kÖwY Dc‡hvMx wK bv Zv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
142
wkÿK m„ó DcKiY msMVb
DcKiY msMÖn I •Zwi Kivi ci Zv msMVb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| DcKiY msMV‡bi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki wb‡¤œ DwjøwLZ
†K․kj Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq:
 PvU©, Qwe BZ¨vw` DcKiY †`qv‡j Szwj‡q ivL‡j fvj _v‡K| ZvB Gi Ici KvMR ev cwjw_‡bi AveiY w`‡q
†X‡K ivL‡Z n‡e
 Jl‡ai KvUy©b ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb Lvwj KvUz©‡b •ZwiK…Z †QvU †QvU g‡Wj h‡Zœ msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e;
 gvbwPÎ, PvU© BZ¨vw` DcKiY¸‡jv †kÖwY, welq I cvV Abyhvqx wfbœ wfbœ Kv‡Vi ÷¨v‡Û ‡ivj K‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e;
 A‡cÿvK…Z g~j¨vevb DcKiY †hgb- hš¿cvwZ, j¨vcUc, †iwWI, wUwf BZ¨vw` Avjgvwi‡Z Zvjve× K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e;
 hš¿cvwZ I miÄv‡gi Rb¨ ÷K eB ivLv cÖ‡qvRb;
 wewfbœ cÖvwYi I Dw™¢‡`i ev¯Íe bgybv Kv‡uPi †evZ‡j digvwjb Øviv msiÿY Kiv hvq Ges †evZ‡ji Mv‡q
†j‡ej jvwM‡q G‡`i •eÁvwbK bvg, msMÖ‡ni ZvwiL Ges cÖvw߯vb wj‡L Avjgvwi A_ev †Lvjv i¨v‡K mvwR‡q
ivLv hvq;
 bv‡gi Av`¨ÿi Abymv‡i MÖæc Abyhvqx hš¿cvwZ mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e;
 cixÿvMv‡iii e¨envwiK Kv‡Ri †Uwe‡ji Ici †Uwe‡ji wb‡P, KvuP ev ÷x‡ji Avjvgvwi‡Z, †Lvjv i¨vK ev
†`qv‡ji Zv‡K A_ev †g‡S‡Z hš¿cvwZ mvwR‡q ivL‡Z n‡e;
 †jvnvi •Zwi hš¿cvwZ †fmwjb jvwM‡q ivL‡Z n‡e;
 cÖwZevi e¨env‡ii ci hš¿cvwZ¸‡jv cwi®‥vi K‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb;
 mnvqK MÖš ev g¨vbyqvj Avjgvwi‡Z msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e|
DcKiY¸‡jv mh‡Zœ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ cÖavb wkÿK wbw`©ó †Kvb wkÿK‡K `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z cv‡ib| DcKiY¸‡jv mn‡R Lyu‡R
cvIqvi Rb¨ Dchy©³ †K․kj¸‡jv Kvh©Ki|

8.3 wkÿv_©x m„ó DcKiY •Zwi‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i e¨envi Ges DcKiY msiÿ‡Yi Dcvq
nv‡Z Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡j wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q cvVwU Avb›``vqK nq| Gi GKwU
Ab¨Zg †K․kj nj DcKiY •Zwi‡Z wkÿv_©x‡`i m¤ú„³KiY| wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZvq wkÿK M„n, we`¨vj‡qi Av‡kcv‡ki
Ae¨eüZ wewfbœ `ªe¨vw` e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ DcKiY •Zwi K‡i Zv cieZ©x‡Z e¨env‡ii wbwgË msiÿY
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wkÿv_©x m„ó DcKiY
wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©x KZ©„K msM„nxZ A_ev ‣ZwiK…Z †hme wkLb mvgwMÖ e¨eüZ nq †m¸‡jvB n‡jv wkÿv_©x
m„ó DcKiY| wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kv‡R e¨eüZ AmsL¨ `ªe¨ mvgMÖx cÖK…wZ †_‡K msMÖn Kiv‡Z cv‡ib ev
•Zwi Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv DcKiY •Zwi I msMÖ‡ni Kjv‡K․kj †kLv‡Z cv‡ib| cvV`vb
Abykxjb Kvh©µ‡g cÖwkÿYv_©xiv Zv‡`i wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi wkÿv DcKiY •Zwi
K‡i Zv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Gme DcKiY welqe¯‧ mswkøó, mnRjf¨ Ges †kªwY‡Z e¨envi‡hvM¨ n‡jB wkÿK
wkÿv_©x‡`i w`‡q Zv •Zwi I msMÖn Kiv‡Z cv‡ib|
wkÿv_©x KZ©„K m„ó wkÿv DcKiY msMª‡ni †K․kj
wkÿv_©xiv Zv‡`i Av‡kcv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K mnRjf¨ DcKiY A_ev wkÿv md‡i wM‡q cwiKwíZfv‡e e¨wZµgag©x
DcKiY ev DcKiY •Zwii Dcv`vbmg~n msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G¸‡jv msMª‡ni †K․kj wb¤œiƒc:
 wewfbœ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ cvVmswkøó Qwe, gvbwPÎ, msev`wPÎ;
 welqe¯‧ mswkøó K¨v‡jÛv‡ii Qwe;
 gvwUi ‣Zwi wewfbœ g‡Wj;
 e¨eüZ Lvwj ev·, UzKiv wUb, Zvi, †jvnvi †c‡iK , KvU©yb BZ¨vw`;
 euvk I †e‡Zi •Zwi g‡Wj;
143
  cyivZb ‣e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ †hgb-evj¦, †iwWI, Nwo, Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ Ask, K¨v‡mU †cøqvi BZ¨vw`;
 wewfbœ Rb‡Mvôxi mf¨Zv,ms¯‥…wZi wb`k©b¯^iƒc †cvkvK,AvmevecÎ, Qwe, wPÎ BZ¨vw`;
 wkÿv md‡i wM‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi `y®úÖvc¨ MvQcvjv, Mv‡Qi bgybv, •kevj, QÎvK,mvgyw`ªK gvQ, KxUcZ½mn wewfbœ
ai‡bi cÖvYxi Qwe BZ¨vw` msMÖn Kiv hvq|
wkÿv_©x KZ©„K DcKiY (hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg) •Zwii †K․kj
wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ wewfbœ DcKiY •Zwii †K․kj †kLv‡Z cv‡ib| wewfbœ welqe¯‧ cvV`v‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó PvU©, g‡Wj,
MÖvd, mviwY, Qwe,hš¿cvwZ,miÄvg BZ¨vw` nv‡Zi KvR cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g •Zwi Kiv‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡¤œ ¯^íg~‡j¨i D™¢vebxg~jK
KwZcq hš¿cvwZ I miÄvg •Zwii DcKiYmn wbg©vY‡K․kj Ges e¨envi eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
¯^íg~‡j¨ •Zwi ev nv‡Z •Zwi hš¿cvwZ
nv‡Z Kj‡g Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wkL‡Z cvi‡j wkÿv_©xiv cv‡V Avb›` cvq I AvMÖnx n‡q I‡V| wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i mnvqZvq
M„n ev Av‡kcv‡k †d‡j †`Iqv wewfbœ DcKiY e¨envi K‡i wKQz wKQz DcKiY •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †hgb Ñ
w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú : †QvU AvKv‡ii Kv‡Pi †evZj ev Kvwji †`vqvZ, Kvc‡oi mj‡Z e¨envi K‡i GwU •Zwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wjweM Kb‡WÝvi : avZz ev wU‡bi †gvUv cvBc, ivevi KK©, avZzi wPKb cvBc e¨envi K‡i GwU •Zwi Kiv hvq| •e`y¨wZK
we‡kølY hš¿ : GKwU cøvw÷‡Ki evwU, `yÕwU Zvgvi eo iW ev Kve©b `Û, wKQz Zvgvi Zvi, `yÕwU †U÷ wUDe, †nvìvimn `yÕwU
e¨vUvwi cÖf…wZ DcKiY e¨envi K‡i GwU •Zwi Kiv hvq|
eyb‡mb evb©vi : Kv‡Vi UzKiv ev cwiZ¨³ †jvnv, Zvgv ev wcZ‡ji bj Øviv GwU ‣Zwi Kiv hvq|
d¬v¯‥ : cyiv‡bv B‡jKwUªK evj¦ Øviv GwU mn‡RB •Zwi Kiv hvq| GQvovI KxUcZ½, RxeRš‧i bgybv, ce©‡Zi g‡Wj, e„wó
cwigvcK hš¿, _v‡g©vd¬v¯‥, weKvi, ZviRvwj, †Zcvqv,wPgUv, M¨vmRvi BZ¨vw` hš¿cvwZI ¯^íg~‡j¨i DcKiY e¨envi K‡i
nv‡Z •Zwi Kiv m¤¢e|

Aw·‡Rb cÖ¯‧Z cÖYvjx I DcKiY

DcKiY: wKQzmsL¨K K¤^vBwUK, †cÖv‡bv‡cb ev H RvZxq Bb‡RKk‡bi Lvwj †evZj (ivev‡ii XvKbvmn), e¨eüZ
ej‡c‡bi wiwdj, wKQz msL¨K †nvwgI Ily‡ai Lvwj †evZj, †gvgevwZ, †`qvkjvB, cUvwmqvg †K¬v‡iU, g¨v½vwbR
WvBA·vBW|
cÖ¯Z
‧ cÖYvjxÑ iev‡ii XvKbvwUi gvSLv‡b GKwU wQ`ª Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z wiwdjwU k³fv‡e AvUKv‡bv hvq;
Ñ Gev‡i †evZjwUi XvKbv Lyy‡j Zv‡Z mvgvb¨ cwigvY cUvwkqvg †K¬v‡iU I g¨v½vwbR WvB A·vBW w`‡q mKj wkÿv_©x‡K
GKwU K‡i h‡š¿i †mU w`‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
e¨envi c×wZ: wkÿv_©xiv †gvgevwZ R¦vwj‡q hš¿wU‡Z Zvc w`‡e Ges Lvwj †nvwgI †evZj¸‡jv‡Z Aw·‡Rb M¨vm msMÖn
Ki‡e I Zvi ag© cixÿv Ki‡e|
Gfv‡e GKB hš¿ w`‡q nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Kve©b WvB A·vBW M¨vmI cÖ¯Z ‧ Kiv hvq|
†cv÷vi
Dcv`vb : k³ KvW©‡evW©, Kvco, isZzwj, †cwÝj, K¤úvm, UªvBG‡½j, ievi, wm‡g›U BZ¨vw`| †cv÷vi
•Zwii mgq wb‡¤œi †hme wel‡hi w`‡K †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv-
 cÖ_‡gB GKwU D‡Ïk¨ wVK Ki‡Z n‡e;
 GKwU wk‡ivbvg _vK‡e;
 i‡½i mvgÄm¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
‡cv÷vi `xN©w`b msiÿY Kiv hvq| wkÿ‡Ki wb‡`©kbvq wkÿv_©xiv wewfbœ ai‡bi AvKl©Yxq †cv÷vi •Zwi K‡i Zv Rgv
w`‡Z cv‡i|
PvU©©
PvU© GKwU `k©b‡hvM¨ Dcv`vb| GwU GKwU wØgvwÎK wkÿv DcKiY| Pv‡U©i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wKQzi Zzjbv Kiv,cv_©K¨ wbY©q
Kiv nq| wkL‡bi Ggb A‡bK welq Av‡Q †h¸‡jv †g․wLKfv‡e ev wj‡L †evSv‡bv hvq bv, †m¸‡jv‡K Pv‡U© ms‡ÿ‡c
Dc¯vcb Kiv nq| GKwU Kvh©Kwi Pv‡U© wewfbœ ai‡bi MÖvwd·, Qwe, WªBs, KvU©yb, bKkv, †kÖwYwefvM BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq|
DcKiY : AvU© †ccvi ev †cv÷vi †ccvi, Kvco, †dë †cb hv mn‡RB †÷kbvwi †`vKv‡b wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq|
144
msiÿY : PvU© •Zwi I msiÿY GKw`‡K †hgb mnR †Zgwb Avevi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I `„wówbf©i DcKiY| PvU© msiÿ‡Yi mgq
we‡klfv‡e †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Pv‡U© †hb fvR bv c‡o| GR‡b¨ PvU© d¬¨vU K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| cwjw_b w`‡q ‡X‡K
ivL‡j ayjvevwj ev cvwbi ms¯úk© †_‡K iÿv cvq|
wb‡lK cÖwµqvi g‡Wj
civMvqY, civM‡iYy, cys‡Kki I ¯¿x‡Kk‡ii wewfbœ Ask , Zv‡`i KvR Ges wb‡lK cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv †`Iqvi
R‡b¨ G g‡WjwU e¨envi Kiv hvq|
DcKiY
 70 †mwg `xN© I 60‡mwg PIov GK LÛ _v‡g©v‡dvg;
 KvUvi bvBd/aviv‡jv Qywi/‡eøW
 KvV†cwÝj
 ‡gvg is
 miæ wdZv
 k³ KvM‡Ri †evW©/nvW© †evW©
 AvBKv ev Møy
cÖ¯Z
‧ cÖYvjx
 _v‡g©v‡dv‡gi Ici GKwU Dfwj½ dz‡ji j¤^‡”Q‡`i wPÎ KvV †cw݇ji mvnv‡h¨ eo K‡i G‡K wb‡Z n‡e;
 KvUvi bvBd/aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q _v‡g©v‡dvg †Lv`vB Ki‡Z n‡e;
 ‡gvg i‡Oi mvnv‡h¨ dz‡ji j¤^‡”Q‡`i wewfbœ Ask is Ki‡Z n‡e| Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ is e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e
hv‡Z g‡W‡ji wewfbœ Ask ¯úó n‡q I‡V;
 Ab¨ Avi GKLÛ _v‡g©v‡dvg(30‡mwg `xN© I 50 †mwg PIov)-Gi Ici cys I ¯¿x‡Kk‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki bvg
wjL‡Z n‡e;
 Gevi cÖ_‡g g‡WjwUi †cQb w`‡K Møy jvwM‡q g‡WjwU‡K k³ KvM‡Ri †evW© ev nvW© †ev‡W©i Dci ¯vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| As‡ki bvg m¤^wjZ _v‡g©v‡dvgwUI GKBfv‡e cvkvcvwk ¯vcb Ki‡Z n‡e;
 miæ wdZv w`‡q dz‡ji j¤^‡”Q‡`i wewfbœ Ask wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e;
 g‡WjwU AvBKv Mvg I wc‡bi mvnv‡h¨ AvU‡K w`‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e wkÿv_©xiv cvV¨ welqe¯‧i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wbR D‡`¨v‡M evwoi Av‡k cv‡ki cwi‡ek †_‡K cvV MÖn‡Y mnvqK
wewfbœ Dcv`vb, e¯‧, mvgMÖx, miÄvg msMªn K‡i mivmwi wkÿK‡K Rgv w`‡Z cv‡i A_ev Zv Øviv bvbv cÖKvi DcKiY
wbR nv‡Z ‣Zwi K‡i Rgv w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZ eQi Gme DcKiY cÖ`k©bxi e¨e¯v K‡i cyi¯‥v‡ii e¨e¯v Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡`i
g‡a¨ G e¨vcv‡i Drmvn Av‡iv †e‡o hv‡e|

cÖkœgvjv
mswÿß DËi cÖkœ
1. wkLb mvgMªx ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. wkÿY mnvqK DcKiY ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
3. Kvh©Kix wkL‡b wkÿv DcKi‡Yi f~wgKv D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ AwfÁZv msµvšÍ cÖKvi‡f` D‡jøL Kiæb|
5. e¨env‡ii ¸Yv¸‡Yi wfwˇZ wkÿv DcKiY KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx? D`vniYmn wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ
1. wkÿK m„ó K‡qKwU DcKi‡Yi bvg D‡jøL Kiæb| GKRb wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcwb Kxfv‡e G DcKiY¸‡jv •Zwi
Ki‡eb? Kxfv‡e G DcKiY¸‡jv msiÿY Ki‡eb?
2. wkÿv DcKiY msMÖn Kivi Rb¨ GKRb wkÿK Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©x‡`i m¤ú„³ Ki‡eb? wkÿv_©x KZ©„K m„ó DcKiY
Kxfv‡e wkÿv_©©xi D™¢vebx ÿgZv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

145
 BDwbU 9 : †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvq I `ÿZv
¸YMZ wkÿv wbðq‡bi mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb RwoZ| cÖvPxb †_‡K AvaywbK Kvj ch©šÍ memg‡qB me ai‡bi
wkÿv e¨e¯v‡ZB wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv‡K AZ¨vek¨Kxq wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb AvaywbK g‡bv‣eÁvwbK c×wZi
wkÿv e¨e¯vq wkÿv_©xi mwµq AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ mnvqZvKvix wn‡m‡e gvbm¤úbœ `ÿ wkÿ‡Ki Dcw¯wZ wbwðZ
Ki‡Z ejv n‡q‡Q| gvbm¤úbœ wkÿ‡Ki Dcw¯wZ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZwbqZ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb|
†ckvq mvwe©K mvdj¨ AR©b I wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖK…Z wkÿv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
welq| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi Dc‡hvMx m`m¨ wn‡m‡e M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi c«‡qvRb|
†ckvMZ Dbœqb GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| †Kvb ai‡bi weiwZ QvovB GwU memgq n‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e wKQy welq †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, †hgb- e¨w³MZ ‣ewkó¨, Av_©mvgvwRK cÖfve, kvixwiK I gvbwmK mvg_¨©, my‡hvM
BZ¨vw`| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvq I `ÿZvmg~n Av‡jvPbvi Ask wn‡m‡e GB Aa¨vq‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q-
9.1 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcv`vb;
9.2 PvKyixc~e© cÖwkÿY, PvKyixKvjxb cÖwkÿY I avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb;
9.3 †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv;
9.4 †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR (wcGjwm) I Gi ¸iæZ¡;
9.5 e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dbœqb †K․kj;
9.6 cÖwkÿYv_©xi cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc, cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©vj, wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷, ch©v‡jvPbv I Abykxjb;
9.1 wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi aviYv, ¸iæZ¡ I †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcv`vb
†ckvMZ Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU ¯Í‡i GKRb wkÿK hZUyKy †gav, gbbkxjZv, fv‡jvevmv I m…RbkxjZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
wkÿv_©xi cÖK…Z wkÿv ZZB wbwðZ n‡e| mgv‡Ri mKj ¯Í‡ii wkÿ‡Ki `ywU †hvM¨Zvi cÖ‡qvRb- welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv I
†ckvMZ †hvM¨Zv| GKRb wkÿK‡K Aek¨B GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q D”PZi Ávbm¤úbœ n‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U
GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q Ávb AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B D”PZi GKv‡WwgK mvwU©wd‡KU AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| †ckvMZ Rxe‡bi bvbv
w`K we‡ePbvq †h `ÿZv¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRb †m¸‡jv †ckvMZ †hvM¨Zvi AšÍfy³ © | †ckvMZ †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi c~‡e©
welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq Ges welqwfwËK †hvM¨Zv AR©‡bi ci †ckvMZ mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZ
†ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
†ckvMZ Dbœqb
Z_¨cÖhyw³i GB hy‡M wek¦ GLb nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq, Rxeb GLb cÖhyw³ wbf©i| we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xivI cÖhyw³i Avkxe©v‡`i
evB‡i bq| Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i Pvwn`vi ‣ewP‡Î¨i cwieZ©b NU‡Q †ewk| d‡j GKB †kÖwY‡Z GLb wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨
‣ewP‡Î¨i gvÎv e…w× cv‡”Q| GUv ïaygvÎ cÖhyw³i gva¨‡gB n‡”Q Zv bq| wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ hZ †ewk cvi¯úwiK wg_w¯…qv
e…w× cv‡e Zv‡`i Pvwn`vi ‣ewP‡Î¨i cwigvYI ZZ evo‡e| µgweKwkZ cÖhyw³ GLv‡b wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q KviY
Gi i‡q‡Q mywekvj Z_¨ fvÐvi hvi gva¨‡g wbwg‡lB cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq, AvMÖ‡ni welqe¯Íy‡K Rvbvi my‡hvM
e…w× K‡i †`q Ges Gi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i g‡bv‡hvM eûgyLx n‡”Q| GwU GKwU Pjgvb cÖwµqv hv cÖwZwbqZ msNwUZ n‡”Q|
GBme eûgyLx `…wófw½i wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K wb‡qB wkÿKMY‡K †kÖwYK‡ÿ Kvh©Ki wkLb Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek ‣Zwi Ki‡Z nq|
Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb µgvMZ `ÿZvi Dbœqb ev †ckvMZ Dbœqb|
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³ †ckvi mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges beZi Ávb, `ÿZv I `…wófw½i Dbœqb mvab K‡ib|
†ckvq mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †ckvMZ Dbœqb| GB cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ w`‡q e¨w³ Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi Dchy³ GKRb m`m¨
wn‡m‡e M‡o I‡Vb| wkÿv_©xiv Kx wkL‡Z Pv‡”Q, Kxfv‡e wkL‡Z Pv‡”Q, Zv‡`i AvMÖn KZUyKy BZ¨vw` wel‡q wkÿ‡Ki
m‡PZb _vK‡Z nq| cvkvcvwk wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ †Kvb †Kvb c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡ib, †Kvb ai‡bi c×wZ cÖ‡qv‡M wkÿK
mvejxj, Zvui cÖ‡qvMK…Z c×wZ¸‡jv KZUyKy djcÖm~, wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z Av‡iv Kx ai‡bi c×wZi cÖ‡qvRb
BZ¨vw` mv‡c‡ÿ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnYB n‡jv †ckvMZ Dbœqb|
†h †Kv‡bv gvby‡li Rxe‡b mvdj¨ Avb‡Z n‡j †ckvMZ Ávb I `ÿZvi Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb| †ckvMZ `ÿZv AR©b e¨ZxZ cÖK…Z mvdj¨
AR©b Kiv hvq bv| Ab¨vb¨ †ckvi Zyjbvq wkÿKZv †ckvq Zv AwaK gvÎvq cÖ‡hvR¨| KviY wkÿKMY‡K fwel¨r wewbg©v‡Yi KvwiMi
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Z nq| GB †ckvi Dbœq‡b Ávb I `ÿZvi cÖ‡qvRb me©v‡MÖ| GKRb wkÿK‡K Zvui †ckvi Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© cÖwZwbqZ
be be Ávb I †K․k‡ji mÜvb Ki‡Z nq| cvV`vb‡K mdj Ki‡Z bZyb bZyb cÖhyw³ I AvaywbK Ávb-M‡elYvi mÜv‡b wbijm
cÖ‡Póvq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ ivL‡Z nq| wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ g~j¨‡eva, AvZ¥cÖZ¨q I †evaMg¨Zvi mgš^q NwU‡q †kÖwY-cvV`vb mv_©K
Ki‡Z nq| Avi Gme c×wZ I †K․kj‡K AvqË Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z nq|
146
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi D‡Ïk¨
Kvh©Ki wkLb cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb `ÿ wkÿK| wkÿvi D‡Ïk¨ mdj Kivi Rb¨, wkÿv_©x‡`i gvbwmK
KvVv‡gv‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPh©v Kivi Rb¨ I wkÿv_©xi Av‡eM‡K mwVKfv‡e cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ
`ÿZv cÖ‡qvRb| welqÁvb AR©‡bi ci †ckvMZ `ÿZvi eywbqvw` ¯Íi m¤úbœ Kivi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿK Zvui †ckvq
mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| wkÿK‡K cÖwZwbqZ wbZ¨bZyb Ávb, †hvM¨Zv I `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| wkÿ‡Ki
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi D‡Ïk¨mg~‡ni wKQy bgybv wb‡¤œ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
 wkÿvi ¸YMZ gvb e…w× Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi wkÿv`vb c×wZMZ I wkÿv weÁv‡bi Ávb e…w×;
 welqwfwËK Ávb I `ÿvZv e…w×;
 †ckvi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡eva e…w×;
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥wek¦vm e…w× Kiv;
 †ckvq mswkøó mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¤úK© ‣Zwi Kiv;
 †ckvMZ bxwZ Rvbv I †g‡b Pjvi Af¨vm ‣Zwi Kiv|
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
cÖ‡Z¨K †ckvi gvby‡li wKQy †ckvMZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ _v‡K hv Zvi †ckvMZ ‣ewkó¨ wba©viY K‡i| GKBfv‡e hvuiv wkÿK
Zvu‡`i wKQy †ckvMZ ‣ewkó¨ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb, whwb †h wel‡qi wkÿK Zvui †m wel‡q Mfxi Ávb _vKv evÃbxq|
Avevi ïay Ávb _vK‡jB n‡e bv, Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e| †h Ávb Qwo‡q w`‡Z PvB Zvi †_‡KI Zv
Kxfv‡e Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e †mUv AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avevi Ávb Qwo‡q w`‡jB n‡e bv, †h ev hviv Zv MÖnY Ki‡Q Zv Zviv
Av‡`․ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv, cvi‡jI KZUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q BZ¨vw`I †`Lvi welq| Avi Zv mv_©Kfv‡e m¤úbœ
Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb- `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I cÖv‡qvwMK Ávb| wkÿKM‡Yi †m mKj `ÿZv, †hvM¨Zv I cÖv‡qvwMK Ávb
AR©‡bi Rb¨B cÖ‡qvRb †ckvMZ Dbœqb|
cwieZ©bkxj we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Avgv‡`i wkï‡`i‡K wek¦bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖ¯ÍyZ Ki‡Z wkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wewfbœ wkï wewfbœfv‡e wk‡L _v‡K| GKRb wkÿK‡K GKyk kZ‡Ki wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ me©c«_g Zvu‡KI GKyk
kZ‡Ki Dc‡hvMx wkÿK n‡Z n‡e| PvKywiKvjxb mg‡q wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ Abykxj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb
i‡q‡Q| djcÖm~ †ckvMZ Dbœqb cÖwµqv GK`j wkÿK‡K Zv‡`i wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v we‡køl‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges
wkÿv_©x‡`i mvdj¨ AR©b‡K wbwðZ K‡i|
gv‡S gv‡S GKRb AwfÁ wkÿKI wewfbœ P¨v‡j‡Äi gy‡LvgywL nq, †hgb- welqwfwËK bZyb bZyb cwieZ©b, bZyb bZyb
wkÿY c×wZ, bZyb cÖhyw³i e¨envi, bZyb AvBb I cÖwµqv Ges m‡e©vcwi wkÿv_©xi wbZ¨bZyb Pvwn`v| hw` wkÿK GB
mKj wel‡q AwfÁ bv nb Ges wb‡Ri `ÿZvi Dbœqb bv K‡ib Z‡e wkÿv_©x †fvMvwšÍi wkKvi nq| cvkvcvwk GKRb
bZyb wkÿ‡Ki wbKU we`¨vj‡qi A‡bK e¨vcviB bZyb _v‡K, †hgb-‡kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv, wb‡`©kbv, wkÿvµg, we`¨vj‡qi
ms¯‥…wZ, cixÿv e¨e¯vcbv, Av`k©gvb, Awffve‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK© Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK©| bZyb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨
GB AcwiwPZ welq¸‡jv A‡bK mgq weo¤^bv ‣Zwi K‡i| ZvB Zvui Rb¨ †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi weKí †bB|
Arends (2001) e‡j‡Qb - Effective teaching requires careful and reflective thought about what a teacher is
doing and the effect of his or her action on students-
A_©vr wkÿK Kx Ki‡Qb Ges wkÿ‡Ki Kvh©vewj wkÿv_©xi
mvgvwRK Ges GKv‡WwgK wkL‡b Kx cÖfve †dj‡Q Zvi Ici wbf©i K‡i Kvh©Ki wkLb| Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi c×wZ I ¸iæZ¡
m¤ú‡K© Wong Ges Wong(1998) e‡j‡Qb- Touch the life of a student, and you will have a student who will
learn history, physical education and even science and math, clean and erasers, staple all the papers and turn
wheel to please you-A_©vr wkÿK wn‡m‡e Avcwb Avcbvi wkÿv_©xi Rxe‡bi ¯ú›`b‡K ¯úk© Kivi †Póv Kiæb| G‡Z
K‡i Avcwb Ggb GK wkÿv_©x‡K cv‡eb †h BwZnvm, kvixwiK wkÿv, weÁvb, MwYZ mewelq wkL‡e, wb‡Ri Ab¨me KvR
K‡iI Avcbv‡K Lywk ivLevi meiKg cÖ‡Póv MÖnY Ki‡e| wkÿK‡K ZvB Zvui †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivL‡Z n‡e, wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v eyS‡Z n‡e, Zv‡`i mvg_¨© Abyaveb
Ki‡Z n‡e, wb‡Ri `ye©jZv AbymÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e, †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡bv‡hvM a‡i ivLvi Rb¨ wbZ¨ bZyb c×wZ I
†K․k‡ji cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e, bZyb Ávb m¤ú‡K© mRvM _vK‡Z n‡e Ges bZyb cÖhyw³ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| mvwe©Kfv‡e
wkÿv_©x, wkÿve¨e¯v I mgv‡R wb‡R‡K Av`k©iƒ‡c cÖwZôvi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K cÖ¯yZ Í ivL‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Gi cÖ fve co‡e
mivmwi wkÿv_©x‡`i Ici| d‡j Zviv we`¨vjq wegyL n‡e, we`¨vj‡q †kLvi Zyjbvq cÖvB‡fU ev †KvwPs Gi cÖwZ †ewk
AvMÖnx n‡e, åvšÍ c‡_ cwiPvwjZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv ‣Zwi n‡e| m‡e©vcwi wkÿvµ‡gi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wewNœZ n‡e|
147
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ÒProfessional development is defined as activities that develop an individualÕs skills, knowledge, expertise and
other characteristics as a teacher.ÓA_©vr †ckvMZ Dbœqb AvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK, DcvbyôvwbK wewfbœfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i|
GB cÖwµqvq wewfbœ AwfÁ e¨w³ Øviv cwiPvwjZ wewfbœ †Kvm©, IqvK©kc, AvbyôvwbK mvwU©wd‡KU †Kvm© AšÍf©y³ n‡Z
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wewfbœ ¯^í‡gqvw` cÖwkÿY I `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwkÿY, e¨w³MZ ev `jxq M‡elYv, wba©vwiZ wel‡q mnKg©x‡`i g‡a¨
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wkÿKM‡Yi †g›Uwis, wkÿv welqK Kbdv‡iÝ, †mwgbvi, IqvK©kc, Ab¨vb¨ mdj we`¨vjq cwi`k©b BZ¨vw`|
wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ Dbœqb wewfbœ mg‡q Av‡qvRb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: ¯‥zj PjvKvjxb, K¬vm ïiæ nIqvi c~‡e© ev
c‡i, ¯‥zj QzwUi c‡i wkÿKM‡Yi wbR¯^ mg‡q, MÖx®§Kvjxb QzwU ev Ab¨vb¨ QzwUi mg‡q| †Kv_vq Av‡qvRb Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i? †ckvMZ Dbœqb †K‡›`ª, Dc‡Rjv wi‡mvm© †m›Uv‡i, wkÿv Awd‡mi †Kv‡bv K‡ÿ, †Kv‡bv we`¨vj‡q, †h‡Kv‡bv
cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ª, †Kv‡bv K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vj‡q Ges AbjvB‡b|
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Rb¥MZfv‡e wkÿ‡Ki ¸Yvewj AR©b bv K‡iI †Kej †ckvi cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ †i‡L K‡Vvi cwikÖg Øviv GKRb
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n‡jv-
welqÁvb, †cWvMwR Ges cÖhyw³i mgš^q `ÿZv

wPÎ 13: welqÁvb, †cWvMwR I cÖhyw³i mgš^q `ÿZv

148
we`¨vj‡q cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK‡KB Zvui cwVZ welq mswkøó wel‡q we`¨vj‡q cvV`vb Ki‡Z nq| ZvB wkÿK nIqvi Ab¨Zg
cÖavb kZ© n‡jv welqwfwËK Ávb| Z‡e me fv‡jv QvÎ memgq fv‡jv wkÿK nq bv| Gi KviY welqe¯‧ Dc¯vcb
`ÿZvi NvUwZ| Dc¯vcb `ÿZvi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y welqÁvb m¤cbœ A‡bK fv‡jv QvÎI A‡bK mgq wkÿv_©x‡`i Kv‡Q
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †kÖwYcvV`v‡b wkÿK‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi Kjv‡K․kj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| KviY GKwU
†kÖwY‡Z wewfbœ †gavi wkÿv_©x _v‡K, wkÿv_©x‡`i AvMÖ‡ni cv_©K¨ _v‡K, Zv‡`i MÖnY †K․k‡ji wewfbœZvI _v‡K| wewfbœ
ai‡bi •ewPΨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I GKRb wkÿK‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡qB mdjfv‡e †kÖwYKvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| d‡j
wkÿK‡K Zvui welqe¯‧ m¤cwK©Z Ávb I AwfÁZv wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Ggbfv‡e Qwo‡q w`‡Z n‡e †hb mKj
wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q Zv mgvbfv‡e M„nxZ nIqvi gva¨‡g wkLbdj mwVKfv‡e AwR©Z n‡Z cv‡i| Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K wewfbœ
ai‡bi c×wZ I †K․k‡ji AvkÖq wb‡Z nq| †kÖwYKvh©µg cwiPvjbvi GB me •eÁvwbK c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jvB nj
†cWvMwR| wewfbœ wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K GB c×wZ I †K․kj ev †cWvMwR wewfbœ iKg, †hgb- MwY‡Zi †cWvMwR I Bs‡iwRi
†cWvMwR GK n‡e bv| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK‡K Zvui welq mswkøó †cWvMwR‡Z `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡bi
wkÿv_©x‡`i †kÖwYK‡ÿ cv‡Vi cÖwZ AvK…ó Kivi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g nj AvBwmwU| †kÖwYK‡ÿ gvwëwgwWqv e¨env‡ii
gva¨‡g mn‡RB weg~Z© welq‡K g~Z©fv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb welqÁvb, †cWvMwR I AvBwmwUi
mgš^q mva‡bi| GB wZbwU welq mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿK Avb›``vqK cwi‡e‡k Kvh©Ki wkLb wbwðZ Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| ZvB welqÁvb, †cWvMwR I AvBwmwUi mgš^q mva‡bi `ÿZv †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi GKwU ¸iæc~Y© Dcv`vb|
my›`i evPwbK `ÿZv I `„wó wewbgq
wkÿ‡Ki my›`i evPwbK `ÿZv I wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ mwVK `„wó wewbgq ev Eye Contact wkÿv_©x‡`i cv‡V AvMÖnx Kivi
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Kv‡Q Zvi cvV‡K nvm¨i‡m cwiYZ K‡i| Gid‡j †kÖwYKvh©µg e¨nZ nq Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i ¯^vfvweK wkLb e¨nZ nq|
wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ wkÿ‡Ki mwVK Eye Contact-Gi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿv_©x wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Q Zvi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z
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cÖKvk cv‡e| ZvB wkÿK‡K n‡Z n‡e Av`k© †bZv| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e wewfbœ cÖwkÿ‡Y AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g
I mnvqK MÖšvewj covi gva¨‡g wkÿK Zvui †bZ…‡Z¡i ¸bvewji weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡ib|
g~j¨vqb `ÿZv
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Ki‡Z mÿg n‡q‡Qb Zv Avwe®‥vi Kiv hvq| g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ ai‡bi c×wZ I †K․kj i‡q‡Q| g~j¨vqb `yB cÖKvi, h_v
MvVwbK g~j¨vqb I mvgwóK g~j¨vqb| wkÿv_©x‡`i AMÖMwZ hvPvB wbf©i K‡i wkÿ‡Ki g~j¨vqb `ÿZvi Ici| wkÿK
†kÖwYK‡ÿ g~j¨vq‡bi wewfbœ †K․kj cÖ‡qvM K‡i ¯^í mg‡q me©vwaK msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i †kªwYcv‡Vi
Kvh©KvwiZv hvPvB I wkÿv_©x‡`i AMÖMwZ m¤c‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wcwQ‡q cov wkÿv_©x kbv³ K‡i wbivg‡qi
e¨e¯v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ g~j¨vqb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv iv‡L| m„Rbkxj c×wZ‡Z mwVKfv‡e g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ Áv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Íi
m¤c‡K© aviYv bv _vK‡j wkÿvi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ e¨nZ n‡e| wkÿvi AMÖMwZ cwigv‡ci mv‡_ mv‡_ wkÿv_©xi me©v½xb
weKvk KZUzKz n‡q‡Q Zv myôzfv‡e wbiƒcY wbf©i K‡i GKRb wkÿK AvaywbK g~j¨vqb c×wZ mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Qb wKbv Zvi Ici| ZvB g~j¨vq‡bi `ÿZv †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb `ÿZv
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K AvKl©Yxq, djcÖm~ I `xN©¯vqx Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿK‡K cÖ_‡g cv‡Vi welqe¯‧ KZUzKz cov‡eb,
cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ Kx n‡e, wkÿv_©xiv KLb, †Kv_vq, Kxfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡e, KZ mgq a‡i cov‡eb, c×wZ I †K․kj Kx
n‡e, Kx DcKiY e¨envi Kiv n‡e Ges g~j¨vqb c×wZ Kx n‡e BZ¨vw` mywbw`©ó Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e GKwU †mm‡bi
Dc‡hvMx cwiKíbv •Zwi Kiv‡K cvV cwiKíbv e‡j| cvV cwiKíbv •Zwii gva¨‡g GKwU cv‡Vi cÖwZwU g~ûZ© m¤c‡K©
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149
wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY, g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g cv‡Vi wkLbdj AR©b Ges mg‡qi mwVK e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq| wewÿß
wkLb †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i `~‡i iv‡L I cvV‡K Avb›``vqK I ü`qMÖvnx K‡i cvV cwiKíbv | Kv‡RB cvV cwiKíbv
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Dbœq‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb|
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wkÿK‡K n‡Z n‡e D`vi| bZzb Ávb I cÖhyw³ MÖn‡Y BwZevPK gvbwmKZv †cvlY Ki‡Z n‡e | Ávb I cÖhyw³ cÖwZwbqZ
weKwkZ n‡”Q, bZzb Ávb •Zwi n‡”Q, cyivZb Áv‡bi cwigvR©b I ms‡kvab n‡”Q| wkÿK‡K Gme m¤c‡K© m‡PZb
_vK‡Z n‡e | wkÿv_©x I mgvR Dc‡hvMx Ávb I `ÿZv AR©b K‡i Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb Ávb,cÖhyw³ I e¨env‡ii
†K․kj m¤c‡K© wkÿv_©x‡`i m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb wkÿK wkÿv e¨e¯vq Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv, cÖhyw³ DcKiY m¤cwK©Z Ávb I `ÿZv, wkÿvµg evস্তevq‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
mgš^q mvab Ges †kÖwYK‡ÿ Zvi cÖ‡qvM m¤cwK©Z bZb bZzb ZvwË¡K I e¨envwiK Ávb AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
wn‡m‡e •Zwi Ki‡eb|
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†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e wkÿKMY Zv‡`i †ckv m¤cwK©Z •bwZKZv I g~j¨‡eva AR©b K‡ib| Gi gva¨‡g e¨w³ I
mgvRRxe‡b Av`k© g~j¨‡eva m¤cbœ AvPiY cÖ`k©b K‡ib, wbR we`¨vj‡qi mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ Kg©-m¤cK© fv‡jv iv‡Lb,
†¯^”Qv‡mevq AskMÖnY K‡ib| we`¨vj‡qi e„nËi KwgDwbwUi mv‡_ wg_w®…qv e„w× cvq Ges we`¨vj‡qi iƒcKí (Vision),
eªZ (Mission),ms¯‥…wZ (Culture)I `k©b (Ethos)Gi mv‡_ Awf‡hvwRZ nIqvi gvbwmKZv •Zwi nq|
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvwb‡q †bIqvi †hvM¨Zv AR©b
Ggb A‡bK gvbyl Av‡Q hviv †h‡Kv‡bv cwi‡e‡k wb‡R‡K gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j A‡bK ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb
nb| wKš‧ GKRb Av`k© wkÿK †ckvMZ Dbœ‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K Ggbfv‡e cÖ¯Z ‧ Ki‡eb †hb †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi
cwiw¯wZ‡Z wb‡R‡K Lye mn‡R gvwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi cwieZ©‡b wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q †bb|
mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ MVbg~jK m¤cK© eRvq ivLvi `ÿZv
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mv‡_ fv‡jv I MVbg~jK m¤úK© eRvq ivLvi `ÿZv GKRb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb|

9.2 PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY, PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY I avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb

cÖwkÿY †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨g| cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©xi Ávb I AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| cÖwkÿY
n‡Z cv‡i wkÿ‡Ki welqwfwËK ev wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨| Avevi cÖwkÿ‡Yi †gqv‡`i wfwˇZI
cÖwkÿY wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvq wn‡m‡e PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY, PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY I
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb me‡P‡q RbwcÖq I Kvh©Ki Dcvq| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î A_©vr GKRb Av`k© wkÿK M‡o
†Zvjvi Rb¨ GLv‡b †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvq m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Dcvq
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wkï wK‡kvi, ZiæY‡`i AvPvi AvPi‡Y cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z cv‡i, †`kxq HwZ‡n¨i aviK I evnK n‡q Zviv †hb †`‡ki
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e¨vswKs †g_W †hLv‡b wkÿK mKj Áv‡bi Avavi Ges wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Zvui wbR¯^ c×wZ‡Z Ávb weZiY Ki‡Zb-
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`xN©¯vqx n‡e wkÿK‡K †mB c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq| GLv‡b wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq Ges wkÿK n‡eb
mnvqZvKvix (Facilitator) | bZzb Ávb wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Zv‡`i cQ›` Abyhvqx bZzb c×wZ‡Z cov‡Z n‡e| ZvB beZi
`„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K wkÿK‡`i wPšÍv I Kg©aviv cwigvR©b Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡`i wewfbœ †ckvMZ Dbœqbg~jK
KvR m¤cv`b Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: cÖwkÿY MÖnY, wbqwgZ Aa¨qb, B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi, Kg©kvjvq AskMÖnY, M‡elYv
cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw`|
150
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†ckvMZ cÖwkÿY
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wkÿKZvKvjxb cÖwkÿY MÖnY Kiv wkÿK‡`i Rb¨ Avek¨K| wkÿKZvKvjxb cÖwkÿY e¨ZxZ †Kvb wkÿKB Pjgvb
`ywbqvi beZi wPšÍv I Kg©avivi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqvi Ges mv¤cÖwZK fveavivq D¾xweZ nIqvi my‡hvM jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡ib bv| wkÿvwe` gvM©v‡iU wkÿK‡`i cÖwkÿY m¤c‡K© gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h wkÿK‡`i Aweivg cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb| Zvui
fvlvq- To keep abreast of a changing world ……………..
cÖwkÿ‡Yi Øviv †ckv bevq‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿK †hgb wb‡R‡K mRxe, cÖvYešÍ K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡ib †Zgwb wbR †ckv‡K
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Rb¨ cÖwkÿY Acwinvh©| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ 2 ai‡bi cÖwkÿY i‡q‡Q, †hgb:
 PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY I
 PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY
PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY
PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY nj †ckvi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY| GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q b~¨bZg ¯œvZK wWwMÖ m¤cbœ Kivi ci GB cÖwkÿY
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Ki‡Q Zv Zviv Av‡`․ MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv, cvi‡jI KZUv MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡Q BZ¨vw`I †`Lvi welq| Avi Zv
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g~j¨vqb Ges m‡e©vcwi wkÿKZv‡K eªZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi j‡ÿ¨ g‡bvRMr •Zwii Rb¨ KvVv‡gve× ej‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ¯w‧ Zi
ce©B nj PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿY|
PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
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e¨w³MY wkÿKZv †ckvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖv_wgK `ÿZvmg~n AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi ¸রুZ¡mg~n wb‡¤œ
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
wkÿKmyjf AvPiY •Zwi
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mv‡_ m¤cK© †Kgb n‡e, AwffveK‡`i mv‡_ Kxfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Ki‡Z n‡e, Kx ai‡bi †cvkvK cwiavb Ki‡Z n‡e,
mgv‡R Kx ai‡bi AvPiY Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q fwel¨r wkÿKMY c~e© aviYv jvf K‡ib PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g|
wkÿKZvi Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY
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wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv Z_v wkÿv_©x I we`¨vj‡qi Dbœq‡b wb‡R‡K DrmM© Kivi Rb¨ gvbwmK cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY m¤cbœ nq
wkÿKZvc~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g|
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151
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wkÿKZv‡K hviv fwel¨r †ckv wn‡m‡e †e‡Q wb‡Z AvMÖnx Zviv PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cÖwµqvi mv‡_
wkÿv g‡bvweÁv‡bi mgš^q mvab Kivi `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wkÿv e¨e¯vi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cvi¯cwiK †hvMm~Î ¯vcb
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wkÿv_©x †Kvb ai‡bi cwievi I cwi‡ek †_‡K G‡m‡Q, we`¨vj‡qi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek Kx iKg BZ¨vw` me wKQzi cÖwZ
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ZË¡MZ Ávb AR©b I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GB cÖ¯w‧ Z †bIqv hvq|
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g~j¨vqb K‡i wkLbdj AR©b m¤c‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib |
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e¨w³‡`i‡K wewfbœ Kvh©vewj‡Z AšÍfz³
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gva¨‡g wbqgvbyewZ©Zv I mgqvbyewZ©Zvi cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq| GB cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©xiv wbqgvbyewZ©Zv I
mgqvbyewZ©Zvi ¸রুZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges PvKzwiKvjxb mg‡q wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ Zv Qwo‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib|
we`¨vj‡qi •`bw›`b Kvh©vewj I RvZxq w`em D`hvc‡b cvi`wk©Zv AR©b
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K‡ib hv GKRb bexb wkÿK wn‡m‡e Zvui `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv K‡i| we`¨vj‡q RvZxq w`em ‡hgb- weRq w`em,
¯^vaxbZv w`em I c‡njv •ekvL D`hvcb Ki‡Z nq| RvZxq w`em I Ab¨vb¨ w`em D`hvcb m¤c‡K© fwelr wkÿKMY
PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯w‧ Z m¤cbœ K‡ib|
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cwi‡ek †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv, d‡j weeªZKi cwiw¯wZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡ib| GB Ae¯v †_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨
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152
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n‡q‡Q| Avkv Kiv hvq AvMvgx K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ gva¨wgK ch©v‡qi mKj wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvIZvq P‡j Avm‡eb|
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Pvjy i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov miKvwi wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR¸‡jv‡Z wkÿv wel‡q Pvi eQi †gqv`x weGW (m¤§vb) †Kvm© Pvjy n‡q‡Q|
d‡j GLvb †_‡K wkÿv_©xiv wkÿvweÁvb wel‡q Aa¨qb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki mvwe©K wkÿv e¨e¯vi Dbœq‡b f‚wgKv ivL‡Z
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Aby‡gvw`Z wkÿvµg AbymiY K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv I M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU (IER-Institute of Education and
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f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| eZ©gv‡b Av‡iv K‡qKwU miKvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡q wkÿv welqK Abyl` ev BÝwUwUDU Pvjy Kiv
n‡q‡Q| miKvwi wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Gme Abyl` †_‡K e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb (m¤§vb), gv÷vm© Bb GWz‡Kkb, Ggwdj I
wcGBPwW wWwMÖ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY
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wkÿKMY‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx ivLvi Rb¨, bZzb wkÿvµ‡gi mv‡_ wkÿK‡K cwiwPZ Kivi Rb¨, wkÿvi cwiewZ©Z jÿ¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© wkÿK‡K AewnZ Kivi Rb¨| PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿK PvKzwic~e© cÖwkÿ‡Y AwR©Z
`ÿZvmg~n bZzb K‡i AR©b K‡i| wkÿvweÁv‡bi bZzb welqmg~n AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY|
PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi •ewkó¨
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wkÿ‡Ki bZzb Ávb I cÖhyw³i mv‡_ cwiwPZ nevi cvkvcvwk mywbw`©ó cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv AR©b m¤¢e nq| PvKzwiKvjxb
cÖwkÿ‡Yi Av‡iv wKQz •ewkó¨ n‡jv-
 Pvwn`vwfwËK cÖwkÿY
 ¯^í‡gqv`x cÖwkÿY
 wbw`©ó welq ev `ÿZvwfwËK cÖwkÿY
 me cÖwkÿY mevi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ bq (One shirt does not fit to all)

PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨

PvKzwiKvjxb mg‡q wkÿKZv †ckvi `vwqZ¡mg~n myPviæiƒ‡c cvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wkÿ‡Ki DˇivËi `ÿZv e„w×| †ckv
mswkøó mKj bZzb cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ wkÿK‡K cwiwPZ nIqvi cvkvcvwk wkÿv_©x‡`i bZzb Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi c×wZ m¤c‡K©I
Zvu‡K Rvb‡Z nq Ges Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb PvKzwi‡Z Kg©iZ _vKvKvjxb cÖwkÿY|
 wkÿKM‡Yi avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
 GKwU wbw`©ó `ÿZv e„w× ev AR©b Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ Ávb ev `ÿZvi NvUwZ c~i‡Y mnvqZv Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi AvPi‡Y cwieZ©b mvab Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨ wg_w¯…qv e„w× Kiv;
 †ckvq `vqe×Zv e„w× Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi m„RbkxjZv e„w×;
 mKj we`¨vj‡q GKB gv‡bi wkÿK •Zwi Kiv;
 Low-cost, No-cost DcKiY •Zwii `ÿZv AR©b;
 wkÿ‡Ki AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× Kiv;
 wkÿKM‡Yi wb‡R‡`i `ye©jZv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cviv;
 wkÿKMY‡K mv¤cÖwZK Z_¨mg„× Kiv|
153
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Afve, cÖwkÿ‡Yi welqe¯‧i ms‡M cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖK…wZi AmvgÄm¨Zv, KvwiKzjv‡gi mv‡_ cÖwkÿY ev¯Íevq‡bi mg‡qi
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cÖwkÿ‡Yi gv‡bi Aebgb NUvq|
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wkÿKMY Lye Aí msL¨K cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM cvb|
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154
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evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ wKQz PvKzwiKvjxb cÖwkÿY nj :
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 †cWvMwR cÖwkÿY
 wWwRUvj K‡›U›U †W‡fjc‡g›U cÖwkÿY
 m„Rbkxj cÖkc œ Î cÖYqb cÖwkÿY
 GKxf‚Z wkÿv ev¯Íevqb welqK cÖwkÿY
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 GWfvÝW AvBwmwU cÖwkÿY, BZ¨vw`|
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approaches, ideas and techniques that will help you manage your own learning and growth.
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Agency for School) avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb‡K wb‡¤œv³fv‡e e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Q:
ÒContinuing professional development (CPD) consists of reflective activity designed to improve an
individual’s attributes, knowledge, understanding and skills. It supports individual needs and
improves professional practice.Ó
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155
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avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb Gi •ewkó¨

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 c~e© cÖwkÿY wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i;
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British Council KZ©…K cÖYxZ avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi GKwU Framework cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv:

wPÎ 14 : avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †d«gIqvK©

156
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Kiv hvq|
AvZ¥g~j¨vqb
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK‡K Zvui wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯^-g~j¨vqb Kiv `iKvi| GB Kv‡Ri Rb¨
GKRb wkÿK cÖwZwbqZ Zvui wb‡Ri Kv‡Ri fv‡jv I g›` w`K we‡kølY K‡i fv‡jv KvR¸‡jvi Abykxjb I g›` KvR
cwinv‡ii Af¨vm Ki‡eb| Gid‡j GKRb wkÿK ax‡i ax‡i †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g fv‡jv wkÿ‡K cwiYZ n‡eb|
wbqwgZ Aa¨qb
†ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K wkÿK‡K †kªwYi cvV¨ wel‡qi cvkvcvwk bvbvai‡bi eB, Rvb©vj, cwÎKv BZ¨vw`
wbqwgZfv‡e covi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZw`b wbqg K‡i wKQz mgq Aa¨q‡b e¨q Ki‡j K¬v‡mi cÖ¯w‧ Z †hgb h_vh_
n‡e †Zgwb wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x‡`i Dc‡hvMx D`vniY Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GKRb wkÿK mviv Rxe‡bi Rb¨
wkÿv_©x| wkÿv_©x‡`i †evaMg¨Zvi Rb¨ Zv‡K bvbvai‡bi welq Aa¨qb K‡i Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z nq|
wbqwgZ B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs
Kw¤cDUvi ev ¯§vU© †dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs GLb wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg gva¨‡g cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
B›Uvi‡b‡U i‡q‡Q wekvj Z_¨fvÛvi| B›Uvi‡bU e¨envi K‡i wkÿK wewfbœ wkÿvg~jK I‡qemvBU †_‡K wkÿv_©x‡`i †gav
I mvg_¨© Abyhvqx Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ weস্তiY Kivi cvkvcvwk me©‡kl Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wkÿK wb‡R‡K
Avc‡WU ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi ¸রুZ¡
avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb (Continuous Professional Development - CPD) †h †Kvb †ckvi c~e©kZ©| weivRgvb
Ae¯vi Kvw•ÿZ cwieZ©b mvabB n‡jv Dbœqb| wkÿKZv †ckvq Gi Avek¨KZv Ab¯^xKvh©| wkÿK‡K ZvwË¡K I
e¨envwiK Ávb, `ÿZv I AwfÁZv m¤úbœ n‡Z nq| G‡K AvaywbK I mg‡qvc‡hvMx Ki‡Z n‡j †ckvMZ Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z
Kiv Lye Riæwi| avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡P Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
 welqwfwËK AwfÁZvi Dbœqb mvwaZ nq;
 welqwfwËK me©‡kl Ávb, `ÿZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai mv‡_ cwiwPwZ N‡U;
 beZi cÖhyw³ m¤c‡K© Ávb I `ÿZv AR©b Kiv hvq;
 wkÿvweÁv‡bi bZzb c×wZ I †K․k‡ji mv‡_ cwiwPZ nIqv hvq;
 wkÿK mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wg_w¯…qv e„w× cvq;
 cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡ m¤c‡K© wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv I m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq;
 wkÿv_©x, we`¨vjq I mgv‡R wkÿ‡Ki MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w× cvq;
 A_© I mg‡qi we‡ePbvq avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœqb wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨ mnvqK|
158
9.3 †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv
wkÿvi gZ cÖwkÿYI Ávb, `ÿZv I BwZevPK `„wófw½i mgš^‡q MwVZ GKwU Rxebe¨vcx cÖwµqv| GKRb wkÿK‡K me
mgq AvaywbK I cwieZ©bkxj a¨vb aviYvi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z nq| hw`I ejv n‡q _v‡K Teachers, like poet
are born not made| Z‡e K_vwU me mg‡qi Rb¨ cy‡ivcywi mZ¨ bq| GKRb Rb¥MZ wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨I cÖwkÿY
cª‡qvRb| cÖwkÿY GKRb Rb¥MZ wkÿK‡K Av‡iv †hvM¨, `ÿ I AvaywbK K‡i †Zv‡j| †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
cÖwkÿ‡Yi weKí †bB| G Rb¨B ejv nq Rxe‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv Ges †ckvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿY| Training is short
term, task oriented and targeted on achieving a change of attitude, skills and knowledge in a specific area. It is
usually job related. Z‡e ïay cÖwkÿY Kg©x Dbœqb wbwðZ K‡i bv| cÖvß cÖwkÿY mdjZvi mv‡_ Kg©‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi
welqwU wbwðZKiY Kg©©x Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K m¤ú~Y©Zv `vb K‡i| Kg©x Dbœq‡b M„nxZ c`‡ÿcmg~‡ni h_v_©Zv Ges mvdj¨
hvPvB‡qi j‡ÿ¨ cÖwkÿYcÖvß wkÿKM‡Yi AvPiY Ges wkÿY cÖwµqv mZK©Zvi mv‡_ ch©‡eÿY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GB
cÖwkÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡ib wkÿK cÖwkÿK| A_©vr †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
cÖwkÿY n‡jv m~Pviæfv‡e Kg©x Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Kg©xi me©v½xb weKvk mvab| wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿKM‡Yi ïaygvÎ
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi `ÿZv Ges †hvM¨Zv AR©bB nq bv, GKB mv‡_ fwel¨‡Zi KwVbZi Ges e¨vcKZi Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Ges
`vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi mÿgZv AwR©Z nq| One great characteristic of effective teachers is that they create a positive
atmosphere in their classrooms and schools.(https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ815372.pdf)| cÖwkÿY mvaviYZ
Kg©xi eZ©gvb `vwqZ¡ myPviæfv‡e Ges Kg©mg~n `ÿZvi mv‡_ m¤úv`‡bi c×wZ I †K․kj wkÿv †`q, Avi Kg©x‡K fwel¨Z
`vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mÿgZv †hvMvq| whwb wkÿK n‡eb wZwb wkÿKZv †ckvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ g‡bvbœq‡b me©`v m‡Pó
_vK‡eb| Zvn‡j ejv hvq, †Kvb wbw`ó †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †ckvRxexMY Zv‡`i †ckvi ¸YMZ I cwigvYMZ gvb Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ wbiwewQbœfv‡e cÖwZwbqZ bvbvgyLx †K․kj e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †h Kvh©µg Abykxjb K‡i _v‡Kb Zv‡K avivevwnK
†ckvMZ Dbœqb (Contnuous Professional Development) ev ms‡ÿ‡c CPD ejv nq| wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y †ckvMZ Dbœqb
`iKvi-
 †ckvMZ g‡bvfve I g~j¨‡eva m„wó nq;
 AvZ¥wek¦vm I BwZevPK g‡bvfve MwVZ nq;
 wkÿv I wkÿKZvi ¸YMZ Dbœqb mvwaZ nq;
 welqwfwËK `ÿZv I AwfÁZvi Dbœqb nq;
 ‡ckvMZ mym¤ú©K m„wó nq;
 `ÿ I Kvh©Ki †bZ…Z¡ •Zwi nq;
 †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq;
 SuywK Kwg‡q Avbv hvq;
 m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv hvq;
 Kg©xi AvZ¥wek¦vm e„w× cvq;
 Kg©xi D™¢vebx ÿgZv e„w× cvq;
 `ÿ kÖg kw³ •Zwi nq;
 weKí †bZ„Z¡ •Zwi nq;
 AšÍtKg©x m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb N‡U;
 †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv e„w× cvq;
 Kg©x‡`i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø wbimb mnRZi nq;
 `jxq Kv‡Ri MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq;
 mgq m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq;
 Kg©xiv msMV‡bi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj I cÖwZkÖæwZe× nq|
cÖwkÿ‡Yi ¸iæZ¡
 cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿK wn‡m‡e wb‡Ri mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib ;
 wkÿv, wkLb, wkÿY I cÖwkÿ‡Yi AvaywbK Kjv‡K․kj¸‡jv AvqË Ki‡Z cv‡ib ;
 mZx_© wkÿKM‡Yi cvV`vb Kjv†K․kj¸‡jv †`‡L, ï‡b, AvqË K‡i wb‡R‡K DbœZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib ;
 AwfÁ I `ÿ mn‡hvMx wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb `ÿZv I `„wófw½ ch©‡eÿY K‡i Zv †_‡K wkÿv wb‡Z cv‡i ;
 AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM `ÿZv I BwZevPK g‡bvfve MV‡bi Af¨vm M‡o D‡V ;
 gy`ªv‡`vl¸‡jv wPwýZKiY I Zv cwinv‡ii my‡hvM N‡U ;
 µgvMZ AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq ;
 m‡ev©cwi wb‡R‡K GKRb †hvM¨ I `ÿ wkÿK I Z_¨Á e¨w³‡Z cwiYZ Kivi my‡hvM jvf nq|
159
†ckvMZ Dbœqb e„w×i †K․kj
 avivevwnK †ckvMZ cÖwkÿY ;
 cvV¨cy¯ÍK, mnvqK MÖš cvV I Abykxjb ;
 †ckvMZ msMV‡bi m`m¨ nIqv ;
 wbqwgZ Rvb©vj, wbDR †jUvi I cwÎKv cVb ;
 †mwgbvi, IqvK©kc, wm‡¤úwRqvg weZK© I cÖ`kb©x Av‡qvRb Ges AskMÖnY ;
 wkÿvg~jK ågY, B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs BZ¨vw` wbqwgZ Kiv ;
 wewfbœ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k we‡kl K‡i cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jvi wewfbœ wel‡qi wkÿvµg chv©‡jvPbv I g~j¨vqb
Kiv|
wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki f~wgKv
cÖwkÿK n‡eb mnvqK| wZwb cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i‡K wkL‡Z ev ‡Kvb `ÿZv AvqË Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb| GKRb Av`k©
wkÿK cÖwkÿK KLbI cÖwkÿYv_©x‡`i‡K ‡Kvb wKQy Pvwc‡q ‡`b bv| wZwb wkL‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä Kivb Ges wkL‡bi
Dcvq e¨vL¨v K‡ib| cÖwkÿYv_©xMYI wkÿK cÖwkÿK‡`i wbKU ‡_‡K Gme ¸Y AR©b K‡i Zv‡`i ‡kÖwYK‡ÿ ev¯Íevqb
K‡ib|
GKRb wkÿK cÖwkÿK n‡eb wkÿK ev cÖwkÿYv_©xi Rb¨ Av`k©| wkÿK cÖwkÿ‡Ki wewfbœ ¸bvewji gva¨‡g
cÖwkÿYv_©xMY wewfbœfv‡e wb‡R‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wb‡R‡K Av‡jvwKZ Kivi wKQy D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‡ÿÎ n‡jvt
 cÖwkÿYv_©xi ‡kÖwY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvq AvZ¡wek¦vm e…w× cvq;
 wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvi g‡bvfve ‣Zwi nq;
 ‡ckvMZ ‡hvMv‡hvM `ÿZvi ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä K‡i Zv Dbœq‡b m‡Pó nb;
 wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AvZ¡wek¦vmx nb;
 ‡bZ…‡Z¡i ¸bvewj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 mgqvbyeZ©x, wbqgvbyeZ©x I Aa¨vemvqx nb;
 gy`«v‡`vl `~ixKi‡Y m‡PZb nb;
 DËg PvwiwÎK ¸bvewj AR©‡b AvnMÖx nb|

9.4 †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR (wcGjwm) Ges Gi ¸iæZ¡

†ckvMZ wkLb mgvR aviYvwU 1960 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvb M‡elKMY Zv‡`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Î e¨envi K‡ib| 1980-90
mv‡j wkÿK mgv‡R we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| 1989 mv‡j Susan Rosenholtz 78wU we`¨vj‡qi Ici M‡elYv K‡ib Ges
†`‡Lb †h, wkÿK mgv‡Ri mvgwóK I mn‡hvwMZvg~jK cÖwZkÖæwZi Kvi‡Y we`¨vjq¸‡jv ælearning-enriched schools”
wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i‡Q| wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨ AvšÍte¨w³K m¤úK©, cvi®úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I we`¨vj‡qi jÿ¨ AR©‡b
mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv ÔwkLbmg„× we`¨vjqÕ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôvi g~j wfwË|

†ckvMZ wkLb mgvR Gi aviYv

†ckvMZ wkLb mgvR-Gi aviYv wkÿK wkÿvi BwZnv‡m mv¤úªwZK aviYv| wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi Kvh©Ki ev¯Íevqb I
Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i Ávbg~jK, Av‡ewMK I g‡bv‡ckxR †ÿ‡Îi mvwe©K weKvk I Dbœqb‡K †UKmB I
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kiv Ges wb‡R‡`i †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kg©iZ wkÿKM‡Yi GKwU msMVb n‡”Q †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR ev
Professional Learning Community (PLC)| gvbyl ci¯ú‡ii m‡½ fve wewbgq I gZ wewbgq K‡i A‡bK wKQz †k‡L|
cÖwkÿY MÖn‡Y Ges cÖwkÿY`v‡b wb‡qvwRZ GK`j gvby‡li †ÿ‡Î GB cÖwµqvwU Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| GLv‡b wkÿK-
wkÿv_x©, cÖwkÿK-cÖwkÿYv_©x Ges cÖwkÿYv_©x-cÖwkÿYv_©xi cvi®úwiK wg_w®…qvi gva¨‡g Dfq `‡jiB wkÿv I Kvh©Ki
Dbœqb hyMcrfv‡e N‡U| GK`j gvbyl hLb mwµqfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ †_‡K †Kvb mvaviY g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vm wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g G‡K A‡b¨i wbKU †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY K‡i ev wkÿv`vb K‡i ZLb GKwU wkLb mgvR cÖwZwôZ nq| wkLbmgvR
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ wkÿYweÁvb ev wkLb-†kLv‡bvi †K․kjMZ aviYvi GK cÖKvi DbœZ bKkv|
160
1960 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvb M‡elKMY Zv‡`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wcGjwm e¨envi K‡ib| 1980-90 mv‡j wkÿKM‡Yi g‡a¨
Gi we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR aviYvwU Avgv‡`i †`‡k GL‡bv cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e cÖPjb ïiæ nqwb| Z‡e ax‡i
ax‡i Gi Abykxjb ïiæ n‡”Q| A professional learning community, or PLC, is a group of educators that
meets regularly, shares expertise, and works collaboratively to improve teaching skills and the
academic performance of students. (https://www.edglossary.org/professional-learning-community/)|
g‡bvweÁvbx g¨vKwgjvb I †mwfP (1986) Gi g‡Z, m`m¨c`; cÖfve, e¨w³i Pvwn`v c~iY Ges †h․_ NUbv I Av‡ewMK
mshyw³ GB 4wU g~L¨ Dcv`vb wb‡q wkLb mgv‡Ri aviYv M‡o I‡V| myZivs wkLb mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i mgvR ev `‡ji cÖwZ
AvbyMZ¨ _vK‡e hv Kv‡Ri I ci¯úi‡K mvnv‡h¨i Zvobv †hvMv‡e, m`m¨MY BwZevPK cÖwZwµqv Ki‡e, cÖwZwµqvg~jK
AvPiY cwinvi I wkLb mgv‡R wbR¯^ gZ cÖKvk, wRÁvmv I Z‡_¨i Pvwn`vi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K m`m¨ mywbw`©ó NvUwZ
wgUv‡Z m‡Pó _vK‡e Ges wbw`©ó Bmy¨‡Z msNwUZ wel‡q Av‡ewMK AwfÁZv¸‡jv wewbgq Ki‡e| Educators who are
building a professional learning community recognize that they must work together to achieve their
collective purpose of learning for all. Therefore, they create structures to promote a collaborative
culture. (http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/ may04/ vol61/num08/What-Is-a-
Professional-Learning-Community%C2%A2.aspx)| KZK¸‡jv wfwËi Ici †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR cÖwZôv jvf
K‡i| †m¸‡jv n‡jv-
 mw¤§wjZ Av`k© I wek¦vm (Shared norms and beliefs)
 AvšÍwiK I †mvnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© (Collegial relations)
 mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfv‡ei ms¯‥…wZ PPv© (Collaborative cultures)
 cÖwZdjbg~jK Abykxjb (Reflective practice)
 cvi®úwiK mg_©b I mw¤§wjZ `vqe×Zv (Mutual support and mutual obligation)
 †ckvMZ Dbœqb (Professional growth)

†ckvMZ wkLb mgvR-Gi ¸iæZ¡ (Importance of Professional learning Community)

wkÿKZv GKwU gnvb †ckv| †ckvRxex wn‡m‡e mKj wkÿK‡KB GB †ckvi cªwZ wb‡ew`Z cÖvY n‡Z nq| whwb wkÿK
n‡eb Zv‡K wbqwgZ wkLb-†kLv‡bvi B”Qv `y‡UvB _vK‡Z nq| wkLb AvMªn Zvi Áv‡bi †ÿ·K cÖmvwiZ K‡i Avi
†kLv‡bvi B”Qv Zv‡K GKRb †hvM¨ wkÿK wn‡m‡e •Zwi K‡i| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i hy‡M cÖwZwbqZ Áv‡bi cÖPvi, cÖmvi,
cwieZ©b I cwiea©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| wkÿK‡KI wbZ¨ bZzb Ávb Avni‡Y g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z nq| Rxe‡bi †kl w`bwU ch©šÍ
Zv‡K Rvbvi cÖ†Póv Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z nq| wkLb mgvR wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi †mB Pvwn`v c~i‡Y Kvh©Ki f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| wkÿK wb‡R hv wkL‡eb Kvj Zv wkÿv_©x‡K †kLv‡eb| Gfv‡e wkLb mgvR wkÿvi ¸YMZ Dbœq‡b Ae`vb
ivL‡Q| G Rb¨ ejv nq It is important that professional learning provides rich opportunities for teachers
to develop and enhance their professional knowledge and practice, in order to progress the quality of
learning and teaching and school improvement.(http://www.gtcs.org.uk/professional-update/
professional-learning/professional-learning.aspx) ax‡i ax‡i wkLb mgvR kãwU Avgv‡`i †`kmn we‡k¦ GLb
†ek cwiwPZ n‡q DV‡Q| wkLb mgvR A‡bK¸‡jv wel‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K| †kÖwYKÿ Abykxjb, wkÿvµg I wkLb
mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mvgvwRK wewfbœ AskxRb‡K we`¨vj‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv, m‡e©vcwi wkÿv_©x, wkÿK Ges wkÿv
e¨e¯vcKmn mKj‡K hyMcrfv‡e wkL‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kiv †ckvMZ wkLb mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¦c~Y© KvR| wkÿv_©x‡`i wkLb‡K
¸YMZgv‡b DbœxZ Kivi cÖqv‡m †ckvMZ `ÿZvi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ wkLb mgv‡Ri m`m¨‡`i KvR Ki‡Z nq| G
Rb¨ G wkLb mgvR‡K Ówbiew”Qbœ AbymÜvb I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ msMwVZ mgvRÓ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
wb‡¤œ wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K †ckvMZ wkLb mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡ wPwýZ Kiv n‡jv-
K. mnKgx©‡`i Rb¨ wkLb mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡
 mnKgx© wkÿKM‡Yi we‡kl K‡i bexb wkÿKM‡Yi wbm½Zv `~i K‡i;
 we`¨vj‡qi jÿ¨ I D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖwZ wkÿK‡Yi cÖwZkÖæwZ e„w× cvq Ges †m jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡b †ewk KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 wkÿv_x©‡`i mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨w³MZ `vqe×Zv I Revew`wnZv mevi mv‡_ fvM K‡i wb‡Z cv‡ib;
 mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póv I AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi d‡j wkLb-†kLv‡bvi Rb¨ DbœZ I Kvh©Ki Dcvq Avwe®‥vi nq;
 welqe¯‧ I wkLb- †kLv‡bv Kvhv©ewji g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki mgš^q Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges wkÿv_x©i AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
161
  wkÿKMY wb‡Riv wewfbœ wel‡q †ckvMZ `ÿZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges wkÿv_x©‡`i AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 wkÿKM‡Yi K‡g© mš‧wó _v‡K, •bwZKfv‡e `„p g‡bve‡ji AwaKvix nb Ges Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡`i Abycw¯wZ K‡g hvq;
 mK‡ji mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvq we`¨vjqwU †UKmB Dbœq‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq|
L. wkÿv_x©‡`i Rb¨ wkLb mgv‡Ri ¸iæZ¡
 †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR Kvh©Ki _vK‡j wkÿv_x©‡`i S‡i covi nvi K‡g hvq Ges K¬vm bv nIqvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq;
 Avb›`gq we`¨vjq I wkÿK-wkÿv_x©, wkÿK-wkÿK m¤úK© BwZevPK _vKvi Kvi‡Y wkÿv_x©‡`i Abycw¯wZ K‡g qvq;
 †hmKj we`¨vj‡q wkLb mgvR †bB Zv‡`i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki cvV`vb I AbyK~j cwi‡ek we`¨gvb _v‡K
†h mKj we`¨vj‡q msMwVZ wkLb mgvR _v‡K;
 †ckvMZ wkLb mgvR _vK‡j we`¨vj‡q wkÿv_x©‡`i MwYZ, weÁvb, BwZnvm BZ¨vw` wel‡qi mvaviY
`ye©jZv¸‡jv KvwU‡q IVv m¤¢e nq|
wkÿKZvi mdjZv A‡bKUv wbf©i K‡i Zvi wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póvi Ici| wbqwgZ Aa¨qb, wkÿ‡Y GKvMÖZv I Af¨vm MVb,
mnKgx©‡`i mv‡_ µgvMZfv‡e AwfÁZv wewbgq,civgk© MÖnY G‡K Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ges mZx_© wkÿY
Abykxjb †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask hv wkLb mgv‡Ri gva¨‡g AwR©Z nq| G c×wZ‡Z GKwU wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mKj wkÿK
GK‡hv‡M KvR Ki‡eb, cvV`v‡bi cwiKíbv •Zwi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i cÖ¯w‧ Z MÖnY I cvV Dc¯vc‡b G‡K Aci‡K mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡eb, GKR‡bi fzj Ab¨Rb awi‡q †`‡eb| Gfv‡e Abykxjb Pvwj‡q †M‡j cÖwZôv‡bi wkÿKB GK mgq `ÿ n‡q
DV‡eb| m‡e©vcwi †ckvMZ wkLb mgv‡Ri gva¨‡g we`¨vj‡q bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| wkÿK-wkÿv_x©iv wkÿY wel‡q K_v
bv e‡j wkLb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i, mK‡ji g‡a¨ Revew`wnZv I `vqe×Zv MÖn‡Yi ms¯‥…wZ M‡o I‡V Ges wkÿK I
wkÿv_x©‡`i g‡a¨ wkLb cÖZ¨vkv wb‡q Kvh©Ki Askx`vwiZ¡ M‡o I‡V|

9.5 e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dbœqb †K․kj

†ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| e¨w³MZ AwfÁZvi
we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv Kivi Ab¨Zg gva¨g nj e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`wbwjwc iÿYv‡eÿY| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g
wkÿ‡Ki cÖwZwU ¸রুZ¡c~Y© AwfÁZvi mwbœ‡ek N‡U GB cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc‡Z| ewY©Z AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K wkÿK
†kªwYwkÿ‡Yi wewfbœ Kvh©vewji mv_©KZv hvPvB Ki‡eb, evস্তe Ae¯vi wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwZeÜKZv, cÖwZK~jZv, e¨w³MZ
Afve, †`vl-ÎæwU BZ¨vw` wPwýZ Ki‡eb, wkÿY †hvM¨Zvi †Kvb we‡kl w`KwUi Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e †m wel‡q wm×všÍ
wb‡eb, mnKg©x‡`i mv‡_ gZwewbg‡q cÖvß AwfÁZv wjwce× K‡i †mLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq w`K wb‡`©kbv MÖnY Ki‡eb|
e¨w³MZ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc wkÿ‡Ki e¨w³MZ Dbœq‡bi iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb K‡i|
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc (Reflective Diary)
wkÿv_©xi •`bw›`b †kªwY Kvh©µ‡gi Ici wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ‡Z e¨w³MZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK †h w`bwjwc •Zwi K‡ib
ZvB cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc wkÿ‡Ki Kg©ÿgZvi cÖKvkK hv wkÿ‡Ki µ‡gvbœwZi w`K wb‡`©kK| GB
w`bwjwc AbymiY K‡i wkÿK wb‡RB Zvui wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi µ‡gvbœwZ eyS‡Z cv‡ib| wkÿKZv †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ
mKj wkÿK‡K avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z nq| avivevwnK †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e wkÿK
cÖwZw`b †Kvb GKwU fv‡jv cvV`vb ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges wb‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv¸‡jv w`bwjwc‡Z wjwce×
K‡i cvkvcvwk wb‡Ri cv‡Vi fv‡jv-g›` w`K¸‡jv w`bwjwc‡Z ZvwjKvfz³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc‡Z wb‡Ri
cvV I mnKg©x‡`i cv‡Vi Av‡jv‡K wb‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gšÍe¨ D‡jøL Kiv nq| GUv wkÿK K¬vm †k‡l Ki‡Z cv‡ib
Avevi mvivw`b Kv‡Ri †k‡l iv‡ZI m¤cbœ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci eY©bv‡Z cvV wk‡ivbvg, w`b, ZvwiLmn
cvV`v‡bi wewfbœ Dcv`vb †hgb- DcKiY, c×wZ, wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZwµqv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e| †mB mv‡_ K¬v‡mi
cÖ‡qvRbxq gšÍe¨-fvj w`K I g›` w`K D‡jøLmn Kxfv‡e Av‡iv fv‡jv Kiv †hZ †mB m¤c‡K© wb‡`©kbv wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e|
wkÿK hw` cieZ©x K¬v‡m Avmvi Av‡M w`bwjwc †`‡L cvV`v‡bi fv‡jv w`K, g›` w`K, wb‡Ri mejZv I `ye©jZv I fv‡jv
cvV`v‡bi civgk©¸‡jv †`‡L cÖ¯‧wZ m¤cbœ K‡ib Ges †mB Abyhvqx cvVcwiKíbv •Zwi K‡ib Zvn‡j µgvš^‡q Aek¨B
wkÿ‡Ki cvV`v‡b BwZevPK cwieZ©b Avm‡e|
162
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi D‡Ïk¨
cÖwZ †ckviB wKQz bxwZgvjv ev `vqe×Zv _v‡K, wkÿKM‡YiI †Zgwb wKQz `vqe×Zv Av‡Q hv cvjb Kiv wkÿ‡Ki Rb¨
Avewk¨K| wkÿ‡Ki cÖavb `vqe×Zv n‡jv my›`i I Kvh©Kifv‡e †kªwYKvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv| Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K
cÖwZwbqZ †ckvi Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z nq| wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb mva‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci
gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K ms‡kvab Kiv| GLv‡b cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc iÿvYv‡eÿ‡Yi wKQz D‡Ïk¨ D‡jøL Kiv nj-
 †ckvMZ Dbœqb mvab Kiv ;
 AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv ;
 mgm¨v m¤^wjZ Awa‡ekb kbv³KiY ;
 mnKg©xi cvV ch©‡eÿY I ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|

cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc ¸রুZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkÿK cÖwZw`‡bi Kvh©µg GB
w`bwjwc‡Z wjwce× K‡i iv‡Lb| †hgb- †Kvb wel‡q cvV`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Kx Kx `ye©j w`K cwijwÿZ n‡q‡Q, Kxfv‡e
Gme `ye©jZv KvwU‡q Kvh©Ki I mvejxj cvV Dc¯vcb Kiv hvq BZ¨vw` welq cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc‡Z ZvwjKvfz³ _v‡K|
GB w`bwjwc Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿK wkÿv_©x mnvqK wewfbœ c×wZ m¤c‡K© AwewnZ nq, fv‡jv †K․kj¸‡jv e¨env‡i I
wkÿ‡Ki `ye©jw`K¸‡jv ms‡kva‡b DØy× nq| GLv‡b cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc msiÿ‡Yi wKQz cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dল্লেL Kiv n‡jv :
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci gva¨‡g wkÿK wb‡Ri mej I `ye©j w`K¸‡jv kbv³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib ;
 wkÿKM‡Yi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ wg_w¯…qv e„w× cvq I mym¤cK© ‣Zwi nq ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i Pvwn`v I mvg_¨© Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I DcKi‡Yi gva¨‡g †kªwYKvh©µg
cwiPvwjZ nq ;
 wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡`i g‡a¨ mym¤cK© তৈরি nq ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc wkÿK‡K cvVcwiKíbv তৈরি‡Z mnvqZv K‡i ;
 c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Zi Rb¨ cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc mnvqK ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci gva¨‡g wkÿK ¯^íg~j¨ I webvg~‡j¨i (Low cost / No cost) DcKiY •Zwii aviYv jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci e¨envi
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwcjä AwfÁZv †kªwY Kvh©µ‡g cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| †kªwYKvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wkLbdj •Zwi,
DcKiY •Zwi I e¨envi, c×wZ I †K․kj wba©viY BZ¨vw`i †ÿ‡Î cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci Ávb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡iv
wKQz w`K nj-
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †kªwYK‡ÿi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i ;
 GwU †kªwYK‡ÿi ¸রুZ¡c~Y© NUbv¸‡jvi g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc n‡e AveZ©bkxj NUbvi g~j¨vqb ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc n‡e ¯^fveMZ AvPi‡Yi Ici GKwU cÖwZwµqv ;
 cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc DbœZ I wba©vwiZ c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡Póv|
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi c×wZ
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi mywbw`©ó †Kvb c×wZ †bB| wewfbœRb wewfbœfv‡e GB w`bwjwc †jLvi KvR m¤cbœ K‡ib|
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi †ÿ‡Î ¸রুZ¡c~Y© I e¨envi Dc‡hvMx †iKW©, AvšÍwiKZvc~Y© †jLwb, mnRfvlv, Avb›`ag©x
Dc¯vcbv BZ¨vw` cÖwZcv`¨ welq n‡Z cv‡i|
 wb‡Ri cvV`v‡bi †h welq m¤c‡K© w`bwjwc wjL‡Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e ;
 ch©‡eÿYvaxb mZx_© I mnKg©xi cv‡Vi †hme w`K ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e ;
 K¬v‡m D™¢zZ mgm¨vewj wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e ;
 Ab¨ †kªwY‡Z we`¨vj‡qi †Kvb NUbv hv Avgvi fv‡jv †j‡M‡Q ;
 Ab¨ †kªwY‡Z we`¨vj‡qi †Kvb NUbv hv Avgvi fv‡jv jv‡Mwb ;
 AvR we`¨vjq †_‡K Avwg hv wk‡LwQ ;
 AvR we`¨vjq †_‡K wkÿv`vb welqK Avwg hv wk‡LwQ ;
 AvR we`¨vjq †_‡K wkLb welqK Avwg hv wk‡LwQ ;
163
  AvR‡Ki cvV`v‡bi ci Avgvi wfZi †h BwZevPK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q ;
 w`bwjwc †jLvi Rb¨ mgq wba©viY K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e ;
 Dc¯vcbvq †m․›`h© e„w×i Rb¨ mgq e¨q Kiv hv‡e bv ;
 hv †jLv n‡q‡Q Zvi mZ¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e ;
 g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cvV`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î mnvqZv cÖvwßB GB w`bwjwc msiÿ‡Yi GKgvÎ D‡Ïk¨|
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi g‡Wj
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc e¨env‡ii Rb¨ Ggb g‡Wj e¨envi Kiv DwPZ hv Avgv‡`i •`bw›`b NUbv wPšÍv Ki‡Z Ges cÖwZdjb
w`bwjwc wjL‡Z mnvqK n‡e| cvV`vb GKwU m„wókxj KvR| mvivw`‡bi cvV`vb Kvh©µg wPÎvq‡bi gva¨‡g cvV`vb mswkøó
wewfbœ AwfÁZv, aviYv, cvV`v‡b mgm¨v BZ¨vw` †h w`bwjwc‡Z †jLv nq ZvB cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc
†jLvi gva¨‡g wkÿK Zvui †ckvMZ Kv‡Ri m~² w`K¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| A‡bK mgq wb‡Ri fzj-ÎæwU¸‡jv aivi
Rb¨ wkÿK cwi‡ek cwiw¯wZi g‡a¨ w`‡q AvZ¥Kg© Abyaveb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|
wkÿK Zvui cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc‡Z Kv‡Ri m~² AwfÁZv Zz‡j a‡ib, †m¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡ib Ges bZzb †K․kj D™¢ve‡bi
my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Pi avc¸‡jv AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
 NUbv kbv³KiY ;
 NUbv eY©bv ;
 NUbv we‡kølY ;
 NUbv †_‡K AR©b ;

NUbv kbv³KiY

NUbv †_‡K AR©b NUbv eY©bv

NUbv we‡kølY

wPÎ 15 : cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc wjLb g‡Wj

1) NUbv kbv³KiY
cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc‡Z we`¨vj‡qi †kªwYKvh©µ‡gi †ÿ‡Î N‡U hvIqv cÖwZwU NUbv mywbw`©ófv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU
NUbv †h †cÖÿvc‡U N‡UwQj †mB Abyhvqx wjL‡Z n‡e|
2) NUbv eY©bv
cÖwZwU NUbvi eY©bv ev LuywUbvwU D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e, †hgb- Kx N‡UwQj? †K †K RwoZ wQj? wkÿK Kx K‡iwQ‡jb? wkÿK
hv K‡iwQ‡jb Zv †Kb K‡iwQ‡jb?
3) NUbv we‡kølY
NUbvi we‡kølY w`bwjwc‡Z D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿK †kªwYK‡ÿi wewfbœ NUbv‡K we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
NUbvi we‡køl‡Y wkÿK‡K †hme wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e Zv nj-
164
wkÿK Kx wPšÍv ev Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb?
GB AwfÁZvi fv‡jv ev Lvivc w`K Kx wQj?
wkÿ‡Ki †Kvb `ÿZv e¨envi Kiv n‡qwQj?
mnKg©x‡`i Rb¨ Ges wkÿ‡Ki wb‡Ri Rb¨ wkÿ‡Ki Kv‡Ri avivevwnKZv †Kgb wQj?
4) NUbv †_‡K AR©b
kbv³K…Z NUbv †_‡K wkÿ‡Ki wkÿYxq AwfÁZv‡K fwel¨‡Z wkÿK‡K e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk wb‡R‡K Av‡iv
wKQz wel‡q cÖ¯Z
‧ Ki‡Z n‡e, †hgb-
wkÿK Avi Kx Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb Zv kbv³ Ki‡Z n‡e?
GKB NUbv cybivq NU‡j wkÿK Kx Ki‡eb?
Kxfv‡e wkÿK wb‡Ri Ávb I `ÿZvi Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib?
wkÿK †h AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i‡Qb Zv fwel¨‡Z Kxfv‡e e¨envi Ki‡eb?
cÖwZdjb cÖkgœ vjv
myôz, mvejxj Ges Kvh©Ki cvV`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvšÍwiKZv, †ckv`vix g‡bvfve I cybt cybt AvZ¥g~j¨vqb| wkÿK hw`
Zvui wb‡Ri †ckvi cÖwZ AvšÍwiK †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cvV cwiPvjbv K‡ib Z‡e Zv Kvh©Ki n‡Z eva¨| Z‡e
Gi Rb¨ wkÿK‡K AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri cv‡Vi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‧ Z wb‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi cÖwZdjb cÖkgœ vjvwU wkÿKM‡Yi
AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e:
 †kªwYK‡ÿ Avwg hv K‡iwQ Zv †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ K‡iwQjvg?
 †Kb Avwg H we‡kl KvRwU K‡iwQjvg?
 Avwg hv K‡iwQ Zvi gva¨‡g Avwg Kx AR©‡bi †Póv K‡iwQ?
 H cwiw¯wZ‡Z Avwg Gi †P‡q fv‡jv Avi Kx Ki‡Z cviZvg?
 Avwg hv K‡iwQ Zv KZUzKz mdj n‡q‡Q?
 mdjZv hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ Avwg †Kvb c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡iwQ? weKí c×wZ Kx wQj ?
 Avwg †h KvR K‡iwQ fwel¨‡Z Zv Avgv‡K Kxfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡e?
 Avwg †h c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡iwQ †m wel‡q Avgvi mnKg©x‡`i gZvgZ Kx?

9.6 cÖwkÿYv_©xi cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc, cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©vj,wkÿK cÖwkÿKM‡Yi ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷
mvaviYfv‡e •`bw›`b Kvh©µg wbqwgZfv‡e †hLv‡b wjwce× K‡i ivLv nq Zv‡K w`bwjwc ev Diary e‡j| wkÿY
Kvh©µ‡g cÖwkÿYv_©xi †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ •`bw›`b wewfbœ AwfÁZv, aviYv, cvV`v‡b mgm¨v BZ¨vw` †h w`bwjwc‡Z
wj‡L ivLv nq Zv‡K cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc e‡j| GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x hLb †ckvMZ `ÿZv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ AwfÁZv I
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kvh©vewji GKwU avivevwnK weeiY GKwU wbw`©ó w`bwjwc‡Z •Zwi K‡ib ZLb Zv‡K cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc ejv
†h‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZdjb w`bwjwci aviYv bZzb bq| wfbœ wfbœ cÖwµqvq eûKvj Av‡M †_‡KB AvZ¥cÖwZdj‡bi
KvRwU P‡j Avm‡Q| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x cÖwkÿ‡Yi Ask wn‡m‡e †ckvMZ AwfÁZv
I mgm¨vi weeiY wj‡L iv‡Lb Ges cieZ©x‡Z GwU ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wb‡RB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Z
cv‡ib| cÖwkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq evi evi cÖwZdjb I Abykxj‡bi gva¨‡g GKRb cÖwkÿYv_©x Zvi wb‡Ri †ckvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv I ¸Yvewj AR©b K‡i _v‡Kb| cÖwZdjb hZ †ewk ev¯Íem¤§Z n‡e †ckvMZ `ÿZv I ¸Yvewji Dbœqb
ZZ †ewk mnR I BwZevPK n‡e| cÖwZdjb w`bwjwc †jLvi gva¨‡g cÖwkÿYv_©x Zvi †ckvMZ Kv‡Ri m~² w`K¸‡jv
wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib| A‡bK mgq wb‡Ri fzjÎæwU¸‡jv aiv covi Rb¨ cÖwkÿYv_©x cwi‡ek cwiw¯wZi g‡a¨ w`‡q
AvZ¥Kg© Abyaveb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿY w`bwjwc‡Z Zvi Kv‡Ri m~ÿ¥ AwfÁZv Zz‡j a‡ib,
†m¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡ib Ges bZzb †K․kj D™¢ve‡bi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| cÖwZdjb c×wZ cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ cÖwkÿYv_©x
wb¤œewY©Z ‡K․kj¸‡jv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 AvZ¥g~j¨vqb, mZx_© I mnKg©x ch©‡eÿY;
 mgm¨vm¤^wjZ wkÿY Awa‡ekb;
 †ckvMZ Dbœqb cÖwµqv|
165
cÖwkÿYv_©xi AvZ¥g~j¨vqb
cÖwkÿYv_©xi †ckvMZ g‡bvfve Dbœqb I `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ AvZ¥cÖwZdjb GKwU Kvh©Kix c`‡ÿc| AvZ¥cÖwZdj‡b
cÖwkÿYv_©xMY wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v wPwýZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb| g~jZ mgm¨v¸‡jv KLbI mywbw`©ó _v‡K bv| A_©vr wfbœ wfbœ
cÖwkÿYv_©xi AvZ¥cÖwZdj‡b wfbœ wfbœ mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwkÿYv_©xMY‡K mgm¨v wPwýZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g
AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| GB AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡b mZx_© I mnKg©x ch©‡eÿY wi‡cvU© ch©v‡jvPbv, cÖwZdjb Wv‡qwi ch©v‡jvPbv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Ki‡Z nq| †kªwYK‡ÿi wkÿv_©xi wbKU †_‡KI cvV`vb m¤cwK©Z wewfbœ gZvgZ msMÖn K‡i Zv
ch©v‡jvPbv I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g AvZ¥g~j¨vqb Kiv hvq| cvV`vb Kvh©µ‡gi †Kvb wfwWI wPÎ aviY K‡i _vK‡j †mwUI
we‡kølY Kiv hvq| cÖwkÿYv_©xMY AvZ¥g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wb¤œewY©Z welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib:
 wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cwi‡ek;
 ‡f․Z cwi‡ek;
 ‡kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿK-wkÿv_©x m¤úK©;
 wkÿv_©xi †cÖlYv;
 GKxf~Z wkÿvi PP©v I aviYvi cÖ‡qvM;
 eo ‡kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv †K․kj;
 wkÿv`vb c×wZ I †K․kj;
 wkÿv DcKi‡Yi e¨envi;
 g~j¨hvPvB BZ¨vw`|

cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©vj

cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©vj nj wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK mvgMÖx| mgMÖ we‡k¦B wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ GB ai‡bi mnvqK mvgMÖxi
cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| wkÿKMY Gi mnvqZvq cvV`vb PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡ib, cvV`v‡bi cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges bZzb
DcKiY I c×wZ e¨env‡ii †K․kj iß Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©v‡ji e¨envi wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ
Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ| wkÿKM‡Yi †ckvMZ DrKl© mva‡bi Rb¨ cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©v‡j wewfbœ wel‡qi Kiv nq| hvi
mnvqZvq wkÿKMY Zv‡`i cvV`vb mswkøó wewfbœ wel‡qi DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©v‡j †hme
welq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K †m¸‡jv nj-
 cvV cwiKíbvi msL¨v;
 cvV cwiKíbvi D‡Ïk¨;
 cvV cwiKíbvi avcmg~n;
 cvV cwiKíbvi e¨envi;
 cvV cwiKíbvi g‡Wj;
 wkÿv DcKiY ;
 wewfbœ cÖKvi wkÿv DcKi‡Yi e¨envi;
 wewfbœ welqmswkøó c×wZ I †K․k‡ji eY©bv |

cvV`vb Abykxjb Rvb©v‡ji myweav

 cvV`vb †K․kj D™¢ve‡b mnvqZv K‡i;
 cvV`vb †K․kj cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgm¨v mgvav‡b mnvqZv K‡i|

†kÖwYKÿ ch©‡eÿY
wkÿKZv †ckvq mdjZv jv‡fi Rb¨ welqe¯‧ †kÖwYK‡ÿ AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯vc‡bi KvRwU wkÿK‡K bvbvfv‡e c~e©
cwiKwíZ c‡_ ax‡i ax‡i Ki‡Z nq| †kªwYK‡ÿ wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wkÿK
wewfbœ KiYxq wba©viY K‡ib| G KiYxq¸‡jv wkÿ‡Ki cÖavb KvR,‡hgb- cvVMÖn‡Y wZwb wkÿv_©x‡`i h‡_ó mnvqZv
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb wKbv, wkÿv_©xi mvov h‡_ó wQj wKbv, cvV`v‡b e¨eüZ c×wZ I †K․kj¸‡jv h_vh_ wQj wKbv BZ¨vw`|
GB KvR¸‡jv m¤c‡K© wkÿK wb‡R‡K hvPvB‡qi Rb¨ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡ib| ch©‡eÿY k‡ãi A_© cwi`k©b,
166
wbixÿY, g‡bv‡hv‡Mi m‡½ jÿ¨ Kiv| wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg Dcvq nj cvV`v‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri
cvV`v‡bi fzjÎæwU kbv³ K‡i ch©‡eÿ‡Ki wbKU †_‡K wdWe¨vK msMÖn K‡i Zv ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cviv| GLv‡b ‡kÖwYKÿ
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi GKwU gbwPÎ Zz‡j aiv nj:

K¬vmiæg ch©‡eÿY g~jZ ev¯Íe Ae¯vi we‡kølY| K¬vmiæg ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g †kªwYK‡ÿ wkÿK-wkÿv_©xi AvPiY we‡kølY
Kiv nq| ch©‡eÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î wb‡Ri cQ›` †hb A‡b¨i Ici Pvwc‡q †`Iqv bv nq †mRb¨ ch©‡eÿK‡K LyeB m‡PZb
_vK‡Z nq| ch©‡eÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ch©‡eÿK‡K †kªwYK‡ÿi †hme wel‡q ¸রুZv¡‡ivc Ki‡Z nq †m¸‡jv nj:
 welqÁvb;
 wkÿK-wkÿv_©x m¤cK©;
 Dc¯vcbv I DÏxcbv;
 g~j¨vqb;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i AskMÖnY;
 wkLbd‡ji Av‡jv‡K cvV Dc¯vcb;
 wkÿ‡Ki mgq e¨e¯vcbv|

ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mvaviY bxwZgvjv

 †kªwYwkÿ‡Ki gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e;
 ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ c~e©cÖ¯w‧ Z wb‡Z n‡e;
 †kªwYK‡ÿ g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e;
 wkÿK‡K ab¨ev` Rvbv‡Z n‡e;
 `ªæZ Ges webxZfv‡e wkÿK‡K ch©‡eÿ‡Yi wdWe¨vK Rvbv‡Z n‡e;
 ch©‡eÿ‡Ki wbKU wkÿK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GUv eySv‡Z n‡e|
†kÖwYKÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi cÖKvi‡f`
mgMÖ K¬vm ch©‡eÿY
 bZzb wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨;
 wkÿv_©x‡`i djvdj Lvivc Kivi Kvi‡Y;
 wkÿ‡Ki weরু‡× †Kvb Awf‡hvM _vK‡j;
 wkÿKM‡Yi `ÿZv hvPvB Kivi †ÿ‡Î;
 wkÿKM‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi e¨e¯v Kivi Rb¨|
GKwU wbw`©ó `ÿZvi ch©‡eÿY
 wkÿ‡Ki †Kvb mywbw`©ó AvPiY ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨
 †Kvb wbw`©ó c`‡ÿ‡ci †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZwµqv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨

167
†kÖwYKÿ ch©‡eÿ‡Yi myweav
 ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Ki `ye©jZv wPwýZ Kiv hvq;
 ch©‡eÿ‡Ki wdWe¨v‡Ki Av‡jv‡K `ye©jZv ms‡kvab Kiv hvq;
 ch©‡eÿY ev¯Íe Ae¯vq msNwUZ nq e‡j cÖK…Z Ae¯v Rvbv hvq;
 ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ c~e© cÖ¯w‧ Z _v‡K| ZvB jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨†Kw›`ªK ch©‡eÿY m¤¢e nq
 ch©‡eÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g ch©‡eÿ‡Ki DbœwZi my‡hvM _v‡K|
ch©‡eÿ‡Yi mxgve×Zv
 ch©‡eÿ‡Ki `ÿZvi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y h_vh_ wdWe¨vK cvIqv hvq bv;
 ch©‡eÿ‡Ki AbvKvw•ÿZ n¯Í‡ÿ‡ci Kvi‡Y †kªwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek bó nq;
 ch©‡eÿK wb‡Ri ÁvZ c×wZi evwn‡i gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e¨_© nb;
 ch©eÿK wb‡Ri gZvgZ Pvwc‡q w`‡Z Pvb;
 c~e© n‡Z AewnZ _vKvi Kvi‡Y wkÿK evowZ cÖ¯w‧ Z wb‡q Av‡mb|
ch©‡eÿY cieZ©x gZvgZ cÖ`vb
ch©‡eÿY cieZ©x gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î wb‡¤œ Av‡jvwPZ bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pjv DwPZ|
1. e¨w³‡K bq, mgm¨vwU‡K mvg‡b Zz‡j aiæb
†Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡q wkÿ‡Ki Dc¯vcbv Lvivc n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‧ ZvB e‡j †Kvb AvPi‡Yi mivmwi wb›`v cÖKvk Ki‡j ev
Zvi mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡j Zv †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³i Ici †`vl bv Pvwc‡q mgm¨vwUi MfxiZv
Zv‡K Abyfe Ki‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Kxfv‡e Zv `ªæZ `~i Kiv hvq Zv ej‡Z n‡e| G‡Z K‡i hvi †fZ‡i †mB
mgm¨vwU i‡q‡Q wZwb wbR †_‡K ch©‡eÿ‡Ki g~j¨vqb‡K ¸রুZ¡ mnKv‡i wb‡eb Ges Zv cÖwZKv‡ii e¨e¯v MÖnY Ki‡eb|
2. mgv‡jvPbvwUi djvdj‡K fveyb
ch©‡eÿK †Kb wkÿ‡Ki cv‡Vi †Kvb welq wb‡q mš‧ó bb ev fve‡Qb †h Zv Kvh©Ki wkL‡bi AšÍivq Zv wkÿK‡K eySv‡Z
n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv Kxfv‡e ewÂZ n‡”Q Zv ej‡Z n‡e| mgm¨vwUi mgvavb Kxfv‡e Kiv hvq ,‡mB `ÿZv¸‡jv
Kxfv‡e AvqË Ki‡Z n‡e , Kxfv‡e †kªwYK‡ÿ Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb Ges Gi d‡j wkÿv_©xiv Kxfv‡e jvfevb n‡e Zv ej‡Z
n‡e|
3. wdWe¨vK m¨vÛDBP
wdWe¨vK m¨vÛDBP n‡”Q wZbwU ¯Í‡i KvD‡K mgv‡jvPbvi †fZi w`‡q wb‡q hvIqv| ZvB GB c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i cÖ_‡g
wkÿK‡K Zvi fv‡jv I Lvivc w`K¸‡jv ej‡Z n‡e| Gici Zvi fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv Avevi ejyb Ges †klUvq wM‡q †Kvb
†Kvb w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡j e¨vcviUv Av‡iv fv‡jv n‡Z cv‡i †mUv ejyb| A_©vr, wkÿ‡Ki BwZevPK w`K¸‡jv‡K †ewk cÖvavb¨
w`‡Z n‡e †hb wkÿK g‡b K‡ib †h Zvi fv‡jvi R‡b¨B GgbUv ej‡Qb|

ch©‡eÿY †PKwjó

†kÖwY cwiwPwZ
we`¨vj‡qi bvg:
†kÖwY:
welq: mgq:
†gvU wkÿv_©x: Dcw¯Z wkÿv_©x:
wkÿ‡Ki bvg:

168
µwgK gšÍe¨ DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ
bs n‡e nqwb
Dcv`vb
(†kÖwY e¨e¯vcbv welqK)

1 c~e© cv‡Vi mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯vcb

Kiv n‡q‡Q
2 cv‡Vi jÿ¨ D‡Ïk¨ mwVKfv‡e
ejv n‡q‡Q
3 cv‡Vi mwVK cvV cwiKíbv •Zwi
Kiv n‡q‡Q
4 cvV †k‡l cv‡Vi mswÿßmvi
cybivq ejv n‡q‡Q
5 cieZ©x K¬v‡mi wb‡`©kbv w`‡q
cv‡Vi mgvwß Uvbv n‡q‡Q
gšÍe¨:

µwgK gšÍe¨ DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ

bs n‡e nqwb

Dcv`vb
( c×wZ, †K․kj I DcKiY
welqK)
cvVmswkøó DcKiY Dc¯vcb
Kiv n‡q‡Q
cvVmswkøó DcKiY mwVKfv‡e
e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q
wkÿv_©x‡`i‡K wewfbœ Kv‡Ri
gva¨‡g mwµq ivLv n‡q‡Q
cvV Dc¯vc‡b AvBwmwU e¨envi
Kiv n‡q‡Q
cv‡Vi KwVb welq¸‡jv mnR I
my®úófv‡e Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
cvV Dc¯vcbKvjxb g~j¨vqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q
mwVKfv‡e mgq e¨envi Kiv
n‡q‡Q
cvV mgvwßi ci wkLbd‡ji
Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q
m‡e©v”P msL¨K wkÿv_©x‡K
g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ mwVKfv‡e cÖkœ
Kiv n‡q‡Q

169
 g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ †evaMg¨ wQj
wPšÍb †ÿ‡Îi mKj ¯Í‡ii cÖkœ
Kiv n‡q‡Q
gšÍe¨:

µwgK gšÍe¨ DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ

bs n‡e nqwb

Dcv`vb
(e¨envwiK K¬v‡ki Rb¨)
hš¿cvwZ mwVKfv‡e e¨env‡ii
wb‡`©kbv †`Iqv n‡q‡Q
me ai‡bi wbivcËv e¨e¯v
wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q
gšÍe¨:

µwgK gšÍe¨ DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ

bs n‡e nqwb

Dcv`vb
( wkÿK-wkÿv_©x wg_w¯…qv)
wkÿK wkÿv_©x‡`i wbKU gZvgZ
Rvb‡Z †P‡q‡Qb
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kiv‡K
AvšÍwiKfv‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb
wkÿv_©x‡`i †K․Zznj c~i‡Y mÿg
n‡q‡Qb
mKj wkÿv_©xi cÖwZ mgvb
`„wófw½ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb
wkÿv_©x‡`i fzj‡K ¯^vfvweK NUbv
MY¨ K‡i mwVK Z_¨ w`‡Z
†c‡i‡Qb
`jxq KvR/ †Rvovq KvR/ GKK
KvR Z_v †kÖwY Kvh©µg Z`viK
K‡i‡Qb
gšÍe¨:

170
 µwgK gšÍe¨ DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ
bs n‡e nqwb
Dcv`vb
(welq mswkøó)

wkÿ‡Ki welqÁvb
GB wel‡qi †kÖwY Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvq wkÿ‡Ki AvMÖn
wel‡qi mv‡_ wkÿv_©x‡`i
AwfÁZvi m¤úK© ¯vcb K‡i‡Qb
wkÿv_©x‡`i D³ wel‡qi wPšÍvi
MfxiZv Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb
welqÁvb hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
gšÍe¨:

cÖwkÿYv_©xi †Kvb KvRwU Lye fv‡jv n‡q‡Q?

cÖwkÿYv_©xi †Kvb KvRwU mwVK nqwb? Kxfv‡e mwVK Kiv †hZ?
Avcbvi mycvwikmg~n :
µwgK cvi`wk©Zv DbœwZ Ki‡Z m‡šÍvlRbK Lye fv‡jv ev¯ÍevwqZ
bs n‡e nqwb
Dcv`vb

welqÁv‡bi cvi`wk©Zv
wkÿK-wkÿv_©x m¤úK©
c~e© cvV I c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_
ms‡hvM ¯vcb
h_vh_ cvV †NvlYv
( †ev‡W© cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg
D‡jøLKiY, cv‡Vi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
wee„ZKiY)
†kÖwY e¨e¯vcbvi `ÿZv
wkÿv_©x‡Kw›`ªK wkÿY c×wZ I
†K․k‡ji e¨envi
cvV Dc¯vcbvq cvi`wk©Zv
(wkÿv_©x‡`i mv‡_ `„wó wewbgq,
K¬v‡mi g‡a¨ nvuUv, KwVb
welq¸‡jv mnR I mvejxj fvlvq
Dc¯vcb)
wkÿ‡Ki Kɯ^‡ii DVvbvgv I
gvbfvlvi e¨envi

171
 cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î AvBwmwUi
e¨envi
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖkœ Kivq Drmvn cÖ`vb
wkÿv_©x‡`i cÖwZ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK
`„wófw½
wkÿ‡Ki cÖ¯w‧ Z I AvZ¥wek¦vm
wkÿv_©x‡`i wewfbœ Kv‡R gwbUwis
wkÿ‡Ki GKxf~Z I †RÛvi
wbi‡cÿ g‡bvfve
cvV †k‡l wkLbd‡ji Av‡jv‡K
g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q

mej w`Kmg~n :

Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik :

wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí KZ©…K cÖYxZ †kÖwY wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb cwiexÿY †PKwjó

GLv‡b gva¨wgK I D”P wkÿv Awa`ßi KZ©…K ev¯Íevqbvaxb wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí KZ©…K cÖYxZ †kªwYwkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb
cwiexÿY †PKwjó Gi GKwU bgybv Dc¯vcb Kiv n‡jv| wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí †kªwYwkÿ‡Ki †kªwY Kvh©µg‡K cÖavb
wkÿK/ GKv‡WwgK mycvifvBRvi/ mnKg©x KZ©…K g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ ch©‡eÿY †PKwj÷ cÖYqb K‡i| GB †PKwj‡÷ GKwU
†kªwYK‡ÿi 18wU †ÿ·K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î GKRb †kªwYwkÿ‡Ki AvPiY‡K 1-4 †¯‥‡j cwigvc Kiv
n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b 01 n‡jv me©wb¤œ †¯‥vi I 04 n‡jv m‡e©v”P †¯‥vi| GB †PKwj‡÷i gva¨‡g ch©‡eÿK †kªwYwkÿ‡Ki
AvPiY‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq gšÍe¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKBfv‡e GB †PKwj÷ e¨envi K‡i GKRb wkÿK ¯^g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ †kÖwYK‡ÿ Zvui AvPiY‡K cwigvc Ki‡Z Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb |
wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí KZ©…K cÖYxZ †kªwY wkÿ‡Ki cvV`vb cwiexÿY †PKwjó
cÖ‡qvRbxq N‡i wUK (¥) w`b|
g~j¨vqb †¯‥jt PgrKvi = 4; Lye fvj=3; fvj = 2; Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb = 1
µ. bs wb‡`©kK PgrKvi (4) Lye fvj (3) fvj (2) Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb
(1)
cvV`v‡bi m~Pbv ch©vq
1 cv‡Vi AvKl©bxq gv_v LvUv‡bv c~e©Ávb wRÁvmv †ev‡W© welqe¯‧i welqe¯‧i
m~ÎcvZ Kiv KvR I cv‡Vi c~e©Ávb K‡i cvV †Nvlbv wk‡ivbvg †j‡Lb wk‡ivbvg †j‡Lb
wRÁvmv K‡i cvV †Nvlbv K‡ib Ges Z‡e Zv cv‡Vi wKš‧ Zv cov hvq
K‡ib Ges †ev‡W© †ev‡W© welqe¯‧i c~e©Ávb wRÁvmvi bv
welqe¯‧i wk‡ivbvg †j‡Lb wk‡ivbvg †j‡Lb gva¨‡g bq
2 c~e© cvV wkÿv_©x‡K w`‡q c~e© cv‡Vi c~e© cv‡Vi c~e© cv‡Vi c~e© cv‡Vi
†_‡K cÖvß aviYv cybiv‡jvPbv aviYv Rvbvi welqe¯‧i aviYv welqe¯‧i aviYv
wkL‡bi Kivb Ges †m aviYv‡K Rb¨ H Av‡Q wKbv ZvB Av‡Q wKbv Zv
cybiv‡jvPbv eZ©gvb welqe¯‧i mv‡_ welqe¯‧i Dci ïay wRÁvmv wRÁvmvI K‡ib
m¤cwK©Z K‡ib cÖkœ K‡ib K‡ib wKš‧ †Kvb bv
cÖkœ wR‡Ám
K‡ib bv

172
µ. bs wb‡`©kK PgrKvi (4) Lye fvj (3) fvj (2) Dbœqb cÖ‡qvRb
(1)
cvV Dc¯vcb ch©vq
3 welqe¯‧i welqe¯‧ e¨vL¨v`v‡b AwZwi³ Z_¨ I cvV`v‡b †Kvb cvV`v‡bi
aviYv cÖ`vb ev¯ÍewfwËK D`vniY †`b aviYv w`‡q cv‡V fzjåvwšÍ _v‡K mgq gv‡S g‡a¨
Ges cv‡V ewY©Z Z‡_¨i ewY©Z Z_¨‡K bv Z‡e Zv ïay fzj Z_¨ cÖ`vb
m¤c~iK wnmv‡e ¯vbxq mg„× K‡ib cvV¨ eB†Kw›`ªK K‡ib
GjvKvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z nq
AwZwi³ welq hy³ K‡ib
Ges eZ©gvb cv‡Vi mv‡_
m¤cK©hy³ K‡ib
4 cÖkœ Kivi Db¥y³ cÖkœ K‡ib Ges QvÎ- Db¥y³ cÖkœ K‡ib ïaygvÎ Ávbg~jK cvV`v‡b
†K․kj QvÎx‡`i‡K DØy× K‡i Gme Z‡e QvÎ- cÖkœ K‡ib Ges wkÿv_©x‡K
cÖ‡kœi QvÎx‡`i‡K ZvI †gavwe QvÎ- mvgvb¨B cÖkœ
mgvavb †ei K‡i Av‡bb DØy× K‡i cÖ‡kœi QvÎx‡`i g‡a¨ K‡ib
mgvavb mxgve×
†ei K‡i Av‡bb iv‡Lb
bv
5 K_v ejvi wkÿK ¯có D”Pvi‡Y K_v AwaKvsk cwi®‥vifv‡e K_v cwi®‥vifv‡e ïbv
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Name of Month:
Name of Institution:________________________Upazila: ______________District: ________
Name of HT/ USEO/AS: ________________________________
Total No. of Teacher monitored: _________Male_______ Female_________

S.I. Indicators Excellent Very Good Good Needs

(4) (3) (2) Improvem
ent (1)
Lesson Start
1 Lesson Start X
2 Recapitulation of previous lesson X
Lesson Presentation
3 Conception on subject matter X
4 Techniques of questioning X
5 Clarity of voice (Pronunciation/ dialect / accent ) X
6 Use of teaching aid X
7 Use of black board / white board X
8 Facilitation of classroom activities X
9 ttd o t t ticont tt ooAtnettA X
10 teva tt oe qowiths rit At tytit X
11 niot ttesett ttoii tcyoio t X
Evaluation of achieved Learning outcome
12 diioiit netoqoAttto y t t a n mott X
Teachers Professionalism
13 eo neoy’itAyoiit X
14 Teachers behaviour in the classroom X
15 tn ymat t t ttnoii tct X
Student activeness
16 tdihtvaoi t t t o neoy X
17 e ott te AtqtAa tt yhec tyt X
t yhe y act yh
18 tniot tt t nhe et ot yAt rt eoti aAo X
Total Score 32 21 4 1

Total Score=58
Remarks of the Monitor: Teacher’s teaching performance rating was 58 out of 72, means
performance is good.
Signature of the HT/ USEO/ AS: _____________________________________
Date of Reporting: _______________________________________
175
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176
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†P․ayix, gÄykªx, mywkÿK, XvKv: evsjv GKv‡Wwg, 1983|
Gopsil, G.H., Teaching of Geography , Patna: Machmillan India Ltd.,1994.
Martine, Barbara & Briggs, Leslie. J, The Affective and Cognitive Domains: Integration for
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(2010).

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GWy‡Kkb cÖ‡R±, wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, XvKv, 1995|

10 Ways to encourage good Questions: https://whatedsaid.wordpress.com/2010/10/10/10-ways-to-

encourage-good-questions/
Effective Questioning and Classroom
Talk:http://www.nsead.org/downloads/Effective_Questioning&Talk.pdf

https://teaching.uncc.edu/sites/teaching.uncc.edu/files/media/files/file/InstructionalMethods/HigherOr
derActivities.pdf
https://theinspiredclassroom.com/2013/11/how-to-encourage-your-pupils-to-ask-more-questions/
https://www.keansburg.k12.nj.us/cms/lib/NJ01001933/Centricity/Domain/63/Strategies%20for%20E
ffective%20Lesson%20Planning%20copy.pdf

Lower Secondary Teacher Guide, Social Science, Department of Education,Papua New Guinea,2006.

Teaching approaches: Questioning: http://oer.educ.cam.ac.uk/wiki/Teaching_Approaches/Questioning

https://tccl.arcc.albany.edu/knilt/index.php/UNIT_1-
What_are_Advance_Organizers_and_why_do_we_use_them%3F

Student ownership: Learning in a student-centered art room.

Retrieved from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/classroom/ic/library.aspx

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