Standard Method of Test for

Specific Gravity and Absorption of

Fine Aggregate

AASHTO T - 84

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Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate

y This test method covers the determination of bulk specific

p
gravity, apparent specific gravity, saturated surface dry (SSD)
specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregates.

y Effective specific gravity is calculated using the maximum

specific gravity (Rice) of the HMA mixture.

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1
 Apparatus

Balance
-with a sensitivity of
0.1g or better

Pycnometer or
Volumetric Flask
-volume repeatable to 0.1 cm3

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Apparatus

Mold Tamper
p

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2
 Procedure

y Material Sampled
p by
yT
2 (CP-30)

y Obtain ~ 1000 g of fine

aggregate by T 248
((CP-32))

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Procedure
y Dry test specimen to constant
mass at 230 ± 9 oF (110 ± 5oC).
y Cool to room temperature
y Obtain approximately 1000 g of
fine aggregate.
y Cover with water
or add 6% water & cover.
y Let stand
for 15 -19 hours.

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3
 SSD Condition

y Decant water carefully.

y Spread sample on flat
nonabsorbent surface
y Expose to current of warm air
y Frequently mix to ensure
uniform drying the sample
y Continue mixing until sample
reaches a free flowing condition

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Determining SSD…?

y First trial should be when some surface moisture is still

p
present.

y Test at frequent intervals until test indicates specimen has

reached SSD condition.

y If first trial or any subsequent trials indicate sample has

dried past SSD condition
condition, mix a few mL of water with fine
aggregate, thoroughly and let stand covered for 30 min.

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4
 Cone Test for SSD

y Fill mold to overflowing while firmly

pressing down on the mold.

y Lightly tamp the fine aggregate into

the mold with 25 light drops of the
tamper about 5 mm above the top
surface of the aggregate.

y Permit the tamper to fall freely

under gravitational attraction

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Cone Test for SSD

y Remove loose sand from the

base and lift the mold
vertically.

y If surface moisture is present

the sample will retain the
molded shape.

y When the sample slumps

slightly, it has reached an
SSD condition

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

5
 Determining SSD

y When the sample is

brought
g from a saturated
state to an SSD state the
sample will slump slightly
when the cone is lifted
after compaction. This
will indicate that it has
reached SSD.

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Cont’d

y Some angular fine aggregate or material with a high

proportion of fines may not slump in the cone test @
SSD condition.
condition

y If fines become airborne upon dropping a handful of

sand from 100 to 150mm above surface, this may
indicate this type of material.

y For these materials, the SSD condition should be

considered as the point that one side of the fine
aggregate slumps slightly upon removing the cone.

y Note 2 in 6.2.1 has other Provisional procedures, if

approved to use.
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6
 Procedure

y Once SSD condition has been

determined, immediately obtain
and record sample weight of a
sample that weighs 500 ± 10 g
and place into a partially filled
flask.
y If performing a moisture
correction, also immediately obtain
an equal portion of fine aggregate
at the same time, for a moisture
content within ± 0.2
0 2 g of first
sample.
y Dry moisture sample to constant
weight at 230 ± 9 o F

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Procedure

y Fill flask to approx. 90

% off capacity.
it

y Roll, invert and agitate

flask to eliminate all air
bubbles (may take
app. 20min) or use
mechanical agitation

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

7
 Procedure

y Adjust flask temperature to

73.4 ± 3 oF (23.0 ± 1.7 oC)

y Bring water level to the flask

calibration capacity.

y Determine the mass of the

flask, material and water.

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Procedure

y Remove the fine aggregate

from the flask.

y If moisture correction has not been

done, dry to constant mass at 230
± 9 oC (110 ± 5 o C).

y Determine
D i the
h mass off the
h
dry aggregate.

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

8
 Calibration of Volumetric Flask

y Determine the mass

of the flask filled to its
calibration.
y capacity with water
at 73.4 ±3.0 oF
(23.0±1.7 oC).

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

Calculations

A S
Gs b = G s b(SSD) =
(S + B - C) (S + B - C)
A (S - A)
Gs a = %A b s. = x1 0 0
(A + B - C) A
Where:
A = mass of oven dry specimen
B = mass of flask filled with water
C = mass of flask filled with specimen and water
S = mass of saturated surface-dry specimen

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

9
 Questions ??
THE END

THANK YOU

LabCAT Asphalt Technician Certification Program

10
 Standard Method of Test for
Specific Gravity and
Absorption of Coarse Aggregates
AASHTO T - 85

Purpose
p

• This test method covers the determination

of the specific gravity and absorption of
coarse aggregates

1
 Test Specimens
• Aggregate sampled by
CP- 30 (T- 2)

• Material mixed and

reduced byy CP-32
(T248)

Test Specimens
• Material split on 4.75-mm sieve (No. 4).
•

• Plus 4
4.75
75-mm
mm washed
washed.

and dried at 110 ± 5 oC (230 ± 9 oF)

• Test sample cooled at room

temperature for 1-3 hours.

2
 Test Specimens

• Test specimen size is a minimum mass based on

nominal maximum particle size.

• Test specimen is the end result of CP - 32 (T-248)

Test Specimen Size

Nominal Maximum Size Minimum Test Sample
mm (in.) Size
kg (lb)
12.5 (1/2) or less 2 (4.4)
19.0 (3/4) 3 (6.6)
25 0 (1
25.0 (1.0)
0) 4 (8
(8.8)
8)
37.5 (1.5) 5 (11)
50.0 (2.0) 8 (18)

3
 Procedure
• Immerse aggregate in
water for 15 – 19 hours.

• Check water bath

temperature, 23.0 ± 1.7 oC
(73.4 ± 3 oF).

• Check and adjust water

bath level

Procedure

• Remove aggregate
f
from water,
t surface
f
dry the material.

• Wipe larger particles individually.

• Avoid evaporation of water

water.

4
 Procedure
• Determine the SSD
mass of the test sample.

• Sample immediately placed into

immersion container.

Procedure

• Immerse container in water bath.

• Shake container while immersed to

remove entrapped air.

• Determine mass of immersed material.

5
Procedure • Dry test specimen to constant
mass at 110 ± 5 oC (230 ± 9 oF).

• Cool sample to room

temperature.

• Determine the dry mass.

• Specific gravity and absorption

calculated.

Calculations

A A
Gs b = Gs a =
(B - C) (A - C)
B (B - A)
G s b(SSD) = A b s%= x1 0 0
(B - C) A

Where:
A = mass of oven-dry test sample in air, g
B = mass of saturated-surface dry test sample in air, g
C = mass of saturated test sample in water, g

6
Questions ??

7
 Standard Method of Test for
Resistance to Degradation of
Small-Size Coarse Aggregate
gg g by
y Abrasion
and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine
AASHTO T-96 ASTM C 131

Purpose

y Testing different size coarse aggregates smaller

than 1-1/2 inch (37.5 mm) for resistance to
degradation using the L.A Abrasion Machine

y For testing of aggregates larger than 3/4 inch

(19 0 mm) see ASTM C 535
(19.0 535.

1
 Summary

y This
Thi ttestt iis a measure off th
the b
break
kddown off
mineral aggregates in a rotating drum
containing a specified number of steel spheres
from a combination of actions, including:
{ attrition
{ impact
p
{ grinding

Apparatus

y Los Angeles Machine

y Sieves

2
 Apparatus

y Balance
y Charges, twelve total, each
with a mass of 390 to 445 g
and an average approximate
diameter of 46.8 mm (1-27/32
inch)

Test Specimens

y Obtain sample in accordance with T 2 (CP -30)

y Reduce sample in accordance
with T 248 (CP - 32)
y Test sample washed, then
dried at
230±9 oF
(110±5 oC)

3
 Test Specimens

y Aggregate separated into individual sized fractions

y Combine aggregates according to the specified
grading

Grading of Test Samples

Sieve Size Mass of Indicated Sizes,

Sizes g
Passing Retained on Grading
A B C D
1 ½ in. 1.0 in. 1250 ± 25 ….. ….. …..
1.0 in. ¾ in. 1250 ± 25 ….. ….. …..
¾ in. ½ in. 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 ….. …..
½ in. 3/8 in. 1250 ± 10 2500 ± 10 ….. …..
3/8 in.
in ¼ in.
in ….. ….. 2500 ± 10 …..
¼ in. No. 4 ….. ….. 2500 ± 10 …..
No. 4 No.8 ….. ….. ….. 5000 ± 10

Total 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10 5000 ± 10

4
 Charge of Steel Spheres

Grading Number of Spheres Mass of Charge

g
A 12 5000 ± 25
B 11 4584 ± 25
C 8 3330 ± 20
D 6 2500 ± 15

Procedure

y Test sample and correct charge (and mass) of

spheres placed into LA Machine
y 500 revolutions are impacted on the test sample, at
30 to 33 rpm

5
 Procedure

y Contents of drum removed and a preliminary

separation made on a sieve coarser than No
No. 12
(1.70 mm)
y Finer material separated on No. 12 sieve

Procedure

y Material coarser than No. 12 washed, and dried

at 110 ± 5 oC
y Mass of material coarser than No. 12
determined

6
 Calculations

y Percentage of wear correctly calculated

A -B
L o s s,%= x1 0 0
A
Where:
A = original test sample weight
B = final test sample weight

Colorado = 45% Maximum Loss

Questions ??

7
 Standard Method of Test for
Resistance of Coarse Aggregate to
Degradation by Abrasion in the
Micro- Deval Apparatus
CP L 4211
CP-L

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Summary of Method:
y A measure of abrasion resistance and durability
y of mineral
aggregates.

y A sample with standard grading is initially soaked in water for

15 to 19 hours.
y It is then placed in a jar mill with 2.0 liters of water.

y An abrasive charge consisting of 5000 grams of 9.5 mm

diameter steel balls.

1
 Significance and Use
y The Micro-Deval Test is a test of coarse
aggregates to determine abrasion loss in the
presence of water. This test measures the
reduction in resistance to degradation.

y The Micro-Deval test is a useful test for

detecting changes in properties of aggregate
produced from a source as part of a quality
control or quality assurance process.

Significance and Use

2
 Terminology

y Constant Mass - Test samples dried at a

temperature of 110 ± 5° C to a condition such
that it will not lose more than 0.1 percent
moisture after 2 hours of drying
drying.

Apparatus
y Micro-Deval Abrasion Machine – A jar rolling mill capable of running
at 100 ± 5 rpm.

y Containers
C t i - Stainless
St i l steel
t l Mi
Micro- Deval
D l abrasion
b i jjars h
having
i a55-liter
lit capacity
it with
ith a
rubber ring in the rotary locking cover.

y Abrasion Charge – Magnetic stainless steel balls are required.

These shall have a diameter of 9.5 ± 0.5 mm. Each jar requires a
charge of 5000 ± 5 g of balls.

y Sieves - Sieves with square openings and of the following sizes conforming to
AASHTO M 92 specifications: ¾” (19.0 mm) 5/8” (16.0 mm), ½” (12.5 mm), 3/8” ( 9.5
mm), 3/5” (9.0 mm), ¼” (6.7 mm), #4 (4.75 mm), and #16 (1.18 mm).

y Oven - The oven shall be capable of maintaining a temperature of

110 ± 5° C.

y Balance - A balance or scale accurate to 1.0 g.

3
 Apparatus

Abrasion machine

Jar mill

St l charges
Steel h

TEST SAMPLE STOCKPILES

y The test sample shall be washed and oven-dried at

110 ± 5° C to constant mass, separated into
individual size fractions in accordance with CP
31A, and recombined to meet the grading as
shown in Subsection 7.2.

4
 Gradation A
y This gradation is to be used when the nominal
maximum aggregate size is 16.0 mm or greater.
An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be
prepared as follows:

y Passing Retained Mass

y 19.0 mm 16.0 mm 375 g
y 16.0 mm 12.5 mm 375 g
y 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 750 g

Gradation B
y This gradation is to be used when the
nominal maximum aggregate
gg g size is 12.5
mm or greater, but less than 16.0 mm. An
oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be
prepared as follows:

y Passing Retained Mass

y 12.5 mm 9.5 mm 750 g
y 9 5 mm
9.5 6 3 mm
6.3 375 g
y 6.3 mm 4.75 mm 375 g

5
 Gradation C
y This gradation is to be used when the nominal
maximum aggregate size is less than 12
12.5
5 mm
mm.
An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be
prepared as follows:

y Passing Retained Mass

y 9.5
9 5 mm 6 3 mm
6.3 750 g
y 6.3 mm 4.75 mm 750 g

Gradation D

y This Gradation [D] is used when a combined gradation is to

be tested. The test sample shall be washed and oven-dried
at 110 ± 5° C to constant mass, separated into individual
size fractions in accordance with CP 31, and recombined to
meet the grading as shown in Subsection 8.2 or 8.3.

6
 Gradation D
y An oven-dried sample of 1500 ± 5 g shall be prepared as follows:

Passing Retained Mass

19.0
19 0 mm 16.0
16 0 mm* 250 g
16.0 mm 12.5 mm 250 g
12.5 mm 9.5 mm 500 g
9.5 mm 6.3 mm 250 g
6.3 mm 4.75 mm 250 g

* If the top size isn’t a part of the mix gradation, add the mass to the
16.0 mm to 12.5 mm mass.

TEST PROCEDURE
y Prepare a representative 1500 ± 5 g sample. Record the Mass ‘A’
to the nearest 1.0 g.
y Saturate the sample in 2.0 ± 0.05 liters of tap water (temperature
20 ± 5° C)) for 15 to 19 hours. This mayy be done in the Micro-Deval
container
t i or some other
th suitable
it bl container.
t i
y Place the sample in the Micro-Deval abrasion container with 5000
± 5 g of steel balls and the water to saturate the sample. Place the
Micro- Deval container on the machine.

7
TEST PROCEDURE
y For Gradation A run
the machine for 2
hours ± 1 min. or
12,000+/-100 revolutions.

y For Gradation B run

the machine for 105 ±
1 min. or 10,500+/-100 All Gradations
revolutions. are run at 100
+/- 5 rpms
y For Gradation C run
the machine for 95 ±
1 min. or 9,500+/-100
revolutions.

y For Gradation D run

the machine for 105 ±
1 min. 10,500+/-100
revolutions.

TEST PROCEDURE
y Carefully pour the sample
over two superimposed
sieves: 4.75 mm and 1.18
mm. Take care to remove the
entire sample from the
stainless steel jar.
y Wash and manipulate the
retained material with water,
using a hand held water
hose, and the hand until the
washings are clear and all
material smaller than 1.18
mm passes the sieve.
y Remove the stainless steel
g a magnet
balls using g or other
suitable means.
y Discard material smaller than
1.18 mm.

8
 TEST PROCEDURE

y Combine the material retained on the

#4 (4.75 mm) and #16 (1.18 mm)
sieves, being careful not to lose any
material.

y Oven dry the sample to constant mass

at 110 ± 5° C.

y Weigh the sample to the nearest 1.0 g.

Record the Mass ‘B’.

CALCULATIONS

y Calculate the Micro-Deval abrasion loss as follows

follows, to
the nearest 0.1%.

A (Original Mass)
B (Final Mass) A− B
X 100
A

9
REPORT
y The report shall include the following:

◦ The nominal maximum aggregate size of the

aggregate tested and the gradation (A, B, C, or D)
used.

◦ The percent loss of the test sample to one decimal

place (0.1%)
place. (0 1%)

CONTROL OF ABRASION
CHARGE
¾ Every 10
samples, but at
least every week y Any charges
in which a sample that fall
is tested, the through the
abrasion charge screen are out
must be placed of specification
on a 9 mm screen and must be
to check for loss discarded.
of size due to
wear.

10
Questions ??

11
 Standard Specification for
Determining Liquid Limit,
Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils
AASHTO T 89, T 90

AASHTO T 89 Liquid Limit

The liquid limit of a soil is that water content at

which soil passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

1
 Apparatus
y Mixing
g Dish ((~115 mm diameter))
y Spatula (~75-100 mm in length, ~20 mm in width)
y Liquid Limit Device
y Manual or Mechanical
y Grooving Tools (Curved and Flat)
y Oven
y Balance (Sensitive to 0.01 g)

Apparatus

Liquid Limit Apparatus

Grooving Tool

Spatula

2
 Sampling
y Original material sampled in
accordance
d with
ith [CP-30]
[CP 30]
y Prepared in accordance with
AASHTO T 87
y Sieve entire sample over No.
40 sieve
~100 g (Method A)
~50 g (Method B)

Procedure

y Adjust cup drop height (10.0 ± 0.2 mm)

3
 Procedure-Method A

y Prepare sample
y Mix with distilled or de-mineralized water to form a
uniform mass of stiff consistency
y Place in cup above contact spot and trim to 10 mm

Procedure

y Place groove using 1 to 6

strokes of curved grooving tool
y Lift and drop cup @ 2 drops per
second until two sides come
together for ~13 mm (0.5 in)

4
 Procedure
y Record number of drops
y Remove slice of material from edge to edge at
closure the width of spatula

Procedure

y Determine moisture content by

AASHTO T 265
y Repeat procedure at least two additional times at
increased moisture content to cause closure in
the ranges of blows as follows: 25-35, 20-30, 15-
25
y Prepare flow curve

5
 Procedure-Method B

y Prepare sample as in Method A

y Set consistency so drops at closure are between
22 and 28
y Repeat immediately with same sample
22 to 28 blows ± 2 blows of 1st trial
y Remove moisture sample as in Method A

Calculations
y (Wet − Dry )
%M = x100
Dry
y LL= (WN)(N/25)0.121

Where:
%M = Percentage moisture
LL = Liquid Limit
WN = Moisture content @ N blows
N = Number of blows

6
 AASHTO T 90 Plastic Limit and Plasticity
Index

The Plastic Limit is the lowest water content at which

the soil remains plastic.

The Plasticity Index is the range in water content,

expressed as a percentage
percentage, that the soil remains in a
plastic state.

Apparatus
y Mixing Dish (~115 mm diameter)
y Spatula (~75-100 mm in length, ~20 mm in width)
y Ground glass plate or smooth unglazed paper
y Rolling device (optional)
y Oven
y Balance (Sensitive to 0.01 g)

7
 Sampling
y ~ 8g
8 ffrom liliquid
id lilimitit ttestt
or
y ~20 grams of minus No.40 materially mix with distilled
or de-mineralized water until mass can be shaped into
a ball.
y Use ~ 8 g for test sample
p

Procedure
Take 1.5
1 5 to 2 g from the mass and form
into an ellipsoidal mass

y Hand Rolling
y Roll with palm or fingers
y 80-90 strokes per minute
y 3 mm in diameter
y No more than 2 minutes

8
 Procedure
y Plastic Limit Device with paper
p p
y Place soil mass on bottom plate
y Place top plate
y Slight downward pressure
y Back and forth motion
y Contact with side rails-2 min. max

Procedure
y Roll to 3 mm (1/8 in)
y Break thread
y Remold into mass
y Roll again
y Continue until further
attempts cause the soil to
crumble under slight
pressure

9
 Procedure
y At least once to 3 mm (1/8 in
in.))
y Delicate soil
y Immediately place in tarred container and cover
y Continue until entire sample is complete
y Determine moisture content per AASHTO T
265

Calculations

y % Moisture=Plastic Limit (PL)

(Wet − Dry )
%M = x100
Dry
y Plasticity Index (PI)
PI=LL-PL

10
Questions ??

11
` This method is used to determine the
resistance of aggregates to disintegration by
saturated solutions of sodium sulfate or
magnesium sulfate.

1
` Aggregates
A t are repeatedly
t dl iimmersed
d ((usually
ll 5 cycles)
l )
in a sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution,
followed by oven drying to dehydrate the salt in the
pores of the aggregate.

` The internal expansive force of the salt upon re-

h d ti simulates
hydration i l t th the expansive
i fforce off water
t d during
i
freezing.

` Sieves, conforming
Si f i tto M 92 (ASTM E 11)
` Containers for sample (out of spec sieves)
` Immersion container
` Balance (0.1% sample mass)

2
 ` Thermometer
` Temperature Recorder
` Oven, 230 /- 9 F (110 ± 5 o C), 25 g/hr for 4 hr (evap.
rate)
` Sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solution

` Prepare solution
◦ Dissolve salt of the anhydrous (Na2SO4) form in water
(distilled for referee or comparison)
◦ Stir as adding and frequently during storage
◦ Cover
◦ Allow to cool to 20.3 - 21.9oC (68.5 - 71.5 oF)
◦ Let stand for 48 hours before use
◦ Specific Gravity when used 1.154 to 1.171

3
` Prepare solution

◦ Dissolve salt of the anhydrous (MgSO4) or the crystalline

(MgSO4. 7H2O)(Epsom salt) form in water (distilled for referee
or comparison)
◦ Stir as adding and frequently during storage
◦ Cover
◦ Allow to cool to 20.3 - 21.9oC ((68.5 - 71.5 oF))
◦ Let stand for 48 hours before use
◦ Specific Gravity when used 1.297 to 1.306

` Fine aggregate
◦ Minus 3/8 in.
◦ Yield not less than 100 g of each of the following
g
sizes

Passing Sieve Retained on Sieve

9.5-mm (3/8 in.) 4.75-mm (No. 4)
4.75-mm (No. 4) 2.36-mm (No. 8)
2.36-mm (No. 8) 1.18-mm (No. 16)
1.18-mm (No. 16) 600-mm (No. 30)
600-mm (No. 30) 300-mm (No. 50)

4
 ` Coarse Aggregate
◦ Plus No. 4
(only portion of Table 1 see complete table)

Sieve Size Mass, g

63 mm to 37.5 mm (2 1/2 in. to 1 1/2 in.) 5000 +/- 300

Consisting of:
50 mm to 37.5
37 5 mm (2 in.
in to 1 1/2 in.
in ) material 2000 +/- 200
63 mm to 50 mm ( 2 1/2 in. to 2 in.) material 3000 +/- 300

5
` Should the sample contain less than 5 % of any of the
sizes specified, that size shall not be tested.

` Reduce the test portion by the mass required of the

missing size.

` Thoroughly wash fine aggregate (on No. 50 sieve) and

coarse aggregate (on the #4).

` Dry to constant mass at 110 ± 5 oC.

` Sieve & weigh out sample as per 6.1 for Fine Aggregate
and 6.2 for Coarse Aggregate.

6
 ` Immerse test sample in solution that is
temperature controlled with at least 12.5
mm(1/2 inch) cover, cover container.
` Volume of solution shall be at least 5 times
the solid volume of sample.
` Sample immersed 17 ± 1 hours
` Temperature 68.5 to 71.5 F
` Remove sample from solution,
let drain for 15 ± 5 min.
` Temperature recorder should
be used to verify that solution
temperature limits were not exceeded,
should record temperature every 10
minutes.

` Dry sample to constant weight at 110 ± 5 oC

` Cool sample to 20-25 oC (Solution Temp)

7
` Repeat cycle (5 times) to complete test.

` If testing is interrupted, leave the sample in oven.

` After the final cycle and cooling, wash sample by

circulating water at 43 ± 6 oC (110 ± 10 oF) through
the sample in their containers from the bottom.

` Check for solution present in wash water with Barium

Chloride Solution.

` Care should be taken to not cause abrasion to

the sample during washing
` Dry fraction to constant weight at110 ± 5 oC

8
` Aggregate sieved over
appropriate sieves
◦ Fine-same method as preparation-
same sieves used
◦ Coarse-by hand-sieves per table,
section 8.1.2

` Material retained on each sieve recorded

` Loss calculated on each sieve
` Total loss calculated by weighted average for fine
& coarse

9
` Separate particles into groups by action produced
(+ 3/4 inch only)
` Record number of particles showing each type of
distress
◦ Disintegration, Splitting, Crumbling, Cracking, Flaking,
Etc.
Et

10
 Standard Method of Test
for Clay Lumps and Friable Particles
in Aggregate

AASHTO T - 112

Purpose

y This method
Thi h dd determines
i the
h approximate
i amount off clay
l
lumps and friable particles in natural aggregates.

y This method is of primary significance in determining the

acceptability of aggregate

1
 Apparatus
y Balance, readable to 0.1% of
sample mass
y Rust resistant
containers
y Sieves, conforming
to AASHTO M 92
y Oven

Test Specimens

y Samples are obtained from material remaining from T11

(CP -31B)
y Dry sample to constant mass at 110 ± 5 oC (230 ± 9 oF)
y Test samples of fine aggregate shall consist of -4 and
+16 material and not weigh less than 25 g

2
 Test Sample

y Coarse aggregates are separated into different sizes

using the following sieves
◦ 4.75 mm (No. 4)
◦ 9.5 mm (3/8 in.)
◦ 19.0 mm (3/4 in.)
◦ 37.5
37 5 mm (1-1/2 inin.))

Test Sample

Size of Particles Making Up Test Sample Test Sample Weight

Minimum, g
4.75 to 9.5-mm (No. 4 to 3/8 in.) 1000
9.5 to 19.0-mm (3/8 to ¾ in.) 2000
19.0 to 37.5-mm (3/4 to 1-1/2 in.) 3000
Over 37.5 mm (1-1/2
(1 1/2 in.) 5000

Note: If the original sample provides less than 5% of any

of these sizes, do not test that size

3
 Procedure
y Determine the mass of the test sample
y Spread the sample in a thin layer on bottom of
container
y Cover with distilled water and soak for 24 ± 4 hours

Procedure

y Roll and squeeze particles individually.

y Fingernails not used to break up particles.

4
 Procedure

y Break all discernable lumps and friable particles.

y Separate the undersized material by wet sieving.

◦ pass water over the sample through the sieve

◦ manually agitate the sieve

Sizes of Sieves Used for Wet Sieving

Size of Particles Making Up Test Sample Size of Sieve

Fine Aggregate (retained on No. 16) 850-mm (No. 20)
4.75 to 9.5-mm (No. 4 to 3/8 in.) 2.36-mm (No. 8)
9.5 to 19.0-mm (3/8 to ¾ in.) 4.75-mm (No. 4)
19.0 to 37.5-mm (3/4 to 1-1/2 in.) 4.75-mm (No. 4)
Over 37.5 mm (1-1/2 in.) 4.75-mm (No. 4)

5
 Procedure

y Remove retained particles from sieve.

y Dry to constant weight at 110 ± 5 oC (230 ± 9 oF).

y Cool to room temperature and determine the retained

material mass
mass.

Calculations
y Percent of clay lumps or friable particles correctly
calculated

(W - R)
P= x1 0 0
W
Where:
P = percent of clay lumps and friable particles
W = mass of test sample
R = mass of particles retained on sieve

6
Questions
Quest o s ??

7
 CP 37
37-09
09

Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates

and Soils by Sand Equivalent Test
(Replaces AASHTO T – 176)

Purpose

y To indicate the relative proportions in soil or

graded aggregates of
◦ clay like materials
◦ fine dust

1
 Apparatus

y Mechanical Shaker
y Plastic graduated
cylinders
y Weighted foot
y Siphon assembly
y 85 mL tin

Apparatus

y 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve

y Stock solution (22 ± 3o C/72 ± 5oF)
y Timer
y 4 inch Funnel

2
 Test Specimen Preparation

y T 2 (CP-30)
y T 248 (CP-32)
y Split on 4.75-mm
sieve, use minus
4.75-mm material
y 1500 g truly
representative
sample of original
sample.

Procedure
` Dry sample to constant mass @ temp
not to exceed 140 F.
` Weigh dried sample to the 0.1 g & mix
with 3 +/- 1% moisture, cover for 45
+/- 15 min.
` Mix thoroughly & form into a conical
pile.
` Fill three 85 ml tins by pushing them
through the base of the pile while
compacting with palm of the hand.
` Strike off excess material with spatula.
` Fill graduated
d t d cylinder
li d tto th
the 4
4.0
0 iin.
line with working stock solution

3
 Procedure

y Pour sample through a funnel into

the cylinder.
4 inches

y Strike the bottom of cylinder with

the heel of hand to release air in
material.

Procedure

y Let stand undisturbed for 10 ± 1 min

x [Note: three test samples are usually tested at the
same time. See operator qualifications section]

4
 Procedure

y Place rubber stopper in top of cylinder

y Rotate the cylinder to horizontal position and shake
vigorously
y Place cylinder into the mechanical shaker and set the timer
for 45 +/- 1 sec.
y Set cylinder on work surface and remove stopper and irrigate
with stock solution

Procedure
` Working solution should be placed on shelf
36 +/- 1” above working space.
` Working solution should be discarded if
organic growth is present or 30 days after it
has been prepared.
` Force the irrigator through the material to
the bottom of the cylinder. Irrigate the
sample until the stock solution reaches the
15 inch mark.
` Bottom of meniscus between the top two
gradations, but not above the 15 in mark.

5
 Procedure

y Place the sample on a flat, level surface and let

stand for 20 minutes ± 15 seconds

Procedure

y Record the level at the top

of the clay suspension (clay
reading)

6
 Procedure

y If there is no clear line, allow the sample to stand

undisturbed and record the total sedimentation time.

y If sedimentation time exceeds 30 min., rerun the test

using 3 samples and record the sample reading with the
shortest time only.

Procedure

y Carefully lower the weighted

foot assembly into the cylinder
without hitting the sides

y Foot assembly = 1000 +/- 5g.

7
 Procedure

y When the foot rests on the top of

the
h sample,l tip
i the
h iindicator
di to
the side and the record the level
(top edge of indicator)

y Subtract 10 from the reading to

obtain the sand reading

Calculations

y Always round up calculated values

s an d
SE = x1 0 0
c l ay
Where:
q
SE = sand equivalency y
sand = reading of sand level
clay = reading of clay level

8
 Results

y Average three readings (whole numbers)

y Round up the average
y All three results cannot vary by more than ± 4 points
from the average
((See Operator
p Qualifications section))

Questions ??

9
 Standard Method of Test
for Plastic Fines in Graded Aggregates
and Soils byy Use of the Sand Equivalent
q
Test
AASHTO T - 176

Purpose

y To indicate the relative proportions in soil or graded

aggregates of
{ clay like materials

{ fine dust

1
 Apparatus

y Plastic graduated
cylinder
y Weighted foot
y Siphon assembly
y 85 mL tin

Apparatus

y 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve

y Stock solution (22 ± 3o C/72 ± 5oF)
y Timer
y 4 inch Funnel

2
 Test Specimen Preparation

y T 2 (CP-30)
y T 248 (CP-32)
y Split on 4.75-mm
sieve, use minus
4.75-mm material

Procedure

y Air dry or pre-wet

pre wet
y Mix until uniform
y Fill tin while compacting and
strike off excess material
y Fill graduated cylinder to the 4.0
in. line with working stock
solution

3
 Procedure

y Pour sample through a funnel into

the cylinder.
4 inches

y Strike the bottom of cylinder with

the heel of hand to release air in
material.

Procedure

y Let stand undisturbed for 10 ± 1 min

Ù [N t th
[Note: three ttestt samples
l are usually
ll ttested
t d att th
the same
time. See operator qualifications section]

4
 Procedure

y Place rubber stopper in top of cylinder

y Rotate the cylinder to horizontal position and shake vigorously
{ Mechanical shaker [45 ± 1 s]
{ Manual shaker [100 strokes]

{ Hand shaking

Ù Cylinder shaken 90 cycles in approximately 30 s, with a

throw of 9 ± 1 in
in.
y Remove stopper and irrigate with stock solution

Procedure

y Force the irrigator through the

material to the bottom of the
cylinder. Irrigate the sample until
the stock solution reaches the 15
inch mark.

5
 Procedure

y Place the sample on a flat, level surface and let

stand for 20 minutes ± 15 seconds.

Procedure

y Record the level at the top of

the clay suspension (clay
reading).

6
 Procedure

y If there is no clear line, allow the sample to stand

undisturbed and record the total sedimentation time.

y If sedimentation time exceeds 30 min., rerun the test

using 3 samples and record the sample reading with the
shortest time only
only.

Procedure

y Carefully lower the weighted

foot assembly into the cylinder
without hitting the sides

7
 Procedure

y When
Wh ththe ffoott rests
t on th
the ttop off
the sample, tip the indicator to
the side and the record the level
(top edge of indicator).

y Subtract 10 from the reading to

obtain the sand reading

Calculations

y Always round up calculated values

s an d
SE = x1 0 0
c l ay
Where:
SE = sand equivalency
sand = reading of sand level
clay = reading of clay level

8
 Results

y Average three readings (whole numbers).

y Round up the average.
y All three results cannot vary by more than ± 4 points from
the average.
(See Operator Qualifications section)

Questions ??

9
 Standard Method of Test
for Uncompacted Void
Content
of Fine Aggregate
AASHTO T - 304

Purpose

y To determine the un compacted void content of a sample

of fine aggregate.

y The un compacted voids is an indication of the particle

shape and texture of fine aggregates

1
 Summary

y A sample of fine aggregate is poured through a funnel into a

cylindrical measure and weighed.

y The bulk dry specific gravity of the aggregate is used to

determine the volume of the fine aggregate.

y The void content is calculated from the difference between the

cylindrical measure volume and the fine aggregate volume.

Apparatus

y Cylindrical measure, approximately 100 mL

y Funnel
y Funnel stand
y Balance, 0.1 g

2
 Test Specimens
y Aggregate sampled by CP-30 (T – 2).

y Material mixed and reduced by CP-32 (T-248).

y Material taken from that sieved by T-27.

y Determine the bulk dry specific gravity of the minus No. 4

material.

Calibration of Cylindrical Measure

y Apply a light coat of grease to the top of cylindrical
measure.

y Determine the mass of the cylindrical measure, cover

plate and grease.

3
 Calibration of Cylindrical Measure

y Fill measure with

ith ffreshly
hl bboiled
il d
deionized water at 21 ± 3 oC.

y Cover with cover plate, and

completely dry the outside.

y Determine the mass of the plate,

water, grease and cylindrical
measure.

Calculate the Volume of Cylindrical

Measure

M
V = 1000
D
y Where:
V = volume of cylindrical measure, mL
M = net mass of water, g
D = density of water, g/mL (at 21.1 oC = 997.97
kg/m3)

4
 Procedure - Method A

y Dry
D sample
l to constant mass at 110 ± 5 oC
C.

y Separate the sample over a 4.75-mm sieve (No. 4)

y Wash the minus 4.75-mm material (No. 100 or No. 200).

y Dry sample to constant mass at .110 ± 5 oC

Procedure
y Sieve sample in accordance
with
ith T
T-27.
27

y Weigh out and combine the

portions of fine aggregate from
each of the following screens
to produce a test specimen of
190 g

5
 Procedure

y Method A – Standard Graded Sample

y Method B – Individual Size Fractions

y Method C – As-Received Grading

Method A
Standard Graded Sample

Individual Size Fraction Mass, g

(±0.2)
Minus No 8 Plus No. 16 44
Minus No
No. 16 Plus No.
No 30 57
Minus No. 30 Plus No. 50 72
Minus No. 50 Plus No. 100 17

6
Procedure

y Combine portions and

mix with spatula until
material is uniform

Procedure

y Place tared cylindrical

measure under funnel
y Use a finger to block the
funnel opening
y Pour the test sample into the
funnel and level the material

7
 Procedure
y Remove the finger and
allow the sample to fall
freely into the measure

Procedure
y After the funnel has
emptied, strike off excess
heaped fine aggregate by a
single pass of the spatula.

8
 Procedure
y Exercise care to avoid vibration or any disturbance that
could cause compaction of the fine aggregate in the
cylindrical measure.

y Brush adhering fines from the outside of the container.

Procedure

y Determine the mass

of the cylindrical
y
measure and contents
to the nearest 0.1 g

9
 Procedure
y Retain all fine aggregate particles for a second test run.

y Recombine the sample from the retaining pan and

cylindrical measure and repeat the procedure.

y Average the results of the two runs.

Procedure
y The results of two properly conducted tests by the
same operator on similar samples should not differ by
more than 0.37 percent (~0.5 g)

y Colorado = Minimum 45%

10
 Calculations V-
F
U= G x1 0 0
V
y Where:
V = volume of cylindrical measure (mL)
F = mass of fine aggregate
G = Gsb of fine aggregate
U = percent of uncompacted voids

11
 Standard Method of Test for
Determining Percent of Particles
with Two or More Fractured
Faces
CDOT CP - 45

Purpose

y This method describes the procedure for determining the

percentage of crushed particles in a sample of aggregate
by fractured face count.

y *Grading S & SX Minimum 60% (70% over 10 million ESALs)

y *Grading SG Minimum 90%
y *SMA Minimum 100%

1
 Apparatus

y Balance
y 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
y Splitter
y Drying equipment

Test Specimens

y Sample shall be obtained in

accordance
d with
ith CP-30
CP 30 and
d CP-32.
CP 32

y Split material on 4.75-mm sieve.

y Discard minus 4.75-mm material.

y Wash plus 4.75-mm material, dry to

constant mass at 110 ± 5 oC (230 ± 9
oF).

2
 Test Specimens

y Sieve material on 4.75-mm sieve.

y Determine mass of plus 4.75-mm material.

Size of + No. 4 Test Specimen

Nominal Maximum Minimum Weight

Aggregate Size Required

3/8 inch or under 100 grams

1/2 inch 200 grams
3/4 inch or over 300 grams

3
 Procedure

y Particles separated into piles with

two or more fractured faces.
y A particle is counted if it appears
to have at least 25 % of the
maximum cross sectional area of
the rock particle fractured.
y Determine the mass of particles
with two or more fractured faces.

Calculations

y Calculate percent of particles with two or more fractured

faces

B
A%= x1 0 0
C
Where:
A = particles with two or more fractured faces, %
B = weight of fractured aggregate, g
C = total weight of test specimen, g

4
Q
Questions
ti ??

5
 Standard Method of Test for
Flat Particles, Elongated Particles, or
Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse
Aggregate
ASTM 4791

Purpose

y This method covers the determination of the percent of

flat particles, elongated particles, or flat and elongated
particles in coarse aggregate

1
Apparatus

y Proportional Caliper Device

y Balance

Test Specimens

y Testt samples
T l ttaken
k iin
accordance with CP-30 (T- 2 )
y Test samples reduced in accordance
with CP 32
y Sample dried to constant mass at 110
± 5 oC (only for determination by
weight,
i ht nott count)
t)

2
 Test Specimens

y Sieve the sample.

y Reduce each size fraction larger than 9.5 mm (3/8 inch)

or 4.75 mm (No. 4) with more than 10% of sample by C
702 until approximately 100 particles are obtained for
each size fraction required
required.

Procedure

y Test each particle in each size fraction, and place into

one of three piles
y Flat
y Elongated
y Neither flat or elongated
y Use the proportional device positioned at the proper
ratio (5:1)

3
 Procedure - Flat
y Set the larger opening equal to the particle width.

y The particle is flat if the thickness can be placed in the

smaller opening

Procedure - Elongated
y Set the larger opening equal
to the particle length.

y The particle is elongated if

the width can be placed in
the smaller opening

4
 Calculations

y After the particles have been separated into one of the

three piles, determine the proportion of the sample in
each group by count or mass.

Procedure - Flat and Elongated

y Test each of the particles in each size fraction and place
into one of two groups.

y Flat and elongated.

y Not flat and elongated.

5
 Procedure - F and E
y Use the proportional caliper device set at the desired
ratio
y Set the larger opening to the particle length

Procedure - F and E

y The particle is flat and elongated if the thickness can be

placed in the smaller opening.

y After the particles have been separated, determine the

proportion of the sample in each group by count or by
mass

6
Questions ???