AQA(B) AS Module 3:

Physiology And Transport

Contents
 AQA(B) AS Module 3:
Physiology And Transport
Specification
•
Mass Transport •

Water Transport in Plants

Human Circulatory System •
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• •
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Solute Translocation in Plants
Energy and Exercise •
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• •
•
Human Circulatory System
ju g u la r v e in c a r o t id a r te r y
s u b c la v ia n v e in s u b c la v ia n a r te r y
s u p e r io r v e n a c a v a
p u lm o n a r y v e in a o r t ic a r c h

p u lm o n a r y a rte r y

in f e r io r v e n a c a v a
a o rta
h e p a t ic v e in h e p a tic a rte r y
re n a l a rte ry
re n a l v e in
p o r t a l v e in

m e s e n t e r ic a r te r y

f e m o r a l v e in ilia c a r t e r y

The Heart
a r te r ie s to h e a d
a o r t ic a r c h
s u p e r io r v e n a c a v a
a o rta p u lm o n a r y a r te r y
le ft p u lm o n a r y v e in s

r ig h t a tr iu m le ft a t r iu m
s e m ilu n a r ( p u lm o n a r y ) v a lv e a tr io v e n t r ic u la r ( b ic u s p id ) v a lv e

a t r io v e n tr ic u la r ( tr ic u s p id ) v a lv e v a lv e te n d o n s
in te r v e n t r ic u la r s e p tu m
p a p illa r y m u s c le le ft v e n t r ic le
r ig h t v e n t r ic le
in fe r io r v e n a c a v a c a r d ia c m u s c le

The Cardiac Cycle

Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole
Diastole.

s in o - a tr ia l n o d e ( S A N )
a t r io - v e n t r ic u la r n o d e ( A V N )

B u n d le o f H is

P u r k in je f ib r e s
 N am e A tr ia l S y s to le V e n tr ic u la r S y s to le D ia s to le

a t r ia c o n t r a c t v e n t r ic le s c o n t r a c t a t r ia a n d v e n t r ic a ls b o t h r e la x
b lo o d e n t e r s v e n t r ic le s b lo o d e n t e r s a r t e r ie s b lo o d e n t e r s a t r ia a n d v e n t r ic le s
E v e n ts

s e m ilu n a r s e m ilu n a r
v a lv e s o p e n v a lv e s c lo s e
0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8
20

15
P re s s u re (k P a )

a rte ry a r te ry

10

5
a tr iu m a tr iu m
0 v e n tric a l
v e n tric a l
a tr io v e n tr ic u la r a tr io v e n tr ic u la r
v a lv e s c lo s e v a lv e s o p e n

PCG

ECG

T im e ( s ) 0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 0 .5 0 .6 0 .7 0 .8
Blood vessels Lung
C a p illa r ie s
Veins and Venules Capillaries Arteries and Arterioles
c o lla g e n & P u l m o n a r y b a s e mP eun l mt mo en ma br yr a n e c o lla g e n &
c o n n e c tiv e tis s u e A r t e r y ( c o l l a g e n )V e i n c o n n e c tiv e tis s u e
s m o o th m u s c le e n d o t h e liu m c e l l p u lm o n a r y s m o o th m u s c le
& e la s t ic t is s u e RV LA c ir c u la t io n & e la s t ic t is s u e
s e m il u n a r v a lv e
re d b lo o d c e ll lu m e n ( b lo o d )
lu m e n ( b lo o d )
RA LV
0 .1 - 2 0 m m V 8e nµ ma H e a rt 0 .1 - 1 0 m m
C ava A o rta
Arteries
Veins s y s te m ic
V e in s A te r ie s
c ir c u la t io n

V e n u le s A r t e r io le s

C a p illa r ie s

Capillaries
a rte ry c a p illa r y b e d v e in

a r t e r io le v e n u le

c e lls
s m o o th
m u s c le s p h in c t e r s
bypass vessel
Blood

P la s m a - liq u id p a r t o f b lo o d . A d ilu t e
s o lu t io n o f s a lt s , g lu c o s e , a m in o a c id s ,
v it a m in s , u r e a , p r o t e in s a n d fa t s .

W h it e b lo o d c e lls - in v o lv e d in im m u n e
s y s te m .

P la t e le t s - in v o lv e d in b lo o d c lo tt in g .

R e d b lo o d c e lls - in v o lv e d in c a r r y in g
oxygen.

Substance Where Reason

− − −
Tissue Fluid
c a p illa r y

c e lls

t is s u e
f lu id

ly m p h v e s s e l
The Lymphatic System

ly m p h n o d e s
in n e c k
ly m p h d r a in s
in t o v e in s
Vena C ava
ly m p h n o d e s
in a r m p it s

ly m p h v e s s e ls
f r o m in t e s t in e

ly m p h n o d e s
in g r o in

Plasma
Serum
Tissue Fluid
Lymph
Transport of Oxygen
O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2

Hb H bO 2 H b (O 2)2 H b ( O 2) 3 H b (O 2)4
+ + + +
H H H H

d e o x y h a e m o g lo b in o x y h a e m o g lo b in
0 % s a tu r a te d 1 0 0 % s a tu ra te d
b lu e y - r e d c o lo u r p in k y - r e d c o lo u r
% s a t u r a tio n o f h a e m o g lo b in w it h o x y g e n

n e u tra l p H lo w p H

m u s c le s lu n g s

C o n c e n tra tio n o f o x y g e n (% )
o r p a rtia l p r e s s u re o f o x y g e n (k P a )
in th e s u r r o u n d in g s
•
•
•
•
Transport of Carbon Dioxide
1. As dissolved gas in blood plasma (2%)
2. As Carbamino Haemoglobin (13%)

3. As Hydrogen Carbonate ions (85%)

Energy and Respiration
glucose + oxygen carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)
−

P P P
P P
AD P + P i ATP

g lu c o s e + o x y g e n c a r b o n d io x id e + w a t e r
r e s p ir a tio n
AD P + P i
ATP

m u s c le c o n t r a c t io n

a c tiv e tr a n s p o r t

b io s y n t h e s is
Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
g ly c o g e n a n a e r o b ic p a r t a e ro b ic p a rt
fa ts
c a rb o n
oxygen
d io x id e
g lu c o s e p y ru v a te w a te r

2 AD P 2 ATP 34 AD P 34 ATP
+ 2 Pi + 34 Pi
la c ta t e
Energy for Exercise
1. ATP stored in muscles

ATP ADP + P i

2. ATP from creatine phosphate

A D P + c r e a t in e p h o s p h a te A T P + c r e a tin e

3. ATP from anaerobic respiration of glucose

g ly c o g e n g lu c o s e la c ta te
ADP 2 ATP
+ Pi p e r g lu c o s e
4. ATP from aerobic respiration of glucose
g lu c o s e + o x y g e n c a r b o n d io x id e + w a t e r
ADP 36 ATP
+ Pi p e r g lu c o s e
5. ATP from aerobic respiration of fats
t r ig ly c e r id e s + o x y g e n c a r b o n d io x id e + w a t e r
ADP >300 ATP
+ Pi p e r t r ig ly c e r id e
Muscle Fatigue
•
•

Exercise and Heart Rate

•
•
•
•
•
 p re s s u re
c h e m o r e c e p to r s in te m p e ra tu re
r e c e p t o r s in a o r tic s tr e tc h r e c e p to r s
a o r t ic a n d c a r o tid re c e p to rs in
a n d c a r o t id in m u s c le s
b o d ie s m u s c le s
b o d ie s

C A R D IO V A S C U L A R
CENTR E
in m e d u l la o f b r a in

p a r a s y m p a t h e t ic
s y m p a th e tic
n e rv e
n e rv e
( in h ib it o r )
( a c c e le r a t o r )
v a s o c o n s t r ic tio n
and
s in o a tr ia l v a s o d ila t io n
node

How does the cardiovascular centre control the heart?

How does the cardiovascular centre respond to exercise?
•
•
•
Exercise and Breathing

•
•

c h e m o r e c e p t o r s in
c h e m o r e c e p t o r s in s tr e tc h r e c e p to r s c o r te x
a o r t ic a n d c a r o tid
m e d u lla in m u s c le s ( v o lu n ta r y c o n tr o l)
b o d ie s

R E S P IR A T O R Y
CENTR E
in m e d u lla o f b r a in

in t e r c o s t a l
p h r e n ic n e rv e
n e rv e vagus
n e rv e

s tr e tc h in t e r c o s t a l
re c e p to rs m u s c le s

d ia p h r a g m
How does the respiratory centre control ventilation?
How does respiratory centre respond to exercise?
 Transport Systems in Plants
Stem Structure Root Structure
e p id e r m is e p id e r m is
c o r te x c o r te x
p h lo e m

v a s c u la r
e n d o d e r m is

b u n d le
c a m b iu m p e r ic y c le

v a s c u la r
t is s u e
x y le m p h lo e m
p it h c a m b iu m
x y le m

ro o t
h a ir s
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

c e ll c e ll c a s p a r ia n
c y to p la s m s tr ip v a c u o le
w a ll m e m b r a n e
•
•
Xylem Tissue s m a ll x y le m v e s s e ls
( tr a c h e id s )

la r g e x y le m v e s s e l

t h ic k c e ll w a ll

e m p ty in te r io r

T r a n s v e r s e S e c t io n ( T .S .)

L o n g it u d in a l S e c t io n ( L .S .)

lig n in
r in g s
r e m a in s
o f e n d w a ll

p e rfo ra te d
e n d w a lls

c o m p a n io n c e ll Phloem Tissue
c e ll w a ll
c e ll m e m b r a n e
c y t o p la s m
v a c u o le
n u c le u s
s ie v e t u b e c e ll
L o n g itu d in a l
S e c tio n (L .S .)

s ie v e tu b e c o m p a n io n c e ll
c e ll c e ll w a ll

c y to p la s m ic c e ll m e m b r a n e
s tr a n d s v a c u o le

s ie v e c y to p la s m
p la te p la s m o d e s m a ta

n u c le u s
T ra n s v e rs e
S e c t io n (T .S .)
Water Transport in Plants
1. Movement through the Roots
c e ll w a ll
c y to p la s m
v a c u o le

s o il p a r t ic le s

e p id e r m is e n d o d e r m is x y le m
r o o t h a ir c o rte x p e r ic y c le

s y m p la s t p a t h w a y ( c y t o p la s m s )
a o p la s t p a t h w a y ( c e ll w a lls )
•
•

2. Movement through the Stem

3. Movement through the Leaves
c u t ic le
u p p e r e p id e r m is c e lls

p a lis a d e m e s o p h y ll c e lls

x y le m
s p o n g y m e s o p h y ll c e lls
p h lo e m
v e in

s h e a th
s u b - s to m a t a l a ir s p a c e
lo w e r e p id e r m is c e lls

g u a r d c e lls s to m a
 ψ ψ ψ

Factors affecting Transpiration

le a fy
shoot

r e s e r v o ir
r u le r

w a te r
c a p illa r y a ir
tu b e b u b b le r e s e r v o ir

•
•
•
•

Adaptations to dry habitats

Adaptation How it works Example
Mineral Ion transport in Plants
•
•
Solute Transport in Plants
•
•
•
p h lo e m x y le m
1 2 e v a p o ra te s
le a f c e lls
(s o u rc e )

3 7 m o v e m e n t o f s u c ro s e
m o v e m e n t o f w a te r
m o v e m e n t o f io n s

r o o t c e lls s o il
( s in k )
4 6 5

Translocation Experiments
1. Puncture Experiments
p h lo e m x y le m

if p h lo e m is
p u n c tu re d s a p
oozes out

s te m
if x y le m is
p u n c t u r e d a ir
is s u c k e d in

2. Ringing Experiments

le a v e
fo r a
w eek

r in g o f
b a rk a n d
p h lo e m
re m o v e d
3. Radioactive Tracer Experiments
 b o t tle w ith
s o u rc e o f
14
CO 2 a u to r a d io g ra p h

14
in c r e a s in g tim e e x p o s e d to CO 2

4. Aphid Stylet Experiments

s ty le t p h lo e m

s te m

a p h id