[] Define human rights.

Answer: Human rights are the inherent rights of individuals as human beings. The United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights states that human rights are the recognition of the inherent dignity of
human beings and the equal and inalienable rights of the entire human family.

[]Mention two characteristics of human rights.

Answer: (1) Human rights are non-transferable. But a criminal can never enjoy the same human
rights as an honest person.

(2) The power of the state in people's lives through the implementation of human rights is
regulated.

(3) Human rights play a positive role in establishing peace and order in the world.

[]Define rights.

Answer: Right is a social concept. In order to live a fair social life • All the facilities which are provided
for the self-development of man as a social being. If necessary, the attempt to enjoy them is called
right.

[]Who first used the word international law?

Answer: The term international law was first used by the philologist Jeremy Bestham in 1780.

When was the Treaty of West Fell organized?

Answer: The Treaty of Westphalia was concluded in 1648.

Which treaty established the first sovereign nation-state?

Answer: The Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 established the first sovereign nation-state.

[] What was one of the driving forces of international relations until the Treaty of West Fellia?

Answer: Religion was one of the driving forces in international relations until the Peace Treaty of
Westphalia.

What is said in the preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Answer: The preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states,

"Recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and essential rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of liberty, justice and world peace".

: Declaration of Human Rights can be divided into how many parts and what are they?

Answer: The Declaration of Human Rights can be divided into two parts. The first part is municipal
and political in nature. The second part is socio-economic and cultural in nature.

[] How many clauses of the Declaration of Human Rights mention municipal and political rights?

Answer: Municipal and political rights are mentioned in Articles 2 to 21 of the Declaration of Human
Rights.

[]Give examples of some municipal and political human rights.

Answer: Some civil and political human rights are-life, liberty and Right to security, right to
expression, right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, right to movement and residence
etc.

[]Give some examples of human rights.

Answer: Some examples of human rights are: right to life and security of person, right to justice,
freedom from arbitrary arrest Rights, right to equality under law, right to property, right to education

[] Socio-economic and cultural rights are mentioned in how many clauses of the Declaration of
Human Rights?

Answer: Socio-economic and cultural rights are mentioned in Article 22 to 27 of the Declaration of
Human Rights.

Give examples of some of the socio-economic and cultural rights mentioned in the Declaration of
Human Rights.

Answer: Socio-economic and cultural rights include right to work and right to decent standard of
living, right to social security, right to participate in cultural life, right to education etc.

How many divisions of the United Nations are responsible for protecting human rights?

Answer: The responsibility of protecting human rights rests with the six departments of the United
Nations. Not achieving the intended success in the protection of human rights

Write the reasons. for the lack of success in the protection of human rights

Answer: The reasons for the lack of success in the protection of human rights are (i) lack of common
sense among the various states of the world. (ii) There is no legal obligation to comply with human
rights. (iii) Cold War politics.

What is the importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Answer:The importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is immense. Firstly, human
rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights paved the way for declarations on the universal
rights of children. Second, it has established itself as an international document, with the statements
of the Declaration being regarded as precedents in the courts of law of various countries.

What is stated in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights?

answer: Human Rights in the International Field in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights
and pledged to universally respect and uphold fundamental freedoms for all, regardless of race,
gender, language, or religion.

[] what is the task of human rights commission of india?

The task of this High Commission is to investigate complaints, convene and discuss conferences on
human rights issues.

What are the obstacles to the realization of human rights in India?

Answer: Although the right of people to get a social environment suitable for self-development has
been recognized, extreme poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, insecurity in economic life etc. have
shattered the dream of getting a social environment suitable for enjoying the rights of the people of
India. The introduction of mixed economy in India has concentrated most of the country's wealth in
the hands of a handful of monopolistic capitalist families.

Mention two important functions of National Human Rights Commission.

Answer: The two functions of the National Human Rights Commission are (1) against any public
servant for negligence in preventing human rights violations

Inquiring about complaints brought.

(2) To examine the causes of impediments to the enjoyment of human rights, including terrorist
activities, and to recommend appropriate remedial measures. Article 326 of India provides for
universal adult suffrage

Which article in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is similar?

Answer: Article 21(3) of the Universal Declaration is analogous to Article 323 of the Constitution of
India.

■ What number of property rights are recognized in the Constitution of India?

Answer: Right to property is recognized in Article 300(a) of the Constitution of India.

Where is the similarity between the clause and the Universal Declaration?

Answer: It is consistent with the human rights mentioned in Article 17 of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights.

■ Give two examples of repressive laws in India in violation of human rights.

Answer: (1) Preventive Detention Act [PDA] 1950, (2) Internal Security Act [MISA] 1971, (3) National
Security Act [NSA] 19801

Mention two ways or methods of protection of human rights.

Answer: There are two ways to protect human rights - (1) Women's human rights should be
protected by enacting laws in all cases where women are oppressed. (2) The right to holistic
development for the masses without discrimination within the social system. As a result, human
rights are preserved.

[■] Mention any two laws that stand in the way of human rights in India.

Answer: (1) The Preventive Detention Act (1950). (

2) Essential Organizations Continuance of Activities Act (1981).

When was the Vienna Convention on Human Rights held? What was the topic?

Answer: Second Human Rights Commission was held in Vienna in 1993. At its core, the Vienna
Declaration on the Rights of Women and the Girl Child states,

Inalienable, inalienable and universal rights.

■ POTA and ESMA - What is the full form of these two?

Answer: POTA-Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 ESMA-Essential Services Act,

■ What is the full form of UNICEF?

Answer: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.

[■] When was the Commission on the Status of Women accepted in the General Assembly?

Answer: In 1946.

When all anti-discrimination charters against women were adopted and implemented in the
general assembly?

Answer: Adopted in 1979 in 18 December general meeting. In 1981 September takes effect globally.

When was the 'Protection of Human Rights Act' adopted in India?

Answer: In 1993.

How many articles of India have spoken about the withdrawal of child labor?

Answer: Section 24.

When did the theoretical discussion about what human rights are born?

Answer: The theoretical discussion about which rights are inherent in human beings started after the
beginning of the bourgeois era.

When was the first written document of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights published?

Answer: In 1948, the first Universal Declaration of Human Rights was published after World War II.
But it was only in the 1990s that the world order took him to take proper action.

"Where is the first mention of 'natural rights' found?

Answer: The first mention of 'natural rights' is found in the Stoics of ancient Greece .These 'natural
rights' are first mentioned in the writings of philosophers and Roman jurists.

[ Who founded the theory of 'natural rights'?

Answer: British thinker John Locke established the theory of 'natural rights' in his famous book 'Two
Treatises on civil Government'.

Who wrote the book Rights of Man? What was described in the first part of the book?

Answer: The book 'Rights of Man' (1791) was written by Thomas Paine. The first part of the book
described the rights of people to 'liberty, property, security and freedom from oppression as natural
and inalienable.

Who wrote the book "On Jewish question"?

Answer: "On Jewish question" was written by Karl Marx in 1843.

What was recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648?

Answer: Religious freedom was recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. What is the full
name of ICISS?

Define rights according to Barker.

Ans: Rights are rights when the individual's personality development facilities are recognized and
protected by the state.
Define rights according to Professor Lamphi.

Answer: Rights are the sum of all the privileges which help in the expression of individuality.

What are the two conditions implied in the word right?

Ans: (1) Helpful in personality development of every individual (2) Recognized and protected by the
state.

What is the nature of the concept of human rights?

: Universality, inalienable, eternal, natural right.

When the human rights issue became a political ideology?

Answer: (1) In the American War of Independence (1776)

(2) In the French Revolution (1789)!

Name two non-governmental organizations that are working to establish human rights in India?

Answer: (1) The Amnesty International

(2) The Human Rights watch Asia. (HRWA)

When was the West Bengal Human Rights Commission formed and how many members are there?

Answer: January 31, 1995. Its total number of members is 1.

What is the work of West Bengal Human Rights Commission?

Answer: In West Bengal, the main function of the Human Rights Commission is to investigate human
rights violations. Investigate the incident and send a report about it to the state government. Apart
from that, the National Human Rights Commission does the same kind of work However, the West
Bengal Human Rights Commission also has to do all the work.

Which day is celebrated as Human Rights Day?

Answer: 10 December is observed as Human Rights Day.

When is the declaration of human rights of the United Nations?

Answer: 10 December 1948.

[] Name any two catalysts for the realization of human rights in India?

Answer: (1) Courts and (2) National and State Human Rights Commissions.

When was the Human Rights Act and National Human Rights Commission established in India?

been?

Answer: In 1993.

In what year is the law to prevent child marriage?

Answer: In 1978

In what year was the law to prevent indecent representation of women enacted? Answer: In 1986
What does child abuse mean according to 'Garden and Play?

Answer: Physical injury to the child.

Write some special aspects of child abuse.

Answer: Physical abuse, sexual abuse, mental abuse.

How many articles of the Indian constitution have rights against exploitation?

Answer: In Section 124.

Humanitarian Intervention-

() What is the focus of the book "Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political
Dilemmas"?

The main content of the book published by Central University Press in 2003 is There was the validity
of monthly signatures, all of whom were human intervention in breadth Marked as unwanted.

Who wrote Prashta?

Answer: The book is written by Rym Goodman.

Mention two examples of humanitarian intervention.

Answer: So far, several cases of humanitarian intervention have occurred worldwide-

(a) In 2001, the attack on Al Qaeda and the military intervention in Akhyavista called the 'War on
Terror'.

(b) India's military intervention to protect human rights in Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in 1970–
71.

[] Name two theorists who have criticized humanitarian intervention.

Answer: (a) Noam Chomsky. (b) Robert O. Keohane

Mentions the names of figures who have spoken in Humanitarian Intervention

Answer : (a) Elise Lecter’s-Gagne.

(b) Michael Boyers.

Why is humanitarian intervention harmful?

Answer: 'Deaden Bello's broadest statement of the international community State sovereignty
should remain the exclusive right of states in unequal social systems. Any form of intervention can
and has evoked the imperialist or neo-imperialist character of powerful countries. In addition,
humanitarian intervention is not the same in all cases. In countries like Somalia, Syria, the situation
has worsened.

What does child abuse mean?

Answer: According to Garden and Gray, child abuse refers only to fatal physical injury. According to
Burgess, child abuse refers to both physical and emotional injuries. Physical abuse includes beatings,
fire sprinklers, cutting off any part of the body, etc. Emotional abuse refers to hatred, contempt,
neglect.
Give two examples of oppression against women in India.

Answer: Two examples of atrocities against women in India are (1) Feticide, (2) Teasing or eve teasing
of women.

[] Mention two reasons for violence against women in India.

Answer: Two causes of violence against women in India are-

(1) Women in India unconsciously or subconsciously behave in ways that result in victimization
(2) Another significant cause of violence against women in India is excessive alcohol
consumption.

[] What laws were made for the development of women in independent India?

Answer: (1) Hindu Marriage Act 1955. (2) Hindu Succession Act, 1956.

[] Which year is considered by United Nations as International Women's Year?

Answer: The United Nations declared 1975 as the International Women's Year.

[] What do you mean by empowering women?

Answer: Women-centered politics wants to free women from the subordination of men and increase
the power of women by establishing the rights and status of women in society. Thus, in society by
gender politics Establishing women's rights and establishing their dignity is the empowerment of
women.

[] Two enacted in post-independent India to improve the social status of women. Mention the law.

Answer: Two laws enacted to improve the social status of women are-Hindu Marriage Act (1955) and
Hindu Succession Act (1956).

[] How many articles are there in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Answer: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has 30 articles.

[] Mention any one function of the High Commission for Human Rights.

Answer: It is a significant task of the High Commission on Human Rights to investigate whether
human rights are being protected in different parts of the world.

[] Where is the headquarters of the World High Commission for Human Rights?

Answer: The headquarters of the World High Commission on Human Rights is Geneva, Switzerland
and in New York City, USA.

[]What is the name of the current World Human Rights High Commission?

Answer: The current UN High Commissioner for Human Rights is Michelle Bachelet.

■ When was the International Convention on the Rights of the Child (ICRC) adopted?

Answer: Adopted in 1989 and came into force on 2 September 1990.

What is Bachapan Bachao Movement?

Answer: Bachpan Bachao Andolan is an India-based children's rights movement. It is in 1930 Nobel
laureate Mr. Kailash was started by Satyarthi. It campaigns against bonded labor, child labor and
human trafficking and promotes education for all children.

[] Mention any one method adopted for protection of human rights.

Answer: Respects human rights without compromising them

The government will be committed to protecting human rights. What does gender equality mean?

Answer: Gender equality refers to the equal rights of a person to access resources, opportunities and
protection, participate in economic activities and make decisions in all spheres of life, regardless of
whether a person is a minor boy or girl and minor male or female.

What is international law?

Answer: Generally, international law refers to laws co-ordinated by different states, which are one
Determines the relationship of a state or nation to another state or nation. International law is not
the creation of a single state. This law is created through the consensus and participation of different
states and it is created to protect each state's own interests, sovereignty and maintain good relations
with other states. Every state is responsible for respecting international law.

■ Who is called the father of modern international law?

Answer: Hugo Gracias is called the father of modern international law. Write two differences
between international law and state law. Answer: Two differences between international law and
state law are-

(1) State law is inherently clear and specific but the absence of these two features is particularly
noticeable in the case of international law can be done
2) Citizens of a State shall obey the laws of the State concerned. But such a general legislative
position cannot be witnessed internationally. By which the laws made will be mandatorily
applicable to all states.

Who first coined the term 'international law'?

Answer: The term international law was first used by Jeremy Bentham in 1787 AD
did
∎ When was the post of High Commissioner for Human Rights established?
Answer: The post of High Commissioner for Human Rights was established on 20 December
1993
was done

■ Name any two NGOs involved in the protection of human rights.

Answer: Two NGOs in the field of human rights protection are (1) Committee for Legal Aid-
to-Poor (CLAP). (2) Milan Foundation.

■ Which day is considered as India's National Democracy Day?

Answer: 15th June 1975 is considered as the National Democracy Day of India.
What is genocide?
Answer: Genocide is the killing of a group of people.
 ■ Mention any two laws protecting the rights of Indian children.
Answer: (1) Child Labor Prohibition and Control Act 1986.
(2) Child Marriage Prohibition Act 2015.

Each question is worth 5

[] Mention theories about human rights.

Answer: The concept of human rights has become very popular in recent times. However, the
concept of human rights and dignity is not a new concept - it is a core and ancient idea. Human rights
are the rights that every human being can claim as a human being. All those rights help in the overall
development of people. There are many theories about human rights, such as-

(1) Theory of natural rights: According to this theory, which is the oldest about rights, people are
born with certain rights. All those rights are self-evident, universal, inviolable and absolute rights.
John Locke is one of the proponents of this theory.

(2) Prophetic Theory: According to this theory human rights are not independent of society and
state. The main proponent of this theory is Hegel. According to him the state is the reservoir of real
rights of the individual.

(3) Legal theory: According to this theory, the state recognizes and protects rights with the help of
law. Bestham and Austin support this theory.

(4) Marxian Theory: According to this theory the nature of rights depends on the social system

on Rights are relative to the economic and material relations of society. According to Marx, the poor
have no rights in a class-based society.

(5) Justice based theory: John Rawls is the proponent of this theory. According to him in society
Rights cannot be protected without justice.

(6) Dignity Based Theory: Dignity based theory is explained by Lasswell.

[] What do you mean by human rights?

Answer: As a social life man needs to develop his personality to become a complete human being. If
a person does not have full development of personality Can't really be called human. According to
Professor Lasky, "rights are the sum of all the privileges which are conducive to the development of
personality". According to Barker, "privileges for the development of personality are called rights
when they are recognized and protected by the state." The word right implies two conditions. Such
as- (i) facilities conducive to the development of the personality of each individual, (ii) recognition
and preservation by the state.

Meaning of Human Rights: Philosophers since ancient times have referred to certain inherent rights
of mankind irrespective of state and society. According to Professor Durgadas Bose, human rights are
the minimum rights that every individual enjoys as a member of the human family, regardless of
country, time, caste, against the state or other governmental authorities. These are the rights by
which man can develop his natural qualities, intelligence and talents to the fullest. According to the
declaration of the United Nations Center for Human Rights, rights inherent in human nature are
called human rights. Human rights are the rights of the human species. Human rights as defined by
the United Nations or the United Nations refer to the right of all to live with dignity, the right to live
freely and the equality of all. Human rights are now legal rights.

[■] State the characteristics of human rights.

Answer: Characteristics of Human Rights: Analyzing the definition and concept of human rights,
some characteristics of human rights can be found.

For example-

1) its nature is universal. The main goal of all countries of the world is to achieve human welfare. In
this case, a universal initiative can be seen to protect the basic freedom and human rights of all,
regardless of caste, religion, color, gender. The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the
United Nations states that human rights are universal rights. The preamble to the United Nations
Charter states that the United Nations pledges to uphold fundamental human rights, the dignity and
worth of human beings and the equal rights of men and women of all nations.

2) human rights are non-transferable. But a criminal can never enjoy human rights like an honest
person.

3)Conceptually, human rights are a progressive and positive right through which each Efforts are
made to ensure equality of opportunity by ending all forms of discrimination in the economic, social
and political spheres of the people.

4)human rights can be interpreted in their natural sense. Because human rights are also given by
birth.

5)the power of the state in people's lives through the implementation of human rights is regulated.

6) human rights play a positive role in establishing peace and order in the world by doing

7), human rights are the rights of individuals or groups of individuals.

8)recognition of human rights is observed at both national and international levels. Newly, the
reason for the need to recognize human rights is that there is no discrimination

9)Establishment of human dignity, equality, freedom and fraternity.

10) mention that human rights are essential for human survival can be done

11) protection and enforcement of human rights by all authorities at all levels will do

12), the Commission has a role in the implementation of human rights. In the international arena,
the Commission on Human Rights under the United Nations, the National Human Rights Commission
has been formed at the national level Commissions and even State Human Rights Commissions are
seen to be formed at the state level. Conclusion: Finally, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
has spread a positive hope in the minds of all the people of the world. As a result, people have
become aware of their rights. It is also a way to make him aware of the duties of the society.
Explained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Question: What is meant by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

Answer: There is a difference of opinion in the expert circles about all the objectives mentioned in
Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations. Some believe that certain individuals or groups in a
particular state are deprived of the benefits of human rights states that it would be included in the
'internal area' of that country and that the United Nations would have no scope for intervention in
that regard as per Articles 2(7) and 2(9) of the Charter. But others feel that if the human rights and
fundamental freedoms provisions in Article 1(3) of the Charter are combined with Articles 55 and 56,
it will be seen that each member state is somehow obliged to show respect for human rights and
fundamental rights. The general meeting is not barred from accepting any proposal in this regard.
Keeping this objective in mind, the General Assembly passed the 'Universal Declaration of Human
Rights' in 1948 in the interests of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Two treaties on human
rights were approved by the General Assembly. One includes political rights and the other includes
economic, social and cultural rights

■ Discuss the rights outlined in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Answer: Two main rights are discussed here. Among the rights included in political rights are: the
right to life, liberty and security, the right to be free from the chains of servitude, the right to be free
from arbitrary arrest and detention, the right to a fair trial by an impartial court, the right to be
presumed innocent until proven guilty, the right to property. , right to expression, right to freedom of
thought, conscience and religion, right to form assembly, right to free movement, right to nationality
etc. Socio-economic and cultural rights are socio-economic and cultural in nature. All these rights are
considered essential for leading a healthy life. In line with the preamble of the Charter, all the socio-
economic and cultural rights that are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are for
all mankind. Notable among them are: right to work and right to decent standard of living, right to
social security, right to participate in cultural life, eradication of illiteracy and right to education etc.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights paved the way for the adoption of a Declaration on the
Rights of the Child. 20th of 1959 November This declaration was adopted unanimously. The
Declaration also mentions that adequate socio-economic system should be developed for the full
exercise of the rights and freedoms mentioned in the Declaration.

[■] Mention the fundamental human rights adopted by the United Nations.

Answer: The total number of paragraphs in the Declaration of Human Rights is 30. Universal
Analysing the human rights mentioned in the 30 articles of the Declaration of Human Rights, the
following are the rights that can be found:

The rights are significant.

(1) Right to equal status by birth.

(2) Right to life.

(3) Right to liberty.

(4) Right to personal security.

(5) Right not to be in slavery.

(6) Right not to be subjected to persecution and cruelty. (7) Right to equal protection by law.

(8) Right to immunity from arrest, detention or deportation.

(9) Right to security of family and home.

(10) Right to protection of honor and reputation.

(11) Right of movement and settlement within state borders. the right
(12) Emigration and repatriation (13) Right to seek asylum abroad to avoid persecution.

(14) Right to nationality and right to change nationality.

(15) Right to own property.

16) Right to freedom of thought and conscience.

(17) Right to freedom of religion and right to teach, propagate, observe and worship religion.

(18) Right to hold and express opinions.

(19) Right to equal opportunity in government employment.

(21) Right to social security.

(20) Right to vote.

(22) Right to dignity and free development of personality.

(23) Social and cultural rights. (

24) Right to food, clothing, shelter, medical treatment, education.

(25) Right to social service work.

(26) Right to security in case of disability.

(27) Right of child to equal social security.

(28) The right to participate freely in cultural life and the right to exercise the arts. the right to be

(29) Every person who shares in scientific progress and its benefits is entitled to the freedoms and
rights described above. These freedoms and rights are not automatic. A favorable environment is
required to fully implement all these. Without a favorable social and international environment, all
these rights and freedoms of the people cannot be fully effective.

[] Discuss the process of implementation of international human rights law.

Answer: To implement human rights law in the United Nations Charter

Organizations of the United Nations that play an active role include:

(a) General Assembly

(b) Security Council

(c) Commission on Human Rights and Sub-Commission

(d) Human Rights Council

(e) Commission on the Status of Women

(f) Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Commission

(h) Human Rights High Commissioner (High Commissioner for Human Rights).
(Treaty based Procedures) names of some such bodies may be mentioned. Among them are the
International Labor Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UN Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UN High Commissioner for Refugees), International Monetary Fund (International Monetary Fund),
World Bank (World Bank), World Trade Organization (World Trade Organization) and other expert
organizations Specialized Agencies). All these organizations are engaged in implementing human
rights laws. The implementation of human rights laws depends on their role. Although they have an
important role in protecting human rights, the role of voluntary organizations (NGOs) in protecting
human rights is no less important. Government, semi-government and private business organizations
can play a special role in protecting human rights. Many intellectuals of today's society have formed
voluntary organizations to protect human rights. They often play an important role in creating
awareness among the human society to protect human rights. All these organizations carry out
relentless research in the establishment of human rights. There are many organizations that have
formed voluntary organizations with the objective of ensuring human rights in the society. Their work
is also recognized by the Human Rights Commission. They mainly operate as non-profit private
organizations. All these organizations operate geographically in different regions of the country in
their respective capacities as per the nature of the organization. Through direct experience all these
organizations tirelessly serve the society.

[] What is said as a defender of human rights in international human rights law?

~ Answer: The United Nations Declaration of Human Rights says about human rights defenders,
Human Rights Defenders recognizes the legitimacy of human rights work and the right of "everyone,
individually and in association with others", to promote and to strive for the protection, promotion
and realization of human rights both nationally and internationally. That is, to protect human rights.
Any person or organization can act as a defender of human rights at the national and international
level, but must prove that they have legal legitimacy to protect human rights. Thus, the definition is
broad which ranges from individuals to institutions. Extending from national to international level.
Ranging from government to private voluntary organizations. The primary responsibility for
protecting human rights lies with the government as per the human rights law treaty. But the
government cannot be held solely responsible for protecting human rights. In this context. The
declaration of human rights states- "Every individual and every organ of society...shall strive by
teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive
measures, national and international, to secure their 'universal and effective recognition and
observance.' ".

According to this declaration, the responsibility of protecting human rights lies with the public and
private institutions. However, since it is the responsibility of the government to ratify human rights
treaties, it must be remembered that respect for human rights, compliance with the terms of human
rights laws is everyone's responsibility. If someone continues to violate human rights in their territory
and does not take proper steps to remedy it, then the government will be held responsible.

[] Describe the role of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights in relation to human
rights.

Answer: The Human Rights Commission is the main human rights body of the United Nations. This
commission gives overall policy guidance on human rights. The Commission was formed in 1946 as
an agency of the Economic and Social Council. This commission of members meets for six weeks
every year for the purpose of making various recommendations for upholding human rights. The
commission is empowered to take decisions on any matter related to human rights. The Commission
conducts studies on various fundamental questions such as human rights and scientific and
technological progress or human development. This organization also formulates new international
agreements. Besides, it is the responsibility of the commission to investigate whether human rights
are being protected in different regions of the world. The Commission also has the power to take
direct action to remedy widespread human rights violations.

The first session of the commission held in 1947 discriminated against minorities

Establishes a subcommission of impartial experts to prevent the conduct and ensure their safety. The
main objective of this sub-commission is to conduct surveys and make recommendations for the
purpose of ending discrimination and preserving the rights and fundamental freedoms of minorities.
In addition, the sub-commissioner has to perform other duties assigned by the council or
commission. These include the examination and review of complaints filed mainly on human rights
violations. Being concerned with human activities, almost all UN agencies are involved in human
rights in one way or another. Except the Human Rights Commission and its sub-commissions

Other major forums where human rights issues are discussed are: the General Assembly, the
Economic and Social Council, the Commission on the Status of Women and the Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination. All these forums strive to create a social and international
environment conducive to the realization of human rights worldwide. The UN Charter mandates the
General Assembly to 'guide and make recommendations for the conduct of reviews' with a view to
"expanding international cooperation in the economic, cultural, educational and health sectors and
helping to secure human rights and fundamental freedoms irrespective of race, religion, language,
women or men". In most cases, the Economic and Social Council initiative has included human rights
issues on the agenda of the General Assembly. According to the UN Charter, the Economic and Social
Council is 'for all.'

May make recommendations for the purpose of ensuring freedom and human rights and increasing
people's respect for them. In order to promote human rights, draft conventions to be sent to the
General Assembly, convene international conferences and The council also has the power to form
commissions. Other major organs of the United Nations, the Security Council, the Council of
Ministers and the International Court of Justice sometimes take up human rights issues in order to
inform the Council about the steps taken to implement its recommendations.

Mention the actions of the United Nations regarding human rights violations.

Answer: The Human Rights Commission and its sub-commissions discuss the violation of human
rights and fundamental freedoms in open sessions every year. The subject of apartheid and racism in
any part of the world. included in the discussion. In light of the review of the situation, decision-
making steps are taken to send fact-finding teams or experts to the relevant areas, survey the flow of
events on the ground, discuss with the governments, provide necessary assistance, or in some cases
directly condemn. In addition, the Human Rights Commission and its sub-commissions have
examined the causes of human rights violations in particular. Two working groups • have been
established for this purpose. One is responsible for reviewing inhumane practices such as slavery or
child labor. The other is formed for the purpose of investigating cases of forced or involuntary
deportment. Incidents of torture are a similar concern. On the other hand, special rapporteurs have
also been appointed to investigate mass emigration and summary and one-sided executions.
Explain the efforts of the United Nations to enforce human rights.

Ans: Moul in 'To protect future generations from the scourge of war'. The architects of the United
Nations drafted its Charter in 1945 with the intention. It is in this charter that the confidence and
determination of the leaders regarding fundamental human rights and the value and dignity of the
individual is expressed. Human rights are mainly reflected in the UN Charter. The Charter states that
stability and public welfare are essential for world peace. For this reason, ensuring a better quality of
life, full employment, creating an environment for socio-economic progress and universal respect for
human rights and upholding the fundamental freedoms of all people regardless of race, religion,
language, gender, is determined as one of the goals of the World Organization.

Human rights, social and economic progress and world peace are inextricably linked. To all countries
and nations regardless of big or small. To help achieve these, the United Nations therefore
formulated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as one of its primary duties. In 1948, this
declaration was unanimously adopted by the General Assembly of the organization. Eighteen years
later, on December 6, 1966, the Declaration was given a more concrete legal form by concluding the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. An Optional Instrument to the latter
Agreement was also adopted at this time. Countries that accept the two treaties and the Optional
Instrument can submit individual complaints about human rights violations to the International
Committee of Experts on Human Rights. In fact, the World Organization has been making strong
efforts to uphold human rights since its inception. Its different organs have adopted different
conventions.

The United Nations, through its various organs, has adopted various international conventions on
specific issues. These proposals were adopted to make various articles of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights more specific and meaningful. These proposals are adopted and enforced to protect
human rights.

■ Why did the need for international law arise?

Answer: No state in the present world is self-sufficient or self-reliant. Every state

With other states, economic, political, cultural etc. are bound by many mutual relations and
cooperation. This interaction between states cannot be free in the international arena. According to
Lasky, states are now so dependent on each other that the unrestrained power of any state would be
dangerous to the peace of other states. He said: "The world has become so interdependent that an
unfettered will in any State is fatal to the peace of other States." Therefore, for the sake of peace and
order in the international field, the mutual relations of the states must be properly regulated.
International law emerged out of this necessity.

Mention the views of eminent political scientists defining the definition of international law.

Answer: The rules that govern the mutual behavior of civilized states are generally called
international law. Lawrence said: "The rules which determine the conduct of the general body of
civilized state in their mutual dealings." All the recognized international rules that are prevalent in
the mutual relations of states are considered as international law. The famous international jurist
Oppenheim also holds a similar opinion. According to him "(International law is the body of
customary and conventional rules) which are considered legally binding by civilized states in their
inter-course with each other. general principles and specific rules which are binding upon the
international community in their mutual relations. of action which are binding upon civilized states in
their relation with one another."). In international law, there are instructions about the rights of
states, the measures to protect these rights and the means of redress if the rights are violated, etc

What are the different sources of international law?

Answer: There is a difference of opinion among jurists regarding the sources of international law.
However, as a source of international law, the following sources of international law are mentioned
according to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, including various practical
practices arising in the relations of states, important international treaties and agreements, various
decisions of international organizations, scholarly discussions on international relations, etc. (a)
norms recognized by conflicting states and established by general or special international
agreements, (b) international customs recognized as binding as law. (c) general rules of law
recognized by civilized States; (d) various scholarly writings of eminent jurists and (e) court decisions.
Moreover, the opinions of heads of state and diplomatic representatives also help in creating
customs and norms in the international field. However, currently, the international law-making
initiative of the United Nations is accepted as the source of international law.

Explain the types of international law.

Answer: Three types of international law are observed to maintain just and healthy relations
between the states of the world in all times, whether normal or wartime. Law of Peace, Law of War
and Law of Neutrality. All these are considered as Public International Law. The international laws
that govern the relations between states under normal conditions are called peacetime international
laws. The rules by which belligerent states adhere in times of war are called international laws of war.
The law of absolute neutrality with regard to belligerent states is called the international law of
neutrality. Moreover, there is another type of international regulation that settles the problems of
one state's citizens with another state or its citizens. These are called Private International Law. Laws
relating to the rights of illegitimate children, divorce etc. belong to individualistic international law.
Many refuse to recognize private international law as international law. According to them, private
relations cannot be covered by international law. Matters relating to the determination of the
relations of states in the international sphere are covered only by international law. Moreover. Critics
also do not recognize foreign policy as international law. According to them

Foreign policy is international relations, not international law.

. [] Commentary on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

write

Answer: The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights came into force in March 1976. In 1989, the
number of states that ratified this international treaty increased to eighty-seven. Municipal and
political charters prohibit certain acts or matters. All these acts or matters are forced labour, slavery,
expression of hatred, discrimination or violence based on caste and religion, arbitrary arrest and
detention, wrongful deprivation of the right to life, inhuman treatment and cruel torture,
propaganda for war etc.

Among the rights enshrined in this international treaty Notable are: equality before the law, freedom
of expression, freedom of movement, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of religion and
conscience, freedom of association, rights of minorities, right to participate in government activities
and elections etc.

Municipal and One is also a case of international treaties on political rights

The committee has been constituted. The name of this committee is Committee on Human Rights.
this

The number of committee members is eighteen. Ratifying States press reports on the measures
taken to give effect to the rights contained in the said international instruments. Eighteen-member
Human Rights Committee is tasked with examining and reviewing the details of those reports. This
committee has been functioning since 1977 under the Municipal and Political Charter. The
committee is dependent on the support of the United Nations.

Ratifying States regularly report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

have to send The Member States have to report the respective rights mentioned in the Charter

What kind of measures have been adopted regarding conservation and the countries concerned

To what extent are residents able to enjoy treaty rights?

'Getting Any further responsibility does not lie with the Member States.

[] do the analysis International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

Answer: The Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights came into force on 3rd January 1976.
The number of countries that have ratified this international treaty continues to grow. This number
increased to ninety-two in June 1989. International treaties on economic, social and cultural rights
refer to rights in a variety of subjects. Notable among these are social security, family security, quality
of life and health, cultural life, education, trade unions, working conditions etc. In accordance with
the treaty, ratifying states are required to undertake the implementation of the said rights. In this
case, the initiatives of the concerned states will be non-discriminatory and progressive. At one States
ratifying the Convention shall submit regular reports to the Economic and Social Council.

The Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Committee has constituted a committee of experts on
economic, social and cultural rights. The number of members of this expert committee is 18. The
purpose of this committee is to assist the Economic and Social Council in implementing the
Negotiated Agreement. This Committee is responsible for implementing the rights contained in the
Charter. In this regard, this expert committee forwards necessary recommendations to the Council to
assist States ratifying the Convention. Moreover, the Committee reviews all the reports sent to the
Assembly by the ratifying States. And if necessary, the concerned state in the context of the report
submitted by the committee

Talk to representatives. States ratifying the treaty are required to send reports to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations on a regular basis. The report should state what measures have been
adopted to preserve the rights mentioned in the agreement and to what extent there is an
opportunity to enjoy the rights recognized in the agreement. Some of these responsibilities are on
member states.

doesn't happen

■ Evaluate the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Answer: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has opened up new horizons of world peace and
ignited new hope in the oppressed people of the world. However, the organization has failed to
create a significant record of success in protecting human rights. The Commonwealth of Nations is
the meeting place of many diverse nations. The socio-economic structures of all these nations are
different, even contradictory. In this situation, it is very natural for different national states to have
different views on human rights and fundamental freedoms. Moreover, these member states are not
legally bound to comply with the rights mentioned in the Universal Declaration. So these rights
remain theoretical. Therefore, Nicolas thinks that in reality the human rights mentioned in the
declaration There is no value. The United Nations has not been able to play an effective role in
preventing human rights violations. • The United Nations has not been able to play a meaningful role
in preventing human rights violations in countries like Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan etc. But recently,
the United Nations has been able to take a stronger role in protecting human rights in areas like
Bosnia, East Timor, etc. Above all, the General Assembly reached a unanimous decision on the
creation of a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights for the purpose of proper
monitoring of human rights issues. This decision was taken on 21 December 1993.

[] Discuss the rights of children mentioned in the 'Charter on the Rights of the Child' adopted by
the United Nations.

Answer: Children's rights mentioned in the United Nations Charter on the Rights of the Child: The
United Nations Charter on the Rights of the Child contains a total of 54 articles in 3 chapters. This is a
child

Among the rights of children mentioned in the Bill of Rights are the following rights.

: (1) The right of every child to the greatest possible assurance of survival and development.

(2) The right of the child to preserve legal identity, including nationality, name and family
relationships.

(3) The child's right to express himself freely. (4) Child's right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion. (5) Children's right to association and peaceful assembly.

(6) to have recourse to law against arbitrary or unlawful interference with or invasion of a child's
privacy, home or correspondence;

the right (7) A child who is permanently or temporarily deprived of his family environment or who
cannot be allowed to remain in that environment in his best interest,

Entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State.

(8) Right of crippled child to receive special care by the State.

(9) The right of the child to the highest attainable standard of health and to the treatment and
rehabilitation of illness.

(10) The right to a standard of living adequate for the child's physical, mental, spiritual, moral and
social development.

(12) The right of every child to freedom from economic exploitation.

(11) Child's right to education.

(13) The child's right to rest and recreation, participation in age-appropriate sports and recreational
activities and free participation in cultural life and arts.
[] Describe the role of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in protecting the rights and
welfare of children.

Answer: UNICEF Introduction: The United Nations is one of the most well-known organizations of the
United Nations

Children's Fund (UNICEF). Its main responsibility is to protect the rights and welfare of the children of
the world. This fund works to establish the right of underprivileged children in developing countries
to access proper health care and nutrition, practical education, clean drinking water and other basic
facilities. UNICEF supplies schools, health centers, rural water supply systems and other community-
oriented services and helps train the local people needed to run such services. Since the mid-
seventies, UNICEF has been involved in rural and urban areas

There is an increasing focus on supporting such efforts at the community-based level. The
Declaration on the Rights of the Child provided the framework for UNICEF's efforts. The General
Assembly adopted this declaration unanimously in 1959. Some clauses of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights apply to children as well are included in the declaration. The declaration also states
that children 'need special protection and care before and after birth, including due legal protection.'
The essence of the declaration is that the child deserves all that is best in man. To parents,
individuals, voluntary organisations, local authorities and governments to recognize and enforce the
rights and freedoms set out in the Declaration' is called upon. One of the principles of the
declaration states that children have special protection shall suffer and shall be given opportunities
so that they may grow up in a normal and healthy manner and in an environment of freedom and
dignity. The General Assembly declared 1979 as the International Year of the Child. Its aim was to
encourage all countries to review their own programs to promote the welfare of children.

[] Write the difference between rights and human rights.

Ans: Privileges for personal development are called rights. Rights-human in the sense that human
development is not possible without these basic facilities.

Note several differences between- (1) Definitional differences: Right is a legal concept; But human
rights are an inherent concept. According to Professor Barker, the utility of individual personality
development

Privileges when recognized and protected by the state are called rights 'Recognition and protection
by state law is the basis of rights.

Human rights, on the other hand, are those rights that are inherent in our nature. Regardless of state
and law, every individual enjoys civil rights even against state authorities. Human rights are not
limited to any state territory.

(2) Distinction by nature: Individuals enjoy rights as citizens by nature. On the one hand the state
preserves them, on the other hand the state can also interfere with them. But, human rights are
enjoyed by all the people of the world regardless of the state. the state

They remain current even if not recognized by The state can never interfere with them. (3)
Differences in enforcement: States play a key role in protecting rights observes

But the world society or international organization plays a role in protecting human rights. To protect
human life security, dignity and rights against inhumane treatment
International law has an important role to play. Global opinion is effective behind human rights. (4)
Scope difference: Analyzing the scope of rights and human rights, it can be said that the scope of
human rights is much wider than that of rights. The existence of rights depends on the goodwill of
the state, but behind human rights lies the support of world public opinion. Although there are a few
differences between apparent rights and human rights

In both cases the claimant of rights has certain eternal rights. From this point of view, human rights
are the eternal rights of people even if the rights recognized by the state are not enforceable. Human
rights are permanent in all spheres of life for the survival of mankind or people.

■ How does the state violate human rights?

Answer: Citizens' right to liberty is recognized in Article 19-22 of the Indian Constitution. Holle is of
particular importance among them. Right to life and personal liberty. But many citizens are being
deprived of this precious right due to the misuse of various restrictive laws made at different times.
The government has made numerous complaints of such rights violations to the National and State
Human Rights Commissions

brought against.

There are many instances of inhumane torture in police stations or jails, especially on undertrial
prisoners. Even the police administration has been accused of raping women prisoners under trial.
Sometimes the barbaric behavior of the forces sent to various parts of India to prevent separatist
activities of various communities has been proved in the courts. An example can prove the truth of
this statement. In 1987, the Assam Rifles went on a rampage of murder, looting, rape and arson for
several days in Guinam village of Senapati district of Manipur. Naga People's Movement for Human
Rights initiated a team headed by Arun Gaumai and filed a case in Gauhati High Court after
investigating the incident. In 1995, His Majesty's Court convicted 4 jawans of Assam Rifles on charges
of murder and rape.

In fact, the state terror that has been created and is happening in many cases in the name of
suppressing terrorist activities in various parts of India has resulted in the human rights of the Indian
people. Various human rights protection committees and forums have complained that it is
becoming endangered. Between 1985 and 1991, the National Human Rights Commission and the
Supreme Court warned the government about abuse of power by the police and security forces. But
it is also true that various terrorist and separatist activities in India are against human rights.

[] Write a short note on the Protection of Human Rights Act 1993 enacted in India.

Answer: Government of India enacted Protection of Human Rights Act in 1993. The act states that
human rights are the rights to life, liberty, equality and dignity of the individual recognized in the
constitution or included in international instruments and enforceable by the courts of India.

(1) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights adopted by the United Nations General
Assembly and (2) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. How many rights
can be mentioned as examples of human rights in this context. this

The rights are – right to life and safety, right to equality before law, non-arbitrary. In case of human
rights violation, the Human Rights Commission will investigate the complaint based on the complaint
of the concerned person. The Commission may itself initiate an inquiry into any incident. The
commission can even intervene in any case pending before the court. A commission can recommend
appropriate action in cases where human rights are violated due to extremist activities.

The State Human Rights Commission will submit an annual report to the concerned State
Government. The state government will submit the report to the state legislature. Another
responsibility of the State Human Rights Commission is that of the public and public servants

To promote human rights consciousness in The Commission has taken several steps in this regard
with the help of various voluntary organizations and sometimes on its own initiative. Some
universities, colleges and similar educational institutions are trying to make people aware of human
rights by organizing some workshops or seminars. Human rights are already an important factor in
training centers for state government employees as well has taken place as the subject. Overall,
creating an awareness environment is the most significant contribution according to the State
Human Rights Commissions.

Discuss how the human rights of Dalits are being violated.

Answer: Dalits are the backward class people in the Indian social system who are generally very poor,
distressed and socially, economically, culturally and politically exploited and neglected by the elites.

Dalits constitute 17 percent of India's total population. Despite an average of one in six Indians being
a Dalit, Dalits continue to be denied due respect and human rights promised to all in the Indian
Constitution by the discriminatory treatment and violence of the caste regime. The Constitution of
India includes Dalits as a reserved category. Although the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act was enforced in 1989 to prevent violence against them, it was not
possible to preserve their right to live peacefully. Still most of the upper classes show contempt and
hatred towards them, which sometimes culminates in violence. Despite various measures taken by
the Central and State Governments to protect them* incidents of harassment, murder, arson, sexual
assault and rape against Dalits are on the rise.

Many feel that the impact of social inequality cannot be denied unless the Dalit class is uplifted
through education rather than economic endowment. Only by being educated will Dalits be able to
claim their human rights not as a grant, but as real rights as human beings

What kind of injustice is being done to the tribal class of India? Do they have any meaning for
human rights?

Answer: People of different castes, religions, castes and genders have been living in India for a long
time with different religious practices, languages and cultures. On the one hand, this feature of
Indian culture has bound India in a bond of unity This long-standing diversity of Indian society has
loosened the bonds of unity and accentuated disparity in standards of living in the recent age of
science and technology. As a result, a class of people have become victims of extreme exploitation,
deprivation and oppression in the society since the British period in India. In the language of the
country's constitution and economy, they are identified as the weakest class of society. Scheduled
Tribes and Scheduled Tribes of India, majority of women and children, majority of senior citizens and
physically or mentally challenged people who are unable to work and people from various minority
communities are considered to belong to this category. are considered to belong to this category.
People of this class are constantly being exploited and humiliated in the society. Their human rights
are being violated. Not only that, they are losing their lives prematurely due to torture, deprived of
their right to food, clothing, shelter, due to lack of education and health system, they are moving
away from the mainstream of society day after day.

Scheduled Tribe people are still untouchable in the society. Along with that, due to poverty and
exploitation, they get involved in various crimes and get the title of criminals in the eyes of the
society. Tribals are losing land rights, forest rights. Forced to form groups, they are leaving the village
and moving to the city for their livelihood. Wandering around the city in search of work, the
unemployed end up becoming labourers. Taking advantage of their weakness, a class of people are
exploiting them to such an extent that they are deprived of access to the minimum necessities of life.
Education and health are far away. Such behavior from the society is alienating them from the
society. Forced to join the separatist movement and being subjected to violence. There are
numerous examples of this among the tribals of eastern India.

What is feminism?

"Ans: In the second half of the 20th century, a revolutionary trend developed around the movement
for the establishment of women's rights. This trend is briefly known as feminism. In the history of
human social and political life, the authority and patriarchal system of the male race was maintained
for a long time. The role of women in society from the perspective of male dominance.
Analyzed.Private property in patriarchal societies dominated by men strengthened Although
matriarchal societies prevailed sporadically in the history of human society, the relationship between
men and women was determined based on the dominance of men over women. Feminism is the
reaction against this gendered exploitation. Vandana Chatterjee in her book 'Woman and Politics in
India' points out that feminism is a force that has turned women into a self-conscious social class.
Feminism is the belief that gender is irrelevant in judging the nature and merits of human beings.
Feminism is the organizing doctrine of women's rights against gender-based exploitation. In 1972
Mary Woolstone Fraft mentioned it in her book 'Vindication of the Right of Women'. In fact, the
demand for equal rights for men and women arose in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, but feminism emerged as an ideology in the second half of the twentieth century.

■ discuss the extent to which women are deprived of human rights in Indian society

Answer: Most of the women of every caste, creed, caste in India have to live in misery in the society.
This condition is more pronounced especially among the lower caste Dalit women. Long-standing
social practices and prejudices, various social customs and religious beliefs of the people, all combine
to make women victims of such conditions. Lower caste Dalit women are not considered human. So
they are deprived of social status. Due to lack of education, such behavior towards women has
become a social disease in the minds of people. But now some women are enlightened by the light
of education and are able to arrange their own employment, so they are able to enjoy a lot of
freedom in the society.

From the day society was formed, women of any age have been mistreated, humiliated, oppressed,
abused and exploited. Instances of kidnapping, rape, murder and torture of women in different
societies of India bear witness to it and such news are published in newspapers every day. Although
equal rights of men and women are recognized in the Indian constitution, it has not been possible to
eliminate gender discrimination in all areas of society. Still in Indian society, the birth of a male child
is welcomed from birth and a female child is humiliated or killed immediately after birth. is As a
result, the number of women in the country is decreasing day by day. In reality, the rate of men and
women should be equal. Moreover, women in the workplace are paid less instead of more work.
While this trend is more prevalent in the unorganized sector, it is almost equally present in the
organized sector. All these incidents in Indian society prove how Indian women are deprived of
human rights.

What are the problems of minority communities in India?

Answer: India is a multi-lingual and multi-religious country. Indian society is characteristically

pluralistic in terms of religion and other characteristics. Since time immemorial Indians have been
living together in different religious societies. Although the majority of people in India are Hindus, in
this society, Hindus are part of the society together with the people of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs,
Buddhists, Jains etc. As Hindus are numerically majority and rest are less in number, they are termed
as minority community only difference. There is no definition of minority in the Indian constitution.
However, according to Article 29 of the Constitution, any community permanently resident in India
has the right to preserve and promote its own language, script and literature and culture. Article 30
of the Constitution states that minority communities formed on the basis of religion and language
have the right to establish and manage their own educational institutions. Therefore, the minorities
in India should not have any constitutional difficulty in living on an equal footing with all. But, in
reality the problem lies elsewhere. The four problems that the minority community people in India
generally face are- First, they lose their separate identity by sharing the same ethnicity with the
majority of Indians which restricts their own behavior. Secondly, their social norms and culture are
constantly being monitored which stand in the way of their access to opportunities. Thirdly, people
of minority communities in India always feel insecure. This problem becomes evident especially
when there are communal riots, caste hatred etc. in the country or during social events. When
forced, they demanded police protection for safety. In such a situation, the government of the
country faces a serious situation if it gives proper protection to the minorities. Govt to provide
adequate defence If it fails, the government has to face criticism. Fourthly, communal riots in India
have been increasing day by day since independence. Minority communities feel insecure and scared
when there is a possibility or outbreak of communal riots anywhere in the country due to any
reason. A dark cloud of worry gathers in their minds. The government of the country is under great
pressure to deal with such situation. It is difficult to regain the confidence of minorities. In this
situation, it becomes difficult for minorities to get their human rights.

What are the causes of violence against women in India?

Answer: The causes of violence against women in India are discussed under 5 categories:

(1) Incitement by the perpetrator: Sometimes the female victim unconsciously or subconsciously acts
in such a way that she herself is victimized. That is, he by his behavior incites violence or desire to
oppress in the mind of the oppressor

makes

(2) Drug addiction: A significant cause of violence against women is excessive alcohol consumption.
Intoxicated people go into a state of wild excitement and do things they would never normally do.

can't (3) Hatred of Women: There are some people who are naturally feminine
hater They are very normal when dealing with men but become abnormal when dealing with
women.

(4) Situational Excitement: Many incidents of violence against women occur under the spur of the
moment. It happens suddenly without any prior planning.

[] what are the measures for abuse against children in India ?

The level of childhood abuse here is relatively high. This is a social disorder. The measures taken for
cure are as follows:

(1) Article 24 of the Indian Constitution prohibits the employment of children below 14 years of age
in mines, factories or any other hazardous work. The 'Child Labor (Prohibition and Control) Act 1986'
was enacted to stop child labour.

(2) Poverty needs to be eradicated as a remedy against child rape. Government and private initiatives
should come forward for social rehabilitation of victims.

(3) Law enforcement agencies should be more stringent in preventing child abuse. If the rules are
violated, the concerned officials should be punished. Offenders involved in child abuse should be
punished with rigorous imprisonment for at least 10 years. However, life imprisonment is
recommended as punishment.

(4) Another measure to prevent child abuse is prevention of child prostitution. The first thing that
needs to be done for this purpose is the social life of courtesan daughters

Bring back to the mainstream. .

(5) The role of education is not less in this regard. Child labor if education can be expanded Of
course it will decrease.

Comment: Finally, we can say that child abuse is a social disorder. The seeds of this social disorder lie
in the prevailing economic practices of society. As long as mass poverty, mass unemployment and
mass illiteracy are not eradicated, there is no relief from these problems.

Discuss humanitarian intervention.

Answer: The issue of humanitarian intervention in international relations is currently a much-

discussed and controversial issue. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, signed in 1928 between the United
States, France, Great Britain, Italy, and later West Germany, prohibited the use of arms or military
force for reasons other than the need for self-defense, and with the establishment of the United
Nations and the growing importance of human rights. Interest in humanitarian intervention began to
gain importance. According to famous theorist J.L.Holzgriefe, when human rights violations of
citizens within a country are widespread and serious and prevent

When another state or several states intervene militarily without the permission of that state to do
so, it can be called humanitarian intervention. At present, humanitarian intervention is done not only
by the use of arms and military force, but also by diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, etc.
Proponents of humanitarian intervention preferred to see this as a positive step. According to them,
when a state authority turns into a dictatorship or the human rights of the people of the state are
violated, the intervention of the neighboring state powers is desirable and necessary. Indian
intervention in East and West Pakistan problems, Indian intervention in Sri Lanka problem etc.
Can be identified as an example of humanitarian intervention. Critics of humanitarian intervention,
on the other hand, are more comfortable identifying it as one of the tools used by powerful nations
to exert influence over the Third World.

In the international community, the establishment of the League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact,
or later the establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations, etc., all events promote and spread the
issue of cease-fire and disarmament. Events such as the Rohusa crisis or the Yugoslavian crisis in the
1990s have repeatedly highlighted the need for military force against sovereign independent states.
However, it is also true that NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) forces are most often involved
in humanitarian intervention. Military operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya or South Sudan cannot
be said to have had positive intentions in all cases.

Write the characteristics of humanitarian intervention.

Answer: Features: The United Nations Security Council has set out a number of factors to ensure the
proper application and effectiveness of the humanitarian intervention process.

pointed out Namely- (1) Humanitarian intervention is generally directed at restoring human rights. In
this case, even if the sovereignty of the identified state is impaired, it is assumed to be positive.

(2) Responding to ongoing human rights violations within a country, providing a close monitoring of
incidents of human rights violations. It is possible only through humanitarian intervention to
establish a re-message of peace in the international community and of course to fulfill the
responsibility of reconstruction of the affected country.

(3) The purpose of humanitarian intervention is not to exert influence over a weak country or to
bring it into its own possession, it is purely based on humanitarian considerations and the need to
protect human life. (4) Human intervention is an urgent decision or an immediate event.

The response cannot be that it is subject to the consent of the Security Council (although in many
cases it is not) and the process of humanitarian intervention should only proceed if it seeks answers
to 3 questions-'(

a) Whether it is headed by the competent authority or not

(b) Whether just cause for humanitarian intervention exists

c) Whether the process of humanitarian intervention is objective or not

(d) It is not a last resort at all

(e) whether the intensity of the action is proportionate to the need;

(f) Whether there will be appropriate consequences

Incidentally, the issue of humanitarian intervention is highly controversial and sensitive. so

Despite the right intentions and requirements, its negative impact has been observed many times
only due to implementation failure. IPKF to solve Sri Lanka's problems

(Indian Peace Keeping Force) is the ultimate example of failure.

[■] In the context of 'humanitarian intervention' there are certain factors to consider.

Answer: 'Humanitarian intervention' is a controversial issue and should be approached with caution.
A report of the United Nations Security Council mentions several things as the goal of humanitarian
intervention, - (a) Protection of the international community, that is, one of the goals of
humanitarian intervention is to remove fear and anxiety from the international community. (f)
Humanitarian intervention is in the interest of defence, not deterrence. (c) humanitarian
intervention in the interest of preventing destruction and devastation, (d) humanitarian intervention
must be a positive response, (c) reconstituting the purpose of humanitarian intervention.

The report posits six important elements for humanitarian intervention to be effective/positive: (a)
competent authority, (b) proper cause, (c) proper purpose, (d) last resort, (e) proper proportion. take
action, (f) Judging the likelihood of appropriate outcomes.