Name : Fazlun Eka Wahyuni
NIM : 202201129
Subject : English For Young Learners
A. TPR (Total Physical Response)
TPR is a method that uses body movements to interpret words. The purpose of
holding training using this method is to help teachers teach English and create a
pleasant classroom.
Advantages :
1) lots of fun
2) very impressive
3) Good for kinesthetic students who need to be active in the classroom
4) Can be used in both large and small classes
5) TPR works well with mixed ability classes
6) Doesn’t require a lot of preparation or material to use TPR
7) Very effective for teenagers and children
8) Involves right and left brain learning
Disadvantages :
1) TPR is only really suitable for beginner level.
2) TPR is not flexible to teach everything and if used a lot it will become
repetitive.
3) TPR can become ineffective if teachers use it for a long period of time without
switching to other activities.
B. CLT (Communicative Language Teaching)
The CLT approach focuses on giving students the skills to communicate clearly
and confidently in real-world situations with native speakers of their target
language.
Therefore CLT prioritizes interaction and problem solving and usually involves
classroom activities such as role playing and pair or group work.
Advantages :
1) Learn with a purpose
2) Student-centered approach
3) Increase student involvement
4) Increase lesson variability and creativity
5) Develop all core language skills
Disadvantages :
1. This method is difficult to apply in a very busy class.
2. The teacher must be a person who has very extensive knowledge in the foreign
language and the mother tongue.
3. The use of inadequate and appropriate teaching materials can damage the
learning process.
4. The teacher’s theoretical knowledge must be very good in terms of practice
5. The teacher’s monitoring ability must be excellent.
6. Teaching about structural aspects of language (grammar) is very difficult to
practice in this method.
7. The CLT approach only focuses on fluency but not on accuracy. 8. Students
who are weak and cannot use the target language will. Keep making mistakes
and finally give up.
9. The CLT approach is very appropriate for intermediate and advanced classes,
but for beginners (basic) this approach is not appropriate.
C. WLA (Whole Language Approach)
WLA whole language is a theory about language learning systems and how these
systems can help children progress in class and at school, which is done naturally
without teacher intervention and child-centered learning.
Advantages :
1. Language teaching is presented in a complete and comprehensive manner.
2. Students play an active role in the class.
3. Whole language can be combined with various other scientific disciplines.
Disadvantages :
1. Changing from a regular class to a whole language class takes a long time.
2. Teachers must be able to understand the concepts and components contained
in whole language.
D. ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a term coined by Russian psychologist
Lev Vygotsky (1934) to describe a particular level of learning difficulty:
ZPD describes “the distance between the actual level of development determined
by independent problem solving and the level of potential development
determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or through
cooperation with more capable peers” – (Vygotsky, 1978).
There are two concepts of ZPD.
First, it represents an alternative approach to intelligence assessment – to test a
child’s intellectual potential under optimal conditions, that is, conditions that are
adapted to the child’s specific learning needs and that build on the child’s current
abilities.
Second, the ZPD represents a way of understanding how children’s intellectual
development occurs through social interactions with more skilled partners.
In short, ZPD is a set of tasks that a learner can perform with help from a more
knowledgeable person such as a teacher, mentor, or peer.
ZPD is the difference between what a learner can do independently and what
they can do with support.
