1.
Introduction
1.1Background of Study
Green spaces are areas covered by vegetation (e.g. grass, bushes or trees), where water can permeate
through the soil and vegetation, filtrating part of the sediment and pollutants before reaching the
underlying groundwater. Green spaces and permeable surfaces are particularly relevant in urban
settings, where they help to uptake and infiltrate water, decreasing runoff rates.(Corkery, 2019)
Urban green refers to the presence of vegetation and green spaces within urban areas. Today, there is a
growing recognition of the importance of urban green for the health and well-being of city residents, as
well as for the environment.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)
Urban green can take many forms, including parks, gardens, street trees, and green roofs. These spaces
provide a range of benefits, such as improving air quality, reducing urban heat island effects, providing
habitats for wildlife, and promoting physical activity and social interaction.
In recent years, there has been a movement towards increasing the amount of urban green in cities
around the world. This has been driven by a growing awareness of the negative impacts of urbanization
on the environment and public health, as well as by the potential economic benefits of investing in
urban green infrastructure.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)
Selecting suitable sites for the establishment of urban green spaces can be challenging due to limited
available land and competing land uses. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and other techniques
can aid in identifying suitable sites for urban green spaces. One technique is the use of spatial analysis in
GIS to identify areas with high levels of impervious surfaces, which are indicative of areas with low
vegetation cover. This information can be used to prioritize areas for the establishment of urban green
spaces. Additionally, remote sensing techniques can be used to map vegetation cover and identify areas
with low levels of green space.(Rutt & Gulsrud, 2016)
1.2.Statement of the problem
Urban green spaces play a crucial role in enhancing the quality of life in cities by providing
opportunities for recreation, relaxation, and social interaction. However, the availability and
accessibility of such spaces are often limited in urban areas, especially in developing countries
like Ethiopia. In the case of Shashemene city, there is a growing demand for urban green spaces
due to rapid urbanization and population growth. Therefore, the main problem addressed in
this study is the need for suitable site selection for urban green space in Shashemene city.
(Koroso et al., 2020).Therefore the findings of this study can help local authorities in
Shashemene city to plan and develop sustainable urban green spaces that meet the needs of
the growing urban population while preserving the natural environment.(Koroso et al., 2020)
1.3.Objective of the Research
1.3.1 General objective of the research
The main objective of this study will to select urban green space site selection in shashemene city
through application of GIS and Remote sensing technology.
1.3.2.Specific Objective of the Study
To identify the ecological factors that influence the suitability of sites for urban green
space development in Shashemene city using GIS and RS tools.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the GIS and RS-based site selection framework for
urban green space development in Shashemene city.
To evaluate the effectiveness of the GIS and RS-based site selection framework for
urban green space development in Shashemene city.
1.4.Significance of Study
The study on suitable site selection for urban green space in the study area GIS and RS has
significant implications for the city's sustainable development. By identifying ecologically
suitable sites for green space development, the study can contribute to improving the
quality of life of residents, enhancing environmental sustainability, promoting social equity,
and generating economic benefits. The use of GIS and RS in site selection is an innovative
approach that can be replicated in other cities, making the study a model for enhancing
green infrastructure and sustainable development.
1.5.Research Questions
What are the ecological factors that influence the suitability of urban green space
sites in study area?
How can GIS and RS be used to identify suitable sites for urban green space
development in study area?
What are the social and economic benefits of developing green spaces in urban
areas, specifically in Shashemene?
1.6.Scope and Limitation of the Study
1.7.Organization of the Study
2.Literature Review
Urban green spaces are defined as "any vegetated land within or adjacent to urban areas, regardless of
ownership, that can provide ecosystem services and/or support biodiversity and human well-being"
(UN-Habitat, 2013).
In Ethiopia, urban green spaces are becoming increasingly important due to the rapid urbanization and
population growth. According to a study conducted by Ayenew and Assefa (2019), urban green spaces in
Ethiopia are essential for providing ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, air purification,
and temperature regulation. They also play a crucial role in enhancing the aesthetic value of the city and
providing recreational opportunities for urban residents.
However, the availability of urban green spaces in Ethiopia is limited, and the existing ones are often
poorly managed and maintained. The study recommends that urban planners and policymakers in
Ethiopia should prioritize the development of urban green spaces and ensure their sustainable
management for the benefit of both the environment and human well-being(Contoh et al., 2019).
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) report, Ethiopia's rapid urbanization
and population growth have led to increased demand for green spaces in urban areas, which has
resulted in the creation of policies and regulations that require developers to allocate a certain
percentage of land for green spaces in new urban developments (UNDP, 2018). The Ethiopian
government has also launched various initiatives aimed at promoting urban green development, such as
the Green Legacy Initiative, which aims to plant four billion trees by 2025 (Ethiopian Embassy in London,
2021). Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community-based organizations (CBOs) are also
playing a crucial role in promoting urban green development in Ethiopia. For example, the Ethiopian
Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI) has partnered with NGOs and CBOs to establish
community-managed forests and promote sustainable land use practices in urban areas.)(Contoh et al.,
2019).
2.1.Evaluation criteria for site selection of urban green spaces.
Proximity to population centers: This criterion considers the distance between the green space
and the surrounding residential areas. It is important to have green spaces close to where
people live to encourage physical activity and social interaction.(Wang et al., 2019)
Accessibility: This criterion considers the ease of access to the green space, including the
availability of transportation, parking, and pedestrian infrastructure. (Wang et al., 2019)
Environmental quality: This criterion considers the quality of the natural environment,
including air and water quality, soil conditions, and biodiversity. (Wang et al., 2019)
Land use: This criterion considers the current land use of the site and its compatibility with
green space development.(Wang et al., 2019)
Topography: This criterion considers the slope and elevation of the site, which can affect its
suitability for different types of green spaces.(Wang et al., 2019)
Vegetation cover: This criterion considers the amount and type of vegetation present on the
site, which can affect its ecological value and aesthetic appeal. (Wang et al., 2019)
2.2.GIS as a tool for urban green space site selection
GIS (Geographic Information System) is a powerful tool for site selection of urban green space. It allows
planners to analyze various spatial data layers and make informed decisions based on multiple criteria.
Here are a few examples of how GIS can be used for site selection of urban green space:
Identification of suitable sites: GIS can be used to identify potential sites for urban green space
development based on various criteria such as proximity to residential areas, land use,
topography, and environmental quality. This helps planners to narrow down the options and
select the most suitable site. (Versporten et al., 2018)
Analysis of existing green spaces: GIS can be used to analyze the distribution and accessibility of
existing green spaces in a city. This helps planners to identify gaps in green space provision and
prioritize areas for new development. (Wang et al., 2019)
Assessment of ecological value: GIS can be used to assess the ecological value of a potential
green space site based on factors such as vegetation cover, biodiversity, and soil conditions. This
helps planners to design green spaces that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also
ecologically sustainable.(Wang et al., 2019)
Public engagement: GIS can be used to engage the public in the site selection process by
providing interactive maps and allowing users to provide feedback on potential sites. This helps
to ensure that the needs and preferences of local residents are taken into account in the
decision-making process.(Versporten et al., 2018)
2.3.Remote sensing application for urban green space site selection
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data to assess the three-dimensional structure of
potential sites. LiDAR can provide detailed information on vegetation height and density, which
can be used to estimate canopy cover and other vegetation characteristics.
High-resolution satellite imagery to assess the suitability of potential sites.(Wang et al.,
2019)
3. Description of Study Area, Methods and Materials
3.1.Description of Study Area
3.1.1. Bio Physical Condition
Location and Administration
Shashemene is a city located in the West Arsi Zone of the Oromia Region in Ethiopia. It is approximately
250 kilometers south of Addis Ababa, the capital city of Ethiopia. The city is administered by the
Shashemene City Administration, which is responsible for the provision of basic services such as water
supply, sanitation, and waste management to the residents of the city(GoE, 2018).
Climate
Shashemene city has a subtropical highland climate with average temperatures ranging from 16°C to
25°C throughout the year. The city experiences two rainy seasons: the long rainy season from June to
September and the short rainy season from February to April. The average annual rainfall is around
1000mm (39 inches)
Shashemene city has a mild and temperate climate with distinct rainy seasons, as is typical of many
highland areas in Ethiopia(Ababa, 2021).
Vegetation Cover
Shashemene city is located in the Rift Valley region of Ethiopia, which is known for its diverse vegetation
cover. The area around Shashemene is characterized by a mix of grasslands, savannas, and woodlands,
with scattered trees and shrubs(Kindu et al., 2013).
