.

1
well structure
2

1 .
1 charatistic of living organism

movement-an action by an organism Animal and plant cell are

or part of
organism causing a
change known as
Eukaryotic cells as

of position or place they have a nucleus

·
Respiration -
The chemical reactions in Nucleus
Ribosomes
cells that break down nutrient molecules and · cytoplasm
for metabolism < cell membrane
release
enegy
> cell wall

&
/
O mitochondria

sensibility -
The
ability to detect changes in G
chloroplast
the internal and external environment Plant cell
Animal cell
↳

·
Growth -

A permanent increase in size and ·

· Ribosomes
dry mass by an increase in cell size or cell
Nucleus
number or both
8 :
L
.

cytoplasm

I
Os. /

mitochondria
Reproduction -

The process that make more of : < cell membrane

of the same kind of organism

Bacteria cell are prokaryotic

Excretion -
The removal of waste product cells as they do not have nucleus
of metabolism and substance in excess
Plasmid
of requirement using toxic materials -
8 ③
- -

. [
\

Taking in of materials for

&

Nutrition -
1 ..
T
&

. &

energy growth and

, development ↑ &
Circular
flagellum
DNA
cell slime
Cell
wall Capsule
membrane Ribosome
Keyword Rigid-solid How cells produce ?
:
are new

vew cells are produced by the division of

existing cells

2 1
. funtion of organelles

Cell membrane -
Surrounds the
cell and controls which substance
enter and exist the cell
of similar cells working
Tissue-group
together to perform a same

Mitochondria -

These are where Gunction

most reaction for aerobic respiration

cell with the of similar tissues working
take place- -

provide the organ-group

together to perform a specific
it needs to function
energy Gunction

Nudeus-contains the
genetic
materials that controls the activities

of similar organs working

of the cell
organ systems -

group
together to perform a
body
functions
Cytoplasm -
A gel-like substance where

most of the chemical reactions happen

Chloroplast-contain Chlorophyll
which absorbs light to help the plant

photosynthesis

Ribosomes -

The site of protein

synthesis

cell wall-rigid structure made of cellulose

-

this supports and strengthen the cell

Permanent vacuole - filled with cell

sap which keeps the cell r and
support the plants
 Red blood cell

transport of
-

o xygen

MDP
O ciliated cells
O-movement
trachea and bronchi
of muscrs in the

ga
u
Rosar i e
-

absorption of
water and mineral ions

·
foope&

en
EO
7
-Neurones
-

Conduction of electrical
impulses

·
↳

E Sperm and egg cells

reproduction
 2 . 2 size of specimens

magnification : Image size

actual size

I
A M

um to mm you need carbon dioxide diffuse

To convert -

divide by 1000 in Stomata

to
through
Oxygen and water
-

To convert mm to need to diffuse out of the stomata

(m you

multiply by 1000
cm to X 10000 -
Factor that affect diffusion
pm :
L

.1
3 Diffusion
The concentration gradient
Diffusion is the net movement of particles -
The greater the difference
from a low to a high concentration
. in concentration, the quicker
cells can use diffusion as a
way of the rate of diffusion
in and out of them
getting important particle .

Diffusion is
particularly useful as it doesn't the temperature

require any energy

-
The higher the temperature
the more kinetic

*
energy the

the will

↑
particles will have , so

e
and
move mix more
quickly

High Movemetit to Diffused

concentration Low concentration
evenly
 concentrated Diluted
solvent concentratiOn

-
The surface area
W

surface
-
The greater the area
L Partially Permeable Membrane
-
he faster the rate of diffusion

&

Diffusion distance
&
-

The greater the distance that a

substance must travel, the slower the Low water

High Water
Potential Potention
rate of diffusion
.

Osmosis 3 2 .

Osmosis is the net movement

of water molecules from a

water
higher potential to

a lower water potential through

a
partially permeable membrane

· ·

⑭
↳ Partialarerane
↳
small water molecules
&
Only
&
-

can pass through the membrane

* high water potential
↳
large molecules cannot to low water
Potential
↳
Partially permeable membrane
have holes
very tiny
Adding cell into a pure water
solution
↳
water moves into the cell
↳ Plant cell -
turgid
-
have cell wall
↳ Animal cell :
burst

Turgor pressure pressure on the

-

cell wall from the cell membrane

pushing upon it

Adding cell into concentrate

solution

↳ water move out of the cell

~
Animal cells = flaccid
Plant cells =
plasmolysis ·

Plants absorb water through roofs

↓ by Osmosis

cytoplasm is pulled away

:
from the wall Importance of water

transports minerals & nitrate ion)

maintaining the
turgidity of cell
 .3
3 Active transport
* Protein carriers are embedded in the

cell membrane ,
it move molecules or

Active transport ions across the membrane during

-
movement of particles active transport

through a cell membrane

1 substance combines with
from a
region of lower to .

protein carrier

higher concentration , using in the cell membrane

energy from respiration .

2 The
protein carrier changes it shape

to move the substance through the

cell membrane using the

energy
from respiration

Active transport is an important

process for the movement of

molecules or ions across membranes

up take of glucose by epithelial

·

cells in the villi of the small intestine

and kidney tubules in the nephron

uptake of ions from the soil

·

into the root hair cells in plants

 I
4 1 molecules Monomers polymers :
.

Biological and

Polymers are made from

chemical elements that make up :
many repeating units of

("Chochochon") smaller molecules (monomers).

Cabohydrates
-

carbon -

monomers
hydrogen
-

oxygen ↓ Polymerization
-
-- - -
..

fats Polymer
Carbon
-

starch , glycogen
hydrogen
-

↳ cellulose

oxygen Carbohydrates : are made of

-

repeating small glucose

molecules
Proteile
carbon
Proteins : amino acid
-

hydrogen
-

oxygen Lipids : fatty acid and glycerol

-
nitrogen
 Food test :
. 1 Enzymes
5

starch
Carbohydrates : Enzymes are biological Catalysts
Fodine test up the chemical
they speed
-

orange >
-

Blue/black reactions that take place

inside all cells

carbohydrates Reducing
:
sugars
Benedict's test
Blue- >
orange , brickred
Enzymes are important as
Protein it helps to maintain the
Birrettest reaction rates of all

Blue >
-
Lilac purple , metabolic reactions

necessary to sustain

Lipid life
Emulsion test only molecules with
exactly
the right shape will bind to

clear >
milky white
the
ennymeandreas
-

Enzyme
active site
L

Vitamin C

DCPIP test substrate

Enzyme Enzyme Enzyme
Blue >
-
clear ↳
=> -

substrate
-> -
-

substrate complex Product

!
THE ELEMENTS work ?: Lock and
How Enzymes key theory
carbohydrates-starch glucose ,

Enzymes are biological catalyst that

speed up
cellulose , glycogen chemical reaction
. Molecules that do not have

Proteins amino acids the same share as the active site cannot fit
or bind to i.
t The substrate fits exactly into

glycerol
Up

fats-fatty acids ,
like lock. This is
the active site , a
key fitting into a

called enzyme-substrate complex

. The enzyme
-

substrate complex allows the reaction to take

place more easily
.
The enzyme-substrate complex ·

Enzymes will Catalyse the reaction

only exist untill the products are at the fastest rate at their

form
. The products then leave optimum temperature' -

in the

site and the

human body th optimum temperature
the active process then
,

%
C
is 37
repeat
Optimum
i temperature
LOCK AND KFY THEORY (summerize) 37

i
This is when the substrates bind/fit

exactly with the active site , like a

key fitting into a lock

Effect of temperature !

At lower temperatures , the molecules Heating temperature (beyond

to high
have less Kinetic energy the optimum) will BREAK THE BONDS
.
hold the 3d structure of the and
This means that
they more
slowly
that
enzymes together
-

move

it will lose its shape - this is known as

I
DENATURATION (Denatured)
-Y 4
I ·
* ↑

↑
X-- if the 3d structure changes the active

-
↑ ,

·
↓
↑ T
& site is altered and the substrate &
no

longer fits into the active sites

High temperature Low temperature
This that the reaction cannot
-

means

high speed Y- Low speed occur

optimum temperature - fastest rate

The denature
more
slowly they move , the less Pass Optimum temp-

likely the substrate is to collide with the

Enzyme to make Enzyme-substrate complexes-

Effect of PH ! put
optimum -
Amylase

1
·
Optimum Plt for most
enzymes is 7

acidic condition (stomach) -

have optimum
PH of 2

·
alkaline condition (duodenum) -Phof 8-9

If the PH is too
high or too low the bonds that
holds the amino acid chain together to make up the

protein can be
destroy
-

this changes the shape of the active site

So the substrate no longer fits into it

reducing the wate of reaction

 7 .
1 Diet

Balanced Diet

- consists of all of the food groups in the correct propotion

NECESSARY FOOD GROUPS ARE I

Carbohydrate-Providing energy for respiration

Lipid-Insulation and energy storage
Protein-Growth and Repair

Fibre -

Helps food to move through the stomach

& small intestines

Vitamin C preventing Scurvy Vitamin D-preventing ricket

-

Mineral ions -

Calcium-strong/healthy Gone and teeth

iron-needed to make hemoglobin

↳
to carry 02 around the body
water- Needed for chemical reaction to take

place in cells

scurry-lack of Vitamin C

Ricket- lack of Vitamin D

Anaemia- lack of Iron

Kwashorkor- lack of protein

Maramus-lack of macronutrients
 INVESTIGATION (TEMPERATURE)
7) oil a starch solution in a beaker

2) drop an lodine into a spotting tile

3) drop beaker and start
an
amylase into the

the stopwatch straight away starch

4) every one minute add one drop of solution
lodine
into the the
spotting file
in

3) If Iodine
the turns blue black the starch is present

if the lodine colours stay the same

Corange/Grow) this

means that starch is not presem

PH LEVELS (INVESTIGATION)
1) add one drop of lodine in each
plotting file
buffer solution with
2) mix the
Amylase solution in a

a measuring cylinder
3) Add a starch sollution into the buffer and amalyse
Solution
Cylinder
4) start the time

5) second add one drop of the solution into

every 10

The lodine solution in the spotting file

6) Repeat every 10 second untill odine doesn't change

Colou
 Identifying the organs of the chemical digestion -
The

Digestive system . 2
7 breakdown of large insoluble

molecules into small soluble

molecules

Mouth

salivary glands Absorption-

the movement of small
food molecules the
through
Desophagus wall of the intestine into

the blood

Liver stomach Assimilation -

The
Gallbladder
Bile duck
-

Pancreas
movement of digested
food molecules into
small
intestine
the cells of the body
Large
Intestine
where they are used

Rectur
becoming part of the
Anus cells
Appendix

Egestion The
passing
-

Ingestion -

The taking in of substances out of food that

Ce g food,
.
.
a drinks) ,
into the
body through has not been digested
the mouth as faces, through
the anus

mechanical digestion
. The breakdown

of food into smaller pieces without chemical

change to the food molecules

 Mouth place
where mechanical
digestion takes
-

& is where foods enter the alimentary canal

-
teeth chew food to break
it into smallerpieces
BLACK INK
>
-

Increase it's surface area

to the
-

Amylase enzymes in saliva start -

according
school textbook
digesting starch into maltose

Desophagus-Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach

Helps foods move to stomach by peristalsis

stomach-stores food for a short time mixes food with

,

acidic digestive juices to form the creamy liavid called CHIME

Protease
enzymes start TO Hydrochloric acid is present
- -

to kill bacteria in food and

chemically digest proteins
to
provide the optimum ph
level for
Duodenum -

Ast part of
protease enzymes
to work
the small intestine ,
where

semiliquid food is mixed with Pancreas -

Produce

Pancretic juice and bile pancreatic juice which

is poured into the small

& leum-longest part of the intestine through pancreatic

small intestine where digested duct
food is absorbed into the blood

SMALL INTESTINE

LARGEINTESTING
 #
Liver-Produce bile INCISOR
smallrectangular shaped teeth
neutralise acidic
-

help chyme
-

- found between canine

emulsifies fats
cutting food
-

in assimilation
important
.
* CANINE
sharp pointed teeth
-

Gallbladder-store bile before

↓ -Lite and tear
food

pouring it into the duodenum PREMOLAR

through the bile duct
⑭ -
behind canine
found

-Grind soft food

colon Absorbs some vitamins
C
-

MOLAR
and minerals
Found behind premolars
y
-

Grind hard
food
Rectumn-stores faeces before
-

expelling them at a convenient time

S Enamel

Anus-Exit for faeces < Dentine

7 . 3 -

Physical/mechanical digestion < Nerves

Mechanical digestion <

PULp
-
the
breaking
down of food into smaller pieces L cement
without changes to food molecules
-
increases the surface area

of food for the action of

enzymes
in chemical digestion
@L Blood
25
-
°

vessels
STOMACH'

Food enters into the stomach

after the resophagus

the food is churned
7 . 4 chemical digestion
Here
-

and mixed with gastric juices

chelp with chemical digestion)

CARBOHYDRASE

Amylase digesti
The stomach
lining contains muscles
·
starch-> maltose
which contract to
physically squeeze produced : mouth & Pancreas
and mix the good with gastric
juice secreted canal
:
Alimentary
BILES !
Cin physical digestion

Bile emusifies fats Maltose digest :

-

breaking it down into ·

Maltase- clucose
smaller droplets (NO chemical change) on the membranes of the

bigger surface area small intestive

>
epitheleum lining the
-

for
enzymes to chemically
digest lipids into fatty acid
PROTEASE
and glycerol Pepsin digesti
Protein
·
- > Amino acids

Stomach
B Produced :

secreted : stomach

Trypsis digest
:

Bile occurs inside of the ·

Protein >
-
Amino acids
DUODENUM
- produced : Pancreas

Secreted : Duodenum
 -
LIPASE ROLE Of THE BILE
(in chemical digestion)

Lipase digesti -

It is alkaline to neutralise
acids
fatty
·
Lipids - >
Glycerol
the gastric juice entering
Pancreas
the duodenum from the
Produced :

stomach
secreted : Duodenum
To provide the optimum
-

Di levels for the

Enzymes o the stomach enzene
action
·

stomach produces Gastric Juice

drodemm , it
↓ Biles occurs in
the

increasing
↓ mixture of : emulsifies fats and oils ,

chemically
its sA for enzymes to
Hydrochloric acids
·

digest lipids into fatty acids

enzymes (pepsin)
·

and glycerol
·

mucous

Hydrochloric acid
made by liver
·

-
kills bacteria in Good
stored in the gall bladder
·

providing an acidic pH for

·

secreted into the

optimum enzyme activity
duodenum

Its alkaline >

-
neutralizes
acid
the hydrochloric
which comes from the

Stomach

Amylase salivary mouth

starch maltose ·

It emulsifies fats and lipids

glands
Maltose the surface area
Amylase Pancreas
duodenum starch increasing

Protease stomach stomach Protein

amino-acids
for enzymes to chemically
(DepSin)

amino-acids digest fats into fatty

Protease Pancreas duodenum Protein

(Trypsin) acids and glycerol

fats fatty-acids & Glycerol
Pancreas duodenum
Lipase
7 . S Absorption
 9 1 Transport in Animals
.

circulatory system
·

a
system of blood vessels with a

pump & values to ensure a

one-way
Glood flow

circulation in Different Animals !

·
FISH have a two-chambered heart and

a single circulation c
every 1 circuit of the body
for
>
-

the blood passes through the

heart once

·
MAMMALS have four-chambered heart and

a double circulation
>
E
body
-

for every 1 circuit of the

the blood passes through the

heart twice

·
ADVANTAGES of double circulation

travelling from the heart

-

Blood

to the lung loses lots of pressure

, meaning it cannot travel as fast

heart
returning to the
-

By

its pressure can be raised

again before sending it to

the body
-

MEANING cellS can be

supplied with the oxygen

need for
& glucose they
FASTER & MORE
respiration
FREQUENTLY
.2
9 -
The Heark Heart structure
Heart structure : Basics ·
Ventricle-thicker muscle walls

of the heart than atria

Right side
·

deoxygenated blood need to

generate higher
-

-
receives a

from the body >

-

pumps to the Lung pressure to

pump the blood
·
Left side of the heart
out of the heart
-receives Oxygenated blood
from the lung >
-

pumps to the body ·

Left ventricle has thicker
·

Blood is pump toward the heart muscle wall than right

in veins and away from the heart ventricle
in arteries
Left ventricle-pump blood at high pressure
Heart is made of muscle tissue whole body
·

to the

which are supplied with blood by

Right ventricle pump blood at low pressure to
-

the coronary atteries the lung

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated
-
-

blood to the heart muscle

septum-keeping the
oxygenated
·

and deoxygenated blood separated

The function of values

·

function of all values is to prevent

blood flowing backward
·

The atrioventricular values

Separates the atria from the ventricles

These values pushed open when

-

are

the atria contract and are pushed

Shut when the ventricles contract

to prevent blood flowing back into the

atria
Atrioventricular

semilunar values
values
Atrioventricular
values
·
The are
found in the two blood arteries that
come out of the top of the heart

-
These values open when the
ventricles contract so

blood squeezes past them out of

the heart , but then shut to avoid

blood flowing back into the heart

The Effect of Exercise D -
DVM DICORmS

I-IVC
-

Planning an
Investigation
Heart
activity
·

c -
CVS
-Heart activity be monitered
can
by
ECG , rate
0-OVS (organism)
using an
measuring pulse
& Listening to the sounds of values Rm-Repeats +Mean
closing S -

safety
Investigation the effects of exercise
·

on

s -
scale
7) Record heart rate at rest for a min

Exercise for while L Line (bio-point to point)

2) a

3) Immediately
after exercising A -
Axis (Nonx-axis , DVon y-axis)
record pulse
>
the rate
-

min
every
P-Points SAPU
untill it return to resting rate
Drawing a graph
U units
-

4) =
During exercise the heart rate

increases and may take a few mins

to return to normal
CHD-coronary heart disease

Coronary arteries supply oxygenated

-
-

blood to the heart muscle

CHD -
the blockage of the
coronary
arteries in the heart

Why does Heart Rate Increase during

·

Exercise ?
CHD RISK FACTOR :
When exercising our muscle contracts

more
requiring more energy
, . Energy
Poor diet-high chloresterol
is made during the process of respiration. -

high saturated fat

which mean as more glucose +
oxygen is needed
Poor lifestyle Lack of excercise
·
-

cardial output and blood flow to the muscle

-

increases smoking
-

stress

·
Genetic -

Family history
-
The heart beats faster
sex
-

-
The contraction gets stronger more at
·
Age-older people are

risk
 Structure
+ function

Arteries :
Exercise
a good diet prevent CHD :
·

Avery carry the blood Away from the

Exercise
high pressure
·

heart at

Regulate weight
-

oxygenated blood
·

carry
~
reduces fats + decreases blood pressure ↑ carry deoxygenated blood

↳> (except for the pulmonary artery) so withstand the high pressure of blood
blood dots
improves circulation
by preventing and ensure they do not
burs
-
·

have thick muscular walls with elastic fibres

High Fats intake

·

have narrow Lumel high pressure

·

a - to maintain
Increases cholesterol that lines the arteries
-

↳
·
fast speed of flow

increasing blood pressure

Good Diet
·

reins
-

low in saturated fals + cholesterol

↳
·

Veins carry the blood Toward the heart

reduces damage to the
coronary artery Low
at
pressure
·

carry deoxygenated blood

9 3 . Blood & Lymphatic vessels &
↑ carry oxygenated blood
(
except for the
pulmonary vein

have thin walls

have large Lumen-low blood pressure

·

slow speedof flow

·

~
contain values -
prevent the backflow of blood

Capillaries
carry blood at Low pressure
·

carry 60th &

oxygenated
·

deoxygenated blood

·
I cell thick walls -> allow for a short diffusion
distance of oxygen and glucose

have leaky' walls

·
-
L

slow speed of flow

* LUNGS =
PULMONARY

LIVER -
HEPATIC

KIDNEYS
=
RENAL
· connect arteries and veins

organ Towards organs Away from organs ·

carrying blood to and from the

body cells
*

venaceva
·
Aorta Role -

to provide an
exchange of
Heart
Pulmonary Vein Pulmonary Artery
·
·

oxygen nutrients ,
and waste
,

Lung ·
Pulmonary Artery
· Pulmonary Vein products between the blood and

Renal rein
the
body's cells
kidney Renal Artery
·

-have ‘leaky’ walls - so substances can

diffuse in and out of the blood easily
 thick-substances can diffuse out
I cell
·

of them very easily

fit red
lureni can only
9 4 Blood very narrow
·

Good Cell

components of the Blood :

-
component structure function
-

SA
Biconcave shape-large
Red Blood space for Transport oxygen around
No nucleus -
more

cells naemoglobin
the body
contain
haemoglobin- Iron containinghe

White Blood Large

cells
containing a Defend the body against infection
out
big nucleus by pathogens by carrying
cells ·

part of your immune system phagocytosis and antibody

production

Platelets Fragments of cells cell fragment involved in

helping the blood to clot

Transport of carbon dioxide

,
Plasma straw coloured liquid nutrients , urea , minerals ions
,
,

hormones

Two of White Blood cells

types :

Type : Phagocytes Lymphocytes

out phagocytosis by
Produces antibodies to
destroy
Function
carry
cells
engulfing and
digesting pathogenic
Pathogens

Irregular shape
so
they
Large nucleus contains
-

· · -

can squeeze through gaps

Adaptation in the walls of capillaries many copies
of
genes for the
(
contain enzymes these can

antibody production
-
·

control of
when engulfed
digest microorganism
membrane
·
sensitive surface
materials
so it can detect microorganismsa foreign
Blood
clotting :

When
·
the skin is broken platelets arre

to stop the
bleeding
A series of reactions within the
~
occur

plasma
Platales
·

release chemicals that

cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to

convert into insoluble fibrin and

Form an insoluble mesh across

the would , trapping red blood

cells and therefore

forming
a clot

The clot eventually dries and

develops into a scab to project

He would from bacteria
entering
↳ SUMMARY
Blood clotting :

soluble
The conversion of
tribogen
to insoluble fibrin to form a

mesh

Mann roles :

blood loss
preventing
·

of
Preventing the
entry pathogens
 6 Plants nutrition
Minerals function Deficiency
Photosynthesis
&

To make Yellowing
-

The
process by which plants synthesize Magnesium between the
Chlorophyll veins & the leaf
carbohydrates from raw materials

using the
energy from light
·

source of ·

stunted
nitrogen Growth
Nitrate ↳
to make ·

Yellowing
Amino-acids Leaf
of

the need of
Investigating
Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll
-
leaf is dropped
Green pigment found
-

that is in water
in
boiling
chloroplast to breakdown
-

transfer energy from light in to

CELL WALLS
chemicals for the
energy
in , synthesis
of
carbohydrates

use and storage of carbohydrates

Glucose convert into :

↳
starch as store
a
energy
↳> build cell walls
cellulose to

↳
sucrose for transport in the phloem
Glucose is used :

↳ in respiration to provide ENERGY -

left the leaf in hot ethanol

"as nectar to attract insects for pollination in a boiling tube to

REMOVES THE CHLOROPHYLL

 Investigating the need for

carbon dioxide

spread the leaf out

in a tile
white

and cover it with

IODINE SOLUTION

green leaf
the
1) De-starch
-

In ,
the two plants
will turn
entire leaf
bell sodium
BLUE-BLACK as 2) place I in a
jar with

Photosynthesis is hydroxide
occurring ↳
absorb carbon dioxide

3) place another in a bell jar with a

- beaker of water (control variables)

· white areas of the leaf contain
NO
chlorophyll ↳>
won't absorb carbon dioxide
·
when tested the color remain

Orange-Brown as NO 4) Place both plants in light

photosynthesis is
occurring
>
-

NO STARCH STORED
5)Test both plants for starch using

Fiodine solution

ETHANOLIS EXTREMELY CONCLUSION : Leaf from plant placed

! FLAMMABLE
near sodium hydroxide will REMAIN

the need orange-brown as it could not photosynthesis

Investigating for
due to lack of carbon dioxide
Light
6) Removing the starch

2) De-starched the plant 24hr -

leave the plants in the dark

before starting the experiment for 48 hrs

Plants won't be able to

already
-

↳ To ensure that starch

and will be
photosynthesis
used up
presented is being using all the starch for

respiration

2) Removing Chlorophyll
CONCLUSION : Leaf that don't receive light leaf kill
-

Boil the in water to

will remain BROWN-ORANGE as it did the cell

that is needed for

not receive light -
Boil the leaf in ethanol to

ble
Photosynthesis remove chlorophyll
-

Rinse He leaf in water to

soften it
 INVESTIGATING THE RATE ·
Aquatic plant place in a beaker of
of PHOTOSYNTHESKS water with sodium hydrogen
carbonate
As photosynthesis occurs
·

An inverted funnel is place

>
-

oxygen is released on the plant

An inverted boiling tube is placed
Number of bubbles produced on the end of the inverted boring
rate :

Number of minutes
tute
I more bubbles : faster rate of
phosylitlesis)

Effect of changing light intensity :

· as Exchange
Plant cell take in CO2 and release 02
all the time

Effect of
changing temperature
Day time-plants photosynthesise taking
in CO2 and producing Oxygen
as a waste product
Net intake of
CO2 Plants photosynthesise at faster
-

/ a

/ Net output
! of 02 rate than
respiring
Night time -
plants respire taking in Oz

and producing CO2 as a waste

CO concentra
Effect of Changing ,

product
-tion

Netintake of-plants respiring at a faster rate

Oz

& Net output of than photosynthesising

CO2
 Hydrogen carbonate indicator Limiting Factors
the environment that
investigation to show the
something
-

-use in an in

carbon dioxide concentration in a

is in such short supply that it restricts

solution life process

Limiting factors of photosynthesis :

Temperature
·

Light intensity
·

CO2 concentration

Leaf structure

surface area
Large
-

allow more diffusion of CO2 and

several leaves from the same plant are placed absorption of light for photosynthesis

in stoppered boiling tubes containing soul Thin

hydrogen carbonate indicator for a few his allow faster diffusion of CO2 into

RESULT : the palisade mesophyll cells

Chloroplast spongy Mesophyll with
-
contain
chlorophyll that air spaces
absorbs light energy for Air spaces allow 20 , to
-

photosynthesis easily diffuse through

the leaf

Waxy cuticle
-

waxy but thin so it protect Vascular Bundle

leaf from water loss through xylem vessels transport water
·

The -

evaporation without blocking ,

mineral ions , and

He sunlight solute from the root

to the leaf

Guard cells and stomata ·

Phloem vessels -

transport sucrose

GC and amino acids

open and close the stomata
-

the leaf
to control and allow CO2 to diffuse away from

to the rest of the

in and O2 to diffuse out of the
plant
leaf

Upper epidermis
-

Thin and transparent so it

allows more light to reach the

Palisade mesophyll cells

Palisade mesophyll
leaf
layer is at the top of the
-

so the chloroplast in the cell

are able to absorb more light

Chapter 8

Xylem & Phloem Adaptations of Xylem Vessels:

vessels
Xylem
-

transport water ,
mineral ions
,

and solutes from the roots to

the leaf

Phloem vessels
-transport nutrients
such as sucrose and amino

- acids away from the leaf

to the rest of the plant Function : transport tissue for

water and dissolved mineral

ions

Adaptations :

end
-
cells joined end to with

no cross walls to form a

long
allow water movements
-

continuous tube

no cells content to allow free

passage of water

thick walls with lignin to

strengthen the tubes , which helps

support the
plant-strengthen the
cell walls
 I
water uptake Pathway taken by water :
SA
large
the
uptake
Y ↳ increases and
water
Root Hair cells minerals
of

found in the roots a plants

-

adapted to absorb water and

minerals

Adaptation :

:
surface area Pathway
Large
root hair cell
>
root cortex
->

increases the uptake of water

·

and mineral cons >

-

xylem >
-
leaf mesophyll cell

rate of absorption of
·

increase

water-by Osmosis Investigating water movement

·

in

mineral
ions-by active transport
·

Plants

3) placing a
plant (like celery)
into a beaker with water that

has stain added to it (food coloring)

After few hours you will see that
2) a

the leaf started to change to the

same colour as the dyed water

that water
↳ This proves is
being
taken up by the plant (celery)
If the section is will see
3) cross cut you

that certain areas of the stalk is

only

stained showing that water is being

-

carred in specific vessels through the

stem
/xylem vessel)
 I
TRANSPIRATION water vapour loss is
relatedto :

Eraporation surface
·

take place on the

the loss of water of the

Transpiration spongy mesophyll cells
·

is

by evaporation from the leaves of The

many interconnecting air spaces between

a
plant these cells and the stomata create a

water evaporates from large surface

·

the surface area

of the mesophyll cells into the ·

This mean
evaporation can happen

air
spaces rapidly when the stomata are open

Air have high

·

a water
Transpiration pull:
now
spaces

concentration

↳ and water
Diffusion occurs
·

vapour water molecules are held together

diffuses out of the air

spaces through by forces of attraction between them

He Stomata ,
called cohesion

Cohere
/
-

Therefore transpiration pull draws up a

column of water molecules

up the xylem,
held together
by forces of attraction between the

water molecules ,
called cohesion .

As more water diffuses out of the leaf

through
·

the Stomata more water is drawn

,
up the

from the roots

plant

function :

and
providing leaf cells
·
·

Transporting water water to the

mineral ions for photosynthesis

the leaves cool
support the structure of the plant Keeping
·

by providing water to keep

↳
conversion of water into

the cells turgid liquid vapour

 WILTING

Plant will wilt if the pressure Increase in humidity

inside the cells , pressing on the
-

decrease the rate

of
wall , is lowered (lack turgidity) transpiration
humidity increases
-

high
the water vapour
concentration around the

, So
leaf there is a lower

concentration gradient
/ difference) between the

air
spaces in the leaf

and the
atmosphere

Increase in wind speed

-

increase the rate of

transpiration
Factors affecting transpiration -
Air flows (wind) blows the
humid air away from the

leaf and replaces it with less

Increase in temperature
armid air , meaning the water
-

increase the rate of

concentration between the

transpiration inside and the outside of the

-water will have
vapour leaf will be steeper -

more kinetic
energy
.
↳
They will evaporate
from the cell surfaces

and diffuse faster

out of the Stomata

 of
Investigating the rate

transpiration

IV : Decrease In math

Method :

select 4 similar size leaves vaseline the upper surface

1) covering on

2) cover 3 leaves with vaseline caused water loss similar to no raseline

I the upper surface vaseline the bottom caused

covering on
·

on

I the lower surface water loss similar to covering both

-

on

↳ on both surface surface

-

3) record the initial mass of the

leaf ·

most water loss occurs from the

4) After 24 hours record the mass

bottom surface area of the leaf

of the leaves and calculate as there is more stomata on He

the % decrease 60710m for water vapour to diffuses

out
 Investigating the effect
The further the bubble travels
·

of temperature
& wind

Speed on transpiration rate in the same time period ,

the

Method :
faster
transpiration is
occurring
·

cut a shoot underwater and put it in a tube

of the room
↳ Temperature : temp
to prevent air entering the xylem
as temp increases , the rate
set up the
apparatus vaseline to
·
-
use

of transpiration increases
Seal any gaps
wind speed electric fan
·

: use an
Dry the leaves of the shoot
·

to mimic different wind speed

↳
wet leaves will affect the results
wind speed increases , the
·

↳
as
prevent stomate being block
rate of traspiration also
Remove the
capillary tube from the
increases
to
beaker of water allow a
single

air bubble to form and place the

:
Tube back into the water Investigating on light intensity
·

set up the environmental factor

Independent variables (change)
distance between the potometer
·

you are
investigating
and the
light source
·

Allow the plant to adapt to the

Dependent variables (measure)

new environment for 5 minutes
The distance moved by the
·

·
Record the starting location of
bubble in a set time period
the air bubble
control variables (control)
Leave for period of
·

a set time
Air movement
·

Record the ending location of

↑

Humidity
·

the air bubble

Temperature
·

the factor
being
·

change

investigated
(wind speed or temperature
Reset the bubble by opening the
·

tap below the reservoir

Repeat the experiment

·
 TRANSLOCATION
During winter ,
when
plants have

Translocation moves sucrose no leaves , the phloem tubes will

and amino acids from the transport dissolved sucrose and

source to the sink in te phloem amino acids from the storage
↑ &
organs to other part of the

Part of the plant Part of the plant plant so that respiration

that release that use or can continue

sucrose or amino store sucrose

acids or amino acids

How can roots act as both a

source and a sink ?

During growth period (e. .

g spring)
the roots /storage organs) would

be the source and the

many growing
areas of the plant world be the

sinks

After the plant has grown

le .

g . summer) ,
there will be

and photosynthesis
many leaf
will occur producing a
large
quantities of sugars ; so
they
become the source and the

roots become the sink

storing serose as starch

until it is needed again
 I
6 Plant Nutrition

Photosynthesis
*

Mineral .
Requirement
the process which
by plants
-

Synthesise carbohydrates Nitrate ions-making amino acids

from raw materials using
Deficiency-stunted growth of the plant
energy
from light
Magnesium ions-making chlorophyll
Deficiency of leaf
yellowing
-

word Equation :
LIGHT
CARBON
, WATER >
-
GLUCOSE + OXYGEN
DIOXIDE
CHLOROPHYLL Factors needed for photosynthesis
Chemical Equation :

+
602 Chlorophyll helps absorb the light
6 CO2 + GH20 >
-

CsH , 206
light-provide energy for reaction
carbon dioxide is converted into
-

Chlorophyll Sugar such as Glucose

-

Green pigment found in

chloroplasts
↳ it transfer energy from light into energy

in chemicals for the Synthesis of

carbohydrates

Glucose use in converted into cellulose

respiration to provide to build cell wall

energy USES Of
converted into
Converted into
CARBOHYDRATES
starch as
energy
I
sucrose for transport store
Glucose as
in the phloem attract
nector to

insects for pollination

 6 Plant Nutrition

Investigation : Needed for

Chlorophyll
6) Removing the starch from

the plant before starting :

-

leave the plants in the dark

for 48 hrs
-
Plants won't be able to

and will be
photosynthesis
using all the starch fo

respiration
This means that in the
beginning
-

,
all plants will have no starch
-
so if
al do iodine test after

the experiment ,
and find starch

is present -

photosynthesis
has occurred

2) Removing Chlorophyll
-

Boil the leaf in water to kill

the cell

-
Boil the leaf in ethanol to

remove ble chlorophyll

-

Rinse He leaf in water to

soften it