History of architecture | world architecture

Social and Political changes:

18th-19th century revival
• Centuries-old monarchies gave way to
democratic institutions – American
Declaration of Independence (1776) and
French Revolution (1789)
• Urbanization and rise in population
INFLUENCES • Growth of the bourgeoisie or middle class
• Professionals and businessmen
The Industrial Revolution

Technological innovations:

• Started in Britain, new machines and

innovative processes helped change • Railways to easily transport people and
nations from agricultural to industrial ones goods Improved drainage and sanitation
• Spread to continental Europe and to North • Coal gas and gas lamps, later electricity
America • Lift or elevator
• Created a new type of worker – the wage • Growth of communications
laborer or proletarian • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• Home-based cottage industries were • International exhibitions of science and
rendered obsolete by the invention of the industry
steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

• The need to create an imposing effect –

research into old styles
• Conservation of historic relics or
monuments had begun
• “Age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for
exotic forms, combining native and foreign
styles
• “Age of innovation” - use of newly
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where available materials
coal was available to fuel the engines, • Form follows Function (Louis Sullivan)
other countries followed suit

All rights reserved © Claudia Isabelle Montero W ORLD: 18 th -19 th REVIVAL | 77

 History of architecture | world architecture

• Due to inventions in metallurgy and PERIODS OF 19th CENTURY IN ENGLAND

construction, new materials became
available for building: Early Victorian– Greek revival & Greco
- structural iron and cast-iron Roman
- iron and glass Examples:  
- zinc
- steel
- reinforced concrete – first used by
Auguste Perret

New building types:

• Industrial Buildings and Warehouses

• Houses of Parliament
• Railways and Transport Stations – spread
all over Europe
• Museums – took the place of aristocratic
private collections of art
• Department Stores – in Paris, London, • Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph
Paxton
Brussels, other commercial areas
• Hospitals, Public Banks, Fire and Police
Stations, Exhibition Halls

New emerging style:

• The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by

Isambard Brunel

The Arts and Crafts Movement in Britain

• In the tradition of craft guilds in the Middle

Ages
• Led by artist-craftsman William Morris,
architect Philip Webb and writer John
Ruskin
• Furniture, glassware, fabrics, wallpaper, etc
• S. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey
– decorated with repeating stylized floral
Lonsdale Elmes
patterns

All rights reserved © Claudia Isabelle Montero W ORLD: 18 th -19 th REVIVAL | 78

 History of architecture | world architecture

Late Victorian – principal mode of design

called “Queen Anne” Style

• Also termed the eclectic style, combination

of old style & domestic
• Architecture of 1870’s in England & in
U.S.A.- revival of Byzantine, Romanesque,
Baroque & Early Renaissance.

Examples:

• Westminster New Palace, London by Sir

Charles Barry

• High Victorian- spread of Gothic &

Renaissance revival.
• Symbolic figure in the period is Sir George
Gilbert Scott

Examples:

• Heathcote, Ilkley, Yorkshire by Sir Edwin

Lutyens

• The University Museum, Oxford by

Benjamin Woodward

• Tudor Cathedral, Cornwall by J. L.

Pearson

18TH - 20TH CENTURY DIVIDED INTO TWO

PHASES:

1830 – 1900 Period

• July Monarchy - characterized by Neo –

Ren.
• Liverpool Cathedral by Sir George Gilbert • Second Empire - characterized by High
Scott Neo – renaissance phase whose main

All rights reserved © Claudia Isabelle Montero W ORLD: 18 th -19 th REVIVAL | 79

 History of architecture | world architecture

features are the “mansard roof & TERMINOLOGIES:

pavilion roof”
• Third Republic – characterized by Neo –
Baroque

Examples:

• Theater Francais, Paris by J.V. Louis

• Art Noveau – an Art free from any

historical style.

Characteristic of Art Noveau

- Organic & Dynamic form

- Curving Design
- Simplification of Structural elements

• Library of S. Geneveve, Paris by Henry

Labrouste

• Ecclecticism – the selection of elements

from diverse styles for architectural
decorative designs, different historical
styles combined
• Eiffel Tower by Gustave Eiffel

All rights reserved © Claudia Isabelle Montero W ORLD: 18 th -19 th REVIVAL | 80

 History of architecture | world architecture

• Architectonic – related or conforming to

technical and architectural principles
• Classicism – a revival or return to the
principles of Greek or Roman Art & Arch

• Realism – founded in a theory that the

foremost quality of a bldg. should be truth.
• Neo – Classicism – the last phase of
The discovery of “steel” was to allow these
European Class, in the late 18th & 19th
principles to be translated into reality
century characterized by monumentality,
strict use of the orders & application of
ornaments.

-End of Section-

• De Stijl Architecture – a movement

founded by a group of Dutch painters,
Architects, & abolishes all styles & liberate
art from representation and individual
expression

All rights reserved © Claudia Isabelle Montero W ORLD: 18 th -19 th REVIVAL | 81