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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

The general description of the study, which is based on background

and rationale, problem statement, hypothetical and conceptual system,

centrality of considers, scope and impediment, as well as definition of

terms should be examined in this chapter.

Background and Rationale of the Study

Poultry farming, particularly the production of chicken layers, plays

a vital role in the agricultural sector of the Philippines. Poultry farming,

particularly the production of chicken layers, is crucial in the Philippines’

agricultural sector. In resource-poor rural communities, village hens

contribute to food security, income generation, and cultural

considerations.

Overall, animal husbandry plays a critical role for development

countries' socioeconomic position and poultry farming is particularly

important. The main reasons why resource poor rural communities are

keeping village hens include food security, extra income from cash

production and religious cultural considerations. Most rural and peri-urban

households in developing countries keep small flocks of local free-range

chickens. However, most communities lack the poultry farming skills,

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training, and opportunities needed to effectively increase household

chicken production (Mozi et al., 2013).

In Africa, poultry production has made important contributions to

protein, nourishment security, work and salary for resource-limited

populaces (Kabir et al., 2015; Ngongolo et al., 2019).

According to Andrew et al. (2019), poultry farming significantly

contributes to nourishment security whereas building up ladies as

supporters to the socio-economic wealth of their families. Domestication

of chickens through the introduction of new breeds is also attracting

attention in rural and urban areas of Tanzania, particularly Dodoma.

Other studies have identified a number of issues such as markets,

diseases, and predators that can limit chicken productivity. According to

Ngongoro et al. (2019), some challenges in chicken production include

predation, disease, and markets. Moreover, according to Chuma (2019),

parasitic infestation and maladies such as Newcastle malady, irresistible

bursal malady, and coccidiosis are hindering the growth of Tanzania's

poultry industry.

In particular, rural areas where the indigenous chicken is reared as

a sole breeding type have been subject to social economic studies on

poultry production.
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According to the 2020 census, the population of Western Visayas

increased to 7,954,723. The Visayas island group represents 38.65% of the

total population, which amounts to 7.2 % of the Philippines' overall

population. It has a density of 383 people per square kilometer, or 992

inhabitants per square mile. Four categories can be given to the problems

facing local people: livelihoods, living conditions, education or social

improvement.

The quality of life of the rural population is affected by these

deficiencies. All of these issues reduce revenue generation are food

scarcity, feeding stuffs and fuels; insufficient accommodation; poor water

management; unemployment and underemployment; lack of purchasing

power; farmland yield is low and small livestock farm. Once the rural

population begins to earn a decent living, they will be able to overcome

other issues. Planning for the agricultural sector must be managed to

prioritize livestock production. One enterprise that operates poultry

farming, which has established itself as one of rural society's most popular

sources of employment. Furthermore, it received a lot of attention in terms

of nutritional content. Poultry farming has been shown to increase both

production per hectare and productivity per head in the agriculture

industry. Guimaras portrays poultry farming in a positive light. There is an

increase in the number of poultry farms for commercial purposes and

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these jobs are directly or indirectly created by both skilled and untrained

workers.

The goal of this study was to describe poultry farming for chicken

layers in the province of Guimaras, as well as to generate empirical

evidence about production practices and marketability. Furthermore, a

correlational survey research design was used to highlight the problems

and opportunities in Guimaras poultry farming, with a particular emphasis

on economic and financial aspects.

The pressing needs and demands of poultry product in the market

of province of Guimaras, as the researcher and a poultry owner drives

me to further the study of production practices and marketability of

chicken layer in the province of Guimaras.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims at determining the methods of production practices

and marketability of chicken layers in the province of Guimaras.

The following questions will be addressed by this research:

1. What is the level of production practices as a whole and in terms

of planning, control, and innovation?

2. What is the extent of marketability as a whole and in terms of

price, quality, and customer needs?

3. Is there a significant difference in the level of production

practices when grouped according to their sex, age, educational

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attainment, poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer

chicken farming and poultry scale?

4. Is there a significant difference in the marketability when grouped

according to factors such as sex, age, educational attainment, poultry

farming experience, monthly income, types of layer chicken farming, and

poultry scale?

5. Is there a significant relationship between production practices

and the marketability of chicken layers in the province of Guimaras.

Hypotheses of the study

Based on the problems stated, the following hypotheses will be tested:

1. There is no significant difference in production practices when

grouped according to factors such as sex, age, educational

attainment, poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of

layer chicken farming, and poultry scale.

2. There is no significant difference in the marketability when grouped

according to factors such as sex, age, educational attainment,

poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer chicken

farming, and poultry scale.

3. There is no significant relationship between production practices

and the marketability of chicken layers in the province of Guimaras.

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on Robert Dorfman's (2023) production theory.

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This theory describes the principles that determine how much of

each good a company sells (its "output" or "product") and how much of

all the goods it produces are utilized. The type of labor, raw materials,

fixed capital, etc. ('inputs' or 'factors of production') employed. Many

important economic principles are incorporated into this theory. This

incorporates, on the one hand, the relationship between the cost of a

product and the costs of the components of generation (or

compensation or rents) utilized to deliver it; on the other hand, the

relationship between the cost of a product and the components of

generation and the amount of the item.

Moreover, this study is based on the Dow Theory. It is a technical

method that predicts an upward slant in advertise when one of its

midpoints rises over a past critical tall, went with by or taken after by a

comparative rise in another related normal. Charles Dow (1986)

developed this theory, which divides the process into three stages:

accumulation, public participation (or big move), and excess. Dow's

theory, when applied to poultry owners' marketability, can provide a

structured framework for understanding how poultry owners facilitate

marketability.

Dow's Theory can be related as a theoretical framework for this

study:
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Firstly, the accumulation phase, prices are increased in conjunction

with a rise in quantity.

Secondly: Public Participation (or Mass Movement) Phase:

Individual and retail investors begin to notice the uptrend and

participate.

Thirdly, surplus phase: experienced investors and traders start to exit

the market while a larger average investor population continues to build

up their positions.

Using Dow's Theory, a theoretical framework can guide researchers

in understanding the role of poultry owners in marketability and

preparations of their farm production. By breaking down into distinct

stages, researchers can gain insights into the strategies and challenges

faced by poultry owners at each phase and the factors that contribute

to successful production practices and marketability.

In conclusion, the production theory and Dow’s theory of

marketability must work together to complete the process of seeking

good practices in production and market that serve as a framework,

therefore, the role of the respondents become dynamic. And for them to

maintain the good practices in their poultry farming and to maintain

excellent performance and successful market.

The theories mentioned were found to be appropriate as

framework of the study because they discuss about the production

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practices as bridges for effective market. They dealt with the concepts

which are the focus of the investigation of the study.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 depicts the relationship of each variable in this study's

conceptual framework. The independent variables will be gender, age,

educational attainment, poultry farming experience, and monthly

income, while the dependent variables will be production practices and

marketability.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Production Practices

Socio-Demographic Profile - Planning

- Sex - Control
- Age - Innovation
- Educational
Background
- Poultry Farming
Experience
- Monthly Income
- Types of Layer
Chicken Farming Marketability
- Poultry Scale
- Price
- Quality
- Customer needs

Figure 1. Schematic diagram illustrating the relationship among variables.

This study’s participants will be the poultry farmers in the province of

Guimaras. The study pertains to the production practices and

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marketability of their chicken layers. Further, as shown in the diagram, the

components of production practices are planning, control, and

innovation, while the components of marketability are price, quality, and

customer needs.

Thus, this study will concentrate on the dependent variables.

Moreover, in determining the relationship between production practices

and marketability of chicken layer, the components of the independent

variables will aid in determining the level or extent of the relationship,

considering the independent variables. For instance, the respondents’

monthly income might impact how they perceive production practices

and marketability in their farming.

Scope and Delimitations of the Study

The study focused on finding out the level of production practices

and the extent of marketability of chicken layers in the province of

Guimaras from 2023 up to the present.

This is a survey-correlational research design with 174 respondents

from the identified municipalities of Guimaras.

The independent variables were limited to the socio demographic

profile of the respondents, which include sex, age, educational

attainment, poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer

chicken farming and poultry scale. The independent variables were the
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production practices such as planning, control and innovation and

marketability categorized into price, quality and customer’s needs.

A researcher-made questionnaire was constructed to gather the

needed data. The statistical tools were limited to frequency count,

percentage, mean, t-test, Anova and Pearson r. The level qof

significance is set at alpha .05. All statistical data were computer

processed.

The conduct of the study was limited to the availability of the

respondents and Municipal Mayors due to schedule. Distance of Roxas

City to the province of Guimaras where the questionnaires will be

retrieve.

Significance of the Study

This study will be helpful for future studies or research in the same

context. The implications of this study will provide a roadmap for a

broader understanding and further exploration in multiple dimensions of

future similar studies. Future research can identify and benchmark best

production practices and marketability of chicken layers. This could lead

to the development of more effective production practices and

marketability for poultry farmers. The study of production practices and

marketability of chicken layers carries profound significance for various

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stakeholders in the farming and business ecosystem, such as the

following:

Poultry Owners. Poultry owners can benefit from an environment

that promotes their professional growth and expertise. Good

management and new knowledge about farming and its best practices

can have good production and high market value. Promotes a

collaborative culture where farmers feel valued and are encouraged to

share and implement innovative production practices. Thus, this study will

inspire poultry farmers to continuously seek improvement and best

practices for their farming production and its markets.

Consumer. Encourages consumers to engage themselves in buying

marketable chicken layers with quality and low-priced chicken layers.

Business Administrators. This study will aid the administrators in the

business system in formulating and communicating a strategic vision for

farming, setting a positive tone for poultry priorities. Insights from this study

can influence policy-making, ensuring that production and marketability

best practices align with desired outcomes. Also, this study will guide the

production, training for poultry owners, and effective management of

poultry farming and markets which can effectively drive change and

high production and marketability.

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Researchers. Studies on production practices and marketability

provide a rich dataset for academic and business analysis, helping

researchers identify patterns, best practices, and areas for improvement.

Existing research sets the groundwork for more in-depth, specialized

studies in specific areas, such as the production and marketability of

chicken layers. These studies bridge the gap between business theories,

related studies, and organizational behavior, promoting interdisciplinary

research.

Definition of Terms

This study provides the conceptual and operational definition of

terms to understand the variables and their components that will be

investigated better.

Control. It refers to the measurement and modification of

management activities and their effectiveness within an organization to

ensure that the organization's goals and the plans created for it are

achieved (Z. Qin, 2023). In this study, it refers to the poultry workers using

effective and best practices in production to make their farming

commendable in the province of Guimaras and to answer the market

demand of chicken layers.

Customer Needs. Refers to a need that motivates a customer to

purchase a product or service, (T. Stobierski, 2020). In this study, it refers to

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the poultry workers marketability techniques to cater and answer the

needs of their clients to make their products known in the market.

Innovation. It refers to a word commonly used in the business world

and usually means something that is risky, expensive, and time-consuming

for a company (Tienkien, 2013). In this study, it refers to the poultry workers

best practices in their poultry farming to address the issues and concerns

in the production of chicken layers.

Marketability. Refers to securities that are traded on a National

Securities Exchange or over the counter, (lawinsider.com). This study

refers to the extent of marketability of chicken layers as a whole and in

terms of price, quality, and customer needs.

Planning. It refers to the thought processes necessary for intelligent

action, organized foresight, and a vision based on facts and experience

(Haimann, 2014). In this study, it refers to the preparations of poultry

workers to attain an excellent performance in their chicken layer’s

production.

Price. The amount of money and/or other practical items required

to purchase the product (W. Stanton, 2017). This study refers to the market

pricing strategy of chicken layer products.

Production Practices. It indicates that all operating conditions and

observations need to be recorded to establish a database for

troubleshooting products (Elsevier, 2023). This study refers to the level of

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production practices as a whole and in terms of planning, control, and

innovation.

Quality. Refers to all elements of our products that create value for

our customers or stakeholders or that are necessary for our products and

services to meet relevant standards and regulations (Yang, 2013). This

study refers to the value and preferences of chicken layer products in the

market.
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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section presents the related literature, both foreign and local,

which are related to the production practices and marketability of

chicken layers. A synthesis is found at the end of this section which

presents the similarities and differences of the literature cited and their

relation to the study.

Foreign Literature

This section presents literature related to the production oractices

and marketability of chicken layers in a foreign setting.

Production Practices. Production procedures and materials are classified

by the USDA as “permitted,” “prohibited,” or “regulated.” Permitted and

prohibited materials uses and practices apply throughout the state.

Regulated materials and processes may vary by region. According to

Kinnon, 2013, regulated practices and temporary use of materials may be

approved by the Department if proven necessary.

Agrarian investigate and improvement (R&D) partners consider rural

hones to be imaginative (Gupta et al. 2019; Verret et al. 2020), flighty

(Blanchard et al. 2017), or degenerate (Modernel et al. 2017). There is a

growing interest in discovering and learning. al.) If it's not too much

trouble consider or promising (Elzen et al. 2017) These partners continually

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take part in these exercises to bolster advancement in other agrarian

frameworks. Conveying on guarantees by recognizing specialty

advancements, Salembier et al. (2016), Blanchard et al. (2017) and

Penburn et al. (2019) all talk about a few of the alluring properties of the

created strategy. Sarambia et al. (2016) emphasized the significance of

counting farmers' assessment criteria within the examination of editing

frameworks. These ponders illustrate the consistently expanding

acknowledgment of such approaches, not as it were in investigate but

moreover in improvement organizations (expansion administrations,

specialized educate, etc.), as well as the ought to step back and

appreciate this differences and create hypothetical rules. We report the

require for advance advancement.

Poultry processes feed efficiently. Foods derived from poultry are the most

nutritious, and eggs are not only delicious but also nutritious and

nutritionally balanced (Scanes et al. , 2014).

Poultry contributes significantly to human welfare by providing food,

generating income and employment, providing raw materials for certain

industries, and facilitating research. In low-income countries with food

shortages, poultry owners raise small numbers of poultry, ranging from

one to several hundred birds, and poultry accounts for up to 80% of the

poultry population (Pym et al. , 2016).

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Food fraud is the act of deliberately deceiving consumers by adding

foreign substances to products in order to obtain economic benefit.

When it comes to meat products, we often mislabel the animal the meat

was sourced from, add various "fillers", mislabel the process the meat has

undergone, or mislabel animal welfare quality. food fraud may occur.

Producers may be economically motivated to name cheaper options as

premium items, in this manner damaging consumers' right to data

approximately their nourishment items. Conventional strategies for

recognizing nourishment extortion incorporate atomic procedures,

chromatography, isotopic strategies, spectroscopy, tactile examination,

and immunological testing (Danezis et al. , 2016).

Conventional strategies for identifying nourishment extortion are time-

consuming, labor-intensive, repetitive, and require test annihilation

(Kamruzzaman et al. , 2014). The definition of nourishment extortion is so

wide that it is troublesome to discover innovation capable sufficient to

distinguish all sorts of nourishment extortion. In this manner, there's no

standardized strategy to guarantee compliance with EU directions. HSI

can be utilized as an elective to conventional strategies for standardized

mass location of nourishment extortion.

Four thinks about have utilized HSI to distinguish nourishment extortion in

poultry items. All ponders utilized line-by-line securing with reflection

mode. Nourishment extortion of chicken in minced meat (Kamruzzaman

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et al. , 2014), mislabeling of broilers as cage-free chicken (Xiong et al. ,

2015b), and separation of meat and bone supper (MBM) between pork

and poultry (Goodness et al. , 2017) examined all sorts of nourishment

extortion. Separating proteins from handled pork, chicken, and angle

(Garrido-Novell et al. , 2018). The primary think about that utilized HSI to

identify nourishment debasement in poultry items (Kamruzzaman et al.,

2014) pointed to distinguish nourishment contaminated in chicken meat

in ground meat. Food fraud is particularly difficult to detect in minced

meat because all discernible morphological features are destroyed. This

allows manufacturers to easily use cheaper meat as filler in their products.

Ground meat tests were blended with 0–50% ground chicken tests at 2%

interims. A halfway slightest squares relapse (PLSR) demonstrate based on

assimilation unearthly profiles was found to be the most excellent

demonstrate to distinguish nourishment extortion in ground meat. The

PLSR show was rerun with as it were the five ideal wavelengths and a

prescient outline was made based on the personality of each pixel. The

strategy utilized in this think about was effective in identifying and

visualizing bolster extortion in ground chicken, illustrating the potential for

broad application.

After 1 year, HSI was utilized to distinguish between free-range and broiler

chickens (Xiong et al., 2015b). Slow-growing chickens that are kept with

get to to an open air zone are considered free-range chickens. Buyers

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cannot tell the distinction between cage-free and broiler chickens based

on tactile characteristics in dazzle taste tests (Lawlor et al. , 2003;

Castellini et al. , 2008). This implies that buyers purchase cage-free

chickens not as it were for the taste, but moreover for the lodging

conditions that are suitable for the breed. Since shoppers have trouble

recognizing chickens based on tactile characteristics, makers may

mislabel broilers as cage-free chickens for money related reasons. In any

case, the two sorts of chicken require distinctive sorts and sums of bolster

due to their diverse get to to nature. This made it conceivable to

recognize between free-range and broiler chickens (Xiong et al. , 2015b).

Breast meat cuts were cut from free-range and broiler chicken carcasses

and imaged with Vis-NIR. After combining unearthly information chosen

by progressive projection calculation (SPA) with surface information

chosen by PCA and consequent grayscale coexistence network, a spiral

premise work vector machine show is found to be the ideal classification

show. The show recognized between free-range and broiler chicken with

tall exactness.

To maintain a strategic distance from intraspecific reusing, it is vital to

check the root of meat items. Intraspecies utilize of pigs is right now

precluded by EU Control (EC) No. 1774/2002, which entered into

constrain on 12 May 2003 (pig must not be encouraged pig by-products).

Poultry by-products can be utilized as bolster that meets administrative

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prerequisites (Gracious et al. 2017). Guaranteeing compliance with this

direction can be troublesome, particularly since creature by-products

utilized as nourish bear small likeness to recognizable parts of the

creature. MBM reduces food waste and is a cost-effective feed option.

However, to prevent intraspecific recycling, it is necessary to identify the

animal's origin. Gracious, and others. (2017) utilized his HSI to recognize

butchered meat from poultry and pork. A blended test of pork and

poultry creature meat was captured and modeled utilizing PLS. This

illustrated that HSI can precisely recognize the beginning of exceedingly

rendered meat.

The latest research to determine the origin of meat-based products uses

processed animal proteins to differentiate between pork, chicken, and

fish proteins. In this study, individual samples were not mixed before

imaging (e.g. , poultry samples contained only poultry and poultry

byproducts, and poultry and fish samples contained only poultry and

poultry byproducts). Following imaging, spectral and textural data for

species identification were modeled using partial least squares

discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and fused using a classification tree.Data

fusion enabled the identification of processed pork, chicken, and fish

proteins compared to a pure spectral PLS-DA model (Garrido-Novell et al.

, 2018).
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With one exception, most of the existing research focuses on determining

the origin of meat. There are no published studies to detect fillers or

processing that may have been done to chicken products (e.g. ,

detection of previously frozen chicken products that were incorrectly

labeled as fresh). Future HSI research and commercial applications may

provide a standardized method for detecting a wide range of food

tampering.

Poultry items sullied with Salmonella and Campylobacter have been

found to be the foremost common cause of foodborne ailment in people

(EFSA and ECDC, 2016). Current screening strategies are inadequately to

avoid sullied and substandard poultry items from entering the showcase

due to the nearness of contaminants at the retail level and the

proceeded event of foodborne ailment. Moreover, deterioration of

poultry items due to bacterial defilement comes about in monetary

misfortunes for makers and retailers (Rouger et al. , 2017). HSI was used in

a total of 20 studies to detect microbial contamination in poultry

products. Line scans with fluorescence, reflection, and transmission

modes were used. Methods for detecting microbial contaminants include

bacterial infection symptoms (sepsis and toxicosis), microbes on agar,

microbes on prepared surfaces, microscopic organisms on poultry items,

and location of microscopic organisms utilizing HMI.

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Bacterial contamination pertaining to poultry products is traditionally

determined by collecting bacteria from spot samples of the product. This

is problematic because it doesn't accurately represent what's going on

with the product as a whole. HSI was used in four of his studies to directly

detect bacteria on chicken products. There was no attempt to use high-

throughput processing lines in any of the studies.

The primary think about that utilized HSI to distinguish microscopic

organisms in poultry items pointed to foresee the common intestinal

bacterial stack on chicken filets (Feng et al. , 2010). Chicken filet tests

were obtained from a grocery store and refrigerated at 4°C. I took out

one pack each day and shot for a add up to of 9 days. Test cuts were

smoothed in Petri dishes and imaged within the NIR unearthly extend.

Folliwing imaging, post-incubation colony count samples were

homogenized and boiled in agar to determine the reference

Enterobacteriaceae load. The model was successful in predicting enteric

bacterial contamination of chicken fillets using PLSR. Natural

Pseudomonas load in chicken fillets was predicted by Feng and Sun

(2013). Such an experimental method was used to image samples every

12 hours for the last three dimensions of the nine-dimensional experiment,

similar to previous studies. An optimal model for predicting Pseudomonas

loads was developed using a PLSR model with 14 optimal wavelengths.

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Additionally, HSI can be used to predict the total number of viable TVC

bacteria naturally present in chicken (Feng and Sun, 2012). TVC is an

estimate in bacterial concentration that can be used to predict bacterial

spoilage. Samples were gathered from nearby stores and kept at a

temperature of 4°C until visible signs of decomposition, such as slime or

odor, were observed. Feng and Sun (2013) used the same procedure to

section and image samples over 9 D. A PLSR model based on absorption

spectral profiles was found to be more accurate than models based on

reflectance or Kubelka-Minck spectral profiles in predicting TVC. HSI was

used in a recent study (Ye et al., 2016) to predict the number of natural

TVCs in chicken breast fillets. He sampled one batch at a local

supermarket, kept it at 4°C for 11 days, and photographed it every 24

hours. A "dual-band freshness index" based on correlation coefficient was

proposed in this study for estimating the TVC load employing only two

wavelengths. It is proposed to use the dual-band freshness index instead

of the PLSR model so that the model building can be constructed more

efficiently as less wavelength data is required. However, R2 0. 68 was

significantly lower than the value provided by the PLSR model (Ye et al. ,

2016).

The chicken breast was used as the sample in the majority of studies that

attempted to detect bacteria directly from poultry products. Bacteria, on

the other hand, are more common on poultry skin than on meat (Rouger
 24

et al., 2017). More research is needed to detect bacteria on poultry skin.

Because bacteria can live undetected within the feather follicle, this can

be difficult.

In the following study, HMI was used to detect Salmonella serotypes at

various incubation times (Eady et al., 2015). Five different Salmonella

serotypes were isolated from chicken rinses to prepare the samples. The

same vaccination method as in Park et al. (2015) study was used, and the

incubation time was 8-12 h. Bacteria were resuspended in sterile water

before imaging, and 3 L of this solution was placed on a microscope

slide, air-dried, and covered with a coverslip. We captured cells at

different life cycle stages and thus incubation time variations in scattering

patterns by imaging bacteria at different incubation times. SIMCA was

used by Eadie et al. (2015) to classify Salmonella serotypes after 8 and 24

hours with comparable accuracy, demonstrating the potential of her

HMI.

The best classification methods to differentiate between Eady et al.'s

classification methods (PLS-DA, K-nearest neighbor classification, LDA,

QDA, and SVM) were then investigated by (Park et al., 2017). Serotypes of

Salmonella enterica were used. The samples were prepared in the same

way that Park et al. (2015) did. According to the findings, SVM is the best

method for distinguishing Gram-positive serotypes. Because not all

bacterial serotypes are harmful to health, the food industry must be able
 25

to distinguish between them. Stereotyping is also used to track down the

source of Salmonella (CDC, 2015).

A recent study (Eady et al., 2019) compared the detection of Salmonella

in chicken rinse water using HMI with real-time PCR. Pure Salmonella

typhimurium stock and pre-chilled chicken carcass rinse were used for

sample preparation. Stock societies were vaccinated into tryptic soy

broth overnight at 35°C, centrifuged, pelleted, and included to water

until 109 CFU/mL was gotten. Furthermore, flushes from two chicken

carcasses were hatched with 100 CFU overnight. Streak was saved for

wild creatures. Plating BGS agar 105 weakenings and hatching overnight

at 35°C yielded 25–250 CFU/plate. To classify microbes, real-time PCR

required two Ds, though HMI required as it were one D. This ponder is

critical since it straightforwardly compared the HMI with the current

discovery standard (PCR) and appeared that the HMI can perform fast

and exact classification.

Ghee, et al. (2015) which had evaluated that a notable success in

increasing farmer incomes and national economic returns through the

contact farming system which has been estimated to dominate 75

percent of the Malaysia’s chicken meat production through efficient

integrated production. The survival of layers contract farmers depended

on their performance and profitability.

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Moreover, D’Silva (2015), contract farming has tremendous potential to

boost the agricultural sector. The survival of the of the industry depended

very much on three major factors, namely its effectiveness, ability to

withstand obstacles in the competitive market and the competitiveness

of those who run the business which relates on production practices

which is incorporated with planning, control and the sake of customer’s

needs. In order to meet consumer expectations, the poultry industry must

step up its transparency and provide consumers what they want Conway

(2016).

Similarly, Odo (2013) that electrical equipment are used to automate

activities and reduce physical hardship for poultry production equipment

for large material flow in feed, water, ventilation, air, electricity, neat

energy, lighting and other electrical equipment required as inputs in the

production process. Furthermore, Ekpong (2015) was of the view that

feeding equipment are controlled by electrical facilities like Automatic

feeder which feed is supplied to the entire height of the poultry house by

specially designed feed troughs with auger type or chain type devices to

move the feed from the bins to the end which is operated with electricity

and the height can be adjusted depending on the age of the birds.

Additionally, it has also been a lot of research on the impact of

agricultural machinery on agricultural production (Deng et al., 2020),

which has primarily focused on cost savings and quality and efficiency
 27

improvements. For instance, rising labor costs are a significant contributor

to the decline in agricultural profitability (Li et al., 2017). Agricultural

machinery service costs are generally lower than labor costs (Tian et al.,

2020). Farmers who use agricultural machinery can reduce labor costs

significantly (Yao, 2009; Luo and Qiu, 2021). Furthermore, agricultural

machinery can perform land leveling and land preparation, which

improves agricultural resource utilization and reduces the need for weed

and insect pest control (He et al., 2018; Nam et al., 2021). Furthermore,

agricultural mechanization can perform combined fertilization and

sowing, which not only ensures sowing accuracy but also lowers seed

and fertilizer costs (Liu and Zhou, 2018) Ayagre (2018), use of antibiotics

in poultry and livestock production benefits farmers and the economy

because it improves poultry performance effectively and economically.

However, the likely dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains of

pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms into the environment, and

their subsequent transmission to humans via the food chain, could have

serious consequences for public health. Moreover, Chicken producers

have always followed strict government regulations regarding antibiotic

use, ensuring that antibiotics are used responsibly. Chicken producers

have taken proactive and voluntary steps to find alternative disease

control methods while reducing antibiotic use, phasing out those that are

most critical to human medicine (Ian, 2018).

 28

Zhou (2023) which states that wind energy is another renewable energy

resource that farmers can use to power their farms. Farmers can

generate electricity using wind turbines in areas where wind energy is

abundant. Another significant source of renewable energy in agriculture

is bioenergy, which is abundant in agriculture. According to studies,

bioenergy alone could meet 30%-40% of the world's energy needs by

2050 (Holm-Nielsen et al., 2006). The raw material required for bioenergy is

abundant and inexpensive in the agriculture sector, including agriculture,

food livestock, and municipal solid waste. The use of biowaste in

agriculture can aid in the production of biogas, which can then be used

to generate electricity. David (2013), financing and marketing are central

to success or failure in poultry farming. Taneja et al., (2013) found that

economical breeding and timely marketing are important success factors

in poultry farming. According to Ramappa (2015), efficient husbandry is

the basis for success in layer and broiler chicken farming. To successfully

raise chickens, Thomas suggested using locally available feed processed

into a balanced diet and raising chickens in a backyard system.

According to Atkala et al., (2014), a key success factor in layer and

broiler chicken farming is the reduction of feed waste. The degree of

microbiological and chemical contamination determines meat safety,

while the nutritional quality of poultry meat is influenced by high-value

protein content, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, cholesterol, and other

 29

biologically active compounds. Meat color, aroma, texture, and flavor

are all important sensory characteristics. Customers frequently seek meat

that is low in fat, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant aroma and flavor

(Walley, 2015).

Additionaly, Gueye (2022), the market variation between the two study

sites could be influenced by a variety of factors such as consumer choice

and demand, product pricing, breed of chickens kept, colors, and sex of

chicken. According to a study conducted in Senegal, indigenous

chickens are preferred above other varieties Other factors that have

been found to influence product markets include distance to the market,

product quality and quantity, body weight (or, indirectly, age), illness

outbreaks, socio-cultural events, and season of the year (e.g., more

demand on festival days such as Christmas) (Gueye, 2022). According

to Khiyavi (2022), variations in manufacturing costs are proportionately

transferred to retail pricing. The inputs have an immediate and long-term

impact on chicken meat wholesale and retail pricing (Erdem et al., 2011).

Feed prices are the most important factor influencing chicken meat

supply. Price variations in these inputs have an impact on chicken meat

market regulation (Khiyavi et al., 2022). Abdel (2014), states that the egg

quality is defined by a number of standards that define both external and

interior quality. Internal quality is determined by measuring the yolk

height, yolk color, albumin viscosity, and Haugh unit. External quality, on
 30

the other hand, refers to the eggshell thickness, egg width, egg height,

and cleanliness. The Haugh unit is a unit of measurement for egg

freshness that is related to shelf life. The fraction of injured eggs during

transit and handling is related to eggshell thickness. there were no

significant variations in yolk color, egg diameter, egg height, or eggshell

thickness in this investigation. Abdel-Wareth and Lohakare, (2014),

previously claimed that peppermint oil increased eggshell thickness,

which was not found in the current investigation. Philippine Statistics

Authority (2021) states that total chicken egg production in the Philippines

is steadily increasing. The production of chicken eggs was estimated to

be 605.79 thousand metric tons, a 3.9% increase over the previous

year.583.23 million metric tons.

Future work is required to form a comprehensive collection of bacterial

fingerprints to form a strong classification asset that considers more

bacterial fingerprints. To immobilize microbes, all detailed HMI tests

utilized dried tests on slides some time recently imaging. Although this

method can be utilized on slides, it isn't appropriate for specifically

identifying microscopic organisms on poultry items or on handling

hardware in a genuine handling environment.

Furthermore, these innovative technologies used to address issues and

problems in poultry farming will be extremely beneficial, particularly given

the rapid spread of chicken diseases in the region. Furthermore, the

 31

adoption of these best practices in chicken layer production will have an

impact on the market. Because the best the production practices the

quality the products so the market.

Local Literature

This section presents literature related to the production practices

and marketability of chicken layers in a local setting.

Filipino farmers rely primarily on local chickens from the Philippines for their

meat and eggs. It is exceedingly populated and broadly conveyed due

to its unparalleled capacity to deliver meat and eggs with negligible

administration, 'intervention, and inputs. The significance of local chickens

in Philippine farming and economy is broadly recognized. It'll proceed to

contribute essentially to the steady supply of meat and eggs, giving an

extra source of salary for numerous provincial Filipino agriculturists.

Numerous Filipinos incline toward the meat since of its special flavor,

leanness, and pigmentation. Numerous ranchers in Western Visayas have

long depended on residential chicken generation as a solid source of

pay. It gives them with extra wage and a source of protein. Farmers use

not only to diversify resources, but also to save money and as insurance

against periodic shortages (Cabarles, 2015). Philippine Statistics Authority

(2021) states that total chicken egg production in the Philippines is

steadily increasing. The production of chicken eggs was estimated to be

 32

605.79 thousand metric tons, a 3.9% increase over the previous

year.583.23 million metric tons.

On an article by Department of Agriculture (2022), it was stated

that small holder or Egg Backyard operations are for self-consumption

and for selling something extra in the community as a family income.

Commercial farms table eggs are sold to community in wholesale and /

or retail . Viajeros or Department of Trade and Industry registered traders

who have applied for transport carrier license with the Department of

Agriculture, These viajeros commonly distribute to wet markets and egg

users in the food processing , food service , hotels and restaurant sectors.

Big wholesale buyers are egg traders with large warehouses in key

demand centers and facilitate the distribution to institutional and retail

segment. Egg products are generally sold to institutional and select retail

outlet. These egg products commonly undergoes pasteurization process

for food safety. Additionally, In terms of agribusiness, the associations

have an important economic function such as the provision of collective

goods, minimisation of transaction costs for members, changes in the

structure of institutions for the benefit of their associates, economies of

scale, conflict resolution, defense of members’ interests, the role of

coordinator between companies, and representation and

communication (Castro et al., 2015; Nassar, 2001; Saes, 2000). Moreover,

the associations are linked directly to the increase in productivity and

 33

efficiency of the associates (Neves et al., 2017). In recent years,

agricultural associations have occupied an increasingly broad space in

the government spheres, actively participating in discussions and

positioning themselves as byessential agents in supporting public

authorities for the development of sector policies. For this reason,

associations should gain even more space in the coming years, and it is

necessary to pay attention to some essential points to ensure that they

achieve the final goal.

Based on a study conducted in Odiongan, Romblon by Falculan

and Aungon (2023), states that poultry farmers are skilled in performing

poultry production skills but not technical poultry production capacities.

The number of finances and market availability dissatisfies poultry

growers. Several of the poultry farmers are full members of a cooperative

or group for the industry. The majority of poultry farmers used

cooperatives to obtain financing for their businesses. Finance was

provided to poultry growers, but it was not easily accessible. They added

that poultry producers have easy access to land, freshwater for their

feed, and transportation. Most poultry farmers commuted on their

personal motorcycles. The majority of poultry farmers had the opportunity

to sell their products. For chicken farmers, the price is decided by market

behavior.
 34

Cavite et. Al (2014) enumerated the three key factors that

contribute to the profitability of poultry farming. Firstly, the universal need

for food, a fundamental requirement for humanity, ensures a constant

demand for consumable domestic birds. Secondly, in a country with

overpopulation, such as the current situation, the substantial demand for

food, specifically eggs and meat, is heightened. Thirdly, the growing

awareness of health implications associated with red meat has led to an

increased demand for white meat, with poultry serving as a prominent

source of this alternative. In addition, in contemporary poultry farming,

ensuring profitability necessitates expertise at every step. Optimal chicken

and breed selection is crucial, considering factors such as meatiness, fat

content, and egg production frequency. To guide this process,

veterinarians and scientists have been engaged to assist in determining

the desired characteristics for the chickens.

However, in another study by According to a study in Oriental

Mindoro by Magnaye et. al (2023), they stated that business owners in

Bansud, Oriental Mindoro are aware of ICT integration and utilize social

media for sales monitoring. Implementing the Chick to Clicks technique

with mobile apps and online platforms can optimize poultry

management, expand market reach, and improve production. ICT

provides real-time monitoring, data analytics, and enhanced business

performance for farmers.

 35

Palada et. Al (2020) stated sex, age, and education were found to have

no significant influence on the percent change in knowledge level

among the farmer-respondents. It may be concluded from the study that

the training on commercial poultry and table egg production has

resulted a significant effect on the knowledge level of the farmers.

In addition, the production practices of poultry farmers includes all the

methods, innovations or best practices in production that may help to

raise the economical growth of the province and the demands of their

chicken layer products not only within their municipalities but across the

region or even abroad.

Synthesis

Both foreign and local literatures show similarities to the current

study in indicating the level of production practices and the extent of

marketability. The succeeding text includes information from both local

and foreign literature, focusing on poultry production practices, food

fraud detection, and microbial contamination in poultry products.

Speaking of foreign literatures Kinnon (2013), Gupta et al. (2019),

Verret et al. (2020), Blanchard et al. (2017), Modernel et al. (2017),

Salembier et al. (2016), Penburn et al. (2019), Scanes et al. (2014), Pym et

al. (2016), Danezis et al. (2016), Kamruzzaman et al. (2014), Xiong et al.

(2015), Goodness et al. (2017), Garrido-Novell et al. (2018), Eady et al.

(2015), Park et al. (2017), Eady et al. (2019), Feng et al. (2010), Feng and
 36

Sun (2013), Ye et al. (2016), Rouger et al. (2017), EFSA and ECDC (2016)

their studies were focused on the regulated practices and temporary use

of materials in agriculture, innovative practices in agrarian R&D, poultry

contribution to human welfare, food fraud detection methods,

hyperspectral imaging (HIS) for food authenticity, and microbial

contamination detection in poultry products. Whereas, Cabarles (2015),

Department of Agriculture (2022), Castro et al. (2015), Falculan and

Aungon (2023), Cavite et al. (2014), Magnaye et al. (2023), Palada et al.

(2020) stated that Filipino farmers’ reliance on local chickens for meat

and eggs, the economic importance of local chickens in the Philippines,

poultry production practices in Odiongan, Romblon, factors contributing

to poultry farming profitability in the Philippines, and the use of ICT in

poultry management in Bansud, Oriental Mindoro.

Both local and foreign literatures discussed poultry production

practices, food fraud detection, and microbial contamination detection.

On poultry production practices local studies emphasized the

significance of local chickens for Filipino farmers, their role in providing

meat and eggs, and the use of cooperatives for financing. Similarly,

foreign literatures focuses on regulated practices, R&D partnerships, and

the efficiency of poultry processes. In terms of food fraud detection the

local studies doesn’t explicitly address food fraud detection.

Whereabouts, Foreign studies discussed conventional methods and

 37

introduces HIS as an alternative for detecting food fraud in poultry

products. Furthermore, speaking of microbial contamination detection,

local poultry farmers highlights the importance of microbial

contamination detection in poultry products, but mainly focuses on

traditional methods. While, the foreign ones explores the use of HIS for

direct detection of bacteria on chicken products and differentiates

Salmonella serotypes.

The two studies differ on research methods, detection techniques,

and scope used. Local studies on research methods primarily relies on

traditional methods and lacks emphasis on advanced. Whereas, foreign

studies advanced technologies like hyperspectral imaging (HIS) for food

authenticity and microbial contamination detection. In terms of scope:

Local studies focuses on local farming practices and challenges faced

by Filipino poultry farmers; however, foreign studies addresses global

perspectives, regulations, and advanced technologies in poultry

production. In detection techniques, local studies primarily relies on

traditional microbial detection methods. On the other hand, foreign

literatures explores the use of advanced techniques like HIS for both food

fraud and microbial contamination detection.

In conclusion, local literature emphasizes the importance of local

chickens for Filipino farmers, while foreign literature delves into advanced

technologies and global perspectives in poultry production and safety.

 38

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, research participants

and sampling procedure, research instrument used, data gathering

procedures, and data analysis and interpretation procedures.

Research Design

This study utilized survey-correlational research design. Survey-

correlational research design use written or oral surveys to quantify and

examine correlations between variables without the researcher

controlling or manipulating the variables (Madelaine, 2020). On the other

hand, the co-relational research design is depicted as having two

primary purposes – clarifying connections among factors and foreseeing

likely outcomes (Oquendo, 2020).

The survey research design was used in investigating the level of

production practices and the extent of marketability and socio-

demographic profiles of the respondents. Also, it was used to investigate

the differences in the respondent’s production practices and

marketability when grouped accordingly.

In addition, the researcher used the correlation technique to find

out the relationship between the respondent’s level of production

practices and the extent of marketability.

 39

The survey-correlational method was found appropriate for this

study since it describes the level of production practices and

marketability and determines the differences and the relationship

between and among the variables.

Research Participants and

Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study were the 174 out of 187 randomly

selected poultry workers in the municipalities of Guimaras for the year

2023-2024. The total population of the respondents were determined

through the list provided by the Municipalities Agriculturist Office. The

Slovin formula was utilized to find out the appropriate sample size. The

formula is:

n= N

1+N (e)2
Where:
n = sample size

N = total population

e = marginal of error (0.02)

Computation:

187
Ni =
1 + 187 (0.02)2
= 187
1 + 187 (0.0004)
= 187
1 + 0.0748
= 187
1.0748
= 173.98 or 174
 40

The proportional random sampling was utilized to determine the

appropriate sample for every municipality. A simple random sampling

ensures each person in the population can be selected during every

stage of the selection procedure. In this study, participants were

determined using the convenience sampling. The proportional allocation

formula used was:

n (Ni)
ni =
N
Where:

ni = sample size of poultry workers in each municipality

n = appropriate sample size of the study

Ni = population of poultry workers in each municipality

N = total population

Computation: (Sample size for the municipality of Nueva Valencia)

174 (42)
ni =
187
= 7, 308
187
= 39.08 or 39

Table 1. The distribution of respondents per municipality.

Total Sample
Municipality of Guimaras %
Population Size
1. Buenavista 36 34 19.54
2. Jordan 48 45 25.86
3. Nueva Valencia 42 39 22.41
4. San Lorenzo 38 35 20.11
5. Sibunag 23 21 12.08
Total 187 174 100%
 41

Research Instrument Used

The main research tool for acquiring the information required to

respond to the targeted queries were a researcher-made questionnaire.

That includes a covered letter explaining its purpose and assuring the

respondents of the confidentiality of their responses. The questionnaire

has three (3) kinds (see Appendix B, pages 76-89).

Part I dealt with the socio-demographic profile of the respondents,

including age, sex, educational attainment, poultry farming experience,

monthly income, types of chicken layer farming, and poultry scale.

Part II included items that determined the level of production

practices in terms of planning, control and innovation.

Part III included items that determined the extent of marketability in

terms of price, quality and customer’s needs.

The responses are scored and interpreted as follows:

Qualitative
Score Interval Meaning
Description
The condition of the statement
has far exceeded expectations. It
5
is demonstrated exceptionally
4.45 – 5.00 Always
well all the time.

The condition of the statement

exceeded the expectations. It is
4
Often demonstrated to a certain quality
3.45 – 4.44
and in a consistent manner.

The condition of the statement

3 meets the expectation. It is
Sometimes
2.44 – 3.44 demonstrated in a minimum
manner.
 42

The condition of the statement

fails to meet the expectation. It is
2
Seldom poorly demonstrated and in an
1.45 – 2.44
inconsistent manner.

The condition of the statement is

1
Never absent. The situation needs
1.00 – 1.44
serious attention.
NOTE: Negative statements are to be treated in reverse.

The questionnaire was validated by a panel of experts, which

includes an English critic, a research expert, and a statistician. Their

suggestions are included in the modification of the tool. Validity describes

the suitability, importance, and value of the information collected from

the inquiry about the instrument (Reganit et al., 2010, as cited by Enriquez,

2021). In like manner, the instrument was pre-tested by 30 poultry workers

in the province of Capiz. It was pilot-tested for its validity and reliability.

Data from the pre-tested respondents were computed using the

Cronbach Alpha. When the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was

.080 or more, but not more than 1.0 Calmorin (2007).

Data Gathering Procedure

Prior to the way the research is done, the researcher sends a

permission letter to the Municipal Mayors, to allow the researcher to float

the questionnaire and identify municipality and poultry workers. The

respondents will be given duplicates of the approved instrument, with the

confirmation that their answers will be held private.

 43

Moreover, in arrange to get a high rate of turn-out, the analyst

dispersed the surveys and recover them after completion to guarantee

100% recovery.

The questionnaires were gathered, computed, and tabulated in

Microsoft Excel and executed utilizing the Statistical Package for Social

Science Software (SPSS), scored, and given corresponding verbal

interpretation.

Data Analysis and Interpretation Procedure

After the retrieval of the questionnaire, they were collated, scored

and entered in the master data. Then, they were ready for computer

processing using a licensed IBM SPSS Statistics 28 program. The researcher

made sure that the responses were properly scored and assigned the

respective verbal interpretation for each indicator.

The frequency, percentage, mean, t-test, Anova, and Pearson r were the

statistical tools used to analyze and interpret the gathered data.

The profile of the respondents in terms of age, sex, educational

attainment, poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer

chicken farming and poultry scale was determined through frequency

and percentage. Frequency aids in analyzing the nominal and ordinal

data. The percentage was computed by dividing the number of

responses per category by the total number of cases or respondents, and

then multiplying the results by 100.

 44

To answer the Problem Statement 1 and 2 - Mean was used to

determine the level of production practices and the extent of

marketability of the respondents. The data were presented in tables. To

answer problems 3-4, the t- Test and ANOVA was used to evaluate the

variances between the mean scores of the variables and to determine

whether there are overall differences between the groups.

The t-Test was used to compare two means while the ANOVA was

used to compare three or more means. For Problem Statement 5 - On

significant relationship between the production practices and

marketability of the respondents, Pearson-r was used to measure the

significant relationship between these variables. The level of significance

was set at 0.05.

Result of the computation using the Pearson product-moment

correlation coefficient (Pearson-r) was interpreted using the following

scales with their corresponding Interpretations:

0.00 to + 0.20 denotes indifferent or negligible relationship;

+ 0.20 to + 0.40 denotes low relationship present but slight;

+ 0.40 to + 0.70 denotes marked or substantial relationship;

+ 0.70 to + 1.00 denotes high to very high relationship.

Ethical Considerations

This study was certified purposely to measure the level of production

practices and the extent of marketability. The researcher gave both a

 45

written and verbal explanation to poultry workers of the purpose,

comprehending the parameters of this study's confidentiality, their choice

to decline participation, and their right to request a copy of the study's

findings if they so choose. Along with the questionnaire is a letter of

request and explanation assuring that that their responses will be treated

with respect to the ethical standards of research and the Data Privacy

Act of 2012 soliciting their cooperation, and their responses as evidence of

their willingness to cooperate, and that they were not subjected to any

coercion.
 46

Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data presentation, analysis, and

interpretation of the level of production practices and extent of

marketability in the Municipality of Guimaras and the significant

differences and relationship between and among the variables.

Level of Production Practices of Chicken Layers

In the province of Guimaras as a whole

Data reveal that the level of production practices in the

Municipality of Guimaras province as a whole had a grand mean of 3.99

with a verbal interpretation of “often” which means that the production

practices in the Municipality of Guimaras province exceeded the

expectations. It manifested in a highly remarkable manner as presented

in table 2.

Table 2. Level of production practices as a whole.

Components Mean Verbal Interpretation
Planning 4.333 Often
Control 4.234 Often
Innovation 3.430 Sometimes
Grand Mean 3.990 Often
NOTE: Components are presented from highest to lowest.

46
 47

When all the 174 respondents were taken as a whole, Table 2

discloses that the grand mean of 3.99 revealed that planning had a

mean score of 4.333, control had a mean score of 4.234, and innovation

had a mean score of 3.430, two of the indicators verbally interpreted as

“often” meaning that condition of the statement exceeded

expectations. It is demonstrated exceptionally performance of

production practices in the poultry farming towards planning and control.

It implies that planning and control established high level of connection

and involvement among the two (2) of them. It can be said that the

poultry workers had a positive performance towards production

practices in chicken farming. They were highly established in their

preparations specifically in their planning phase and controlling measures

in their production practices of poultry farming. Meanwhile, one (1)

indicator with verbal interpretation of “sometimes” meaning that

condition of the statement is simply manifested on occasion but in an

inconsistent manner. It means that poultry workers in the province of

Guimaras have received adequate training on innovative poultry farming

production practices, and they are inconsistent in their efforts to improve

production. Furthermore, innovation was the lowest of the three (3)

indicators, implying that chicken poultry farming in the province lacked

the current poultry innovations used by other countries, which are

extremely beneficial for the production of chicken layers.

 48

However, in the study of D’Silva (2015), stated that the survival of

the poultry industry depended very much on three major factors, namely

its production, competitiveness and innovations.

The results of this study support the evaluation of Ghee, et al. (2015)

which had evaluated that a notable success in increasing farmer

incomes and national economic returns through the contact farming

system which has been estimated to dominate 75 percent of the

Malaysia’s chicken meat production through efficient integrated

production. The survival of layers contract farmers depended on their

performance and profitability. According to D’Silva (2015), contract

Farming has tremendous potential to boost the agricultural sector. The

survival of the poultry industry depended very much on three major

factors, namely its production, competitiveness and innovations. The

ability to withstand obstacles in the competitive market and the

competitiveness of those who run the business which relates on

production practices which is incorporated with planning, control,

innovation and the sake of production.

Planning. Results in Table 2a show that the level of production

practices of the respondents in terms of planning had a grand mean of

4.333 with verbal interpretation of “often”. It indicates that the production

practices in terms of planning of the respondents manifested on some

extent and there is a consistent evidence to support it.

 49

Table 2a. Level of production practices in terms of planning

Verbal
Indicators Mean
interpretation
The management…
9. Make sure that all workers are oriented with
4.649 Always
day-day tasks about raising chicken layers.
6. Make sure that I have knowledge in handling
4.644 Always
waste management.
4. Plan the feed requirement to sustain the
4.603 Always
production.
3. Foresee environmental sustainability
4.500 Always
concerning production practices.
5. Plan the optimize quality egg production. 4.385 Often
7. Deliver product on time to the customer. 4.374 Often
2. Address possible health related concerns on
4.345 Often
production.
10. Have a plan action in providing quick
4.229 Often
response for various farm issues and concerns.
1. Have Production modules such as water, feed
consumption ratio, and adaptive morality
4.081 Often
prevention, adaptive to chicken layers for
effectively increase egg production.
8. Ensure the availability of modern farm
3.532 Often
equipment and machinery.
Grand Mean 4.333 Often
Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.

Out of 10 indicators on response of poultry workers on the level of

production practices in terms of planning had a mean scores ranged

from 4.500 to 4.649, four (4) statements of which had verbal interpretation

of “always” and six (5) statements of which had verbal interpretation of

“often”. The highest mean of 4.649 was on the statement “The

management, make sure that all workers are oriented with day to day
 50

tasks about raising chicken layers”. It implies that poultry workers were

well-oriented and instructed about their duties and daily tasks,

particularly the process and practices used in the production of chicken

layers. Furthermore, it improved the efficiency of their preparations.

The lowest mean of 3.532 was on the statement “The

management, ensure the availability of modern farm equipment and

machinery”. It implies that poultry farming in the province of Guimaras

lacked access to modern farm equipment and machinery for use in

chicken farming, particularly in production.

The results imply that the preparations and practices in chicken

production in terms of planning were low in terms of machineries and

modern equipment. However, the use of modern equipment and tools in

poultry farming created enthusiasm among farm workers which enable

their work easy, fast and accurate. The use of this modern equipment

may improve their farming practices and performance, thus, increased

their productivity.

It confirms with the study of Aungon (2023), that poultry farmers are

skilled in performing poultry production skills but not technical poultry

production capacities.

Control. Results in Table 2b show the level of production practices

of poultry workers in terms of control. It had a grand mean of 4.234 with

verbal interpretation of “often” which indicates that the control of the

 51

poultry workers towards production practices manifests to some extent

and in a consistent manner.

Table 2b. Level of production practices in terms of control.

Verbal
Indicators Mean
interpretation
The Management…
3. Use consistent brand of feeds for chickens. 4.678 Always
9. Give Appropriate vitamins to the chicken
Always
layers. 4.615
1. Provide quarantine area for sick chickens. 4.592 Always
5. Measure the exact amount of feeds to be
4.540 Always
taken by the layer every day.
10. Implement security measure to prevent the
4.431 Often
spread of disease among chicken layers.
4. Provide conducive for chicken to avoid
4.345 Often
Egg production disruptions.
7. Have pest and predator control. 4.259 Often
6. Regularly update the vaccinations
4.209 Often
of the layers.
2. Put calcium powder in the drinking water
3.736 Often
For chicken layers.
8. Test the antibiotic taken by the chicken layers. 2.937 Sometimes
Grand Mean 4.234 Often
Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.

Out of 10 indicators on response of poultry workers on the level of

production practices in terms of control had mean scores ranged from

2.937 to 4.678; four (4) of which had a verbal interpretation of “always”,

five (5) of which had verbal interpretation of “often”, and 1 (one) of

which has a verbal interpretation of “sometimes”. The highest mean of

4.678 was on the statement “The management, use consistent brand of

 52

feeds for chicken”. It implies that farm workers will be able to control

production by consistently feeding their farm chickens with the specific

brand of foods they feed their chickens. This means they had

implemented farming practices and controls that could lead to

successful chicken layer production.

The lowest mean of 2.937 was on the statement “The

management, test the antibiotic taken by the chicken layers”. It implies

that poultry workers were inconsistently manifested the controlling of

antibiotic in their chicken layers. It implies that farm workers took an

antibiotic test for their chickens on a lesser way because antibiotics are

expensive in the first place, and with proper farm control, these

antibiotics were used as diseases or certain phenomena arose when

these birds were at risk.

The results of this study support the review of Ayagre (2018), use of

antibiotics in poultry and livestock production benefits farmers and the

economy because it improves poultry performance effectively and

economically. However, the likely dissemination of antibiotic resistant

strains of pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms into the

environment, and their subsequent transmission to humans via the food

chain, could have serious consequences for public health.

Moreover, Chicken producers have always followed strict

government regulations regarding antibiotic use, ensuring that antibiotics

 53

are used responsibly. Chicken producers have taken proactive and

voluntary steps to find alternative disease control methods while reducing

antibiotic use, phasing out those that are most critical to human

medicine (Ian, 2018).

Innovation. Results in Table 2c show that innovation of poultry

workers in their production practices had an overall mean of 3.42 with

verbal interpretation of “sometimes” which indicates that the innovation

of poultry workers in the province of Guimaras in an inconsistent manner.

Table 2c. Level of production practices in terms of innovation.

Verbal
Indicators Mean interpretation

The management…
8. Adopt advanced disease detection 4.615 Always
Measures To prevent serious illness
of chicken layers.
7. Employ precision farming techniques 4.195 Often
To optimize production efficiency.
10. Continuously innovate production 4.138 Often
Practices for better performance
Of chicken layers.
4. Address new challenges related to 4.132 Often
Feed efficiency.
5. Explore innovative breeding techniques 4.121 Often
To enhance the performance of chicken
Of chicken layers.
1. Implement innovative technologies in 3.644 Often
Chicken layer production.
9. Attend relative training on innovative 3.414 Sometimes
Production practices.
2. Facilitate digital access in extending advisory 3.207 Sometimes
Services to the costumer as part of the
Advertisement of the product.
 54

3. Utilize automated system in monitoring 1.828 Seldom

The condition of chicken layers.
6. Use integrated waste reduction technology 1.000 Never
For renewable energy.
Grand Mean 3.42 Sometimes
Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.

Out of ten (10) statements on response of poultry workers on the

production practices in terms of innovation; one (1) statement had mean

scores with verbal interpretation of “always”, five (5) statements had

mean scores with verbal interpretation of “often”, two (2) statements had

mean scores with verbal interpretation of “sometimes”, one (1) statement

had mean score with verbal interpretation of “seldom), and one (1)

statement had mean score with verbal interpretation of “never”. The

highest mean “The management, adopt advanced disease detection

measures to prevent serious illness of chicken layers”. It implies that farm

workers were truly remarkably adopting some measures on detecting

disease detection to avoid serious illnesses for chicken layers. For farmers,

adopting innovations to detect certain illnesses of chicken layers was a

necessity because it provided them with control over production and

allowed them to work in confidence because they had the upper hand

to treat certain diseases or to what antibiotic should be injected or

provided to their chicken.

 55

The lowest mean score of 1.000 with verbal interpretation of

“Never” was on the statement, “Use integrated waste reduction

technology for renewable energy”. It implies that farm workers were not

integrating and reducing their waste to convert into renewable

resources. And also, they were not yet trained in waste reduction

practices, and farms were not yet equipped with advanced farming

technology capable of converting waste into renewable energy.

Furthermore, farmers lack the technology to pursue renewable energies,

which would be extremely beneficial in reducing waste.

Moreover, according to the findings of Zhou (2023) which states

that wind energy is another renewable energy resource that farmers can

use to power their farms. Farmers can generate electricity using wind

turbines in areas where wind energy is abundant. Another significant

source of renewable energy in agriculture is bioenergy, which is

abundant in agriculture. According to studies, bioenergy alone could

meet 30%-40% of the world's energy needs by 2050 (Holm-Nielsen et al.,

2006). The raw material required for bioenergy is abundant and

inexpensive in the agriculture sector, including agriculture, food livestock,

and municipal solid waste. The use of biowaste in agriculture can aid in

the production of biogas, which can then be used to generate

electricity.
 56

It implies that using technology to reduce farm waste and convert

it into renewable energy will be very beneficial to the entire farm

production processes and practices. However, the production practices

of Municipalities in the province of Guimaras are never integrated their

farm wastes into renewable sources of energy.

Extent of Marketability of Chicken

Layers as a Whole

Table 3 reveals that the extent of marketability as a whole had a

grand mean of 4.008 with verbal interpretation of “often” which means

that the marketability of chicken layer in the municipalities of Guimaras

province manifested to some extent and in a consistent manner.

Table 3. Extent of marketability of chicken layer in the province

Guimaras as a whole.
Components Mean Verbal Interpretation
Price 4.008 Often
Quality 4.076 Often
Customer’s Needs 3.939 Often
Grand Mean 4.008 Often
NOTE: Components are presented from highest to lowest.

When all the 174 respondents were taken as a whole, Table 3

discloses that the grand mean of 4.008 revealed that price had a mean

score of 4.008, quality had a mean score of 4.076, and customer’s needs

had a mean score of 4.47, all of the three indicators verbally interpreted

as “often”. It implies that they established excellent level of connection

and involvement among the three (3) of them. It conveys that the
 57

marketability of chicken layers in the Guimaras province is

recommended to all consumers and buyers due to their high market

value. Chicken layers were reasonably priced and of high quality. Farm

workers were able to meet their customers' needs and also knew how to

market their farm chickens.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority (2021) states that

total chicken egg production in the Philippines is steadily increasing. The

production of chicken eggs was estimated to be 605.79 thousand metric

tons, a 3.9% increase over the previous year.583.23 million metric tons.

David (2013), financing and marketing are central to success or

failure in poultry farming. Taneja et al., (2013) found that economical

breeding and timely marketing are important success factors in poultry

farming. According to Ramappa (2015), efficient husbandry is the basis

for success in layer and broiler chicken farming. To successfully raise

chickens, using locally available feed processed into a balanced diet

and raising chickens in a backyard system. According to Atkala et al.,

(2014), a key success factor in layer and broiler chicken farming is the

reduction of feed waste.

It implies that the quality of poultry meat is now critical because

poultry meat is typically consumed in the form of cuts or processed

products rather than whole carcasses. The safety, nutritional value, and

sensory characteristics of poultry meat can all be used to determine its

 58

quality. The degree of microbiological and chemical contamination

determines meat safety, while the nutritional quality of poultry meat is

influenced by high-value protein content, unsaturated fatty acids,

vitamins, cholesterol, and other biologically active compounds. Meat

color, aroma, texture, and flavor are all important sensory characteristics.

Customers frequently seek meat that is low in fat, tender, and juicy, with a

pleasant aroma and flavor (Walley, 2015).

Price. Results in Table 3a show that the extent of marketability of

chicken layer in terms of price had an overall mean of 4.008 with verbal

interpretation of “often” which means that marketability of chicken layer

was in a remarkable manner.

Table 3a. Extent of marketability in terms of price.

Verbal
Indicators Mean Interpretation

The management...
5. adjust prices based on seasonal
factors or market demand fluctuations. 4.224 Often

10. Take measures to balance profitability in 4.195 Often

offering fair prices to consumers of old chicken
layers.

9. address customer feedback related to pricing 4.098 Often

7. communicate the value and quality associated 4.058 Often

with my products to justify pricing.

6. consider the quality of eggs produced by 4.046 Often

chicken layers when setting egg prices.
 59

8. offer discounts for bulk purchases or repeat 4.046 Often

customer.
4. consider pricing strategies of other poultry farms 3.937 Often
in determining the prices.
1. give discounts to attract customers. 3.908 Often

3. offer different prices scheme as product options 3.810 Often

to cater to various customer budgets.

2. conduct market research to understand pricing 3.753 Often

trends for chicken poultry products in the province.
Grand Mean 4.008 Often

Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.
Out of 10 indicators on response of teachers on the level of

knowledge transfer in terms of tacit had mean scores ranged from 4.36 to

4.55, all of which had verbal interpretation of “very high”. The highest

mean of 4.55 was on the statement “As a teacher, I observe that skills

can be developed through practice”. It implies that the teachers possess

innate knowledge and gained knowledge through his/her experienced

as a teacher. It also implies that the teachers have ability and capability

of knowledge sharing on innovation in teaching and ability to share

certain knowledge with learners and within the institution. Out of 10

indicators on responses of farm workers on the extent of marketability in

terms of price had mean scores ranged from 3.75 to 4.22, all of which

had verbal interpretation of “often”. The highest mean of 4.22 was on the

statement “The management, adjust prices based on seasonal factors or

 60

market demand fluctuations”. It implies that the seasonal pricing is a

pricing strategy in which the price of goods or services is adjusted

according to the season or time of year. Seasonal pricing, which is based

on the supply and demand concept, typically involves raising prices

during peak seasons and lowering them during slow seasons.

It confirms with the study of Gueye (2022), that the market variation

between the two study sites could be influenced by a variety of factors

such as consumer choice and demand, product pricing, breed of

chickens kept, colors, and sex of chicken. According to a study

conducted in Senegal, indigenous chickens are preferred above other

varieties Other factors that have been found to influence product

markets include distance to the market, product quality and quantity,

body weight (or, indirectly, age), illness outbreaks, socio-cultural events,

and season of the year (e.g., more demand on festival days such as

Christmas) (Gueye, 2022).

The lowest mean of 3.753 was on the statement “The

management, conduct market research to understand pricing trends for

chicken poultry products in the province”. It implies that before

distributing chicken meat products, management should conduct some

research on pricing trends as well as following the general pricing

mandated by the government, and understanding these researches may

 61

have a positive impact on the marketability of chicken layer meat

products.

According to Khiyavi (2022), variations in manufacturing costs are

proportionately transferred to retail pricing. The inputs have an immediate

and long-term impact on chicken meat wholesale and retail pricing

(Erdem et al., 2011). Feed prices are the most important factor influencing

chicken meat supply. Price variations in these inputs have an impact on

chicken meat market regulation (Khiyavi et al., 2022).

Quality. Results in Table 3b show that the level of knowledge

transfer in the intermediate level in terms of explicit had an overall mean

of 4.44 with verbal interpretation of “very high” which means that

knowledge transfer in terms of explicit is manifested in a highly

remarkable manner (see Appendix D, page 117).

Table 3b. Level of knowledge transfer in terms of explicit.

Verbal
Indicators Mean interpretation

The management…
3. ensure the quality of eggs. 4.52 Always

4. maintain standards to determine the

quality of chicken layer products to 4.51 Always
produce quality eggs.
5. take measures to ensure the health and Often
welfare of chicken layers to produce 4.28
quality eggs.
10. have future plans or goals for enhancing Often
4.26
product quality on the form.
 62

2. implement particular procedures for Often

quality control in order to increase the 4.12
marketability of chicken layers.
7. gather feedback from the consumers Often
3.93
regarding the quality of chicken products.
8. provide specific labeling that can identify Often
the information of poultry for chicken 3.93
layer products.
1. have an in-place quality assurance Often
3.92
program for the poultry farm.
9. employ method to assess the quality of Often
4.34
chicken layer products.
6. can differentiate the chicken layer
products based on quality in a 3.64 Often
competitive market.
Grand Mean 4.44 Often
Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.

Out of 10 indicators on response of managements on the extent of

marketability in terms of quality, two of which statements had mean

scores ranged from 4.51 to 4.52, had verbal interpretation of “always”,

and eight (8) statements had mean scores ranged from 3.64-4.28, had

verbal interpretation of “often”.

The highest mean of 4.52 was on the statement “The management,

ensure the quality of eggs”. This indicates that before the distribution of

chicken layer's eggs, there was a thorough monitoring and inspection of

the quality of the eggs to have a greater impact on the consumers as

well as the chicken layer market.

 63

Abdel (2014), states that the egg quality is defined by a number of

standards that define both external and interior quality. Internal quality is

determined by measuring the yolk height, yolk color, albumin viscosity,

and Haugh unit. External quality, on the other hand, refers to the eggshell

thickness, egg width, egg height, and cleanliness. The Haugh unit is a unit

of measurement for egg freshness that is related to shelf life. The fraction

of injured eggs during transit and handling is related to eggshell thickness.

There were no significant variations in yolk color, egg diameter, egg

height, or eggshell thickness in this investigation. Abdel-Wareth and

Lohakare, (2014), previously claimed that peppermint oil increased

eggshell thickness, which was not found in the current investigation.

The lowest mean of 3.64 was on the statement “The management,

can differentiate the chicken layer products based on quality in a

competitive market”. This means that farm workers should be further

educated on how to successfully discern chicken layer goods and their

quality, especially in the absence of detecting technologies to ensure the

quality of products distributed in the market.

Customer’s Needs. The result on the extent of marketability in terms

of customer’s needs is shown in Table 3c. The grand mean of 3.94,

verbally interpreted as “often,” means that the condition of the

statement had manifested to some extent. It demonstrated exceptional

marketability at all times.

 64

Table 3c. Extent of marketability in terms of customer’s needs.

Verbal
Indicators Mean interpretation
The management…
3. give individual attention to its client. 4.23 Often
2. have a good working relationship with Often
4.16
customers.
1. have trustworthy staff that can be trusted Often
4.06
by the customers.
4. address clients’ concern anytime. 4.03 Often
6. take measure to build and maintain Often
customer loyalty in the chicken layer 3.99
market.
7. communicate to customers regarding Often
3.93
changes in poultry farm operations.
8. use feedback channel to gather Often
3.87
information from the customers
5. understand the unique needs of each Often
3.82
client.
9. cater on different promos, specially for Often
3.66
loyal customers.
10. address changing consumer preferences Often
3.66
in the chicken layers’ market.
Grand Mean 3.94 Often
Legend: 4.45-5.00, always; 3.45-4.44, often; 2.44-3.44, sometimes; 1.45-2.44, seldom; 1.00-
1.44, never.
NOTE: Statements are arranged/presented from highest to lowest – maintaining their
actual statement number as indicated in the Research Instrument.

The mean of the ten (10) statements on the extent of marketability

in terms of customer’s needs ranged from 3.66 to 4.23, all of which had a

verbal interpretation of “Often”.

The highest mean of 4.23 verbally interpreted as “often” was on the

statement “The management, give individual attention to each client”.

Indicating that staff is well-prepared and oriented when doing their jobs.
 65

Workers can be said to engage in activities that capture their clients'

attention or to be able to respond to their customers' complaints and

concerns quickly.

But, the lowest mean of 3.66 verbally interpreted as “Often” was on

the statement “address changing consumer preferences in the chicken

layers’ market” showing that the personnel were not so properly taught

about how they utilize ways that may replicate customers' attention on

their products.

Differences in the Level of Production

Practices and Some Variables

To aid the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data for

problem statement no. 3 and 4, the data displayed below are the socio-

demographic profiles of the respondents.

Table 4. Socio-demographic profile of the respondents.

Personal Profile Frequency Percent
Sex
Male 169 97.13
Female 5 2.87
Total 174 100.0
Age
30 years old and below 30 17.24
31 – 40 years old 89 51.15
41 – 50 years old 31 17.82
51 years old and above 24 13.79
Total 174 100.0

Educational Attainment
Elementary Level/Graduated 22 12.64
High School Level/Graduated 89 51.15
Bachelor’s Degree 63 36.21
Master’s Degree 0 0
Total 174 100.0
 66

Poultry Farming Experience

3 years and below 123 70.69
4-6 years 40 22.99
7-10 years 8 4.6
11 years and above 3 1.72
Total 174 100

Monthly Income
Ph 10,000 and below 108 62.07
Ph 10,001 – Ph 30,000 32 18.4
Ph 30,001 – Ph 50, 000 5 2.87
Ph 50,001 and above 29 16.66
Total 174 100

Types of Chicken Layer Farming

Commercial Layer Production 32 18.40
Backyard Chicken Layer 140 80.45
Cage Free Growing 2 1.15
Total 174 100

Poultry Scale
48 – 1000 heads (small) 142 81.61
1001 – 3000 heads (medium) 19 10.92
3001 heads and above 13 7.47
Total 174 100

Sex. Data present that majority of the respondents 169 (97.13%)

were male and the remaining number 5 (2.87%) were female.

Age. Most of the respondents 89 (51.15%) were 31 – 40 years old, 31

(17.82%) were 41 – 50 years old, 30 (17.24%) were 30 years old and below,

and 24 (13.79%) were 51 years old and above.

Educational Attainment. Data present that 89 (51.15%) of the

respondents were high school level/graduated, 63 (36.21%) were

bachelor’s degree, 22 (12.64%) were elementary level/graduate, and

none of the respondents tool their master’s degree.

 67

Poultry Farming Experience. Data present that 123 (70.69%) had 3

years and below poultry farming experience, 40 (22.99%) had 4-6 years

poultry farming experience, 8 (4.6%) had 7-10 years poultry farming

experience, and 3 (1.72%) had 11 years and above poultry farming

experience.

Monthly Income. Data present that 108 (62.07%) had Php 10,000

and below monthly income, 32 (18.4%) had Php 10,001- Php 30,000

monthly income, 29 (16.66%) had Php 50,000 and above monthly

income, and 5 (2.87%) had Php 30,000- Php 50,000 monthly income.

Types of Chicken Layer Farming. Data present that 140 (80.45%)

had backyard chicken layer type of chicken layer farming, 32 (18.40%)

had commercial layer production type of chicken layer farming, and 2

(1.15%) had cage free growing type of chicken layer farming.

Poultry Scale. Data present that 142 (81.61%) had 48 – 1,000 heads

(small) poultry scale, 19 (10.92%) had 1,001 – 3,000 heads (medium)

poultry scale, and 13 (7.47%) had 3,001 heads and above poultry scale.

The differences in the level of production practices and some

variables such as sex, age, educational attainment, poultry farming

experience, monthly income, types of layer chicken farming, and poultry

scale with their significant values, t/F values, and corresponding

probability as shown in Table 5.

Table 5. Differences in the level of production practices of poultry workers

in the province of Guimaras and some variables.
 68

Significant
Socio-demographic Profile t/F Value Probability
Value
Sex 0.980 0.369 ns
Age 2.419 0.068 ns
Educational Attainment 0.474 0.623 ns
Poultry Farming Experience 14.529 0.000 s
Monthly Income 9.281 0.000 s
Types of Layer Chicken Farming 3.541 0.031 s
Poultry Scale 5.591 0.004 s

p-value > 0.05 = not significant

p-value < 0.05 = significant

As shown in Table 5, significant differences were found in the level

of production practices when respondents were grouped according to

types of layer chicken farming, and poultry scale. However, no significant

differences were found when respondents were grouped according to

age, sex and educational attainment. The result implies that the

production practices vary in terms of their poultry farming experiences,

monthly income, types of layer chicken farming, and poultry scale, while

there was no variation in sex, age, and educational attainment.

Level of production practices and sex. The result shows that there

was no significant difference in the level of production practices when

they were grouped according to sex because the t-value of 0.980 had a

significant value of 0.369 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the

null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the

level of production practices when they were grouped according to sex is

 69

accepted. This means that male and female respondents’ level of

production practices cannot influence by their sex.

The results revealed that male and female farm workers had no

difference in the production practices of chicken layers. It implies that the

production practices of the respondents cannot influenced by their sex. It

can be said that both male and female respondents are positive attitudes

towards production practices of chicken layers.

The result of the study supports the findings of Queenan (2016) that

chicken production is a significant commercial enterprise that takes into

account both male and female genders. According to this report,

females dominate chicken production, accounting for 69.64% of those

over the age of 21 and 72.22% of those who have completed primary

education. For example, a study conducted in Tanzania and Zambia

revealed that women and youth are engaged in and benefit from

chicken production . Chicken production is an appealing rural economic

activity for both men and women due to the benefits and the speedier

manner to earn revenue by converting input resources in a short period

of time.

This implies that there were no sex differences in chicken layer

rearing because it acts as an activity for both male and female that will

offer and provide something in their tables.

 70

Level of respondents’ production practices and age. The result

shows that there was no significant difference in the level of respondents’

production practices when they were grouped according to age

because the F-value of 2.419 had a significant value of 0.068 which was

higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that

there is no significant difference in the level of production practices when

they were grouped according to age is accepted.

This means that respondents’ level of production practices cannot

influence by their age. Regardless of respondents’ age, still their

production practices are the same. The result implies that the production

practices of respondents did not vary with age. The level of production

practices by young respondents was the same with that of those who are

older respondents. This can be attributed to the idea that older

respondents tried to catch up with the level of farm practices towards

innovative farming in the same manner as the young ones.

Level of respondents’ production practices and educational

attainment. The result shows that there was no significant difference in the

level of respondents’ production practices when they were grouped

according to educational attainment because the F-value of 0.474 had a

significant value of 0.623 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the

null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the

level of respondents’ production practices when they were grouped

 71

according educational attainment is accepted. This means that the

production practices did not influenced by the educational attainment.

This also means that respondents’ level of production practices was the

same regardless of their educational attainment.

The result implies that the level of respondents’ production

practices did not vary with educational attainment.

Level of respondents’ production practices and poultry farming

experience. The result shows that there was a significant difference in the

level of respondents’ production practices when they were grouped

according to poultry farming experience because the F-value of 14.529

had a significant value of 0.000 which was lower than 0.05 alpha.

Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant

difference in the level of respondents’ production practices when they

were grouped according to poultry farming experience is rejected.

It implies that the poultry farming experience of poultry workers in

the province of Guimaras is consistent with their level of production

practices in chicken farming. It means that regardless of whether the

workers have experience or not, there are no variations or differences in

the preparation of their products.

Level of respondents’ production practices and monthly income.

The result shows that there was a significant difference in the level of

respondents’ production practices when they were grouped according

 72

to monthly income because the F-value of 9.281 had a significant value

of 0.000 which was lower than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis

which states that there is no significant difference in the level of

respondents’ production practices when they were grouped according

to monthly income is rejected.

It implies that poultry workers' monthly income or earnings have an

impact on their performance and overall productivity. It means that

workers were not productive enough at work, and their production

practices suffered as a result, especially when they were not adequately

compensated.

Level of respondents’ production practices and types of layer

chicken farming. The result shows that there was a significant difference

in the level of respondents’ production practices when they were

grouped according to types of layer chicken farming because the F-

value of 3.541 had a significant value of 0.031 which was lower than 0.05

alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant difference in the level of respondents’ production practices

when they were grouped according to types of chicken layer farming is

rejected.

It implies that the types of chickens raised on the poultry farm differ

significantly or have an impact on the production practices. It means

that poultry farming practices and preparations in the province of

 73

Guimaras were designed specifically for chicken layers, and the

presence of other breeds of chickens may have an impact on their

production practices.

Level of respondents’ production practices and poultry scale. The

result shows that there was a significant difference in the level of

respondents’ production practices when they were grouped according

to poultry scale because the F-value of 5.591 had a significant value of

0.004 which was lower than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis

which states that there is no significant difference in the level of

respondents’ production practices when they were grouped according

to types of chicken layer farming is rejected.

It implies that the size of the chicken layers in the province of

Guimaras may influence their specific production practices. It means that

their level of production practices was only intended for a specific poultry

scale; the larger the scale of poultry, the greater the preparations and

practices required to achieve optimal production.

Differences in the Extent of Marketability of Chicken

Layers and Some Variables

Table 6 shows the distribution of different socio-demographic

profile of the respondents in the extent of marketability with their

significant values, t/F values, and corresponding probability.

Table 6. Differences in the Extent of Marketability when Grouped

according to some variables.
 74

Significant
Socio-demographic Profile t/F Value Probability
Value
Sex 0.695 0.519 ns
Age 4.473 0.005 s
Educational Attainment 2.698 0.070 ns
Poultry Farming Experience 1.901 0.131 ns
Monthly Income 0.574 0.633 ns
Types of Chicken Layer Farming 2.624 0.075 ns
Poultry Scale 2.333 0.100 ns
p-value > 0.05 = not significant
p-value < 0.05 = significant

The results show that there was a significant difference in the extent

of marketability of the respondents when they were grouped according

to age while the respondents’ sex, educational attainment, poultry

farming experience, monthly income, types of chicken layer farming, and

poultry scale were found insignificant.

Extent of marketability and sex. The result shows that there was no

significant difference in the extent of marketability of respondents when

they were grouped according to sex because the t-value of 0.695 had a

significant value of 0.519 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the

null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the

extent of marketability of respondents when they were grouped

according to sex is accepted.

It implies that sex has no effect on the market for chicken layers in

the province of Guimaras, regardless of gender, as long as customer

needs are met.

 75

Extent of Marketability and age. The result shows that there was a

significant difference in the extent of marketability of respondents when

they were grouped according to age because the f-value of 4.473 had a

significant value of 0.005 which was lower than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the

null hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the

extent of marketability of respondents when they were grouped

according to age is rejected.

It implies that people aged 31 to 40 may represent a larger market

for chicken layer products. And based on the results, 51 years old and

older were ineffective in the marketability of chicken layers due to the

weight of the task and the needs of customers that must be addressed.

Extent of marketability and educational attainment. The result

shows that there was no significant difference in the extent of

marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to

educational attainment because the t-value of 2.698 had a significant

value of 0.070 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null

hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the extent

of marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to

educational attainment is accepted.

It implies that the marketability of chicken layers is unaffected by

the educational level of the poultry workers. It means that poultry workers
 76

dealt with chickens, and education was not an issue, so it was not a

barrier to expanding the market.

Extent of marketability and poultry farming experience. The result

shows that there was no significant difference in the extent of

marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to

poultry farming experience because the f-value of 1.901 had a significant

value of 0.131 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null

hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the extent

of marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to

poultry farming experience is accepted.

It implies that chicken layers' marketability is unaffected by their

previous poultry farming experience. It means that, poultry farming

experience is not required for marketing chicken products, all they need

to do is present the chicken products in the best quality, at a reasonable

price, and according to customer preferences, and the market will be a

reasonable success.

Extent of marketability and monthly income. The result shows that

there was no significant difference in the extent of marketability of

respondents when they were grouped according to monthly income

because the f-value of 0.574 had a significant value of 0.633 which was

higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that

there is no significant difference in the extent of marketability of

 77

respondents when they were grouped according to monthly income is

accepted.

It implies that chicken layers' marketability is unaffected by their

monthly income. It means that poultry workers were adequately

compensated, and their earnings had no impact on their work or the

market as a whole.

Extent of marketability and types of layer chicken farming. The

result shows that there was no significant difference in the extent of

marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to types

of layer chicken farming because the f-value of 2.624 had a significant

value of 0.075 which was higher than 0.05 alpha. Therefore, the null

hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference in the extent

of marketability of respondents when they were grouped according to

types of layer chicken farming is accepted.

It implies that the type of chicken raised makes no difference to the

marketability of chicken layers. As long as the customer preferred chicken

layers over other breeds, the type of chicken layer raised and produced

on the farm was not an issue.

Extent of marketability and poultry scale. The result shows that there

was no significant difference in the extent of marketability of respondents

when they were grouped according to poultry scale because the f-value

of 2.333 had a significant value of 0.100 which was higher than 0.05 alpha.
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Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant

difference in the extent of marketability of respondents when they were

grouped according to poultry scale is accepted.

It implies that poultry scale has no effect on the marketability of

chicken layers in the Guimaras province. It means that regardless of the

size of the poultry producing chicken layers and bringing them to market,

the product or quality of the products produced will yield a larger market

than how the chicken layers are raised. As a result, the size of poultry

does not differ, affecting the marketability of chicken layers.

Relationship between the Level of Production

Practices and Extent of Marketability
in the Province of Guimaras

Table 7 discloses that there was high relationship between the level of

production practices and the marketability of chicken layers of the

respondents because the Pearson-r value was 0.358. This relationship was

significant because the p-value of 0.040 was less than 0.05 alpha.

Therefore, the null hypothesis which states that there is no significant

relationship between the level of respondents’ production practices and

the marketability of chicken layers in the province of Guimaras is

rejected. This means that the respondents’ production practices vary with

marketability of chicken layers

Table 7. Relationship between the Production Practices and Marketability

of Chicken Layers in the Province of Guimaras.
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Pearson- p-
Variables N Probability
r value value
Level of
Production 174
Practices
0.358 0.040 s
Extent of
Marketability of 174
Chicken Layers
p-value < 0.05 = significant

The result implies that production practices of chicken layer in the

province of Guimaras are significantly related to the marketability of

chicken layer. This means that the higher the production practices of

poultry workers in the province of Guimaras is, the higher the marketability

of chicken layers in the market. This means that, poultry worker’s

production practices were related to the poultry worker’s marketability.

The best the production practices of poultry workers in their poultry farms,

the higher the marketability of chicken layers. The finding demonstrates

high connection between the level of production practices and

marketability. The result revealed that when the poultry workers have

innovate best production practices in terms of planning, control and

innovation, it can reinforce chicken layer’s marketability in terms of price,

quality and customer’s needs.

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Chapter V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, significant findings,

conclusions drawn from the findings, and the recommendation derived

from the findings and conclusions of the study.

Summary

This study investigated the level of production practices and the

extent of marketability in the Municipality of Guimaras province during

the year 2023-2024. The participants were the 174 out of the 187 total

population of the poultry workers in the Guimaras province. The research

instrument used to gather the needed data was a researcher-made

questionnaire which was subjected for validity and reliability testing. The

statistical tools used to analyze and interpret the data were frequency

count, percentage, mean, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson r.

Findings of the study revealed that the level of production

practices as a whole and in terms of planning, control and innovation is

often.

Results of the study indicated that the extent of marketability of

chicken layers as a whole and in terms of price, quality and customer’s

needs is often.
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Insignificant differences were found on the level of production

practices when they were grouped according to their sex, age and

educational background but, poultry farming experience, monthly

income, types of layer chicken farming and poultry scale were significant.

Significant difference was found on the extent of marketability of

chicken layers transfer when they were grouped according to age,

however, insignificant in terms of sex, educational background, poultry

farming experience, monthly income, types of layer chicken farming and

poultry scale.

The level of production practices and extent of marketability

chicken layers were significantly related.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are

drawn.

1. Poultry workers in the province of Guimaras exceeded the

expectations and demonstrated certain quality in a consistent manner, in

their production practices.

2. Poultry workers in the province of Guimaras exceeded the

expectations and demonstrated certain quality in a consistent manner, in

their marketability.
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3. The poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer

chicken farming and poultry scale in the province of Guimaras creates a

variation in their production practices.

4. The age of the poultry workers in the province of Guimaras

creates variation in their marketability.

5. The production practices and marketability of chicken layer in

the province of Guimaras are significantly related.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations

were proposed:

1. Poultry workers may maintain their exceptional production

practices towards their chicken farming. They may integrate innovation

and other best practices in their production like the husbandry practices

or production techniques that help to maximize the efficiency of

production. They may also reclined support from other farm owners to

obtain farm innovations and production practices.

2. Poultry workers may continue to prioritize the quality of their

eggs and chicken layer products for sale in the market at a reasonable

price. They may also orient and train their employees to be more

welcoming when responding to their customers' needs and preferences.

3. As poultry farming experience, monthly income, types of layer

chicken farming, and poultry scale continue to be important factors in

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poultry workers' production practices, management may organize

trainings and orientations for new employees to help them become more

knowledgeable about their jobs. The management may also adequately

compensate their poultry workers in order to encourage positive and

improved performance in their respective roles, which may have a

greater impact on the production process. They may also consider the

types of chickens raised, which should be based on the farm's specific

capacity or scale to ensure that the appropriate production practices

are implemented correctly.

4. Given the age divide in the marketability of chicken layers,

poultry owners may assign appropriate and varied jobs and activities to

their farm workers, particularly the elderly, who find poultry work more

difficult than the young. They may also organize enrichment and training

programs to share their knowledge on marketing and proper handling of

customer needs, particularly those 51 and older, for the development of

poultry and marketability of chicken layers.

5. It is recommended that the Department of Agriculture (DA)

continuously monitor production practices, particularly the planning

phase of various scales of farming in the province, while also providing

technical assistance in the launch of some innovations that can be used

throughout the province. In this way, the marketability of chicken layers in

the province of Guimaras will provide a source of economic income for

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the province and its people. The department may provide also

some farming aid to farm workers in order to reduce their living expenses,

as well as to farms in general, in order to boost the province's economy.

6. Future research studies may be conducted to examine further

production practices and marketability of chicken layers using wider

scope of samples and inclusion of different or more variables.