Name: Rezky Amelia Riandini Rompis

Class: 3A
NPM: 06212211025
MK: Basic English Morphology
Supporting lecture: Dr. Suddin M Saleh Djumadil,S.S.M.Hum
Reading Report
Name book: general linguistics
Author: Dr. Alek, M.Pd.
Printed: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama
Publisher: Erlangga
Place and Year of publication: Jakarta, 2018

Introduction
The book General Linguistics written by Dr. Alek, Pd. Has an important role for everyone who wants to
study linguistics or linguistics. Because in the general linguistics book has been written about all
information about linguistics. According to KBBI, language is an arbitrary symbol system used by a
group of people to work together, interact and identify themselves. In linguistics there are 4 elements,
namely phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics,
In the general linguistics book there are 10 chapters that contain information about linguistics but I only
read up to Chapter 5.
Chapter 1; the nature of language (the introductory chapter of general linguistics)
Chapter 2; The Study of Language
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Phonology
Chapter 4; Basics of phonemic phonology
Chapter 5: Fundamentals of morphology
Chapter 6 : Basics of Syntax
Chapter 7 : Basics of semantics
Chapter 8 : Basics of Psycholinguistics
Chapter 9 : Fundamentals of Discourse
Chapter 10 : Language Society and Language Variation
Week 9 Reading Report
Chapter 1: The Nature of Language
 Language is Meaningful
Language is a system of symbols in the form of sounds. In a symbol, it must explain something,
namely understanding, concept, an idea or thought. It can be said that a language also has
meaning in it, for example the symbol of language in the form of the sound [horse]. This symbol
refers to the concept of a kind of four-legged animal that is usually ridden. The sound symbol
[horse] refers to a concrete object in the real world, but the sound symbols [religion] and [just]
do not refer to concrete objects. More generally, it is said that these sound symbols have no
referent or have no referent.
Meaningful language sound symbols are language units in the form of morphemes, words,
phrases, clauses, sentences, and discourse. All of these units have meaning. Because language is
meaningful, then any speech that is not meaningful can be called not language.
 Language is Arbitrary
What is meant by the term arbitrary is the absence of a mandatory relationship between the
symbol of language (which is in the form of sound) and the concept or understanding contained
in the symbol.
 Language is Conventional
The use of a symbol for a particular concept is conventional. This means that all members of the
language community adhere to the convention that a certain symbol is used to represent the
concept it represents. If the convention is not adhered to, and the symbol is replaced with another
symbol, then communication will be hampered, because it cannot be understood by language
speakers.
 Language is varied
Every language is spoken by a group of people who belong to a language community. Members
of a language community usually consist of various people with various social statuses and
various cultural backgrounds that are not the same.
There are three terms that need to be known, namely Idiolect, Dialect and Variety. diolek is a
variation or variety of language that is individual, because each person has their own language
characteristics. Dialect is a variety of language used by a group of community members at a
place or time. While the language variation used by a group of community members with a
certain social status is called a social dialect or sociolect.
  Language is the Identity of a Social Group
Among the existing cultural characteristics, language is the most prominent distinguishing
feature, because through language each social group feels itself as a unit that is different from
other groups. In certain groups, people consider language as a social identity more important
than language as a system.

Chapter 2: The Study of Language

All sciences including linguistics have basically undergone 3 stages of development, the first
stage is speculation, In this stage, talk about something and how to draw conclusions is done
with a speculative attitude. This means that conclusions are made without being supported by
empirical evidence and carried out without using certain procedures. The second stage is the
observation and classification stage. At this stage, experts in the field of language only collect
and classify all language facts carefully without giving any conclusions. this second stage of
work still seems necessary for the benefit of linguistic documentation. The third stage is the stage
of theory formulation. At this stage, each discipline tries to understand basic problems and ask
questions about these problems based on the empirical data collected. Then each discipline
formulates hypotheses or hypotheses that seek to answer these questions and develops tests to
test the hypotheses against the facts.
The discipline of linguistics today has undergone all three stages above. This means that the
discipline of linguistics can now be said to be a scientific activity. In addition, it can be said that
non-speculative inference is one of the characteristics of science. Non-speculative actions in
drawing conclusions or theories must be based on empirical data, namely data that actually
exists, obtained from nature whose form can be observed.
Benefits of Linguistics Studies
Every science has an important role and benefit in its own field, as does Linguistics. Extensive
knowledge of linguistics will certainly be very helpful in completing their tasks. For researchers,
critics, and literary enthusiasts, linguistics will help them understand literary works better. This is
because language, which is the object of linguistic research, is the means by which literary works
are born. For teachers, especially language teachers, linguistic knowledge is essential, from the
sub-disciplines of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and lexicology, to knowledge of
the relationship between language and society and culture. For a translator, linguistic knowledge
is absolutely necessary and not only those related to morphology, syntax and semantics, but also
those related to sociolinguistics and contrastive linguistics. inguistics is absolutely necessary,
because all linguistic knowledge will benefit him in completing his task. To be able to compile a
dictionary he must start by determining the spelling or graphemes of the phonemes and also
understand the intricacies of word form and formation, phrase structure, sentence structure,
lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, contextual meaning, and idiomatic meaning, as well as
the social background of the language.
Week 10
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Phonology
Phonology is a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of language, the process of their
formation and change. Thus, phonology means the science of sound. The sound in question is the
sound of language, namely the sound produced by the human speech organs or called the
articulatory organs.
The Occurrence of Language Sounds (Phonation)
Air is pumped from the lungs through the trunk of the throat to the base of the throat, in which
there are vocal cords. The vocal cords must be open for the air to escape, through the oral cavity
or nasal cavity or through both. The air is passed on to the free air. If the air comes out without
any resistance, we will not hear any sound. Obstacles to the air or the flow of air out of the lungs
can occur from the innermost place, the vocal cords, to the outermost place, the upper and lower
lips. These obstacles include the vocal cords, the root of the tongue, and the wall of the
esophagus. After passing through the vocal cords, the air current moves to certain speech organs,
which are found in the oral cavity, where the sound of this language occurs or is produced. The
place is called the place of articulation; the process of occurrence is called the articulation
process; the tools used are also called articulation tools or more commonly called articulators.
The sounds discussed above are single sounds as a result of the articulation process. In addition,
there are also double sounds in many languages. There are two sounds that are born in two
consecutive articulation processes. In the process, after the first articulation takes place, which
produces the first sound, it is immediately followed by the second articulation, which produces
the second sound. This second articulation is often called a secondary articulation and the sound
it produces is also called a secondary sound. Types of secondary articulation include
labialization, palatalization, velarization, and pharyngalization.
Classification of language sounds
In this phonetic study, in general, language sounds can be grouped into three groups of sounds,
namely
1. Void sounds
Void sounds (in phonemic studies called vowels) are produced with air coming out of the lungs
without any obstacles. The process of vowels, in addition to air resistance, is also influenced by
lip movements and tongue movements.
2. Contoid Sound
Contoid sounds are sounds that are inhibited when pronounced, causing the vibration of one of
the supra-glottal apparatus.
 3. Semi-Void Sounds.
In phonemic studies, semi-voids are often called semi-vowels. These sounds are categorized into
semi-vowel sounds because they can have consonant status, and also have vowel status. Those
sounds are [w] and [y].

Chapter 4: Fundamentals of phonology phonemics

Phonology is divided into phonetics and phonemics. The object of phonetic study is the
phoneme, which is the sound in general without regard to whether the sound distinguishes
meaning or not. In contrast, the object of phonemic study is phonemes, which are language
sounds that distinguish the meaning of words. In phonetics, we study the different /u/ sounds in
words like bow, book, and temple or examine the different /i/ sounds found in the words content,
beautiful, and sand. If the sound distinguishes meaning, then we call it a phoneme and not a
phoneme if it does not distinguish meaning. So, it is clear that phonemes are functional language
sounds, which distinguish the meaning of words.
Phoneme Identification To determine whether a sound is a phoneme or not, we must find a word,
which contains the sound, and then compare it with another similar word. If it turns out that the
two words are different in meaning, then the sound is a phoneme, because it distinguishes the
meaning of the two words. The identity of a phoneme only applies in one particular language.
There are several types of sound changes, namely Assimilation, Dissimilation, Vowel
Modification, Neutralization, Zeroization, Metathesis, Diphthongization, Monophthongization,
Anaptixis.
From the description above, it can be concluded that a phoneme is the smallest unit of language
sound that is functional or distinguishes the meaning of words. To determine whether a sound is
a phoneme or not, among other things, a minimal pair must be sought, in the form of two similar
words, which have the same environment and one different sound. If it turns out that the two
words have different meanings, then the two sounds are two different phonemes. A phoneme is
considered an abstract concept, which in speech is realized by one or more allophones that
correspond to the environment in which the phoneme is present. The allophones that realize a
phoneme can be accurately represented in the form of writing or phonetic transcription. In this
phonetic transcription, each allophone, including its suprasegmental elements, can be described
precisely or unambiguously.

Week 11
Chapter 5: The basics of morphology
Morphology is the word structure of a language or the branch of linguistics that studies the
structure of a language. in other words, morphology studies the basic elements or smallest units
of a language. The smallest unit, or the smallest grammatical unit is called a morpheme. As a
grammatical unit, morphemes have meaning. The term smallest implies that the grammatical unit
(morpheme) cannot be further divided into smaller units.
Morpheme Identification
To determine whether a grammatical unit is a morpheme or not, we need to compare the form of
the grammatical unit in its presence with other forms in the test. If the form turns out to appear
repeatedly (albeit in other forms), then the form is a morpheme. Aside from being a recurring
form, morphemes also show certain lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, take the
form di- in the following series of forms:
I. dipukul, diambil, dipotong, diusir, dibawa, digali, dipasang.
It turns out that all the forms of di- in the list above can be segmented as separate units and have
the same meaning, namely expressing passive actions. Thus the form di- in the list above can be
said to be a morpheme, because it is the smallest form that repeats and has the same meaning.
Now look at the di- form in the following list II:
II. di pasar, di rumah, di kamar, di jalan, di halaman, di kantor.
It turns out that the di- form in the list above can be segmented as a separate unit and also has the
same meaning, namely place. Thus di- in the list is also a morpheme.
Word Formation
Word formation is often called a morphological process, which is the process of creating words
derived from basic morphemes through morphemic changes. There are several types of
morpholgical processes, which are briefly explained in the following description:
 Grammaticalization
Grammaticalization is the process of changing the level from morpheme to word, which in
syntax is the first level of change. Not all morphemes by themselves can be directly transformed
into words. For example, the morphemes {ber-}, {ter-}, {to-}, and the like which are classified
as bound morphemes cannot directly become words. Likewise, morphemes such as {juang}
cannot directly become words, because the morpheme {juang} is actually a bound morpheme
too. This is also the case with forms like {home} which are free morphemes that can directly
become words. It seems that only free morphemes can go through the grammaticalization
process to become words.
 Affixation
Affixation is the process of adding affixes to a base or basic form. It involves the elements of the
base or base form, the affix, and the resulting grammatical meaning. This process can be
inflective and derivative. It is inflective if the affixation does not change the word class.
Conversely, it is derivative if the result of affixation changes the word class. An affix is a form,
usually a bound morpheme, that is added to a base in the process of word formation. In
Indonesian, there are various types of affixes which are traditionally classified into:
 a. Prefixes; are affixes that are placed in front of the base form.
b. Infixes; are affixes that are placed inside the base form.
c. Suffix; is an affix that is placed behind the base form.
d. Affix combination; is a word formation process in the form of giving affixes in
combination of two or more affixes connected to a base form.
e. Confix which consists of two elements, one in front of the base form and one behind the
base form, and functions as one divided morpheme. In this case, we need to distinguish
between the concepts of confixes and affix combinations. Confixes are one affix with one
grammatical meaning, while affix combinations are not one affix, and may express
several grammatical meanings.
 Reduplication
Reduplication is a morphological process that repeats the basic form, either completely, partially,
or accompanied by a change in sound. In this case, it is common to distinguish full reduplication,
such as buku-buku (from the base buku), partial reduplication such as lelaki (from the base laki),
and reduplication with sound changes, such as bolak-balik (from the base balik). In the
Indonesian linguistic repertoire, a number of terms for reduplication derived from Javanese and
Sundanese are commonly used.
The process of reduplication is found in many languages around the world. Specifically
regarding reduplication in Indonesian, there are several notes that need to be stated. First, the
basic form of reduplication in Indonesian can be in the form of basic morphemes such as tables
that become tables, development forms that become development-development, and can also be
in the form of word combinations such as newspapers that become newspapers or newspapers.

Conclution
From all the material I have read, I conclude that the science of language is very broad and
endless. Therefore, in addition to general linguistics books, we must also read other books so that
we know more about linguistics.