WARANGAL DURRIES

Index

1. Introduction
1.1. About Warangal durries
1.2 . History
2. Places of Practice
3. Raw Materials
4. Tools Used
5. Making Process
5.1. Dyeing
5.2. Weaving
5.2.1. Warping
5.2.2. Winding
5.2.3. Weaving
6. Products
6.1. Carpets
6.2. Praying mats
7. Warangal Durries and their Semiotics
8. Conclusion
 1. Introduction

Warangal, nestled in the heart of Telangana, stands as a

testament to India's rich history and cultural heritage.
Once the capital of the mighty Kakatiya dynasty,
Warangal's architectural marvels such as the Thousand
Pillar Temple and the imposing Warangal Fort echo the
grandeur of its past. Its festivals, like Bonalu and
Bathukamma, are vibrant expressions of local culture,
while natural wonders like Pakhal Lake and Laknavaram
Lake offer tranquil retreats amidst picturesque
landscapes. Warangal's seamless blend of tradition and
modernity makes it a captivating destination for visitors
seeking to immerse themselves in India's rich tapestry of
heritage and innovation.
1.1. About Warangal Durries

Warangal Carpets is an established industry in

Telangana, with a large community of skilled laborers
and artisans for dyeing the yarn and weaving. Warangal
Carpets is an established industry in Telangana, with a
large community of skilled laborers and artisans for
dyeing the yarn to weave. The second type of carpet is
block printed, these are used in decorating homes and
as a lifestyle product. Generally, the artisan makes a
plane or off-white blanket and then it is printed with
blocks of required designs. The block prints are
generally inspired by the Persian carpet style with rich
and royal motifs patterns. The third type is original to
the region, containing geometric flat patterns of various
dimensions and gorgeously planned color schemes
inspired by the local flora and fauna, Mughal structures,
daily life, and distinctive occupations in which the local
people are involved, like agriculture, handicraft, etc.
1.2. History

The history of Warangal carpets dates back to the

Mughal era, when the Mughal army came down to
south in Deccan region of India, an army comprising of
artists and craftsmen started making carpets and
sooner the local people had accepted it as their part
of regular income. This was due to abundant
availability of cotton locally and around the city of
Warangal. The craft has never faced the shortage of
materials at any point of time.

2. Places of Practice

Located in the southern region of India, in the state of

Telangana, Warangal carpets are pride of the region.
The metropolitan city of Warangal is a combination of
three cities –
Warangal
Kazipet
Hanamkonda
locally called as Ekasila Nagaram in Telugu language.
 3. Raw Materials
The raw materials that are used for carpet weaving
are,

1. Raw cotton thread bundles:

Cotton yarn, which comes in the lot is a primary raw

material used for making Warangal carpets, it is used
as it is, in few occasions or is generally dyed before
making it into a carpet.

2. Dye:

Chemical dye is used in dyeing of cotton yarns, of

varying grades and colors.
4. Tools Used

The tools that are used for carpet weaving are,

1. Shuttle and Pirn:

Shuttle along with pirn is used in horizontal weaving in

hand operated loom machines, it is made out of wood is
conical in shape from both the sides, which helps it to
glide smoothly.
2. Dying vessel:

A dyeing vessel is used along with an attached wood

fired chimney to heat the water inside it, for the dyeing
process.

3. Warping Frame:

Warping frame is used to make a bundle of parallel

threads, which can be transferred to the loom, to start
the weaving process.
4. T-Shaped Pole:

This pole is used for stacking up the wet thread bundles

and twisting them to remove excess water.

5. Pit loom:

A pit loom is used for weaving the carpet, which will be

at ground level and is basically pedal and hand
operated.
5. Making Process
5.1. Dyeing of cotton yarn:
After the cotton is bought, the lot is opened, which
contains yarn bundles twisted and packed tightly, it is
un-winded and are segregated separately into individual
bundles and is washed thoroughly with the mixture of
soap and water, to remove grease, dust or any foreign
particles from the yarn, which may cause imperfection
in the carpet. The washed yarn is then hung in the open
sky for it to dry naturally. Once the yarn is ready,
workers heat the water in the wood fire operated large
chimney, in a large rectangular tank, once it’s reached
specific temperature, they add either natural or
chemical dye powder to it, and it is mixed thoroughly to
ensure a proper mixing throughout the tank, then the
washed cotton yarn is added to the dye solution water
and it is let to soak the dye for a considerable amount of
time and then it is taken out of the tank, so that the
extra water can be squeezed out and then the colored
yarn is finally put to dry.
5.2. Weaving of Durries:
5.2.1. Warping:
In warping, the dyed or white thread bundles are
winded onto a plastic or wooden pipe collecting a series
of pipes with thread winded on it, then the starting end
of each thread is taken and is made into a single bundle
of multiple threads, with the help of a wall mounted
warping frame, it is then tightened and sized properly
according to required length, the number of threads to
be taken depends directly upon the width of carpet
required, once the warping is done it is then transferred
to the loom.

An artisan placing the thread reels on the

warping frame
5.2.2. Winding:
In winding the dyed thread bundle is un-winded and is
wrapped around an bamboo frame from which it is
again transferred to a small iron rod with the help of
charkha, according to the required dimensions these
little reels of threads will be used in shuttles, which is
used in horizontal weaving, and the bundle is called as
“pirn”.
5.2.3. Weaving:
In Warangal carpet weaving, generally pit looms are
used (peddle and hand operated), as it can be set up in
the back yard and artisans can work from their own
place, after the warping threads are set on to the loom,
the weaving is started, usually the horizontal lines and
vertical lines of threads will be of different shades or of
same shades, depending upon the requirement. Artisan
inserts the shuttle containing pirn onto one end of the
loom and then he presses the peddle when it ejects out
of the second end, and he also simultaneously presses
the thread which is laid out by shuttle with the hand
operated wooden beam, such that it tightens closely,
he repeats the process until the carpet is finished till
the other end.
6. Products:
6.1. Carpets:
The main and highlighted product of Warangal is a
carpet, with interesting geometric shaped designs,
usually these carpets are used in marriages, functions
and in homes, to welcome guests.

6.2. Praying Mats:

Praying mats are generally used by Muslim community
locally, to perform the ritual of their daily pray called
“Namaz” in mosque or in home, these mats comes with
geometric patterns of tombs, minars (Pillars of Mughal
style of structures), to resemble their culture.
7. Warangal Durries and their Semiotics:

1. Design and Patterns: Warangal durries are known for

their intricate designs and patterns, which often
incorporate geometric motifs, floral elements, and
traditional symbols. These designs serve as signs that
convey cultural meanings and aesthetic preferences.
Semiotic analysis can examine how specific patterns
and motifs are interpreted within the cultural context
of Warangal, revealing the symbolic significance
attached to different designs.
2. Colors: In Warangal durries, the choice of colors is
not only aesthetic but also symbolic. Different colors
may evoke feelings of joy, prosperity, or spirituality,
reflecting the cultural values and beliefs of the
weavers. Semiotic analysis can explore the cultural
connotations of color in Warangal durries and how
they contribute to the overall meaning of the textile.
3. Materials and Techniques: Natural fibers such as
cotton or wool are commonly used, symbolizing the
connection to the land and the environment. The
traditional weaving techniques passed down through
generations reflect cultural identity and
craftsmanship. Semiotic analysis can investigate how
these materials and techniques symbolize cultural
values such as sustainability, tradition, and
community.
8. Conclusion:

Warangal durries, with their rich history and intricate

craftsmanship, stand as a testament to the skill and
creativity of the artisans of Warangal, India. These
durries not only serve as functional floor coverings but
also embody the cultural heritage and tradition of the
region. From their vibrant colors to their durable weave,
Warangal durries have earned recognition both
domestically and internationally for their quality and
beauty.
In conclusion, Warangal durries represent more than
just a piece of fabric; they encapsulate generations of
craftsmanship and tradition. Their enduring popularity
is a testament to their timeless appeal and the
dedication of the artisans who continue to preserve and
innovate upon this cherished art form. As we celebrate
the legacy of Warangal durries, let us also acknowledge
the importance of supporting and sustaining traditional
crafts for generations to come.
TUMBA CRAFT
 INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Historical Background
3. Materials and Tools
4. Technique of Making
4.1. Preparation
4.2. Designing
4.3. Carving and Shaping
4.4. Embellishment
4.5. Finishing Techniques
4.6. Drying and Curing
5. Products
6. Artistic Approach
7. Cultural Significance
8. Revival Challenges
9. Semiotics in Tumba Art
10. Conclusion
1. Introduction

The tumba craft of Chhattisgarh is a traditional art form

that holds a significant place in the cultural heritage of
the region. Renowned for its intricate designs and
meticulous craftsmanship, tumba making exemplifies
the skill and creativity of Chhattisgarh's artisans.
2. Historical Background

The history of tumba craft in Chhattisgarh dates back

centuries, echoing the tales of skilled artisans who
meticulously crafted these ornate objects. Influenced
by local myths, folklore, and religious practices, tumba
making evolved as an integral part of Chhattisgarh's
cultural identity. Passed down through generations, the
craft has been cherished and preserved as a symbol of
tradition and heritage.

3. Materials and Tools

Materials:
Wood: Various types of wood are used in tumba
making, including teak, rosewood, mango wood,
and sandalwood. These woods are chosen for their
durability, workability, and aesthetic appeal.
Natural Dyes: Artisans often use natural dyes
derived from plants, minerals, or other organic
sources to add color to their tumbas. These dyes
create vibrant hues and are preferred for their eco-
friendly properties.
Embellishments: Various embellishments such as
beads, mirrors, shells, and metal accents are used
to decorate tumbas, adding texture, sparkle, and
visual interest to the finished piece.
Tools:
Carving Tools: Carving tools such as chisels, gouges,
knives, and rasps are essential for shaping and
detailing wooden tumbas. These tools come in a
variety of shapes and sizes to accommodate
different carving techniques and styles.
Paintbrushes: Fine paintbrushes are used for
applying paint, dyes, or other decorative finishes to
the tumba. Brushes come in various sizes and
shapes to accommodate different painting
techniques and details.
Burnishing Tools: Burnishing tools such as polishing
stones or agate burnishers are used to smooth the
surface of clay tumbas and create a polished finish.
These tools help achieve a lustrous sheen and
enhance the overall appearance of the tumba.
Firing Equipment: For clay tumbas, kilns or ovens
are used to fire the clay and harden it into its final
form. Kilns can be electric, gas, or wood-fired,
depending on the artisan's resources and
preferences.
Protective Gear: Artisans may also use protective
gear such as gloves, goggles, and masks when
working with materials and tools to ensure safety
and minimize exposure to dust, fumes, and other
hazards.
4. Techniques of Making

The technique of making tumbas involves several

intricate steps, each requiring skill and precision.

4.1. Preparation

Wooden tumbas, the wood may need to be seasoned

or treated to enhance its durability and prevent
warping or cracking.

4.2. Designing

Once the materials are ready, artisans sketch out the

design on the surface of the tumba. This may involve
intricate patterns, motifs inspired by nature,
mythological figures, or cultural symbols. The design is
an essential aspect of tumba making, as it reflects the
artisan's creativity and cultural heritage.

4.3. Carving and Shaping

With the design in place, artisans begin the carving

process. Using specialized tools such as chisels,
gouges, and knives, they meticulously carve away the
excess material to reveal the desired shape and form
of the tumba. This step requires precision and
attention to detail to bring the design to life.
4.4. Embellishment

Once the basic shape is carved, artisans may add

decorative elements to enhance the aesthetic appeal
of the tumba. This could involve intricate carving, relief
work, or the addition of embellishments such as beads,
mirrors, or paint. These embellishments add texture,
depth, and visual interest to the finished tumba.

4.5. Finishing Techinque

After the carving and embellishment are complete,

artisans apply finishing touches to the tumba. This may
involve sanding the surface to smooth out any rough
edges, applying a protective coating or polish to
enhance durability and luster, and adding any final
details or decorations.

4.6. Drying and Curing

Depending on the material used, the tumba may need

to undergo a drying or curing process to ensure
structural integrity and longevity. Wooden tumbas may
be left to air dry or placed in a kiln to harden the
material.
5. Products
Tumba craft in Chhattisgarh yields a variety of
products, each with its own unique characteristics and
purposes. Here are some of the products commonly
crafted

1. Decorative Tumbas -
These are ornate
cylindrical containers
intricately decorated with
carved designs, relief work,
or painted motifs.
Decorative tumbas are
often used as centerpieces
or focal points in home
decor, showcasing the
artisan's skill and creativity.

1. Storage Tumbas -
Functional in nature,
storage tumbas serve as
containers for storing
various items such as
grains, spices, jewelry, or
personal belongings. These
tumbas may feature
simpler designs but are still
crafted with attention to
detail and durability.
 1. Artistic Tumbas - Some
tumba artisans push the
boundaries of traditional
craftsmanship to create
artistic tumbas that blur
the line between functional
objects and works of art.
These tumbas may feature
experimental designs,
innovative techniques, or
unconventional materials,
showcasing the artisan's
creativity and ingenuity.

6. Artistic Approach

Tumbas encompass a wide array of products, ranging

from decorative artifacts to utilitarian objects. These
include intricately carved wooden boxes adorned with
vibrant paintings, and ceremonial items used in
religious rituals and festivals. Each tumba serves as a
canvas for artistic expression, depicting local legends,
symbolic motifs, and cultural motifs that resonate with
the people of Chhattisgarh.
7. Cultural Significance

Beyond their aesthetic appeal, tumbas hold profound

cultural significance in Chhattisgarh society. They are
not merely objects of adornment but symbols of
prosperity, protection, and auspiciousness. Tumbas are
integral to various ceremonies, including weddings,
births, and religious rites, where they play a central role
in rituals and traditions, forging connections between
past and present generations.

8. Revival Challenge

Despite its cultural importance, tumba craft faces

numerous challenges in the modern era. These include
declining artisan populations, lack of market access,
and competition from mass-produced alternatives.
However, there is renewed interest in reviving and
preserving this ancient craft. Various initiatives,
including skill development programs, market linkages,
and cultural tourism efforts, aim to support artisans
and raise awareness about the importance of tumba
making.
9. Semiotics in Tumba Art

1. Symbols and Motifs: Tumba art is filled with

symbols and motifs that convey meaning and
cultural significance. These symbols may include
geometric patterns, stylized flora and fauna,
mythological figures, and religious symbols. By
identifying and interpreting these symbols,
semioticians can uncover the deeper meanings
embedded in tumba art and understand how they
reflect the cultural beliefs, traditions, and values of
the community.
2. Iconography: In tumba art, specific icons and
images are used to represent abstract concepts
such as fertility, prosperity, protection, and
spirituality. By analyzing the iconography of tumba
art, semioticians can unravel the layers of meaning
encoded in the visual imagery and explore how
these images convey cultural norms and beliefs.
3. Cultural Context: In the case of tumba art, the
cultural context of Chhattisgarh plays a crucial role
in shaping the meaning and interpretation of the
artwork. By examining the socio-cultural practices,
rituals, and traditions associated with tumba art,
semioticians can gain insights into how these
artworks are perceived and understood within the
community.
10. Conclusion

In conclusion, the tumba craft of Chhattisgarh stands as

a testament to the resilience, creativity, and cultural
heritage of the region. As we celebrate its legacy, it is
imperative to recognize the need for concerted efforts
to preserve and promote this cherished tradition. By
supporting artisans, fostering cultural appreciation, and
fostering sustainable practices, we can ensure that the
art of tumba making continues to thrive for generations
to come, enriching the cultural landscape of
Chhattisgarh and beyond.