E 85 FUEL ETHANOL

INDUSTRY GUIDELINES,
SPECIFICATIONS
AND PROCEDURES

Renewable Fuels Association

One Massachusetts Ave. NW Suite 820
Washington DC 20001
Phone: (202) 289- 3835
Fax: (202) 289-7519
Email: info@ethanolrfa.org
Website: www.ethanolrfa.org

This document was prepared by the Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) Technical
Committee. The information, though believed to be accurate at the time of publication,
should not be considered as legal advice or as a substitute for developing specific
company operating guidelines. Neither the RFA nor its Technical Committee makes any
warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the
accuracy, completeness, or applicability of the information presented in this document.

March 2009
RFA Publication # 090301
E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Introduction

The Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) is the national trade association for the U.S. fuel
ethanol industry. Membership is comprised of numerous ethanol producers, both large and small,
as well as suppliers to the industry and other interested parties. Founded in 1981, the RFA’s
primary objective is to promote public policy initiatives that increase the market for fuel grade
ethanol produced from a variety of feedstocks including grains, agricultural wastes, and various
biomass feedstock sources.

As the ethanol industry has grown, so too has the Renewable Fuels Association’s areas of
responsibility to its membership. Today the RFA not only focuses on legislative/regulatory and
public policy type issues but also maintains several committees and task groups to address
industry needs. These committees include a technical committee to address various technical
issues and to assist with technical industry publications (such as this one). In addition, there are
plant and employee safety, environmental, and cellulosic committees monitoring efforts in each
of these respective areas. The technical committee also has an E85 task force to deal specifically
with E85 issues. Other committees utilize standing and ad hoc task forces and work groups as
well. These committees and task forces are comprised of representatives of our member
companies, staff, and, when necessary, technical consultants and other interested stakeholders.
The RFA provides support for educational outreach programs through its research and education
arm, the Renewable Fuels Foundation.

The RFA promotes the use of fuel grade ethanol in all its legal applications. Fuel ethanol is
blended in over 70% of the nation’s gasoline. This includes not only conventional E10 (90%
gasoline/10% ethanol), and reformulated gasoline (RFG), but also developing markets such as
E85 for use in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs) and mid level ethanol fuel blends. This document
focuses on the product quality and integrity of E85, which is of the utmost importance to the
Renewable Fuels Association and its members because, unlike ethanol as a blend component, in
this application it is the finished fuel. To promote the highest quality fuel possible, the
Renewable Fuels Association has put together this information offering a discussion of
specifications, properties and their importance as well as other important topics related to E85.
The purpose of this document is to serve as a condensed technical reference for manufacturers
and retailers of E85 and other interested parties who need such information. All RFA Technical
Publications and other RFA Reference materials are available on the RFA website at:
www.ethanolrfa.org.

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Table of Contents

Topics:
E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicles 4
Initiating a Successful E85 Retail Marketing Program 4
Product Quality 4
E85 Quality 4
E85 Blending 9
Other Product Quality Considerations 10
Installation and Conversions 11
Transportation 12
Handling and Receipt of E85 13
Safety and Firefighting 13
Retail Issues 15
Tax Incentives and Funding 17
Legal Considerations 18

Tables:
Table 1 ASTM D 5798 Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85)
Automotive Spark Ignition Engines 5
Table 2 Hydrocarbon Vapor Pressure Results 6
Table 3 E85 Blend Calculation Card 10
Table 4 Metal Compatibility with E85 11
Table 5 Elastomer / Plastics Compatibility with E85 12
Table 6 First Aid Treatment for Exposure to Fuel Ethanol 14
Table 7 E85 Gasoline Gallon Equivalence 16

Figures:
1. Blendstock VP Effect on Ethanol 7
2. E85 Label 16
3. Tank Identification Marker 17

Appendices:
A. Key Properties ASTM D 4806 19
B. E85 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 20
C. Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Commonly Used Terms 23
D. Useful Websites 24
E. List of other RFA Technical Documents and Other Publications 26

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

E85 and Flex Fuel Vehicles

While fuel grade ethanol is most widely recognized for its use in E10 gasoline/ethanol blends
there is growing awareness and use of what is commonly called E85. E85 can actually range
from 70% ethanol/30% hydrocarbons to 79% ethanol/21% hydrocarbons (discussed in more
detail later in this publication). E85 is currently restricted to use in FFVs.

Flex Fuel Vehicles: Several manufacturers currently offer vehicles that are capable of operating
on 100% gasoline or E85, or any mixture of the two. These vehicles are called flex fuel vehicles
(FFV) or variable fuel vehicles (VFV). Ford, General Motors, and the Chrysler Corporation, as
well as some foreign based manufacturers, all offer certain models as FFVs that operate on E85.
It is estimated that there are over 7 million FFVs on the roads today. Through the
commitment of the U.S. automakers, nearly 50% of their vehicles sold by 2012 will be FFVs.
FFVs are growing in demand as consumers want a choice in fuels and desire to support
domestically grown transportation fuels. Fuel infrastructure is growing at a steady pace as well.
There are currently over 2,000 retail stations offering E85.
A full list of FFV models for the past and current model years is available from the
Department of Energy’s website:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/flexible_fuel_availability.html This website also has
an E85 station locator feature to find a fueling station near you,
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/ethanol_locations.html. E85 should not be dispensed
into non FFVs as it could damage the vehicle. It could also result in significant fines for the
fuel retailer.

Initiating a Successful E85 Retail Marketing Program

There are six distinct areas of importance to initiating a successful E85 marketing program:
Product Quality
System Conversion and/or New Installations
Transportation Considerations
Safety Issues
Retail Marketing Considerations
Legal Compliance

Product Quality

There are several issues regarding E85 quality, including the quality of the ethanol, the quality
of the hydrocarbon portion of the blend, and the quality of the finished blend. In addition,
adequate treatment with certain additives and proper care during transport and delivery, as well as
proper procedures for conversion and housekeeping, are also necessary.

E85 Quality

At retail E85 should meet the property limits set forth in ASTM D 5798 Standard
Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed-85) for Automotive Spark- Ignition Engines. The lower
case “d” in “Ed” stands for “denatured” ethanol meaning for instance Ed75 is 75 volume %

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

denatured ethanol. Table 2 lists the property limits as well as designated test methods for E85.
The full ASTM specification has very detailed information regarding the importance of each
property. As such, testing frequency is not defined here. Each E85 manufacturer should evaluate
their own operation and process to set a testing frequency to ensure adherence to the ASTM
standards. The RFA has developed a quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) guide entitled,
“Guidelines for Establishing Ethanol Plant Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs,”
RFA Publication #040301, which may prove useful in setting up a fuel quality and oversight
program. This document is available on the RFA website: www.ethanolrfa.org.

Table 1 ASTM D 5798 Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for
Automotive Spark Ignition Engines
ASTM
Properties Class1 Class 2 Class 3 test method

Ethanol + higher alcohols, min, 79 74 70

volume %
Hydrocarbon/aliphatic ether, 17-21 17-26 17-30
volume %
Vapor pressure, kPa 38-59 48-65 66-83 D4953 / D5190
(psi) (5.5-8.5) (7.0-9.5) (9.5-12.0)
Sulfur, max, mg/kg 80 80 80 D2622 / D5453

All Classes
Methanol, volume %, max 0.5
Higher alcohols (C3-C8), max, 2.
volume %
Acidity, (as acetic acid CH3COOH), 0.005 (40) D1613
mass % (mg/L), max
Solvent-washed gum content, 5. D381
max, mg/100mL
pHe 6.5 to 9.0 D6423
Unwashed gum content, max, 20. D381
mg/100 mL
Inorganic chloride, max, mg/kg 1. D7319 / D7328
Copper, max, mg/L 0.07
Water, max, mass % 1.0 D1688
Appearance This product shall be visibly free of suspended
or precipitated contaminants (clear and bright).
This shall be determined at ambient temperature
or 21°C (70°F), whichever is higher.
** Note that certain states ban the use of MTBE/or other aliphatic ethers.

As some of the methods listed in this specification were not originally developed to evaluate high
ethanol content fuels, the ASTM DO2.08 Analytical Methods subcommittee has formed a Biofuel
Method Applicability work group to address concerns with the above listed method applicability
to fuel with an ethanol content greater than 10% volume.

The following pages discuss the importance of these property limits.

Ethanol & Higher Alcohols, Hydrocarbons/Aliphatic Ethers, and Vapor Pressure: The limit
of the ethanol/higher alcohols and hydrocarbon portion of E85 varies by class. For instance,

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Class 3 requires less ethanol and allows a lower ethanol minimum. This is done to increase fuel
volatility (vapor pressure) to provide better cold start and warm up performance. Class 3 is
typically the winter grade, Class 1 the summer grade and Class 2 is typically inter-seasonal
(fall/spring). The minimum ethanol and higher alcohols in the specification takes into
consideration that the ethanol in the blend is denatured. Thus Class 1 E85, which would typically
contain 85% denatured ethanol, is required to meet a 79% minimum ethanol content.

Vapor Pressure: As discussed above, vapor pressure is altered based on historical climate
conditions and altitude. Table 2 of ASTM D 5798 lists the appropriate class by state, by month.
Class 1 (summer grade) requires a vapor pressure of 5.5-8.5 psi. Class 2 (spring/fall) requires a
vapor pressure of 7.0 – 9.5 psi and Class 3 (winter) 9.5 – 12.0 psi. Testing is currently underway
to determine if these ranges (established on older vehicle technology) are still appropriate or
require revision.
Note: Some states such as California have, or are developing, their own E85 standards.

It is often difficult to meet the minimum vapor pressure requirements with today’s lower
volatility gasolines. General Motors and the RFA conducted a study of various volatility
hydrocarbon blend stocks at varying levels. This included gasolines with vapor pressures of 5.5,
7.8, 9, 11.5, 12.5, and 15 psi as well as natural gasoline. The following table lists the “as tested”
(ASTM D 4953), ASTM Dry Vapor Pressure Equivalent (DVPE) of the fuels, as received.

Table 2 Hydrocarbon / Vapor Pressure

Results

ASTM
DVPE
Description psi
5.5 CARB 5.63
7.8 CBOB 7.09
9.0 psi 8.67
11.5 psi 10.51
12.5 psi 12.26
15.0 psi 14.65
Natural Gasoline 13.4

The following figure shows the vapor pressure results (ASTM D 4953) for blending each
hydrocarbon at 15%, 20%, and 25% (i.e. E85, E80 and E75 respectively).

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Figure 1

As can be seen, for E85 (typically the summer grade), some blendstocks do not meet the 5.5 psi
minimum. For E80, some do not meet the 7.0 psi minimum and for E75 very few meet the 9.5
psi minimum. Selection of a sufficiently volatile (high vapor pressure) hydrocarbon allows the
final blend to meet minimum ASTM vapor pressure requirements when added at the correct
levels.

Seasonal Inventory Control: Retailers should exercise caution at seasonal changeover time.
For instance, a high inventory of summer grade, if not run down before cold weather, would be
below the specified vapor pressure and may adversely affect cold start and warm up performance.

Sulfur: Sulfur limits must be controlled because sulfur can damage the catalytic converter. Care
should be used in selecting denaturants because these hydrocarbons are the source of most sulfur
in denatured ethanol.

Methanol and Higher Alcohols: Methanol is held to low limits due to its corrosive properties,
while higher alcohols are controlled to ensure ethanol purity.

Acidity, pHe and Inorganic Chloride: These are limited to reduce corrosive properties.

Solvent Washed Gum/Unwashed Gum: Solvent washed gum can contribute to fuel system
deposits. The unwashed gum content is set to limit high boiling point components such as diesel
fuel. The difference between unwashed and solvent washed gum can be used to determine the

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

presence of non-volatile materials. More analytical testing would be necessary to identify the
exact material, which could be additive or additive carrier oils.

Copper: Copper is undesirable in fuels because it can decrease fuel stability thereby contributing
to increased gum formation.

Water: Water levels are controlled because excessive water levels may increase fuel system
corrosion.

Appearance: Product should be visibly free of suspended or precipitated contaminants.

Workmanship Clause: Section 5 of ASTM D 5798 also contains a workmanship clause which
states:
“Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) shall be visually free of sediment and suspended matter.
It shall be clear and bright at the ambient temperature or 21°C (70°F), whichever is
higher. The specification defines only a basic purity for fuel ethanol (Ed75-Ed85). The
product shall be free of any adulterant or contaminant that can render the material
unacceptable or its commonly used applications.”

Octane: A minimum octane for E85 is not specified. FFVs can tolerate the lower octane of
gasoline, i.e. 87 (R+M)/2. The RFA recommends that the octane not be posted because of
variations and testing expense. There is no requirement to post octane on an E85 dispenser. If a
retailer chooses to post octane, they should be aware that the often cited 105 octane is incorrect.
This number was derived by using ethanol’s blending octane value in gasoline. This is not the
proper way to calculate the octane of E85. Ethanol’s true octane value should be used to
calculate E85’s octane value. This results in an octane range of 94-96 (R+M)/2. These
calculations have been confirmed by actual octane engine tests.

Product Additization: ASTM D 5798 does not contain guidelines for additives such as corrosion
inhibitors or detergents/deposit control additives. Work in this area is ongoing. As such, the
RFA has not yet prepared a formal recommendation for additives to be used in E85. The
following discussion provides information on developing issues.

Corrosion Inhibitors: Nearly all ethanol producers add a corrosion inhibitor at a level sufficient
to treat the entire finished gallon of E10. This level would actually over-treat a gallon of E85.
However, since E85 is typically made from ethanol in common storage and E10 is the primary
blend, this is unavoidable at the present time.

Detergents/Deposit Control Additives: Recent studies have shown that E85 may, in some
cases, lead to development of fuel injector and/or intake valve deposits. Preliminary work
indicates that this may be a result of no detergents in the ethanol portion of the blend in
combination with high levels of corrosion inhibitor. This can be addressed through the addition
of detergents/deposit control additives. If an additive is used, the blender must rely on
information from the additive manufacturer. In addition to effectiveness, it should be confirmed
that any additive selected will remain soluble in varying blend levels of gasoline and ethanol, and
that the additive meets the “no harm” criteria, meaning it will not interact with other gasoline
additives present in a manner that would cause problems or reduce the effectiveness of other
additives. Common gasoline additives may not be compatible with E85. The recommended treat
rate of any additive should not be exceeded.

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Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) Program: The product quality of E85 is
very important. The extent of any QA/QC program will depend on if the fuel is purchased pre-
blended and if it is splash blended or produced by automated blending. It may also depend on the
use of an in-house laboratory versus an independent laboratory, volumes sold, and individual
company operating producers. As noted earlier, the RFA has a QA/QC guidance document
available on its website.

Quality Assurance (QA) is a set of operating principles that, when strictly followed, a product
will be produced meeting the expectations of the customer. The program should provide
assurance of compliance to any applicable quality expectations as well as any regulatory
requirements.

Quality Control (QC) is a measure within a sample analysis methodology to assure that the
process is in control. Quality Control Programs ensure that the process is running as designed
and through various process checks, such as sampling methods, produce representative samples,
confirm that laboratory analyses are reliable, and verify that the reported results are suitable to
support decisions, and measure and document any uncertainty in analytical data.

Because of all the variables that determine the necessity and frequency of tests, QA/QC
procedure needs will vary by company.

E85 Blending

E85 may be blended at an ethanol plant or a petroleum distribution terminal. Some retailers have
retail dispenser systems that can blend E85 at the pump. The level of QA/QC and product
documentation may vary depending upon the location and method of blending.

Purchased Pre-Blended (Automated Blending): In this instance, you can usually rely on the
seller’s certificate of analysis or specification sheets. Certificates of Analysis (COA) can be
considered a legal document ensuring compliance to the agreed upon fuel quality standard. A
Certificate of Analysis should contain each of the following: Manufacturing/Blending, location,
Lot or Batch Identification, product name, date of analysis, test methods and results as performed,
and a signature of the person responsible for ensuring product quality or person performing the
analysis. In many instances, testing frequency should be indicated next to the test parameter and
if any typical properties are listed it must be indicated as such. Clear instructions on how to
correctly complete a COA will provide for the utmost accurate and truthful communication to the
customer. A COA may be duplicated and issued on a time based approach (daily, shift wise, etc.)
or process conditional approach (batch, shipment, etc.). Since E85 is usually manufactured at the
terminal as the truck is being loaded, a COA is more likely to show percent of blend and
properties of blend components and then typical properties on the blend. Even when a COA is
provided, it is a good practice to periodically spot check a few samples.

Purchased Pre-Blended (Splash Blends): Here the retailer can also rely on a COA, but again it
is good practice to periodically spot check samples. In this instance, where there is a greater
potential for mis-blends, more frequent sampling is advised.

Blender of Record: If your company is the blender of record, i.e. the entity actually blending the
two components, more stringent QA/QC is required. Automated blending equipment should be
checked periodically to verify blending accuracy. While automated blending is preferred, it is
often not available because of current low sales volumes of E85 in many areas. If your company

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

is splash blending, you should meet with your transport drivers (or common carrier dispatchers
and drivers) to cover proper procedures. Pre-calculated blend cards should also be developed for
each tanker/compartment size. An example is provided in the table below.

Table 3 E85 Blend Calculation Card

Compartment Size (gallons) E85 E80 E75

1600 Gasoline 240 320 400
Ethanol 1360 1280 1200
2000 Gasoline 300 400 500
Ethanol 1700 1600 1500
2400 Gasoline 360 480 600
Ethanol 2040 1920 1800

As noted in the transportation section, the gasoline should be added to the compartment first.
This reduces the potential for build-up of static charge and improves blending (by introducing a
larger quantity into a smaller one).

Note that the components of E85 are blended on a volume basis of the components, corrected to
identical temperatures (usually 60°F). There are currently no volume correction tables for E85
blends.

Other Product Quality Considerations

Blenders of E85 should also monitor the properties of the blendstocks they use to manufacture
E85.

Base Ethanol Quality: The ethanol most often used at terminals to make the various blend
levels of E85 is the same ethanol that is used to make E10 blends. Consequently, much of the
ethanol used to make E85 meets ASTM D 4806 “Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel
Ethanol for Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel.” A
table listing the key properties defined by ASTM D 4806 is included in Appendix A.

For a more detailed discussion of the importance of these properties, refer to a copy of the
applicable specification. Copies of ASTM D 4806, ASTM D 5798, and other ASTM
specifications and standards may be obtained from:
ASTM
100 Bar Harbor Drive
W. Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
Publication orders: Phone: (610) 823-9585 Fax: (610) 832-9555
Website: http://www.astm.org

Corrosion Inhibitors: The RFA also recommends that its ethanol producers add corrosion
inhibitors to the ethanol they produce. These additive recommendations can be found in RFA
Publication # 960501, “Fuel Ethanol Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures,” which
is available on the RFA website. These additive recommendations are currently under review and
may be revised in the near future.

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Hydrocarbon Quality: The hydrocarbon portion of E85 is usually comprised of regular

unleaded gasoline meeting ASTM D 4814, “Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-
Ignition Engine Fuel” or Natural Gasoline. Some ethanol producers use Natural Gasoline to
produce E85 because it is commonly stocked at the plant for denaturing ethanol. The quality and
characteristics of hydrocarbon materials can vary significantly. Whatever hydrocarbon blendstock
is used, the blender should be sure that its properties will allow E85 to meet the requirements of
ASTM D 5798, “Standard Specification for Fuel Ethanol (Ed75-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-
Ignition Engines.” (See page 5) Key properties of concern in selecting the hydrocarbon blend
component include:

Vapor Pressure: The vapor pressure of the hydrocarbon must be sufficient to raise the vapor
pressure of the finished blend to the minimum requirement at the blend levels specified.

Sulfur: The sulfur level of the hydrocarbon must be low enough that the finished blend complies
with ASTM specifications as well as any state or federal requirement.

Other Important Properties: Other important hydrocarbon blendstock properties include an

end point 437°F (225°C), gum content, oxidative stability, and appearance, all which could
impact the quality of the finished E85 blend.

Installations and Conversions

Whether installing a new E85 system or converting an existing system to E85 there are certain
preparatory steps that must be taken. Additionally certain housekeeping procedures must be
adhered to. A useful information guide for retail E85 dispensing is the “Handbook for Handling,
Storing, and Dispensing E85,” (DOE/GO-102008-2450) April 2008, available on the internet at:
www.atdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/41853.pdf. This and more information is available from the
Department of Energy website. www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol. This website contains
excellent information on E85 installations and conversions as well as other information on E85.
Another useful website is the Petroleum Equipment Institute, www.pei.org/e85, which has a list
of suppliers with E85 compatible equipment. These guides and documents also provide
information on materials compatibility with E85. As a general guideline Table 4 lists compatible
and non-compatible metals while Table 5 lists Elastomers & Plastics.

Table 4 Metal Compatibility with E85

Compatible Non Compatible

Unplated Steel Zinc
Stainless Steel Brass
Black Iron Lead (& lead alloys)
Bronze Aluminum and certain Aluminum Alloys*
Nickel Plate Terne Plate
Copper
*Intermittent contact with Aluminum Alloys, example given transport trucks, has not shown any
compatibility problems.

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Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Table 5 Elastomer/Plastics Compatibility with E85

Compatible Non Compatible

Teflon Natural Rubber
Nitrile Cork
Viton Leather
Polypropylene Polyurethane
Buna-N PVG
Neoprene Rubber Some Plastics/
Thermo Plastic Pipe Thermo Set Plastics
Thermoset Reinforced Fiberglass

In addition to following industry guidelines for fuel performance and federal regulations, there
are usually state and local regulatory guidelines that must also be adhered to. These requirements
may differ for terminal and retail fuel locations. These requirements may include state and local
fire codes as well as Department of Transportation (DOT) and OSHA Hazardous Materials
Regulations. As such, you should consult with state and local officials before beginning your
installation or conversion.

Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJ): In most cases local authorities having jurisdiction
(AHJ) have control over certain aspects of the installation. For example, they may require UL
listed equipment or manufacturer certified equipment. They may also waive such requirements
but require more frequent inspections.

Transportation

Because E85 is produced at a petroleum distribution terminal or an ethanol production facility, it

is almost always delivered by transport truck (typically 7800-8200 gallon compartmentalized
capacity). While equipment suitable for transportation of gasoline is acceptable for handling E85,
a few extra precautionary steps should be taken. Truck compartment(s) should be clean and dry
before loading. Avoid contamination from water, leaded fuels such as racing gasoline/AV gas, or
diesel, etc. Always ground the truck during loading and unloading operations. Hoses must be
purged. It is best to have pumped ethanol or unleaded gasoline prior to pumping E85 to avoid
contamination. Before the first delivery to the E85 storage system, make certain that the lines and
pump are clean. E85 is a DOT Class 3 flammable liquid. Handle with the same safety
precautions as gasoline. Avoid sparks and flames. It is advisable to wear safety goggles when
handling E85. If E85 contacts the body or face, flush with water. Use good ventilation. Avoid
breathing vapors, because they can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea. If delivering to an
outlet not within your own control, you should contact the manager to verify their unloading
hours and procedures. All transport drivers should be issued a Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) on E85. A sample MSDS is included in the appendices. Transport drivers should also
be advised of all safety and firefighting guidelines.

If product is blended in the truck compartments the gasoline should be loaded first to reduce
buildup of static charge. This also results in a more homogenous blend. Also the blends should

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be blended by compartment to ensure proper mixing. The truck should always be grounded
during loading and unloading.

Placarding: Transport trucks hauling E85 should be placarded as UN 3475 (ethanol and gasoline
mixture). On January 28, 2008, the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and
Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued a final rule creating a new proper
shipping name and placard for E85. The RFA Safety Committee recommends that fuels
containing greater than 10% volume fuel alcohol and less than 95% use the UN 3475
identification. Mandatory compliance with the new placarding regulation began October 1, 2008.
This mandatory placarding will direct “First Responders” to Guide 127 of the Emergency
Response Guidebook (most recent publication 2008).

Prior Commodities Hauled: Prior commodities hauled that are acceptable in trucks include E85,
ethanol, fuel grade denatured ethanol, unleaded gasoline, unleaded racing gasoline, unleaded
RBOB, unleaded CaRBOB, and natural gasoline. Equipment used to haul other commodities
should not be used unless the equipment has been properly cleaned. Residual amounts of other
products may contaminate the E85. For an expanded discussion of prior commodities hauled, as
well as various equipment cleaning procedures, refer to RFA Publication # 960501.

Handling and Receipt of E85

The same handling and product receipt safety and administrative procedures for gasoline are
appropriate for E85. It is important to note two additional safety factors. E85 electrical
conductivity is different than gasoline and is more prone to build a static charge. Additionally,
E85 vapors are more easily ignitable than gasoline vapors. Mixtures of air and vapors will only
burn or explode within a certain range of concentrations. The lean limit (or lower explosive
limit) is where the mixture has just enough vapor to burn and the rich limit (or upper explosive
limit) is where it is almost too rich to burn. E85 vapors often fall between the lean and rich limits
meaning that it is a combustible mixture.

Safety and Firefighting

Health Considerations: E85 should be handled in the same manner as gasoline. Personal
exposure should be minimized. Like gasoline, E85 is flammable, poisonous, and may contain
additives that can be harmful even with casual contact. E85 is poisonous and should not be
consumed. Exposure to E85 can occur by inhalation (breathing in its vapors), absorption (getting
it on the skin or in the eyes), or ingestion (swallowing it). The various symptoms of exposure to
E85 and fuel ethanol are shown in Table 6.

Table 6. First Aid Treatment for Exposure to Fuel Ethanol

Symptoms of Exposure: Dullness of memory and concentration
Impaired motor coordination
Drowsiness, stupor, and coma
Exposure: Fuel Ethanol First Aid Treatment Treatment Compared to
Gasoline Exposure
Inhalation Move away from the vapors to fresh air, contact medical Same
personnel immediately
Skin Absorption Immediately wash skin with soap, and flush skin with Same
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove

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 E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

contaminated clothing and contact medical personnel

immediately
Eye Absorption Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 Same
minutes, contact medical personnel
Ingestion Lie down, keep warm, do not induce vomiting, and contact Different
medical personnel immediately

Fire-fighting: Fuel ethanol and E85 fires require specific equipment, materials, and training.
Recent testing of fire-fighting agents sponsored by the Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition
using the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) 162 test methodology revealed that conventional
gasoline fire-fighting methods and chemicals are not likely to be effective on high ethanol content
fuel fires. Ethanol blended fuels with greater than 10% ethanol require the use of a Polar Solvent
or Alcohol Resistant (AR) type of Foam commonly known as an AR-AFFF. Traditional AFFF
foams have limited to no ability to extinguish fire emergencies when the ethanol content is above
10% by volume. AR type foams work on all alcohol variations of ethanol and gasoline blended
fuels and would be the best use of fire response equipment. It should be mentioned that Dry
Chemical fire extinguishing agents may also work on ethanol blended fuels, however, the dry
chemical manufacturer must be consulted for appropriateness.

The RFA has been an instrumental member of the Ethanol Emergency Response Coalition
(EERC), which collectively produced a video entitled “Responding to Ethanol Incidents.” This
video is available for free download at the RFA website, www.ethanolrfa.org. This video
provides the necessary guidance for foam selection to address ethanol blended fuel fires. Another
reference point for ethanol specific safety information is the EERC’s website,
www.ethanolresponse.com. The EERC website holds a library of emergency and environmental
information to help with both education and preparedness in the first response community when
responding to ethanol related emergencies. There are contacts, MSDS, and technical bulletins
available on this website.

Safety training for distribution, retail, and emergency response personnel should be included
specifically for ethanol blended fuels. Ethanol specific training provides the communication link
between all parties to ensure an effective response to any emergency that may arise.

Safety Codes: Safety standards for handling and storing E85 are the same as those for gasoline.
The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) has two standards that apply to ethanol blends:
NFPA 30, “Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,” and NFPA 30A, “Automotive and
Marine Service Station Code.” These codes contain information on refueling facilities, storage,
and handling requirements for all flammable and combustible liquids. NFPA assigns ethanol
fuels (including E95 and E85) to the same flammability class as gasoline. Copies of these
standards can be obtained through the Office of the State Fire Marshal or the NFPA website. A
sample material safety data sheet for E85 is shown in Appendix B.

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Retail Issues

Marketing: E85 requires a special marketing effort. Prior to installation, the retailer should
determine if the local FFV population is sufficient to recoup any investment and return a
reasonable profit. FFVs can be identified by a unique character in the Vehicle Identification
Number (VIN), vehicle emblem or by the owner’s manual. The retailer should contact the RFA’s
Market Development Team for assistance in site assessment. Together, they can work with the
auto manufacturers and/or bureau of motor vehicles to identify the consumer FFV population by
zip code, provide information on fleet FFV population by zip code, local traffic counts,
partnerships with auto dealerships and more. If at all possible, some type of incentive should be
offered to entice the FFV owner to try E85. Examples of successful offers include “cents off,”
giveaways, celebrities, etc. There may be funds available to help with such promotions. Check
with RFA’s Market Development Team to see what is available. This team works directly with
other organizations that promote E85, such as state corn grower associations, the automakers,
American Lung Association, Clean Cities Coalitions, ethanol producers and, in some cases, state
and federal government. The bottom line is that any marketing program must advise consumers
of the fuel’s availability and advantages to get them to try it. For more information, the National
Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has produced a business case for E85:
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/pdfs/41590.pdf

Gasoline Gallon Equivalence (GGE): E85 blends contain less energy than gasoline, which
results in fewer miles per gallon. Fuel cost, on a miles driven basis, must be considered. This is
sometimes called gasoline gallon equivalence (GGE). E85 is really E75 in the winter, E80 in
spring and fall, and E85 in summer. Ethanol does not contain as much energy as gasoline (lower
btu/gallon). In fact, E85 (E75, E80) contains about 73% to 76% the btu content of gasoline. The
actual impact on fuel economy can vary depending on the model of vehicle, vehicle driving
patterns, driving conditions, driver input, state of tune of the vehicle and other factors. Some
drivers and fleets have experienced fuel economy penalties below 10%, but most drivers will
experience a larger miles per gallon drop, typically in the 20% range.

It is important to promote the benefits of ethanol, and the value associated with those benefits. It
does not take the consumer long to figure out that they cannot go as far on a tankful of E85 as on
one of gasoline, but the value of the benefits may help. To offer comparable value the consumer
typically will want to drive the same distance on a dollar’s worth of E85 as a dollar’s worth of
gasoline. As a trade association, the RFA cannot offer recommendations on, or suggest how to
price E85. The price of E85 must be set by the retailer. However, to provide the retailer with
information on how a consumer might compare E85 on a cost per mile or GGE basis a
hypothetical example is provided in Table 7. The table uses gasoline meeting ASTM D 4814.
This is only one example and is on a btu basis only, and presents a worst case scenario. Some
drivers experience better fuel economy than the btu content would predict. Unlike gasoline,
which typically has a lower energy content in the winter (as much as 10%), E85 has a higher
energy content in the winter. Many FFVs take advantage of ethanol’s greater thermal efficiency,
which achieves more miles per btu than gasoline, although not enough to offset the total energy
content difference.

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Table 7 E85 Gasoline Gallon Equivalence

Gasoline E75 E85

Gasoline Portion 218.4 54.6 32.76

Ethanol Portion 0 111.75 126.65

Total 218.4 166.35 159.41

% of Gasoline Price 100% 76.20% 73%

Ethanol price 200 cpg less 51 cpg credit = $1.49. Unleaded regular 218.4 cpg

In the hypothetical example in the table the consumer pays less per gallon or tankful for E85 but
since fewer miles per gallon are achieved, the driving cost to the consumer is approximately the
same. If a consumer gets 20 mpg on gasoline and 15 mpg on E85, that equates to 400 miles on
20 gallons of gasoline and 300 miles on 20 gallons of E85. Most will not be willing to use E85
unless it is correspondingly less expensive than gasoline.

Retail Dispenser Labeling: There are certain specific labeling requirements for alternative
fuels, including E85. At a minimum, the pump must be labeled with the Federal Trade
Commission (FTC) required label as described in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 16
Part 306. This label must identify the fuel as E85 and state the minimum volume percentage of
ethanol present. By stating 70% this covers all blend scenarios down to E75 and allows for the
denaturant. An example of a compliant FTC label is provided in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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It is also recommended (and in some areas required) that the dispenser or nozzle have a consumer
advisory label that states this fuel is for use in FFVs only. Please contact RFA’s Market
Development Team for additional voluntary dispenser labels and suggestions.

Other Necessary Identifications

Retail storage tanks containing E85 should be labeled in accordance with the API Color Coding
System with a bronze pentagon with E85 in black. See example figure 3.

Figure 3

The pentagon should be painted on fill line manhole covers. It is also recommended that similar
identification be placed on the tank fill line. Many states and local authorities may also require
specific labeling or signage so the retailer should check with state and local authorities.

Tax Incentives and Funding

There are various tax incentives available to encourage the expansion of E85 marketing. These
include incentives for fuel blending as well as for the cost of new installations or conversions.

VEETC: The Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit (VEETC) allows the blender of E85 to take
a credit of 45¢ per gallon of denatured ethanol used in the production of E85. The credit is
permitted on ethanol and up to 2% on the denaturant in the ethanol. There is specific guidance
for how to file for the VEETC on the RFA website. Ethanol producers who are blenders of
record can take the VEETC for the ethanol portion of E85.

Refueling Stations Credit: In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act increased
the government incentive for new or newly converted refueling infrastructure. This credit now
allows a credit of 50% (capped at $50,000) per facility for alternative refueling installations such
as E85.

State Level Incentives: Many states also offer assistance for new or newly converted alternative
fuel installations. These change from time to time so the individual state should be consulted. To
explore incentives by state, click here: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/incentives_laws.html

Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs): The blender of record that produces E85 can
generate RINs which can be sold to companies who fail to meet their minimum renewable fuel
use requirement. The value of RINs is determined by marketplace conditions.

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Other Sources: Other organizations have also been instrumental in either providing a portion of
necessary funding or helping to identify additional funding sources. The RFA and the
Department of Energy has assisted with, or provided guidance for, numerous E85 installations.

Legal Considerations

As with all transportation fuels sold at retail there are various legal considerations. While many
of these regulations for E85 are identical, or similar, to gasoline some are unique to E85. Some
of the most important are discussed below.

Misfueling Prevention: Under the Clean Air Act and EPA guidance it is illegal for the retailer
to allow E85 to be dispensed into a non-FFV. Fines can be levied on the retailer or customer and
can be as high as $10,000 per offense. Even though the facility may be “self-serve,” the retailer
is considered responsible and can be fined for misfueling events. Dispensers and nozzles should
be clearly identified as “for use in FFVs only” and “check your owner’s manual.”

Labeling Requirements: As noted in the Retail Issues section, certain FTC labeling
requirements are required. State or local authorities may have additional labeling or product
identification requirements.

Equipment Requirements: As noted in the Installation and Conversion section, some states and
local jurisdictions may have specific regulations or guidelines on what equipment is approved for
E85 use.

Fuel Quality: Many states have fuel quality programs. These programs are usually (but not
always) part of a state’s Department of Weights and Measures. Many states have recently
adopted, or are currently considering adopting, fuel quality regulations that apply to E85.

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Appendix A

Key Properties

ASTM D 4806*

Appendix A ASTM D 4806 “Standard Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for
Blending with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel” – Key
Properties

ASTM Test
Property Specification Method

Ethanol Volume % min 92.1 D 5501

Methanol, volume %, max 0.5
Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 ml max 5.0 D 381
Water content, volume %, max 1.0 E203
Denaturant content, volume % min 1.96
volume % max 5.0
Inorganic Chloride content, mass ppm (mg/L) max 10 (8) + D 7319/D 7328
Copper content, mg/kg, max 0.1 D 1688
Acidity (as acetic acid CH3COOH), mass percent 0.007 (56) D 1613
(mg/L), max
pHe 6.5-9.0 D 6423
Sulfur mass ppm, max 30. D 2622/D 5453
Sulfate mass ppm, max . 4 D 7318/D 7319
Appearance visibly free of suspended or precipitated
contaminants (clear & bright)

+ In order to meet the Chloride Specification for E85 the base ethanol used must have a
maximum chloride level of 1.17 ppm.

*Refer to the ASTM website, www.astm.org for the most current version of the ASTM D
4806 specification.

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Appendix B

E85 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

Material Safety Revision Date:

Data Sheet November 1, 2008
COMPANY X
100 Main Street City, State, zip code
(area code) 555‐1234 (8am‐5pm M‐F)
800.424.9300 (Chemtrec)
______________________________________________________________________________
Section 1: PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

Product Name: Ethyl Alcohol, Anhydrous, Denatured

Common Names: E‐85
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 2: HAZARDOUS COMPONENTS

INGREDIENT CAS # % (BY VOL) OSHA PEL ACGIH TLV

Ethyl Alcohol 64‐17‐5 70 ‐ 85 1000 ppm 1000 ppm
Natural Gasoline 8006‐61‐9 15 ‐ 30 300 ppm 300 ppm
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 3: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical State Liquid

Boiling Point: 96 ‐ 170 °F (35 ‐77 °C) @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure: 340 ‐ 560 mm Hg @ 68.0 °F (20.0 °C)
Specific Vapor Density: HEAVIER THAN AIR
Specific Gravity: 0.76 ‐ 0.78 @ 60.00 °F (15.55 °C)
Appearance and Odor: Clear, colorless, volatile liquid with characteristic alcohol odor.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 4: FIRE AND EXPLOSION INFORMATION

FLASH POINT: (Tag closed cup) ‐20.0 ‐ ‐4.0 °F

EXPLOSIVE LIMIT: LOWER 1.4% UPPER 19.0%
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA: Alcohol foam (AR‐AFFF)
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: May form toxic materials, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, etc.
FIREFIGHTING PROCEDURES: Use alcohol compatible foam (AR‐AFFF). Water may be ineffective on flames but may be
used to cool fire exposed containers. Wear self‐contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in the
positive pressure demand mode when fighting fires.
SPECIAL FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Vapors are heavier than air and may travel along the ground or may be moved
by ventilation and ignited by pilot lights. Other flames, sparks, heaters, smoking, electric motors, static discharge, or
other ignition sources at locations distant from material handling point.
Never use welding or cutting torch on or near drum (even empty) because product (even just residue) can ignite
explosively.
NFPA 704 CODES: HEALTH ‐ 1 FLAMMABILITY ‐ 3 REACTIVITY ‐ 0
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 5: FIRST AID

IF ON SKIN: Thoroughly wash exposed area with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. Launder
contaminated clothing before re‐use.

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IF IN EYES: Flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower lids occasionally. Check
for and remove contact lens. Get medical attention if irritation persists after flushing.
IF SWALLOWED: Immediately drink two glasses of water and induce vomiting by either giving IPECAC syrup or by
placing finger at back of throat. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person, get medical attention
immediately.
IF BREATHED: If affected, remove individual to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If breathing has
stopped, give artificial respiration. Keep person warm, quiet and get medical attention.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE

STEPS TO BE TAKEN IN CASE MATERIAL IS RELEASED OR SPILLED:

SMALL SPILL: Absorb liquid on paper, vermiculite, floor absorbent, or other absorbent material and transfer to hood.

LARGE SPILL: Eliminate all ignition sources (flares, flames including pilot lights, electrical sparks). Persons not wearing
protective equipment should be excluded from area of spill until clean up has been completed. Stop spill at source,
dike area or spill to prevent spreading. Pump liquid to salvage tank. Remaining liquid may be taken up on sand, clay,
earth, floor absorbent, or other absorbent material and shoveled into containers. Prevent run‐off to sewers, streams
or other bodies of water. If run‐off occurs notify proper authorities as required that a spill has occurred.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 7: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY

STABILITY Stable
CONDITIONS TO AVOID High heat, sparks, hot metal surfaces
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION Cannot occur
INCOMPATIBILITY Avoid contact with strong oxidizing agents and strong inorganic acids
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 8: HANDLING AND STORAGE

Store this material away from heat, sparks and flames. Containers of this material may be hazardous when empty
since emptied containers retain product residues (vapor or liquid). It is good practice to triple rinse with water empty
drums. Above ground storage must meet applicable codes. Ground and cross bond all containers when pouring or
transferring. All hazard precautions given in this datasheet must be observed.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 9: EXPOSURE CONTROL, PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

PRIMARY ROUTE(S) OF ENTRY: INHALATION, SKIN CONTACT

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVEL: See Section 2.
EFFECTS OF ACUTE OVEREXPOSURE:
EYES: Can cause moderate irritation, redness, tearing.
SKIN: Can cause slight irritation.
BREATHING: Excessive inhalation of vapors can cause nasal and respiratory irritation. When inhaled or absorbed in
harmful quantities may produce central nervous system depression characterized by irritation, headaches, nausea,
dizziness, lack of concentration, fatigue, and stupor.
SWALLOWING: Can cause gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Introduction of solvents, as in
aspiration of vomit fluid, may produce chemical pneumonia.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC OVEREXPOSURE: Overexposure to this material has been suggested as a cause of the following
effects in humans: liver abnormalities and eye damage. Material can cause dermatitis of the skin on prolonged or
repeated exposure. Single large doses taken into the body through ingestion may lead to alcohol poisoning.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF OVEREXPOSURE: Central nervous system reactions including nausea, dizziness, headaches
and stupor of speech associated with difficulty in walking.
MEDICAL CONDITIONS USUALLY AGGRAVATED BY EXPOSURE: Existing respiratory disorders and skin diseases may be
aggravated by exposure.
CARCINOGENITY: NTP – No IARC Monographs – No OSHA Regulated – No
RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: If workplace exposure limit(s) of product or any component is exceeded, (section II) a
NIOSH/MSHA approved air supplied respirator is advised in absence of proper environmental control. OSHA

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regulations also permit other NIOSH/MSHA respirators (negative pressure type) under specified conditions (see your
safety equipment supplier). Engineering or administrative controls should be implemented to reduce exposure.
VENTILATION: Provide sufficient mechanical or general ventilation to maintain exposure below TLV(s).
PROTECTIVE GLOVES: Wear resistant gloves such as neoprene.
EYE PROTECTION: Chemical splash goggles in compliance with OSHA regulations are advised; however, OSHA
regulations also permit other type safety glasses (consult your safety equipment supplier).
OTHER PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT: To prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact, wear impervious clothing boots.
Eye wash baths and safety showers are recommended. Also check atmosphere for explosiveness and oxygen
deficiency when necessary.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 10: WASTE DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS

SMALL SPILL: Allow volatile portion to evaporate in hood. Allow sufficient time for vapors to completely clear hood
duct work. Dispose of remaining material in accordance with applicable regulations.
LARGE SPILL: Destroy by liquid incineration.
Contaminated absorbent may be deposited in a landfill in accordance with local, state and federal regulations.

Section 11: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Not Available
_____________________________________________________________________________________

Section 12: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION

Ethyl Alcohol LD50 Acute Oral 7060 mg/kg (Rat)

Ethyl Alcohol LD50 Acute Oral 3450 mg/kg (Mouse)
Ethyl Alcohol LD50 Acute Dermal 20000 mg/kg (Rabbit)
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 13: TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION

DOT Classification: FLAMMABLE LIQUID, Hazardous Class 3, Packing Group II (173.115)

Placard Identification: UN3475 Ethanol and gasoline mixture
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 14: REGULATORY

SARA Section 302 (Extremely Hazardous Substance): Not Applicable

SARA Section 313 (Toxic Chemicals): Not Applicable
CERCLA: Not Applicable
CAA 112 (r): Not Applicable
RCRA: Not Applicable
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Section 15: OTHER

THIS MSDS COMPLIES WITH 29 CFR 1910.1200 (THE HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD)
The information accumulated herein is believed to be accurate, but is not warranted to be whether originating with
the company or not. Recipients are advised to confirm in advance of need that the information is current, applicable,
and suitable to their circumstances.

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Appendix C

Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Commonly Used Terms

AFDC Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center

AHJ Authorities having jurisdiction
ASTM ASTM International
BTU British thermal unit
CARBOB California Reformulated Blend Stock for Oxygenate Blending
CBOB Conventional Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending
C of A Certificate of Analysis
CO2 Carbon dioxide
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
DVPE Dry Vapor Pressure Equivalent
E10 10% ethanol, 90% gasoline
E85 85% ethanol, 15% hydrocarbons
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
FFV Flexible fuel vehicle
gge Gasoline Gallon Equivalence
mg Milligram
mg/kg Milligram Per Kilogram
mg/L Milligram Per Liter
ml Milliliter
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NEVC National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition
°C Degrees Centigrade
ºF Degrees Fahrenheit
pHe Measure of Ethanol Acidity
ppm Parts Per Million
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RFA Renewable Fuels Association
(R+M)/2 The Average of Research Octane and Motor Octane
RBOB Reformulated Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending
UL Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
VP Vapor Pressure

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Appendix D

Useful Websites

Information Resources

General

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles

Data Center E85 Information
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/e85.html

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

www.nrel.gov

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Transportation and Air Quality
www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm

California Air Resources Board

Fuels Programs
www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/fuels.htm

National Ethanol Vehicle Coalition

www.e85fuel.com

Renewable Fuels Association

www.ethanolrfa.org/

Governor’s Ethanol Coalition

www.ethanol-gec.org

National Corn Growers Association

www.ncga.com

Ethanol Fuel Codes and Safety

Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center E85

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/ethanol/e85.html

National Fire Protection Association

www.nfpa.org

International Association of Fire Chiefs

www.iafc.org

Underwriters Laboratories
www.ul.com

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E85 Ethanol
Industry Guidelines, Specifications and Procedures

Standards

ASTM International
www.astm.org

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.

www.ul.com

U.S. Department of Transportation

Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration
www.phmsa.dot.gov

Society of Automotive Engineers

www.sae.org

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Office of Transportation and Air Quality
www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/fuels/altfuels/altfuels.htm

California Air Resources Board

Fuels Programs
www.arb.ca.gov/fuels/fuels.htm

Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers

www.autoalliance.org

Equipment

Petroleum Equipment Institute

Ethanol Compatible Equipment Guide
www.pei.org/e85/

Fiberglass Tank and Pipe Institute

11150 South Wilcrest Dr., Suite 101
Houston TX 77099-4343
www.fiberglasstankandpipe.com/

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Appendix E

List of Other RFA Technical Documents and Other Publications

Fuel Ethanol Industry Guidelines, Specifications, and Procedures

RFA Publication # 960501, Revised October 2005

Changes in Gasoline IV, The Auto Technician’s Gasoline Quality Guide

Revision 2009 (expected release May)

Guidelines for Establishing Ethanol Plant Quality Assurance and Quality Control Programs
RFA Publication # 040301
Revised December 2007

Guidelines and Best Practices for Blending Mid Level Ethanol Blends
RFA Publication # 090401
April 2009

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