CHAPTER -1

Introduction

Nowadays accidents are occurring frequently, causing demise of many people by making
modest mistakes while driving (in school zone, hills area, and highways). But sometimes
it may not be possible to view the signboards placed by the Highway Department to alert
the drivers in such kind of places and there is a chance for accident. The advancement in
the processor technology has opened a new system designed to prevent the accidents
caused due to negligence of drivers in seeing traffic signals alongside the road and other
anomalies on the roads. So to intimate the driver about the zones and and to
automatically maintain the speed is accomplished by means GSM technology. The main
objective is to design an Electronic Display controller meant for motor speed control and
monitors the zones. This system if adopted by some state can effectively reduce the
number of road accidents caused by speeding vehicles losing control of the vehicle at
speed breakers or by driver’s negligence towards traffic signals.

1.1 Embedded System: -

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and

perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An
embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control
system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical
variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious
market. An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for
processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific
application. High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded
system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS. Examples Personal Digital

1
Assistant and Mobile phones etc. Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit
Controllers used with an minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for
the specific purpose. Examples Small controllers and devices in our everyday life like
Washing Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in

1.2 System Design Call:

Fig – 1.1
1.3 Embedded System Design Cycle:

Fig-1.2

2
1.4 Characteristic of Embedded System:
An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a
computer.
They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system
software in addition to those we encounter when we write applications
Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short
period of time.
Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly.
Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be
difficult.
Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the
software is doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome
problem.
Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation
without human intervention.
Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you
must make the software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.
Program installation – you will need special tools to get your
software into embedded systems.
Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power,
and the software in these systems must conserve power.
Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time
can complicate the response problem.
Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded
system projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely
adequate for the job.
Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a
serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk
drives

3
CHAPTER 2

Software & Hardware Used

There is no such a compiler suitable for only one type of microcontrollers nor for all
microcontrollers. It’s about software used for programming similar microcontrollers of
one manufacturer. We have previously introduced Using Keil Micro-vision
Softwarelanguage which has been especially designed for programming PIC
microcontrollers.

2.1 Software

2.1.1 Introduction of Using Keil Micro –vision software: -

This manual helps you to get acquainted with the Keil software which will enable you to
write the embedded C codes of different modules for interfacing them with PIC16F877A
. It also helps the students to get their hand on the compiling and analysing the codes
which they write. Thus it helps them to understand that how to test.

The Micro-Vision IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that

combines a robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. Micro-Vision integrates
all tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file
generator. It helps expedite the development process of your embedded applications by
providing the following:

1. Full-featured source code editor,

2. Device database for configuring the development tool setting,
3. Project manager for creating and maintaining your projects,
4. Integrated make facility for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded
5. applications,
6. Dialogs for all development tool settings
7. True integrated source-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral

4
 8. Simulator.
9. Advanced GDI interface for software debugging in the target hardware and for
10. connection to Kei ULINK,
11. Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash

Links to development tools manuals, device datasheets & user’s guides. The Micro-
Vision IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and
successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to
help you achieve your design goals.

In order to write, compile and convert your code to the corresponding hex codes you
must build a project in the Keil Microvison software. The Steps for creating the project
and converting C code to the corresponding hex code.

2.1.2 Flowchart of complete program: -

 Communicating with GSM modem

 Reading new incoming SMS from Modem
 Finding current RPM of motor
 Displaying results to Screen
 Send feedback SMS to user when desired speed is set.

5
Fig-2.1.2 flow chart of program

6
2.2 Hardware Used: -

 PIC 16F877A
 Resistor
 Capacitor
 Diode
 Crystal Oscillator
 GSM module (SIM-900)
 Transformer (Step Down)
 Voltage Regulator
 Motor
 Rectifier
 Capacitive Filter
 PCB

7
2.2.1 Pin Diagram of PIC16F877A
PIC16F877 belongs to a class of 8-bit microcontrollers of RISC architecture. It has
8kb flash memory for storing a written program. Since memory made in FLASH
technology can be programmed and cleared more than once, it makes this
microcontroller suitable for device development. IT has data memory that needs to be
saved when there is no supply. It is usually used for storing important data that must not
be lost if power supply suddenly stops. For instance, one such data is an assigned
temperature in temperature regulators. If during a loss of power supply this data was lost,
we would have to make the adjustment once again upon return of supply.

Fig-3 Pin diagram of PIC16f877A

8
2.2.2 PIN DESCRIPTION: -

RA3/AN3 /Vref+ /C1IN+ for the fifth pin specifies the following functions:

 RA3 Port A third digital input/output

 AN3 Third analog input
 V ref+ Positive voltage reference
 C1IN+ Comparator C1positive input

This small trick is often used because it makes the microcontroller package more
compact without affecting its functionality. These various pin functions cannot be used
simultaneously, but can be changed at any point during operation.

PIN NUMBER DESCRIPTION

1 MCLR/VPP - Master Clear Input
2 RA0/AN0 - Port A
3 RA1/AN1 - Port A
4 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF - Port A
5 RA3/AN3/VREF+ - Port A
6 RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT - Port A
7 RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT - Port A
8 RE0/RD/AN5 - Port E
9 RE1/WR/AN6 - Port E
10 RE2/CS/AN7 - Port E
11 VDD - Positive Power Supply
12 VSS – Ground
13 OSC1/CLKI - Oscillator Input
14 OSC2/CLKO - Oscillator Output

9
15 RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI - Port C
16 RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 - Port C
17 RC2/CCP1 - Port C
18 RC3/SCK/SCL - Port C
19 RD0/PSP0 - Port D

PIN NUMBER DESCRIPTION

20 RD1/PSP1 - Port D
21 RD2/PSP2 - Port D
22 RD3/PSP3 - Port D
23 RC4/SDI/SDA - Port C
24 RC5/SDO - Port C
25 RC6/TX/CK - Port C
26 RC7/RX/DT - Port C
27 RD4/PSP4 - Port D
28 RD5/PSP5 - Port D
29 RD6/PSP6 - Port D
30 RD7/PSP7 - Port D
31 VSS – Ground
32 VDD - Positive Power Supply
33 RB0/INT - Port B
34 RB1 - Port B
35 RB2 - Port B
36 RB3/PGM - Port B

10
37 RB4 - Port B
38 RB5 - Port B
39 RB6/PGC - Port B
40 RB7/PGD - Port B

11
 Chapter: 3

Block and circuit diagram of Project

3.1 Block diagram

Tactile Switch Pad

LCD Display
MAX 232 16*2
ddd
Micro
Controller
L293
GSM D
modem

MOTOR
POWER SUPPLY

Fig-3.1 Block diagram of vehicle speed control using Gsm

12
3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY:-

Fig-3.1.1 power supply

In this Project basically we are use step down transformer which give output 12 volt to
rectifier and this is convert 12volt dc output and after this ripple are remove by use
capacitive filter and it gives output to voltage regulator which give 5volt dc output for
using internal circuit at which microcontroller are work.

3.1.2 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication): -

Global System for Mobile Communications, originally is a standard developed by

the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols
for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones, first
deployed in Finland in July 1991. As of 2014 it has become the default global standard
for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in over 219
countries and territories.

2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation (1G) analog cellular

networks, and the GSM standard originally described a digital, circuit-switched network
optimized for full duplex voice telephony. This expanded over time to include data
communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport
via GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution or EGPRS)

13
3.1.3 DC Motor: -

DC Motor has two leads. It has bidirectional motion If we apply +ve to one lead and
ground to another motor will rotate in one direction, if we reverse the connection the
motor will rotate in opposite direction. If we keep both leads open or both leads ground it
will not rotate (but some inertia will be there). If we apply +ve voltage to both leads then
braking will occurs.

fig -4.1.3 Dc motor

3.1.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY: -

The liquid - crystal display (LCD) consist of a liquid crystal material (normally organic
for LCD’s) that will flow like a liquid but whose molecular structure has some properties
normally associated with solids. The LCD does not generate its own light but depends on
an external or internal source. Under dark conditions, it would be necessary for the unit
to have its own internal light source either behind or to the side of the LCD. During the
day, or in the lighted areas, a reflector can be put behind the LCD to reflect the light back
through the display for maximum intensity. The LCD has the distinct advantage of

14
having the lower power requirement than the LED. It is typical in the order of microwatts
for the display, as compared to the same order of mill watts for LEDs. LCD is limited to
a temperature range of about 0˚ to 60˚ C. Lifetime is an area of concern because LCDs
can chemically degradeLCDs can add a lot to out applications in terms of providing an
useful interface for the user, debugging an application or just giving it a "professional"

Fig-3.1.4 LCD

3.1.5 MAX232: -
The MAX232 is an integrated circuit first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated product
that convert signal from a TIA-232 (Rs-232) serial port to signal suitable for use in TTL
compatible digital logic circuit. The MAX232 is a dual driver receiver and typically
converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.
The driver provides TIA-232 voltage level output (approx. 7.5 volts) from a single five
volt supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. The makes it useful for
implementing TIA-232 in device that otherwise to not need any other voltages.
The receiver reduce TIA-232 inputs, which may be as high as +25 volts, -25 volts, to
standerd five volt TTL levels. These have a typical threshold of 1.3 volts and a typical
hysteresis of 0.5 volts.

15
4.2 Circuit Diagram OF Project: -

Fig-4.2 Circuit diagram of vehicle speed control using gsm

16
 CHAPTER – 5

Result and conclusion

If the device is connected to any system and system get over speed than device
connected, the connected device informed the message into registered number with the
help of GSM.

After the receiving the message, we can either controlled device, by sending the message
with specific value of speed or ignore the message.

The speed device can be altered with the help of programming. And with the help of this
device we can control accidents of the human.

In this project basically we are discussing about component working how they operate
and how much power supply give in internal circuit of project so this is following point
which are discuss during project development: -

I. Which type transformer is use in this project and why?

II. How much power supply go inside circuit?
III. For project which microcontroller use?
IV. Why Rectifier is used?
V. Which GSM Module is Use?
VI. How to work transformer?
VII. How to convert 12v AC to 5v DC?
VIII. How can control the speed of motor with the help of GSM?
IX. How can use is project in different area?
X. How can use to controlling the accident by used this project?

17
CHAPTER-6

APPLICATION AND ADVANTAGE

6.1 APPLICATION

 To remote control controlling easy in different -different application.

 In any factory can be instil production and safety can be improve.
 Human safety, economy losses can be reducing
 Mapping device application Emergency locator. Personal positioning
 Embedded application which needs to be aware of its location on earth.

6.2 ADVANTAGE

 Effective controlling seed of motor can be done.

 Low cost, high reliable.
 Very compact device
 System is less complex so installation is easy.
 Low power consumption

6.3 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

 Remote monitoring and controlling of DC motor.

 In gsm more number can be install than safety is increase.
 Police security.
 Any person in different–different can easy control in our factor.
 Road safety.

18
 REFERENCES

 “The PIC Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Pearson Education.
 PIC16F877A Data Sheets.
 [1] A. K. Dewangan, N. Chakraborty, S. Shukla3, V. Yadu., ”PWM Based
Automatic Closed Loop Speed Control of DC Motor”, IJETT,
 Volume3, Issue2, ppt.110-112, 2012.
 [2] Sabedin A. Meha, Besnik Haziri., “CONTROLLING DC MOTOR
SPEED USING PWM FROM C# WINDOWS APPLICATION,” presented
 at the 15th International Research/Expert Conference on ”Trends in the
Development of Machinery and Associated Technology” TMT 2011,
 Prague, Czech Republic, 12-18 September 2011.
 [3] Min Kim, Jang-Gyoon Choi.,” PC based DC motor speed and direction
control using PWM and H-Bridge”, Proc. Of 2000 IEEE International
 Symposium on industrial Electronics, Vol.1, pp.141-144, 2000.
 [4] Oke A. O., Emuoyibofarhe J. O., Adetunji A. B., “ Development of a
GSM based Control System for Electrical Appliances”, IJET, Vol.3, Issue
 No. 4, pp.443-448, April, 2013.
 [5] P. Chandra, P. Ananda, P. C. Chantola., ”GSM based stepper motor
monitoring and speed control”, ITSI-TEEE,Vol.1, Issue No.5, pp.86-90,
 2013.
 [6] U. K. Bansal, R. narvey.” Speed Control of DC Motor Using Fuzzy PID
Controller”, AEEE, Vol.3, Issue No.9, pp.1209-1220, 2013.
 [7] M.Jaiswal, M.Phadnis.”Speed Control of DC Motor Using Genetic
Algorithm Based PID Controller", Vol.3, Issue N0.7, pp.247-253, 2013.
 [8] Fritzing [Online]. Available: http:/www.fritzing.org

19
BOOKS:

I. Design with Pic Microcontroller :- Jhon B Peatman

II. The Microcontroller and Embedded System- Mazizdi

WEBSITES:

 www.microchip.com

 www.beyondlogic.org

 www.howstuffworks.com

20
 APPENDICES

program vehiclespeed_control

' Lcd module connections

dim LCD_RS as sbit at RC2_bit

LCD_EN as sbit at RC3_bit

LCD_D4 as sbit at RC4_bit

LCD_D5 as sbit at RC5_bit

LCD_D6 as sbit at RD0_bit

LCD_D7 as sbit at RD1_bit

' End Lcd module connections

' set of AT commands

const atc0 = "AT" ' every GSM comand starts with "AT"

'const atc1 = "ATE0" ' disable echo

'dim atc3 as char[35] ' sends SMS to desired number

21
'const atc3 = "AT+CMGS=\"+918800859187\""

' sms AT commands

const atm1 = "AT+CMGF=1" ' Command for setting SMS text mode

const atm2 = "AT+CMGR=1" ' Command for reading message from location
1 from inbox

const atm3 = "AT+CMGD=1" ' Erasing all messages from inbox

' responses to parse

const GSM_OK =0

const GSM_ready_to_Receive_message= 1

const RELAY_OK = 1

dim parse_type,speed as byte ' Determins parsing type, OK response or

SMS message

dim relay_no as byte[3] ' Message that contains relay number

dim relay,sendsms as byte ' Relay number

dim gsm_state,i as byte

22
dim response_rcvd as byte

dim responseID, response as short

dim txt1 as char[16]

txt2 as char[9]

txt3 as char[8]

txt4 as char[7]

' uart rx interrupt handler

sub procedure interrupt()

dim tmp as byte

if (PIR1.RCIF = 1) then ' do we have uart rx interrupt request?

tmp = UART1_Read() ' get received byte

if(parse_type<>RELAY_OK) then ' If we are parsing OK message

' process reception through state machine

' we are parsing only "OK" response

select case gsm_state

23
case 0

response = -1 ' clear response

if (tmp = "O") then ' we have "O", it could be "OK"

gsm_state = 1 ' expecting "K"

end if

case 1

if (tmp = "K") then ' we have "K" ->

response = GSM_OK ' we have "OK" response

gsm_state = 2 ' expecting CR+LF

else

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 2

if (tmp = 13) then ' we have 13, it could be CR+LF

gsm_state = 3 ' expecting LF

else

24
 gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 3

if (tmp = 10) then ' we have LF, response is complete

response_rcvd = 1 ' set reception flag

responseID = response ' set response ID

end if

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

case else

gsm_state = 0 ' unwanted character

' reset state machine

end select

end if

if(parse_type=RELAY_OK)then ' Parsing received message

select case gsm_state

case 0

25
 response = -1 ' clear response

if (tmp = "S") then ' we have "R"

gsm_state = 10 ' expecting "e"

end if

case 10

if (tmp = "p") then ' we have "e"

gsm_state = 11 ' expecting "l"

else

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 11

if (tmp = "e") then ' we have "l"

gsm_state = 12 ' expecting "a"

else

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 12

if (tmp = "e") then ' we have "a"

gsm_state = 13 ' expecting "y"

26
 else

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 13

if (tmp = "d") then ' we have "y"

gsm_state = 14 ' expecting first digit

else

gsm_state = 0 ' reset state machine

end if

case 14

relay_no[0] = tmp ' setting first digit into array

gsm_state = 15 ' expecting second digit

case 15

end sub

' send ATC command

sub procedure send_atc(dim const s as ^char)

while(s^ <> 0)

UART1_Write(s^)

27
 inc(s)

wend

UART1_Write(0x0D)

end sub

' get GSM response, if there is any

sub function get_response() as short

if (response_rcvd <> 0) then

response_rcvd = 0

result = responseID

else

result = -1

end if

end sub

' wait for GSM response

sub procedure wait_response(dim const rspns as byte)

while (get_response() <> rspns)

wend

end sub

' pause

28
sub procedure wait()

Delay_ms(3000)

end sub

main:

parse_type = GSM_OK

ADCON1 = 0x0F ' All AN pins as digitall

CMCON = 0x07 ' Turn off comparators

speed=0

' set RTS pin to zero, we will use only RX i TX

'TRISE = 0xFF

'PORTE = 0

TRISB = 0x00

TRISC = 0

TRISD = 0xF0

PORTB = 0

'PORTD = 0

txt1 = "GSM Vehicle"

txt2 = "Speed Control"

txt3 = "FINAL YR"

29
 txt4 = "PROJECT"

Lcd_Init() ' Initialize Lcd

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR) ' Clear display

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF) ' Cursor off

Lcd_Out(1,6,txt3) ' Write text in first row

Lcd_Out(2,6,txt4) ' Write text in second row

Delay_ms(2000)

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR) ' Clear display

Lcd_Out(1,1,txt1) ' Write text in first row

Lcd_Out(2,1,txt2) ' Write text in second row

Delay_ms(500)

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)

Lcd_Out(1,1,"GSM TESTING...")

' enable uart rx interrupt

RCIE_bit = 1

PEIE_bit = 1

GIE_bit = 1

UART1_init(9600) ' initialize USART module

30
 Wait() ' wait for the GSM module to initialize it self
' negotiate baud rate

for i=0 to 10

send_atc(@atc0) ' send "AT" string until gsm sets up its baud rade

delay_ms(1000)

next i

' set text mode

for i=0 to 10

send_atc(@atm1)

delay_ms(500)

next i

for i=0 to 10

send_atc(@atm2)

delay_ms(1000)

next i

for i=0 to 5

send_atc(@atm3)

delay_ms(1000)

31
next i

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)

Lcd_Out(1,1,"TESTING DONE")

Lcd_Out(2,1,"START VEHICLE")

Delay_ms(2000)

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)

check4:

while TRUE

parse_type = RELAY_OK

send_atc(@atm2) ' Read SMS message on location 1

if (portd.4=1) then

check1:

Lcd_Out(1,1,"Speed = 30 Km/hr")

PORTB=24

delay_ms(10)

PORTB=0

delay_ms(150)

32
 if (portd.5=1) then

goto check2

else if (portd.6=1) then

goto check3

else

goto check1

end if

end if

else if (portd.5=1) then

check2:

Lcd_Out(1,1,"Speed = 50 Km/hr")

PORTB=24

delay_ms(10)

PORTB=0

delay_ms(30)

if portd.4=1 then

goto check1

else if portd.6=1 then

goto check3

33
 else

goto check2

end if

end if

else if (portd.6=1) then

Lcd_Out(1,1,"Speed = 90 Km/hr")

PORTB=24

sendsms=4

if(sendsms=4) then

UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGF=1")

UART1_Write(13)

UART1_Write(10)

Delay_ms(2000)

UART1_Write_Text("AT+CMGS=")

UART1_Write(0x22)

UART1_Write_Text("+919555532249")

Delay_ms(100)

UART1_Write(0x22)

UART1_Write(13)

34
 UART1_Write(10)

Delay_ms(1000)

UART1_Write_Text("High speed")

UART1_Write(0x0D)

UART1_Write(26)

UART1_Write(0x0D)

sendsms = 0

end if

else if (speed=3) then

goto check4

else if (speed=1) then

else if (speed=2) then

end if

end if

end if

end if

end if

end if

35
if (get_response() = RELAY_OK) then ' If we have OK response

relay = Get_Relay_Number() ' Get relay number

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)

Lcd_Out(1,1,"MESSAGE RECEIVED")

DELAY_MS(1000)

Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR)

if(relay = 1) then ' If relay number is less or equal 8

speed=1

Lcd_Out(1,1,"Speed = 30 Km/hr")

else if(relay = 2) then ' If relay number is less or equal 8

Lcd_Out(1,1,"Speed = 50 Km/hr")

else

PORTD = %00000000 ' Toggle relay on PORTD

36
 end if

end if

while TRUE ' Make sure that we deleted messages

parse_type = GSM_OK

send_atc(@atm3) ' Delete all messages

if (get_response() = GSM_OK) then ' If messages are deleted

break ' break from while

end if

wait()

went

end if

wait()

wend

end.

37