10TH HISTORY

Nationalism In EUROPE
 FRÉDÉRIC SORRIEU PAINTING, 1848
● He is a French artist, who presented a series of
paintings in 1848.

● He visualized his dreams, that is, a world of social and

democratic republics.

● In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the people of the world

are grouped as distinct nations. They are identified
through their flags and national costume.

● Leading the procession are the USA and Switzerland,

which is followed by France and Germany.

● Following Germany are Austria, Kingdom of the two

Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary
and Russia.
During 19th century: Nationalism
emerged as a force which bought
about sweeping changes in the
political and mental world of Europe.

End result: Origin of Nation state

Modern state came first!

Then came the nation state in place of the

multinational dynastic empires.
 Element of Nation State

Majority of Its Sense of

citizen and not Shared
common
only its ruler History
Identity
First clear expression of nationalism came
up with French Revolution in 1789.

France was a full-fledged territorial state

in 1789 under the rule of an absolute
monarch.

Transfer of sovereignty from the monarchy

to a body of French citizens.

The revolution proclaimed that it was the

people who would henceforth constitute
the nation and shape its destiny.
 STEPS TAKEN BY FRENCH REVOLUTIONARIES
● The idea of la patrie (the fatherland), and le citoyen (the citizen).

● New French flag, replacing the former Royal flag.

● Estates General was elected and renamed as National Assembly.

● Centralised Administrative system with uniform laws for all citizens.

● Internal customs duties and dues were abolished.

What measures and practices
● A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted. created a sense of collective
identity amongst the French
● French became the common language of the nation. people?

● Regional dialects were discouraged.

● New hymns composed and Oaths taken.

NAPOLEON
BONAPARTE
 NAPOLEONIC CODE/ CIVIL CODE OF 1804

● Established equality before law & took away all privileges

based on birth.

● Secured the Right to Property.

● Simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal
system.

● Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.

● Guilds restrictions were removed.

● Transportation and communication systems were improved.

● Standardised weights and measures.

● A common national currency to facilitate the movement
and exchange of goods.
● He was the military leader.
● Due to political vacuum Napoleon came into
the picture.
● With his introduction, democracy was
destroyed in France.
Reaction to Napoleon in Europe?
● In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local
populations to French rule were mixed.
● Initially, French armies were welcomed as
Harbingers of liberty, in certain cities like Brussels,
Holland, Switzerland, etc.
● But, initial enthusiasm later turned hostile due to
increased taxation, censorship, and forced
conscription.
● All seemed to outweigh the advantages of the
administrative changes.
 THE MAKING OF
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
 EMERGENCE OF THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS, SECOND
HALF OF 18TH CENTURY

● Politically as well as socially, aristocrats were

dominant as far as population is concerned.

● Peasants were the majority in the population.

● Since industrialization in England, a new social class

known as working class was emerged.

● It included artisans, industrialists, businessmen and

so on.
 Socially & politically powerful.
United by a common way of life.
Owned estates & townhouses
in the countryside.
Spoke French for purposes of
ARISTOCRATS diplomacy and in high
society.

Families often connected by

way of marriages.
However, the aristocrats
comprised a small group.
WHAT DID LIBERAL NATIONALISM
STAND FOR?
 LIBERALISM

• Property owning men were only given the right

to vote or getting elected.

• Each and every women and property-less men

were restricted from all political rights.

• It is derived from Latin word ‘root liber’, it

means to be free.

• For the end of clerical privilege, autocracy the

liberal nationalism was stood alive.
 ZOLLVEREIN- CUSTOM UNION

● Initiative of Prussia in 1834.

● Abolished tariff barriers.

● Reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.

● Promoted a network of railways to promote

mobility.

● A wave of economic nationalism strengthened

the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the
time.
 19

1. Match the following:-

Column A Coloumn B
(i) Meaning of ‘liber’ (a) The fatherland
(ii) Meaning of ‘elle’ (b) The citizen
(iii) Meaning of ‘le Citoyen’ (c) Free
(iv) Meaning of ‘la patrie’ (d) The measure of cloth

2. Other name of Civil code of 1804 ………………………. Is?

3. Name the custom union formed at the initiative of Prussia in 1834.

A NEW CONSERVATISM AFTER 1815
 TREATY OF VIENNA,1815
• Member States: BARP (Britain; Austria; Russia; Prussia)

• Who Hosted: Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

• Why: To bring back conservatism (restore Monarchy) in

Europe after Napoleon’s defeat.
 CHANGES BROUGHT BY TREATY
• Power was restored by the Bourbon dynasty.

• During the Napoleonic wars, France lost all its

territories.

• 39 states of the German Confederation were

formed by Napoleon, left untouched.

• On the French boundary, borders were made

to prevent France from expanding.
THE REVOLUTIONARIES
GIUSEPPE MAZZINI
➢Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807.

➢Member of secret society of the Carbonari.

➢Founded two societies- Young Italy in Marseilles, &

Young Europe in Berne.

➢He believed that God had intended nations to be the

natural units of mankind.

➢Italy could not continue to be a patchwork of small

states and kingdoms. Unification alone could be the
basis of Italian liberty.
 THE AGE OF
REVOLUTIONS: 1830-
1848
● Liberalism and nationalism was associated with the revolution in many
regions of Europe such as the Italian and German states, the provinces of
Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland. These revolutions were led by liberal
nationalists.

🔹 The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830. The Bourbon kings
were overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed Louis Philippe as
the constitutional monarch.

🔹 There was a struggle for independence in Greece and the Treaty of

Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation
 THE GREECE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1832)

It was an event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the

educated elite across Europe. Greece had been part of the
Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a

struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.

Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and
also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek
culture.

Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation

and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim
empire.

The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight
in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an

independent nation.
 28

1. The concept of nationalism emerged in Europe during the

……………………. Century.

2. Which of the following treaty recognised Greece as an independent

nation? (a) Treaty of sevres (b) Treaty of Versailles (c) Treaty of
Lausanne (d) Treaty of Constantinople

3. Where was Giuseppe Mazzini born?

(a) Berne (b) Paris (c) Genoa (d) Liguria
THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION &
NATIONAL FEELING
 ROMANTICISM

It is a cultural movement which sought to develop a

particular form of nationalist sentiment through arts,
poetry, stories, and music.
The development of nationalism did not People who contribute to it are known as Romantic
come about only through wars and artists.
territorial expansion.

Culture played an important role in creating the

idea of the nation.
Shared common heritage
Through:

1. Art Common Culture

2. Poetry
3. Stories
4. And Music, Mystical Feeling
helped express and shape nationalist
feelings.

They criticized glorification of reason & science.

 JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER
● He was a German philosopher. He gave two
concepts:

- Das Volk- Culture can only be seen among Common

People
- Volksgeist- True spirit of the nation

● Collecting and recording forms of folk culture was

essential to the project of nation-building.

The emphasis on vernacular (local)

language and the collection of local
folklore was used to:

1. Recover an ancient national spirit

2. And, to carry the modern

nationalist message to large
audiences who were mostly
illiterate.
 HOW LANGUAGE PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE?

● 18th century- Poland was partitioned by Great Powers (Prussia, Austria &
Russia).

● Even though Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings

were kept alive through music and language.

● Karol Kurpinski celebrated national struggle through operas & music, turning folk
dances like the polonaise and mazurka into nationalist symbol.

● Poland used language as a weapon of national resistance.

● For example: Struggle for Polish language over Russian language in Poland.

● A large number of priests and bishops were put in jail or sent to Siberia by the
Russian authorities- refusal to preach in Russian.

The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of the struggle

against Russian dominance.
The Massacre at Chios, Eugene Delacroix,
1824.

The French painter Delacroix was one of the

most important French Romanticpainters. This
huge painting depicts an incident in which
20,000 Greeks were said to have been killed by
Turks on the island of Chios. By dramatising
the incident, focusing on the suffering of
women and children, and using vivid colours,
Delacroix sought to appeal to the emotions of
the spectators, and create sympathy for the
Greeks.
 34

Ques: ……………….. played an important role in creating the idea of

the nation.

Ques. Who claimed that through folk songs, folk poetry and folk

dances are the true spirit of the nation? Johann Gottfried

Ques. Poland used ………………. As a weapon of national resistance.

HUNGER, HARDSHIP, AND POPULAR REWARD
The 1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe.

🔹 There was enormous increase in population all over the Europe and
population from rural areas migrated to cities to live in overcrowded slum.

🔹 The conditions of the workers in town was extreme. In 1845, there was a
revolt of weavers in Silesia village against the contractors.

🔹 In 1848, population of Paris revolted due to food shortage and

widespread unemployment. Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe
was forced to flee.

🔹 As a result, a National Assembly proclaimed a republic and granted

suffrage to adult males above 21 and guaranteed them the right to work.
National workshop were set-up to provide employment.
🔹 It was because the contractors supplied
raw material to weaver and reduced their
payments.

🔹 As a result, suffrage (right to vote) was

granted to males above 21 by the National
Assembly. This gave them the right to work.
 SILESIAN REVOLT, 1845

● Issue: Between Cotton contractor and Cotton weaver.

● Contractor supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but
drastically reduced their payments.

● Crowd of weavers marched to the mansion of their contractor demanding higher wages.

OUTCOME

● Weavers’ demand were not considered.

● They were treated with scorn and threats alternately.

● Eleven weavers were shot

 1848: THE
REVOLUTION OF
THE LIBERALS
 WHO WERE LIBERALS?

• Liberals comprised educated middle class people (Germany, Italy,

Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), who led the revolution in
Europe.

• Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of

the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been
proclaimed.
 WHO WERE LIBERALS?

●In other parts of Europe- such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-
Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes
combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification.

●They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their

demands.
 Parallel to the revolts by
When did the peasants, and workers in
revolution start? Europe in 1848.

Constitution;
WHAT WAS THE
REASON FOR Freedom of Press and
REVOLT? Freedom of Association;

Abolition of Monarchy;

Achieve republic based

on Universal Male
Suffrage.
 GERMANY’S CASE

• Middle-class people came together in city of Frankfurt and voted for an all-German
National Assembly.

th
• On 18 May, 831 elected representatives marched to Frankfurt Parliament (convened in
the Church of St. Paul).

• Drafted constitution for a German headed by a monarchy subject to a Parliament.

• Offered the crown to Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, but he rejected the proposal &
joined other monarchs to oppose the elected Assembly.

• The parliament consequently lost the middle-class support.

• In the end, troops were called in and the assembly was forced to disband.
 GERMANY’S CASE

The Frankfurt Parliament in the

Church of St Paul
 WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION
● Formed their own political associations.

● Founded newspaper & taken part in political meetings & demonstration.

● Still denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly

EFFECT OF REVOLT
● Conservatives failed to restore the old order.

● Monarchs began to realise the cycles of revolution and repression could only be ended by granting
concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
 STEPS TO AVOID ANOTHER REVOLT
● Hence, in the years after 1848, the autocratic monarchies of Central and Eastern
Europe began to introduce the changes that had already taken place in Western
Europe before 1815.

● Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in
Russia.

● The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867.

 47
Ques: In …………….. there was a revolt of weavers in Silesia
village against the contractors. 1845

Ques. People from which classes mainly constituted the members of many political
associations in the German Region.
(a) Middle-class professionals
(b) Businessmen
(c) Prosperous Artisians
(d) All above classes

Ques. On 18th May, 1848 where was Frankfurt Parliament convened? Choose the
correct option.
(a)St. Peters’ church (b) St. Paul’s church
(c) St. John’s church (d) St. Mart church
THE MAKING OF GERMANY AND ITALY
 PRUSSIA TOOK ON THE LEADERSHIP OF THE
MOVEMENT FOR NATIONAL UNIfiCATION:

• Unification was done by Conservatives!

● Prussian Chief Minister, Otto Von Bismarck was the

architect of the process of unification of Germany.
● Prussia started a movement for national unification
under Otto Von Bismarck.

● 3 wars over 7 years with Austria, Denmark & France ended

in Prussian victory and completed the process of
unification.

● Princes & other people of German states, Chief of Prussia,

Bismarck, gathered in the Hall of mirrors in the palace of
Versailles (January 1871) to proclaim German empire
headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia. The proclamation of the German empire
in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, Anton
von Werner.
The nation-building process in Germany had
demonstrated the dominance of Prussian state
power.

The new state placed a strong emphasis on:

● Modernising the currency;

● Banking;

● Legal and judicial systems in Germany.

Prussian measures and practices for the rest of

Germany.
Briefly describe the process of German unification.
Ans:
(i) In the 1800s, nationalist feelings were strong in the hearts of the middle-Learn Practically
class Germans. Learn Practically

(ii) During the Vienna Congress in 1815, Germany was identified as a loose
confederation of 39 states.
(iii) They united in 1848 to create a nation-state out of the numerous
German states.
(iv) Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement.
(v) Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of the
process with the support of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
(vi) The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with
Austria, Denmark and France over a time period of seven years.
(vii) In January 1871, the Prussian King, William I, was proclaimed the
German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles
 ITALY UNIFIED

 During mid-19th Century- Italy was divided into 7 states.

 Only Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely States.

 The north was under Austrian Habsburgs.
 The centre was ruled by the Pope.

 The southern regions were under the domination- Bourbon kings of Spain.

 Even the Italian language had many regional and local variations.
 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI

• Mazzini sought to put together a clear programme for a unitary

Italian Republic (1831 & 1848).

• Formed a secret society called Young Italy for the

dissemination of his goals.

• After his failure responsibility fell on

Victor Emmanuel II.

• In the eyes of the ruling elites of this

region, a unified Italy offered them the
possibility of economic development and
political dominance.
➢ Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.

➢ He was neither a revolutionary nor a democratic. He was a diplomat.

➢ He entered into an alliance with France and succeeded in defeating Austrian Forces in 1859.

➢ Cavour wa helped by a local leader known as (Giuseppe)

Garibaldi and his army of peasants (Red Shirt).
 GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI

In 1833, he met Mazzini and joined the Young Italy

Movement.

He participated in a republican uprising in Piedmont in

1834. In 1854, he supported Victor Emmanuel II for his
effort to unify the Italian states.

In 1860, he led the famous expedition to South Italy

and the Kingdom of two Sicilies with his ‘Red Shirt’
army. In 1867, he led the army to Rome to fight for
Papal states where French garrison was stationed. In
1870, France withdrew its troops and Papal states
He was a prominent were finally joined to Italy.
personality in the
unification of Italy.
● In 1860, the army (regular troops and armed volunteers) under
Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilles.

● They succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in

order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

● 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was finally proclaimed as King of United

Italy.

● However, much of the Italian population, among whom rates of

illiteracy were very high, remained blissfully unaware of liberal-
nationalist ideology.

● The peasant masses who had supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had
never heard of Italia, and believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s
wife!
Ques: Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Ans: Unification of Italy:
Learn Practically

(i) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven statesLearn Practically
of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely
house.

(ii) The unification process was led by three revolutionaries-Giuseppe

Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. During 1830,
Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a secret society 'Young Italy’
to achieve his goal.

(iii) After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II took to
unify the Italian states through wars.

(iv) Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour, Sardinia-

Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859
 Learn Practically

Learn Practically
(v) Under the leadership of Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South
Italy in 1860 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning
the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers.

(vi) In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.

 59
Ques: During mid 19th century, Italy was divided into …………. States?

Ques. Which of the following part of Italy was ruled by an Italian princely house?
(a) Rome
(b) Venetia
(c) Lombardy
(d) Sardinia - piedmont
Ques. On 18th may, 1848 where was Frankfurt Parliament convened? choose
(a)St. Peter’s church (b) St. Paul’s church
(c) St. John’s church (d) St. Mary church
Ques. Who dominated the south regions of Italy?
(a)Pope (b) Bourbon kings of spain
(c) Austrian Habsburgs (d) Bourbon kings of France
THE STRANGE CASE OF BRITAIN
 ● Nation state formation was not sudden but a long
drawn out process.

● Prior to 18th century there were ethnic groups like:

★ English;

★ Welsh;

★ Scot;

★ Irish.

English parliament seized power from the monarchy in

1688.
 THE ACT OF UNION (1707)

 The Act between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the ‘United Kingdom of Great
Britain’.

 The British Parliament was dominated by English members.

 Growth of a British identity systematically suppressed Scotland’s distinctive culture and political
institutions.

 The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever
they attempted to assert their independence.

 They were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear National Dress of Scotland
 INCORPORATION OF IRELAND

• Ireland was a country deeply divided between Catholics and Protestants.

• The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely
Catholic country.

• Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed.

• Revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen for Catholics of Ireland failed (1978).

• Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.

 NEW BRITAIN

• A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture.

• Symbols of new Britain- British flag (Union Jack), the national anthem (God Save Our Noble King),

the English language were promoted actively.

• These symbols were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate
partners in this union.
Ques: Describe the process of unification of Britain.
Ans: Unification of Britain:
(i) Britain was not a nation state prior to 18th century. The primary Learn Practically

Learn Practically
identities were based on ethnicities such as English, Welsh, Scot or
Irish.
(ii) The steady growth of power made the English nation extend its
influence over the other nations and islands.
(iii) In 1688, England was established as a nation state. English
Parliament seized power from the monarchy.
(iv) In 1707, the United Kingdom of Great Britain was formed through
the Act of the Union between England and Scotland.
(v) England dominated Scotland and Ireland in all spheres. British
parliament was dominated by English members.
(vi) Ireland was forcibly taken by the British after the failed
revolution led by Wolfe and his United Irishmen (1798). A new
"British nation" was formed.
VISUALISING THE NATION
 ALLEGORY

● 18th & 19th century Artists personified nation. They represented a

country as if it were a person.

● Nations were portrayed as female figure. The female figure became an

allegory of the nation.

● For e.g.: the French Revolution artists used the female allegory to portray
ideas such as Liberty, Justice and the Republic.

ALLEGORY
When an abstract idea (for instance, greed,
envy, freedom, liberty) is expressed through a
person or a thing. An allegorical story has two
meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
 GERMANY: GERMANIA
BECAME THE
ALLEGORY OF
GERMANY.
She wears a crown of
oak leaves & stand for
heroism.

First time used by

Liberals in Frankfurt
Parliament
The fallen Germania,
Julius Hübner, 1850
NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
 LAST QUARTER OF THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY

• Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal-democratic sentiment of the

first half of the century, but became a narrow creed with limited ends.
• Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to
go to war

• The major European powers, manipulated the nationalist aspirations of the

subject peoples in Europe to further their own imperialist aims.
 CONFLICT OVER BALKAN- 1871

● Region of geographical & ethnic variation.

● It comprised modern-day Romania, Bulgaria,

Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and
Montenegro.

● Inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

● Large part under the control of the Ottoman

Empire.

● The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in

the Balkans together with the disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.

● One by one, its European subject nationalities

broke away from its control and declared
independence.
 RIVALRY

• Fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of the others.

• Rivalries among Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary, was over trade

& colonies as well as naval and military might.

• Result- a series of wars in the region and finally the First World War.
 IMPERIALISM

• Nationalism aligned with imperialism, led to Europe to disaster in

1914.

•Colonies of the European nations began to oppose imperial

domination.

•Anti-imperial movements developed everywhere were nationalists &

wanted to form ‘nation-state’.

•European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people

everywhere developed their own specific variety of nationalism.
 75
Ques: Name the ‘Act’ which resulted in the formation of ‘United kingdoms
Of great Britain’.

Ques. What was the name given to female allegory in France?

(a)Germania (b) Mary
(c) Flora (d) Marianne
Ques. What does the German oak stands for?
(a) Liberty (b) Justice
(c) Heroism (d) Strength
Ques. ……………….. Images marked on coins and stamps.
(a) Germania (b) Marianne
(c) Mary (d) Jesus
Nationalism
in India
Class - X
FULL NCERT EXPLAINATION
Mind
map
 The folklore of southern
Appointment of Simon India Ideas of nationalism developed through a movement The Idea of Satyagraha
Commission In February 1922, to revive Indian folklore. In Madras, Natesa Sastri published In 1916 Gandhi ji travelled to Champaran in
Mahatma Gandhi decided to a massive four-volume collection of Tamil folk tales, The Bihar to inspire the peasants to struggle
withdraw the Non-cooperation Folklore of Southern India. against the oppressive plantation system.
Movement. Tory government in Then in 1917, he organised a satyagraha to
Britain constituted a Statutory support the peasants of the Kheda
Commission under Sir John Simon. district of Gujarat.
Simon Commission arrived The sense of
in India in 1928. collective The first world War, The Rowatt Act
belonging Khilafat and Non- Gandhiji in 1919 decided to launch a
cooperation nationwide satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act (1919). On 13th
April the infamous Jallianwalla Bagh
incident took place. At the Calcutta
The Salt March and the Civil session of the Congress in September
Disobedience Movement 1920, he convinced ather leaders of the
Mahatma Gandhi started salt need to start a non-cooperation
march accompanied by 78 of Nationalism in movement in support of Khilafat as well
his trusted volunteers. On 6 as for swaraj,
April he reached Dandi, and India
ceremonially violated the Why Non-cooperation?
law, manufacturing salt by Gandhiji believed Indians eased to
cooperate. British rule in India would
boiling sea water.
color within a year, and swaraj would
come. At the Congress sesion at
Nagpur in December 1920, a
The Limits of Civil Disobedience Appointment of Simon compromise was worked out and the
Dr B.R. Ambedkar clashed with Commission Different Non- cooperation
Mahatma Gandhi at the second Round In February 1922, Mahatma programme was adopted.
Gandhi decided to withdraw strands
Table Conference by demanding
the Non-cooperation within
separate electorates for dalits. Some of Movement. Tory government in Rebellion in the Countryside
the Muslim political organisations in Britain constituted a Statutory movements In Awadh, peasants were led by
India were also lukewarm in their Commission under Sir John Baba Ramchandra-a sanyasi
response to the Civil Disobedience Simon. Simon Commission who had earlier been to Fiji as an
Movement. arrived in India in 1928.
indentured labourer.
 NATIONALISM

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common

consciousness that emerges when people living in a
common territory share the same historical, political and
cultural back grounds. People may be speaking different
languages (as in case of India) but the love for their na-
tion keeps them together.
 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, KHILAFAT AND NON-
COOPERATION MOVEMENT:
• The First World War led to a huge increase in defence expenditure. This was
financed by war loans and by increasing taxes. Custom duties were raised
and income tax was introduced to raise extra revenue.

• Prices of items increased during the war years. The prices doubled between
1913 and 1918. The common people were the worst sufferers because of the
price rise. Forced recruitment of rural people in the army was another cause
of widespread anger amongst people.

• Crop failure in many parts of India resulted in an acute shortage of foods.

Influenza epidemic further aggravated the problem. According to the 1921
census, about 12 to 13 million people died because of famines and
epidemic.
MAHATMA GANDHI
• Returned to India in
January 1915 from
South Africa.

• Advocated noble
method of mass
agitation called
Satyagraha.
 THE IDEA OF STYAGRAHA

• Satyagraha- emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
• Suggested that physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
• Believed dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
 THREE SUCCESSFUL SATYAGRAHA BY
GANDHI JI

Champaran Ahemdabad Kheda

1917- SATYAGRAHA
THE ROWLATT
ACT
 GANDHI DECIDED TO OPPOSE
THIS ACT WITH SATYAGRAHA
Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience
against such unjust laws, which would start with a hartal
on 6 April. Rallies were organised in various cities,
workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops
closed down.
Response of Britishers to this Hartal :
Clamped down on nationalists. Local leaders were
picked up from Amritsar, and Mahatma Gandhi was
barred from entering Delhi. On 10th April, the police in
Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, provoking
widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway
stations. Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took
command.
 JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE- 13TH
APRIL, 1919
• Large crowd gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh in
Amritsar
• Some came to protest against the govt’s new repressive measures, while
some came to attend the annual Baisakhi fair
• Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit points, and opened fire on the
crowd, killing 100s.
• Many of them were unaware of the martial law that was imposed.
 JALLIANWALA
BAGH MASSACRE
 IMPACT OF JALLIANWALA BAGH:-
• Crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns.

• There were strikes, clashes with the police, attacks on government buildings.

• British government became more brutal, people were humiliated and terrorised.

• Satyagrahis were forced to rub their nose on the ground, crawl on the streets, do
salaam (Salute) to all sahibs (British).

• People were flogged villages in Punjab around Gujranwala were bombed.

Ques.1 Rowlatt act was passed in which year?

Ques2. name the places where satyagrahi movements were done.

Ques.3 In which year Jalliawalah Bagh incident happened?

(a)1920 (b) 1919 (c) 1911 (d) 1914

Ques.4 Why Gandhiji started satyagraha in 1919?

• Mahatma Gandhi now felt the
need to launch a more broad-
based movement in India. He
took up Khilafat issue to unite
Hindus and Muslims together in
the freedom struggle.
 KHILAFAT COMMITTEE
Formed in
Bombay- March
1919 to defend
Khalifa’s
temporal power.

Sept 1920- Calcutta Muhammad Ali

Session of Congress and Shaukat Ali,
resolution passed to began discussing
start NCM in support with Gandhi ji for
of Khilafat as well as a united mass
for Swaraj action.
 NEED FOR NON-
COOPERATION MOVEMENT
• Mahatma Gandhi in his
book Hind Swaraj (1909)
stated it was the
cooperation of the Indians
that provided the base for
British rule in India.
• If Indians refused to
cooperate, British rule in
India would collapse within
a year, and swaraj would
come.
 REASONS FOR THE NON COOPERATION
MOVEMENT
• Atrocities on Indians after World War Ist.

• Refusal of demand of Swaraj.

• Passing of Rowlatt Act.

• Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

• Congress passed resolution on Non Cooperation Movement

with thumping majority.
PROPOSAL OF NON COOPERATION MOVEMENT

• Surrender the titles which were awarded by the British

Government.

• Boycott of Civil Services, Army, Police, Courts, Legislative

Councils and Schools.

• Boycott of foreign goods.

• Launch full Civil Disobedience campaign, if the government

persisted with repressive measures.
SESSIONS OF THE CONGRESS TO START NCM:-

• September 1920 to convince other

leaders ( calcutta )

• December 1920 ( Nagpur ) to adopt it .

• The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1921.
Various social groups participated in this movement, each with its
own specific aspiration. All of them responded to the call of
Swaraj, but the term meant different things to different people

DIFFERING STRANDS IN
MOVEMENT
 Movement started with middle-class
participation.

THE Students & teachers left government-

controlled school & lawyers left courts.
MOVEMENT
IN TOWNS
Council elections were boycotted in most
provinces except Madras, where the
Justice Party, felt that entering the council
was one way of gaining some power
 WHY NCM
SLOWED DOWN?

Students and
Expensive Khadi teachers began
Clothes trickling back to
government schools

Lawyers joined back

work in government
courts, due to lack of
alternative institution.
Ques.1 Assertion: Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and
foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
Reason: Students and teachers began trickling back to government schools
and lawyers joined back work in government schools.

Ques2. name the writer of the book ‘Hind Swaraj’.

 REBELLION IN
COUNTRYSIDE
(BY PEASANTS)
1. In Awadh, peasants were led by Baba Ramchandra – a sanyasi
who had earlier been to Fiji as an indentured labourer
2. The movement here was against oppressive talukdars and
landlords
3. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue,
abolition of begar & social boycott of oppressive landlords.
4. Nai – Dhobi bandhs were organised by panchayats to deprive
landlords of the services of even barbers and washermen.
In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in
Awadh talking to the villagers & trying to understand their grievances

By October, the Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal

Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.

Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages
around the region.

However, the peasant movement developed in forms that the

Congress leadership was unhappy with.
REASONS BEHIND MOVEMENT FALIURE

Houses of talukdars and merchants were

attacked

Bazaars were looted, and grain hoards

were taken over.

Local leaders told peasants that Gandhiji

had declared that land was to be
redistributed among the poor

The name of the Mahatma was being

invoked to sanction all action &
aspirations
 REBELLION IN
COUNTRYSIDE (BY
TRIBALS)
 • A militant guerrilla movement spread
in the early 1920s.
GUDEM HILLS OF • The colonial government had closed
large forest areas, preventing people
ANDHRA from entering the forests.
• Their livelihood as well as their
PRADESH traditional rights were affected.
• People were tired of working as
forced begar for road construction.
 Alluri Sita Ram Raju

Persuaded
Claimed people to
he had a wear khadi
variety of Rebels and give
special proclaimed up
powers him as drinking.
incarnation
of God

But at the same time he asserted that India

could be liberated only by the use of force, not
non-violence
The Gudem rebels attacked
police stations.

Attempted to kill British officials

and carried on Guerrilla warfare
for achieving swaraj.

Raju was captured & executed in

1924, overtime became a folk
hero.
Ques.1 Who led the peasant’s movement in Awadh?
(a)Baba Ramnath (b) Baba Ramchandra
(c) Baba Ramdev (d) Baba Ram Mohan

Ques2. What kind of movement was launched by the tribal peasants of

Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh?
 SWARAJ IN
PLANTATION
For plantation workers, Swaraj meant
‘right to move freely’.

It also meant it meant retaining a link

with the village from which they had
come.

Under the Inland Emigration Act of

1859, plantation workers were not
permitted to leave the tea gardens
without permission.
➔ When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands
of workers:
- Defied the authorities;
- Left the plantations & headed home.
➔ They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming & everyone would be
given land in their own villages.
➔ However, they never reached their destination.
➔ Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were
caught by the police and brutally beaten up
• At Chauri Chaura (1922) in
Gorakhpur, a peaceful
demonstration in a bazaar
turned into a violent clash
with the police.
• In February 1922,
Mahatma Gandhi
withdrew the Non-
Cooperation Movement
as it turned violent in
many places
TOWARDS CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE
 • Tory govt set up the Commission,
to suggest some changes into
Constitutional system in India

SIMON • Commission had no Indian

member.

COMMISSION • Commission arrived in India in

1928, greeted with the slogan
‘Simon Go Back’.
• Congress and the Muslim
League, protested against the
Commission
 • Lord Irwin announced in October 1929, a vague
offer of ‘dominion status’ for India.

• Congress leaders were unsatisfied, specially the

DEMAND radicals.

FOR PURNA • Lahore Session, Dec 1929- Jawaharlal Nehru

SWARAJ formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or full
independence.

• Declared that 26 January, 1930, would be

celebrated as the Independence Day.
Ques.1 In Lahore, the resolution of …………. Was adopted.

Ques.2 For plantation workers in Assam, which act did not permit them to
leave the tea gardens without permission?
(a) Inland Emigration act of 1947 (b) Inland Emigration act of 1839
(c) Inland Emigration act of 1859 (d) Inland Emigration act of 1887

Ques3. congress was unwilling to support ……………… campaigns in most

places.
(a) High Rent (b) No Rent (c) Low rent (d) Equal rent
THE SALT MARCH AND
THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
 SALT

• Mahatma Gandhi found in salt a powerful symbol that could

unite the nation.

• Consumed by the rich and the poor alike

• One of the of the most essential items of food.

• The tax on salt & the government monopoly over its

production, revealed the most oppressive face of British rule.
On 31 January 1930, Mahatma
Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
stating 11 demands.

Some of these were of general

interest; others were specific
demands of different classes, from
industrialists to peasants.

The most stirring of all was the

demand to abolish the salt tax.
Gandhi’s letter was, in a way, an ultimatum.

If the demands were not fulfilled by 11 March,

the letter stated, the Congress would launch a
civil disobedience campaign

Irwin was unwilling to negotiate.

So Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt

march (12 March, 1930) accompanied by 78 of
his trusted volunteers.
Starting Place - Sabarmati Ashram
Destination - Dandi, Gujarat
Distance - 240 miles. 10 miles/day
Duration - 24 Days
No. of People - Gandhiji + 78 Volunteers
Start of CDM (Salt Law Broken) - 6th April, 1930
Salt March marked
the beginning of
Civil Disobedience
Movement.
Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured
salt & demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
As the movement spread:

Liquor Peasants
Foreign
shops refused to
cloth was
boycotted
were pay
picketed revenue
People
Village violated
officials forest
resigned laws
Gandhi ji called off
CDM because of all this
violence.

Lord-Irwin convinced
him to get into a pact
with him.

This pact is known as

Gandhi-Irwin Pact
 GANDHI-IRWIN PACT
Date: 5th March, 1931.
Between: Gandhi ji and Lord Irwin
Objective: By this Gandhi-Irwin Pact,
Gandhiji consented to participate in a
Round Table Conference & called off the CDM.
SECOND ROUND TABLE
CONFERENCE,
LONDON, DECEMBER
1931
Negotiations broke down & Gandhiji returned disappointed.

Back in India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle of
repression:

❏ Ghaffar Khan & Jawaharlal Nehru were both in jail.

❏ The Congress had been declared illegal.
❏ A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings,
demonstrations & boycotts.

Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement

 Rich peasant communities – like the
Patidars of Gujarat & the Jats of Uttar
Pradesh – were active in the movement.
Hard hit by the trade depression & falling
PEASANTS : prices.

RICH SUPPORTED, They became enthusiastic supporters of

POOR DIDN’T the Civil Disobedience Movement.

For them the fight for swaraj was a

struggle against high revenues.
POOR PEASANTS (LUKEWARM SUPPORT)

1. The relationship
2. Small tenants
between the poor 3. In Depression they
cultivating land they
peasants and the struggled to pay rent.
had rented from
Congress remained
landlords
uncertain.

4. Scared of upsetting 5. Congress didn’t

the rich peasants & support their ‘no rent’
landlords. campaign.
 • Industrialists who made profit during WWI were
upset with the restriction policies on business.

• Wanted protection against imports of foreign

goods, & rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio.
INVOLVEMENT
• Formed Indian Industrial and Commercial
OF Congress in 1920 & Federation of the Indian
INDUSTRIALISTS Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in
1927.

• Prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas

Thakurdas and G. D. Birla supported the Civil
Disobedience Movement when it was first
launched
 • They gave financial assistance & refused to buy
or sell imported goods.

• But after the failure of the Round Table

INVOLVEMENT Conference, business groups were no longer
uniformly enthusiastic.
OF
INDUSTRIALISTS • They were worried about:
1. Spread of militant activities;
2. Prolonged disruption of business;
3. Growing influence of socialism amongst the
younger members of the Congress
• The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur
region.

• As the industrialists came closer to the Congress, workers stayed

aloof.

• But in spite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil

Disobedience Movement, selectively adopting some of the ideas of
the Gandhian programme, like boycott of foreign goods, as part of
their own movements against low wages and poor working
conditions
● There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.

● In 1930 thousands of workers in Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps

and participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

● But the Congress was reluctant to include workers’ demands as part of its
programme of struggle.

● It felt that this would alienate industrialists and divide the antiimperial
forces.
 • Participated in protest marches,
manufactured salt, etc., & even went to
jail.

• Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to

WOMEN see service to the nation as a sacred
duty of women

PARTICIPATION • Congress was reluctant to allow women

to hold any position of authority.

• Gandhiji was convinced that it was the

duty of women to look after home.
LIMITS OF CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
• Non participation of Dalits as for long congress had
ignored the demands of scheduled castes.

• Lukewarm (Not very enthusiastic) response of the muslim

political organisations as they felt from the mid 1920’s
the congress was coming closer to Hindu Nationalist
groups like Hindu Mahasabhe.

• An atmosphere of suspicion and distrust between two

communities.
THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE
BELONGING
Experience History
of United &
Struggle
Fiction
Variety of
cultural
processes Popular
Folklore prints &
& Songs Symbols
• Factors that developed the reuse of
collective belonging and united all Indians.

🔶 Figure or image :- Image of Bharat Mata

first created by Bankim Chandra. This image
helped people in ldentifying the nation.

🔶 Folklore :- Nationalists began gathering

and recording folktale as they Presented our
true culture and helped discover ones
national Identity and restore a reuse of pride
in past.
🔶 Icon and Symbols : Forex Flag :- Tricolors
flag first developed during Swadeshi
movement (1921) in Bengal which had 8
lotuses. By 1921 Gandhi ji had designed the
Swaraj Flag. carrying the flag became a
symbol of defiance.

🔶 Reinterpretation of History :- Many Indians

began looking into the past to discover
India’s great achievements and urged
Indians to take pride in India’s past and
struggle against British.

🔶 Song like ‘Vande Mataram :- In 1870’s

Bankim Chandra wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as
a hymn to the motherland and was widely
sung during Swadeshi movement.
 By the end of 19th Century many Indian
thought in order to instill a feeling of
pride in the nation - Indian history had
to be thought about differently.

REINTERPRETATION Began discovering great achievements

in past.
OF HISTORY

Wrote about the glorious developments

in ancient times.
Ques.1 Means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through:
(a) Reinterpretation of Astronomy (b) Reinterpretation of Philosophy
(c) Reinterpretation of Mythology (d) Reinterpretation of History

Ques.2 Bharat Mata was created by:

(a)Bamkin Chandra Chattopadhyay (b) Natesa sastri
(c) Rabindranath Tagore (d) Abanindranath Tagore

Ques3. As Bharat Mata to India, ………… is to France and …….. Is to Germany.

(a) Statue of Liberty, Mother Marry (b) Marianne, Germania
(c) Germania, Marianne (d) Stature of liberty, Germania
Map based
questions
Indian National congress Sessions
a. Calcutta (Sep. 1920)
b. Nagpur (Dec. 1920)
C. Madras (1927)

Important Centres of Indian Freedom Movement

a. Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo Planters

b. Kheda (Gujrat) - Peasant Satyagraha
C. Ahmedabad (Gujrat) - Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
d. Amritsar (Punjab) -Jallianwala Bagh Incident
e. Chauri Chaura (.P.) - Calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement
f. Dandi (Gujrat) - Civil Disobedience Movement
Important
Dates and
events
1. 1913- Mahatma Gandhi started satyagraha in South
Africa against the racist white government.
2. 1914-18- First World War.
3. 1915 – Mahatma Gandhi came back from South Africa.
4. 1916- Champaran Movement.
5. 1917 – Kheda Movement to support the peasant who
could not pay the revenue due to crop failure and plague
epidemic.
6. 1918 – Satyagraha movement at Ahmadabad to support
the cotton mill workers against British atrocities.
7. 1919- Rowlatt Act was passed.
8. 1919 – Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
9. 1919 – Khilafat Movement.
10. 1921- Khilafat Non – Cooperation Movement.
11. 1922- Non Cooperation Movement was called off.
12. 1927- Formation of FICCI
13. 1928- Nehru Report (The Indian Constitution was drafted by
Motilal Nehru)
14. 1929 –Lahore Session of Congress and demand of Complete
Independence.
15. 1929 – A vague offer of Dominion Status was given by Lord
Irwin.
16. 1930 – Distressed Class Association was formed by Dr. B R
Ambedkar.
17. 1930 – Salt Law was broken through Dandi March(12
March 1930 to 6 April 1930)
18. 1930 - Civil Disobedience Movement was started
19. 1930 – First Round Table Conference took place.
Congress didn’t participate.
20. 1931- Gandhi Irwin Pact.
21. 1931 – Second Round Table Conference took place. M K
Gandhi and B R Ambedkar participated.
22. 1932- Poona pact between M K Gandhi and Dr. B R
Ambedkar.
 10 THHistory
Making of Global World
 End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of 'Globalisation’ Silk Routes Link the World
Wages were relatively low in countries like China, Thus they The name 'silk routes' points to the
became attractive destinations for investiment by foreign importance of West-bound Chinese silk
MNCs competing to capture world markets. cargoes along this route.

Decolonisation and Independence Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Most colonies in Asia and Africa emerged Many of our common foods such as
as free, independent nations. Developed potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize,
countries organised themselves as a tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes,
group- the Group of 77 (or G-77)- to and so on were not known to our
demand a new international economic ancestors until about five centuries
order (NIED). ago.

The Pre- A World Economy Takes Shape

The Early Post-war Years · Modern World Industry grew, the demand for agricultural
World trade grew annually at over 8 per cent products went up, pushing up food grain
between 1950 and 1970 and incomes at Rebuilding a
prices. Between 1820 and 1914 world
nearly 5 per cent. world
trade is estimated to have multiplied 25 to

Post-war Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions

Economy : The
post –War Era The Making of 40 times.
Role of Technology
An industrial society based on mass production cannot be
sustained without mass consumption. The IMF and the World
Bank commenced financial operations in 1947. Decision-
the Global New technology, namely,
refrigerated ships, which enabled
making in these institutions was controlled by the Western the transport of perishable foods
industrial powers. World over long distances.

Wartime Transformations Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague

The First World War was thus the first modern industrial war. It In the late nineteenth century,
saw the use of machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical The Nineteenth Europeans were attracted to Africa
weapons, etc, on a massive scale. The Inter –War Century due to its vast resources of land and
Economy minerals. Rinderpest, a devastating
Post-war Recovery cattle disease, arrived in Africa in the
The war had led to an economic boom, that is, to a Large
increase in demand, production and employment.
late 1880s.
Indentured Labour Migration from India
Rise of Mass Production and Consumption One Recruitment was done by agents engaged by
important feature of the US economy of the 1920s Indian Trade, Colonialism and employers and paid a small commission. From
was mass production. Henry Ford's cars came off the Global System With the 1900s India's nationalist leaders began
the assembly line at three-minute intervals, a industrialisation, British cotton opposing the system of indentured labour
speed much faster than that achieved by previous manufacture began to expand,
methods. migration as abusive and cruel. It was
and industrialists pressurised the abolished in 1921.
India and the Great Depression In the nineteenth government to restrict cotton
The Great Depression century, across India, peasants' indebtedness Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad
imports and protect Local
The depression was caused by: increased. They used up their savings, Shikaripuri shroffs and Nattukottai Chettiars were
industries.
(1) agricultural overproduction remained a problem.
mortgaged lands, and sold whatever jewellery amongst the many groups of bankers and traders who
(2) in the mid-1920s, many countries financed their financed export agriculture in Central and Southeast
investments through loans from the US. and precious metals they had to meet their
expenses. Asia, using either their own funds or those borrowed
from European banks.
 Globalisation :-

Globalisation is generally associated with

economy as the free movement of capital,
goods, technology, ideas and people across
the globe. Globalisation in a broader sense
also includes cultural exchanges between
different countries of the world.
 Ancient times:

• Travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for

knowledge opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape
persecution.
• They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and
even germs and diseases.
• As early as 3000 BCE an active coastal trade linked the Indus
valley civilisations with present-day West Asia.
• Silk route linked China with West.
• Food travels from America to Europe to Asia.
• Noodles travels from China to Italy and became Spaghetti.
• European conquerors carried germs of smallpox in America. Once
introduced, it spread deep into the continent.
 Silk Routes:

• The Silk Route was a historic trade route that

dated from the second century B.C. The ‘silk
routes’ points to the importance of West-
bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
until the 14th century A.D.

• It stretched from Asia to the Mediterranean,

traversing China, India, Persia, Arabia,
Greece, and Italy .It was dubbed the Silk
Route because of the heavy silk trading that
took place during that period.
 Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato :-

Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands

that they travelled.

Spaghetti :- noodles travelled west from China to

become spaghetti. Or, perhaps Arab traders took pasta
to fifth-century Sicily, an island now in Italy.

Food Many of our common foods such as potatoes,

soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet
potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors
until about five centuries ago.
Potato :- Europe’s poor began better and live
longer with introduction the humble Potato.

Ireland’s poorest peasants became so

dependent on potatoes that when disease
destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1840s,
hundreds of thousands died of starvation
 Conquest, Disease and Trade :

America’s Discover and Precious Metals :

• European sailors found a sea route to Asia
and also successfully crossed the western
ocean to America.
• Before its ‘discovery’, America had been
cut off from regular contact with the rest of
the world for millions of years.
• Precious metals, particularly silver, from
mines located in present day Peru and
Mexico also enhanced Europe’s wealth
and financed its trade with Asia.
• Legends spread in 17th century
Europe about South America’s
fabled wealth. Many expeditions set
off in search of El Dorado, the fabled
city of gold
 Use of smallpox germs by conquerors (for victory)

• The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and

Colonization of America was decisively
underway by the mid- sixteenth century.

• The most powerful weapon of the Spanish

conquerors was the germs such as those of
smallpox that they carried on their person.

• Due to their long isolation, America’s

original inhabitants had no immunity
against these diseases that came from
Europe. Smallpox, in particular proved to
be fatal
 Europe’s condition (Until 19th Century)

Problems in Europe :-
Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in
Europe. Cities were crowded and deadly diseases were
widespread.

India and China till the eighteenth century :-

• In the 18th century, China and India were among the world’s
richest countries. They were also pre-eminent in Asian trade.
• However, from the 15th century, China is said to have restricted
overseas contacts and retreated into isolation.
• China’s reduced role and the raising importance of the America
gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards.
• Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.
Ques.1 In Hindi, meaning of ‘’Cowries” is
(a) Seashells (b) nutshells
(c) Walnut shells (d) None

Ques.2 Besides goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions they also
carried:
(a) Gold (b) Germs and diseases (c) Silver (d) None

Ques3. Silk is a ………………. Product.

(a) Japanese (b) Korean (c) American (d) Chinese
 The Nineteenth Century (1815-1914)

 Economic, political, social, cultural and

technological factors interacted in complex ways
to transform societies and reshape external
relations. Economic Social Political Cultural &
Technological

 Economists identify three types of movement or

‘flows’ within International Economic Exchanges.

• The flow of Trade :- Trade in goods such as grain Cloth/Wheat

and cloth.
• The flow of Labour :- Migration of people to new
areas in search of work.
• The Movement of capital :- Investment of capital
for a short and long period in far off areas
 World Economy Takes Shape :-

• Due to increase in population from the late 18th century, the demand
for food grains in Britain had increased.
• Since, there was pressure from landed groups, the government also
restricted the import of corn.
• The laws allowing the government to do this were commonly known as
the ‘Corn Laws’.
• Railways were needed to link the agricultural regions to the ports.
• New harbours had to be built and people had to settle on the lands
which meant building homes and settlements.
• All these activities in turn required capital and labour. Capital flowed
from financial centres such as London.
• The demand for labour in places where labour was in short supply-as in
America and Australia, led to more migration.
• By 1890, Global Agricultural Economy had taken shape.
 Corn laws:-

• The laws allowing the

government (U.K) to
restrict the import of corn
were commonly known
as the corn laws.

Abolition of Corn Law

Unhappy with high food prices, industrialists and

urban

dwellers

forced the abolition of corn law.

 PROS Cons
Food could be
British farmers were
imported more unable to compete with
cheaply than it could imports.
be produced within
the country. Vast areas of land were
now left uncultivated.

Thousands of men and

women were thrown out
of work.

They flocked to the

cities or migrated
overseas.
 Role of Technology :-

• The railways, steamships, the telegraph were important inventions

without which we cannot imagine the transformed nineteenth-
century world.
• Colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements in
transport.
• The trade in meat offers a good example of this connected process.
Till the 1870s, animals were shipped live from America to Europe and
then slaughtered when they arrived there.
• Better living conditions promoted social peace within the country
and support for imperialism abroad.
• Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late nineteenth
century.
 Rinderpest Plague :-

Rinderpest is a fast spreading cattle

plague which hit Africa in the late 1880s.
 Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague :-

• In the 1880s, a fast-spreading disease of Cattle

Plague or Rinderpest had a terrifying impact
on the African local economy.

• It was carried by infected cattle imported from

British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers invading
Eritrea in East Africa.

• Entering Africa in the East, Rinderpest moved

west ‘like forest fire’. The loss of cattle
destroyed African livelihoods.
 Indentured labour :-

A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a

specific amount of time, to pay off his passage to a new country
home
 Indentured labour migration from India :-

• In the 19th century, hundreds of thousands of Indian and Chinese labourers

went to work on plantations, in mines, and in road and railway construction
projects around the world

• In India, indentured labourers were bonded labourers who were transferable to

any country on contract for a specific amount of wage and time. Most of the
labourers were from Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Central India and certain districts of
Tamil Nadu.

• The 19th century indenture has been described as a ‘New System of Slavery’.

• From the 1900s, India’s nationalist leaders began opposing the system of
Indentured Labour Migration as abusive and cruel. It was abolished in 1921
 New slave system in 19th century :-

• Agents provided false information to misguide the labourers.

• Labourers were also kidnapped by the agents.
• The living and working conditions of new place were very hard.
• Wages were very low. The wages were deducted in terms of
work was not done properly.
• There were no legal rights for labourers.
 SURVIVALOFWORKERS

Many of them escaped into the wilds,

though if caught they faced severe
punishment.

Other developed new forms of individual

and collective self-expression, blending
different cultural forms.
In Trinidad the annual Muharram procession
was transformed into a riotous carnival called
‘Hosay' (for Imam Hussain) in which workers
of all races joined
 Similarly, the protest religion of Rastafarianism
(made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob
Marley) is also said to reflect social and cultural
links with Indian migrants to the Caribbean.

‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is

another creative contemporary expression of the post-
indenture experience.

These forms of cultural fusion are part of the

making of the global world, where things from
different places get mixed, lose their original
characteristics and become something entirely
new.
 Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad :-

• Shikaripuri Shrott and Nattukottai Chettiyars were amongst the

many groups of bankers and traders who Financed Export
Agriculture in Central and South-east Asia.

• Indian Traders and Moneylenders also followed European

colonisers into Africa.

• From the 1860s they established flourishing emporia at busy ports

worldwide, selling local and imported curios to tourists whose
numbers were beginning to swell, thanks to the development of
safe and comfortable passenger vessels.
 Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System :

• With the advent of industrialisation, British cotton manufacture began to expand

and industrialists pressurised the government to restrict cotton imports and
protect local industries.

• Tariffs were imposed on cloth imports into Britain. Consequently, the inflow of fine
Indian cotton began to decline.

• Indigo used for dyeing cloth was another important export for many decades.

• British manufactures flooded the Indian Market. The value of British Exports to
India was much higher than the value of British imports from India. Thus, Britain
had a “Trade Surplus’ with India.

• Britain used this surplus to balance its trade deficits with other countries that is,
with countries from which Britain was importing more than it was selling to.
Ques.1 In eighteenth century the demand for food grains increased in Britain
due to:
(a) Less production (b) Population growth
(c) Crop failure (d) Ancient techniques

Ques.2 The government restricted the import of

(a) Medicines (b) Textiles (c) Corn (d) Cooking oil

Ques3. The loss of cattle destroyed livelihoods of ………………

(a)Indians (b) Korean (c) American (d) Africans

Ques4. Rinderpest arrived in Africa in the late ……………

(a) 1980s (b) 1780s (c) 1880s (d) 1870s
THE INTER-WAR
AND POST-WAR
ECONOMY
 The Inter War Economy :-

• The First World War (1914-18) was mainly fought in Europe but its
impact was felt around the world due to widespread economic
and political instability.
 Wartime Transformations :-

• The First World War was fought between two power blocs. On the
one side were the Allies Britain, France and Russia (later joined by
the US); and on the opposite side were the Central Powers –
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Turkey.
• This war was thus, the First Modern Industrial War. It saw the use of
machine guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical weapons, etc., on a
massive scale.
• Most of the killed and maimed were men of working age and these
deaths and injuries reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe.
• Britain borrowed large sums of money from the US Banks as well as
the US public which transformed the US from being an “International
Debtor to an International Creditor”.
 the impact of first world war on the economy of Britain :-

• Hard to maintain the top position of Britain in Indian market.

• After first world war Britain had to compete with Japan.
• Debt taken by America during First world war.
• Fall in demand of goods due to the end of war caused fall in
production and increase in unemployment.
• The heavy taxes imposed by the government to fulfill the losses
of war which causes great fall in employment
 Post-war Recovery :-

• After the war, Britain found it difficult to recapture its earlier position of
dominance in the Indian Market and to compete with Japan
internationally.

• The war had led to an economic boom, that is, to a large increase in
demand, production and employment.

• Before the war, Eastern Europe was a major supplier of wheat in the world
market but during the war its supply disrupted and wheat production in
Canada, America and Australia expanded immensely.

• But after the war, production in Eastern Europe revived and created a glut
in wheat output. Grain prices fell, rural incomes declined and Farmers fell
deeper into debt.
 Rise of Mass Production and Consumption :-

• One important feature of the US economy of the 1920s was Mass Production.
A well-known pioneer of mass production was the Car Manufacturer, Henry
Ford.

• The T-Model Ford was the world’s first mass-produced car.

• Mass production lowered costs and prices of engineered goods and there
was an increase in the purchase of refrigerators, washing machines, radios,
gramophone players, all through a system of ‘hire purchase’

• Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a

cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand,
more investment and yet, more employment and incomes.
 The Great Depression (1929-1930) :-

• By 1929 the world plunged into a depression called -The Great

Depression of 1929.
• During this period most parts of the world experienced catastrophic
declines in production, employment, incomes and trade.
• The depression was caused by a combination of several facts of
agricultural overproduction.
• Many countries financed their investments through loans from the US.
The withdrawal of the US loans affected much of the rest of the world.
• With the fall in prices and the prospect of a depression the US Banks
had also slashed domestic lending and called back loans.
• The Great Depression’s wider effects on society, politics and
international relations, and on peoples’ minds, proved more enduring
 Causes of Great Depression :-

• Post-World War, economy of the world was fragile. Agricultural over

production was a problem. As prices slumped, farm produce rotted.
• Many countries financed loans from the US.
• US overseas lenders panicked at the sign of financial crisis.
• Thus, banks were bankrupt and were forced to close down in Europe
and in the
• US because they were unable to recover investments, collect loans
and repay depositors.
• American capitalists stopped all loans.
 India and the Great Depression :-

• Since Colonial India had become an exporter of agricultural goods and importer
of manufactures, the depression immediately affected Indian trade.

• Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers though agricultural
prices fell sharply, the Colonial Government refused to reduce revenue
demands.

• This resulted in the increase of indebtedness of the Indian peasants who used up
their savings, mortgaged lands, and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals
they had to meet their expenses.

• The famous economist John Maynard Keynes thought that Indian gold exports
promoted global economic recovery.
Ques.1 Who was a well known pioneer of mass production?
(a) Henry ford (b) Christopher columbus
(c) Marco polo (d) None

Ques.2 Animals were shipped live from:

(a) Germany to America (b) America to England
(c) America to Europe (d) Europe to Asia

Ques3. The second world war was fought for ……………. Years on many
fronts, in many places over land, sea and air.
(a) Five years (b) Two years (c) Six years (d) Ten years

Ques4. …………………… was not a part of axis powers

(a) Belgium (b) Nazi Germany (c) Japan (d) Italy
 REBUILDING A
WORLD
ECONOMY: THE
POST WAR ERA
 The Post-war Era

• The Second World War broke out merely after two decades of
the First World War and brought enormous death and
destruction.

• It was fought between the Axis powers (mainly Nazi Germany,

Japan and Italy) and the Allies (Britain, France, the Soviet
Union and the US).

• The war caused an immense amount of economic

devastation and social disruption.

• There were two impacts that influenced post-war

reconstruction. The first was the US’s Emergence as the
dominant economic, political and military power in the
Western world and the second was the dominance of the
Soviet Union.
 The Bretton Woods institutions :-

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the

World Bank were created to bring about orderly
development of the world economy in the post-
World War Il era

Bretton Woods :-
Bretton Woods is the name of Hotel in USA where the
National Monetary and Financial conference held in
1944 to ensure the stable economy.
• Establishment of IMF and World Bank.
• Bretton Woods system was based on fixed
exchange rate.
 Decolonisation and Independence :-

• Most developing countries did not benefit from the fast

growth that the Western economies experienced in
1950s and 1960s therefore, they organized themselves
as a group-the Group of 77 (or G-77)-to demand a New
International Economic Order (NIEO).

• By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them

real control over their natural resources, more
development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials
and better access for their manufactured goods in
developed countries’ markets.
End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of “Globalisation’ :-

• The Industrial World was hit by unemployment that began

rising from the mid-1970s and remained high until the early
19.

• From the late 1970s., MNCS also began to shift production

operations to low-wage Asian countries, China being one of
them.

• China became an attractive destination for investment by

foreign MNCS, competing to capture world markets.

• The relocation of industries to low-wage countries stimulated

world trade and capital flows.
 EXCHANGE RATES
They link national currencies for purposes of
international trade. There are broadly two kinds of
exchange :

FIXED EXCHANGE RATES

When exchange rates are fixed & governments

intervene to prevent movements in them

FLEXIBLE / FLOATING EXCHANGE RATES

These rates fluctuate depending on demand &

supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets,
in principle without interference by governments
 NIEO
A system that would give
developing countries -

1.Real control over their natural

resources and development
assistance

2.Fairer prices for raw materials in

developed countries’ markets.
 Hosay :-

A riotous carnival in Trinidad (for Imam Hussain) where

workers of all races and religions joined to celebrate.

IMF:

It is also termed as International Monetary Fund, The

Bretton Woods Institution. It was established to deal
with external surpluses and deficits of its member
nations.
 IBRD:

It is abbreviated as the International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development (popularly known
as the World Bank). It was set up to finance Post-war
reconstruction

G-77

G-77 or Group of 77 refers to the seventy seven

developing countries that did not benefit from the fast
growth western economies experienced in 1950s and
1960s
Ques.1 Who was a well known pioneer of mass production?
(a) Henry ford (b) Christopher columbus
(c) Marco polo (d) None

Ques.2 Animals were shipped live from:

(a) Germany to America (b) America to England
(c) America to Europe (d) Europe to Asia

Ques3. The second world war was fought for ……………. Years on many
fronts, in many places over land, sea and air.
(a) Five years (b) Two years (c) Six years (d) Ten years

Ques4. …………………… was not a part of axis powers

(a) Belgium (b) Nazi Germany (c) Japan (d) Italy