EUROPE
➢PAINTING\
● Fredric sorrieu was a french artist who prepared a series on 4 prints
visualising his dream of a world made up of “ democratic n social
republic” as he called them(1848)
➔Main features of 1st print
★Shows pll of europe n america - men n women - of all ages n ss
classes - marching in a long train offering homage to the statue of
liberty
★Liberty was personifies as a female figure w torch of enlightenment in
one hand n charter of rights of men in the other
★On the foreground of the image lies shattered remains of absolutist
institution
★In sorrieu’s utopian vision the ppl of the world r grouped as distinct
nations identified thru their flags n costumes
★The procession i sled by usa n switzerland who were already nation
states
★From the heavens above , christ , saints n angels gaze upon the scn -
to symbolise fraternity
FRENCH REV
➔COLLECTIVE BELONGING
● Ideas of la patrie and le citoyen adopted
● A new french flag - the tricolour - was adopted to replace former royal
standards
● Estate generals were elected and renamed the national assembly
● New hymns composed, oaths taken , martyr commemorated
● Centralised administration system - formulated uniform laws for all
● Internal custom duties n dues were abolished
● Uniform system of weights n measurements was adopted
● French became the common lang
➔NAPOLEONIC CODE/ CIVIL CODE - 1804
● Abolished all privileges based on birth
● Established equality before law
● Secured right to property
● Simplified administrative divisions
● Abolished feudal system
● Freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues
● Guild restrictions were removed
● Transport n communi systems were improved
➔DRAWBACKS OF CIVIL CODE
● Lack of political freedom
● Increased taxation
● Censorship
● Forced conscription into the french armies
● All these outweigh the advantages in administration
NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
● In mid 18th cent ther were no nation states
● The did not c themselves sharing a collective identity
● Spoke diff langs n belonged to diff ethnic grps
● Eg habsburg empire tht ruled Over austria- hungary was a patchwork
of many diff regions n ppl
HOW DID THE IDEA OF NATIONALISM EMERGE?
EUROPE WAS BROADLY DIVIDED INTO 3 CLASSES:
1.ARISTOCRACY
● Wealthy ppl of the society
● Socially n politically powerful
● United by common way off life tht cut across regional diversity
● Owned estates in countryside. N also town houses
● They spoke french for the purpose of diplomacy and high society
● The families were often connected by ties of marriage
● minority
2.PEASANTS
● Tenants n small landowners who worked as serfs
● Cultivated the land of aristocratic lords
● Majority
● Less power
3. MIDDLE CLASS
● Neither rich nor poor
● Working class
● Educated
● Eg - industrialists , businessman
➔PROBLEM:
● Did not support women's voting right
● Only gave voting right to men w property
LIBERAL NATIONALISM
➔What did it stand for for the new middle class?
● Freedom for the individual n equality before law]
● It emphasised the concept of govt by consent
● End of autocracy and clerical privileges
● A constitution n representative form of govt
➔What did it stand for in the economic sphere?
● Freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restriction on
movement of goods n capitals
● Germany was divided into a confederation of 39 states each of which
had their own currency , weights n measurements
● For eg - a merchant travelling in 1833 from hamburg to nuremberg to
sell goods wud hv to pass thru 11 custom barriers pay a custom duty
of abt 5%at each one of them
● The measure of cloth - elle
ZOLLEVERIAN(1834)
● Custom union formed at the initiative of prussia n joined by many
german states
● Abolished tariff barriers
● Reduced the no of currencies from above 30 to 2
● Creation of a network of railway - stimulated mobility
NEW CONSERVATISM
● After the defeat of napoleon in 1815 , european govt were driven by
the spirit of new conservatism
● They believed ttht established traditional institutes of states n society
- monarchy , the church , social hierarchies , property n fam shud be
preserved
● They wanted to incorporate this w changes initiated by napoleon
● Modern army
● Efficient bureaucracy
● Dynamic economy
● Abolition of feudalism and serfdom
● All this cud strength the autocratic monarchies of europe
TREATY OF VIENNA (1815)
● Representatives of european power - britain, russia , prussia , austria
- who had collectively defeated napoleon
● They met at vienna to draw up a settlement for europe
● The congress was hosted by australian chancellor - DUKE
METTERNICH
● They drew up the treaty of vienna w the obj of undoing most changes
made during the napoleonic wars
➔The bourbon dynasty which had been deposed was restored
➔France lost the territories it had annexed under napoleon
➔Series of states were set up on the boundaries of france to
prevent further expansion
➔Kingdom of netherlands which included belgium was set up in
the north n genoa was added to piedmont in the south
➔Prussia was given imp new territories on its western frontier
➔Austra was given control of northern italy
➔The german confederation of 39 states tht had been set up by
napoleon was left untouched
➔In the east - russia was given a part of poland and prussia was
given a part of saxony
● Main intention was to restore monarchies
● Conservative regimes were autocratic
● Didnt tolerate criticism n dissent
● They sought to curb activities tht questioned the legitimacy of
autocratic govts
● Imposed censorship to control - newspaper , books , plays and songs
● Reflected the ideas of liberty n freedom
THE REVOLUTIONARIES
● To be a revolutionary at tht time meant a commitment to oppose
monarchical forms tht had been established after vienna congress
➔GIUSEEPI MAZZINI
● Italian revolutionary
● Born in genoa 1805
● Became the member of secret society of the CARBONARI
● He was sent into exile at the age of 24 for attempting a revolution in
liguria
● He founded - YOUNG ITALY (marseilles), YOUNG EUROPE (berne)
● He believed tht italy had to be forged into a single unified republic w
wider alliance of nations
● Matternich described him as the most dangerous enemy of our
society
AGE OF REVOLUTIONARIES
JULY REV (france) 1830
● The bourbon kings who had been restored after the conservative
reaction after 1815 were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries
● They installed a constitutional monarchy w louis philippe as the head
● Its sparked and uprising in belgium which led to belgium breaking
away frm united kingdom of netherlands
GREEK REV (1821 - 1832)
● Greece had been a part of ottoman empire since 15th cent
● Growth of rev nationalism in europe sparked of a struggle for
independence in greece - 1821
● Nationalists in greece got support from other greeks living in exile n
also frm many west european who has sympathised for ancient greek
culture
● Poets n artists also supported greece
● The eng poet LORD BYRON - organized funds and later went to fight
a war where he died of fever - 1824
● Finally THE TREATY OF CONSTANTINOPLE (1832) recognised
greece as an independent country
THE ROMANTIC IMAGINATION AND NATIONAL FEELING
● The dev of nationalism wasnt always wars n territorial expansion
● Culture played an imp role in creating the idea of nation - art , poetry ,
stories , music helped express n shape nationalist feelings
● ROMANTICISM -cultural movement which sought to dev a particular
form of nationalist sentiment
● Romantic artist generally criticized the glorification of sci n rsn n
focused on emotion , intuition n mystic feelings
● Their effort was to create a shared collective heritage n a common
cultural past
● JOHANN GOTTFRIED HERDER - (1744 - 1803 )- german
philosopher
➔He said true german culture was to be discovered among
common ppl (das volk)
➔It was thru folk songs , folk poetry,folk dances tht the true spirit
of nation was popularized
● The emphasis on vernacular lang n collection of local folklore was not
js to recover ancient national spirit but also to carry the modern
nationalism msg to large audiences who were illiterate
➢POLAND
● Poland had been partitioned by the great powers - russia , prussia n
austria
● Even tho poland didnt exist as an independent country nationalist
feelings were kept alive thru music n lang
● KAROL KURPINSKI - celebrated national struggle thru his operas n
music
● He turned folk dances lik POLONAISE n MAZURKA into nationalist
symbols
★How did lang play an imp role in developing nationalist
sentiments?
● After russian occupation the polish lang was forced out of schools n
russian lang was imposed everywhere
● In 1831 an armed rebellion against russian rule took place which was
ultimately crushed
● Members of clergy in poland began to use lang as a weapon of
national resistance
● Polish was used for church gatherings n all religious instruction
● As a result large number of priests n bishops were put in jail or send
to siberia by russian authorities as a punishment for refusing to
preach in russian lang
● THE USE OF POLISH CAME TO BE SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF THE
STRUGGLE AGAINST RUSSIAN DOMINANCE
HUNGER , HARDSHIP N REVOLT
● The 1830s were yrs of great economic hardship in europe.
● First hv of the 19th cent saw extreme increase in popln all over
europe
● Ther were more job seeks than employment
● Manly ppl frm rural areas migrated to cities to live in overcrowded
slums
● Small producers in towns often faced stiff competition
● Rise of food prices - bad harvest lead to widespread PAUPERISM
● This brought paris out on the roads
● Barricades were erected and louis philippe was forced to flee
● National assembly proclaimed republic - it granted suffrage to all
male adult above 21
● National workshops to provide employment was sent up
● 1845 - WEAVERS IN SILESIA HAD REVOLT AGAINST
CONTRACTORS - who supplied them raw materials n gave them
orders for finished textiles but drastically decreased their payment
UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
● Widespread of nationalist feelings among middle-class
Germans.
● Middle-class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the
German confederation into a nation-state in the year 1848.
● This initiative was however repressed by the combined forces
of monarchy n the military supported by large landowners.
● Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national
unification.
● The complete process of this architect was carried out by the
chief minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian
army and bureaucracy.
● Three wars were fought over a span of about seven years
against France, Austria and Denmark.
● Later this war was ended by Prussian victory. Hence, complete
the process of unification.
● The Prussian King William- I was proclaimed German emperor
in January 1871 in a ceremony held at Versailles.
● Later, the new German empire was headed by Kaiser William
1 of Prussia ( hall of mirrors)
