MATHEMATICS

NC(V) NQF LEVEL 4

STUDY
2020

This learning material was developed for students to

use in conjunction with a prescribed text book
“Fundamental Mathematics for NQF Level 4:
by Adhir Hurjunlal and Ashley Naicker”

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Established by: Mr. SS Shabane

ETVETC-MATH4-2/2020 Moderated by: Ms. S George
Table of Content
CONTENT PAGE
Introduction 2
Resources 2
Assessments 2
Assessment criteria 2
Assessment plan 3
Assessment issuing and submission 3
Attendance 3
Department 3
TOPIC 1 4
Module 1: Complex numbers 4
TOPIC 2 7
Module 2: Remainder theorem 7
Module 3: Inverse graphs 7
Module 4: Linear programming 8
Module 5: Differentiation 9
Module 6: Integration 11
TOPIC 3 13
Module 7: Circles 13
Module 8: Circle theorems and cyclic quadrilateral 14
Module 9: Trigonometry 22
Module 10: Problems in 3 – Dimensions 24
TOPIC 4 24
Module 11: Statistics 24
Probability 24
TOPIC 5 30
Module 12: Financial mathematics 30

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 Mathematics NC(V) L4 – Study Guide
1. Introduction

Mathematics Level 4 is a fundamental subject that forms part of the seven subjects in the
NC(V) curriculum (NQF Level 4). The purpose of this study guide is to equip students with the
summary of important concepts of the subject matter; however, students are encouraged to use
various learning resources of the subject rather than relying mainly to this study guide. This
learning material must be used in conjunction with the prescribed text book “Fundamental
Mathematics for NQF Level 4: by Adhir Hurjunlal and Ashley Naicker – 2013 edition”

Students should attend all the classes as scheduled in an official timetable of the college and
such attendance should comply with the conditions documented on the attendance policy and
Memo 46 of 2015 from the Department of Higher Education. Guidance will be given by the
lecturer from time to time basis. All students are subject to complete all the seven compulsory
assessment tasks that constitute an Integrated Continuous Assessment (ICASS) which is used to
evaluate whether the student is eligible for the final examination at the end of the year or not.

I wish you all the best and success in your studies endeavours.

Author: Mr. SS Shabane

Lecturer – Ekurhuleni East TVET College

2. Resources
 Prescribed text book (provided by the college).
 Portfolio of Evidence – PoE (provided by the college).
 Scientific calculator (self-provided).
 Two quire exercise book.
 Drawing material.

3. Assessments
3.1 Assessment Criteria

 All assessments are compulsory for all students.

 Assignments are regarded as research projects and therefore are not necessarily
given on the sections of the subject content that has already been covered in the
classroom.
 When doing assignments; students are encouraged to work on their own and
refrain from the act of plagiarism.
 All the scripts will be kept on a Portfolio of Evidence (PoE). The marks will be
recorded and captured onto the ITS system of the college.
 It is a student’s responsibility to ensure and verify that the marks reflected on the
mark sheets correspond with the marks obtained by the student.

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 3.2 Assessment Plan (AMENDED for Covid-19 Response)

 To qualify for final examination; the student must obtain a minimum of 30% ICASS
(year) mark.
 ICASS mark is accumulated throughout the year and calculated from the seven (7)
official assessments as follows:

ASSESSMENT ITS Codes WEIGHT

Test 1 FT1 10%
Test 2 FT2 25%
Test 3 FT3 Discontinued
Assignment 1 AM1 10%
Assignment 2 AM2 Discontinued
Assignment 3/Project PA 15%
Internal Examination (P1& P2) IE1 & IE2 40%
TOTAL 100%

 The final pass mark comprises of 25% of ICASS mark and 75% of the Final
Examination mark. The final pass mark for Mathematics is 30%.

3.2 Assignment Issuing & Submission

 Assignment is issued in class and it is student’s responsibility to always be in the
classroom when the assignments are issued.
 The assignment maybe issued in smaller phases that may later be combined into
one complete assignment or issued as a once-off project that can be completed
over a period not exceeding 5 days.
 No late submission of assignments will be tolerated and therefore students must
adhere to submission deadlines.
4. Attendance
 All students are expected to attend 100% of their classes. Should the student be absent
from school; such absence should be reported and officially supported by the proof
(i.e. medical certificate, court transcript or driver’s learners/licence proof of booking).
 To qualify for admission to Final Examination; a student must meet a minimum of 80%
attendance.
 Late coming in class is also an offense that may lead students to undergo disciplinary
measures.

5. Department
 All queries regarding the subject should be directed to the lecturer. Should the student wish
to escalate any other matter regarding the subject; he/she is welcome to consult the
programme manager, Head of Department or Deputy Campus Manager – Academic,
respectively.
 Administration related issues may be directed to the Administrations Office, HOD and/or
Deputy Campus Manager – Academic.

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TOPIC 1
Module 1: Complex Numbers

(i) Complex numbers consists of:

 Real part
 Imaginary part

(ii) Background of complex numbers

Solve for 𝑥 : 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎 Cannot be factorised...

−𝑏 ± √𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 Use quadratic formula...

𝑥=
2𝑎

−2 ± 2 − 4(2)(10)
𝑥=
2(1)

−2 ± √4 − 40
𝑥=
2

−2 ± √−36 Square roots of negative

𝑥= numbers do not exist in the
2
real number system.
−2 ± √36 × √−1
∴ 𝑥= √−1 is the
2
introduced, then written
−2 ± 6i
𝑥= as “ i “.
2
𝑥 = −1 ± 3𝑖

1.1 Simplification of complex numbers (expressions)

Things to remember:

1. 𝑖 = −1
2. 𝑖 = √−1
3. Higher powers of 𝑖 must be simplified.
4. Exponential laws should be used to expand the expressions (i.e. (𝑎 ) = 𝑎 .

Examples: Activity 1, Page 5

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1.2 Square root of a negative number.

 Must always be converted to a complex number by introducing the √−1 which is 𝑖.

Examples: Activity 2, Page 6

1.3 Representation of complex numbers.

 Rectangular (standard) form : 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖

 Polar form : 𝑟𝐿𝜃
𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃
𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(r – modulus and 𝜃 - argument)

1.4 Addition and Subtraction of complex numbers.

Examples: Activity 3, Page 7.

1.5 Multiplication of complex numbers.

 Rectangular : Apply FOIL method and add like terms.

 Polar form : 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃 × 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃
= (𝑟 × 𝑟 )𝑐𝑖𝑠(𝜃 +𝜃 )

Examples: Activity 4, Page 9.

1.6 Division of complex numbers.

 Rectangular : Rationalize the denominator by finding the conjugate of the

denominator.
 Polar form :
= 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (𝜃 − 𝜃 )

Examples: Activity 5, Page 12.

1.7 Powers in the Polar Form.

De Moivre’s theorem

 (𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃) = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝜃

E.G.: (2𝑐𝑖𝑠30°) = 2 𝑐𝑖𝑠 (3 × 30°)

= 8𝑐𝑖𝑠90°
Examples: Activity 6, Page 13.

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1.8 Argand Diagram

 Used to graphically represent the complex number. imaginary axis

Example: 𝑍 = 4 + 3𝑖, (this is in the form 𝑍 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) real axis

 r – real axis
 𝑖 – imaginary axis

1.9 Converting between Polar and Rectangular

1.9.1 Rectangular to Polar

 𝑟= (𝑎 + 𝑏 )
 𝜃 = tan (use CAST rule of trigometry)

1.9.2 Polar to Rectangular

 Expand in trigonometric Polar form then use a calculator.

Examples: Activity 7, Page 19.

1.10 Advanced calculations using complex numbers.

1.10.1 Addition of complex numbers in Polar form

 Convert to Rectangular form

 Add like terms
 Convert back to Polar form

1.10.2 Multiplication and division of complex numbers in one problem

 Simplify (using addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers

discussed in units 1.4, 1.5 and 1.6 above) then convert to the given form.

Examples: Activity 8, Page 21 & 22.

1.11 Solving complex equations by factorisation : Activity 9, Page 23.

1.12 Solving complex equations using quadratic formula : Activity 10, Page 25.
1.13 Identical complex numbers :
To find unknown; simplify the given equation to the
form 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑐 + 𝑑𝑖, therefore; a = c and b = d.

NB: Transposing terms across the equal sign is not allowed in complex number system. You may do
so once you have equated the real parts and also the imaginary parts.

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TOPIC 2
Functions and Algebra
Module 2: Remainder and Factor Theorem

(i) Remainder Theorem

 When the polynomial is devided by the linear function 𝑥 − 𝑘:
Devidend = divisor * quotient + remainder.

E.G.: =1

∴ 3 = (2 × 1) + 1

(ii) Factor Theorem

 The function is exactly devided by the linear if there is no remainder.
(i.e. R = 0).

Questions to be expected:

 Prove that the linear is a factor; (the linear should utilise the remainder of zero).
 Find the factor; (find the linear that utilises the remainder of zero).

Methods

 Long devision
 Synthetic division Examples: Page 33

Module 3: Inverse Graphs

At the end of this chapter; the student should understand the following:

1. Draw inverse graphs and interpret them.

2. Increasing and decreasing function.
 y increase as x increases : Increasing Function
 y decrease as x increases : Decreasing Function

3. Function/Non-function.
 Straight line (inverse) : function
 Parabola (inverse) : non-function, unless otherwise domain is specified
 Exponential (inverse) : function

4. Continuous or Discontinuous. (pencil test – Ref. page; 39 of the text book)

 All graphs are continuous, except hyperbola

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 5. Domain
𝑥𝜀𝑅 (Possible 𝑥 values)

6. Range
𝑦𝜀𝑅 (Possible 𝑦 values)

Activities

 Activity 2, Page 38: Straight line.

 Activity 3, Page 44: Parabola.
 Activity4, Page 46: Exponential.

Module 4: Linear Programming

(i) Previous knowledge (Level 3):

 Given contraints inequalities.
 Draw inequalities.
 Shade feasible region.
 Indicate feasible points.
 Calculate the maximum profit.

(ii) In Level 4; the student must be able to:

 Formulate the constraints inequalities from the statement.
 Draw contraints inequalities.
 Indicate feasible region and feasible points.
 Determine the minimum/maximum profit by using the search line method.

Objective function

 The objective of the business is to maximise their profit and minimum their costs. The objective
function is a “given” function used to find the optimal solution to the business related problems
such as maximising profit and minimising costs.

 Formulating constraints inequalities.

Terminology to be remembered:
 > greater than; < less than; ≤ less than or equal to; ≥ greater than or equal to.
 At least (minimum): ≥
 At most (maximum): ≤

NB: Remember Ninja and Samurai bicycles’ example in Level 3 (Page 58, Level 4 Textbook).

Examples: Activity 7, Page 60 to 65.

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Module 5: Differentiation

 Differentiation from the first principles:

( ) ( )
 𝑥 = lim

 Rules for Differentiation:

 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥
∴ = 𝑛𝑎𝑥

Examples: Activity 9, Page 71.

 Derivatives of trigonometric functions:

 𝑦 = sin 𝑥; = cos 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = asin 𝑘𝑥; = 𝑎𝑘 cos 𝑘𝑥
 𝑦 = cos 𝑥; = −sin 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = a cos 𝑘𝑥; = −𝑎𝑘 sin 𝑘𝑥
 𝑦 = tan 𝑥; = sec 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = a tan 𝑘𝑥; = 𝑎𝑘 sec 𝑘𝑥

Examples: Activity 10, Page 72.

 Derivatives ofexponential functions

 𝑦=𝑒 ; =𝑒
 𝑦=𝑒 ; = 𝑘𝑒
 𝑦 = 𝑎. 𝑒 ; = 𝑎𝑘. 𝑒

Logarithms do not form part of NCV’s curriculum...

Product Rule

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)

∴ = 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔 (𝑥) + 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥)

Or

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑢. 𝑣

∴ = 𝑢. + 𝑣.

Examples: Activity 12, Page 76.

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 Quotient Rule
( )
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ( )

𝑑𝑦 ( ). ( ) ( ). ( )
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = [ ( )]

Or

𝑖𝑓 𝑦 =

𝑑𝑦 . .
∴ 𝑑𝑥 =

Examples: Activity 13, Page 77.

Chain Rule

 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = [𝑓(𝑥)]

∴ = 𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] × 𝑓 (𝑥)

 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑒 ( )

( )
∴ = 𝑓 (𝑥). 𝑒

 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = ln f(x)

( )
∴ = ( )

Examples: Activity 14, Page 79

Equations of tangents to curves

 Tangent is a straight line function in a form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

 Gradient of the tangent is equal to the gradient of the curve at the point of intersection.
 If a function is differentiated once; then you get the gradient function, which is “m”.

Examples: Activity 15, Page 81

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Second order derivative

Examples: Activity 16, Page 82.

Practical application of differentiation

 Velocity is the first derivative of displacement 𝑓 (𝑥).

 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity 𝑓 (𝑥).
 At maximum height; velocity is equal to zero; i.e. 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0.

Examples: Activity 17, Page 84.

Module 6: Integration

 Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.

 ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

E.G. Derive: 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔

= 4𝑥

Now, Integrate: ∫ 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒅𝒙

= +𝑐

= +𝑐

=𝑥 +𝑐

Examples: Activity 20, Page 95 and Activity 21, Page 96.

Abstract integrals

 Expressions involving exponents; use exponential laws to simplify before applying rules of
integration.
1
E.G. ∫ 𝑥2 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
∫ √𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥

Examples: Activity 21, Page 96.

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 Integral of; ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎. ln 𝑥 + 𝑐 (NB: Do not use the same method of writing as ∫ 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥;
since the answer is undefined).

Integral of; ∫ 𝑒 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑒 + 𝑐

Examples: Activity 22, Page 97

Integrals of trigonometric functions

 ∫ sin 𝑘𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = − +𝑐
 ∫ cos 𝑘𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
 ∫ sec 𝑘𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐

Examples: Activity 23, Page 99.

Definite integrals

 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑔(𝑥)] = 𝑔(𝑏) − 𝑔(𝑎)

Examples: Activity 21, Page 96

Areas under a given curve

 It is quite interesting to note that we can do alot with integration such as finding the area, etc.
 E.G. Find the area of triangle/function 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 4
(i) Draw the triangle bound by a given function.
(ii) Find the area using the basic equation: Area = 0,5 Base x Height.
(iii) Now, find the integral of the function between the min & max values of 𝑥 (Ref.
page; 101)..

 Workout number 19, 20 and 21 of Activity 25, Page 106 – 107.

NB: the graph is always given because only the integration is being tested and not construction of
the graphs.

 If the area is in two parts of the graph, it is advisable to find the area separately and
add them together.
 If the answer comes out negative, only consider the absolute value which is positive
because area is a physical quantity that cannot be negative.

Ref. page; 109 for summary and formulae for differentiation and integration.

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TOPIC 3
Module 7: Circles

 The general equation of a circle with centre at origin (0;0) is 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟 .

 The circle with any centre (a;b): (𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑦 − 𝑏) = 𝑟

Examples: Activity 1, Page 114.

The equation of tangent to a circle

 Find the gradient of the radius to a point of intersection (Tan/Rad).

 𝑚 ×𝑚 = −1.
 Equation of the tangent (straight line): 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐.

Examples: Activity 2, Page 118 – 121.

Geometry of straight line (Page 123)

Recall:

 Supplimentary angles (angles of a straight line = 180 degrees).

 Angles around a point = 360 degrees.
 Vertically opposite angles – equal.
 Sum of the angles in a triangle is 180 degrees.

Activity 3, Page 124 and Activity 4, Page 126.

Pairs of angles

 When parallel lines are crossed with another line; several angles can be obtained.
 Remember geometry id FUN:
 F – corresponding angles.
 U – co-interior angles.
 N – alternate angles.

Examples: Activity 5, Page 129 – 130.

Triangles

 A closed three sided figure with three inerior angles.

 Equilateral triangle : Thre equal sides and three equal angles (60 degrees).
 Isosceles triangle : Two equal sides and two base angles equal.
 Scalene triangle : No equal sides and no equal angles.
 Right-angled triangle : One angle equals 90 degrees.
Examples: Activity 6, Page 133 – 134.

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Module 8: Circle theorems and cyclic quadrilateral

 Terminology of a circle (Page 135)

 Centre
 Chord
 Radius
 Diameter
 Tangent
 Segment (major and minor)
 Arc (major and minor)
 Sector

SUMMARY OF GEOMETRIC THEOREMS (Proof of the theorems are not for examination)

1. If a line is drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord, then that line is
perpendicular to the chord: Midpoint-chord theorem.
2. If a line is drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord:
Perpendicular from centre to chord.
3. If an arc subtends an angle at the centre of a circle and at any point on the circumference,
then the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference: angle at centre = 2x
angle at circumference.
4. If a diameter of a circle subtents and angle at the circumference, then the angle subtended is
a right-angled triangle/90 degrees: angle in a semi-circle.
5. If an angle subtended by a chord at any point on the circumference is a right angle, then the
chord is a diameter: chord subt. 90 degrees.
6. Angles in the same segment are equal: angles in the same segment.

Cyclic quadrilateral

7. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplimentary: opp. angles of a cyclic quad.
8. An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle: exterior
angle = interior opp. angle.
9. The four vertices of a quadrilateral in which the opposite anglesare supplimentary will be a
cyclic quadrilateral: opp. angles supplimentary.
10. If a tangent to a circle is drawn, then it is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact:
radius perpendicular to tangent.
11. If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius at the point where the radius meets the circle, then
it is a tangent to the circle: line perp. to radius.
12. If two tangents are drawn from the same point outside a circle, then they are equal in length:
tangents from same point.
13. The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord drawn from the point of contact is equal
to an angle in the alternate segment: tan-chord theorem.

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THEOREMS

Important: Solving riders

1. Be sure of all the theorems.

2. Draw a diagram and enter all the measurements.
3. Whenever you find an answer; enter that on the diagram.

THEOREM 1

If a line is drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord, then that line is
perpendicular to the chord: Midpoint-chord theorem.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 AC = CB OC is perpendicular to AB

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THEOREM 2

If a line is drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord, then it bisects the chord:
Perpendicular from centre to chord.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 OC is perpendicular to AB AC = CB

THEOREM 3

If an arc subtends an angle at the centre of a circle and at any point on the circumference,
then the angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference: angle at centre = 2x
angle at circumference.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 𝑂 is the centre and 𝐵 is at the 𝑂 = 2𝐵
circumference.

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THEOREM 4

If a diameter of a circle subtends and angle at the circumference, then the angle subtended is
a right-angled triangle/90 degrees: angle in a semi-circle.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 AB is the diameter to the circle. 𝐶 = 90°

THEOREM 5

If an angle subtended by a chord at any point on the circumference is a right angle, then the
chord is a diameter: chord subt. 90 degrees.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 𝐶 = 90° AB is the diameter to the circle.
 AB is the chord.

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THEOREM 6

Angles in the same segment are equal: angles in the same segment.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 𝐶 and 𝐷 are subtended by the arc AB. 𝐶=𝐷

THEOREM 7

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary: opp. angles of a cyclic
quad.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 180°
and
𝐵 + 𝐷 = 180°

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THEOREM 8

An exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle: exterior
angle = interior opp. angle.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral where
DC is extended to E.
OR 𝐷 =𝐵
 𝐷 is an exterior angle of the cyclic
quadrilateral ABCD.

THEOREM 9

The four vertices of a quadrilateral in which the opposite angles are supplementary will be a
cyclic quadrilateral: opp. angles supplementary.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 180°
and ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 180°

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THEOREM 10

If a tangent to a circle is drawn, then it is perpendicular to the radius at the point of contact:
radius perpendicular to tangent.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 180°
and ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
 𝐵 + 𝐷 = 180°

THEOREM 11

If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius at the point where the radius meets the circle, then
it is a tangent to the circle: line perp. to radius.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 Radius OB is perpendicular to line AC. AC is a tangent to a circle.
(𝐵 = 90°)

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THEOREM 12

If two tangents are drawn from the same point outside a circle, then they are equal in length:
tangents from same point.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 Tangents ABC and CDE meet at C. BC = DC

THEOREM 13

The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord drawn from the point of contact is equal
to an angle in the alternate segment: tan-chord theorem.

MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT CONCLUSION

 PQR is a tangent to the circle. 𝑄 =𝑇

Geometry riders set on all theorems: Activity 11, Page 154 – 156.

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Module 9: Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities

 From the definitions of trigonometric ratios:

 sin 𝜃 =
 cos 𝜃 =
 tan 𝜃 =

The quotient identies

 tan 𝜃 =

Since; = ⁄
= = tan 𝜃

The square identities

 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

Examples: Activity 12, Page 160.

Compound angles

 sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴. sin 𝐵

 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴. sin 𝐵
 cos (A + B) = cos 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴. sin 𝐵
 cos (A − B) = cos 𝐴 . cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴. sin 𝐵

Double-angle identities

 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃. cos 𝜃

 cos 2𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

 cos 2𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 1
 cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃

Special angles

 Table: Page 164 (Text Book).

Examples: Activity 13, Page 165.

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More double-angle identities

Examples: Activity 14, Page 167.

The CAST rule

Page 167 (Text Book).

Trigonometric equations

Ratio Positive or Negative Quadrants Answer

Positive First & Second Ref or 180 – Ref
sin 𝜃
Negative Third & Forth 180 + Ref or 360 – Ref
Positive First & Forth Ref or 360 – Ref
cos 𝜃
Negative Second & Third 180 + Ref or 180 – Ref
Positive First & Third Ref or 180 + Ref
tan 𝜃
Negative Second & Forth 180 – Ref or 360 – Ref

Trigonometric equations involving compound angles

 Simplify compound angles to their simplest form.

 Use quadratic factorization where necessary.

NB: In Level 4, concentrate more on double angles.

Examples: Activity 16, Page 170.

Sine Rule

 Finding the area of triangle ABC with:

 Acute angle (smaller than 90 degrees).
 Obtuse angle (greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees).

 = = 𝑜𝑟 = =

 Sine Rule is used when given:

 2 sides and 1 angle (to find an unknown angle).
 2 angles and 1 side (to find an unknown side).

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Cosine Rule

 Cosine rule is used given triangle ABC, with:

 3 sides; SSS (to find an unknown angle).
 2 sides and the included angle; SAS (to find an unknown side).

 𝑎 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 − 2𝑏𝑐. cos 𝐴
 𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑐. cos 𝐵
 𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏. cos 𝐶

Examples: Activity 17, Page 175 – 176.

Problems in 2 – Dimensions

 Take note:
 Angle of elevation.
 Angle of depression.

Examples: Activity 18, Page 179 – 181.

Module 10: Problems in 3 – Dimensions

 Hints for solving problems in 3 – Dimensions:

 Use trigonometric ratios if the triangle is a right-angled triangle.
 Start with the triangle where most measurements are given.
 Calculate the side common to both triangles.
 Use sine rule if the triangle is not a right-angled triangle.
 Use cosine rule if 2 sides and the included angle are given.

Examples: Activity 19, Page 185 – 187. Revision: Page 189 – 191.

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TOPIC 4
Module 11: Statistics

∑( ̅)
 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
∑( ̅)
 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑆. 𝐷 =

o REMEMBER: The greater the value of the variance of standard deviation, the greater
its spread.

EXAMPLES:

1. The table below shows the marks by 7 learners in the final chemistry examination.

Chemistry results (%) 36 55 60 65 75 70 80

1.1 Calculate the standard deviation of these scores.

SOLUTION

Determine ‘n’. 𝑛=7

Calculate the mean. ∑𝑥

𝑥̅ =
𝑛
441
𝑥̅ =
7
𝑥̅ = 63

Use table method to calculate other parameters. 𝒙 (𝒙 − 𝒙) (𝒙 − 𝒙)𝟐

36 -27 729
55 -30 900
60 -3 9
65 3 4
75 12 144
70 7 49
80 17 289
SUM 2124

Calculate the variance.  𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =

∑( ̅)

 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 =
 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 303,429

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 S.D is the square root of the variance.

Calculate standard deviation. 𝑆. 𝐷 = 303,429

𝑆. 𝐷 = 17,419

Scatter Plot & Best Fit Line

 Draw Scatter Plot diagram

o Co-relation of two set of data is given.
o Plot the data set using the positive quadrant of the Cartesian plane.

 Draw Best Fit Line

o The slope of the line follows the direction of most of the points.
o The number of points should approximately the same on either sides.
o The line does not necessarily need to go through the origin.

 Different Types of Correlation – Best fit line

o Perfect positive
o Perfect negative
o Strong positive
o Strong negative
o Weak positive
o Weak negative

Example of the given data for Scatter Plot and Best Fit Line:

ICASS Marks for Students (x) 65 44 32 60 45 38 76 80 54

EXAM Marks for Students (y) 36 49 42 58 40 60 74 88 56

Sample Regression Equation.

 Determine Sample Regression Equation: 𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥.

STEP 1: Calculate “𝒃”

∑ ∑ .∑ ∑( ̅ )( )
or
∑ (∑ ) ( )

STEP 2: Calculate “𝒂”

𝑎 = 𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥̅
FINAL STEP: Sample Regression Equation.

𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑥.

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EXAMPLE of a given data for Sample Regression Equation:

o IMPORTANT: Tabulate the data vertically even if it is given horizontally.

o Fill out the table, then substitute necessary parameters in the formulae above.
o After calculating the Sample Regression Equation; you must be able to perform
estimations using the equation.

Games per Goals scored 𝟐

season (x) per season (y)
12 7
22 13
42 30
62 44
52 38
72 52
102 81

92 77

82 65

32 21
∑𝒙 = ∑𝒚 =
∑ 𝒙𝒚 = 𝟐
𝒏∑𝒙 =
𝒙= 𝒚=

NB: Easier to use method and/or equation:

Ref. page; 209

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Probability

 Probability is a branch of statistics that deals with predictions of the outcomes (future).
o When predicting; one looks for possible outcomes or results of an experiment.
 Experiment is a process of making an observation or taking a measurement that will
lead to results or outcomes. (i.e. throwing a die or spinning a coin).
 Outcome is a result of a single trial of experiment, such as obtain number 6 after
throwing a die.
 Sample space is the collection of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
o S = {1;2;3;4;5;6} when rolling a die.
 Event is any subset of the sample space. (i.e. picking an ACE from the deck of cards).

NB: Probability of any event happening will always oscillate between 0 and 1.

TYPES OF EVENTS AND EQUATIONAL REPRESENTATION:

EVENT EQUATION

Complimentary events
o Equal chances; i.e spinning a coin, P(H) + P(T) = 1
results will either be a Head or Tail.
o Outcomes should add up to 1.
Certain event
o Predictable event that is surely to P(D) = 1
occur. i.e. Death
Impossible event
o Under no circumstances the event P(x) = 0
can occur.
Dependent events
o The occurrence of an event depends
on the outcome or occurrence of the P(A and B) = P(A) x P(𝑨)
𝑩
other.
(i.e. not replacing a card after
picking a card from the deck).
Independent events
o Event doesn’t rely on the occurrence
of the other. P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
(i.e. spinning two different coins or
tossing different dice).
Mutually exclusive events P(G or B) = P(G) + P(B)
o No common event in a sample
space. (i.e. Gender maybe either
Girl or Boy).
Mutually inclusive events P(M or S) = P(M) + P(S) – P(M&S)
o Possesses of a common event.
(i.e. In a class; students doing Maths
or Science and/or Both).

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Acceptable probabilities:

0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Impossible 50/50 Certain

1. Calculating the probability. [Workout the following probabilities on your own]

a. Count possibilities of a concerned event.
Examples:
i. Find the probability of getting a 4 when throwing a fair die.
ii. 4 white balls and 6 black balls in a bag. Find probability of picking a white
ball when you take one without looking.
iii. A letter is chosen from the word: ENGINEERING. What is the probability that it
is a/an:
 E?
 G?
 Vowel?
iv. What is the probability of picking a queen from a peck of cards? (NB: four
queens in 52 cards).

b. Compound probabilities: [If more than one is involved]

AND : denotes independent or dependent events. (MULTIPLY).

OR : denotes exclusive or inclusive events. (ADD).

i. Independent events:
 A die is thrown and a coin is tossed. What is the probability of
obtaining a 6 and a head?
ii. Dependent event:
 What is the probability of randomly selecting an ACE and then a KING
from a well-shuffled unbiased pack of cards?
o If card is replaced; independent events.
o If card is NOT replaced; dependent events.
iii. Mutually exclusive:
 What is the probability of throwing either a 1 OR a 6 with a single
throw of an unbiased die?
iv. Mutually inclusive:
 In a class of 30 learners; 20 do Maths, 10 do Physics and 5 do both.
What is the probability of selecting a learner that does Maths or
Physics?
Ref. page; 218 – 231

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 2. Venn Diagram

 Useful -way of analysing probability theory.

 Couple of circles within a rectangle.
 What is important is the way circles relate to each other.

Example:

o In a class of 30 learners; 15 do Maths, 12 do Physics and 5 do both. What is the

probability of selecting a learner that does Maths or Physics?
Construct the Venn Diagram to calculate the following.
 How many students are doing neither of the subjects?
 How many students are doing either subject?
 What is the probability that a randomly-chosen student from this class is
doing Maths?
3. Contingency table

 You must be able to develop a table from the given statement, or;
 Fill in the missing quantities, and;
 Use the information on the table to solve probability problems.

4. Tree diagram

 Analysis the probability of each and every event for all possible outcomes.
 To check if the tree diagram is correct; the last column should add up to 1.

Ref. page; 234 - 242

TOPIC 5
Module 12: Financial Mathematics

1. Simple interest

 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖𝑛) where 𝑖 =

o A - accumulated value of the investment

o P - initial amount invested (principle amount)
o 𝑖 - rate of interest as a decimal
o 𝑛 - rate of interest as a percentage
o 𝑛 - number of payment periods

NB: Interest can be calculated daily, weekly, monthly and yearly.

Ref. page 253.

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 2. Compound interest

 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖) where 𝑖 =

o A - accumulated value of the investment

o P - initial amount invested (principle amount)
o 𝑖 - rate of interest as a decimal
o 𝑛 - rate of interest as a percentage
o 𝑛 - number of payment periods

3. Inflation
 If we are using one (1) year at a time, then 𝑛 = 1
 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑖) for both equations and therefore it does not matter which
equation is used.
4. Depreciation
 There are two (2) types of depreciation methods.

o Straight-line depreciation - calculated as simple interest.

 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖𝑛)
o Reducing balance depreciation - calculated as compound interest.
 𝐴 = 𝑃(1 − 𝑖)

5. Higher Purchase – commonly asked in Level 4

 Answer according to the question.

6. Taxation

5.1 Taxable income

 Income that is taxed.

 Non-taxable income is deducted from the gross income.
o Pension fund – tax free
o UIF – tax free
o Medical aid contribution – taxable but rebate will be paid back by the tax
man

5.2 Rates of tax (tax bracket)

 Six tax brackets that correspond with the taxable income bracket.

5.3 Rebates

 Amount refunded to the tax payer depending on the age of the individual.
 All tax payers have primary rebate indicated on the tax table.
 Returns from the investment are tax free up to a certain amount stipulated; which
means any amount beyond the stipulated amount is taxable.

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 5.4 Tax thresholds

 Amounts at which an individual will start paying tax.

 If an individual has a taxable income of less than the amount stipulated, he or she will
be exempt from paying tax.

5.5 Medical aid credits

 Stipulated amount paid refunded to the tax payer, depending on a medical aid
contribution (main member and number of dependants).

Message from the Author:

It has been few months since the president of the Republic of South Africa declared the
state of national disaster due to the outbreak of Corona virus (Covid-19) from Wuhan,
China. In one way or the other; this has adversely affected every one of us, owing the
national education sector to embark on different forms of remote learning such as
radio/television broadcasting, online and social media platforms.
With the above said, I encourage all students to take responsibility of their own
learning and make use of all possible ways of learning available. I hope this study
guide will impart useful knowledge that will enhance better understanding of important
concepts of Mathematics Level 4 while students are studying in their own and away
from the normal face-to-face teaching and learning from the lecturers.
I would like to appreciate a great input from Mrs Sally George who moderated this
study material in her capacity as a Programme Manager in the Department of
Mathematics at Ekurhuleni East TVET College (Daveyton Campus).
TO ALL THE STUDENTS: I wish you all the best in future endeavours.

SAVE ACADEMIC YEAR; SAVE LIVES.

Stay safe, use face mask, regularly wash your hands with soap and water, use alcohol
based sanitizer, avoid touching your face and observe social distancing.

Mr. SS Shabane
Lecturer – Mathematics Level 4
Ekurhuleni East TVET College
Daveyton Campus

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