SCHEME OF WORK

1. HISTORY OF COMPUTING
2. NUMBER SYSTEMS IN COMPUTING
3. DIGITALIZATION OF COMPUTER
4. DIGITALIZATION OF COMPUTER 2
5. DATA AND INFORMATION
6. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
7. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
8. ICT APPLICATION IN EVERYDAY LIFE
9. THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
10. PROCESS INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
11. MEDIUM OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK ONE
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: HISTORY OF COMPUTING
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Identify concrete devices used in computing
2. Explain some of the contributions of the Fathers of Computer

CONTENT
Computing is the study of how computers and computer systems work, how they are
constructed and programmed. The whole idea/ concept of computing is drawn from various
aspects of Technology, Design, Engineering, Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Social Sciences.
Computing is also the process of utilizing computer technology to complete a task. Even though
computing involves computer hardware and/or software, it must also involve a computer
system.
Swiping a debit card, using POS services and operating a cell phone are some form of
computing that is used on a daily basis. Computing is intimately tied to the representation of
numbers.
Technology of Different Information Age

1. Stone age
2. Iron age
3. Middle age
4. Industrial age
5. Electronic age

Information Tools Examples of tools

Purpose Time period
age used in that age
 Sewing, cutting, counting,
defense, transaction, Below Basalt, sandstone
Stone age Stone
storage, pottery 12th century flint etc.
exhibitions.

Iron age Iron Defense and Agriculture 12thcentury Hoes and cutlass

Writing Knowledge transfer, 12th and

Middle age Pen feather etc.
materials education 13th century

Late 18th and

Power development,
Industrial age Coals early Cars, Ships etc.
faster movement th
19 century

Late
Electronic Storage, accuracy, speed.
Computer 19th century Circuit, Processor.
age Timeliness
and above

Early Counting Devices

In the early days of man’s existence on earth, counting and simple arithmetic were performed
using different parts of the body and some other counting aids. The following are devices used
by people of ancient times

1. Fingers and Toes: In ancient times, calculations were done by the use of fingers and toes.
Fingers were used for simple addition and toes were used together with fingers in order to
count up to twenty. However, they encountered some limitations because they could not be
used conveniently to count numbers more than twenty. Also, the result obtained from counting
with fingers could not be easily remembered.
2. Stone: were introduced for counting because of the limitations of counting with fingers and
toes. Counting with stones involves building a pile of stones where each represents a quantity.
However, they encountered some limitations because large numbers of stones were too heavy
to carry from one place to other. Also, it was cumbersome to count if the counting process
involved large numbers.
3. Grains: The use of grains was introduced because of the heaviness of stones. Grains can be
kernel, beans, rice, corn etc. Grains were used the same way as stones.
4. Sticks: these are small pieces of wood that are used for counting in place of stones and grains.
Children in nursery and primary schools use match sticks for counting.

5. Pebbles

6. Cowries

7. Marks on the wall: this involves the use of sharp objects in drawing line on the wall for the
purpose of counting. Continuous marks on walls will make a wall dirty.

Disadvantages of Early Counting Devices

1. They are difficult to carry about.

2. Counting and calculation takes a lot of time.
3. They are prone to mistakes.
4. They cannot be used to count or calculate large numbers.
5. Their results cannot be easily remembered.
6. They have no storage facilities.

Class Task

1. The ancient man began counting by using (a) fingers (b) slide rule (c) abacus
2. The following are examples of early counting methods except (a) calculator (b) pebbles (c)grains
3. In using fingers and toes, you can only count up to (a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 50
4. Mention any THREE early counting devices.
5. List any TWO disadvantages of early counting devices.

TICKET-OUT

1. State the different information ages.

2. State the tools used in each age.

SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING

WEEK TWO
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: NUMBER SYSTEMS IN COMPUTING
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Explain the number systems in computing
2. Carry out some conversion from one base to another

CONTENT

To effectively use the computer, it is therefore necessary to know how data is represented and
communicated to it. There are different ways of representing data in the number system,
namely:

Most computer system operate using binary logic (0s and 1s), but the common number systems
in computing are:
1. Decimal number system (base 10)
2. Binary number system (base 2)
3. Octal number system (base 8)
4. Hexadecimal number system (base 16)
Common Terms in Number System
1. Absolute Value: this denotes the whole numbers represented by the symbol e.g. 6, 5, 7,
8 etc.
2. Base: the base of a number indicates how many absolute values are used in the system.
For example, there are 10 absolute values in the decimal number system (0-9). In the
binary system, there are only 2 values (0 and 1). The octal system has only 8 values
being 0-7.
3. Position: in the decimal number system, the zero position has the positional value 10 0 or
1
Hexadecimal Number System

Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Hexadecimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
 Class Task

1. Explain the four number system.

2. Convert 45BA to decimal system.
3. The Decimal Number is in Base ____. (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 10 (d) 6

Ticket-Out

1. Convert 10001 to base 8.

2. Convert 233DF to Decimal.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK THREE
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Define digitalization of data
2. Explain the history of Computer development

CONTENT
Digitalization is the process of converting information into digital format. This information may
represent an object, image, sound, document or a signal (usually an analog signal) organized
into discrete set of its points or samples. This is the binary data that computers and many
devices with computing capacity (such as digital camera and digital hearing aids) can process.

Digitalization can also be defined as the integration of digital technologies into everyday life.
Digital system uses a binary numeric system in which electronic pulses are represented by
either 0 for a Low pulse or 1 for a High pulse. Digital can more easily represent symbols such as
alphanumeric characters that represent real world data than the analog system.

Benefits of Digitalization

1. Long term preservation of documents

2. Orderly archiving of documents
3. Easy and customized access to information
4. Easy information dissemination through images and text, CD-ROM, Internet, Intranet and
extranets.

History of Computer Development

Computer started from the early ages of men and a time of no civilization. There were some
methods and systems employed for various technological work. Computer development is seen
from a time of early counting devices, early electro-mechanical devices and early electronic
devices.
 Early Counting Devices

1. Abacus: The first calculating device was probably Abacus. The Egyptians invented it but the
Chinese designed its structure. It is still in use in some countries because of its simple
operation. It is made up of a frame divided into two parts by a horizontal bar and vertical
threads. Each thread contains some beads. It was used to calculate simple addition and
subtraction.
2. Slide rule: This was an invention that followed John Napier’s Bones technology. It was built in
England in 1632 and was in use up until 1960 by NASA engineers of the Mercury, Gemini and
Apollo Programs which landed men on the moon.

Early Electro-Mechanical Counting Devices

1. John Napier bone: The need for a better calculating device was felt as time passed. John Napier,
a Scottish mathematician, invented a set of eleven rods, with four sides each which was used as
a multiplication tool. These rods were made from bones and this was the reason why they were
called Napier Bones. The rods had numbers marked in such a way that, by placing them side by
side, products and quotients of large numbers can be obtained.
2. Blaize Pascal machine: The first mechanical calculating machine was invented in 1642, by Blaize
Pascal, a French mathematician. Numbers were entered by dialing a series of numbered wheels
in this machine. A sequence of wheels transferred the movements to a dial, which showed the
result. Through addition and subtraction were performed the normal way, the device could
perform division by repeated subtraction and multiplication by repeated addition.
3. Gottfried Leitbnitz machine: Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz invented a computer that was built
in 1694. It could add and after changing some things around, it could multiply. Leibnitz invented
a special stepped gear mechanism for introducing the added digits and this is still being used.
4. Joseph Jacquard Loom: Jacquard’s loom was one of the first machines that were run by a
program. Joseph Jacquard changed the weaving industry by creating a loom that controlled the
raising of the thread through punched cards. Jacquard’s loom used lines of holes on a card to
represent the weaving pattern.
5. Charles Babbage analytical machine: in 1833, Babbage designed a machine called “Analytic
Engine”. This device is large like a house, powered by 6 steam engines, more general purpose in
nature and programmable due to the punched card technology of Jacquard.

Early Electronic Counting Devices:

1. Herman Hollerith punch card: During the years1920 and 1930, the punched card system
developed steadily. A standard card was divided into 80 columns and 12 rows. Only one
character could be represented in the 80 columns, thus providing a maximum of 80 characters
 per card. Punching one, two or three holes in any one column represented a character. Holes
were punched into a blank card by a punch machine whose keyboard resembled that of a
typewriter.
2. John Von Neumann machine: this Hungarian Mathematician invented the merge sort algorithm
called EDVAC. This technology could store data and program (instructions) in the computer
memory, in same address space.

Man has put in every effort to have better methods of calculations. As a result of man’s search
for fast and accurate calculating devices, the computer was developed. Essentially, there are
three kinds of calculating devices: manual, mechanical and automatic.

Class Task

1. Who designed the structure of the Abacus?

2. What was Charles Babbage contribution to

Ticket-Out

Read about the Apollo Technology. Go to the internet and make a reading research on it.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK FOUR
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: DIGITALIZATION OF COMPUTER 2
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Mention various types of computers
2. Explain the components of computer

CONTENT

Types of Digital Computer

1. Micro Computers examples desktop computers, game consoles, laptops, notebooks, tablets,
smartphones, PDAs etc.
2. Mini computers
3. Mainframe computers
4. Super computers

Components of a Computer System

A computer system consists of three main parts otherwise called components. They are:

1. Hardware
2. Software
3. People ware

Hardware Component
Hardware Component: The computer hardware could be defined as the physical parts of
the computer that we see, feel and handle. It consists of device for input, processing, storage,
output and communications. Hardware can be divided into two sections:
 a) System Unit
b) Peripherals

CPU/System Unit - is the brain of computer system and it can subdivided into:

a) Control Unit: This is the unit of the computer system that fetches instructions from the
main storage, interpret them and issue all the necessary signals to the components
making up the system.
b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit: This part of the CPU is where all arithmetic operations are
carried out in the computer. This unit is also involved in decision making. Logic functions
such as less than (<), equal (=), greater than (>) etc. which are operations of
comparisons are used for decision making.
c) Memory Unit: The memory or primary storage unit is the place in the computer where
the program and the data are stored. The computer memory is divided into two namely:

I. Random Access Memory (RAM)

II. Read Only Memory (ROM)

Software Component

Software is the set of instructions that is used to direct the computer hardware to perform its
tasks. That is, it is a set of instructions that makes the users to do work and allow
the computer to operate. Software is basically programs i.e. another name for software is
program. Program is the sequence of instructions given to computer to solve a given problems
or accomplish a given task. There are two main classes of software which are:

a) System software
b) Application software

System Software - these are programs written by the manufacturer to control the smooth
running of the computer.

Application Software - these are programs written by programmers to instruct the computer to
perform a particular task.

Peopleware Components

These are people who make and use the computer. They range from professional users to
operational users. A user could also be anyone who makes use of computer. Without people,
the computer cannot work. There two main classes of people ware:
 a) Computer professionals.
b) Computer users.

Peripherals

Peripherals are in three categories:

a) Input Devices examples mouse, keyboard, scanner, microphone, light pen, joystick etc.
b) Output Devices examples speaker, monitor, plotter, printer,
c) Auxiliary Storage Devices examples Hard Disk Drive (HDD),

The peripherals are devices outside the CPU but function under the control of the CPU
examples mouse, keyboard, printer etc.

Micro Computer

Sizes of Microcomputer are laptop, palmtop, hand top, desktop, tower etc. The parts of a
micro-computer are:

a) System unit
b) Monitor (VDU)
c) Keyboard
d) Mouse

Class Task

1. What are the components of the computer system?

2. What are the classes of hardware?
3. What is software?
4. What is the difference between system and application software?
5. Can the computer system work without people?
 Ticket-Out

1. What is the difference between input and output device?

2. Give 2 examples of auxiliary storage device.
3. Mention the three main parts of micro-computer.
4. List the four types of computers according to size.
5. What is micro computer?
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK FIVE
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: DATA AND INFORMATION
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Define data
2. Define information
3. Identify types of data
4. State ways of handling information

CONTENT

Definition of Data

Data is a raw facts that need to be processed. It is a representation of unprocessed facts about
people, places, events, objects or transactions recorded from which information can be
prepared.

Examples of Data

1. Name e.g. Segun, Peter, Ahmed etc.

2. Dates e. g. 21st January 2009, 2009-08-24 etc.
3. Numbers e.g. 1, 2, 3. 4, 5 etc.
4. Occupations e.g. Doctor, Footballer, Lawyer etc.
5. Nationality e.g. Nigerian, Iranian, Togolese etc.
6. Measurement e.g. 34kg, 22m 6ft etc.

Sources of Data

1. Books
2. Document
3. Presentations
4. Through Interviews
5. Newspaper and magazine publications
6. Reports.
7. Databases

Types of Data

Data can be classified into four types:

1. Alphabetic Data: They are those data that consists of letters. Examples are A, B, X, W.
2. Numeric Data: They consists of numbers only. For example 1, 7, 20 etc.
3. Alphanumeric Data: They are data that contains both letters and numbers e.g. Y2K
4. Symbolic Data: This represents any symbolic value e. g +, { }, . >, <

Definition of Information

Information is the data that have been processed.

Sources of Information

There are two sources of information: primary and secondary

1. Primary source: This is the origin of an item of information e. g eyewitness to an event, place in
question, the document under scrutiny etc.
2. Secondary source: It provides already made information e.g. internet, television, newspapers,
magazines, textbooks etc.

Examples of information documents include: Report card, bank account balance, identity card,
PHCN bill, staff salary, advertisement of vacancy, C- caution, Zebra crossing the road is an
indication for road user to stop for people to cross. Traffic light showing green, red and orange.

Forms of information:

1. Visual: This is information in graphical or pictorial form e.g photographic.

2. Oral: This is any information communicated by mouth.
3. Sensory: This is any information passed through the five sense organs.
4. Written: This a hand written or printed form.
5. Historical: This refers to information known and recorded about activities, events or
transactions which happened in the past e. g a student’s medical history,
educational history etc.

Types of Information Sources

Current information Magazines, Newspapers, Journals, Internet

Summaries/overviews Encyclopedia

Historical information Books, Journals, Older magazines

Detailed information Books, Journals, Internet

Scholarly information Books, Journals, Proceedings

Primary information Diary, interviews, letters, Archives, Raw data.

Qualities of good Information

1. A good information should be complete for its purpose.

2. It should be relevant.
3. It should be accurate.
4. It should be meaningful to the user.
5. It should be communicated to the right person.
6. Its volume should be manageable.
7. It should be timely.
8. It should be communicated through an appropriate channel of communication.

Class Task

1. Differentiate between data and information

2. State two sources of information
3. Mention five forms of information.
4. List three examples of information

Ticket-Out

1. Define data and information.

2. State four sources of data and two sources of information.
3. State four qualities of good information.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK SIX
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Identify the 5 generations of computer
2. Describe the features of each generation

CONTENT
Computer has officially passed through 5 different generations. These generations brought
about a new kind of technology that advanced the use of computers. Consider the table below:

GENERATIONS
YEAR OF TECHNOLOGY SOFTWARE STORAGE
OF CHARACTERISTICS
DEVELOPMENT USED INSTRUCTION CAPACITY
COMPUTERS

Small
Very big and slow
First 1951-1958 Vacuum tube Machine language internal
in operation
storage

Less heat High level & Core

Second 1959-1964 Transistor
generation Assembly storage

100-1000 Introduction of Multiprogramming

Third 1965-1975 Internal
Chips integrated circuit Facilities

Fourth 1975-1982 1000 above VLSIC Introduction of Flexible

Non-procedural internal &
language external
 storage

Introduction of
Small but
1982 and 6 AI and Expert object oriented
Fifth 10 chips powerful
above system programming
network
language

Class Task

1. AI means………….A. artefact intelligence B. artificial intellect C. artificial intelligence D. attitude

intelligence.
2. Which of the generation of computer was between 1975 and 1982? A. First B. Second C. Fifth D.
Fourth
3. Which of the generation of computer used vacuum tube? A. First B. Second C. Fifth D. Fourth
4. Which of the generation of computers used VLSIC? A. First B. Second C. Fifth D. Fourth
5. Which of the generation of computers begins Non Procedural programming? A. First B. Second
C. Fifth D. Fourth

Ticket-Out

1. What is artificial intelligence?

2. Explain second generation of computers.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK SEVEN
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Classify computers by size
2. Classify computers by types
3. Classify computers by functionality

CONTENT

Computer are classified based on 3 factors. The size, the type and its functionality.

Classification by Size

Computers can be generally categorized into four, which are:

1. Super computers - These are the largest, fastest and most expensive computers. The cost is
several millions of dollars and the speed is between 600 million to 900 million instructions per
second (MIP). Another name for super computer is MONSTER. Scientists in weather forecasting,
exploration make use of super computers. It can also be used for complex calculations e.g.
CRAY, X-MP etc.
2. Mainframe computers: A mainframe computer is a large computer in terms of price, size of
internal memory and speed. It has a variety of peripheral devices such as printers, plotters etc.
more than those found with small computers, except small computers with large amount of
external storage. Mainframe computers usually need a specialized environment to operate,
with dust, temperature and humidity carefully controlled. They are used in large establishments
e.g. banks, airports etc. Examples of Mainframe computers are IBM 360/370, NCR-V 8800.
3. Mini computers: Mini computers were developed in the 1970s for specialized tasks (i.e. they
are special purpose computers). They are smaller and less powerful and less expensive than
mainframes. Mini computers, as they are called, are easier to install and operate e.g. PDP II,
VAX 750/6000, NCR 9300, DEC, HP 3000 etc.
4. Micro computers: A micro computer is a computer whose central processing unit (CPU) is
based on a microprocessor. Micro computers are at present the most popular of computers.
They are very small. The capability is generally not as many and not as complex as mini
 computers or Mainframe computers. They are easy to use. Another name for micro
computer is Personal Computer (PC).

Reasons Why Micro Computers Are Widely Used

1. They are cheap.

2. They have small sizes.
3. They do not require special environment for their operations.
4. They can be used anywhere.

Classification by Type

Computers can be classified by types into 3 major types. They are:

1. Digital Computer This is the most common type of computer today. It measures physical
quantities by counting. Examples are calculator, digital wrist watches, digital fuel dispenser etc.
2. Analogue Computer This type of computer is used to measure and process
continuous data such as speed, temperature, heartbeat etc. Examples are speedometer,
thermometer etc.
3. Hybrid Computer This type of computer combines the features of digital and analogue
computers together. It is a combinations of digital and analogue computers.

Classification by Functionality

Classification of computer according to purpose can be grouped into 2, which are:

1. General Purpose Computers These are computers designed solely to solve a restricted class of
problem e.g. computer for medical diagnosis, weapon guidance, traffic control, weather study
and forecast etc.
2. Special Purpose Computers These are computers designed solely to solve a vast variety of
problems e.g. it can be used for Word processing and at the same time used for graphics,
database, spreadsheet etc. What is the difference between general purpose computers and
special purpose computers?

Class Task

1. What is another name for super computer?

2. Mention TWO examples of mainframe computer. Mention four classifications of computers by
size.
3. Differentiate between mini and microcomputers.
4. Give two examples of mini computer.
5. Mainframe computers are used for _______
6. Explain the following: digital, analogue and hybrid computers.

Ticket-Out

1. List any two examples of mini computers.

2. What is another name for microcomputers?
3. List any two reasons why micro computers are widely used.
4. List the classification of computers according to type
5. Give any two examples of general purpose computer.
6. Mention classification of computer by purpose.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK EIGHT
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: ICT APPLICATIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Outline the uses of ICT
2. Identify the impact of ICT in the society

CONTENT
ICT has turned this world to a global village. Apart from communication, that is, reaching people
both far and near; it has also made the work easier and better.

Better productivity, salaries, health care and even farming and education.

Sectors where ICT has played a Major Role

1. EDUCATION - ICT is applied in the education sector in the following ways:

a) Research for teaching materials, online conference etc.

b) ICT or computers are used as a reference tools.
c) ICT or computer is used by the researchers to collect and process data.
d) Computers are used as administrative tools.
e) ICT offers interactive learning.

2. BANKING SECTOR

a) Banks use computers to control the entire banking system.

b) On-line transactions by customers are possible 24 hour.
c) Accessing company account by businessmen On-line.
d) Supervision of banking activities by bank administrators.
3. INDUSTRY

a) Computers are used to facilitate production planning and control system.

b) Automation in the production of goods.
c) Researchers use computers to analyze and collect data for future reference.
d) Computers are used by administrators to oversee the entire operations in the factory.

4. COMMERCE

a) ICT makes buying and selling easier.

b) Computers are used by customers to connect On-line with Suppliers.
c) Computers are used to keep record of transaction.
d) ICT is applied as a means of communication between customers and the producers.

Impact of ICT on the Society

1. Faster communication speed.

2. Lower communication cost.
3. Reliable mode of communication.
4. Effective sharing of information.
5. Borderless communication.

Negative Effects of ICT

1. Insecurity of data
2. Fraud
3. Unemployment
4. Virus threat
5. Cost of setting up ICT gadgets
 Class Task

1. Define the term ICT.

2. Mention some ICT gadgets.
3. State 3 uses of ICT

Ticket-Out

1. Explain the relevance of ICT in the music industry.

2. What do you understand by saying “ICT has turned the whole world to a Global village”?
3. List any five negative side of ICT.
4. Mention areas where ICT has played key role.
 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK NINE
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: THE ART OF INFORMATION PROCESSING
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Define information processing
2. Explain the procedures of information processing

CONTENT
Information processing is the acquisition, recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination
of information. It refers to the manipulation of digitized information by computers and other
digital electronic equipment known as Information Technology (IT).
Information processing systems include business software, operating systems, computers,
networks and mainframe. A computer information processor processes information to produce
understandable results.
This processing includes the acquisition of information, recording, assembling, retrieval or
dissemination of information. For example, in printing a text file, an information processor
works to translate and format the digital information for printed form.
Procedure for Information Processing
1. Collation of information

2. Organization of information

3. Analysis of information

4. Interpretation of information

Collation of Information
This is to gather information together, examine it carefully, and compare it with other
information to find any differences. It is the assembling of written information into a standard
order. Collation differs from classification. Classification is concerned with arranging
information into logical categories.
 Information can be gathered through the following:
1. Internal information: Is gotten within an organization e.g about production performance, sales
performance, standard operating procedures and manufacturing systems etc.
2. External Information: The information gotten from outside the organization e.g information
about customers and markets.

Organization of information
It refers to the standard protocols by which information is arranged. Data can be organized in
various ways. The processes of organizing data include both electronic and non-electronic
forms.
Ways of Organizing Information
1. Category: Using similarity and relatedness to classify information.

2. Time: We can categorize information using time or when time based sequence is important to
the information.
3. Location: It is another way of organizing information most especially when information relates
to a geographical place.
4. Alphabet: Alphabet can also be used in sorting information. It is the arrangement of
information in an alphabetical order.
5. Continuum: This is used when comparing things across a common measure; highest to lowest.
Best to worst. First to last etc.

Analysis of Information
Is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of
highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions and supporting decision making.
Information can then be analyzed by using computers or manual methods.
Information analysis will be very easy using database and spreadsheets.
Process of Analysis Information
1. Skim Scan

2. Determine accuracy, relevance and reliability of information.

3. Differentiate

4. Identify propaganda, bias etc.

5. Recognize omissions and faulty logic.

6. Recognize interrelationships.

Interpretation of Information
Is the process through which organizations make sense of new information that they have
acquired and disseminated.

Advantages of Using Computers for Information Processing

1. Tasks can be completed faster.

2. Large amounts of data can be processed by computers having error-free results.

3. Ability to store enormous amounts of data for future use.

4. The high reliability of components inside modern computers enables computers to produce
consistent results.
5. Efficiency and productivity can rise.

6. Running cost becomes lower in the long run.

7. Tasks can be completed with little human intervention.

8. Overall security can be raised due to less human intervention.

9. Customer services can be improved due to more efficiently management and operations.

10. Sharing of data among computers makes communication possible.

Disadvantages of Using Computers for Information Processing

1. Initial investment cost can be high.

2. Extra cost is required to employ specialized staff to operate and design the data processing
system.
3. Some jobs may be lost due to computerization and thus lower the morale of staff members.

4. Training and retraining of staff is required.

5. Face to face interactions among staff may be reduced.

 Class Task
1. Define Information transmission.

2. List TWO procedures for information processing.

3. State the difference between collation and classification of information.

Ticket-Out
1. Give any three kinds of information that may be gotten from external.

2. List two advantages and disadvantages of information processing.

3. What is interpretation of information?

 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK TEN
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: PROCESS OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Define information transmission

2. List methods of transmitting information

CONTENT
Information is an important tool for decision making in any organization. The type of
information gotten and the method or mode of disseminating this information will determine
the effectiveness and productivity of any organization or individual. Therefore information
transmission is the process of sending and receiving information from one place to another at a
particular point in time. It is the transfer of information from one the source to a destination
through communication media or gadgets.
Sources of Information Transmission
We have two sources of information, namely
1. Ancient source of information

2. Modern source of information

Ancient source of information are methods of transmitting information from person to person
and from one place to another at a particular time. Examples of Ancient source of information
transmission are:
1. Town criers 5. Bind

2. Metal gong beating 6. Drum

3. Fire lighting 7. Smoke

4. Flags or flashing lights 8. Story telling

Modern Information Transmission: Technology has brought about changes and an improved
system of information transmission through the use of electronic devices. Newspaper is
another means of information transmission. Others are listed below:
 1. Printing press 4. Telephone 8. Cell phone

2. Letter 5. Radio 9. Internet

writing/postman
6. Photography 10. Satellite
3. Telegraph
7. Television

Class Task
1. List the TWO methods of information transmission.

2. Explain one of the TWO methods listed.

3. Differentiate between Electronic and Non – electronic means.

4. Explain any four types of non – electronic information transmission.

Ticket-Out
1. State any FOUR advantages of wireless communication.

2. Mention THREE disadvantages of wireless communication

 SUBJECT: DATA PROCESSING
WEEK ELEVEN
DURATION: 45 MINUTES
TOPIC: MEDIUM OF INFORMATION TRANSMISSION
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS: CLASSIC COMPUTER STUDIES BOOK 1, TUTORIAL VIDEOS &
PICTURE MATERIALS
OBJECTIVES: at the end of the lesson, learners should be able to:
1. Group the means of transmitting information

CONTENT
Types of Information Transmission, namely:
1. Satellite

2. Wireless

3. Cable

SATELLITE: In satellite communication, signal transferring between the sender and receiver is
done with the help of satellite. In this process, the signal which is a beam of modulated
microwaves is sent towards the satellite. Then the satellite amplifies the signal and sent it back
to the receiver’s antenna present on the earth surface. All the signal transferring is happening
in the space. Thus, this type of communication is known as SPACE COMMUNICATION.
WIRELESS: Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance
without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted
distance can be anywhere between a few meters (e.g. a television’s remote control) and
thousands of kilometers (e.g. radio communication).
Devices used for Wireless Communication
1. Cordless telephones

2. Mobiles

3. GPS Units

4. Wireless computer parts

5. Satellite
 Advantages of Wireless Communication
1. Communication has enhanced convey of the information quickly to the consumers.

2. Working professionals can work and access internet anywhere and anytime without carrying
cables or wires wherever they go.
3. Doctors, Workers and other professionals working in remote areas can be in touch with medical
centers through wireless communication.
4. Urgent situation can be alerted through wireless communication.

5. It is cheaper to install and maintain.

Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

1. Unlimited security threats.

2. Risk of information loss.

3. Need for strong security protocols.

CABLE: Cable used for information transmission is Fiber-optics, also called OPTICAL FIBER, is a
technology that allows light to travel along thin glass or plastic wires. Type of cable is used most
commonly in the communication industry, because digital information can be converted into
light pulses that move along the length of the wire.
FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION: is a method of information transmission from one place to
another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. Examples of the kinds of information
that can pass through a fiber-optic cable are: Telephone calls, the internet and computer
resources.

Classification of the Means of Transmitting Information

Electronic means of information transmission
1. Fax Machine: It is a technology that sends copies of documents over the telephone lines. It is
an example of digital communication system.
2. Telephone/ Mobile Phone: Telephone and mobiles are most commonly used means of
communication. They are not only very fast but also link far distant locations within no time.
3. Telegraphy: Is a communication system in which information over a wire through a series of
electrical current pulse, usually in the form of Morse code.
4. Television: News and entertainment programs are broadcasted on television. Television can
broadcast both audio and video communication.
5. Radio: News and entertainment programs are broadcasted on radio. Radio can be used only for
broadcasting the audio messages to a large audience.
6. Satellite: Artificial satellites are used to communicate with very distant locations. They are used
to live-telecast matches and programs worldwide.
7. Internet: This is very cheap and reliable means of not only for communication but also useful
for employment and education.
Non – electronic means of information transmission: they include Drums, Metal gong, Animal
Signs, Horn, Fire lighting etc.

Class Task
1. State the three types of information transmission.

2. What are the means of transferring information?

3. What is information transmission?

4. Explain modern method information transmission.

5. Explain space communication.

6. State the differences between the modern and ancient methods of information transmission.

Ticket-Out
1. State the types of information transmission.

2. Write short notes on types of information transmission.