*******NOTES

RISE of NAZISM and FACISM in separate NOTES

WORLD WAR 2

Q. WHAT WAS IT??

world's second global conflict between 1939-45
axis power – germany, Japan and Italy
allied forces – US, UK, france, Russia

REASON
IMMEDIATE
1 SEP 1939 – Germany attacks poland
FUNDAMENTAL
Treaty of versailles
failure of league of nations -> end of collective security
policy of appeasement by britain and france
imperialism
extreme nationalism
creation of Rome-Tokyo-Berlin axis
****WORLD WAR 2
RISE of NAZISM and FACISM in separate NOTES

WORLD WAR 2

Q. WHAT WAS IT??

world's second global conflict between 1939-45
axis power – germany, Japan and Italy
allied forces – US, UK, france, Russia

REASON
IMMEDIATE
1 SEP 1939 – Germany attacks poland
FUNDAMENTAL
Treaty of versailles
failure of league of nations -> end of collective security
policy of appeasement by britain and france
imperialism
extreme nationalism
creation of Rome-Tokyo-Berlin axis

LEAGUE OF NATION'S FAILURE

america did not join it
germany and its allies austria, and communist state like USSR was not allowed to join
sanctions did not work
no army to back it
great depression of 1929 made countries try to get more land and power
1931 - Japan invaded Machuria
Japan left league of nation
1935 – Mussolini got ready to invade Euthopia
Britain and France did not want war -> so did nothing
its failur gave Hitler the confidence to challenge

POLICY OF APPEASEMENT
Britain and France ignored the actions done by Hitler and Mussolini
Genuine grievences should be appreciated - if genuine demand of hitler could be
understood, war could not take place
hence
Manchurian occupation by Japan,
Euthopia occupation by Italy,
german rearmament, Rhineland capture was ignored
1937 – Neville Chamberlin became British PM
 he started meeting Hitler personally to find out his demands
reason for appeasement
large scale destruction @ WW 1
realisation of wrongs committed @ treaty of versailles
hence violation of treaty was not taken seriously
britain's own self interest
europe undergoing economic crisis
germany was a big market for british goods -> so Britain did not want to upset
germany
communism
Hitler and Mussolini were both anti communist – same ideology of france, britain
+ failure of League of nation

Q. EXAMPLE OF THIS POLICY??

1. 1924 Dawes plan
after WW 1 – europe unable to repay loans to US
US was advised to give loan to Germany - germany will give europe war
compensation – then they will repay their loans
So US gave germany loans
2. 1929 – Young plan
war reparation for germany was reduced from 6.600 billion pounds to 2.200
billion pounds
3. 1935 Anglo german naval agreement
germany was allowed to grow navy upto 35% of british navy

IMPERIALISM AND EXTREME NATIONALISM

industrial revolution ->economic competition
extreme nationalism
japan – militarism
germany – nazism
italy – facism
economic nationalism triumph in times of economic depression

PHASES
phase – 1
1 sep 1939 – germany attacks poland, denmark, Britain, France
phase 2 – june 1941 to dec 1941
axis power attacks africa
germany attacks russia
phase 3 – dec 1941 to nov 1942
Japan attacks Pearl Harbour, captures SE asia
US declares war
phase 4 – nov 1942 to may 1945
german retreat @ Stalingrad, Russia
 german retreat @ Stalingrad, Russia
defeat of Italy
defeat of germany
Aug 1945 – defeat of Japan

IMPACT/OUTCOME OF WW2

ECONOMIC IMPACT
economic crisis
Marshall plan (by US)
rebuilding western Europe to protect it from communism
britton woods institutions – WB and IMF

SOCIAL IMPACT
1. Impact on humanity
> 4 crore people died
5 million jews killed
> 2 crore injured and refugee
2. demographic change
death – young male population
left over – old, children, women (women empowerment)

POLITICAL IMPACT
1. European domination over the world ended
germany, france, england devastated
redrawl of boundary -> division of germany
2. emergence of superpower
division of world into 2 ideology – US and USSR
capitalism vs communism
democracy vs totalitarianism
cold war
non aligned movement
3. end of colonialism and imperialism
process of decolonisation started
4. use of neo imperialism and neo colonisation
dominance of WB, IMF by US, western europe
globalisation
establishment of UN organisation

TECH IMPACT
new change in technique of warfare
air force
nuclear weapons
****Redrawl of national boundary

Q. HOW REDRAWL OF BOUNDARIES??

1. breaking up of large empire
2. coming together of numerous small states

it led to the growth of feeling of nationalism -> emergence of nation state

RISE OF NATION STATE SYSTEM

1. peace of westphalia 1648 – struggle between people and church for supremacy – finally people won
(sovereignty of people)
effects
european states embraced notion of sovereignty
monarchs have political authority, not church

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE
1. intellectual factor
renaissance -> development of local language
new societies based on languages began to develop
renaissance -> broke cultural unity of europe -> development of local culture based on
race, religion, language, ethnicity
local language people started living together
Roman empire
established by church , common language – greek-latin
renaissance -> disintegrated empire -> small nation states
enlightenment -> protestant sect began to questioned the authority of church
factor of race, ethnicity in uniting people
2. french revolution
message of
sovereignty of people
boundaries to be drawn on will of people
3. economic
railway, and transportation network helped in economic integration
which led to political integration

EXAMPLE OF REDRAWL OF BOUNDARIES

1. french revolution -> Napoleon's conquest
2. vienna order -> bring back old monarchy system
3. unification of germany and italy
4. breaking up of british empire and partition of india
Israel
Independence of various states .... South Sudan ... Bounaville
***INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
RENAISSANCE
Rebirth
Rationalism
Revival

BACKGROUND??
1453 – Turks occupied Constantipole (Istanbul)
with this, Silk route came under the influence of Muslims
1492 – Columbous discovered new world (America)
1498 – Vasco Da Gama discovered direct sea route to India

WORLD TRADE
increased trade -> boost in demand -> manual labour unable to meet the demands -> industrial
revolution
Renaissance + Industrial revolution = capitalism
capitalism vs feudalism

REASONS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

world trade
investment by capitalist class
investment in R&D. Eg Royal society of london
invention + discovery
spinning wheel, spinning wheel on water
steam engine (1750)
colonialism

FEATURES??
began in England
Biggest revolution ever
agriculture pattern changed
Textile sector : first to be affected

WHY ONLY ENGLAND?

glorious revolution of 1688
real power transferred from King to Parliament
Parliament takes care of people's interest
Domination of capitalist class
Magna Carta of 13th century AD -> assembly of people (Parliament)
capital from colonies (Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar, seven year war)
Widespread enclosure movement
grabbing of land of peasants by big landlords
evolving of labour class
 colonies
raw material, market
geography
high coal and Iron
act of settlement 1708
Parliament appoints King

BIGGEST REVOLUTION EVER

led to number of discoveries
steam boat and steam engines
Macadam roads
long distance communication
Telephone
Telegraph

CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE PATTERN

from sustenance based to commercial
food crops -> cash crops -> famines

EVALUATION

ECONOMY
Urbanisation
development of urban cities around production centre
long working hours in factory -> even death
Free trade
Industrial capitalism
led to economic + social inequality

POLITY
Capitalism (15th century)
Mercantalism
colonialism
nationalism

SOCIETY
attack on slavery system
eg. France, US
women liberation, empowerment
emergence of middle class

RELIGION
role of church in politics reduced
role of church in politics reduced
***NAM
WHY
joining military blocs could not end illiteracy, poverty etc
strengthening of independence
ending colonialism
promote world peace

HOW
NON-ALIGNMENT with military blocs
NAM Belgrade summit 1961
Principles of NAM
liquidation of colonialism and imperialism
stabilization of peace
peaceful coexistence
condemnation of racial discrimination
opposition to military alliances
disarmament
establishment of economic relations between nations based on equality and free from
expolitation

HOW NAM HELPED INDIA

friendly relations with countries on both side of bloc
India got capital, technology, machines and food from western nation, green revolution
technology from US
help to build public sector and major arm supplier from USSR

INDIA'S ROLE DURING COLD WAR

vocal supporter of independence from colonialism and imperialism

SOME POINTS??
17th summit @ Venezuela,
current chair with Venezuela
pakistan – member of NAM

"Strategic Autonomy" - (a.k.a NEW NAM)

Essence of nonalignment was freedom of thought and action - hence the strategic
autonomy. NAM conceived in the context of a bipolar world, SA for multipolar...
Strategic autonomy denotes the ʻability of a state to pursue its national interests and adopt its
preferred foreign policy without being constrained in any manner by other statesʼ (possessing
overwhelmingly superior power).
President and PM expressed the aspiration to be “strategic autonomous”
Can one be fully strategic autonomous?
Theoretically, only a lone superpower in a unipolar international can be
Even superpowers become susceptible to the pressures in bipolar or multipolar orders...
But on core issues- complete resistance- irrespective of the costs involved.e.g. Jammu & Kashmir
and nuclear weapons, national security.

Examples
A good recent example in this regard was
Iran oil buying
Indiaʼs decision to vote for Iran in the International Atomic Energy Agency…well
calculated
GO ahead with buying S-400 missile
Vote against Jerusalem as capital

Challenges
Not all/everytime possess the necessary power capabilities (intl sanctions)
Or international environment(Jerusalem) to practice it.
***Russia revolution
Q. WHAT IS IT??
pair of revolution in russia in 1917
feb 1917 -> dismantled Czarist autocracy
1922 – rise of Soviet union

TIMELINE
1905 – Russia – Japan war, Russia was defeated
1905-11 – political reforms
1911 – fall of parliamentary institutions
1911-17 – anarchy, WW1
feb 1917 – fall of Czar regime
establishment of social democratic gov (menshevik)
oct1917 – fall of menshevik gov
establishment of Bolshevik gov
1917-21 – civil war between Bolshevik, menshevik, monarch
1921 – establishment of soviet republic

SOCIAL CAUSES
Privilege based society
clergy – religious class
role of Rasputin -> catholic priests
known for his colourful habits
used to influence royal family
Rasputin affair -> Rasputin – Czarina relations
people did not like it
aristocrats and Nobles
held highest offices in gov
disagreed about new ideas flowing from western europe
peasants and workers
social inequality
serfdom abolished but condition of peasants very bad
paid high taxes
no privileges

CULTURAL CAUSES
19th century -> communism and socialism
philosophers wrote about the system
intellectual revolution already taking place
liberal ideas of western europe entering russia
identified absolute monarch and attacked it
marx– influenced people
Q. ROLE OF IDEOLOUGES??
acted as buddha for russian people
made russian people aware of true character of Czar king's rule

ECONOMIC CAUSES
1. king -> constantly @ war
1905 - Russia Japan war
1914 – WW 1
2. King -> lavish life style
3. flawed taxation policy
4. industrialisation in russia
slow industrialisation
workers getting exploited
corruption and inefficiency

RUSSIA JAPAN WAR 1905

1899-1901 – Russia captures Manchuria
1903 – Japan tried to negotiate – Manchuria for Korea
1904 – Japan recalled ambassador from Russia
russia declared war
attacked Port Arthur, then declared war
1905 - Japan defeated Russia
loss of confidence in Czar gov
pressure mounted by people for political reforms
1905 – revolution
Czar decided to establish Duma (parliament)
1906-11 -> period of Duma
Peter Stolypin (PM) – brings reforms
improved conditions of workers and peasants
factories inspection
land reforms
peasants settled in Siberia
1911 – Stolypin assassinated in front of Czar
russian people thought King was behind the assassination
1911-14 – Turbulent times in Russia
july 1914 – WW 1
russia declared war against germany
casulties, economic crisis
feb 1917 – King abdicates throne in favour of his younger brother Michael
Michael refused to assume power
Alexander Kerensky forms the provisional gov
belonged to Menshevik
did not called elections after assuming power
did not withdraw from WW 1
 did not withdraw from WW 1
Bolshevik faction wanted immediate election, reforms, immediately withdraw from

WW1
Nov 1917 – Bolsheviks overthrow Mensheviks
General Kornilov attempted to overthrow Provisional gov @ Petrograd with military takeover
Kerensky tried to take help from Bolsheviks and red guards defeated Kornilov's coup
April 1917 – Bolshevik claimed that they are the legitimate gov
Lenin arrives @ Petrogad - Bolshevik
charismatic personality
all power to soviets
gave speeches and wrote about Soviet ideologies
formed Military revolutionary council
May 1917 – Passed the order, Soviet army under his control
24th oct 1917 – Bolsheviks took up crucial positions in city such as telegraph offices, banks etc
25th Oct – every key building in St. Petersburg under Bolshevik control
PM kerensky runs away and Lenin declares Bolshevik's win

CIVIL WAR (1918-21)

war fought between 2 armies – white (democrats and others) and red (communists)
stakeholders
Supporters of Tsar
landlords, capitalists, church
mensheviks
Bolsheviks
1922 – red army won and USSR was established

Q. SIGNIFICANCE OF REVOLUTION??
1. end of monarchy
establishment of People's gov
no divine rights
2. Russia became communist
1st time in history of world
ideas of Marx were concretized
3. Nationalisation
nationalisation of resources
abolition of private property
banks, industries etc were nationalised
new economic policy 1921
4. Secular state
role of church in politics abolished
Marx – religion is like a opium
5. Equality established
1st time, both social and economic equality was given to the people
6 spread of communism
6. spread of communism
communism vs capitalism – cold war 1945
**Arab spring
ARAB SPRING

it refers to the democratic uprising that arose independently and spread in arab world in 2011
originated by Tunisia – dec 2010
nations affected – middle east and noth africa
it was a series of anti government protest and armed rebellion

GOALS AND OBJECTIVE

everyone wanted regime change and political freedom
government – authoritarian, corruption, inflation, human right violation, unemployment,
no political rights
a wave of democracy erupted and people wanted to raise their standard of living by transition from
dictatorship to democracy

THE BIG PICTURE

spontaneous, leaderless revolt -> so movement was difficult to contain as it spread like fire
gov tried to suppress movement -> ignited people

IMMEDIATE CAUSE
tunisian fruit vendor set himself on fire in 2010
he publically suicided in retaliation of arbitrarily confiscating his produce
after 1 month, President Ben ali of tunisia was forced to step down after serving for 23 years
success in tunisia inspired arab spring

COUNTRIES AFFECTED
north africa – Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, egypt
whole middle east
NOT QUITE LIKE ARAB SPRING
• conciliatory gestures – dialouge promise
• detention of protestors
• absence of political professionalism in protestors
• gov labelled protestors as against islamist fundamentals and garnered support against them

AFTERMATH
Still now after arab spring, most arab states are still under chaos and facing governance crisis
• libya, yemen, syria – chaos
• Algeria was destabilised
• 1 kind of dictatorship replaced by other
• Saudi arabia, UAE resisted revolution successfully by giving incentives
• growth of ISIS

WHY IT FAILED?? —> WHY NOT HAPPENED LIKE French Revolution?

No successful replacement
Weak institutional capacity
Religion overpowered

Current
Egypt slipped into a military dictatorship and arrested as many 60,000 people on political
grounds.
The massacres in Syria and Yemen continue with outside intervention
Libya in political chaos with rival governments vying for control of the country.
But, then out of nowhere, the Arab Spring seemed to gasp back to life as first Sudan, and then
Algeria rose up in revolt.

Not really failed - still ON and will again outburst

In just the one year known as the ʻReign of Terrorʼ, 17,000 people were officially executed by
guillotine- official numbers. Thousands more died in prison and even more in the revolutionary war
—>then Napoleon emerged to protect the revolutionʼs values —> which soon engulfed the
continent.
**Cold war
REASONS
growth of communism after WW2
1949 victory of CPC in civil war

HOW WAS IT FOUGHT

US provided economic aid to western european countries on the condition of preventing the spread
of communism
setting up of military blocs
US
NATO 1949
SEATO (south east asia treaty organization) 1954
Bhagdad Pact 1955 (alliance formation) -> CENTO (central treaty organization)
USSR
Warsaw Pact (USSR and socialist countries of europe)
USSR to station troops in these countries
no military bases in other part of the world
USSR treaty of friendship and mutual assistance with china
Arm race
developing weapons of mass destruction
Space race
**GREAT DEPRESSION OF 1929
WHAT IS DEPRESSION??
prolonged downturn in economic activity
characterised by
high unemployment
bankruptcy
diminishing trade and commerce
volatility in currency value
sovereign debt default

IMMEDIATE CAUSE?
Crash of US stock market

ECONOMIC CAUSES??
rampant investor speculation in stock market
investors purchased shares of company financed through loans -> market reached saturation
point -> huge loan default
over availability ofconsumer credit
1920s – boom in durable goods like refrigerators -> banks provided cheap credit to people to
buy it -> unable to repay back loan

POLITICAL CAUSES??
Treaty of versailles
Germany took loan from UK, which in turn took loan from US
after collapse of US stock market -> no more loan from US -> affected whole europe
1st world war
many unused items + economic deterioration

IMPACT ON REST OF THE WORLD??

europe
bank failures
collapse of currency like British pound sterling
latin america
slump in agriculture and raw material prices
US imposed import duty to protect its economy

IMPACT ON INDIA??
export and import halved between 1928 and 1934
farmers
slump in prices -> still same revenue demand by gov -> crisis
industrial investment
tariff to protect industry -> increase in industrial development
boon for urban dwellers as everything cost less
economic policy of gov
gov prohibited export from india to britain -> poverty
establishment of central bank in 1934
india became an exporter of precious metals like gold
*Cold War - Japan - Vietnam
*Disintegration of USSR
REAONS?
Economic stagnation
use of resources in maintaining nuclear and military arsenal, satellites,
leads to neglect of economy
huge burden on exchequer due to cold war
stagnation in political and administrative sense
no transparency and accountability towards people
corruption, inefficiency
reforms of Gorbachev
allowed free movement, both politically and economically
loss of Afghan war (Similarly loss of Korea —> Csarist regime) ; Nehru ; Meiji restoration
eastern european crisis – defeat of communism in Poland, Hungary etc

CONSEQUENCES??
end of cold war
world : bipolar -> unipolar
emergence of new countries -> redrawl of boundaries
shock Therapy
shift towards capitalist economy – influenced by WB, IMF
private ownership
private farming
FDI
free trade regime

IMPACT ON INDIA??
Unipolar world -> india's growing relations with US
realignment of foreign policy -
NAM -> look east, neighbourhood first, Gujral doctrine
For market and support on world fora
Economic policy - realigned
capitalist economy
india – LPG era
increased role of WB, IMF
globalisation
Security
slowdown in arm race -> shifted the focus to socio economic condition
Political
promote liberal democracy
Culture
western culture – dominant culture of the world
*Division of korea
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1904 – Russia and Japan fighting for control of Korea – finally Japan annexed Korea and installed a
puppet leader there
1945 – Japan surrendered all her colonies to allies victors in WW 2
1945 – postdam conference – it was decided to demarcate Korea along 38 degree latitude
Thus soviet union and its allies to operate on northern part and US and allies in southern part
main aim was to make the country independent and then transfer the power to korean people as a
united korea

CHANGE IN TERMS
agreement changed due to onset of cold war 1947
political difference among citizens in north and south
finally in 1948, pro US gov was set up in Seoul and pro soviet gov in Pyongyang

KOREAN WAR AND BATTLE FOR SUPREMACY

the fact that both US and soviet representative claimed that they are the legitimate representative
of whole korea which created tension along 38 degree line
1950 – north korea (USSR) made an attempt to unify the border by attacking southern part
1950-53 – full fledge war between north and south korea
USSR, china – assisted north
US, allies – assisted south
after the war, ceasefire was brokered and demilitarised zone DMZ was to become a new border

KOREAN REUNIFICATION PROCESS

2000 – north south joint declaration where countries agreed to work towards a peaceful
reunification
but process met many difficulties and not completed till now
china, US, others supported this unification
unification still remains a long term goal
north korea today are influenced by soviet style of governance and politics
South korea by japan and US style
*Rise of Fascism in Italy
BACKGROUND
1870 – Unification of Italy
1914-18 – Italy participates in WW 1
after war, it was promised some territories of Ottoman empire
got snubbed in paris peace conference, PM Orlando walks out
1919-22
in between 3 years, 5 gov were formed
anarchy in Italy -> political crisis
by 1919 – influence of communists in politics
capitalists class were looking for support against communists
Mussolini – anti communist
supported by capitalists and middle class
oct 1922 – Mussolini's march to Rome
invited by the king to form gov

Q. WHAT IS FACISM???
believes in authoritarianism
extreme nationalism -> rebirth of nation, greatness and prestige of nation
always hostile to communism
got support from capitalists and middle class
believes in territorial expansion
believes in one party state -> state is worshipped
cult of a charismatic leader
Mussolini = I am not PM or president, I m “II Duce” (The leader)
Hitler -> Fuhrer
economic self sufficiency of state
use of propoganda -> uniforms, marches, songs, radio, posters
believes in military strength and violence
conservative social policy
against modern liberal ideas
liberty of women not supported
cynical in approach

Q. WHAT ARE THE SIMILARITIES BETWEEN FACISM AND NAZISM??

anti communists
anti democratic
totalitarian state
make country self sufficient
extreme nationalism
glorifies war/violence
cult/leader worship
Q. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO??
Facism – did not destroy state institutions, while Hitler did
Nazism somewhat promoted women's liberty

rise of Fascism in Italy.pdf 47 kB

*Rise of Nazism in germany
WEIMAR REPUBLIC

Jan 1919 – Weimar republic established in germany

Weimar constitution
democracy established
FR
elections – multi party system
proportional representation
Weimar was blamed by germans for signing Treaty of Versailles
Post war economic crisis
hyper inflation
weimar gov was not able to control this extra ordinary economic crisis
post 1919 – spread of communism in europe
Threat to german capitalists class from this communism
1919 – establishment of National socialist party (Nazi) to counter communism and
overthrow of Weimar gov
1920 – coup in germany to overthrow weimar gov but failed
1923 – another coup – hitler was caught and sent to jail (there, he wrote book Mein Kamph)
1923-33 – rise of Nazi party and Hitler
Hilter – personality, oratory skill, exploited emotions of germans
promised Capitalists protection from communism
promised farmerss to get market
promised middle class the restoration of german pride
promised unemployed people of getting job
Nazi propoganda -> stab in the back
democrats and jews (business class) were responsible for german defeat
Germany military is invincible
Jan 1933 – general elections in germany
Nazi party won the election
Hitler sworn in as german Chancellor by president
Hitler tries to consolidate power
looking for an opportunity to destroy opposition and communists
Feb 1933 – fire in Reichstag (Parliament)
Hitler -> communists were behind this
March 1933 – Hitler calls emergency meeting of parliament
passes “enabling act”
legislative authority transferred to executive for 4 years
opposition political parties were banned
germany became one party state
aug 1934 – president passes away
declare himself Fuhrer -> president + chancellor
 1934-39 – Hitler emerge as Fuhrer
domestic changes made by Hitler
foreign policy
Hitler will take many steps that contravenes Treaty of versailles, finally resulting into WW 2

POLITICAL CHANGES
eliminates provincial rights
abolishes opposition parties
eliminates political opponents within Nazi party -> purification of Nazi party

ECONOMIC CHANGES
reduces import
promotes coal and Fe industry -> industrialisation
4 year plan introduced

SOCIAL CHANGES
eliminates jews
education -> state education -> glorified nazism
emphasised on superior german race

FOREIGN POLICY
followed radical nationalism -> german race
against treaty of versailles
expansionist foreign policy
floowed the idea of militarism -> solution of problems @ battlefield
wanted to establish 3rd Reich (3rd german empire)
idea of Lebensraum -> living space
provide sufficient living space to german race
germany is where germans are
continental outlook in foreign policy
expansionist policy – Austria -> Sudentanland -> Czechoslovakia -> poland

STEPS TAKEN BY HITLER

1933 – Germany leaves League of nation
And withdraws from disarmament conference
1935 – reintegrates Saar with germany
conscription reintroduced (compulsary military service)
oct 1936 – remilitarisation of Rhineland
sign pacts with Mussolini
Rome – Berlin axis
1935 – anglo german naval treaty
germany to keep 1/3rd ships as of britain
nov 1936 – pact with japan (Rome tokyo axis)
Anti cominterm pact
 Anti cominterm pact
nov 1937 – Italy also joins the axis
SEP 1939 – Nazi soviet pact !!!!!
10 year pact with Stalin
sep 1939 – attacks poland
annexes Danzig port
Britain and france declare war on germany

Q. WHY BRITAIN AND FRANCE DID NOT TAKE ANY STEPS WHEN HITLER WAS
BREAKING ALL PROVISIONS OF TREATY??
appeasement policy
American revolution and civil war
AMERICAL REVOLUTION AND CIVIL WAR

Q. WHAT IS AMERICAN REVOLUTION??

fought between great britain and 13 british colonies on north american continent from 1776-83

BACKGROUND??
1607 - 1st colony set up by english @ Jamestown (Virginia)
1732 - 13th colony set up @ Georgia
by 1776 – relationship between britain and colony became worst - led to american war of
independence

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Hierarchy from top to botton
Governor and military chief – appointed by Britain
legislature
executive
legislature and executive of local people
initially, americans welcomed the political set up, but later began demanding home rule
(swaraj)

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
england deporting the convicts to america
english society – rigid, conservative by thought, privileged based society, elitist
americans – convicts, unemployed, people tired from social classes in england – settled in
america
so initially did not opposed british rule
by 1730s – americans became liberal, progressive, with focus on individualism and
materialistic
development of american culture
cosmopolitan and open society
hierarchy of american society from top to bottom
european settlers (they fought for american independence)
native (red indians) + slaves from africa

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
society -> liberal, progressive -> materialistic, hard working -> development of trade and
commerce -> make them interdependent

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
ideological developments -> due to enlighenment and reconnaissance -> promote liberalism
John locke – father of liberalism – power comes from people
Benjamin Franklin – Pennsylvania Gazetted – founding father of america
 Thomas Paine – common sense (1776)
They acted as buddha for the american people
they exposed the true character of british rule

OVERALL DEVELOPMENT
Industrialisation -> urbanisation -> development of education, media -> spreading of
nationalist thought
Harvard university 1636
Yale university 1701

BRITISH RULE IN AMERICA

MERCHANTILIST POLICY OF BRITISH
1. navigation act 1651 – only british ships to be used for trade
2. enumerated and commodity act 1660 – colonies compelled to export sugar, cotton, indigo,
tobacco only to england
3. staple act 1663 – india – america trade via britain (so that britain can impose duty on it)s
4. enforcement act 1696 – to stop smuggling
5. 1750s – iron act, hat act, wollen act – these things to be imported only from england,
america cannot produce it (backchannel mein industrial revolution in england)
by 1750s, americans realised that their cause of sorrow is england
albany congress in 1754 – meeting of 7 colonial representatives
Benjamin Franklin - let's form union and put pressure on britain -
but representatives rejected the proposal

Q. WHAT WAS THE REASON BEHIND REJECTION OF PROPOSALS BY COLONIES??

1. french problem in north america
7 years war (1756-63) between french and england
france were trying to enter british american colonies
remember - 1st carnatic war – Treaty of Aix la chapelle – french got quebec
so for americans, there were 2 enemies – french and england
that's why they supported england against french in 7 year wars
2. policy of england
post 1763 – french problem from north america got over
changes in policy of england
sctrict implementation of above discussed acts
why?? because post 7 year wars, england wanted the americans to pay for the
war expenses

TIGHT CONTROL POLICY

1. new PM of england – George Grenville
crown's proclomation – americans cannot cross Appalachian mountain and settle west of
it
2. passing of currency act 1764
america cannot use his own currency
 america cannot use his own currency
3. Sugar act
america compelled to export sugar only to england
4. Quartering act
america was made to pay for british soldiers in america
5. passing of stamp act 1765
stamp duty on newspapers, official documents, deck of cards
protest by americas – NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION slogan
6. 1766 new PM – Rockingham
repealed stamp act
passing of declaratory act – only british parliament has the right to make laws for
america
same slogans by americans
7. Townshend act 1767
taxes on essential goods like paper, glass, tea
protest @ Boston -> Boston massacre in 5 march 1770 – britishers killed many americans
8. england new PM – Lord north
conciliatory approach
waived off all earlier laws, taxes etc
But, passed tea act 1772
large protests by americans
ships with tea on board were turned away @ New york, Philadelphia

BOSTON TEA PARTY, 16 DECEMBER 1773

Organised by governor of Massachusets, Hutchison
americans led by Samuel Adams went there and throw all tea into the ocean
9. passing of intolerable act 1774
no political meeting allowed
closing of boston port till
culprits are arrested
compensation for tea
protest by americans. 1st continental congress in sep 1774
King george III sent armies to america – George washington takes leadership
4 july 1776 – declaration of independence
american war of independence 1776-81
Lord cornwallis surrender @ Yorktown

SIGNIFICANCE OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1. america got independence
masses against classes
nationalist against imperialist
2. Domino effect
age of revolutions started
1789 – french revolution
1798 ireland revolution
 1798 – ireland revolution
1830s – latin america
20th century – decolonization started
3. influence @ Europe
europeans supported americans
french king sent army in support of americans
later on, french got economically weak and due to this, french revolution took place
4. lessons learnt for Britain
Britain learnt how colonies should be governed
1784 – Pitts india act
1786 – Lord cornwallis made governor general of Bengal – he initiated many
reforms
power of British monarch was reduced – power to appoint British PM rests with
parliament
5. establishment of american federation
ideals – liberty, rule of law
journey from Albany (1754) to Philadelphia (1776) – from 13 to 1
1st written and democratic constitution of the world

STORY OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTION

1. constitutional debate
1. : big states vs small states
2. north vs south

Compromise did not last long, so civil war @ 1860

2. debate : Hamilton (supported by north) vs Jefferson (supported by south)

AMERICAN CIVIL WAR (1861-65)

Q. WHAT WAS IT??

war between north and south states
around 3000 battles were fought
biggest challenge to the integration of america
BACKGROUND
1776 – 4 july – declaration of independence
1789 – new constitution enacted
new american union of 13 states came into existence
george washington - 1st president
some states accepted constitution but not union

Q. SOME STATES DID NOT JOIN THE UNION. WHY??

1. they had the feeling of mutual rivalry
2. differed geographically and economically
3. social inequality

CAUSES OF AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. economic disparity
2. slavery
3. election of lincoln
political propogation of aboliton of slavery
4. establishment of confederation by southern states
carolina secede before election of lincoln
7 states form confederation states of america

DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO WAR

1803 – France – sells Louisiana to america
What will be the status of this new state?? free state or slave state??
north and south, both claiming it under them
1820 – Missouri agreement
what will be the status of new states joining union?? free or slave states??
36 degree line – benchmark line
above – free
below – slave state
1830s – 1850s
rise of anti-slavery movement
formation of anti-slavery society
novel – Uncle Tom's cabin
highly popular in north
south banned it
1854 – Kansas Nebraska act
This state was above 36 degree line
slavery can be determined by popular sovereignty
reaction by north
formation of republican party -> abolishment of slavery
James brown – give weapons to slaves so that they could free themselves
anti slavery movement turned military movement
1856-57
 1856 57
Dread scott episode
Supreme court case – Dred scott vs Snadford
SC ruled
slavery is legal institution, slaves have no legal rights
slavery can be allowed in northern states
due to this ruling, kansas-Nebraska got converted into slave state
1860 – presidential elections
lincoln made slavery a election issue
lincoln become president without single vote from southern state
1860 – reaction to presidential election
20 dec – south carolina secede from union
1861, feb – 7 states secede from union
establishment of confederation states of union
Jefferson Davis - 1st president
abolition of protective trade policy
slavery made legal
march 1861 – lincoln sworn as american president
april 1861 – 4 more states join confederation states of union (total 11)
1861-65 – civil war
1862, 22 sep – president proclomation – slaves are free
dec 1864 - 13th amendment passes -> slavery made illegal
1865 – General Robert E.Lee surrendered @ Appamatox
1867-69 - 14th and 15th amendment passes – granted african american males citizenship,
equality before law and right to vote

SIGNIFICANCE OF AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. stronger system in america
administrative reforms
national unity – no right to secede
14th and 15th amendment passed
rise of republican party
till 1912, no president got elected from democratic party
2. Impact
human loss – 7 lakh
economic loss - $ 100 million
3. cooperation increased
north south unity
1913 – president from south – woodrow wilson
4. phase of industrialisation
birth of industrial civilization
iron, coal, oil industry expanded
development in S&T -> mechanization towards capitalization
5. social change
l b li h d ( i ht t t th h )
 slavery abolished – (right to vote though on paper)
promoted women rights
promoted materialism
6. use of modern strategy
1st war to use modern strategy
armoured ships, artillery, machine guns
reporting in news
7. indirectly benefitted americans

CONTEMPORARY TIME
1. SELMA MOVEMENT – leadership of Martin Luther king junior (1960s)
civil right movement for blacks (african american)
voting rights act of 1965 – voting right to black
2008 – Barack Obama - 1st african american president

AMERICAN CONSTITUTION
adopted in 1787 @ Philadelphia convention, came into force in 1789
1. written constitution
12 pages
Preamble, 7 articles, 27 amendments
Note : american states has separate constitution, while in india not,
separation of power – judiciary, executive and legislature
2. federal constitution
division of power between states and union
each state has its own constitution, governor, court, legislature
3. separation of powers
article 1 -> legislative powers vested in congress (in india, executive also make laws
through ordinance)
article 2 -> executive power vested in president
article 3 -> judicial powers vested in SC and other courts as congress establishes
checks and balances
senate confirms the higher appointment made and international treaties concluded by
president
president can veto the bills passed by congress (pocket/qualified veto)
congress determines the organisation and appeallate jurisdiction of judiciary
president can appoint judges with the consent of senate
SC can declare congessional laws and presidential orders as ultra vires
supremacy of constitution and judicial review
4. Bill of rights
added to the original constitution through first 10 amendments
SC act as the protector of these rights
5. Rigid constitution
amendments can be proposed by 2/3rd votes of both houses of parliament
need to be ratified by 75% of states within 7 years
 2/3rd of states petition congress for amendment
congress calls for constitutional convention
3/4th states should ratify
thats why its way too hard to amend
6. Presidential form of government
president – head of state and government, chief real executive
elected for 4 years by electoral college
cannot be removed by congress except for a grave unconstitutional act
cabinet -> advisory body and consists of non elected departmental secretaries
secretaries -> responsible only to president and can be removed by him at any time
president + secretaries – not member , not responsible to congress, not attend its sessions
president cannot dissolve lower house of congress

American revolution and civil war.pdf 67 kB

French revolution (new)
FRENCH REVOLUTION

TIMELINE
1789, 16th july – French revolution
1815 – fall of Nepoleon and end of revolution
1830 – july revolution
1848 – february revolution
1871 – establishment of french republic

PHASE 1 – BOURGEOISIE PHASE

TIMELINE
1789, 16 june – formation of national assembly (oath @ Tennis court)
9 july – national assembly -> constituent assembly
14 july – attack on fort of Bastille
26 aug – declaration of right of man and citizen

PHASE 2 -
TIMELINE
1791-92 – national convention
1793 – Jacobins come to power (Reign of terror)
1795 – directory rule (of 5 people)
1795-98 – rise of Napoleon
1799 – Napoleon comes to power (coup of directory rule)
1804 – Napoleon of emporer
reforms by Napoleaon
Napoleonic wars
1815 – defeat of Napoleon @ Waterloo
starting of Metternich system

CAUSES OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

POLITICAL
absolute monarchism of Bourbon dynasty
divine rights of monarch – appointed by god – hence responsible only to god
Both Louis XIV and XV – powerful kings –
centralised administration
abondaned representative institutions – Estate general -> led to corruption
Louis XVI (1774) – weak personality
dependent on feudal elements for consolidation of rule
monopolizing of gov offices by aristocrats and nobles
no proper administration
no codified uniform legal system
 no uniform taxation policy
french common man was not getting any representation -> angry

SOCIAL
french society -> estate system (privileged based)
1st estate – clergy (religious, priests, Bishops)
2nd estate – nobility (aristocrats)
3rd estate – commom man

1st ESTATE
clergy of roman catholic church
discarded enlightened ideas (republic, separation of powers)
< 1% population
controlled 15% of resources
didn't pay taxes
used to run schools and public functions
Tithe – compulsary tax levied by church
10% of total agriculture produce
church owned large land but didn't pay taxes
church structure – Pope, bishop, priests

2nd ESTATE
nobles + aristocrats
held highest office in gov
disagreed with enlightened ideas
2% of population
controlled 20% of resources
paid no taxes

3rd ESTATE
97% population
3 groups
Bourgeoisie or middle class
well educated
believed in ideas of enlightenment
paid high taxes
lacked privileges
felt that their wealth entitled them to a greater degree of social status and political power
workers
trade people, apprentices, labourers, domestic servants
low wages
paid high taxes
politically, socially and economically deprived
peasants
 peasants
largest group within 3rd estate
80% of french population
> 50% income to taxes (church, king)
resented clergy and nobles for their privileges and special treatment

CULTURAL CAUSES
18th century – age of reason
Ideologues, Philosophers, wrote about the system
philosophers – acted as buddha for french people

1. Montesquieu
wrote “the spirit of the laws”
exposed privileged based social system
identified absolute monarch and attacked it
criticised existing laws
recommended separation of powers
2. Voltaire
Book – the age of Louis XIV
questioned the authority of church
3. Rousseau
book – social contract
believed that people were born good but corrupted by society
man is born free but everywhere in chains
4. American revolution
General Laffayate fought along the americans
when returned france, bright enlightened ideas
finally, supported common people against monarch

ECONOMIC CAUSES
1. King (constantly at war)
75% expenses on defence
Louis XIV sends his army to america to fight against british
1786 – France on the verge of bankruptcy (american war of independence + seven year war)
2. King (lavish lifestyle)
personal income of king not differentiated from state
3. Flawed taxation policy
exemption of 1st and 2nd estate from paying taxes
affected local trade -> no economic development
3rd estate bear the brunt
low income, high taxation
high inflation (65%)
occurance of bread riots

EVENTS
EVENTS
1787 – king's Finance minister advised him to impose uniform tax policy and introduce new
taxes to come out of debt -> king send proposal to special council, which advised him to
send proposal to Parelement
Parelement – french royal court dominated by hereditary nobles
made it difficult to tax the wealthy
were abolished by Louis XV and reinstated by Louis XVI
enjoyed public support as opposed monarchy
Parelement advised king to get consent from Estate general for tax imposition
last meeting of estate general in 1614
1787-88 – agriculture crisis
high inflation
bad harvest
unemployment
bread riots
5 may 1789 – session of estate general
king locks the door of the assembly hall where 3rd estate was to meet
• 16 june 1789 -
3rd estate meet @ Tennis court
3rd estate declared itself as national assembly of france
27 june 1789 – king gives them recognisation
feudalism and serfdom abolished
end of privilege system
aboshied Tithe (tax by church)
9 july 1789 – national assembly -> constituent assembly
continuous fighting going on in france
economic crisis continued
14 july 1789 - removal of Finance minister Jacques Necker angered people and they
attacked fort of Bastille
French independence day
26 aug 1789 – declaration of rights of men and citizen
all men equal before laws
freedom of speech, press and religion
right to take part in gov
right to fair trial
1791 – france became constitutional monarchy
king lost the power of legislation
but still had suspensive veto
oct 1791 – legislative assembly formed
separation of power
rule of law
popular sovereignty
1792 - 1st european coalition invades France
war of first coalition (1792-97) was the 1st attempt by european monarchy to defeat
 french 1st republic
Spain, Holland, Austria, Prussia, England, Sardinia (SHAPES)
french king invited these coalition
French people fought this coalition and held french king responsible for it
king was guillotined
sep 1792 – removal of king -> establishment of national convention
abolished monarchy and declared france a republic
right to vote to adult male citizen, not women
generally members of radical group Jacobin
responsible for beheading Louis XVI
Reign of terror 1792-95
national convention creates 12 member committee of public safety CPS (jacobin club)
Robespierre leads CPS – guillotined anyone questioning france state
17000 guillotined
26 oct 1795 – national convention ended and Robespierre guillotined
1795-99 – rule of directory (5 executive)
1799 – foreign invasion took place -> anarchy in france
nov 1799 – Napolean takes charge of France (through coup)
Britain, Russia and Austria joined forces to get rid of him -> peace in 1802
1799-1815 – age of Napoleon

IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FRENCH REVOLUTION

IMPACT ON FRANCE
1. End of monarchy
establishment of republican government
constitutional government -> no divine right
2. France became torch bearer of humanity
Liberty, equality, fraternity
declaration of rights of men and citizen
3. end of privilege based social system
equality
4. end of serfdom and feudalism
strengthening of middle class
forced labour abolished
improvement in condition of peasants
5. church power reduced
religious freedom granted to citizen (secularism)
church property confiscated
priests were forced to take oath to be loyal to the church
states would pay salary to them
6. administrative and judicial changes
division of france into 83 departments (decentralization)
codification of laws
uniform judicial system
 j y
penal code made softer
later on, Napoleonic code 1806
7. economic impact
tax collection methodology changed
Octroi was abolished
uniform tax policy
8. rise of nationalism

IMPACT ON ENGLAND AND EUROPE

1. England initially welcomed it but later suppressed it (banned press and organisation)
2. economic crisis in england (due to supporting anti revolutionary activities)
3. start of social and political rights -> parliamentary reforms
4. encouraged revolutionary activities in ireland -> weakening of england
5. Poland (under Russia) -> revolutionary activities increased
6. united the king of europe and fought against anti-revolutionary wars
tried to bring back old system of Monarch (Vienna order)

IMPACT ON WORLD
1. nationalism -> nationalist movements around the world
2. impetus to nation state system
3. unification of Italy, Germany
4. gave ideals to the world -> liberty, equality, fraternity
5. questioned idea of divine rights, privileged based system
6. declaration of human rights -> people are sovereign
7. revolution in Latin america
8. rise of Napeleon -> nationalism

NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
started as military officer in french army
established himself as an commander and became popular for his triumph in europe
1799 – due to anarchy and misrule, captured power from directory
1804 – proclaimed himself emporer of french republic
main objective – glory of france – so mass appeal among people
Monarchy forces in europe supported him as only a strong leader like him can handle france
middle class thought he would bring stability and economic progress
peasants also supported him as he promised them land rights
Brought Italy under french rule in 1797
disintegrated the holy Roman empire
defeated the european coalition like Austria, Prussia by 1806
united germany from 300 -> 39
tried to defeat England by continental system
did not allowed entering of british finished goods into some portion
war with Spain
story – he defeated Spain monarch so spain people welcomed it But later he began to introduce
 story – he defeated Spain monarch, so spain people welcomed it. But later he began to introduce
imperialism in Spain – resulted in Spain's guerella warfare with Napoleon
1808 – 13 – war resulted in acceptance of moral defeat by Napoleon
finally defeated by european coalition @ Battle of Leipzig (1813) and waterloo (1814)

REFORMS BY NAPOLEON

ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS
1. established strong and stable french state
centralised administration
established central secretariat
2. curbed liberty -> to establish law and order
press censorship
3. equality
merit based selection
4. education
state must control education
destroyed the liberty of thought
written syllabus
established military schools
set up french university system

JUDICIAL REFORMS
1. Napoleonic code (1807) – include commerce, trade, legal (codification of laws)
rule of law
equality
inspired judicial system all around the world

ECONOMIC REFORMS
1. nationalisation
established bank of france
inspired central banking system (RBI) in world over
2. promoted free trade
put france towards industrialisation
3. uniform tax policy
4. contruction of roads and bridges

RELIGIOUS REFORMS
1. adopted secular policy
liberty to follow any religion
2. agreement with pope
concordat act 1801